Urban Design Studio Laboratorio di Progettazione Urbanistica

Politecnico di Milano, Facoltà di Architettura e Società
Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Pianificazione Urbana e Politiche Territoriali
Master of Science in Urban Planning and Policy Design
a.y. 2009/2010
Urban Design Studio
Laboratorio di Progettazione Urbanistica
Professors:
Patrizia Gabellini, G. Bertrando Bonfantini, Antonio Longo, Marco Mareggi
Tutors:
Giulia Fini, Federico Zanfi
7
MILAN URBAN REGION
Wed 31th March 2010
Agenda
> Few general geographical notes on the region and on its
recent changing
> An attempt to decipher a palimpsest - both territorial and
descriptive - through three steps
> Every step will briefly outline an interpretative research on
the Milanese Urban Region and a narrative/descriptive
perspective related to the same investigation field.
Fonte: DiAP Politecnico di Milano, 2006, La città di città. Un progetto strategico
per la regione urbana milanese, Provincia di Milano, Milano
1. Urban region field: some geographical notes
> The urban region consists of two different fields. The dry high plain in the
North and the irrigated low plain in the South. They are two distinct
geographical fields, two totally diverse environments, including the form
of urbanisation. The North is the place of the so called “diffused city” (or
“infinite/endless city”). Infinite non only in terms of boundaries but also
in its stratification of spatial/social relations.
> Two territorial bands exist: high dry plain (highly permeable soils), the
lower irrigated plain (less permeable soils). Today the lower plains are
more productive but in the distant past they were an environment hostile
to agricultural activities.
> The boundaries of the lower plain still limits the natural expansion of
urbanisation and so this has resulted in a South Milan Agricultural Park.
The reasons for this state is that for long periods the agricultural land use
has been in competition to urban land growth and development.
The Dry High Plain
The Irrigated Low Plain
A Third Median Zone:
an area of large
agricultural farm activity
coinciding with natural
springs
Fonte: DiAP Politecnico di Milano, 2006, La città di città. Un progetto strategico
per la regione urbana milanese, Provincia di Milano, Milano
Fonte: DiAP Politecnico di Milano, 2006, La città di città. Un progetto strategico
per la regione urbana milanese, Provincia di Milano, Milano
Milan: Province and Municipalities
Fonte: Garda E., 2007 “Le dimensioni di Milano”, in Bolocan Goldstein M.,
Bonfantini B. (a cura di), Milano incompiuta. Interpretazioni urbanistiche del
mutamento, Franco Angeli, Milano pp.161-168.
Milan: recent experiences of inter-municipal planning processes
Fonte: Garda E., 2007 “Le dimensioni di Milano”, in Bolocan Goldstein M.,
Bonfantini B. (a cura di), Milano incompiuta. Interpretazioni urbanistiche del
mutamento, Franco Angeli, Milano pp.161-168.
2. The change
> The city of Milan has deeply changed in the last 30 years in its
dimension, in its functions and in its spatial patterns.
> This changes have been the product of a great fragmentation of
decision makers and different phenomena across the urban
region.
> Today this fragmentation is producing a conflict between place
and node of the global network: while the economy is still
performing well the functioning and the liveability of the
urban region are at risk.
2.1 Some data to explain the change
Fragmentation in the local economy
> There was a decrease of 21,5% jobs in the manufacturer sector
> There was an increase of 37,6% jobs in the service sector
(20% of them in innovative enterprises: 176.000)
> From 1991 and 2001 the number of enterprises has increased of 43,7%
and also their workers (+7,5%: from 1.665.000 to 1.790.000)
2.2 Some data to explain the change
The impact on mobility
> 320.000 people pass every day through Central Station of
Milan
> 30 millions passengers every year pass through the three
Milanese airports with an increase of 100% in 10 years
> 700-900.000 cars approximately enter every day in the core
city
2.2 Some data to explain the change
Fragmentation in the population structure
> The Municipality of Milan has lost 480.000 inhabitants (1/3 of its
population) in the last 30 years.
