Egypt`s country book - Rotaract Club Nicosia Aspelia

BAYNZROTARACT ALEXANDRIA MARINE PRESENTS
Egypt's country book
For our fellows in service Rotaract of Nicosia
Aspelia
2011/2012
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Table of contents
Chapter 1: Egypt through time
Chapter 2: Egyptian revolution
Chapter 3: public figures
Chapter 4: sports in Egypt
Chapter 5: places to visit
Chapter 6: recipes
Chapter 7: Rotaract in Egypt
Chapter 8: AutoCross Egypt
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Chapter 1
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Egypt through time
Egypt is the longest history of continuous state in the world for over 3000 years BC.
Where
marked Egypt existence River Nile, which is difficult for land, which was considered a catalyst
for the establishment of an ancient civilization with, as Egypt is located geographical location
linking the continents of Asia, Africa, and is linked to the continent of Europe by the
Mediterranean Sea. All of this led to the civilization known as the oldest civilization in human
history.
The Pharaonic era (Old Kingdom) Egyptian civilization evolved and crystallized the
principles of "central government" around the year 3200 BC. M. Where the King Mena
unification kingdoms of the north and south Almbartin . This era saw the rise of the state
comprehensive in all aspects of life, where to find the Egyptians hieroglyphic inscription of any Bible,
and Memphis was founded as the first capital of the country and the interest of kings to secure the
country's borders and has been active trade movement between Egypt and Sudan . And received
Egypt era of prosperity in its history known as the era of the builders of the pyramids, and
witnessed this day and age to build the first pyramid in Egypt and the world, a pyramid of
Djoser, known pyramid of Saqqara, the first stone structure in the world and held the year
2861 BC. M, and with the development of art, agriculture, industry Egyptians used first wild
river fleet to transport their products .
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(The Middle Kingdom) Comes the Middle Kingdom began from the pharaoh
Mentuhotep II in 2065 and who was a prince of good and re-unite the country and impose
order, and care of the kings of the Middle Kingdom, the projects most beneficial to the
people prospered agriculture, developed handicrafts, and produced the Egyptian artists and
engineers heritage a great spread in Luxor, Fayoum, Ain Shams .
(The era of the modern state) Egypt began a new era is the era of the modern state,
and I realized the importance of Egypt's military force to protect the country, and was the
establishment of Army forces to create a great empire stretched from the Euphrates River in
the east to the fourth cataract of the Nile River on the south . Egypt became the first
superpower in human history, and became a great empire so vast and the oldest empire in
history .
Greco era Alexander the Great succeeded in defeating the Persians in Asia Minor continued
his conquests to India, where the team used a nautical and Egyptian crew exploration ,and
before that succeeded in expelling the Persians from Egypt who did not resist the year 333
BC Alexander was crowned himself king of the Pharaohs and the development of curriculum
based on the city of Alexandria, and pilgrimage to the Temple of Amun at Siwa Oasis, which
had enjoyed an international reputation and wide at the time .
The rule of the Ptolemies and they breed that descended from Ptolemy, one of the
leaders of Alexander the closest Egypt from 333 to 30 s · m, where the ruled Egypt 15 king
Btlemya, has been the State of the Ptolemies strong in the era of kings first and then resolve
the weakness as a result of the weakness of kings · Took advantage of Romans influenced by
the situation and the independence of Egypt, where Rome has sought to extend its influence
on Egypt and the Ptolemies ruled the year 30 BC · AD during the rule of Queen Cleopatra VII,
which was the last king of Ptolemaic Egypt and ended the independence of Egypt and joined
the Romanian Empire.
The Roman era Entered the Roman Egypt in 30 BC · AD and became one of their
mandates, but has become Egypt's most important states of the empire ROMANIAN due to
their economic importance, Egypt is known at the time as the bread basket of the Romanian
State, and became the second most important cities of the empire after Rome and continued
to the University of Alexandria (old) to work. Was also famous for the glass industry, paper
and linen in addition to perfumes and cosmetics in Egypt .
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The Coptic era The Christians met in the late third century AD persecution at the hands
of Emperor Diocletian was launched at this period, the era of the large number of martyrs
killed by the Copts. And adopted by the Copts of the year in which Diocletian ascended the
throne (284 AD) was the beginning of the Coptic calendar.
Among the most prominent manifestations of this tendency of the age spread of asceticism
among Christians, which resulted in the establishment of monasticism and the establishment
of many monasteries in all parts of Egypt.
The Coptic architecture in the spirit of the ancient Pharaonic art and completed a cycle of
seminars related to art since the Pharaonic civilization, and civilization in Egypt, Greek,
Romanian, and where the churches were built in the fifth century AD model of Coptic art and
architecture.
