Page | 1 Spring 2015 Meets Wednesdays, 4-7 pm, E62-262

15.141 Economics of the Health Care
Industries (Same subject as HST.918J)
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Prereq: Permission of instructor
G (Spring)
3-0-6 H-LEVEL Grad Credit
Focuses on economic issues in various health care and allied industries, such as
the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, medical device, vaccine and diagnostic
sectors. Addresses differences between health care and other industries;
regulatory issues, in the US and globally, that involve establishment of the
efficacy and cost-effectiveness of treatments; managing those who manage research
and development; policies to incentivize research and development for neglected
tropical diseases; strategic issues in global pricing and marketing; use of ecommerce and information technology; personalized/stratified medicines and
diagnostic biomarkers; and formation and management of various alliances.
Visiting speakers from academia, government, NGOs, and industry. Assignments
include 4 to 6 essays. For credit registration only – listeners not permitted.
E.R. Berndt
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------Spring 2015 Meets Wednesdays, 4-7 pm, E62-262.
Instructor: Prof. Ernst Berndt, [email protected], E62-518. TA: Elizabeth Timbers [email protected].
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Course Goals: Help you gain an understanding of the major economic, strategic and organizational
issues facing management, investors, clinicians and policymakers in the various health care and allied
industries, in the US and globally. The course provides a broad overview of how the various health care
industries differ from other industries and from each other, the major stakeholders and their
perspectives, and identifies reference sources from which more detailed information can be obtained.
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Typical Class Session: 4:05 – 5:20 pm: Faculty leads discussion with powerpoint slides. 5:20–5:35 pm:
Not too unhealthy snacks just outside classroom. 5:35 – 6:55 pm: Guest Speaker presentation. In most
but not all cases, from 7:15 – 9:15 pm there’s an informal dinner with the guest speaker, TA and a few
students – at the nearby restaurant EVOO. Prof. Berndt’s powerpoint slide presentation will be posted
on Stellar before class. In most but not all cases, the guest speaker will also have a powerpoint
presentation, which will in most cases be posted on Stellar as well (sometimes only after class meets).
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Course Requirements: Attend class (allowed to miss no more than two three-hour classes); for EMBA
virtual students, see next page re documenting attendance. Read assigned articles before class, be
prepared with questions for guest speaker. No final exam. All students required to hand in first essay
assignment, and then can choose which three of four remaining essays to write. Each is short
(maximum of six doubled spaced, standard 12-point font pages).
Course Bonus: Most of the guest speakers have agreed to stay after class and go out for an informal
dinner with several students, Betsy Timbers (the course teaching assistant) and Prof. Berndt. Meals are
at a local restaurant (EVOO) immediately after class, and are funded by Prof. Berndt’s chaired
professorship or the guest speaker. Students are given a chance to express their preferences to the
course teaching assistant regarding their preferred choice of guest speaker with whom to dine.
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Course Grade: The four essays account for 80% of the final grade, and class participation the remaining
20% (unless absences are excessive).
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IMPORTANT NOTE: This course is unusual at Sloan in that registration and virtual participation will be
permitted (our experiment with this format in Spring 2013 and 2014 was quite successful). Each class
session will be captured by temporary video and audio, and streamed live to long-distance students via
MIT Sloan Technology; EMBA virtual students can interact with the live class using the Bluejeans.com
conferencing technology hosted by the Sloan Technology Services staff and the teaching assistant, Betsy
Timbers. This technology will also allow students to “check in”, signaling virtual attendance. Because of
time zone differences, long-distance learning EMBA students will be permitted to view the streamed
class session until 9 am on Thursday morning following the Wednesday class (until up to 14 hours after
the class ends), at which time the temporary video and audio capture file will be destroyed. Videos of
class sessions cannot be downloaded and will not be archived. Since the class is being streamed live and
is interactive, in person local students should be aware that they will be “on camera” during the entire
class session, and distance learning students sitting by their webcam-enabled personal computer will
have their faces displayed on a large side screen in the front of the E62-262 classroom during the entire
class session. Regular MBA students must attend classes in person, not virtually.
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PLEASE NOTE: The materials presented in this class are for the educational use of the students
registered for this course. Materials include, but are not limited to, handouts, manuscripts and articles,
slides, speakers, syllabi, and on-line materials. Students are not authorized to videotape, photograph or
record classroom activities for future use including posting on the internet or any other forum without
prior written consent by the professor. Also, students are not authorized to post any course materials
on the internet, cloud or in any other forum without prior written consent by the professor. These
restrictions do not expire and continue in perpetuity.
Spring 2015 Detailed Class Schedule
Introduction to the Health Care Industries
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Feb. 4, 2015
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Prof. Berndt: “What Differentiates Health Care from Other Industries?”
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Guest: David M. Cutler, Ph.D., Harvard (former chief health care advisor to Presidential
Candidate Barack Obama in 2008), “The Economics of Health Care Going Forward”. No Dinner.
Readings/Listenings (* denotes optional; ** denotes very optional – background material):
Our guest speaker was very much involved in the health care reform legislative and policy-making
process. To obtain a compact overview of the reform legislation, read the articles by Chapin White,
“The Health Care Reform Legislation: An Overview” and David M. Cutler, “The Simple Economics of
Health Care Reform” in the Economists’ Voice, Vol. 7, Issue 5, 2010. Both articles are available on
Stellar.
For a very readable and informative blog written by a former CEO and President of Beth Israel
Deaconess Medical Center in Boston (and a former MIT faculty member, with lots of Sloan friends), go
to the blog “Not Running A Hospital” by Paul Levy. Peruse the archived and recent blog entries – see the
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ones he wrote after speaking to this class on Feb. 4, 2009, and on February 9, 2011.
http://runningahospital.blogspot.com/.
*Timothy S. Jost, “Implementing Health Reform: Four Years Later”, Health Affairs 33(1):7-10, January
2014.
*Joseph P. Newhouse, “Assessing Health Reform’s Impact On Four Key Groups of Americans”, Health
Affairs 29(9):1714-24, September 2010.
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**John K. Iglehart, “The ACA Opens the Door For Two Vulnerable Populations”, Health Affairs
33(3):;358, March 2014.
Feb. 11, 2015 The Changing Architecture of the US Health Care System
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Prof. Berndt: “Anatomy of the US Health Care System: Who Provides? Who Pays? To Whom?
