mean streets to green streets

CULTURAL LANDSCAPE REPORT
SAINT VINCENT’S HILL HISTORIC DISTRICT
VALLEJO, CALIFORNIA
MEAN STREETS TO GREEN STREETS
SOLANO ADVOCATES GREEN ENVIRONMENTS
DECEMBER 2012
Acknowledgements
Judy Irvin, Historic Architect
Without the expertise of Ms. Irvin this report could never have been written.
All line drawings/elevation sketches from page 39 to page 42 were drawn by Ms. Irvin.
Joe Bates
BJ Conrad
Jane Ferrier
James E. Kern
Bill Moore
Maureen Moore
Sarah Nichols
Brendan Riley
Ravi C. Shankar
Glen Speckert
Vallejo Navel and Historical Museum’s Photo Archive
Special thanks to the residents of Saint Vincent’s Hill
Their vision and tireless volunteer efforts created the Historic District.
Table of Contents:
Purpose and Need…………………………………………………………….1
How to Use this Report……………………………………………………….2
Legal Framework for historic preservation in the city of Vallejo……………....2
Secretary of the Interior Standards………………………………………….....4
History of Vallejo
Era I 1850 - 1900………………………………………………………6
Era II 1900 - 1945……………………………………………………..13
Era III 1945 - 2012…………………………………………………….19
Saint Vincent’s Hill recognized by the federal government……………………36
Goals and Implementation Strategies………………………………………....38
Successful Projects……………………………………………………………46
Mean Streets to Green Streets Project………………………………………...47
Bibliography…………………………………………………………………..49
Cultural Landscape Report
Street Plan for Saint Vincent’s Historical District, City of Vallejo
Mean Streets to Green Streets Project
Introduction
Purpose and Need:
For years, Sacramento Street was narrower
and tree-lined. People had bigger front yards
and traffic moved slow enough to stop if a
child ran after a ball. It was a nice “Green
Street”. Unfortunately, it was widened in the
1960’s to accommodate the huge volume of
traffic that planners believed would come
flooding into downtown Vallejo after
Redevelopment. Neither happened. The
downtown never developed so the volume of
traffic never increased. But the wide four
lanes that encourages much higher traffic
speeds has lowered property values and made
the neighborhood a less-attractive place to
live.
Photo: Sacramento Street 2012
Vallejo is at a crossroads. We can’t rely on new development to build a strong economy. We have to focus on making what we
have better. In order to increase the tax base, we need to give middle-class families a good reason to live, shop, work and play
here. General Vallejo envisioned a great city partially because it was the “true center of transportation.”
1
How to use this Report:
This report is intended to be used by Vallejo’s Architectural Heritage and Landmarks Commission in assessing the
appropriateness of various undertakings by City staff in determining best maintenance practices and by the Saint
Vincent’s Historic District to support fundraising, advocacy and volunteer efforts. The report identifies features that
define the historic character of the district through an assessment of its historic evolution and period of significance.
Based on that information, an appropriate treatment is identified and Guidelines for recommended and not-recommended
actions are provided. These guidelines are flexible and are designed to be broadly interpreted to allow for adjustments as needs
and user groups change.
This is not a schedule for construction and it is understood that implementation will take place over time. Although a Master
Plan is suggested, many outcomes are possible using the treatment guidelines.
The process of developing this Cultural Landscape Report has fulfilled its second purpose-education. It has provided an
opportunity for the Saint Vincent’s Hill Historic District’s community members to understand the legal parameters for historic
preservation in the City of Vallejo and to use the tools provided by the National Park Service to develop a pro-active guidance
that can facilitate future decision-making.
The Legal Framework for Historic Preservation in the City of Vallejo:
During the 1960’s, 24 blocks of historic downtown Vallejo and parts of the adjacent neighborhoods were demolished in the name
of redevelopment. The street grid was eradicated and the hills leveled for bay fill. As very important buildings, such as a Carnegie
Library and a Julia Morgan Women’s Club, were lost, the community developed a strong historic preservation ethic. The
community resisted continuing demolition and developed tools to make sure that what was important about Vallejo’s history
remained intact. A historic preservation ordinance was developed along with the Architectural Heritage and Landmarks
Commission; and the Heritage District was listed in the National Register of Historic Places.
2
Vallejo’s downtown was not the only victim of redevelopment and Congress responded to the collective outrage by
passing the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966. That law is based on the belief that:
“….the spirit and direction of the Nation are founded upon and reflected in its historic heritage” which
“should be preserved as a living part of our community life and development in order to give a sense of
orientation to the American people”.
Codified in 36CFR800, the NHPA provides the legal framework for historic preservation throughout the Country. The
NHPA sets up the National Register of Historic Places and conveys to the National Park Service, acting for the Secretary
of the Interior, the responsibility for defining standards for the treatment of historic properties and developing tools such
as guidelines, preservation briefs and bulletins to provide a cohesive framework for decision-making. The NHPA ties all
undertakings that involve federal permits, funding, grants, loans, or the transfer out of federal ownership to compliance.
Similarly, the state of California ties compliance with the standards and the NHPA into the California Environmental
Compliance Act (CEQA). Any undertaking that complies with the Secretary of the Interior’s standards has, by definition,
no adverse effect (NHPA) or negative impact (CEQA).
In 1992, Vallejo entered into a Certified Local Government (CLG) Agreement with the California Office of Historic
Preservation and the National Park Service, under the provisions of the National Historic Preservation Act, allowing the
city to assume responsibility for protection of historic resources on Mare Island. The agreement also extends to all
historic resources throughout Vallejo, and the city’s Historic Preservation Ordinance was amended accordingly. The CLG
agreement requires Vallejo to take into account the effect of all federal grants or programs, including Housing and Urban
Development (HUD), Community Development Block Grants (CDBG), Housing Choice and Project Based Vouchers,
HOME Investment Partnership Program and other federal monies such as transportation grants. The responsibilities of
lead agencies and stakeholders, definitions of historic properties and examples of adverse effects that must be mitigated,
avoided or minimized are codified in 36 CFR 800. Neighborhood representatives of listed and potentially eligible Vallejo
historic districts have requested consulting party status under 36 CFR 800 for all undertakings involving direct or indirect
federal monies, programs, grants, permits or subsidies.
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In 2003, the Saint Vincent’ Hill Historic District was listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The nomination lists
752 historic resources from the earliest Gold Rush cottages to Moderne buildings from World War II. The National Register
listing makes the entire district subject to the NHPA and CEQA.
Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties
Of the four distinct approaches to the treatment of historic properties, rehabilitation is the most appropriate for the Saint
Vincent’s Hill Historic District’s Street Plan. Rehabilitation will allow for contemporary uses through repair, alterations and
additions while preserving those portions or features which convey its historical, cultural or architectural value. The other
treatments, preservation, restoration and reconstruction, are too limiting.
Rehabilitation acknowledges that although the use of the historic property has been continuous for 140 years, facilities and
features have been altered based on popular fashion. Some historic character defining features are extant but others have been
altered or removed. After World War II, the end of the period of significance for the Saint Vincent’s Hill Historic District, the
entire neighborhood was in decline.
Other treatments do not offer the flexibility by adding new features within the context of the Secretary of the Interior’s
Standards. Preservation would retain and protect the extant historic resources but would do little to improve and enhance
the historic character or provide for new uses. Restoration would be a step backwards in time to focus on the extant historic
features but it would not allow new additions. Reconstruction is inappropriate because much of the historic fabric still
remains and the necessary photographic and other documentary evidence is sketchy.
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Using the standards for rehabilitation, new features can be added as long as they are reversible and do not compromise the spatial
organization, historic tree plantings and land patterns. Increasing opportunities for positive contemporary uses within the context of
the historic neighborhood is necessary in order to replace socially undesirable uses.
1. A property shall be used for its historic purpose or be placed in a new use that requires minimal change to the defining
characteristics of the building and its site and environment.
2. The historic character of a property shall be retained and preserved. The removal of historic materials or alteration of features
and spaces that characterize a property shall be avoided.
3. Each property shall be recognized as a physical record of its time, place, and use. Changes that create a false sense of historical
development, such as adding conjectural features or architectural elements from other buildings, shall not be undertaken.
4. Most properties change over time; those changes that have acquired historic significance in their own right shall be retained and
preserved.
5. Distinctive features, finishes, and construction techniques or examples of craftsmanship that characterize a property shall be
preserved.
6. Deteriorated historic features shall be repaired rather than replaced. Where the severity of deterioration requires replacement of a
distinctive feature, the new feature shall match the old in design, color, texture, and other visual qualities and, where possible,
materials. Replacement of missing features shall be substantiated by documentary, physical, or pictorial evidence.
7. Chemical or physical treatments, such as sandblasting, that cause damage to historic materials shall not be used. The surface
cleaning of structures, if appropriate, shall be undertaken using the gentlest means possible.
8. Significant archeological resources affected by a project shall be protected and preserved. If such resources must be disturbed,
mitigation measures shall be undertaken.
9. New additions, exterior alterations, or related new construction shall not destroy historic materials that characterize the property.
The new work shall be differentiated from the old and shall be compatible with the massing, size, scale, and architectural features
to protect the historic integrity of the property and its environment.
10.New additions and adjacent or related new construction shall be undertaken in such a manner that if removed in the future, the
essential form and integrity of the historic property and its environment would be unimpaired.
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History
Era I: 1850 - 1900 The Dream of “The Broad Boulevards of Europe” Comes to the Frontier
General Vallejo laid out the plan for the new Capitol of California in 1850. He envisioned a grand city with the “broad boulevards
of Old Europe.” He was born in California but must have heard stories of the Spanish cities of his ancestors that bustled with commerce
and public amenities like these tree lined streets pictured above.
“A boulevard is a road divided with a median down the centre with roadways along each side designed to encourage slow travel and parking lanes to the benefit
of bicycles and pedestrians, often with an above-average quality of landscaping and scenery.”(Wikipedia)
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General Vallejo’s grand vision did not translate easily to the California frontier. Settlers who bought up Vallejo’s lots quickly
fenced their private property. The street grid was just open space. The lone rider on horseback sums up the traffic situation.
Notice that there are no trees any where to be seen.
The three-story state capitol building is pictured on left hand side of the photograph on top of York Street Hill. The city of
Vallejo was briefly California’s capital city, once in 1852 and again 1853. The Capitol then moved to Benicia in 1853 till it
finally settled in Sacramento in 1854. An arson’s fire burned Vallejo’s Capitol Building to the ground while it was being used
to store hay in 1859.
York Street Hill has also vanished. During the 1960s during the Period of Redevelopment it was leveled and used as land fill.
7
The new city of Vallejo was laid out in a grid of 80-foot-wide streets defining blocks and divided up into lots for sale.
Settlers often built right up to the edge of their lot. No street setbacks existed and trees were just beginning to be
planted.
Horse and buggies were the means of transportation. Mostly people walked.
8
Vallejo citizens planted trees to create wind breaks to protect their
homesteads from prevailing, northwesterly winds. Cool air from the
Pacific Ocean blows through the nearby Carquinez Strait to cool down
the Central Valley’s high temperatures. This causes breezy to windy
afternoons in Vallejo.
Photo: Alabama Street between Sacramento Street
and Santa Clara Streets
Given the nasty, sticky Vallejo mud, sidewalks became a
necessity for pedestrians. As you can see, the “street” is a
muddy mess and wagon tracks indicate drivers were trying to
find something firm. Citizens began to plant trees outside
their property to separate the muddy roadway from their
sidewalk.
The Vallejo Semi-Weekly Recorder, 1870: “Citizens of Vallejo, you are
erecting some beautiful residences, but you are slow in planting shade trees and
flower gardens which will beautify your city and enhance the value of your
property.”
Photo: Georgia Street
9
As the City of Vallejo prospered, street trees and a few
bollards began to define pedestrian zones, especially in the
nicer neighborhoods.
Photo: Virginia Street
Trees also provided shade and made the city beautiful.
Photo: Marin and Capitol streets
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“Progress” meant paved streets. Vallejo citizens viewed asphalt
paving as real progress. No more digging out of the horrible mud!
Photo: Georgia Street
Privately planted street trees were in the way of
“progress.”
The photograph to the left shows dirt streets with their
wooden sidewalks being prepared for paving. Survey
lines mark the future placement for the pavement. The
existing street trees in the photograph are in the
process of being removed so that asphalt can be
poured between the new sidewalks from curb to curb.
This streetscape will be found in many other
California frontier towns whose means of
transportation changed from the horse and buggy to
the automobile.
