Selamat tinggal, Bye bye, Adios, Sayonara - Terengganu

2012
03August
Issue
A– BELIEVABLE
JOURNEY
Selamat tinggal, Bye bye, Adios, Sayonara
By Najah Lukman
In the name of Allah, The Most
Merciful & The Most Gracious,
who had given me a chance to
experience a journey that had
enriched me somehow.
The 31st of July 2012 is the
last day of my 7 years service
as part of the administrator
in the academic department,
beginning as the 1st Coordinator
for Industrial Linkages in 2005,
then as Coordinator of Programs for BBA (Marketing &
Operations Management) starting from 2007 before
being appointed as KPA (Ketua Pengurusan Akademik)
in January 2011, heading 4 faculties for 6 months,
followed with the restructuring and renaming of the
position as KPP (Ketua Pusat Pengajian) heading 2
faculties; Business Management and Accounting.
All the positions held was never desired, but I
do believe that when we are entrusted with a
responsibility, we should at least give it a try, try
our best to fulfill it because in a way, what we are
facing comes from Allah. Though we are answerable
to the people around us, the most important is
whether we can answer Him that we have fulfilled
our promise to Him, because making a promise to
another human being is really like making a promise
to Allah. May we always have His guidance.
Holding all those positions while at the same
time being a lecturer somehow had given me a
chance to experience a journey that perhaps many
other colleagues might not have the chance to
experience. It enables me to look at things from
different perspectives, also enables me to join many
events, whether with the big guns at UiTM and UiTM
(Terengganu) or with lecturers and students across
faculties, ranging from Business Management, Office
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1
Management, Accounting to Hotel Management and
even with other faculties and also ROTU (Palapes).
I am a believer in enjoying everything that I am
experiencing. Thus, even though things can be
rough and tiring most of the time, I am thankful for
everything…thank you everyone who had supported
and guided me, thank you UiTM for the trust and
the experience, thank you Allah.
My hope is that you and Allah will forgive me for
all the shortcomings and all the supports will
be extended to the 2nd KPP for the School of
Management and Business. All the best to the 2nd
KPP. I believe that Dr. Siti Haryati Shaikh Ali will be
able to take us all to a greater height, putting the
faculties and indirectly UiTM (Terengganu) on the
world map. Selamat hari raya and maaf zahir batin.
Message from the
New KPP
First and foremost, I would like to thank the editorial for
giving me a chance to write a few lines in this bulletin.
Frankly, this is my very first time being offered to write
about me, my visions and aspirations. Trust me, it is not
as easy as it may sound. The hardest part is to figure
out what to write. I think writing articles for journal
and conferences are much easier. After going through
the process of deep thinking and I have decided to write
a little bit about myself, my experiences and how that
has moulded me to the person I am today.
Some of you might not realize it, I am very much local. I
was born and raised up in Terengganu. I am so proud to
announce that my former secondary school was Sekolah
Menengah Ibrahim Fikri, Kuala Terengganu. It was not
any famous boarding school that everybody would want
to go to but a ‘kampung school’ which has taught me the
meaning of hardship, self-determination and sacrifices.
As many of my classmates back then were from poor
families and could not afford tuition classes, we took
turn to conduct our own tuition classes. We took turn
to become ‘the teacher’ for our own tuition class –
depending on which subject we were good at. SPM
did not qualified me to be the best student in school
but it was enough for me to get two sponsors; the JPA
and AusAid (Australian bodies) to pursue my studies at
University of Canberra in Australia.
Upon completing my studies in Australia, I worked as a
teacher in a private school in Kuala Lumpur. Not a good
start for my teaching career to be teaching in a school
full of spoilt brats but it was a good experience though!
After eight months in the private school, I got an offer
from the State Government of Terengganu to teach in
their special program. Sounds interesting! I quitted my
job and went back to Terengganu.
We are part of their hopes and dreams because we are
helping them with the education that they have factored
into their futures. In helping them with education, we
need to first equip ourselves with enough knowledge.
Keep abreast with latest information and findings. This
is where pursuing our studies to the highest level and
conducting on-going researches play an important role.
Apart from that, we are also responsible for the
university and the society. Responsible to the university
also means contribute in elevating the university status
to where it supposed to be. Our aim in becoming a
research university should be a mission well perceived
by all of us. I was and will always be the champion for
research. Research has always been my passion and now
with my current position, I will energize others into it
as well. Nothing is impossible if we understand our role,
strive for excellence, realize the work ethics and gain
the synergy from team work. Last but not least is our
responsibility to the society. We can contribute in easing
the burden of selective member of the society, share and
disseminate our knowledge wherever possible. Again, in
achieving excellence in our work and sharing knowledge
with the society, all require the never ending process of
reading, writing and researching.
To recap, there’s a saying we are here not
for the income but for the outcome. A
lecturer is a life long scholar. There
is no second choice. In order to stay
relevant in this arena, we have to
keep on learning. And the dream to
make our university as the best
university will be a possible
mission!
Interesting enough, that special program which was
run by Yayasan Terengganu was meant for SPM dropouts
students. They believed with proper training, those
dropout students would pass their matriculation
examination and could pursue their studies in the
selective universities. I would say that the whole
program was successful but had to be discontinued due
to the fact that the matriculation program had been
taken over by the Ministry of Education, not run by
respective universities anymore. By the end of my years
with Yayasan Terengganu, I pursued my MBA and joined
UiTM in 2001.
Over the long years of teaching and educating various
types of students have given me a good understanding of
the career of a lecturer is. As a lecturer we are obliged
to fulfill our responsibility to the students, to the
university and not forgetting to the society. In fulfilling
our responsibility to the students the most important
part of teaching, advising and mentoring our students is
caring. Our students are real people. They have needs
and wants, strengths and weaknesses, hopes and dreams.
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2
Siti Haryati Shaikh Ali
Ketua Pusat Pengajian
Gugusan Pengurusan
dan Perniagaan
From the Chief Editor's Desk
Bismillaahirrahmaanirrahiim
Assalamualaikum
readers.
to
all
BizNewz
Alhamdulillah, praise be to Allah for
this third issue of BizNewz in 2012.
As I am writing this, the jovial mood
of Raya is everywhere to be seen.
If you tune in to any radio channel,
non-stop Raya songs would greet you.
Amid shopping complexes buzzing
with their ‘Hari Raya Sale’; children
especially, are very much looking
forward to celebrating Hari Raya due
to eagerly wanting to collect ‘duit
raya’ as well as donning the finest
‘baju Raya’.
of Allah, is the most virtuous of
months. Its days are the best of
days and its nights, the best of
the nights and its moments, the
best of moments.”
Will there be another Ramadan for us?
Ramadan is a very special time for
Muslims, but the feelings and lessons
we experienced should stay with
us throughout the year. May Allah
accept our fasting, forgive our sins
and guide us all to the straight path.
May Allah bless us all during Ramadan
and throughout the year, with His
forgiveness, mercy and peace, and
I’m sure there are amongst us who bring us all closer to Him and to each
actually sad when Ramadan 1433H is other. Farewell, Ramadan Kareem!
Welcome, Shawwal Sa’eed!
slowly approaching its end.
The Holy Prophet Muhammed (SAW) BizNewz also wishes to welcome the
new ‘Ketua Pusat Pengajian (KPP)’,
said:
Dr. Siti Haryati Shaikh Ali, and many
“O’ People! Surely, the month
thanks to the previous KPP, Ms Najah
of God has approached you.
Lukman. All the best and good luck
The month which, in the eyes
Editor’s Column
to both of you in all your coming
endeavors.
Last but not least, do enjoy reading
our range of articles.
Editor-in-Chief,
AZYANEE LUQMAN
By Nurmuslimah Kamilah Abdullah
Assalamualaikum and salam sejahtera with Allah, mankind, and nature. On
to all readers.
top of that, we need to remind each
other from time to time. Parents,
August 2012, welcome to the new KPP
husband/wife, siblings, neighbours,
(Gugusan Pengurusan & Perniagaan)
friends, colleagues, or even people
Dr Siti Haryati Shaikh Ali and thank
that we don’t know can play a role
you very much to our ex-KPP Miss
in reminding each other. Be wise and
Najah Lukman. Both of them have
with hikmah, insyaAllah, everything
inspired me with great intellectual,
will turn out well.
leadership and negotiation skills...
I pray to Allah for the success of Alhamdulillah, we are in the midst /
our Gugusan and UiTM as a whole. middle of Ramadhan 1433H, a month
Hopefully the culture of “doing right that offers unlimited benefits and
at the first time” embedded in our Lailatulqadar. The opportunity that
system indeed.
we cannot be sure to get in Ramadhan
1434H or even tomorrow... I am very
Last Friday, someone who went to
happy to see lots of efforts being
Solat Jumaat shared some information
done by our community in increasing
from the mimbar with me. It is a
our “good deeds/share” in akhirat;
common thing but undeliberately
donation, tadarrus al-quran, the
forgotten. He told me that the khatib
distribution of food such as porridge
reminded all Muslims about practicing
ala McSu, and etc. May Allah accept
self-criticism by looking at others’
our ibadah that may lead us to
behaviors/attitudes.
Sometimes
jannah... ameen.
we tend to judge others’ behaviors
without realizing ours. If we found Last but not least I would like to
someone did a bad thing, it is good ask for forgiveness from all friends,
to ask ourselves “Have I committed colleagues, and readers. Thank you
the same mistake?”. By asking that very much. Salam ‘idulfitri, maaf
question, insyaAllah there is a chance zahir dan batin.
for us to improve our relationship
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An Ink in the Ocean
By: Dr. Hj. Zainuddin Zakaria
Save the Earth:
Let’s Recycle and Reuse
At the time this article is written, the holy month of
Ramadhan is entering its third week. In about two week
time, Aidil-Fitri will be celebrated by Muslim around
the world. Just like any festival, it is a time where
friends and family would gather together and enjoy
each other company accompanied with consumption of
delicious festival dishes that are prepared with love.