> They have moved within the Province of Milan in the hinterland
until the ‘80s and afterwards in the other bordering provinces:
Bergamo, Lecco, Como, Varese, Lodi.
> Percentage variation of population from 1991 to 2001
1951
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
Variazione %
91-2001
Bergamo
681417
727.758
807.914
874.035
909.692
973.129
7,0%
Como
361667
405.975
476.209
511.425
522.147
537.500
2,9%
Cremona
381816
351.160
334.281
332.236
327.970
335.939
2,4%
Lecco
216046
233.069
265.359
286.636
295.948
311.452
5,2%
Lodi
180436
172.912
175.844
179.102
184.025
197.672
7,4%
2.324.717
2.983.903
3.727.841
3.839.006
3.738.685
3.707.210
- 0,8%
1.274.154
1.582.421
1.732.000
1.604.773
1.369.295
1.256.211
- 8,3%
Provincia di
Milano
Comune di Milano
Novara
274421
303.481
327.901
337.271
334.614
343.040
2,5%
Pavia
506511
518.193
526.389
512.895
490.898
493.753
0,6%
Piacenza
299138
291.059
284.881
278.424
267.633
263.872
- 1,4%
Varese
477055
581.528
725.823
788.057
797.039
812.477
1,9%
6.569.038
7.652.442
7.939.087
7.868.651
7.976.044
0,5%
Regione Urbana
5703224
Fonte: D’Ovidio M., Tornaghi C., Boffi M., (2006), “The post-fordist Regional Morphology. The Case of the Metropolitan Area of Milan: from
Industry-based City to High-services Region”, Dept. of Sociology and Social Research, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy, working
paper.
> Demographic changes in the 1991-2001 decades
The map shows in pale blue the areas of population decrease and
in pink and red those that have gained population.
Fonte: D’Ovidio M., Tornaghi C., Boffi M., (2006), “The post-fordist Regional Morphology. The Case of the Metropolitan Area of Milan: from
Industry-based City to High-services Region”, Dept. of Sociology and Social Research, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy, working
paper.
> Families with children
Couples with children mainly tend to ‘colonise’ the semi-urban areas of the region.
The higher rates of couples with children are shown in green
whereas the lower rates are shown in blue.
Fonte: D’Ovidio M., Tornaghi C., Boffi M., (2006), “The post-fordist Regional Morphology. The Case of the Metropolitan Area of Milan: from
Industry-based City to High-services Region”, Dept. of Sociology and Social Research, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy, working
paper.
> The aging of the population
The aging of the population is a typical and common issue in large size urban
conglomerations.
Darker tones refer to the areas having higher percentage of aged population
> In the same period the number of households keeps growing as a
consequence of the continuous reduction of the average number of
components
> Today the 58% of households has one or two members
Milan urban region, view from satellite 1972
Milan urban region, view from satellite 2001
2.2 Some information to explain the change
The impact on urban form
> The urban region has no longer a Christallerian pattern as it had
until quite recently. A stratum of urbanisation has stretched over
the ancient framework of centres.
> Urban diffusion, conurbation of intermediate centres, thickening of
linear urbanisation, flow of settlements down the valleys from the
Alpine foothills, are the evidence of a profound re-design of urban
hierarchies within and outside the urban region.
Fonte: D’Ovidio M., Tornaghi C., Boffi M., (2006), “The post-fordist Regional Morphology. The Case of the Metropolitan Area of Milan: from
Industry-based City to High-services Region”, Dept. of Sociology and Social Research, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy, working
paper.
> Spatial pattern of the housing estate built in the 1991-2001 decade
Darker tones refer to higher percentages of recent housing on total housing. The
spatial pattern suggest the “colonisation” of the areas ‘in between’ of the
metropolitan region.
S. Boeri, A. Lanzani, E. Marini (1993)
Il territorio che cambia. Ambienti, paesaggi e immagini della
regione milanese, Abitare Segesta, Milano.