Photo: The corner of Ohio and Santa Clara streets
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In this charming 1890’s photograph, Lincoln Elementary School is seen on the northeast corner of tree-lined Carolina Street and Sonoma
Boulevard. Surveyor lines mark the intersection for future paving. The steep Carolina Street has not yet been graded to accommodate the
automobile and trees remain growing along the wooden sidewalks creating a beautiful and convivial environment.
California’s first public school was built at this site. The school was built on property that had been owned by General Vallejo and was
donated by his son-in-law, General John C. Frisbie the “Founding Father of Vallejo.” The pictured building is the second to be built on this
site. It will be torn down in the 1940s and replaced with a Monterey Revival building that is still stands at this location.
Sonoma Boulevard would become today’s Highway 29, four lanes wide plus two lanes for parking with intersections and timed traffic lights.
The First Baptist Church is now located on the northwest corner.
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Era II: 1900 - 1945
Earth Moving and The Automobile Shape Vallejo
Pictured to the left is one of Vallejo’s finest homes. Built in 1868,
it was owned by Charles Widenmann, proprietor of Vallejo’s three
successful breweries including the Pioneer Brewery pictured in the
previous photograph. Notice that the fence and gate are built at
the street level.
The below photograph shows the Widenmann home in the 1920s.
The horse and buggy era in Vallejo was over. The city’s 20th
century era of robust change and the drive for “progress” arrived
with the automobile.
The period of dramatic earth-moving in Vallejo had begun. In order for cars to navigate Vallejo’s steep hills the streets had to be cut
down. As seen in this photograph, the entire length of Virginia Street was lowered as much as 10 feet. Widenmann, a
Vallejo city trustee, was able to get the state to install the beautiful Craftsman-styled, river-rock retaining walls that edged his property.
In the photograph below, the House to the right of the Widenmann’s Victorian-era farm house is a Classic Revival house built for their
daughter, Elsa in 1912. The third house on that side of the street is the Frisbie Mansion. General John C. Frisbie was the city of Vallejo’s
primary developer. Notice the line of street trees in front of his mansion. The mansion burned to the ground in 1933.
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Laid out by a protégé of Fredrick Law Olmstead following City
Beautiful principles, Bay Terrace in 1918 created a new type of
subdivision. The grid method of land subdivision ceded to roadway
design providing easy gradients for cars. Here, elevation changes
and planting strips are used to create a safe and pleasant travel
experience for both pedestrians and drivers.
The steeper hills in the old town were cut down to accommodate
automobiles. Florida Street in front of St. Vincent’s Catholic
Church was cut down almost 15 feet.
During the Period of Redevelopment in the1960’s, Sacramento
Street was widened to its full 80 foot right-of-way. Notice the narrow
sidewalks in the 2012 photograph below right.
Photos: Saint Vincent Ferrer Catholic church in 1912 left and in 2012 right.
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Photo: Street planted
with sycamore trees in
the post WWI
Flemingtown
development.
Photo: SNJacobson
Vallejo’s Fleming family farmed large tracts of flat land to the east of Old Town Vallejo. After the First World War they developed their
property with new street standards that included planting strips planted with sycamore trees that created unified, tree-lined streets.
Parked cars provided an extra layer of protection for pedestrians.
The houses were charming and filled with amenities like closets, kitchen nooks, romantic fireplaces, and sunny kitchens. These homes
were built with a new sensibility for the lady-of-the-house who would probably not have a maid. The “Flemingtown” estates also had
the advantage of being close to the new, developing commercial district on Tennessee Street, the primary access street to Mare Island.
People began to migrate from the older parts of Vallejo to this new suburban neighborhood where children could safely ride bikes and
play ball on flat shaded streets. A thriving middle class was burgeoning with steady employment on Mare Island.
Georgia Street evolved into a bustling, twentieth century city. It was the economic hub of the region with its Godfather-like federal
government and Mare Island regularly filling its coffers. It became a downtown where women would dress up wearing hats, gloves and
heels and drive downtown for lunch and meet with their friends at the Julia Morgan-designed Women’s Club. The fraternal Elk,
Masons, and Odd Fellows all had grand meeting halls. Retail businesses from the chic City of Paris department store to Sears and
Roebuck flourished. Because of steady employment at Mare Island, Vallejo was not negatively affected by the Great Depression.
15
Dr. Lain built this beautiful house for his family in the late 1890’s on Marin Street between Carolina Street and Kessell Alley.
Notice the wooden sidewalk and wrought iron gate and low fence. Three tree trunks and a hitching post line the curb.
Are the trees in the process of being cut down to be removed for paving or was this a Victorian method of maintaining
street trees? Forty years after this building was built it was torn down to accommodate Marin Street’s changing trends.
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City Hall was located on Marin Street in the building that now houses
the Vallejo Naval and Historical Museum. Lawyers, dentists and
accountants began to turn old homes into professional buildings.
Marin Street was evolving from a gentle residential neighborhood to
one of professional offices.
The federal Post Office building pictured to the left was constructed
on the Lain home site changing the atmosphere of the neighborhood
forever.
This handsome Deco Moderne building eloquently symbolizes the
city of Vallejo’s optimistic desire for change and its ability to
enthusiastically abandon past sensibilities. The building was dedicated
in 1935.
Notice the yet to be planted planting strip between the sidewalk and
the street, the pedestrian-scaled lights, and the automobile that is
diagonally parked.
Photo right: This elegant four-plex, apartment building still exists on
the northwest corner of Marin and Capitol streets. Notice the
planting strips that have now been covered with concrete.
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“This beautiful sketch of the Vallejo Public Library appeared in the May 16, 1903
San Francisco Call newspaper just weeks before work commenced. The Carnegie
Library cost $25,000 to construct and the city signed a contract committing to pay
$2,000.00 a year to staff and maintain the building. Constructed of Napa
sandstone, the building was considered one of the handsomest buildings of its size on the
Pacific Coast.
The construction of the library was just one of a number of improvements in Vallejo
between 1903 and 1906.
Other Vallejo improvements included the construction and completion of four new
business blocks and the addition of two miles of sidewalk in the downtown area.
But the biggest Vallejo improvement according to a January 1, 1906 article in the San
Francisco Call was the building of 100 new residential dwellings of “modern design”
during the 1903 –1906 periods. Forty more dwellings were also planned for 1906.”
Sharon McGriff Payne
The above article documents how important housing will
become to the city of Vallejo. During WWI the citizens
where asked to help the war effort by providing housing for
the workers. Large development projects in the future would
all be linked to housing construction.