As at previous Aidil-Fitri, I observed that the amount
of garbage increases as compared to non festival days.
I was wondering whether these garbage can be put to
better use instead of throwing them away and putting
the environment under unnecessary pressure.
As consumers, we can help reduce our volume of garbage
which will significantly help reduce the size of our
garbage disposal areas which may contribute to land and
water pollution. Some the actions that we can exercise
are as follows2:
1. Do not wrap fragile goods in several layers of plastic, use plastic foam, or have individually wrapped
packages inside of a larger wrapped package.
2. Do not wrap products that have no packages, like
some fruits, bottle waters, containers with handles etc.
3. When possible re-use plastic bags, plastic bottles
and containers, glass bottles, boxes etc. These
containers can be used to store dry food, water and
even your stationeries.
When talking about recycling, it reminds me of student
days in the USA. My observation suggested that in order
to encourage recycling among consumers, big shopping
outlets in the country is active in recycling paper bags,
plastic bags and tin cans. For example, for every tin can
used by carbonated drinks manufacturer that a customer
returns to the shopping outlet, they will be paid 5 cent (if
I am not mistaken). The value paid is even printed on the
tin cans. I assumed that the bottling plant will process
the tins gathered from all shopping outlet in the country.
Many Malaysian students took advantage of this situation
by collecting the tin cans and returning them to the
shopping outlet to earn some extra cash. The shopping
outlet encourages its customer to return any paper bags
or plastic bags to the shopping outlets that were used to
carry their groceries. In addition, customers have to pay
USD 1.00 every time to change their car engine oil as a
fee to safely disposed the used engine oil.
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Malaysia is one of the most dynamic developing countries
in the world, enjoying tremendous wealth and prosperity.
The country has turned itself into an industrial country
by creating many industrial parks and inviting foreign
companies to set up their manufacturing facilities in the
country. However, the down side of all this progress is
that water and sewerage management systems and longterm energy security has not been properly managed.
According to a report by the EU-Malaysian Chamber of
Commerce and Industry (2011)1, the per capita CO2
emission has increased by 226% since 1990. Furthermore,
Malaysia’s waste recycling rate is at 5% compared to
the recycling rate of many developed countries at
approximately 50%. These figures indicate that as a
nation, Malaysia still has a lot to do as far as its recycling
effort is concerns.
4. When shopping at grocery stores and super markets
try to bring your own bags or boxes that can be re-used
for a long time, instead of using plastic or paper bags
provided by the grocery stores and super markets.
5. Bring along your own containers to store food such
as “kuihs”, tidbits or food that are already wrapped
with food wrappers or banana leafs, such as “nasi
lemak, nasi dagang or nasi kerabu” when buying these
food.
6. Finally, bring all plastic, glass, metal and paper
waste or any products that you can no longer use to
your nearest recycling center. This include your old
computers, printers and battery chargers.
In
summary,
government
authorities,
private
organisations and consumer has to play their part in
minimising pollution and keeping our environment fit to
live. We need to keep our environment clean and safe
not only for ourselves but also for our future generation.
We owe our generation a better environment just as we
inherited the present world from our fore fathers. Happy
recycling during this festive season.
References
1
EUMCCI Trade Issues and Recommendations 2011 Issues
by Sector, available at http://www.eumcci.com /pdffiles/Positionpapers/eegt.pdf
2
http://www.fight-climate-change.com
Program Khidmat Masyarakat
Membersih dan Mengecat
Surau Alur Jejawi, Dungun,
Terengganu
Disediakan oleh: Aszren Sahak dan Mohamad Ridhwan Md Tajjudin
Program khidmat masyarakat ini dianjurkan oleh pelajar
semester 4 Diploma Pengajian Perniagaan, Fakulti
Pengurusan Perniagaan pada hari Jumaat, 20 Julai 2012.
Seramai 30 orang peserta menyertai program tersebut
yang terdiri daripada pelajar serta seorang pensyarah
selaku penasihat akademik iaitu Puan Azyanee binti
Luqman. Kami berkumpul di pos A pada jam 7.15 pagi
dan bertolak pada jam 7.45 pagi. Kami tiba di surau Kg.
Alur Jejawi pada jam 8.00 pagi dan setibanya kami di
sana , kami bersarapan pagi bersama-sama penduduk
kampung. Setelah bersarapan pagi, ketua projek iaitu
Mohamad Ridhwan bin Md Tajjudin membahagikan
peserta kepada beberapa kumpulan dan tugasan.
telah meluluskan kertas kerja ini. Melalui program
ini kami dapat membantu penduduk kampung untuk
membersihkan surau tersebut di samping dapat
menjalinkan hubungan silaturrahim. Kami juga gembira
dan berbangga kerana berjaya menyelesaikan tugasan
yang diberikan dan matlamat menjadikan surau Kampung
Alur Jejawi bersih dan cantik tercapai.
Antara tugasan yang diberikan adalah mengecat tandas
serta mengecat bahagian bawah surau, memotong
rumput, membersihkan kawasan di dalam dan di luar
surau, membakar sampah, membersihkan tandas
dan sebagainya. Tugasan yang diberikan kepada kami
selesai pada jam 11.00 pagi. Pada waktu tengahari kami
menjamu selera dan bersiap untuk pulang ke UiTM.
Wakil penduduk kampung berkenaan iaitu En. Shamsudin
menyatakan rasa berbesar hati dan bersyukur kerana
bersempena kedatangan bulan yang mulia Ramadhan
al-Mubarak, surau ini telah bersedia menerima jamaah
untuk bertarawih dengan bantuan dan khidmat bakti
pelajar UiTM Terengganu.
Selaku setiausaha program, saya, Aszren binti Sahak,
mewakili pelajar yang lain mengucapkan rasa bersyukur
kerana Timbalan Rektor (Akademik &
Antarabangsa)
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5
Tafsiran
Oleh: Mu’allim bin Mohd Bakri, CiTU
Adil Poligami
dalam
Takrif poligami menurut kamus dewan edisi ketiga
adalah “Amalan beristeri lebih daripada seorang
pada masa yang sama”1 . Di dalam Bahasa Arab,
amalan berpoligami ini lebih dikenali sebagai
“ta’addud al-Zawjaat”. Secara umumnya, Islam
membenarkan poligami sehingga empat orang
isteri sahaja, yang mana hukumnya adalah harus2
berdasarkan nas al-Quran dan al-Sunnah. Dalil
berasaskan nas al-Quran adalah seperti firman
Allah SWT dalam Surah al-Nisa’, ayat ketiga yang
bermaksud:
“Dan jika kamu takut tidak akan dapat
berlaku adil terhadap (hak-hak) perempuan
yatim (bilamana kamu mengahwininya), maka
kahwinilah wanita-wanita lain yang kamu
senangi dua, tiga atau empat. Kemudian jika
kamu takut tidak akan dapat berlaku adil,
maka kahwinilah seorang sahaja, atau budakbudak yang kamu miliki. Yang demikian itu
adalah lebih dekat kepada tidak berbuat
aniaya”. (Surah al-Nisa’ : ayat 3)
Dalil berasaskan sunnah pula adalah daripada
hadis riwayat Abu Daud dan Ibn Majah yang
bermaksud:3
Daripada Qis bin al-Haris berkata : “Aku telah
memeluk agama Islam dan aku mempunyai
sembilan isteri, maka datang Rasulullah SAW
dan bersabda : pilih di antara isteri-isteri
kamu empat orang”
Sesungguhnya
poligami
bukanlah
sesuai
dipraktikkan oleh semua lelaki. Hanya segelintir
sahaja yang sesuai melakukan sunnah tersebut.
Mereka yang ingin melakukan poligami hendaklah
memenuhi syarat-syarat yang telah ditetapkan
oleh Syara’. Terdapat dua syarat yang penting
agar poligami yang dilakukan tidak menimbulkan
permasalahan yang lain, iaitu berkemampuan
dan bersikap adil.
Syarat yang pertama adalah berkemampuan yang
bermaksud mampu untuk memberi nafkah kepada
semua isteri dan anak-anak mereka. Nafkah di sini
termasuklah samada nafkah zahir mahupun batin.
Manakala syarat yang kedua adalah bersikap adil.
Sesungguhnya bersikap adil di dalam poligami
memerlukan perbahasan yang teliti.
Dr. Wahbah Zuhaili di dalam tafsirnya menjelaskan
bahawa maksud adil di sini adalah adil di dalam
memberi nafkah dan pembahagian bermalam4.
Mustafa al-Sibaie dalam kitabnya “Al-Mar’atu
Bainal Fiqhi wal Qanun”5 ada menjelaskan
pengertian adil dalam poligami merujuk kepada
kemampuan seseorang suami untuk memberi
layanan yang sewajarnya secara adil kepada isteriisterinya. Suami juga, tidak boleh bersikap pilih
kasih dalam penyediaan tempat tinggal, pakaian,
makanan, giliran bermalam, dan semua perkara
yang berkaitan dengan pergaulan suami isteri.
Namun begitu, dalam urusan yang bersifat
dalaman atau peribadi seperti rasa kasih, senda
gurau yang tidak sama, dan sebagainya tidak
menjadi syarat di bawah pengertian adil tersebut.
Keadilan yang dinyatakan di dalam ayat al-Quran
ini lebih merujuk kepada tanggungjawab suami ke
atas perkara-perkara luaran seperti menyediakan
tempat tinggal, makanan, pakaian, giliran
bermalam, dan seterusnya. Giliran bermalam ini
pula bukanlah merujuk kepada hubungan kelamin
semata-mata tetapi adalah keberadaan bersama
isteri yang berhak mengikut jadual susunan
walaupun tidak melakukan hubungan kelamin.