What Impact? US-Global Comparisons”
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Guest: Edmund Pezalla, M.D., MPH, Vice President, National Medical Director, Aetna Health
Insurance, Hartford, CT., “Implementing Health Care Reform and Obamacare: A View from the Private
Sector”. Dinner.
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Readings/Listenings (* denotes optional; ** denotes very optional – background reading):
Health Policy Brief, “Next Steps for ACOs”, Health Affairs Health Policy Briefs No. 61, January 31, 2012
(posted February 5, 2012).
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Laurence C. Baker, M. Kate Bundorf and Daniel P. Kessler, “Vertical Integration: Hospital Ownership of
Physician Practices Is Associated with Higher Prices and Spending”, Health Affairs 33(5):756-763, May
2014.
Michael Chernew, Robert E. Mechanic, Bruce E. Landon and Dana Gelb Safran, “Private-Payer Innovation
in Massachusetts: The ‘Alternative Quality Contract’” Health Affairs, 30(1):51-61, January 2011.
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Liz Kowalczyk, “Cost-Controlled Health Coverage Gaining Ground”, Boston Globe, January 30, 2012.
W. Pete Welch, Allison Evans Cuellar, Sally C. Stearns and Andrew B. Bindman, “Proportion of Physicians
In Large Group Practices Continued To Grow in 2009-2011”, Health Affairs 32(9):1659-66, September
2013.
*Gary Claxton, Matthew Rae, Nirmita Panchal, Heidi Whitmore, Anthony Damico, and Kevin Kenward,
“Health Benefits in 2014: Stability in Premiums And Coverage for Employer-Sponsored Plans”, Health
Affairs 33(10):1851-1860, October 2014.
*Abe Dunn, Lindsey Rittmueller, and Bryn Whitmire, “Introducing the New BEA Health Care Satellite
Account”, Survey of Current Business, 95 (January) 2015, 1-21.
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*Micah Hartman, Anne B. Martin, David Lassman, Aaron Catlin and the National Health Expenditure
Accounts Team, “National Health Spending in 2013: Growth Slows, Remains In Step With The Overall
Economy”, Health Affairs 34(1):150-160, January 2015. Available electronically as
doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2014.1107.
**Katherine Baicker and Amitabh Chandra, “Myths and Misconceptions About U.S. Health Insurance”,
Health Affairs Web Exclusive, 27(6):W533-43, 21 October 2008.
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**Ernst R. Berndt (with updates from Elizabeth Timbers, Elyssa Campbell, Heather Vital and Lana
Cohen), “Appendices to Accompany Anatomy of the US Health Care System: Who Provides? Who Pays?
To Whom? What Impact? A Reference Guide”. Powerpoint slide set available on Stellar.
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**David M. Cutler and Nikhil R. Sahni, “If Slow Rate of Health Care Spending Growth Persists, Projections
May Be Off by $770 Billion”, Health Affairs 32(5):841-850, May 2013.
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**Historical U.S. health care expenditure data and discussion of recent developments can be found at
the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services website:
http://www.cms.gov/NationalHealthExpendData/02_NationalHealthAccountsHistorical.asp#TopOfPage
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**Julie A. Schoenman and Nancy Chockley, “Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance: Recent Trends and
Future Directions”, NIHCM Foundation Data Brief, October 2013. Available from
http://nihcm.org/publications/.
**Julie A. Schoenman and Nancy Chockley, “U.S. Health Care Spending: The Big Picture”, NIHCM
Foundation Data Brief, May 2012. Available from http://nihcm.org/publications/
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**Julie A. Schoenman and Nancy Chockley, “Government Spending for Health Entitlement Programs”,
NIHCM Foundation Data Brief, June 2012. Available from http://nihcm.org/publications/
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**Julie A. Schoenman and Nancy Chockley, “Spending for Private Health Insurance in the United States”,
NIHCM Foundation Data Brief, January 2013. Available from http://nihcm.org/publications/
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Feb. 18, 2015 Historical and Current Tools to Manage Health Care Access,
Quality and Costs
Prof. Berndt: “The Evolution and Impact of Strategic Tools Utilized in Managing Health Care Access,
Quality and Costs: An Overview of Inpatient, Outpatient and Pharmaceutical Management Innovations”
Guest: William J. Kassler, M.P.H., M.D., Chief Medical Officer, New England Region, Centers for
Medicare and Medicaid Services, “Implementing Health Care Reform and Obamacare: A View from the
Public Sector ” Dinner.
Readings/Listenings (* denotes optional; **denotes very optional – background reading):
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Gary E. Bacher, Michael E. Chernew, Daniel P. Kessler, and Stephen M. Weiner, “Regulatory Neutrality Is
Essential To Establishing A Level Playing Field for Accountable Care Organizations”, Health Affairs
32(8):1426-32, August 2013.
Laura Landro, “Return Patients Vex Hospitals”, Wall Street Journal, January 23, 2013, p. A6ff.
M. Susan Ridgely, David de Vries, Kevin J. Bozic and Peter S. Hussey, “Bundle Payment Fails To Gain A
Foothold in California: The Experience of The IHA Bundled Payment Demonstration”, Health Affairs
33(8):1345-1352, August 2014.
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James C. Robinson, “More Evidence of the Association Between Hospital Market Concentration and
Higher Prices and Profits”, Expert Voices, November 2011, NIHCM Foundation. Available online at
www.nihcm.org.
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Sarah L. Taubman, Heidi L. Allen, Bill J. Wright, Katherine Baicker and Amy N. Finkelstein, “Medicaid
Increases Emergency-Department Use: Evidence from Oregon’s Health Insurance Experiment”, Science
DOI:10.1126/science/1246183, published online January 2, 2014.
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Gail R. Wilensky, “Developing A Viable Alternative to Medicare’s Physician Payment Strategy”, Health
Affairs 33(1):153-160, January 2014.
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*Mireille Jacobson and Joseph P. Newhouse, “Expect the Unexpected? Physicians’ Responses to
Payment Changes”, Expert Voices, November 2010, NIHCM Foundation. Available online at
www.nihcm.org.
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*Niteesh K. Choudhry, Michael A. Fischer, Benjamin F. Smith, Gregory Brill, Charmaine Girdish, Olga S.
Matlin, Troyen A. Brennan, Jerry Avorn and William Shrank, “Five Features of Value-Based Insurance
Design Plans Were Associated with Higher Rates of Medication Adherence”, Health Affairs, 33(3):493501, March 2014.