Photo: Carnegie Library located on the corner of Sacramento and
Virginia Streets.
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Era III: WWII - Today
The Period of Decline - Mistakes Were Made
Word War II brought Vallejo its biggest economic boom. The Mare Island Naval Ship
Yard had shifts working around the clock. The Navy Yard work force increased from
a pre-war 6,512 to 43,704 workers according to a letter from the Mare Island Hospital
commander to the Navy Surgeon General, dated June 1, 1942. Mare Island developed
its own transit system so that workers could be bused in from as far away as San Jose
and Santa Rosa. African Americans from the south flocked to Vallejo and Vallejo
became the home for the largest Filipino population outside of the Philippines. While
Rosie the Riveter was working hard contributing gender diversity to the historically all
male shipyard, Vallejo was turning into the most ethnically diverse city in the USA.
Scores of ships, submarines and destroyer escorts were built. Warships damaged in battle were repaired and refitted in the Mare
Island drydocks. During the war Mare Island produced 17 submarines, four submarine tenders, 31 destroyer escorts, 33 small craft,
300 landing craft and repaired more than 1,200 ships
Photo right: Rosie the Riveter working at the
Mare Island Shipyards during WWII.
Photo left: The Veteran’s Memorial Building
taken from Vallejo’s City Park. The building
was completed in 1930.
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The USO, stationed in Vallejo, made sure that the workers and service men had plenty of
ways to let off steam and to enjoy themselves. Big named bands played at the Casa de
Vallejo Hotel, and at the Veteran’s Memorial Hall on the corner of Alabama and Marin
streets across the street from City Park. The town was swinging. The prewar population of
Vallejo grew from 30,000 residents to 76,000. Federal money flowed into Vallejo to build
housing for the workers.
Photo left: The Casa de Vallejo Hotel on the corner of Sonoma Boulevard and Capitol Street was
built in 1919 as a YMCA and reopened as a luxury hotel in 1928
After the war Vallejo’s lower downtown had more bars and neon per capita than anywhere else in the world. The downtown still was
vibrant although parts of it had become seedy and unsafe for the daughters of Vallejo’s upstanding citizens to visit unchaperoned.
Housing developments sprang up and
spread north, east and south of the old
city center. The federally funded Interstate
Highway 80 project, built on the east side
of town, allowed for mobility never before
imagined. Almost every family owned one
car if not two and Vallejo’s Grey Hound
bus station was the busiest on the West
Coast.
Photo right:
Corner of Georgia St. and Sonoma Blvd. 1950
20
The suburban life style became the preference. Shopping centers were built away from the old center of commerce taking
established businesses with them. The downtown began to be considered less convenient and appealing, unless you wished to
procure the latest in fashion from either Helen Lyall’s haut couture boutique where women arrived in limousines from all over
the Bay Area. Or you could go shopping at Mr. Ric’s Haberdashery that provided the snappiest outfits for a vacation cruise.
The coaches from the local high schools would buy sporty fedoras from Mr. Ric (Richard Lemke) that he would personalize
with hat bands that matched their school’s colors. In those days there were no casual Fridays.
Trying to clean up the city, strict liquor laws were passed prohibiting the sale of alcohol near schools. This caused the closure
of Donald’s Market at 1023 Sacramento Street. This speciality market had the best butcher shop in town, sold strawberries in
December and had the finest French champagne that money could buy. The store would procure whatever exotic ingredients
you could think of and even deliver them to your home, a service that the new super markets would never consider doing.
Meanwhile, the small mom-and-pop stores and dive bars continued to proliferate throughout Vallejo.
The schools were good, and Vallejo’s Recreational District was developing
parks and activities for children. Baseball diamonds sprouted up for lively,
citywide, Little League competitions.
The Beautification Advisory Commission was established, and began a
citywide tree-planting project that was responsible for planting most of the
mature trees growing in Vallejo today.
Vallejo entered the competition and was recognized by the National Civic
League and Post magazine as an All-American City in 1959. “Being the oldest
community recognition program in the nation, the All-American City award
recognized communities whose citizens work together to identify and tackle
community-wide challenges and achieve uncommon results.” (Wikipedia)
21
The winning of this award inspired the city fathers to incorporate all of the outlying communities into a Greater Vallejo City District.
This action became part of the strategy to help Vallejo qualify for federal redevelopment funds.
Vallejo, like many cities in America, aggressively embraced urban renewal as the answer to its declining downtown. The city fathers
and planners wanted to create a vigorous, modern city designed by architects. They were able to obtain the necessary federal funds
that allowed them to think BIG. Quaint, charming and small-scaled buildings were a symbol of the past and did not reflect the spirit
of a city that had played such a big role in WW II. The city thought it was going to be lucky to rid itself of all those old-fashioned
buildings that were expected to decline and become future slums.
Once Vallejo was awarded the funding, neighboring towns like Napa and Petaluma asked for guidance so that they too could qualify
for urban renewal. However, they did not qualify. With the support of Mare Island’s industrial might, Vallejo was the ruling
economic giant of the area. The city was in the same league of consideration as San Francisco and Oakland that were also eligible for
these grand, federally funded projects from which it remains to be seen if Vallejo will ever recover.
The 1960 drawing on the left shows “Proposed Plans for
the Future”. A freeway was to be constructed along the
waterfront that would not only hopefully bring people to
the city’s center but would also separate Vallejo from the
Mare Island. All of the blue rectangles represent Civic
Center buildings. The dark red squares are the locations for
commercial buildings. The orange areas are for public
housing as required in order to qualify for the
redevelopment grants. The white areas are parking lots.
Georgia, Virginia, Capitol, Pennsylvania, York and Carolina
streets would no longer connect to the waterfront.
22
To the left is the 1960‘s city of Vallejo’s Redevelopment Agency’s
demolition and land fill plan. Unlike the previous plan, Vallejo
accomplished all of this project.
Vallejo was ready. It was a city that loved its streets and was no
stranger to large earth-moving and land-fill projects as most of its
hills had already been graded down as much as 20 feet to
accommodate the needs of the automobile. Waves of past military
housing projects had been built and then demolished providing
wealth and employment for the city. To have the opportunity to
rebuild the housing stock in the downtown while receiving federal
assistance and funding was considered a splendid idea.
24 blocks of Vallejo’s old town were razed!
