herbicides resistance of amaranthus retroflexus l., the

Konstantinović, B., Meseldžija, M., Samardžić, N.
University of Novi Sad, Faculty of
Agriculture, Department for Environmental
and Plant Protection
Trg Dositeja Obradovica 8, 21000 Novi Sad
HERBICIDES RESISTANCE
 Since confirmation of the first resistant weed species
Senecio vulgaris L. to triazine herbicides until
nowadays, resistance has been found in 388 biotypes
of weed species to 18 herbicide groups of different
action mechanism, in 209 weed species, of which 123
were dicotyledonous and 86 grass species (Ryan,
1970; Heap, 2012).
 Since 1982 herbicide technology has been
significantly improved by introduction of the first
ALS inhibiting herbicide, hlorsulfuron for control of
broad-leaved weeds in wheat (Saari et al., 1994).
Hlorsulfuron, as well as the other sulfonylurea
herbicides (SU) proved to be efficient in lower rates,
which is related to their highly specific inhibition of
ALS enzyme.
 In susceptible plants these herbicides cause damages
such as necrosis of the apical meristems that cease
plant growth in cases of soil application, while during
foliar use they lead to the occurrence of purple color
along the central leaf (Lovell et al., 1996b).
Preko 50 herbicida iz grupe ALS inhibitora (HRAC- Grupa B)
IMIDAZOLINONI
IMAZAMOKS
IMAZETAPIR
SULFONILUREE
AMIDOSULFURON
FORAMSULFURON
JODOSULFURON-METILNA
TRIAZOLOPIRIMIDINI
PIRIMIDINIL-TIOBENZOATI
SULFONILAMINOTRIAZOLINONI
METSULFURON-METIL
NIKOSULFURON
PRIMISULFURON-METIL
PROSULFURON
RIMSULFURON
TIFENSULFURON-METIL
TRIASULFURON
TRIBENURON-METIL
TRIFLUSULFURON-METIL
FLORASULAM
 Currently, 126 weed species are resistant to the
herbicides belonging to this group of action
mechanism (Heap, 2012). Resistance to ALS
inhibitors in some weed species is not limited to only
several isolated population, but it is more frequently
widely distributed and common, so that it represents
threat to further use of ALS inhibiting herbicides.
Possible metabolitic reactions of herbicides in plants
 Weed seeds was collected in the period August-
October 2004-2011 from plots with the long history of
use of ALS inhibiting herbicides in control of weedy
vegetation and on which low efficiency to the
monitored weed species was observed.
 Seed were collected
from different localities
in the region of
Vojvodina (North
Serbia); Kikinda, Becej,
Kačarevo, Vrbas (Sava
Kovačević and Carnex).
For susceptible, referent
population were taken
seeds from ruderal sites
that had never been
treated by herbicides. In
whole plant studies,
plants were grown in
controlled conditions of
climatic chamber.
Lokalitet
Godina
Usev
Preparat
Količina
Krivaja
1998
soja
Pivot 100E*+Deltazon 48SL
0.4l/ha+1.5l/ha
1999
kukuruz
Tarot 25WG*
0.06 kg/ha
2000
Pšenica
Monosan S
1.5 l/ha
2001
pšenica
Grodyl*+Granstar 75WG*
20g/ha+20g/ha
2002
Šećerna repa
Safari50WG*+Goltix70 SC
2x30g/ha+ 1.5l/ha
2003
soja
Pivot 100E*
1.0 l/ha
2004
kukuruz
Tarot 25WG*
0.06 kg/ha
1999
kukuruz
Ring 80WG*
25 g/ha
2000
-
-
-
2001
soja
Pivot100E*+Deltazon48SL
0,4 l/ha +1.5 l/ha
1998
Soja
Pivot 100E*
1.0 l/ha
1999
Kukuruz
Tarot 25WG*
40 g/ha
2000
Pšenica
Granstar 75WG*
16 g/ha
2001
Soja
Pivot 100E*+ Dynam75WG*
0.6 l/ha+ 0.08kg/ha
2002
Kukuruz
Motivell* + Ring 80WG*
0.5 l/ha + 25 g/ha
2003
Pšenica
Granstar 75WG*
16 g/ha
1995
Soja
Pivot 100E*
1.0 l/ha
1996
Pšenica
-
-
1997
Kukuruz
Motivell*
1.0 l/ha
1998
Suncokret
Prometrin 500
2.0 l/ha
1999
Pšenica
-
-
2000
Kukuruz
Motivell*
1.0 l/ha
2001
Soja
Dynam 75 WG* + Pivot100E *
0.05kg/ha +1.0 l/ha
2002
Kukuruz
Motivell*
0.5 l/ha
2003
Kukuruz
Motivell*
1.0 l/ha
Carnex (Vrbas)
2001
Kukuruz
Tarot25WG*+Banvel480S
60 g/ha+0.8 l/ha
Carnex (Vrbas)
2002
Soja
Pivot 100E*+Deltazon 48SL
0.4 l/ha+ 2 l/ha
2003
Kukuruz
Tarot25WG* + Maton
50 g/ha + 1 l/ha
2004
Soja
Dynam 75WG*+ Pivot 100E*
50 g/ha + 0.4 l/ha
2005
Kukuruz
Tarot 25WG*
50 g/ha
Sava Kovačević
2001
Šećerna repa
Safari50WG*+Betanal Progres-AM
2x30g/ha + 1.5 l/ha
(Vrbas)
2002
Kukuruz
Tarot25WG* + Maton+ AtrazinSC50
50g/ha+ 1 l/ha + 1 l/ha
Kikinda
Bečej
Kačarevo
 Imazethapyr was applied before sowing of seeds with
a range of rates, 0.04; 0.08; 0.1; 0.15 and 0.2 kg
a.i./ha, while nicosulfuron was applied with a range
of rates, 40; 50; 80; 120; 160 and 240 kg a.i./ha.