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*John K. Iglehart, “No Place Like Home – Testing A New Model of Care Delivery”, New England Journal of
Medicine 359:1200-02, September 18, 2008. Available at
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp0806233.
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*Mireille Jacobson and Joseph P. Newhouse, “Expect the Unexpected? Physicians’ Responses to
Payment Changes”, Expert Voices, November 2010, NIHCM Foundation. Available online at
www.nihcm.org.
*Gina Kolata, “Method of Study is Criticized in Group’s Health Policy Tests”, New York Times, February 2,
2014.
*Diane R. Rittenhouse, Stephen M. Shortell and Elliott S. Fisher, “Primary Care and Accountable Care –
Two Essential Elements of Delivery-System Reform”, New England Journal of Medicine 361:2301-03,
December 10, 2009. Available at http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp0909327.
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**Elliott S. Fisher, “Building a Medical Neighborhood for the Medical Home”, New England Journal of
Medicine 359:1202-05, September 18, 2008. Available at
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp0805225.
**Luisa Franzini, Osama I. Mikhail and Jonathan S. Skinner, “McAllen and El Paso Revisited: Medicare
Variations Not Always Reflected in the Under Sixty-Five Population”, Health Affairs 29(12):2302-2310,
December 2010.
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**Alan Garber, “How The Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute Can Best Influence Real-World
Health Care Decision Making”, Health Affairs 30(12):2243-2251, December 2011.
**Julie A. Schoenman and Nancy Chockley, “The Concentration of Health Care Spending”, NIHCM
Foundation Data Brief, July 2012. Available online at http://nihcm.org/publications/.
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**Jean Sidorov, “It Ain’t Necessarily So: The Electronic Health Record And The Unlikely Prospect Of
Reducing Health Care Costs”, Health Affairs 25(4):1079-108, July-August 2006.
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Feb. 24, 2015, 5 pm First essay due – required –
understanding accountable care organizations
Feb. 25, 2015 Managing Those Who Manage R&D
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Prof. Berndt: “Managing the Life Science R&D Process: Overview of Who’s Doing R&D, Using What
Metrics, with What Outputs, and Trends”
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Guests: Mark Trusheim, Senior Scientist, MIT Sloan School and former President, Massachusetts
Biotechnology Council. “Alternative Models for Structuring R&D”. Dinner. Anna Protopapas, former
President, Millennium: The Takeda Oncology Company, Boston. Dinner.
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Readings/Listenings (* denotes optional; ** denotes very optional – background reading):
Battelle 2014 Global R&D Funding Forecast, December 2013. Available from www.battelle.org.
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Ernst R. Berndt, Deanna Nass, Michael Kleinrock and Murray L. Aitken, “Sharp Decline in Economic
Returns from New Drugs Raises Questions About Sustaining Innovations”, Health Affairs, February 5,
2015.
Ernst R. Berndt, Iain M. Cockburn and Karen A. Grepin, “The Impact of Incremental Innovation in
Biopharmaceuticals: Drug Utilization in Original and Supplemental Indications”, PharmacoEconomics
2006 24(Supp. 2):69-86.
William S. Comanor and F. Michael Scherer, “Merger and Innovation in the Pharmaceutical Industry”,
Powerpoint presentation, February 29,2012, to Sloan 15.141 class, Economics of the Health Care
industries.
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Joseph A. DiMasi, “Innovation in the Pharmaceutical Industry: New Estimates of R&D Costs”, powerpoint
presentation, Boston: Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development, November 14, 2014.
John LaMattina, “The Impact of Mergers on Pharmaceutical R&D”, Nature Reviews: Drug Discovery, 10
(August 2011): 569-560.
Rob Lott, “New Players Join The Drug Development Game”, Health Affairs 33(10):1711-1713, October
2014.
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Bhaven N. Sampat and Frank R. Lichtenberg, “What Are The Respective Roles Of The Public and Private
Sectors In Pharmaceutical Innovation?”, Health Affairs 30(2):332-339, February 2011.
*Patricia M. Danzon, Sean Nicholson and Nuno Sousa Pereira, “Productivity in Biotech-Pharmaceutical
R&D: The Role of Experience and Alliances, Journal of Health Economics, 24(2):317-39, 2005.
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*Joseph A. DiMasi and Henry G. Grabowski, “The Cost of Biopharmaceutical R&D: Is Biotech Different?”,
Managerial Decision and Economics 28:469-79.
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*Gareth MacDonald, “Pfizer Begins ‘Virtual Trial’ and Calls for Innovation in Research”, Outsourcing
Pharma, June 9, 2011. Available at http://www.outsourcing-pharma.com/content/view/print/379853.
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*Bernard H. Munos, “Lessons from 60 Years of Pharmaceutical Innovation”, Nature Reviews: Drug
Discovery, 8(12):959-68, December 2009.
*Gautam Naik, “Scientists’ Elusive Goal: Reproducing Study Results”, Wall Street Journal, Health Industry
Section, December 2, 2011.
*Scott Stern, “Do Scientists Pay To Be Scientists?”, Management Science 50(6):835-53, June 2004.
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*Mark R. Trusheim, “Alternative Architectures of R&D Organizations”, powerpoint presentation,
15.141J, Feb. 24, 2010.
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**United States Congressional Budget Office, Research and Development in the Pharmaceutical
Industry: A CBO Study, Washington DC: Congress of the United States, Congressional Budget Office,
Publication 1589, October 2006.
**Jason Voss, “Can Financial Engineering Cure Cancer?”, Enterprising Investor, December 3, 2013.
Available online at http://blogs.cfainstitute.org/investor/2013/12/03/can-financial-engineering-curecancer/.
March 4, 2015: The Business of Science:
Designing and Managing Clinical Investigations
Prof. Berndt and Guest, joint presentation/discussion: “Establishing Efficacy and Safety Through
Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials: A Review of Fundamental Tools, Issues and Strategies” and
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guest: Willard H. Dere, MD, Former Senior Vice President and International Chief Medical Officer,
Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA, and now Clinical Professor, University of Utah Medical School, “Drug
Development from Bench to Bedside: The Case of Denosumab”. Dinner.
Readings/Listenings (* denotes optional; ** denotes very optional – background reading):
Jill S. Burkiewicz, Sarah L. Scarpace and Susan P. Bruce, “Denosumab in Osteoporosis and Oncology”, The
Annals of Pharmacotherapy 43:11pp, September 2009.