23
The bottom of Florida Street was widened and
enormous retaining walls were constructed.
Look for the Canary Island Date Palms that are in every picture to
get your bearings.
24
All of the existing single-family homes across the street
from the retaining wall project were razed. The hill was
regraded to create a level lot as shown in the
photograph to the left.
To the right is a photograph of The Ascension Arms housing
project built upon the newly graded lot pictured above.
The Ascension Arms has 75 units and is built slab-on-grade with
concrete block walls. This apartment complex houses low-income,
Section 8, senior citizens.
25
Traditionally, fire stations were built on top of a city’s highest hills. The brick
fire station on the top of the York Street Hill (pictured in all photographs) was
demolished once the new station at the corner of Marin and Louisiana Streets
was completed.
Photo left: The white building is the old Bank of America on the corner of Georgia
and Sacramento Streets.
Photo left: Notice the
billboard featuring
Lyndon B. Johnson and
the two people standing
on the site to further
appreciate the scale of
this earth-moving
project
Photo right: Removal of
the York Street Hill as
seen from Santa Clara
and Virginia streets.
Photo right: View of York Street Hill earth-moving project
from Mare Island Way looking east.
26
Photos above: The York Street Steps down to Santa Clara Street.
Photo right: The old Bank of America building
stands on the corner of Georgia and Sacramento
Streets.
All buildings on Georgia and Virginia to Carolina
streets to the left/west of the bank have been
leveled.
The York Street Hill removal project is in the
foreground. This site will eventually become the
location for commercial building on Georgia Street,
parking lots and the location for the Marina Vista
subsidized, section 8 housing project.
27
The landfill of 25 acres of Vallejo’s tidal
mud flats began with the construction of
dikes. Once the dikes were built they
were then backfilled so that large
equipment could drive the required pilings
needed to create Vallejo’s new seawall and
promenade.
28
Photo above: Pilings are installed to receive 1 million yards of
landfill from the excavation of Vallejo’s hillsides.
Photo below: Two rows of the above pilings are buried with fill.
Photo above: Pilings installed.
29
Photo left: The Vallejo Yacht Club building was built by
volunteers in 1908. It was located on Vallejo’s waterfront
between Virginia and Capitol streets.
This building was designed by architect, William A. Jones.
“Mr. Jones was the structural designer at Mare Island in 1889. He
became responsible for the rebuilding of the existing colonial-type
officer’s buildings on Walnut Avenue. The 1890 quake had so badly
damaged Admiral Farrgut’s earlier brick quarters that they had to be
demolished. Among the many structures that represent Jones’ skill and
ability are the Empress Theatre, and the county court house in
Fairfield. He was directly involved with architect Julia Morgan in the
design and construction of one of Vallejo’s most imposing homes atop
Capitol Hill among other residences found on Georgia Street.
He was a member of the elected body that framed a new city charterchanging it from the old “trustee” system to a commission form of
government.”
Times Herald, January 22, 1984
Photos below and to the right: The building of dikes begins to encroach upon the Yacht Club.
30
Photo left:
Landfill is
delivered to
backfill the
dikes.
Photo above: Landfill is dumped under the Yacht Club,
burying its pilings.
Photo left: The Yacht Club is
now completely surrounded
by landfill. Large equipment
will be brought in to tear
down the building.
The bar and the dance floor
were salvaged and installed in
the new Yacht Club located at
the bottom of Florida Street.
The dump truck has dumped
its last load
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Photo left: Sacramento Street looking north. The Carnegie Library
far right in photo was on the corner of Virginia and Sacramento
streets before demolition. All of the building in this photograph
were razed.
The citizens of Vallejo were horrified at the magnitude of
destruction of the Vallejo’s Marina Green Redevelopment
Project. The Beautification Advisory Commission fought
valiantly to save the Carnegie Library. The City Council
granted the commission its request for the building with
the stipulation that it had to be moved within a month.
The library was in the path of the future four lane speedway
that was built from the downtown north to Highway 37. The
city of Vallejo took advantage of its 80-foot right-of-way
widening Sacramento Street to accommodate the huge
volume of traffic that the planners believed would
come flooding from Highway 37 into the
downtown.
Sacramento Street now dead ends at the Marina
Vista subsidized housing project that was built on
site where the York Street Hill once was located.
All of the homes located on Sacramento Street
along its entire length to Hwy. 39 lost their front
yards in the widening process.
Photo left: Virginia Street looking east. The Carnegie
Library is ready to be demolished to make room for
the Marina Towers Annex, section 8 housing project
and the widening of Sacramento Street. The city still
has its 80 foot right-of-way on all of the streets
located in the Old Town. Every front yard could still
be at risk to be paved.
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The photograph to the left was taken of the 600 block
of Georgia Street in1910. Notice the young street trees
and wide sidewalks. This was the most prosperous
neighborhood in Vallejo filled with mansions and
beautiful tree-lined streets. Georgia Street was the
gateway to Vallejo’s thriving downtown and famous for
its beauty.
The below photograph is of the 600 block of Georgia
Street, 2010. In the 1960’s Georgia Street was also
widened to the maximum 80 foot width not only
removing front yards and charm but also turning the
entrance to the downtown into a speedway, unsafe for
pedestrians and bicyclists.
When this grand old neighborhood witnessed the
destruction to the downtown, and experienced the
negative result of widening Georgia Street, it
organized and became the first federally recognized
historic district west of the Mississippi. This
neighborhood is now known as the Heritage District.
Georgia Street is the gateway to the downtown and if
restored to its original beauty would enhance the
downtown making it convivial and appealing for
citizens to want to spend their time and money in the
downtown area.
Studies have shown that tree-lined commercial districts
have more frequent shopping. Shoppers are willing to
spend more on parking and will spend 12% more for
goods.
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Photo Left: Area leveled for
construction. Saint Vincent’s
Ferrer Church can be seen on
the upper right hand side of the
photo.
Photo below: Maine Street
widened to it maximum 80 foot
width.
The Final Results of Vallejo’s Redevelopment Project
• Project covered 125 acres.
• 337 parcels of land were purchased by The Redevelopment Project Agency.
• 500 families were relocated.
• 600 major structures plus accessory sheds were razed between
1961-1963 nearly all of them were 19th Century buildings.
• 1 million cubic yards of dirt was used to reclaim 25 acres of Vallejo’s
mudflats.
• The York Street Hill was removed.