A chaotic image: the mosaic of the Regional Technical Maps
(data source: 1981)
Main settlement contexts within the Milanese region:
Urban contexts; Reticular contexts and Low density contexts
The linear attractors:
urban transformations along a path
The hybrid machines:
transformations through
complex and isolated objects
The islands: transformations through
planning of introvert territorial sectors
The repetition areas: transformations through
spontaneous iteration of the same - simple - object
The clusters: transformations through
the sum of punctual substitutions
The metamorphosis areas: transformations through
diffused and almost invisible displacements
P. C. Palermo, a cura di (1997)
Linee di assetto e scenari evolutivi della regione urbana milanese.
Atlante delle trasformazioni insediative,
Franco Angeli, Milano.
Gli ambienti insediativi della Lombardia
Reticular urbanization of Vimercatese region
Settlement patterns, erosion of the rural open space system
and development of non-residential built stock
Reticular urbanization of Magentino and Saronnese region
Settlement patterns, erosion of the rural open space system
and development of non-residential built stock
Polycentric urban settlement of Milanese Brianza
Settlement patterns, erosion of the rural open space system
and development of non-residential built stock
G. Basilico, S. Boeri (1997)
Sezioni del paesaggio italiano.
Art&, Pordenone.
The territorial section from Milan to Como
C. M. Cassia, M. Orsini, N. Privileggio, M. Secchi (2004)
To Milano – Per Milano,
Hoepli, Milano.
> The book recognize the image of a 'Transversal City' in the North Milan:
from Malpensa Airport on the west to Orio al Serio Airport on the east.
> This image was able to give recognisability to a latent urban condition.
> It identifies a new relationships with the inner city and open to a critical horizon of
projects for the contemporary territories of this part of the urban region.
> The authors recognize some different signs on this territory that has taken
places over a long period of time, trough different forms modalities, needs
and reasons.
> Some of these signs are the result of large scale organizations
> Others can be identified as the sum of minor urban elements
> Others are single objects stand as a potential linear centralities.
> Environmental system
> Cross sectional signs: infrastructures and insediative patterns
> Cross sectional signs:
production areas location, structure of the outdoor space
> The plan for the transversal city considers the fragmentary character of
Milan's urban territory.
> It focuses on different infrastructural strategies and on the relationship
that may be established between different situations, places, and landscape
Four main environments are identified from east to west:
> The Busto-Castellanza-Legnano junction
> The Saronno area
> Southern Brianza
> The territories comprised between the Lambro and Adda rivers.
They are geographically different areas to which the project gives different roles
within the transversal city and builds for each a different thematic background
M. Zardini (1999), ed. by, Paesaggi ibridi. Highway,
Multiplicity. Skira, Milano.
The highway as a new urban road,
mainly used for short, daily trips within a diffuse urbanity
The city is no longer perceived as a homogeneous territory, but
accepted in its aspects of discontinuity, rupture, fragmentation
The concept of landscape corresponds to a different idea of the
city, an idea that privileges multiplicity, heterogeneity, contrast,
juxtaposition of different materials
Provincia di Milano, DIAP Department of Architecture and Planning,
Politecnico di Milano (2007)
Progetto Strategico Città di Città, Milano.
The Strategic Project Città di Città proposes two new ways of looking
at the Milan urban region and at the Province:
> AS A CITY COMPOSED BY VARIOUS CITIES
> AS A CITY INHABITED BY VARIOUS POPULATIONS
The goal is to achieve a better habitability
of the urban region
“Habitability”:
> The concept of “habitability” is an original idea of ‘inhabiting’
which is richer and definitely different from ‘residing’.
> It is a non-static, incremental concept, regarding different ways
of using and living the territory by resident and non-resident
populations.
> The Strategic Project clearly focuses on 6
different meaning of “habitability”:
1. RESIDING
2. MOVING AND BREATHING
3. SPACE SHARING
4. MAKING CULTURE AND USING IT
5. PROMOTING A NEW LOCAL WELFARE
6. INNOVATING AND MAKING
ENTERPRISE
• RESIDING
Finding a house, changing and transforming it; stable or temporary
residing; being welcomed and welcoming; staying at home and
outside, alone and with others.