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Alan C. Enthoven, “An Intelligent Consumer’s Guide to Randomized Controlled Trials”, Stanford
University Graduate School of Business Class Notes, undated.
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Michael Lanthier, Kathleen L. Miller, Clark Nardinelli and Janet Woodcock, “An Improved Approach to
Measuring Drug Innovation Finds Steady Rates of First-In-Class Pharmaceuticals, 1987-2011”, Health
Affairs 32(8):1433-9, August 2013.
Prof. Sir Michael Rawlins, “De testimonio: On the Evidence for Decisions About the Use of Therapeutic
Interventions”, Lancet 372:2152-61, 2008.
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United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Novel New
Drugs: 2014 Summary, powerpoint presentation, January 2015. Available online at www.fda.gov/drugs.
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*David Lacey, William Boyle, Scott Simonet, et al., “Bench to bedside: elucidation of the OPG-RANKRANKL pathway and the development of denosumab”, Nature Reviews: Drug Discovery, 11:401-419,
May 2012.
*Allan Lipton, “Denosumab in Breast Cancer”, Curr Oncol Rep, published online 5 November 2010.
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*Marit D. Moen and Susan J. Keam, “Denosumab: A Review of Its Use in the Treatment of
Postmenopausal Osteoporosis”, Drugs Aging 28(1):63-82, 2011.
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*Bernard Munos, “A Forensic Analysis of Drug Targets from 2002 through 2012”, Clinical Pharmacology
& Therapeutics, 12 June 2013, doi:10.1038/clpt.2013.126.
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*Marlies Noordzij, Giovanni Tripepi, Friedo W. Dekker, Carmine Zoccali, Michael W. Tanck, and Kitty J.
Jager, “Sample Size Calculations: Basic Principles and Common Pitfalls”, Nephrology Dialysis
Transplantation 25:1388-93, 2010. Doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfp732.
**Cornel Pater, “Equivalence and noninferiority trials – are they viable alternatives for registration of
new drugs? (III), Current Controlled Trials in Cardiovascular Medicine 5(8):1-7, 17 August 2004. Doi:
10.1186/1468-6708-5-8.
**Steven M. Paul, Daniel S. Mytelka, Christopher T. Dunwiddie, Charles C. Persinger, Bernard H. Munos,
Stacy R. Lindborg and Aaron L. Schacht, “How To Improve R&D Productivity: The Pharmaceutical
Industry’s Grand Challenge”, Nature Reviews: Drug Discovery 9(3):203-14, March 2010.
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**Jennifer L. Watson, Laurie Ryan, Nine Silverberg, Vicky Cahan, and Marie A. Bernard, “Obstacles And
Opportunities In Alzheimer’s Clinical Trial Recruitment”, Health Affairs 33(4):574-579, April 2014.
March 11, 2015 Principles and Practices of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Prof. Berndt: “Issues and Tools for Establishing Cost-Effectiveness: An Overview of Theory and
Practice”
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Guest: Walter L. Straus, MD, MPH, Global Director for Scientific Affairs – Vaccines: Office of the Chief
Medical Officer, Merck & Co., Inc., “Practical Considerations in Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in Vaccine
Assessment: A Case Study”. Dinner.
Readings/Listenings (* denotes optional; ** denotes very optional – background reading):
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***Note: I have posted on Stellar a 77-slide powerpoint presentation given by Gold et al. (see reference
below), “Cost Effectiveness in Health and Medicine” at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda,
Maryland on November 25, 1996. This slide set should be a most useful reference in doing your Essay #2.
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To gain some background concerning cervical cancer and recommended screening frequency for girls
and women, listen to CNN’s Dr. Sanjay Gupta, interviewed by Saundra Young on November 20, 2009.
Link to and click to play
http://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/11/20/cervical.cancer.guidelines/index.html
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Then go to the Harvard web site below and read the short summary of an interview by Focus magazine
January 8, 2010, with Dr. Jane Kim, one of the study authors:
http://focus.hms.harvard.edu/2010/010810/cervical_cancer.shtml.
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Allan S. Detsky and Andreas Laupacis. “Relevance of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis to Clinicians and Policy
Makers”. Journal of the American Medical Association 298(2):221-4, July 11, 2007.
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Martha Gold, Louise Russell, Joanna Siegel and Milton Weinstein. “Summary Recommendations”,
Appendix A in Gold, Russell and Weinstein, eds., Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine, New York:
Oxford University Press, 1996, pp. 304-11.
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Lawrence O. Gostin, “Mandatory HPV Vaccination and Political Debate”, Journal of the American
Medical Association 306(15):1699-1700, October 19, 2011.
Scott D. Grosse, Steven M. Teutsch and Anne C. Haddix. “Lessons from Cost-Effectiveness Research for
United States Public Health Policy”, Annual Review of Public Health 28:365-391.
Jane J. Kim and Sue J. Goldie. “Cost Effectiveness Analysis of Including Boys in a Human Papillomavirus
Vaccination Programme in the United States”. British Medical Journal 339:b3884, October 8, 2009.
Louise B. Russell, Joanna Siegel, N. Daniels, Martha R. Gold, Brian R. Luce and J. S. Mandelblatt. “Cost
Effectiveness Analysis as a Guide to Resource Allocation in Health: Roles and Limitations”, ch. 1 in
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Martha Gold, Louise Russell and Milton Weinstein, eds., Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine, New
York: Oxford University Press, 1996, pp. 3-24.
*David M. Cutler. “The Lifetime Costs and Benefits of Medical Technology”. Journal of Health
Economics 26(6):1081-1100, December 2007.
*Elamin H. Elbasha and Erik J. Dasbach, “Impact of Vaccinating Boys and Men Against HPV in the United
States”, Vaccine 28:6858-6867, 2010. Available online at doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.08.030.
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*Jane J. Kim and Sue J. Goldie. “Health and Economic Implications of HPV Vaccination in the United
States”. New England Journal of Medicine 359(8):821-32, August 21, 2008.
*Al V. Taira, Christopher P. Neukermans and Gillian D. Sanders. “Evaluating Human Papillomavirus
(HPV) Programs”. Emerging Infectious Diseases 10(11):1915-23, 2004.
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*Stephen P. Tully, Andrea M. Anonychuk, Diana Maria Sanchez, Alison P. Galvani, and Chris T. Bauch.