• Maine Street was widened to its maximum 80 foot right-of-way as a means of quick access from the police department to the downtown.
• Georgia Street was widened to its 80 foot maximum width to function as a speedway to Interstate 80.
• Sacramento Street was widened to its 80 foot maximum width to function as a speedway to Highway 37.
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• Virginia, Capitol, Pennsylvania, York and Carolina streets that connected to the waterfront were cut off and leveled for building sites for public
housing and the future Civic Center.
• Four Subsidized Housing projects were built: Marina Vista, Marina Tower, Marina Heights, Ascension Arms.
• All buildings on Georgia Street from the West side of Sacramento Street to the waterfront were demolished.
• Post Office, City Hall and Public Library were built.
• Commercial buildings were built on Georgia Street between Sacramento and Santa Clara streets.
• Commercial Buildings were built on Santa Clara Street across the street from the new City Hall.
• Vallejo’s seawall and waterfront promenade were built.
• Yacht Club was razed and rebuilt at the bottom of Florida Street.
• State and other official flags were installed on Mare Island Way’s median strip, along with state’s
names placed in the sidewalks using small 1” square tiles. See photograph right.
• Parking lots proliferated.
Photos above left and right: All of the buildings in these photographs were razed.
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Saint Vincent’ Hill Historic District is Recognized by The Federal Government
In the early 1980’s, the City of Vallejo listed the St. Vincent’s Hill Neighborhood as a local historic district to recognize
and protect a large, diverse neighborhood located around the St. Vincent Ferrer Catholic Church. Although another
Vallejo neighborhood consisting of more substantial buildings had been placed on the National Register of Historic Places
in 1972, the diversity of the resources and ownership patterns in the St. Vincent’s Hill Neighborhood made pursuing
National Register status a difficult undertaking. Under the City’s Historic Preservation Ordinance, the local district
designation provided full protection of the buildings in accordance with the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for
Historic Preservation.
Residents of the St. Vincent’s Hill Neighborhood who felt that the District was important enough to be included on the
National Register came together to begin the process of developing a nomination. The neighborhood group’s findings
were submitted to the California State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO). The State Historian agreed that the
neighborhood might qualify for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion A because of its
association with the pattern of events affecting the Naval Shipyard as well as Criterion C for Design and Construction. In
response, the St. Vincent’s Hill Neighborhood Association took on the challenge of completing the registration forms in
order to help raise consciousness about the significance of the district and to instill pride of ownership among residents of
the Hill. Inventories prepared by the city of Vallejo in 1979 were reviewed. These data were summarized and submitted
to the SHPO in late 1995. In 1996, after reviewing the application, SHPO requested a number of changes. Many of the
recommendations involved simple changes, but a few involved structural problems more difficult to address.
In late 1998, the St. Vincent’s Hill Neighborhood Association renewed its effort to prepare the nomination. New
volunteers developed a comprehensive work plan based on National Park Service standards to ensure complete and
accurate data. The original registration forms were reformatted to meet the SHPO’s requirements and a new
photographic record was undertaken to make sure every building in the neighborhood was included. Each building was
photographed individually, including non-contributors, alley houses and accessory structures such as barns. Archival
Sanborn Maps were obtained and reviewed to determine the patterns of development. Building footprints on the various
Sanborn maps were compared to determine dates of construction.
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A base map was prepared using the 1919 Sanborn map updated to 1949 and was verified in the field to determine which
buildings were extant. Descriptions for each resource were prepared using a photograph of the building, Sanborn maps,
and the City’s inventory forms as guides.
In addition to updating the application, volunteers developed a computerized database including a current photograph to
allow frequent updates as buildings are restored and to assist in historic preservation planning efforts. In the future, the St.
Vincent’s Hill Neighborhood Association hopes to pursue the development of design guidelines and a specific plan that will
address many of the issues that affect cohesiveness and threaten the integrity of the neighborhood.
It is hoped that this effort will be the first step in making St. Vincent’s Hill a model of how working-class neighborhoods can
build on history and come together to develop cohesive yet diverse communities.
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MEAN STREETS TO GREEN STREETS PROJECT
GOALS AND IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES
Saint Vincent’s Hill Historic District
Photo above: Houses lost their front yards when
Sacramento Street was widened to it maximum width of 80
feet.
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1. Narrow streets: Traffic speeds are related to volume and
width of the roadway. Most of the rights-of-ways in the
Saint Vincent’s Hill Historic District were platted at 80 feet
wide in 1854 to accommodate wagons drawn by teams of
horses with a tendency to shy when passed by other teams.
There is no reason for these wide rights-of-way today. Most
through-traffic volumes are very low because of the hills.
The California-based Local Government Commission has
released a new guide entitled "Street Design Guidelines for
Healthy Neighborhoods", which includes, for example,
recommendations for 26' curb-to-curb residential streets,
with parking allowed on both sides. A few streets, such as
Sacramento, Marin and Florida, accommodate higher
through volumes of traffic, buses and emergency vehicles
from the fire station on the corner of Louisiana and Marin.
However, the volume of traffic on Sacramento Street with
around 4,000 VTD, according to City of Vallejo traffic
engineers, the highest in the Historic District, is below
collector standards. Some streets front parks, churches or
commercial spaces in the Arts District where additional
parking is desirable. Angled parking can be accommodated
easily within a narrower right-of-way.
Photo above: Sacramento Street today
The drawings above show the proposed street plan that will return
front yards to Sacramento Street residents and make Sacramento
Street tree-lined.
2. Reduce roadway lifecycle costs:
Narrow streets: Smaller roadway surface areas cost less to
maintain and repair. Plant Trees: Pavement shaded by
trees lasts longer.
The neighborhood will choose the trees from Vallejo’s Master Tree
List using “Right Tree, Right Place” principals. The trees chosen
to line Sacramento and Marin Streets will take into consideration
the Fire Department needs for emergency fire truck clearance.
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3. Install four-way stops: Four-way stops
slow traffic and tend to discourage through traffic.
4. Divert through traffic where
practicable: Along designated bike boulevards,
divert traffic to adjacent collectors to reduce
through traffic. This might have the additional
benefit of making it more difficult for “Johns” to
cruise for prostitutes along “the Stroll”.
5. Install entry gates: At the gateways to the
neighborhood from Tennessee Street, install entry
gates to pinch the roadway and create a sense of
entry. The gates at the Butte Street stairs are
appropriate.