• MOVING AND BREATHING
Free moving with different means, in different directions;
comfortable waiting spaces; reducing pollution, making the
environment healthier, creating the conditions of better breathing.
• SPACES SHARING
Connecting people in places; offering silent spaces and opportunities
to slow down; to multiply meeting places and give chances to
unexpected practices, to create conditions of natural and green
contexts
• MAKING CULTURE AND USING IT
Enjoying and being stimulated by various opportunities; To promote
quality and culture in various places; To multiply training supply and
opportunities to develop learning paths and artistic activities.
• PROMOTING A NEW LOCAL WELFARE
To value voluntary actions and practices of solidarity; to favour
citizens’ involvement; networking and make more affordable social
services; support families to face difficulties.
• INNOVATING AND MAKING ENTERPRISE
Being supported in innovation and in creation of new enterprises;
building society and territory; to root enterprises, to favour
connections with global networks
> AS A CITY COMPOSED BY VARIOUS CITIES…
> Intermediate aggregations in the metropolitan area can be
legitimately interpreted as single “cities”
> They give rise to new urban conditions and may represent a
privileged field for new (liveability) policies.
> The Strategic Project recognises:
THREE + SEVENS + ONE (3+7+1) cities
Vimercatese
Brianza occidentale
Monza e Brianza Collinare
Alto Milanese
Nord Ovest
Nord Milano
Milano
Adda Martesana
Magentino e Abbiatense
Sud Ovest
Sud Est
> It present one interpretative description for each one, useful to orient the
use of available resources on the territories and the attempts to work
effectively and symbolically on these “cities”
> The Strategic Project present eleven interpretative description of
different territories:
1.
2.
3.
THE VIMERCATE AREA - a quality area for the new knowledge based economy
MONZA AND THE BRIANZA HILLS - a node city in the Brianza polycentric
configuration and a wedge of green
WESTERN BRIANZA - a dense and multi-polar city which has much to learn in
the production of environment and landscape
4. THE SOUTH WEST - a city of water and health
5. MAGENTA and ABBIATEGRASSO - a city of the river
6. ALTO MILANESE - a platform of production, logistics and knowledge
7. THE NORTH WEST - a city of sustainable innovation
8. THE NORTH MILAN - the key connecting area of the urban region
9. THE SOUTH EAST - “overlooking the sea” on the irrigated plain in the Milanese
region
10. THE ADDA MARTESANA AREA - sustainable infrastructures and strategic
resources for the urban region
11. MILAN - the heart of the urban region and node in a global network of cities
> THE URBAN REGION AS A CITY POPULATED BY VARIOUS
POPULATIONS…
I PENDOLARI - COMMUTERS
UTENTI E LAVORATORI TEMPORANEI – TEMPORARY USERS AND WORKERS
FRUITORI DI PARCHI E SPETTACOLI – USERS OF PARKS AND CULTURAL SPACES
Photos by C. Novak
> A CITY POPULATED BY VARIOUS POPULATIONS…
> Students, immigrants, commuters, non territorial networks of any
kind (relating to sport, culture, profession) make broad and various
use of the metropolitan area and propose demands for a new
urbanity
> The Strategic Project tries to respond to the most relevant
demands trough favouring non sectoral policies and projects
oriented to develop new public spaces
• REPRESENTATIONS of POPULATIONS
and of their movements look like nautical maps
they introduce to a new metropolitan geography
> TOOLS, PROCESS, RESULTS…
> The publication of a Strategic Document like a white paper
to promote the initiative and the idea (February 2006)
> The organisation of a Competition for projects and good
practices for improving the habitability of the urban region
(March 2006- January 2007)
> The publication of the Atlas of provincial policies and
projects for a better habitability (March 2007);
> The promotion of a small number of catalyst pilot projects
> The publication of the final document of the Strategic plan
June 2007
A. Lanzani, E. Granata et al. (2006)
Esperienze e paesaggi dell’abitare.