Aspek keadilan yang dituntut kepada seorang
suami terhadap para isterinya bukanlah keadilan
yang mutlak. Ia hanyalah bermaksud sikap adil
seorang suami terhadap isteri-isterinya sebatas
yang masih berada dalam kemampuan manusia
untuk merealisasikannya. Allah swt tidak akan
membebani manusia kecuali dalam batas-batas
kemampuannyanya. Dalam keadaan ini, Allah swt
berfirman dalam Surah al-Baqarah, ayat 286 yang
bermaksud:
“Allah tidak membebani seseorang melainkan
dalam batas-batas kesanggupannya. (Surah
Al-Baqarah : Ayat 286).
Hj. A. Aziz bin Deraman (2002), Kamus Dewan Edisi Ketiga, Kuala Lumpur, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, ms 1049.
‘Abd al-Hadi Muhammad Zar’ (Dr.) (1997), al-Dhowabit al-Syar’iah Lilziwaj Wa al-Tholak, Iskandariah (Mesir), Dar al-Misriah, ms 65.
3
Wahbah Zuhaili (Prof.) (Dr.) (2002), al-Fiqh al-Islami wa Adillatuhu, Beirut, Dar al-Fikr, Jilid 9, ms 6667
4
Wahbah al-Zuhaili (Prof.)(Dr.)(1998), al-Tafsir al-Munir fi al-’Aqidah wa al-Shari’ah wa al-Manhaj, Beirut Lubnan, Dar al-Fikr al-Mu’asir, Jilid 4, ms 234.
5
Mustafa Siba’ie (Dr.), Terj. Oleh Sdr. Halimuddin (1986), Wanita Menurut Syariat Islam Dan Peradaban Moden (Terj. Al-Mar’atu Bainal Fiqhi wal Qanun), Kuala
Lumpur, Pustaka Antara, ms 60.
1
2
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6
Begitu juga dengan firman Allah SWT dalam Surah
al-Nisa’ ayat 129 yang bermaksud:
“...dan sekali-kali tidak akan dapat berlaku
adil diantara isteri-isteri kalian, walaupun
kalian sangat ingin berbuat demikian. Oleh
karena itu janganlah kalian terlalu cenderung
(kepada yang kalian cintai) hingga kalian
membiarkan yang lainnya terkatung-katung”.
(Surah an-Nisa : Ayat 129)
Dengan demikian,, Allah swt. telah menjelaskan
di dalam ayat ini bahawa seseorang suami
mustahil dapat berlaku adil dan bersikap
seimbang di antara isteri-isterinya sehingga ia
tidak cenderung sama sekali atau tidak lebih dan
tidak kurang terhadap kewajipan-kewajipan yang
harus ditunaikan terhadap mereka. Oleh kerana
itu, para suami tidak dituntut untuk benar-benar
berlaku adil secara sempurna dan harus mencapai
puncak keadilan. Apa yang dibebankan oleh Allah
swt pada diri suami adalah sebatas kemampuan
suami, dengan syarat, suami telah mengerahkan
segala kemampuan dan potensi diri suami.
Pembebanan taklif di luar kemampuan dapat
digolongkan ke dalam tindakan kezaliman.
Pernyataan ini merupakan dalil bahawa seorang
suami tidak akan dapat melakukan keadilan
dalam membahagi cinta dan kasih-sayang,
walaupun dapat berlaku adil di dalam perkara
yang lain seperti menyediakan tempat tinggal,
makanan, pakaian, dan giliran bermalam (inilah
bentuk keadilan yang dituntut dan diwajibkan
sebagaimana diungkap dalam ayat ketiga Surah alNisa’). Dengan itu, keadilan yang dituntut adalah
khusus di luar masalah cinta dan kasih sayang, dan
tidak dalam masalah cinta dan kasih sayang. Oleh
kerana itu, dalam perkara ini iaitu kasih sayang
dan cinta, tidak ada kewajipan untuk berlaku
adil, kerana manusia tidak akan sanggup berlaku
adil dalam masalah cinta dan kasih sayang.
Atas dasar ini, Allah swt. telah membolehkan
suami untuk bersikap cenderung kepada
sebahagian isterinya, tetapi melarang bersikap
cenderung secara total (membabi-buta) dalam
setiap urusan kepada sebahagian isterinya itu.
Bahkan sikap cenderung ini boleh dilakukan selama
sesuai dengan tempatnya, iaitu dalam masalah
cinta (kasih-sayang) dan selera (hasrat seksual).
Namun begitu, jangan sama sekali seorang
suami menunjukkan sayang yang lebih sehingga
isteri yang lain berasa tidak tenang. Inilah yang
ditunjukkan oleh Rasulullah dalam hubungannya
dengan isteri-isteri baginda walupun kasihnya
lebih tertumpah kepada Saidatina ‘Aisyah.
syariat, dan yang tercela adalah semua yang
memang dicela oleh syariat. Lantaran itu, yang
dibolehkan oleh syariat merupakan perkara yang
terpuji, dan yang dilarang adalah perkara yang
tercela. Justeru itu, harus diingatkan bahawa
poligami yang memiliki pengaruh positif dan
mampu memecahkan permasalahan yang terjadi
serta dibolehkan oleh syariat. Jika Al-Qur’an
telah menyebut tentang kebenarannya, bererti
perbuatan semacam ini dipandang sebagai
tindakan yang terpuji. Sebaliknya tindakan yang
melarang poligami dipandang sebagai perbuatan
yang tercela.
Namun begitu, Islam tidak menjadikan poligami
sebagai sebuah kewajipan atau keadaan
yang disunnahkan bagi Muslim, tetapi hanya
menjadikannya sebagai sesuatu yang harus,
iaitu boleh dilakukan jika memang diperlukan
oleh manusia. Realiti semacam ini mengandungi
pengertian bahawa, syariat Islam telah
memberikan kepada manusia suatu kelonggaran
yang boleh dilakukan jika memang diperlukan.
Dengan demikian, adanya kebenaran poligami dan
bukan merupakan kewajipan telah menjadikan
poligami sebagai jalan keluar yang paling sesuai
bagi manusia atau masyarakat yang benar-benar
memerlukannya.
Rujukan
Hj. A. Aziz bin Deraman (2002), Kamus Dewan
Edisi Ketiga, Kuala Lumpur, Dewan Bahasa dan
Pustaka
‘Abd al-Hadi Muhammad Zar’ (Dr.) (1997), alDhowabit al-Syar’iah Lilziwaj Wa al-Tholak,
Iskandariah (Mesir), Dar al-Misriah
Wahbah Zuhaili (Prof.) (Dr.) (2002), al-Fiqh alIslami wa Adillatuhu, Beirut, Dar al-Fikr
Wahbah al-Zuhaili (Prof.)(Dr.)(1998), al-Tafsir alMunir fi al-’Aqidah wa al-Shari’ah wa al-Manhaj,
Beirut Lubnan, Dar al-Fikr al-Mu’asir
Mustafa Siba’ie (Dr.), Terj. Oleh Sdr. Halimuddin
(1986), Wanita Menurut Syariat Islam Dan
Peradaban Moden (Terj. Al-Mar’atu Bainal Fiqhi
wal Qanun), Kuala Lumpur, Pustaka Antara
Kesimpulannya, segala perkara yang dipandang
terpuji adalah semua yang memang di puji oleh
Page
7
BEAUTY
STARTS
WITH
HEALTHY
DIET
By Siti Rapidah Omar Ali and Fatanah Jislan
Maintaining an overall healthy diet not only offers
your body the energy and nutrition that it needs to
function, but also offers several health benefits as
well. Most of us know that the word diet mentioned
or the term “I’m on diet” does not mean “I need to
lose weight”. Yet it means “I have to achieve wellbalanced and healthy diet”. Diet could be in a form
of taking care of our nutrition intake, food values,
and balancing input (calories) and output (how
much energy we burn in a day), and ensuring that
we do not eat excessively. Hence, “I’m on diet” or
“I need to eat less” is wrong. We can still eat less
but that does not guarantee that our eating practice
is good and beneficial for us. Here are some quick
tips which we can apply as suggested by ‘Fitness
Malaysia’ – a 2+1 Diet Plan.
The 2 + 1 Diet Plan is very easy and perfect for those
who work and have to eat out most of the time. In
short, most of us eat three meals a day. The idea is to
make two of those meals as healthy as possible and
for another one, we are allowed to eat other foods
(which deemed to be less healthy) moderately. For
most working adults, we can easily control what we
eat for breakfast and dinner and ensure them to
be very healthy, but when it comes to lunch, we
have limited options as we most probably have to
eat out. Hence, this plan is perfect because when
it comes to lunch, we can eat out as per normal
people. By making at least two out of three of our
meals healthy, we will already start to see results.
But there are some rules we must follow in order to
see the results
Page
8
Eat healthy breakfast. Nasi lemak and roti
canai do not count. Having nasi lemak or roti
canai for breakfast is ok once in a while but
if you consume it every day, it will increase
your body fat, sugar level and lead to obesity,
hypertension, diabetic etc. Eat cereal or
sandwiches for breakfast. The tip is to eat
something that is low in calories, yet fills you
up and keeps you full for long periods. Oats
are a great option too.
When it comes to lunch, you are allowed to
stray a little from healthy food but do it in
moderation. Eating three pieces KFC meal
everyday is not going to help. Try to limit fast
food once a week, and if you keen for unhealthy
food, eat less of it. It is recommended to eat
fruits or other healthy snacks before lunch.
This way you will eat less unhealthy food
because you are already half full from your
pre-lunch meal.
Dinner should be light as well. An ideal dinner
would include sandwiches, pasta, thosai, or
for those who are more disciplined, just fruits.
Try to eat just three meals and nothing else.
No snacking in between, no teh tarik after
work and no pisang goreng if possible.
You should also try to reduce your sweet drink
intake. No point eating healthily if you are
going to drink 10 cans of Coke a day. So limit
sweet drinks to two or three a day and no
more.
Of course, if you could throw in about 30
minutes of walking everyday or some form of
exercises besides just getting up from your
office chair, it will definitely help you burn
more calories as well.