Photo right: Butte Street Steps entry gates
Map Left:
St. Vincent’s Hill District
Yellow : Entry Gates
Red: Rotaries/
Roundabouts
Green: Trees Installed
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6. Provide safe bicycle corridors:
Create bike boulevards: Along corridors where the overall gradient and traffic
volumes are conducive to bike travel, create bike boulevards though special signage
and diverters to reduce through traffic and raise driver awareness about sharing the
road with other users. Because of the steep hill gradients in the historic
neighborhood, only a couple of streets are conducive to being designated as bike
corridors. These include Marin Street which has been Vallejo’s bicycle’s path from
Curtola Parkway and Alabama Streets.
Alabama Street will provide easy access for bicyclists from Mare Island Way east to the bicycle lanes that are being
proposed for the Sonoma Boulevard corridor’s improvements.
This will also provide a safe means of bicycle transportation for the parolee population that will be increasing in Vallejo
and will be unable to afford an automobile.
“A bicycle boulevard is a low speed street which has been "optimized" for bicycle traffic. Bicycle boulevards discourage cut-through motor-vehicle
traffic but allow local motor-vehicle traffic. They are designed to give priority to bicyclists as through-going traffic. They are intended to improve
bicyclist comfort and/or safety.
Bicycle boulevards attempt to achieve several goals:
•
•
•
•
•
•
discouragement of non-local motor vehicle traffic;
lower speed limits;
lower motor-vehicle traffic volumes;
free-flow travel for bikes by assigning the right-of-way to the bicycle boulevard at intersections wherever possible;
traffic control to help bicycles cross major arterial roads
a distinctive look and/or ambiance such that cyclists become aware of the existence of the bike boulevard and motorists are alerted that
the street is a priority route for bicyclists.
These bikeway design elements are intended to appeal to casual, risk-averse, inexperienced and younger bicyclists who would not otherwise be
willing to cycle with motor vehicle traffic. Compared to a bike path or rail trail, a bicycle boulevard is also a relatively low-cost approach to
appealing to a broader cycling demographic”. (Wikipedia)
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7. Install rotaries/roundabouts: Along designated bike
boulevards, install rotaries and planted medians. Special
signage or sculptures to announce the Arts District are
appropriate. This will not only calm traffic and beautify the
neighborhood but it will also act as a deterrent to the
neighborhood’s ongoing problem with prostitution as it will
discourage drive-through traffic from Sonoma Boulevard.
Photo above: Marin Street’s historic streetscape was not
destroyed during the period of redevelopment.
However, many of the planting strips have been covered
with concrete. The pedestrian scaled street lights
pictured above were not removed although the city of
Vallejo removed all of the wiring so the lights no longer
function. Rewiring these historic lampposts will make
this street once again well lit and safe. Utilize shielded
“good-neighbor” lighting that lights up sidewalks and
not the sky.
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8. Rehabilitate, restore and enhance the integrity
of the historic district: Quitclaim excess rights-ofway to the adjacent parcels. Many of the historic
buildings encroach or abut the edge of the historic 80 foot
rights-of-way. But the appropriate roadway width, now that
horse-drawn wagons are no longer used, is much narrower. A
60 foot right-of-way is adequate for all streets through the
historic district including the travel way, wide sidewalks and
planting strips for trees. The city of Vallejo has established a
precedent (see map below) for quitclaiming excess rights-ofway of the foot of Ohio Street. The increased lot size
coupled with existing setback code requirements results in a
larger buildable area thus increasing the economic incentive
for investors and decreasing requirements for encroachment
permits for gates and other residential amenities.
Install Pedestrian Scaled Lighting
Photo above: This outstanding example found on the corner
of Marin and Louisiana streets shows a pedestrian scaled,
historic lamp post next to a street light that is appropriate for
a city speedway. The old lamps should be shielded to create
“good neighbor lighting”.
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9. Plant Trees
A. Weather: Vallejo’s trees mitigate San Pablo Bay’s steady summer afternoon winds by creating shade, lowering summer
temperatures and winter drafts.
B. Energy Savings:Tree-lined streets create a 40% reduction in energy costs by cutting down on air conditioning costs and
reducing cold winter winds.. Trees’ shade keeps asphalt cool thus the pavement last longer.
C. Trees Reduce Air Pollution: Trees trap particulate matter that can damage human lungs. They absorb carbon
dioxide and then release oxygen for us to breath.Two trees supply the oxygen needs of one person for an entire year!
D. Water Quality: Tree canopies absorb rain that reduces the amount of run-off that washes into our streams, rivers, and
oceans.
E. Property Values: Homes on tree-lined streets have higher property values.
F. Better Quality of Life: People in hospitals who can see trees from their windows heal faster. Trees make communities
livable.
G. The Future: “He who plants a tree plants a hope.” ~Lucy Larcom
Fifty years ago the City of Vallejo embarked on the huge Redevelopment Project that changed Vallejo forever.
Fifty years from now the citizens of Vallejo will be thanking us for making the Saint Vincent’s Hill Historic District’s streets
tree-lined, cool and shady.
We too can have an impact on the future. Let’s make it a positive one that will make General Vallejo’s dream of “The Grand
Boulevards of Europe” into the reality by changing Mean Streets into Green Streets.
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H. Trees Reduce Crime
Studies have shown that neighborhood with street
trees have less crime.
After World War II, street standards for a new
subdivision along Mendocino Street north of
Tennessee Street included rolled curbs and trees
planted by the city of Vallejo in front yards. This
neighborhood has little crime.
Notice the deterioration of the asphalt in the photo
below compared with the photo to the left. Shaded
streets last longer.
Photo: SNJacobson
The photograph to the right is of Vallejo’s infamous
neighborhood known as Millersville. This picture was
taken three blocks south of the above photograph on
the same day. Tennessee Street, the historic main access
road to Mare Island, separates the two neighborhoods.
Millersville was platted in the 19th Century for mini
farms and homesteads. 100 years later it has become one
of Vallejo’s most crime-ridden neighborhoods,
nationally known for its many famous Rap artists.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=ac6jHE4FDYU
Which neighborhood would you prefer to live in?
By planting street trees you can create a positive impact
on the quality of your neighborhood. Trees make cities
livable.
Photo: SNJacobson
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Successful Projects
Photo right: Vallejo’s tree-lined Azuar Avenue on Mare Island with
pedestrian scaled lighting and bicycle paths.