“Time for Change? An Economic Evaluation of Integrated Cervical Screening and HPV Immunization
Programs in Canada”, Vaccine 30:425-435, 2012. Available online at doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.10.067.
No Class – Sloan Innovation Period
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Mar. 18, 2015
No Class – MIT Spring Break
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Mar. 25, 2015
March 31, 2015, 5 pm: Second essay due (optional one of three) –
cost-effectiveness of the HPV vaccine Gardasil
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April 1, 2015 New Therapies and Diagnostics for the Prevention and
Treatment of Tropical and Other Diseases in Poor Countries
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Prof. Berndt: “Alternative Policy Tools to Restructure Incentives for the Development of Medicines for
Tropical and Other Diseases in Poor Countries”
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Guest: Hannah Kettler, Ph.D., Senior Program Officer, Global Health Advocacy, Bill and Melinda Gates
Foundation, Seattle, WA: “Alternative Models for Incentivizing R&D and Innovation on Diseases
Prevalent in Poor Countries”. Confirmed. Dinner.
Readings/Listenings (* denotes optional):
Michael Kremer and Heidi Williams, “Incentivizing Innovation: Adding to the Tool Kit”, ch. 2 in Josh
Lerner and Scott M. Stern, eds., Innovation Policy and the Economy 10:1-17, 2010.
Christopher M. Snyder, Wills M. Begor and Ernst R. Berndt, “Economic Perspectives on the Advance
Market Commitment for Pneumococcal Vaccines”, Health Affairs 30(8):1508-1517, August 2011.
Available online at doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0403 PMID:21821567.
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*Ernst R. Berndt and John A. Hurvitz, “Vaccine Advance Purchase Agreements for Low-Income
Countries: Practical Issues”, Health Affairs 24(3):653-65, May/June 2005.
*Tania Cernuschi, Eliane Furrer, Nina Schwalbe, Andrew Jones, Ernst R. Berndt and Susan McAdams,
“Advance Market Commitment for Pneumococcal Vaccines: Putting Theory into Practice”, Bulletin of
the World Health Organization, 89:913-918, December 2011. Available electronically at
doi:10.2471/BLT.11.08770.
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*Josephg L. Dieleman, Casey M. Graves, Tara Templin, Elizabeth Johnson, Ranju Baral, Katherine LeachKemon, Annie M. Haakenstad and Christopher J. L. Murray, “Global Health Development Assistance
Remained Steady in 2013 But Did Not Align With Recipients’ Disease Burden”, Health Affairs 33(5):878886, May 2014.
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*Victoria Y. Fan, Amanda Glassman and Rachel L. Silverman, “How A New Funding Model Will Shift
Allocations From The Global Fund To Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, And Malaria”, Health Affairs 33(12):22382246, December 2014.
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*Cheri Grace, Mark Pearson with Janis Lazdins, “Pooled Funds: Assessing New Models for Financing
Global Health R&D”, Technical Background Paper, and Executive Summary and Main Findings. Center
for Global Health R&D Policy Assessment, Results for Development Institute, 2011. Available online at
www.healthresearchpolicy.org.
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*Robert Hecht, Paul Wilson and Amrita Pairiwala, “Improving Health R&D Financing For Developing
Countries: A Menu Of Innovative Policy Options”, Health Affairs 28(4):974-85, July/August 2009.
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**Fierce Vaccines, “More than 30 Million Girls to be Immunized with HPV Vaccines by 2020 with GAVI
Support”, December 12, 2012. Available at http://www.fiercevaccines.com/press-releases/more-30million-girls-be-immuonised-hpv-v...
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*“GSK Extends Pneumococcal Vaccine Agreement with GAVI Alliance”, Press Release, GlaxoSmithKline,
December 16, 2011. Available online at http://www.gsk.com/media/pressreleases/2011/2011pressrelease-815404.htm.
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*“Pfizer Broadens and Extends Commitment to Help Prevent Pneumococcal Disease in Infants and
Young Children in the World’s Poorest Countries”, Press Release, Pfizer Inc., December 16, 2011.
Available online at http://www.marketwatch.com/story/pfizer-broadens-and-extends-commitment-tohelp-pre...
April 8, 2015 The Hype Over Personalized Medicine: Facts and Fairy Tales
Prof. Berndt “Medical Diagnostics and their Characteristics: A Primer”
Guest: Mark R. Trusheim, SM, Visiting Scientist, MIT Sloan School, “The Economics of Stratified
Medicines.” Dinner. “Development of Biomarkers at Janssen”, Mark Curran, Ph.D., Vice President,
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Immunology Systems Pharmacology and Biomarkers, Janssen Research and Development, Springhouse,
PA. Dinner.
Readings/Listenings (* denotes optional; ** denotes very optional – background reading):
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Amy Harmon. “Urgent Chase for a Cure: Doggedly Testing a New Drug to Treat Melanoma.” New York
Times, February 22, 2010, pp. A1, A12-A13. Available online at
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/22/health/research/22trial.html?hp=&pagewanted=all.
Part 2: “After Long Fight, Drug Gives Sudden Reprieve.” New York Times, February 23, 2010, pp. A1, A16A17. Available online at http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/23/health/research/23trial.html?hp.
Part 3: “Cycle of a Drug Trial: Recovery and Relapse, Then Reinvention.” New York Times, February 24,
2010, pp. A1, A16. Available online at
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/24/health/research/24trial.html.
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*Mark Hollmer, “2012s Top 10 Diagnostic Companies”, Fierce Medical Devices, November 27, 2012.
Available at http://www.fiercemedicaldevices.com/special-reports/top-10-diagnostics-companies.
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Mark R. Trusheim, M.J. Finley Austin, Carsten Rausch and Ernst R. Berndt, “Uncertain Prognosis for HighQuality Diagnostics: Clinical Challenges, Economic Barriers and Needed Reforms”, Pharmacogenomics
14(3):1-10, 2013.
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Mark R. Trusheim, Ernst R. Berndt and Frank L. Douglas. “Stratified Medicine: Strategic and Economic
Implications of Combining Drugs and Clinical Biomarkers.” Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 6:287-293,
2007.
*Price Waterhouse Coopers, Diagnostics 2011: M&A Surges, Companion Diagnostics Accelerate, and
Early Detection Offers New Prospects, Second Edition, December 2011.
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*Mark R. Trusheim and Ernst R. Berndt, “Economic Challenges and Possible Policy Actions to Advance
Stratified Medicine”, Personalized Medicine 9(4):413-427, 2012.