So, this is a simple 2+1 Diet Plan which is about
eating unhealthy food moderately, and balancing
it out with two healthy meals every day. Let us try
to follow this 2+1 Diet Plan and find out the result
ourselves.
Reference
The 2 + 1 Diet Plan. Retrieved from http://
fitnessmalaysiablog.blogspot.com
Solving Food Crisis in Malaysia:
The Cause and the Solution?
Noorazlin Ramli, Department of Food Service Management, Faculty of Hotel and Tourism Management
According to Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO),
Malaysia was not included in the 36 countries in the
world that require external assistance due to the food
crisis problem. However, Malaysia has to be prepared
for uncertainty in the future such as shortages and high
food prices. In Malaysia, the food crisis is determined
only by the dramatic increase in food prices. Different
from other countries globally, the increasing food
prices seem to be the most determinant factor for
the food crisis in Malaysia. The Malaysia food crisis
is not affected positively due to overpopulation and
uncertainty of climate conditions like other countries.
High Food Prices
The Malaysian consumers are feeling uneasy over the
global food prices increase of rice due to the shortages
of the commodity. As noted by the Association for
Sustainable and Responsible Investment in Asia (ASRIA)
the shortages were the result of the world’s major rice
producers like China, Egypt, Vietnam and India limiting
their export of commodity to ensure sufficient supply
for their own consumption. Malaysia’s rice production
meets only about two-thirds of the 2 million tonnes
required annually by the country’s 27 million people.
Locally, due to the shortage problem, the price of
rice was reported to have jumped between 10 to 20
percent.
Furthermore, according to Bank Negara Malaysia the
price of rice from the biggest exporter Thailand has
risen 150% in the 10 months of 2011 and the biggest
importer, the Philippines, said it would commit $1
billion to become self-sufficient in rice production
through improved irrigation and banning property
developers from buying choice farmland. Therefore,
Malaysia has said that it plans to spend $1.3 billion
to achieve food security and turn the Borneo state of
Sarawak into a “rice bowl” for the nation, in response
to surging agricultural prices and fears of shortages.
Additionally, the Federation of Malaysian Consumer
Association (FOMCA) concluded based on research that
the spiralling price of rice appears to be non-ending
and the price surveillance of food items in various cities
and towns nationwide are becoming more serious. This
is due to the escalating oil prices reported at $120
(RM376) per barrel which has led to the price increase
of almost all consumer goods.
In addition, the Malaysian Food and Drinks Report Q2
delineated that for more than a decade, Malaysia has
been relying heavily on imports to satisfy the growing
demand for food. Countries such as the United States,
Australia, New Zealand, China, Thailand and Indonesia
dominate the food market share of the country. The
report also stated that Malaysia rely on imports of
dairy products from New Zealand while vegetables and
fruits originate from Australia and the United States.
The nation’s inability to produce enough food to cater
for the national demand continues to inflate the food
import bill, which inevitably leads to the increase in
food price.
Genetically Modified (GM) Foods
Due to the shortage problem of food products which
relatively affects the high food prices, some experts
stated that GM Foods will be a part of the solution.
The GM crops have been tested in other countries such
as China, the Philippines, India and the United States
(FAO, 2011). Besides, it has been reported that a group
of Indonesian farmers have tested genetically modified
(GM) crops in 2010 and harvested 50 percent more
grains which is about 3 tonnes of rice per hectare.
Researchers found that super rice strains with genes are
inserted to make them hardy, drought-resistant or more
nutritious. The Golden rice which is also genetically
modified has reported to contain vitamin A, and it will
help to reduce malnutrition and deficiencies in the
vitamins. The Genetic Resource Action International
also revealed that 300gms of Golden rice can provide
at most 20% of an adult’s daily vitamin A requirement
and a vitamin precursor also known as beta carotene.
Thus, GM Foods seem to be an alternative for Malaysia
to face the recent food crisis.
References:
Association for Sustainable and Responsible Investment
in Asia (2011) from http://www.asria.gov/
BNM Annual Report 2010-Malaysian Rating Corporation
Bhd. From www.marc.com.my/../040411/BNM
Feeding asia -issues for responsible investors (2012)
from http://www.sustainalytics.com
World Bank Document from www.worldbank.org
World Food Situation-FAO (2011) from www.fao.org/
worldfoodsituation/wfs
www.bharian.my
www.bnm.gov.my
www.miti.gov.my
Page
9
Getting to Know Holland’s Theory
By: Bahiyah Ishak, Nor Syamaliah Ngah and Suhana Sulong
It is a growing phenomenon of today’s organizations in employing a qualified, innovative, multi skilling
and capable employee in achieving the organization goals as to remain competitive in the long-run.
Kristof (1996) further claims that an organization has greater chances to achieve its goals when it
manages to attract, retain and motivate individuals that embrace the same values, norms, and beliefs,
share the same goals and priorities with it.
Motivation
The word “motivation” comes from the Latin word movere - “to move.” Managers often view motivation in exactly those terms.
Motivation is the psychological feature that arouses somebody to act towards a desired goal. It refers to the set of factors that
activate, direct and maintain behavior usually toward some goals (Huffman 2005). Motivation focuses on the effort towards
organizational goals which reflects to work-related behavior. It is further defined as an internal drive to satisfy an unsatisfied need
(Higgins, 1994); the psychological process gives behavior purpose and direction (Kreitner, 1995); a predisposition to behave in a
purposive manner to achieve specific; and the will to achieve (Bedeian, 1993). On general, motivation can be defined as the inner
force that drives individuals to accomplish both, personal and organizational goals and are equally importance to both parties.
According to Holland (1973), the personality of a person is interrelated with his chosen vocation. Holland theory summarizes
that, members for each vocation tend to share similar personalities and characteristics that relate them with their chosen
vocations which is also connected to the norms of the organization. A particular notion is chosen based on their personalities
and background history. Due to the similar personalities, they may react in similar ways in most situations. Hence, it is argued
that congruence between person’s personalities with the environment lead to vocational satisfaction, stability and achievement.
About the theory
Holland’s theory is based on the notion that most people fit into one of six personality types:
Environment Types
Realistic (R)
environment
Personality Types
People are stimulated to perform realistic activities such as using objects, tools, machines, and animals.
They are encouraged to see themselves as having mechanical ability and lacking ability in human relations.
It encourages them to see the world in simple, tangible, and traditional terms.
It rewards people for the display of conventional values and goods: money, power and possessions.
The environmental experiences lead people to be more attracted to realistic occupations and roles in which they
can express themselves in realistic activities.
Investigative (I)
environment
Characterized by the dominance of environmental demands and opportunities that entail the observation
and symbolic, systematic, creative investigation of physical, biological or cultural phenomena, and by a
population dominated by investigative types.
It encourages people to see themselves as scholarly, as having mathematical and scientific ability, and as
lacking in leadership ability.
People are encouraged to see the world in complex, abstract, independent and original ways.
These environmental experiences lead people to become more attracted to investigative occupations and
roles in which they can express themselves in investigative activities.
They are reinforced in traits such as intellectual, analytical, critical, curious, independent, introverted
methodical, passive, rational, reserved, unassuming and unpopular.
Artistic (A)
environment
People are stimulated to engage in artistic activities.
The environment fosters artistic competences and achievements.
It encourages people to see themselves as expressive, original, intuitive, feminine, non-conforming,
independent, and as having artistic abilities (acting, writing, speaking) besides encouraging encourages
them to display of artistic values.
The environmental experiences lead people to become more likely to cope with others in personal,
emotional, expressive and unconventional ways.
This group is attracted to artistic occupations and roles in which they can express themselves in artistic activities.
The people acquire or are reinforced in traits such as complicated, disorderly, emotional, idealistic,
imaginative, non-conforming, original and independent.
Social (S) environment
This environment is characterized by the dominance of environmental demands and opportunities
that entail the manipulation of others to inform, train, develop, cure or enlighten and by a population
dominated by social types.
It stimulates people to engage in social activities.
It encourages people to see themselves as liking to help others, understanding of others, co-operative and sociable.
It encourages them to see the world in flexible ways.
It rewards people for the display of social values.
These environmental forces lead people to become more susceptible to social, humanitarian, and religious
influences.
These people are more attracted to express themselves in social activities. They are more apt to cope with
others by being friendly, helpful and co-operative.
Page
10
People acquire, or are reinforced in these traits - they are: kind, friendly, generous, ascendant, cooperative, feminine, helpful, idealistic, insightful, persuasive, responsible, social, tactful and understanding
Enterprising (E)
environment
This environment is characterized by the dominance of environmental demands and opportunities that
entail the manipulation of others to attain organizational or self-interest goals, and by the dominance of
enterprising types.
It stimulates people to engage in enterprising activities such as selling or leader others.
It fosters enterprising competences and achievements.
It encourages people to see themselves as aggressive, popular, self-confident, sociable and as possessing
leadership and speaking ability.
It encourages people to see the world in terms of power, status, responsibility, and in stereotyped,
constricted, dependent and simple terms.
It rewards people for the display of enterprising values and goals: money, power and status.
These environmental experiences lead people to become more prone to cope with others in an enterprising
manner - by dominance, talkativeness, etc.
People acquire or are reinforced in traits such as ambitious, argumentative, adventurous, acquisitive,
energetic, dependent, flirtatious, pleasure seeking, self-confident and sociable.
Conventional (C)
environment
The people here are stimulated to engage in conventional activities such as record keeping, filing materials,
reproducing materials, organizing written and numerical data according to a prescribed plan, operating
business and data processing machines.
This environment encourages people to see themselves as conforming, orderly, non-artistic and as having
clerical competences.
It encourages them to see the world in conventional, stereotyped, constricted, simple, dependent ways.
IT rewards people for the display of conventional values: money, dependability, conformity.
The environmental experiences lead people to become more attracted to conventional occupations and roles.
