Phylum protozoa

Phylum protozoa
General characteristics: •
►unicellular.
►higher protests.
►Eukaryote.
►Binary fission replication.
►Cyst formation.
►motile.
I- Class Flagellata (mastigophora)
► Shape: Oval, Circle or Long
► Motion: by Flagella
► Blood flagelles of this class:
► Lieshmania, Trypanosome.
► Intestinal flagelles:
► Giardia, trichomonas intestinalis,chilomastix
► Vaginal flagelles:
► T. vaginalis
II- Class Sarcodina (Rhizopoda)
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Shape: Pleomorphic
Movement : by pseudopodes.
Replication: binary fission.
Kyst formation.
Pathogen parasite: Entamoeba histolytica.
III- Class Sporozoa
♣ Movement: unknown.
♣ Live in cell and tissue.
♣ Replication: sexual and asexual.
♣ Important genus: plasmodium, toxoplasma
isospora, cryptosporidium.
IV- Class Ciliata
Movement: by cilia.
Replication: binary fission.
Kyst formation.
Human pathogen: Balantidium coli
Class flagellata
General
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characteristic:
One or more flagella.
Periplast membrane.
Double nucleus.
Replication: longitudinal fission.
Classification of Flagellates by habitat
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Blood flagellates.
Intestinal flagellates.
Genital flagellates.
Tissue flagellates.
Second classification
Genus leishmania.
Genus trypanosoma.
Genus giardia.
Genus chilomastix.
Genus trichomonas.
Genus - leishmania
Species - tropica
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Cutaneous leishmaniasis .
Forms:
Moist form: L . Tropica var major.
Dry form : L . Tropica var minor.
MORPHOLOGY
Intracellular parasites.
Shape: oval.
Length: 2-6µ, wide 1-3µ.
Amastigote and promastigote forms
Staining method: Giemza
Culture: growth on agar media with rabbit
serum.
Promastigote and amastigote
Leishmania tropica
Sensitive animal
Dog,
rat, cat, rabbit and guinea pig.
Source of infection: human and above
animals.
Transmission: direct and indirect.
Direct transmission: from ulcer and
blood transfusion
Indirect transmission
Indirect transmission
Geographic distribution
Mediterranean,
Africa, Italia, central Asia
and medal east (Afghanistan, Pakistan,
Iran, Arabica…..
PATHOGENICITY
► Incubation
period: 2-5 months.
► In moist form 2-7 months.
► Primary furuncle (hand, foot, face, neck)
► Progress to ulceration or health.
► Duration: 6 – 24 months.
► Complications: with other microbes
produce permanence mark ( one or more )
Cutaneous leishmaniasis
Cutaneous leishmaniasis
Cutaneous leishmaniasis
Cutaneous leishmaniasis
Cutaneous leishmaniasis
DIAGNOSIS
Direct diagnosis: Giemza or leishman
stain of biopsy or fluid (amastigat form).
Culture of pus or blood.
Montenegro test
ELISA method
Leishmania biopsy
Montenegro test
Intracellular parasites
IMMUNITY
• Long term cell mediated
immunity.
Systemic and Typical treatment
Glucantime:10mg/kg w.b for 10-15 days
Or typically 0.1-1ml tow days in a week
Pentostam: 20mg/kgw.b for 10-15 days
Typical antiseptics.
mixture: Antibiotics
PREVENTION
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Control of mosquito.
Control of mosquito source.
Hygiene.
Vaccination.
LEISHMANIA BRAZILIENSIS
►Morphology:
♦ Amastigote and promastigote forms
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Shape: Oval
Vector: mosquito (genus lutzomyia).
Animal source: small rodent animals.
Pathogenesis
Cases Muco Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
or Espundia.
♦ Unknown incubation period.
♦ Cases skin ulcer and than mouth, nose
and lips
♦ Duration: 2-3 years.
IMMUNITY
• After metastasis Cell Mediated Immunity
will develop.
DIAGNOSIS
Direct diagnosis: Giemza or leishman
stain of biopsy or fluid (amastigate form).
Culture of pus or blood.
Subcutaneous leishman test with killed
parasites.
Treatment
• Similar to L. Tropica but use it for longer
time for example.
• Pentostam: 20mg/kgw.b for 30 days.
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Prevention
• Woodland staff must protect him self from
sand flies bite
Leishmania donovani
Morphology: Similar to L. Tropica.
Geographical distribution
Europe , Mediterranean , central America
Africa , Asia ( India , China , Turkmenistan )
SOURCE OF INFECTION
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Mammal animals
Humans
Vector: mosquito (genus Phlebotomus)
but in America genus lutzomyia
• Habitat: after skin infection enter to
blood circulation and infect RES.
LIFE CYCLE
PATHOGENESIS
• Incubation period is 3-6 month.
• Infect RES.
• Symptoms: headache , fever , loss
of Weight , Cough , anorexia anemia
Splenomegaly , Hepatomegaly ,
diarrhea , lymphodenopathy , pain in
L.H
DIAGNOSIS
Direct
diagnosis:
Giemza or leishman stain of RES biopsy (
amastigate form ).
Thick smear of blood sample.
Indirect diagnosis:
Culture in rabbit blood agar media.
Agglutination of patient serum and media
Treatment
Pentostam
20mg/kgw.b for 30 days.
Pentamidine 2-4mg/kgw.b or
Amphotracine – B 1mg/kgw.b for 12-24
days
Splenectomy.