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Friday, April 10, 2015, 5pm: Third essay due (optional one of three) –
evaluating alternative innovation incentive tools
April 15, 2015 Analyses of Recent Drug Shortages in the US
Prof. Berndt: “Economic Issues Underlying the Recent Drug Shortages in the US”
Guests: Sylvia Bartel, MPH, RPh, Vice President Pharmacy and Clinical Support, Dana Farber
Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, “Cancer Drug Shortages: Perspectives from a Hospital
Pharmacy Director”. Dinner.
Readings/Listenings (* denotes optional; ** denotes very optional – background reading):
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Kevin Haninger, Amber Jessup and Kathleen Koehler, Economic Analysis of the Causes of Drug Shortages,
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, Office of Science and Data Policy, U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services, ASPE Issue Brief, October 2011.
IMS Institute for Healthcare Informatics, Drug Shortages: A Closer Look at Products, Suppliers and
Volume Volatility, November 2011.
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U.S. Food and Drug Administration, “Strategic Plan for Preventing and Mitigating Drug Shortages”,
October 2013. Available at
http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/DrugSafety/DrugShortages/UCM372566.pdf.
Janet Woodcock and Marta Wosinska, “Economic and Technological Drivers of Generic Sterile Injectable
Drug Shortages”, Clinical Pharmacology & Therpaeutics, 7 November 2012, doi:10.1038/clpt.2012.220.
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April 21, 2015 5 pm
Fourth essay due (optional one of three) –
evaluating biomarker diagnostics for stratified medicine
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April 22, 2015
Biologics, Small Molecules and Biobetters: Comparisons
and Contrasts of Scientific and Economic Issues
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Prof. Berndt: “Pharmaceuticals, Biologics and Vaccines: Comparisons and Contrasts Through
the Product Life Cycle”
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Guest: Richard Brudnick, MBA (MIT Sloan), Vice-President, Co-Head Business
Development/M&A, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, MA, “The Art of the Biotech Deal: Biogen Idec, Samsung
and the Future of Follow-on Biologics”. Dinner.
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Readings/Listenings (* denotes optional; ** denotes very optional – background reading):
Ernst R. Berndt and Mark R. Trusheim, “Biosimilar and Biobetter Scenarios for the US and Europe: What
Should We Expect?” unpublished manuscript, MIT Sloan School of Management, Fall 2014.
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John Carroll, “Biogen Idec preps for a big leap into the anti-TNF blockbuster biosimilars market”, Fierce
Biotech, December 17, 2013.
Henry G. Grabowski, Iain M. Cockburn and Genia Long, “The Market for Follow-On Biologics: How Will It
Evolve?”, Health Affairs 25(5):1291-1301, September/October 2006.
Henry G. Grabowski, Genia Long and Richard Mortimer, “Implementation of the Biosimilar Pathway:
Economic and Policy Issues”, Seton Hall Law Review 41(2):511-57, 2011.
Francois Megerlin, Ruth Lopert, Ken Taymor and Jean-Hugues Trouvin, “Biosimilars and the European
Experience: Implications for the United States”, Health Affairs 32(10):1803-10, October 2013.
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Mark R. Trusheim, Murray L. Aitken and Ernst R. Berndt, “Characterizing Markets for Biopharmaceutical
Innovations: Do Biologics Differ From Small Molecules?”, Forum for Health Economics & Policy,
Manuscript 1200, June 2010, 48 pp. Available online at http://www.bepress.com/fhep.
*Elizabeth Richardson, “Biosimilars”, Health Policy Brief, Health Affairs, October 10, 2013. Doi
10.1377/hpb2013.18.
*United States Federal Trade Commission, Follow-on Biologic Drug Competition, Emerging Health Care
Issues Report, June 2009. Available online from www.ftc.gov.
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April 29, 2015 Information Technology and Big Data in Healthcare
Prof. Berndt: “Characteristics of and Trends in Delivery of U.S. Health Care Services: The Role of
Information Technology”
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Guest: Marc Berger, M.D., Vice President, Real World Data and Analytics, Pfizer, Inc., New York,
“Assembling and Analyzing Big Data at Pfizer”. No Dinner.
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Readings/Listenings (* denotes optional; ** denotes very optional – background reading):
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Julie Adler-Milstein, Carol E. Green and David W. Bates, “A Survey Analysis Suggests That Electronic
Health Records Will Yield Revenue Gains for Some Practices and Losses for Many”, Health Affairs,
32(3):562-570, March 2013.
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Julia Adler-Milstein, Catherine M. DesRoches, Michael F. Furukawa, Chantal Worzala, Dustin Charles,
Peter Kralovec, Samantha Stalley and Ashish K. Jha, “More Than Half of US Hospitals Havre At Least A
Basic EHR, But Stage 2 Criteria Remain Challenging For Most”, Health Affairs, 33(9):1664-1671,
September 2014.
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David Blumenthal and John P. Glaser, “Information Technology Comes to Medicine”, New England
Journal of Medicine, June 14, 2007, 356(24):2527-2534.
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David Blumenthal, “Launching HITECH”, New England Journal of Medicine, February 4, 2010, 362:382385.
David Blumenthal and Marilyn Tavenner, “The ‘Meaningful Use’ Regulation for Electronic Health
Records, New England Journal of Medicine, August 5, 2010, 363(6):501-504.
David J. Brailer Interviews David Blumenthal, “Guiding The Health Information Technology Agenda”,
Health Affairs, 29(4):586-95, April 2010.
Chun-Ju Hsiao, Ashish K. Jha, Jennifer King, Vaishali Patel, Michael F. Furukawa and Farzad Mostashari,
“Office-Based Physicians Are Responding To Incentives and Assistance By Adopting And Using Electronic
Health Records”, Health Affairs 32(8):1470-7, August 2013.
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*David W. Bates, Suchi Saria, Lucila Ohno-Machado, Anand Shah, and Gabriel Escobar, “Big Data In
Health Care: Using Analytics To Identify And Manage High-Risk And High-Cost Patients”, Health Affairs
33(7):1123-1131, July 2014.
*Colene M. Byrne, Lauren M. Mercincavage, Eric C. Pan, Adam G. Vincent, Douglas S. Johnston and
Blackford Middleton, “The Value From Investments in Health Information Technology At The U.S.