Imaging was prevailing in the Coptic era as an extension of the way there were frequent
from earlier eras in Egypt, color photography oxides "Alvrsk" on the walls covered with a
layer of gypsum.
Just as the ancient Egyptians knew the music grew up in the Coptic era in Egypt, the art of
church music to keep pace with the trend of the musical art of ancient Egyptian tunes and
melodies, which still plays in the Coptic Church is currently bearing the names of pharaohs
such as "Tune Alsnjary" and "Tune Alatrbiny" .
The Islamic era Islam entered Egypt in the reign of Caliph Umar ibn al-Arab discourse
and led by Amr ibn al-Aas the year 641 AD. Egypt has seen during the period of Arab rule of
Islamic progress in the areas of architecture and the arts such as architecture and decoration
and inscriptions of the Islamic-style were also built many mosques, castles, and walls.
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In the Fatimid era was considered Al-Azhar mosque architecture months in the reign of the
Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt in addition to several other aspects, also built in the Ayyubid
Citadel of Salah al-Din, which is months castles city of Cairo, in addition to the wealth of
architecture that emerged in the Mamluk era.
Egypt's modern history Muhammad Ali is considered the founder of modern Egypt for his
reforms covering all aspects of life in conformity with the spirit of the modern age at the time, Egypt
began building the army forces and established a military school, and grew up in the shipbuilding
industry and Bulaq yard in Alexandria. And fix the conditions of agriculture and irrigation and
established bridges, dams, canals, and set up factories and laboratories to meet the need for the
military and selling the rest to the people, and in the field of trade work of Muhammad Ali Pasha, the
deployment of security for trade routes inland and established a fleet of foreign trade which
flourished trade movement in Egypt. And try the children of Muhammad Ali to walk in his conduct in
an attempt to catch up with European civilization, the country witnessed during the reign of Khedive
Ismail Pasha, the renaissance was the administrative reform also saw the industry and agriculture
revival and huge boom in the custody and care of construction and architecture, and established the
Opera House Kdioip, laying railway lines, and in the 1869 opened the Suez Canal to international
navigation in a major ceremony .
The Revolution of (1952) Led by Major General Muhammad Naguib and other
officers of the Egyptian revolution of July 23, 1952. Which has many of the tasks of the most
important version of the agrarian reform law, established the first five-year plan for
economic and social development in the history of Egypt in 1960 and trying to develop
industry and production has been established the High Dam 1960-1970 and help the country
in the field of education, health, construction, reconstruction and agriculture.
Israel in the June 5, 1967 attack on Egypt, Syria and Jordan and occupied the Sinai and the
Golan Heights and the West Bank to Jordan .
The Army was able to Egypt despite the enormity of the loss to express in the ordeal
steadfastness in front of Israeli forces and entered the war of attrition, and in that time he
died, "Gamal Abdel Nasser" in September 1970 .
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The October War Mohammed Anwar Sadat took power after Gamal Abdel Nasser, to
work on resolving the problems of the internal state and the preparation of Egypt to go to
war to liberate Sinai. In October 6th, 1973 at exactly noon the second, carried out the
Egyptian armed forces and the armed forces of the Syrian Arab attack on Israeli forces in
each of the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights. The war began on the Egyptian front air strike
launched by the Egyptian Air Force against the Israeli forces, crossed the Egyptian forces to
the East Bank and raised the Egyptian flag . President Anwar Sadat entered into a settlement
of Arab-Israeli conflict to find a chance of lasting peace in the Middle East, he agreed to a
treaty of peace made by Israel (Camp David) on March 26, 1979 with the participation of the
United States after that paved the visit of President Sadat to Israel in 1977, Israel withdrew
from the semi- completely in the Sinai Peninsula April 25, 1982 withdrawal while retaining
strip Taba border crossing and the Egyptian government recovered the tape later, based on
arbitration, which was in the International Court of Justice later .
Assassination of Sadat By the fall of 1981, the government's campaign of mass arrests,
including Islamic organizations and officials of the Coptic Church, writers, journalists,
intellectuals, leftists, liberals and the number of detainees in Egyptian prisons to 18000
prisoners, and that following the occurrence of signs of strife and popular unrest, rejecting
the peace with Israel and policies of the State economy . On October 6, 1981 (after 31 days
of the Declaration of the decisions of arrest), was assassinated Sadat at a military parade was
held on the occasion of the anniversary of the October War, and he led the assassination,
Khaled Islambouli of the Organization of Islamic Jihad, which was strongly opposed to the
peace agreement with Israel did not live up its campaign of repression organized by the
government in September. and his successor in the presidency, Vice President Mohammed
Hosni Mubarak .