 Thirty days after onset of the experiment (and preemergence treatment), percentage of survived plants
and foliage fresh weight were calculated in relation to
the control for all of the studied weed species.
 Based upon coefficients of ED50 concerning those
susceptible populations, resistance index (RI) that
enables relatively simple description of resistance
level was calculated (Moss, 1995).
 Herbicide rates for biochemical studies were chosen
in a manner convenient for getting plant reactions
from ‘’ without damage’’, to ‘’ the complete
destruction’’. Sulfometuron-methyl was applied with
a range of rates, 0, 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 500 g/ha,
and imazethapyr with a range of rates of 0, 8, 40, 100,
200, 400, 800 and 2000 g/ha. Extraction and
biochemical studies of ALS enzyme activity in vivo
were performed according to the method of Lovell et
al. (1996a).
 Whole plant bioassays were performed with a range
of nicosulfuron and imazethapyr rates.
 The measured parameters were fresh foliage weight
and number of survived plants treated with a range of
herbicide rates (Tables 1 and 2).
 Values of ED50 and RI presented in tables 1 and 2
were calculated upon dose-response curve that
represents plant reaction to the applied range of
herbicide rates.
Resistance indecies (IR)
Locality
Measured parameters
Epicotyl
Hypocotyl
Stem height
Foliage fresh
weight
Krivaja
2.92
1.90
1.53
1.29
Kikinda
1.21
1.24
2.95
0.59
Bečej
0.89
0.77
18.05
1.43
Kačarevo
0.75
0.99
0.10
1.53
Carnex
0.49
0.69
0.18
0.45
Sava
Kovačević
0.33
0.55
0.13
0.52
Resistance indecies (IR)
Locality
Measured parameters
Epicotyl
Hypocotyl
Stem height
Foliage fresh
weight
Krivaja
1.80
1.61
2.00
2.27
Kikinda
1.00
0.80
0.90
0.53
Bečej
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.99
Kačarevo
1.60
1.00
1.63
1.00
Carnex
1.50
1.00
1.25
1.00
Sava Kovačević
0.70
1.00
1.50
1.00
Biotype
Sulfometuronmethyl
(relative mass)
1 Kikinda
2 Carnex
3 Krivaja
4 Kačarevo
Susceptible
standard
8.95
6.36
25.28
17.80
-
RI values
Sulfometuron- imazethapyr
methyl
(relative
(survived
mass)
plants)
2.78
7.46
2.78
87.68
2.61
38.66
0.81
20.35
-
imazethapyr
(survived
plants)
21.38
1.69
7.35
1.958
-
relative activity of AL enzyme (% in regard to control)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0.01
0.1
nicosulfuron rates (g a.i./ha)
Kikinda
Carnex
Krivaja
Kacarevo
Susceptible standard
Col 10 vs Col 11
Col 15 vs Col 16
Col 20 vs Col 21
Col 25 vs Col 26
1
 Obtained results during studies on resistance occurrence in
weed species Amaranthus retroflexus L., in field and laboratory
conditions, show that there occurred changes in susceptibility
of biotypes from localities Bečej, Krivaja, Kikinda, Kačarevo,
Sava Kovačević and Carnex to ALS enzyme inhibiting
herbicides that survived treatments by herbicides belonging to
the group of sufonilureas and imidazolinones in field
conditions.
 Based upon biological assays, differences in IR values
obtained by measurements of different morphometric
parameters were established.
 Results of the study of ALS enzyme activity suggest that
biotypes from localities Krivaja and Kačarevo became resistant
to herbicide nicosulfuron