Department of Veterans Affairs”, Health Affairs, 29(4):629-38, April 2010.
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*Catherine M. DesRoches, Dustin Charles, Michael F. Furukawa, Maulik S. Joshi, Peter Kralovec, Farzad
Mostashari, Chantal Worzala and Ashish K. Jha, “Adoption of Electronic Health Records Grows Rapidly,
But Fewer Than Half of US Hospitals Had At Least A Basic System in 2012”, Health Affairs 32(8):1478-85,
August 2013.
*Nancy Ferris, “Health IT Gold Rush Under Way”, Health Affairs, 29(4):582-3, April 2010.
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*Michael F. Furukawa, Jennifer King, Vaishali Patel, Chun-Ju Hsiao, Julie Adler-Milstein, and Ashish K.
Jha, “Despite Substantial Progress In EHR Adoption, Health Information Exchange and Patient
Engagement Remain Low In Office Settings”, Health Affairs 33(9):1672-1679, September 2014.
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*Joy M. Grossman, Kathryn L. Kushner and Elizabeth A. November, “Creating Sustainable Local Health
Information Exchanges: Can Barriers to Stakeholder Participation be Overcomne?”, February 2008.
Available at www.nihcm.org/publications/.
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*Axel Heitmueller, Sarah Henderson, Will Warburton, Ahmed Elmagarmid, Alex “Sandy” Pentland, and
Ara Darzi, “Developing Public Policy To Advance The Use of Big Data In Health Care”, Health Affairs
33(9):1523-1530.
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*Arthur L. Kellermann and Spence S. Jones, “What It Will Take to Achieve The As-Yet-Unfulfilled
Promises of Health Information Technology”, Health Affairs 32(1):63-68, January 2013.
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May 5, 2015, 5 pm: Fifth essay due (optional one of three) –
evaluating the prospects for biosimilars
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May 6, 2015 The Global Pricing of Pharmaceuticals
Prof. Berndt: “The Economics of Pricing Medicines Globally: Issues and Tools”
Guest: Rekha Ramesh, MPP, Policy and Public Health Group, US and Global Reimbursement and
Pricing, Gilead Science, Foster City, CA., “Gilead’s Business Model for Pricing Biopharmaceuticals: HIV
and Hepatitis C Drugs”. Tentative, but not confirmed. Dinner?
Readings/Listenings (* denotes optional; ** denotes very optional – background reading):
Ernst R. Berndt and Iain M. Cockburn, “The Hidden Cost of Low Prices: Limited Access To New Drugs In
India”, Health Affairs 33(9):1567-1575, September 2014.
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Ernst R. Berndt, Thomas G. McGuire and Joseph P. Newhouse, “A Primer on the Economics of
Prescription Pharmaceutical Pricing in Health Insurance Markets”, Forum for Health Economics & Policy,
14(2)), Article 10, November 2011. Available online at http://www.bepress.com/fhep/14/2/10.
Niteesh K. Choudhry, Sagar Dugani, William H. Shrank, Jennifer M. Polinski, Christina E. Stark, Rajeev
Gupta, Dorairaj Prabhakaran, Gregory Brill and Prabhat Jha, “Despite Increased Use And Sales Of Statins
In India, Per Capita Prescription Rates Remain Far Below High-Income Countries”, Health Affairs
33(2):273-282, February 2014.
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Patricia M. Danzon and Adrian Towse, “Differential Pricing for Pharmaceuticals: Reconciling Access, R&D
and Patents”, International Journal of Health Care Finance and Economics 3(3):183-205, 2003.
William Jack and Jean O. Lanjouw, “Financing Pharmaceutical Innovation: How Much Should Poor
Countries Contribute?”, The World Bank Economic Review, 19(1):45-67.
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*Ernst R. Berndt, “A Primer on the Economics of the Re-Importation of Prescription Drugs”, Managerial
and Decision Economics, 28:415-437, 2007.
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*Ernst R. Berndt, Nathan Blalock and Iain M. Cockburn, “Diffusion of New Drugs in the Post-TRIPS Era”,
International Journal of the Economics of Business, 18(2):203-224, July 2011.
May 13, 2015
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*Patricia M. Danzon, “Price Discrimination in Pharmaceuticals: Welfare Effects in the US and EU”,
International Journal of the Economics of Business 4(3):301-21, 1997.
Marketing Medicinal Products Directly to Consumers:
Issues and Impacts
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Prof. Berndt: “The United States’ Experience with Direct-to-Consumer Marketing of Prescription Drugs:
What Have We Learned?”
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Guest: Juliana Abbott, MBA, Director, US Market Analytics and Co-Lead, DTC Center of Excellence,
Pfizer, New York, “DTC Communication: A Practitioner’s Perspective, with Viagra as a Case Study”.
Dinner.
Readings/Listenings (* denotes optional; ** denotes very optional):
Kathryn J. Aikin, Amie C. O’Donoghue and Helen W. Sullivan, “DDMAC Research Team Report”,
Powerpoint presentation by Officials at the Division of Drug Marketing, Advertising and Communication,
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, February 24, 2009.
Julie M. Donohue, M. Cevasco and Meredith B. Rosenthal, “A Decade of Broadcast Advertising of
Prescription Drugs”. New England Journal of Medicine 357(7):673-8, August 16, 2007.
Richard L. Kravitz, Ronald M. Epstein, Mitchell D. Feldman, Carol E. Franz, Rahman Azari, Michael S.
Wilkes, Ladson Hinton and Peter Frank, “Influence of Patients’ Requests for Direct-to-Consumer
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Advertised Antidepressants: A Randomized Controlled Trial”. Journal of the American Statistical
Association 293(16):1995-2002, April 27, 2005.
Meredith B. Rosenthal, Ernst R. Berndt, Julie M. Donohue, Richard G. Frank and Arnold M. Epstein,
“Promotion of Prescription Drugs to Consumers”. New England Journal of Medicine 346(7):498-505,
February 14, 2002.
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*Ernst R. Berndt and Julie M. Donohue, “Direct-to-Consumer Advertising in Health Care: An Overview of
Economic Issues”, in Frank A. Sloan and Hershel M. Kasper, eds., Incentives and Choice in Health Care,
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2008, 131-162.
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Classroom Values@MITSloan
http://mitsloan.mit.edu/about/mission.php
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The MIT Sloan Mission
The mission of the MIT Sloan School of Management is to develop principled, innovative leaders who
improve the world and to generate ideas that advance management practice.