Photo right: Vallejo’s Wilson Avenue with tree lined streets
pedestrian scaled lighting and bicycle paths.
Photo left: University Avenue in Palo Alto is the main access
to the City Center and the University. This stately tree-lined
street is two lanes wide with bicycle paths. A minimum of
25,000 cars a day travel this thoroughfare. Georgia and
Sacramento streets have far less traffic and are twice as wide.
This street is an example of how inviting Vallejo streets could
become by planting street trees.
Photo: Judy Irvin
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Mean Streets to Green Streets Project
SAGE
Solano Advocates Green Environments
The purpose of SAGE, a nonprofit, 501c3 Corporation, is to create beauty,
and to promote appreciation and understanding for the stewardship of our
environment. SAGE cultivates environments that are conducive to learning
and works to creates thriving health for the local community by giving
everyone the opportunity to enjoy a healthy lifestyle.
•
•
•
•
•
SAGE’s projects and programs are designed to create a livable
community through celebration, education and hands-on
exploration.
SAGE has developed programs with the city of Vallejo’s public
schools to introduce children to Vallejo’s Urban Forest through
knowledge of their own school environs. In the last three years 500
Vallejo elementary school students have planted trees in City Park,
Mare Island’s Walnut Avenue, Touro University, and at the Forest
Service Headquarters on Mare Island.
SAGE, in collaboration with Vallejo’s artists, has created visual
educational materials that are distributed and sought after
throughout California, Washington, and Oregon states.
SAGE has collaborated with the US Department of Forestry, Touro
University, Lennar Mare Island, GVRD, Fighting Back Partnership,
The Vallejo Arts District, and the Vallejo Public Schools
SAGE advocates for the preservation and revitalization of the Urban
Forest by spearheading projects and procuring grants.
Photo: SNJacobson
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In 2008 a petition, found on the opposite page, was signed by 280 Vallejo citizens. In 2010 a $50,000.00 study funded by
a federal Community Development Block Grant was awarded to determine the best way to develop tree-lined streets,
bicycles paths and pedestrian-scaled lighting for Sacramento Street from Tennessee Street to Carolina Street, Marin
Street from Tennessee Street to Carolina Street.
It was requested that the study develop the best way to introduce the necessary infrastructure to reintroduce street trees
back to the streets that had been widened to 80 feet during the period of redevelopment. SAGE requested that the study
also include the Country Club Crest, Maine Street and Georgia Street within the heritage district neighborhood. It was
assumed that “Green Street Standards” developed by the City of Sacramento would be applied.
The resulting study only addressed traffic calming, and not a single tree was mentioned. This was not what the signers of
the petition had requested to be addressed in the study. The Saint Vincent’s Hill district then held a meeting to determine
what they want. As the petition has requested, they want Sacramento Street homes to have front yards again, and to have
tree-lined streets that are safe for pedestrians and bicyclists. Collaborating with the community, SAGE has created this
Cultural Landscape Report so that the Mean Streets to Green Street project remains a viable project for funding with a
Community Development Block Grant.
Photo left: Another successful street tree project found in the
city of Novato. Trees are planted in every third diagonal
parking slot. Cars are shaded in the summer and help make
the downtown thrive with small businesses, and restaurants.
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FOR SACRAMENTO, MARIN & FLORIDA STREETS
PETITION IN SUPPORT OFTHE SAGE
P
ROPOSAL
We, the petitioners, support SAGE’s Safe and Beautiful Vallejo Proposal. This petition requests City of Vallejo to apply for Federal
Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) funds to address our concerns. This proposal will save money on street
maintenance and crime suppression while improving air quality, calming traffic and improving the quality of the streetscape in the
Saint Vincent’s Hill neighborhood and the down town corridor. To accomplish these goals 5 tasks are necessary as follows:
1. We propose building tree wells for developing tree-lined streets in Vallejo. Tree-lined streets have proven to add up to 25% to
property values. Tree shade on heat absorbing pavement saves as much as 40% of each household’s energy use and adds years of life
span to the pavement, a huge savings in City maintenance costs. Now, acting together, we can develop Vallejo’s canopy of trees to
lessen global warming effects in our cool community. Trees will mitigate airborne dust and pollutants, filtering them out. They will
reduce neighborhood crime, thus saving the city a huge cost in public safety expenses.
2. We urge continuing the diagonal parking that was so successfully implemented on lower Sacramento and Marin streets.
Diagonal parking will calm traffic by increasing existing parking spaces for the residents and businesses. Diagonal Parking will
benefit community security by raising the difficulty of stealing cars parked facing the curb.
3. We request that street lighting be installed to enhance security. The style of the lights must be both appropriate to the historic
significance of the neighborhood and be pedestrian-scaled.
4. We request traffic enhancements for safety and savings. Well-marked crosswalks, bicycle lanes, and repaved streets will all
contribute to safety and cost savings by protecting the city from exposure to liability.
5. We plan a partnership with local organizations to produce local jobs for adult residents. Involved residents will take ownership
and pride in the community. Furthermore, we aim to involve school children to help plant the trees as part of their educational
skills and to involve them in the creation of Vallejo, a safe and beautiful community destination.
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Bibliography:
Birnbaum, Charles A. for the National Park Service, The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties with
Guidelines for the Treatment of Cultural Landscapes, 1996
Hunt, Marguerite, History of Solano County, The S.J Clarke Publishing Co., Chicago, 1926
Hunter, Alexander, Vallejo, A California Legend, Sonoma State Historic Park Association, Inc. 1992.
Lucy, Tom, A History of the City of Vallejo,
The Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation for the National Park Service, Cultural Landscape Report for John Muir National Historic
Site: Volumes I and II, 2005
Kern, James E. Kern, Images of America, Vallejo, Arcadia Publishing, Charleston, South Carolina, 2004
“....for the Delight of Women and Children” A Cultural Landscape Report for Vallejo’s City Park, Vallejo Architectural Heritage Foundation,
2007
City of Vallejo Historic and Naval Museum, Marin Street, Vallejo, CA 94590
Environment and Crime in the Inner City Does Vegetation Reduce Crime? FE Kuo, WC Sullivan - Environment and Behavior, 2001
Do trees strengthen urban communities, reduce domestic violence? WC Sullivan, FE Kuo - 1996
The role of arboriculture in a healthy social ecology FE Kuo - Journal of Arboriculture, 2003
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