Abitare Segesta, Milano.
Milanese urban region
Polycentric Milan
The “Pedemontana city”
the triangle Milan-Malpensa-Novara
Milano and its surroundings;
the seamless urban area Milan-Bergamo-Brescia
Week-end Milan
historical holiday locations, holiday family houses,
main weekend roads
Routes through the Milanese urban region
Inhabiting small urban centres
– Seregno and Desio –
between living quality and congestion
Main site features
> Excellent access to Milan also via public transport;
> Distinctive and attractive town centres;
> High quality welfare;
> Public and retail services for residents
> Property prices definitely lower than in central Milan
New elements impacting urban experience
> High traffic congestion, heavy urbanisation and pollution
as serious as in Milan itself;
> Growing social divide, lower social mobility;
> The increase in quality of local services
further increased local mobility
Seregno historical centre, manifacturing activities in courtyard building; inmingrant houses in
courtyard building; redeveloped courtyard buildings; Seregno railway station; suburban fabric;
mixed-use productive and residential fabric; public park; Desio historical centre; redeveloped
courtyard buildings; newly built residential area; Desio railway station…
Structural elements, living spaces, people,
governance themes, city ideas
References
> AA. VV., 2007, “Milano Boom”, Lotus International: rivista d’architettura, n.131,
pp.4-123, numero monografico, english text.
> G. Basilico, S. Boeri (1997), Sezioni del paesaggio italiano, Arti Grafiche Friulane,
Pordenone.
> Boeri S., Lanzani A., 1992, “Gli orizzonti della città diffusa / The horizons of the
dispersed city”, Casabella, n.588, pp.44-59, english text.
> Boeri S., Lanzani A., Marini E., 1993, Il territorio che cambia. Ambienti, paesaggi e
immagini della regione milanese, AIM Abitare, Segesta Cataloghi, Milano.
> Boeri S., Lanzani A., 1993, “Le tre città della regione milanese”, Casabella, n.607,
pp.18-23, english text.
> Bolocan Goldstein M., Bonfantini B. (a cura di), 2007, Milano incompiuta.
Interpretazioni urbanistiche del mutamento, Franco Angeli, Milano.
> Bonfantini B., “Urbanistica a Milano” / “Town Planning in Milan”, Urbanistica,
n.109, pp.81-138, servizio monografico, english text.
> Bonomi A., Abruzzese A. (a cura di), 2004, La città infinita, Paravia Bruno
Mondadori, Milano.
> DiAP Politecnico di Milano, 2006, La città di città. Un progetto strategico per la
regione urbana milanese, Provincia di Milano, available at:
http://www.cittadicitta.it/ (“documenti e pubblicazioni” section).
References
> Indovina F., Fregolent L., Savino M. (a cura di), 2005, L’esplosione della città,
Editrice Compositori, Bologna.
> Lanzani A., Granata E., Novak C., 2006, Esperienze e paesaggi dell’abitare. Itinerari
nella regione urbana milanese, Abitare Segesta, Milano.
> Macchi Cassia C., Orsini M. Privileggio N. Secchi M., 2004, To Milano, Per Milano,
Hoepli, Milano, english text.
> Morandi C., 2005, Milan. The great urban transformation, Marsilio, Venezia,
english text.
> Morandi C., 2005, Milano. La grande trasformazione, Marsilio, Venezia.
> OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2006, Milan
Italy, Paris, available at:
http://www.oecdbookshop.org/oecd/display.asp?lang=EN&sf1=identifiers&st1=04
2006051e1 english text.
> Palermo P.C. (a cura di), 1997, Linee di assetto e scenari evolutivi della regione
urbana milanese. Atlante delle trasformazioni insediative, Angeli, Milano
> Zardini M., (1999), ed. by, Paesaggi ibridi. Highway, Multiplicity. Skira, Milano.
Thank you for your attention!