These people are more prone to cope with others in a conventional manner - to be controlling, conforming, practical.
People here are efficient, obedient, defensive, inhibited, orderly, persistent, self-controlled, etc.
The above claim seems to be realistic as certain occupations been labeled differently such
as; politicians are persuasive, lawyers are known to be aggressive while actors are artistic
and teachers are argumentative.
Generally this theory explores a person’s vocational behaviour and suggesting some
practical ideas on how to react in the suitable jobs chosen in attaining the vocational
satisfaction. There are many other ways of expressing personality such vocational interests,
choices, values, attitudes and hobbies but still the major assumption of Holland Theory is
“the choice of a vocation is an expression of personality”. Nevertheless people will seek
out those vocations with foster growth rather than considering their personality traits with
might suit them better.
Conclusion
Both managers and subordinates should be familiar with this model in order to help them in preparing their career planning.
Basically, this model enables the managers to identify the potential in their subordinates, the right tasks in maintaining highly
motivated subordinates and at latter stage avoiding exit among them.
“ Unless we rely on the power within us, we will yield to the pressures around us.”
References:
(Robert and Ralph, 2012)
Afolabi, M. (1984), “The application of Holland’s theory to the personality types of library science students”, Library Scientist, Vol. 11 pp.1-23.
Bedeian, A. G. (1993). Management (3rd ed.). New York: Dryden Press.
Frese, M., Fay, D. (2001), “Personal initiative: an active performance concept for work in the 21st century”, Research in Organizational
Behavior, Vol. 23 pp.133-87.
Higgins, J. M. (1994). The management challenge (2nd ed.). New York: Macmillan.
Holland, J.L. (1973), Making Vocational Choice: A Theory of Careers, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
Kristof, A.L. (1996), “Person-organization fit: an integrative review of its conceptualization, measurement and implications”, Personnel
Psychology, Vol. 49 pp.1-49.
Kreitner, R. (1995). Management (6th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Lynn, L.E. (1998), “The new public management: how to transform a theme into a legacy”, Public Administration Review, Vol. 58 pp.231-7.
Robert E. Ankli, Ralph Palliam, (2012) “Enabling a motivated workforce: exploring the sources of motivation”, Development and Learning in
Organizations, Vol. 26 Iss: 2, pp.7 – 10
Sally A. Carless Person (2005)–job fit versus person–organization fit as predictors of organizational attraction and job acceptance intentions: A
longitudinal study Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology (2005), 78, 411–429 2005 The British Psychological Society
Vigoda, E., Cohen, A. (2003), “Work congruence and excellence in human resource management: empirical evidence from the Israeli nonprofit
sector”, Review of Public Personnel Administration, Vol. 23 No.3, pp.192-216.
Huffman, K. (2005), Psychology in Action (7th ed.). USA: Wiley.
Page
11
House of
By: Nur Hazwani Mohamad Roseli
Multimedia
Daughter:
Mom
:
Daughter:
Mom
:
Daughter:
Mom
:
Mom, what is this?
Owh. This is a book. You can learn ABC and 123. See, there are a lot of colourful pictures inside the book.
Hm… Mom.. what are you watching?
I’m watching a Korean drama.
Why is the picture moving?
It is a video, honey. When you read a book, the pictures inside the book are still pictures. But, when you see moving pictures, we call it as a video. Normally, a video comes together with a sound.
Whether we realize it or not, our lives are full of multimedia.
When we read a newspaper, listen to the music, watch a
movie and play a game, we are actually dealing with the
multimedia elements. Text, pictures, videos, and sounds
are the elements of multimedia. Even children are exposed
to multimedia elements since toddler. However, do we
actually realize the existence of multimedia elements
throughout our lives? Did the word multimedia come across
when you describe something related to the text, pictures,
videos, and sounds to your children? Did you?
Multimedia is a form of communication using many or
various (multi) mediums (media) to present information
such as text, pictures or graphics, video, sound or audio
and animation (Norazlin et al, 2007). Multimedia also
is the use of computer to perform all the multimedia
elements along with links and tools so that human can
navigate, interact, create and communicate (Hofstetter,
2001). In other words, multimedia can only function
as multimedia if the multimedia elements work with
computer and navigational tools.
All of the elements are important because each of the
elements serve different purposes. Text is the most
important element in the multimedia application
because it is understandable, easy to convey ideas and
communicate. Text can be divided into four types which are
printed, scanned, electronic and hypertext. Meanwhile,
pictures or graphics are useful when the information is too
complex and normally intermixed with text. Putting an
accurate picture or graphic at the appropriate places can
assist user in grasping the information easily.
Video and audio are two elements that can perform
together. These elements are essential in the multimedia
application. Moreover, the use of interesting video and
audio can attract user. In the education environment
for example, if you put some video and audio as one of
your teaching materials in the power point presentation,
you can actually attract your students’ attention. By
just looking at the moving pictures and listening to the
sound, the students can learn better. Thus, the learning
process becomes easier.
Page
12
Business and industry, education, entertainment,
medicine, communication, administration, home and
others need multimedia applications in their operation
setting. Therefore, knowing, understanding and adopting
multimedia elements in the multimedia applications are
crucial to ensure that all the multimedia applications
developed are best suited with every sector respectively.
References
Norazlin, M., Ibrahim, A., Mohd, H. Z., Muhammad, H. L. A.,
Farah, N. A., Sharul, B. M. S., Rusnida, R., Noraksiken, B.,
& Faaizah, S. (2007). Sistem Multimedia. Venton Publishing.
Hofstetter, F. T. (2001). Multimedia Literacy. McGraw Hill.
Isu Bumper Raya
Nukilan hati: Razifa Mohd Razlan
Raya datang lagi...
Sambutan Hari Raya adalah sesuatu yang dinantikan dan
pastinya senyuman lebar terukir pada semua golongan
tanpa mengira usia, pangkat atau darjat. Namun,
sebelum sampainya hari lebaran, terdapat segelintir
pasangan yang sudah bermasam muka di bulan yang
mulia, Ramadhan. Mengapakah keadaan ini berlaku?
Apakah yang bersarang di hati pasangan masing-masing?
Seperti biasa isu balik kampung tidak pernah selesai.
Perkara ini berlaku tidak kira bagi pasangan yang baru
ataupun sudah lama mendirikan rumah tangga. Suami
bermasam muka kerana tidak puas hati tidak dapat
balik berhari raya dengan keluarga begitu juga isteri. Di
manakah keadilan di dalam rumahtangga?
Sebelum berkahwin, kebanyakan setiap pasangan
sanggup bermadah dengan mengeluarkan kata-kata
yang manis dan puitis seperti “akan ku redah lautan api”
dan sebagainya. Semua pasangan sanggup berkorban
demi insan yang tercinta. Malangnya, selepas berkahwin
pengorbanan yang dijanjikan tidak dapat dikotakan.
Pengorbanan tidak dapat dilakukan dengan sewajarnya
walaupun untuk isu yang kecil iaitu sambutan Hari Raya.
Masalah yang dihadapi dapat ditangani sekiranya semua
pasangan mengamalkan sikap bertolak ansur, adil dan jujur
dalam segala hal. Isu balik kampung boleh diselesaikan
dengan mengamalkan sistem giliran. Contohnya, tahun
pertama berhari raya di kampung isteri dan tahun kedua
berhari raya di kampung suami atau sebaliknya. Cara
ini boleh dilakukan kepada pasangan yang mana jarak
kampung halamannya agak jauh antara satu sama lain.
Di samping itu, bagi pasangan yang mana jarak kampung
halamannya agak dekat, bolehlah bergilir seperti
menyambut hari raya pertama di rumah keluarga isteri
dan hari raya ketiga di rumah suami atau sebaliknya.
Kaedah yang terakhir ialah bergilir menyambut Hari
Raya Aidilfitri dan Hari Raya Aidiladha secara bergilirgilir untuk setiap pasangan.
Dengan mengamalkan tip yang diberi, saya pasti setiap
pasangan tidak akan lagi bermasam muka dengan isu yang
remeh ini. Tiada yang lebih bahagia apabila melihat insan
yang tersayang tersenyum lebar meraikan hari yang mulia.
Hari Raya sepatutnya disambut dengan gembira kerana
hari itu adalah hari paling agung selepas semua umat Islam
berkorban untuk berpuasa selama sebulan dan adalah
lebih bermakna jika semua pasangan bermaaf-maafan
dan melupakan segala khilaf yang lepas. Tiada yang lebih
indah selain daripada ketulusan hati, kedamaian jiwa dan
ketenteraman fikiran di hari yang mulia.
Semoga sambutan Hari Raya kali ini lebih bermakna.
Loyalty among
University
Academics
by Sakinah Mat Zin, Rohana Yusoff and Nor Aini Hassanuddin
When employees renounce an organization, either
voluntarily or involuntarily, the impact can be huge.
Loyal employees are considered as incredible assets to a
growing company since they represent cost savings over
recruiting and training new hires. Moreover, turnover has
also been directly associated to low levels of employee
morale, job satisfaction, and customers’ perceptions of
service quality (Gray, Niehoff, & Miller, 2000).
Human resources professionals know that employee
retention is a major factor in an organization’s success.
Employee loyalty can best be defined as employees
dedicated to the success of the organization. To be
successful, employers should focus on improving
employee satisfaction and lifetime loyalty. Furthermore,
there is a direct relationship between employee loyalty
and a company’s growth and profitability. Wagner
(2007) indicated that organisational commitment is an
individual’s willingness to dedicate efforts and loyalty to
an organisation. As the years of experience increased,
job satisfaction would be elevated (Herrera, 2003).
Adeyemo (2000) reported a positive correlation between
education and organizational commitment. According to
Chuan (2005), employees who had the intention to quit
were found to be lowly committed.