MIT Sloan Policy on Classroom Behavior
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Values@MIT Sloan
https://mysloan.mit.edu/offices/deans/values/Pages/default.aspx
The MIT Sloan Mission statement (above) provides the context for core values that express who we are
at our best. These core values include integrity, respect, collaboration, innovation, and positive
impact. We invite all members of our community – students, staff, faculty, alumni – to practice these
values in all the ways we work together, both inside and outside of the classroom.
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In order to create a productive learning environment and to ensure mutual respect it is essential that the norms
and rules of classroom etiquette and behavior reflect the highest standards. It is also important that these norms
be consistently enforced by the faculty across all classes. Although in the final analysis each faculty member is
responsible for his or her own classroom, there are significant negative consequences for other faculty and for
the School if rules are not consistent and are not enforced. Therefore it is the policy of the MIT Sloan School that
Students are expected to arrive promptly on time and to stay for the entire class.

Faculty are expected to begin and end class on time.

Laptops and e-readers are not be open in the classroom except with explicit permission of the faculty
(e.g., when used as part of the instructional program or when required by students because of physical or
other challenges)
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Cell phones and PDAs are not to be used or permitted to ring in the classroom.
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Students are expected to attend all classes.
It is expected that faculty will articulate how these rules apply in their class as well as how the rules will be
enforced.
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A Note re Recruiting
Please note that in accordance with this policy, MIT Sloan requires that students schedule campus
interviews outside of scheduled class times and to make every attempt to schedule second round
interviews and site visits outside of class times. Classes missed for such activities are not excused
absences and may count against your participation grade.
ACADEMIC HONESTY – INTEGRITY IN PRACTICE
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As a member of the MIT Sloan academic community, you are expected to uphold the highest standards
of academic integrity. Violations of academic integrity include, but are not limited to, cheating,
plagiarism, unauthorized collaboration, and facilitating academic dishonesty. Please see the document
Academic Integrity at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology: A Handbook for Students for further
discussion of this topic. These standards are also discussed below, specifically regarding plagiarism,
individual work, and team work.
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It is your responsibility to make yourself aware of MIT’s rules of academic integrity and to adhere to
them. When students are found to have violated academic standards, disciplinary action will result.
Possible consequences include grade reduction, an F grade, a transcript notation, delay of graduation, or
expulsion from MIT.
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This discussion of academic integrity below is not exhaustive, and there may be areas that remain
unclear to you. If you are unsure whether some particular course of action is proper, it is your
responsibility to consult with your professor and/or teaching assistant for clarification.
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Plagiarism
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Plagiarism occurs when you use another's intellectual property (words or ideas) and do not acknowledge
that you have done so. Plagiarism is a very serious offense. If it is found that you have plagiarized -deliberately or inadvertently -- you will face serious consequences, as indicated above.
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The best way to avoid plagiarism is to cite your sources - both within the body of your assignment and in
a bibliography of sources you used at the end of your document.
Materials gathered through research via the Internet must be cited in the same manner as more
traditionally published material. Lack of such citation constitutes plagiarism.
To review rules of citation: http://libguides.mit.edu/content.php?pid=80743&sid=598642
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Individual Assignments
Many assignments in MIT Sloan courses are expected to be done individually. The information below
outlines what is meant by “individual” work. These rules should be observed unless otherwise defined
by the instructor.
When you are asked to do individual work, you are expected to adhere to the following standards:
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Do not copy all or part of another student’s work (with or without “permission”).
Do not allow another student to copy your work.
Do not ask another person to write all or part of an assignment for you.
Do not work together with another student in order to answer a question, or solve a problem, or
write a computer program jointly.
Do not consult or submit work (in whole or in part) that has been completed by other students
in this or previous years for the same or substantially the same assignment.
Do not use print or internet materials directly related to a case/problem set unless explicitly
authorized by the instructor.
Do not use print or internet materials without explicit quotation and/or citation.
Do not submit the same, or similar, piece of work for two or more subjects without the explicit
approval of the two or more instructors involved.
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Please note that many classes will require a combination of team work and individual work. Be sure that
you follow all the guidelines for individual work when a faculty member identifies an assignment as an
individual one.
Team Assignments
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When you are asked to work in teams, there is a broad spectrum of faculty expectations. Three general
types of appropriate collaboration on team assignments are described below. The instructor will
indicate in the syllabus what his/her expectations are. If there is any uncertainty, it is the student’s
responsibility to clarify with the professor or TA the type of team work that is expected.
Type 1 collaboration:
The professor states that collaboration is allowed, but the final product must be individual. An example
of this might be a problem set.



You are allowed to discuss the assignment with other team members and work through the
problems together.
What you turn in, however, must be your own product, written in your own handwriting, or in a
computer file of which you are the sole author.
Copying another’s work or electronic file is not acceptable.
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Type 2 collaboration:
The professor states that collaboration is encouraged but that each person's contribution to a given
deliverable does not have to be substantial (allowing groups to take a "divide and conquer" approach).
An example of this might be a brief progress report that is part of a more extensive collaboration (as a
whole, the more extensive collaboration may be Type 3).
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Each team member is encouraged to contribute substantially to the team assignment, however,
the team may choose to assign one or more team members to prepare and submit the
deliverable on behalf of the team.
Regardless of how work is shared or responsibilities are divided among individual team
members, each member of the team will be held accountable for the academic integrity of the
entire assignment. If, for example, one member of the team submits plagiarized work on behalf
of the team, the entire team will be subject to sanctions as appropriate.
The team may not collaborate with other students outside of the team unless the professor
explicitly permits such collaboration.
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
Type 3 collaboration:
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
Each team member must make a substantial contribution to the assignment. It is not, for
example, acceptable to divide the assignments amongst the team members (e.g., part of the
team completes the OP Project while the rest of the team prepares a team case for DMD),
though the team may divide the work of any one assignment to complete it as they deem
appropriate.
The team may not collaborate with other students outside of the team unless the professor
explicitly permits such collaboration.
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
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The professor states that collaboration is expected and that each team member must contribute
substantially to the deliverable. An example of this might be the 15.311 OP project.
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If you are unsure whether some particular form of interaction is proper in individual or team work, it is
your responsibility to consult the instructor and/or teaching assistant for clarification and guidance.
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Document Name: 2015 15.141J-HST 918J Syllabus V4.doc
Date: 17 January 2015
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