Job satisfaction is inspired by intrinsic factors including
personal achievement, sense of accomplishment, and
prestige and extrinsic factors such as pay and benefits,
working conditions, and resources (Zaghloul, AlHussaini, & Al-Bassam, 2008). It is of great importance
for university administrators to identify the level of
academic staff satisfaction and identify the dimensions
of high dissatisfaction as a means of maintaining
an established work force. The dimension with high
correlation to intention to quit continues an essential
aspect of job satisfaction facing university administrators
to deal with.
As in academic institutions, their success depends on
well-qualified, committed and sufficiently remunerated
professoriate. Academic staff job satisfaction,
commitment, and retention are the significant
contributing factors to its effectiveness. Elevated
academic staff job satisfaction will be translated into
healthy university climate which at the same time
improve the learning environment and increase the
university productivity. The contributions of effort,
involvement, and most importantly on the overall
academic staff professionalization are crucial in
emerging good educational programs. This is true in
every society in which academics play various roles:
they teach, carry out research and provide expertise to
the government and industries (Fatma, 2003).
References
Adeyemo, D. A. (2000). Job involvement, career
commitment, organizational commitment and job
satisfaction of the Nigerian police. A multiple regression
analysis. Journal of Advance Studies in Educational
Management 5(6), 35-41.
Chuan, C. (2005). A Critical Review of Commitment
Studies: A call for Research in Sarawak School Settings.
Jurnal Penyelidikan MPBL, Jilid 6 Herrera, R. Job
satisfaction among athletic trainers in NCAA divisional
institution. The Sports Journal, 6(1), 1-7.
Fatma, K. (2003). Employee satisfaction in higher
education: the case of academic and administrative
staff in Turkey. Career Development International 8(70
), 347-356.
Gray, R. A., Niehoff, B. P., & Miller, J. L. (2000). The
effect of job characteristics on student employee
job satisfaction and intent to turnover in college
and university foodservice,. Journal of the National
Association of College & University Foodservices, 21
14–29.
Herrera, R. (2003). Job satisfaction among athletic
trainers in NCAA divisional institution. The Sports
Journal, 6(1), 1-7.
Wagner, C. M. (2007). Organizational commitment
as a predictor variable in nursing turnover research:
literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 60,
235-247.
Zaghloul, A. A., Al-Hussaini, M. F., & Al-Bassam, N.
K. (2008). Intention to stay and nurses’ satisfaction
Dimension. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 1,
51-58.
Page
13
Corporate
Culture:
How Top World Class Company Adapt and Implement Culture
By: Mohd Faizal bin Jaafar and Azlina bt Shamsudin
Corporate culture is a set of values and belief
that bind everybody together often in the time
of changes. These overall philosophies begin with
the founder and then implement it on others,
which if becoming a success can be beneficial
for the corporation. Usually exist in three stages;
beginning with visible artefacts (how people dress,
how office are arranged), underlying values and
beliefs and last is the learning behaviour (Harkinson
& Hankinson, 1999). Fazleena and Gregory (2012)
added that outsider could observe artefacts and
behaviour but have to look very carefully to identify
the value and belief. A successful corporation is
associated with a well implementation of corporate
culture and with this article, we will feature some
of the successful implementation.
First, Google. Corporate culture in Google is based
on individual ideas and technological achievement,
meaning putting a high value in employees
intellectual and opinions in order to achieve
innovation and creativity through stimulation
like receiving tech talks from a world renowned
expert in variety discipline. Other culture enforce
by Google is the combination of jam-pack office
occupancy for better communication, all-hands
meeting every Friday with refreshment, and
multiple and rigorous interview when hiring new
employees. A performance metric to determine
the employer performance includes hosting a tech
talk and each employee will be given qualities
that measure their Googleness (Iyer & Davenport,
2008).
Second, Facebook. Facebook has many innovative
corporate culture such as in hiring new employee
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14
which they have a program that involved their
programmers and software engineers to find
their own peers, do the scouting and interviews,
a wiki in order for everyone to share feedback,
recommendation about candidates and ideas on
how to ensure the candidates to be their future
employees. Facebook also encourages employee
to form a self-managed team where report to the
upper level is kept at very minimum that pursue own
special project and will be rewarded handsomely
according to accomplishment, a promotion and
bonuses exercise where done twice a year (McGirt,
2012).
Third, Toyota Motor. Just to let all the readers
know that Toyota still pay their retired employees
in order to come in to the company and advice
their successors, thus, making a safeguard to
the culture. Other implementation is that even
an experience workers still have to go to a week
of indoctrination when getting a promotion at a
training centre that are build on the idea of telling
the purpose of the company. Thus, making the
employee realise that they do not have all the
answers (Welch & Rowley, 2007).
Top companies in China also have adopted corporate
culture with the ideas from the West. At Alibaba,
the e-commerce titan in China, when a salesperson
had confirmed a transaction through phone from a
client, he or she will immediately raise from the
workstation and yell out the value of transaction
and all of the colleague will immediately give out a
clap as a morale booster not only to the salesperson
but to others to perform. Youku the Chinese
equivalence of YouTube, the employees refer to
each other as classmate and their supervisor as
teacher. Other than that, the workplace is also
designed to be as fun as possible where they also
adopted a saying that the employee will drive the
work not the boss. Baidu the China top search
engine provider although adapting many cultures
from the United State companies but try to adjust
to China national culture and not being too liberal
or goofy like Google (Rabkin, 2012).
Other corporations such as The Home Depot’s,
Procter and Gamble (P&G), Nike and Nissan
also implement corporate culture in their
organizations. The Home Depot’s maintains a
transparent and open communication where every
store and department’s managers can discuss any
issues of interest through a weekly television show.
Procter and Gamble (P&G) values every opinion
so everything is done using the bottom up and
consensus method thus everything is done right.
Nike also encourages his employees to contribute
ideas while Nissan focuses on cross-functional and
cross-cultural approach and commit and target
strategy. The overall issue is sustainability of the
culture and all of these companies have performed
an annual culture assessment beside individual
work performance assessment (Epstein et al.,
2010).
A comparison between corporate cultures can
be examined between Toyota and General
Motors. Toyota places importance on continuous
improvement, respect for people and teamwork
while General Motors has a corporate culture
that reluctant to face up to bad news and a
mindset of could never be wrong. The winner of
Toyota and General Motors were obvious and this
contributed directly from the corporate culture
that both corporations have implemented. Another
comparison is between Canon and Xerox. Canon
uses a three-point corporate culture that is
meritocracy, health and family welfare (adopted
the three core values of self-initiative, self-control
and self-awareness) for their employees. While
Xerox starts as a monopoly in the US market that
implement a risk-averse bureaucratic culture.
The consequence is clear with their slip-down
(Yoshimori, 2005). As for conclusion, it seems like
Toyota and Conon have a culture that help them to
build up into competitiveness that is not happening
to General Motors and Xerox.
A deeply embedded, unaware and irrational shared
values are what make the national culture (Fayolle
et al., 2010) and this is the last aspect to view when
a multinational corporation will have to endure
the national culture in order for the corporation
to make a change commonly because of business
need. They will have to take a great consideration
on the value and belief of the nation and IBM
Corporation has managed to do that by having a
strong corporate culture after doing a survey of the
national culture (Scheffknecht, 2012).
The importance and the varies of corporate culture
have been exampled so as a simple comparison
between the corporation that adopted different
style of culture and a slight feature on how corporate
culture is related to national culture in the hope
that everyone can get the idea of the importance
of a good culture is really about.
REFERENCES
Epstein, M. J., Buhovac, A. R., & Yuthas, K.
(2010). Implementing Sustainability: The Role of
Leadership and Organizational Culture. Strategic
Finance , pp. 41-47.
Fayolle, A., Basso, O., & Bouchard, V. (2010).
Three levels of culture and firms’ entrepreneurial
orientation: A research agenda. Entrepreneurship
& Regional Development , Vol. 22, No. 7-8, 707730.
Fazleena, B., & Gregory, B. (2012). The Softer Side
of Lean: Analyzing Corporate Culture Can Point The
Way To Necessary Changes. Industrial Engineer ,
pp. 49-53.
Harkinson, P., & Hankinson, G. (1999). Managing
Successful Brands: An Empirical Study which
Compares the Corporate Cultures of Companies
Managing the World’s Top 100 Brands with Those
Managing Outsider Brands. Joumal of Marketing
Management , Vol. 15, 135-155.
Iyer, B., & Davenport, T. H. (2008). Reverse
Engineering Google’s Innovation Machine. Harvard
Business Review , pp. 59-68.
McGirt, E. (2012). How Ya Like
Fastcompany.com , pp. 92-100.
Me
Now?
Rabkin, A. (2012). The Toa of The Sea Turtle.
Fastcompany.com , pp. 79-99.
Scheffknecht, S. (2012). Multinational Enterprises
- Organizational Culture vs. National Culture.
International Journal of Management Cases , 7378.
Welch, D., & Rowley, I. (3 December, 2007). Toyota’s
All-Out Drive To Stay Toyota. Businessweek .
Yoshimori, M. (2005). Does Corporate Governance
Matter? Why the Corporate Performance of Toyota
and Canon is Superior to GM and Xerox. Corporate
Governance: An International Review , Vol. 13,
No. 3, 447-457.
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15
Enhancing Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) and Promoting
Social Business (SB) in the Business
World: A Case of a Pharmaceutical Sector
By: Jannah Munirah Mohd Noor (Faculty of Business Management, UiTM Terengganu)
Hasziah Yazid (Director of MATRADE, Eastern Region)
INTRODUCTION
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become a buzz word today in which the society has expected more from
companies in terms of their social obligations instead of focusing solely on profits.
CSR can be defined as a form of corporate self-regulation implemented within a business model in which public
interests are considered on top of corporate decision making. CSR policies would act as a built in, self regulating
mechanism in ensuring the adherence to law, ethical standards and international standards. Companies would also
be responsible for the environment, consumers, employees, communities, stakeholders and all other members of the
public sphere. In summary, companies should honor the three main bottom lines, People, Planet and Profit.
Engagement in CSR would benefit companies in term of favorable stakeholder attitudes as well as better support
behavior such as in purchasing, employment and investment. In the long run, CSR enable good public imagery,
enhance relationship between stakeholders and company, as well as increase stakeholders support behavior.
The role of CSR does not only encompass responsibility of firms towards its society. Instead, the developed countries
and other international organizations which possess power, mandate and resources are responsible to help developing
and less developed countries.
With more new diseases discovered such as H1N1, Swine Flu on top of the incurable HIV/AIDS pandemic, the large
pharmaceutical firms were seen as being not fully responsible towards their social obligations. To counter this,
enhancements of CSR should be done in a way that both benefited the organization and stakeholders.
On the other hand, social business as invented by Professor Mohamed Yunos can be defined as a non-loss but Nondividend Company established to address social objectives such as nutrition for the malnourished, renewal energy
introduction as well as healthcare for the poor. Profits would be reinvested to expand the company’s operation as
well improvement to the products and services. Investors would eventually get their capital back but no dividend
beyond that point.
To make the world more self sustainable, social business module should also be implemented to ensure concerned
stakeholders can fend themselves as opposed to depending only on CSR efforts of companies or even charity.
Johnson & Johnson in renewal energy and pollution
reduction programs.
ISSUES IN CSR AND SOCIAL BUSINESS (SB)
1. CSR and Social Business Awareness
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16
Corporate Social Responsibility started to become a
common term in early 1970s after the formation of
many multinational firms. Social business however
only came in existence in 2007 through Professor
Dr. Muhammad Yunus’s book “Creating a World
without Poverty – Social Business and the Future of
Capitalism”.
In this regard, global pharmaceutical firms have been
exposed by CSR movement. In time, each has place
different importance on their sustainability report
& transparency efforts. For example Sanofi Adventis
prioritizes in improving access to the developing
world, Novartis in carbon dioxide emissions and:
The Sustainability Reporting of the World’s Largest
Pharmaceutical Companies 2009 had ranked
companies in different areas. From the 26 largest
pharmaceutical companies worldwide, the winners
are Bristol-Myers Squibb (Highest Overall Scores and
Highest Environmental Reporting Scores) and Merck
(Highest Social Reporting Scores). Only in the past
few years that Malaysia started their CSR awareness
with the delivery of the National Integrity Plan, the
9th Malaysia Plan and the Capital Market Master plan.
Significant boost to CSR was given during the Budget
2007 requirement for Public Listed Companies to
report their CSR. Other initiatives include the PM’s
CSR Award aimed to honor the companies making a
difference in the communities they served through
their CSR programmes. Besides, Yayasan 1MDB
(1 Malaysia Development Berhad) was currently
established to manage RM100 million CSR Fund by
launching of efforts towards ensuring 1Malaysia values
such as equal opportunity to education as well as
improvement in the quality of life.Though some of the
Malaysian companies are doing CSR activities, most
of them do not disclose the deed in details. In regards
of pharmaceutical firms, only a few had highlighted
their CSR deeds such as Pharmaniaga’s “Mesti Ambil
Tahu (MAT)!” or “Must Find Out!” programmme as
well as Top Glove Foundation. Others just highlighted
their contribution in simple comments such as
KotraPharma’s “.. our CSR efforts have been mainly
in the area of philanthropy where contributions were
made in cash and in kind to various social, education
and welfare programmes.” For social business, it
seems that only the Grameen Group has fulfilled
the requirements. In 2008, Grameen Health was to
establish collaboration with Pfizer, GE Healthcare
and Mayo Clinic in order to create healthcare
delivery models for the developing world.However,
the existence of entities such as www.clearlyso.com
which proclaim itself as the first global hub for social
business enterprise and social investments; shows
that the awareness of SB is starting to increase.
However, most of the social business companies
listed is still in their infancy stages.Currently, there
is no existence of social business in Malaysia. The
closest entity would be Wakaf An Nur which still
have charitable foundation with its series of clinics
and dialysis centers offering medical treatment to
the poor and less able at minimum charges. However
these An Nur medical centers can be use as reference
for sustainable Social Business models.
In this regard, website can play significant role in
companies’ CSR messaging in a favorable perspective
as it provides transparency in documenting their CSR
initiatives to both internal and external stakeholders.
By highlighting past and current CSR practices,
companies are able to strengthen their positioning
especially in regards of CSR information seeking by
stakeholders, competitiveness within the industry
as well as to yield critics and respond to queries
(Sones, Grantham & Viera, 2009).For social business,
the stakeholders in term of investors, employee and
recipients’ are all aware of its purposes. In this regard,
communication of the company’s strategies are more
towards reporting the progress and sustainability of
the social business entity, benefits to its target group,
betterment of its products and services as well as
strategy for target group expansion.
3. CSR/Social Business Leaderships
The “endurance of organizations depends on the
quality of leaders; and that quality derives from the
breadth of the morality upon which it rests” (Barnard,
1938). Senior leaderships (strategic) have different
perspective from middle management (operational)
in regards of goal orientation, career progression
as well as relationship with employees and people
outside the organizations (Burns, 1978).
Research had found that there are three stages of
CSR implementation in which each stage requires
different CSR leadership skills. The initial decision
making stage requires leaders to accept the need for
personal and organization movements towards CSR.
Secondly, the adoption stage requires the leaders
to spread the CSR initiatives until the impacts can
be realized. Lastly, the commitment stage whereby
the CSR will be actively pursued despite blockage
such as shareholders resistances, priorities conflicts,
and measurement difficulties etc (Kakabadse et all
(2007).
Though still important, leadership in social business is
more towards ingrained personality as well as joy and
passion towards the betterment of others without
self serving or profit motivation.
In view of these current positions, there seems to be
ways to promote the CSR as well as Social Business to
further acceptance by the public. Among ways that
could be implemented are as follows:
2. Needs and Benefits of Communicating Companies’
CSR / Social Business Strategies to Stakeholders
In the age if IT literacy, key strategy is to communicate
companies’ CSR strategy using the company’s website
(Esrock and Geichty, 1998). To date, there are
almost 1.7 billion internet users, a 4,700% increased
from 360 million internet users in year 2000. The
internet has now been used as a reliable and
quick source of information allowing companies to
purposely control communication messages for their
stakeholders. Companies are also allowed to establish
their strategies positioning in this cost effective
communication (Porter, 2001).
Pharmaceutical companies with extensive global
relationship are often scrutinized on their CSR
(Kermani, 2006; Capriotti and Moreno, 2007) especially
as their products are vital for effective healthcare
around the world. In this regard, pharmaceutical
firms need to portray more favorable public image
as media often portray the pharmaceutical industry
adversely (Kermani, 2006).
Study on the CSR portrayal of 5 major pharmaceutical
firms namely Pfizer, Eli Lilly, Merck, GlaxoSmithKline
and AstraXenaca via their websites highlight that
the ease of navigating their CSR section which at
maximum of two clicks away from the main webpage.
CSR as Business Case Justifications
CSR should be viewed objectively as a business
concern rather than charity. Poor nation should not
be viewed only as a burden but instead as potential
prospective clients. According to Palahad (2005),
the four billion poor people can be the recipient
of the next round of global trade and prosperity.
In line with instrumental theory, companies may
decide to undertake social programme to boost
its good image as well as competitive advantage
(Greenfield, 2004).
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CSR / Social Business Promotion – Medias and
Websites
The Media including newspaper and television
still play an important part in promoting CSR and
Social Business. Clearly it can be seen when the
events are televised. For example, during the
Aceh Tsunami, many pledges millions but a system
must be established to ensure the donations can
be materialized instead of companies going for
cheap publicity.
As highlighted earlier, the IT literacy has increased
tremendously in the past decade and it has become
a way of life. As such, the importance of the
cyberspace is vital and also cost effective as ways
of a company highlighting its CSR commitments
towards its stakeholders.
4. For SB, the Grameen Group website has served as the
ultimate source. Additionally, the existence of www.
clearlyso.com had paved the way for GB’s creators
and investors to discover each other. However, more
literatures should be posted in the cyberspace to
provide information to interested parties. CSR as a
percentage of a company’s net earnings figure
Currently, CSR monetary contributions are done on ad
hoc basis without any tie up to the company’s earnings.
An example, Bristol-Myers Squibs Foundation was
created with the aim of reducing health disparities
around the world. In 2008, the foundation allocated
$150 million on R&D for least developed countries and
vulnerable properties which are equivalent to 4.28
percent and 0.73 percent respectively as compared
to its total R&D investments of $3.5 billion and net
sales of $20.6 billion.
There would be a lot of improvement in CSR should
corporations be made to contribute a minimum of 1
per cent of their net income to counter the negative
impact intentionally or unintentionally brought by
their operations.
5. CSR / Social Business Leadership
Leaders in an organization should be able to provide
CSR wisdom and conviction in dealing with old
behaviors towards new CSR future. First of all,
CSR goals require definition as well as commitment
towards its sustainability. Leaders should be able to
influence others to support and own the CSR efforts
as well as able to go forward when conflicts or
confusions over CSR adoption occur.
Consistent applications of CSR gist need to be applied
to all companies’ activities. In this case, the leader’s
discipline and passion for result is essential in order to
ensure all activities are able to follow through the CSR
initiative. Lastly, to ensure firm’s CSR commitment,
leaders should posses’ staying power with strength
in purpose and mission to make CSR visions a reality
(Kakabadse et all (2007)).
In summary, leadership is important in companies
pursuing CSR as persuasions as well as evidence are
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18
required especially when they need to serve both
ranges of shareholders concerns from the profit scope
towards moral and social obligation.
In terms of social business, though the investors are
not concerned with the profit bottom line, visionary
leaders are still needed to ensure that the social
business would not lapse into comfortable zone of
mere existence. Social business does not only need to
be lead towards profit since it enables the company
to be self-sustained and developing in term of people
it can assist as well as betterment in its products and
services.
MODEL OF SOCIAL BUSINESS IN MALAYSIA
Malaysia is bountiful with its resources and in this
regard, social business seems to have a place here.
The poor people in Malaysia are actually still living in a
better condition as compared to others all around the
world. With the abundance of fertile soil and river, we
are still able to derive our livelihood. Besides that, our
government established various institutions to help the
needy such as Pusat Pungutan dan Pengagihan Zakat and
Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat. The private sector such as
TV3 also gives supports in terms of conducting charitable
programme such as Bersamamu. In line with the poverty
problem in Malaysia, it is sad to see some of the Malaysian
people who are reluctant to work in sectors which are
mostly employed by the foreign workers.
Moreover, the idea of social business is also targeted
to needy group of people who experienced with a
problem of unwanted pregnancy. Based on the statistics
reported by Polis Di Raja Malaysia, a total of 580 cases of
unwanted babies were recorded from 2000 to 2006. The
trend had increased tremendously, whereby there were
50 such cases reported from January till September 2008.
According to the recent cases highlighted in Johor and
Kuala Lumpur, this phenomena is adversely supported
with a business of selling unwanted babies in which those
babies were sold in between RM 15,000 to RM 20,000.
As unwanted pregnancy is still a taboo subject within
Malaysia which is predominantly Muslim, it is imperative
to highlight the point that the initiatives will save the
innocent babies, re-educate the young mothers as well
as giving hope to childless couple.
These business models would include corporate initiatives
in which the concerned publics can provide capital, land,
equipments and other related items. In order to run the
business, the labors would be the pregnant mothers who
are working in an environment which is suitable with
their condition. To avoid stigma, single mothers can also
be included. The products and services that could be
sold would include items for women – during pregnancy
as well as post babies such as maternity clothing, baby
items, cross stitched handicrafts and such. The initiatives
would also include small grants for these targeted groups
to open their own sewing shop after their graduation
from the centre.
From the healthcare perspective, the An Nur Clinic and
Dialysis Centre can be restructured to be a self sustaining
Social Business entity. Moreover, Mercy Malaysia might
for example create a social business by manufacturing
generic drugs to be distributed to the needful countries.
Malaysian herbs can also be commercialized in order to
help the poor farmers. The plants can be cultivated and
the outputs can be processed for medication purposes.
Example of these herbs includes:
Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma Longifolia): Suitable for
treating malaria, hypertension, body aches and to
improve vitality. Also believed to be an aphrodisiac;
Kacit Fatimah (Labisia Pumila): For treatment of
hypertension, diabetes and stomach aches. Also
helps to improve vitality;
Kulit Kayu Manis (Cinnamomum Verum): Cinnamon
in essential oil farm is a carminative and anti-gripe
remedy. Works well as a tea too even though it has
a mild anti-diarrhea action;
Kunyit Terus/Bonglai Putih (Aingeber Cassumunar):
For treatment of sinus, cardiovascular disease,
rheumatism and headaches;
Kunyit (Curcuma Domestica): Used in the treatment
of coughs, wound and asthma;
RECOMMENDATION
Akin to the phrase “charity begins at home”, Malaysians
need to be exposed with CSR and Social Business.
Various steps can be undertaken in order to create more
awareness on CSR and Social Business such as:
Broadcast Media (Television & Radio)
Even though this is the most expensive medium,
television role as an awareness tool cannot be
denied. The awareness can be done via interviews
on related programme such as TV3’s Malaysia Hari
Ini as well as Astro’s Bernama TV.
Misai Kucing (Orthosiphon Stamineus): For
treatment of hypertension and kidney stones;
Jerangau (Acorus Calamus): For treatment of
malaria, high fever and sinus;
Hampedu Bumi (Andrographis Paniculata): For
treatment of blood pressure, cardiovascular
disease and diabetes. It is also a remedy for snake
bites; and
Pegaga (Centela Asiatica): Used in the treatment of
skin disease, asthma, hypertension, poor appetite,
poor blood circulation, leprosy and kidney stones;
CONCLUSION
In terms of Islamic perspective, the main concern of
CSR practices can be related to the man’s role as the
vicegerent on earth. We are responsible for the society,
environment and the whole economy. In this regard,
Islam could be applied towards the betterment of modern
organization and business entities. The holy Qur’an
implied that the business which underpinned with good
moral conducts will flourish in its’ economic success. “…
give full measure when you measure, and weigh with a
balance that is true… “ (Surah Al Israa – 17:35). Based on
this verse, the focus on morality and business economic
orientation is very apparent.
CSR and SB are two options for corporations to fulfill
their obligations towards their stakeholders. They could
therefore be used to complement each other towards the
betterment of people and environment but not neglecting,
the profits maximization. However, to achieve the full
potential of CSR and Social Business, awareness needs to
be created first in order for stakeholders to be aware
of their rights and therefore able to prompt companies
to adopt such practices especially in term of transparent
CSR reporting as well as sustainable Social Businesses.
To ensure interest on CSR, specific programme
similar tu Bijak Wang or Bersamamu could be
produced to highlight CSR initiatives of the
companies as well as brief information of their
business. Besides, the programme for Social
Business could emulate successful reality TV shows
such as The Apprentice of Donald Trump as well as
Astro’s Akademi Fantasia which had garnered one
million viewers each week. The contestants need
to apply their Social Business ideas. Sponsors for
these programmes can be recruited from Malaysia’s
GLCs such as Petronas Gas Berhad as well as
philanthropist Malaysian corporate figures such as
YBhg. Tan Sri Syed Mokhtar Al Bukhary.
Radio can also be utilized in order to create
awareness. For instance, religious-based broadcast
stations such as Radio Ikim FM, Radio Nasyid FM and
Radio Tarbiyah FM can be chosen as a method of
dispersing information related to the social business.
Consistent with Watt (1961), he said that “…
everybody has to account on the Day of Judgement,
summoning human beings to acknowledge God’s
power and goodness and worship, and to act
uprightly in practicing generosity and avoid
niggardliness’. Other mainstream radio stations
such as Radio RTM, Radio Music and etc can also be
used for the same purpose.
Internet / Websites
Empowerment via the internet enables consumers
to monitor CSR via the use of search engine as
well as independent sources. Internet is a very
powerful method that is far surpassed other form
of information such as families and friends, wordof-mouth as well as traditional sources of media
such as television and the newspapers.
In Malaysia, the number of internet users is expected
to reach 10 million in 2012 which is equivalent to
36 percent of the population. This trend shows
that the internet is a very popular tool since it is
the cheapest and the most comprehensive source
of information. Information on CSR and Social
Business can be dispersed via creating new email
messages, forwarding related emails as well as
launching campaigns to advocate specific positions.
In Malaysia, various CSR portals have already been
established but none for the Social Business. Apart
from traditional websites, new media can be used
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19
such as blogs as well as social platforms namely
Facebook and Twitter.
Print Media (Newspapers and Magazines)
The print media circulation still enjoys steady
growth inclusive of internet penetration. In 2008,
total newspaper circulation in Peninsular Malaysia
was around 2.5 million, a steady growth of 67.7
percent from 1.5 million in 1988 (www.abcm.org.
my) which make printed media still an important
medium for dispersing information. Usually, the
valuable information is mostly derived from
interviews as well as contribution from related
CSR and SB articles.
Other initiatives would include conducting
international forums on CSR or Social Business in
Malaysia as well as incorporation of these subjects
into curricular of the tertiary education.
REFERENCES
Barnard, C.I. (1938). The Functions of the Executive.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Burns, J.M. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper & Row.
Capriotti, P. & Moreno, A. (2007). Corporate citizenship and
public relations: The importance and interactivity of social
responsibility issues on corporate websites, Public Relations
Review, 33, 84-91.
Esrock, S.L. & Geichy, G.B. (1998). Social responsibility and
corporate web page: Self-presentation or agenda setting?,
Public Relations Review, 3, 305-19.
Greenfield, W.M. (2004). In the name of corporate social
responsibility, Business Horizon, 47, 19-28.
Kakabadse, N.K., Kakabadse, A.P. & Lee-Davies, L. (2007).
CSR leaders roap-map.
Retrieved from http://www.
emeraldinsight.com.ezaccess.library.uitm.edu.my/Insight/
viewPDF.jsp?contentType=Article&Filename=html/Output/
Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Pdf/2680090105.pdf
Kermani, F. (2006). Why corporate social responsibility makes
sense, Applied Clinical Trials, 15(5), 36-8.
Kotter, J. (1990). What leaders really do, Harvard Bussiness
Review, May – June, 103-11
Palahad, C.K. (2005). The Fortune at the Bottom of the
Pyramid. USA: Wharton School Publishing.
Porter, M.E. (2001). Strategy and the Internet, Harvard
Bussiness Review, 79(2), 63 – 78.
Patrons
YBhg. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Abdol Samad Nawi
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Baharom Abdul Rahman
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mazidah Puteh
Advisors
Dr. Siti Haryati Shaikh Ali
Fathiyah Ismail
Siti Fatimah Mardiah Hamzah
Chief Editor
Azyanee Luqman
Editors
Sakinah Mat Zin
Wan Maziah Wan Ab. Razak
Nurmuslimah Kamilah Abdullah
A’tiqah Rashidah Abu Samah
Nurul Syuhada Baharuddin
Suhaily Maizan Abdul Manaf
Nur Hazwani Mohamad Roseli
Erratul Shela Eshak
Marha Abdol Ghapar
Hanani Ahmad Fuad
Nur Hayati Abd Rahman
Tismazammi Mustafa
Columnist
Dr. Hj. Zainuddin Zakaria
Guest Editor
Razifa Mohd Razlan
Layout & Graphics
Abdul Rani Jusoh
All articles should be sent to:
[email protected]
Sones M., Grantham S., & Viera E.T. (2008). Commuting CSR
via pharmaceutical company web sites: Evaluating message
frameworks for external and internal stakeholders. Retrieved
from
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