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Mubarak era October 14, 1981 took over the presidency of Hosni Mubarak, Arab
Republic of Egypt, a popular referendum after his nomination of the People's Assembly.
October 5, 1987 was a referendum by the President of the Republic for a second term.
1993 was a referendum by the President of the Republic for a third term.
September 26, 1999, a referendum was president of the Republic for a fourth term . Has also
been elected to a new mandate in 2005, the first multi-party elections taking place in Egypt
after a constitutional amendment .
The Revolution of 25 january On January 25, 2011 the revolution pure Egyptian
youth civil claim demands of the most important of 'Mubarak' stepped down for governing
the country . On February 11, 2011 stepped down "Hosni Mubarak" for the presidency of
Egypt . At the February 12 receipt of the Supreme Council of Egyptian armed forces for the
conduct of governance of the country and other things that rolled on the basis of suspending
the Constitution and solve the People's Assembly and Shura Council and prepare a time plan
for elections free and fair presidential .
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Chapter 2
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Egyptian revolution 2011
For the last 30 years, Egypt was in a state of drift and decline and, as a result, so was the
Arab world at large. Egypt has now been awakened by its youth in a unique way not to fight
Israel, or America, but in a quest for personal empowerment, dignity and freedom. In this
part of the world, people have very sensitive antennae for legitimacy and authenticity
because they have been fed so many lies by their leaders. Because Egypt’s democracy
revolution is so homegrown because the young people who led it suffered more dead to
liberate Egypt than the entire Egyptian Army has suffered since the 1973 war to defend it,
this movement here has enormous Arab street creed and that is why, if it succeeds (and the
odds are still long), other young Arabs and Muslims will emulate it.
Reasons for the revolution
Inheritance of Power
Gamal Mubarak, the younger of Mubarak's two sons, begins being groomed to be his
father's successor as the next president of Egypt around the year 2000. Gamal started
receiving considerable attention in the Egyptian media, as there were no other apparent
heirs to the presidency. Bashar al-Assad's rise to power in Syria in June 2000, just hours after
Hafez al-Assad's death sparked a heated debate in the Egyptian press regarding the
prospects for a similar scenario occurring in Cairo.
In the years after Mubarak's 2005 reelection several political groups (most in Egypt are
unofficial) on both the left and the right, announced their sharp opposition to the
inheritance of power. They demanded political change and asked for a fair election with
more than one candidate. In 2006, with opposition rising, The Daily News Egypt reported on
an online campaign initiative called the National Initiative against Power Inheritance which
demanded Gamal reduce his power. The campaign stated, "President Mubarak and his son
constantly denied even the possibility of [succession]. However, in reality they did the
opposite, including amending the constitution to make sure that Gamal will be the only
unchallenged candidate."
Over the course of the decade perception grew that Gamal would succeed his father. He
wielded increasing power as NDP deputy secretary general, in addition to a post he held
heading the party's policy committee. Analysts went so far as describing Mubarak's last
decade in power as “the age of Gamal Mubarak.” With Mubarak’s health declining and the
leader refusing to appoint a vice-president, Gamal was considered by some to be Egypt's defacto president.
Both Gamal and Hosni Mubarak continued to deny that an inheritance would take place.
There was talk, however, of Gamal being elected; with Hosni Mubarak's presidential term
set to expire in 2010 there was speculation Gamal would run as the NDP party's candidate in
2011.
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After the January–February 2011 protest, Gamal Mubarak stated that he would not be
running for the presidency in the 2011 elections.
Emergency law
An emergency law (Law No. 162 of 1958) was enacted after the 1967 Six-Day War. It was
suspended for 18 months in the early 1980s and has otherwise continuously been in effect
since President Sadat's 1981 assassination. Under the law, police powers are extended,
constitutional rights suspended, censorship is legalised, and the government may imprison
individuals indefinitely and without reason. The law sharply limits any non-governmental
political activity, including street demonstrations, non-approved political organizations, and
unregistered financial donations. The
Mubarak government has cited the threat of terrorism in order to extend the emergency
law, claiming that opposition groups like the Muslim Brotherhood could come into power in
Egypt if the current government did not forgo parliamentary elections and suppress the
group through actions allowed under emergency law. This has led to the imprisonment of
activists without trials, illegal undocumented hidden detention facilities, and rejecting
university, mosque, and newspaper staff members based on their political inclination. A
parliamentary election in December 2010 was preceded by a media crackdown, arrests,
candidate bans (particularly of the Muslim Brotherhood), and allegations of fraud involving
the near-unanimous victory by the ruling party in parliament. Human rights organizations
estimate that in 2010 between 5,000 and 10,000 people were in long-term detention
without charge or trial.
Police brutality
According to a report from the U.S. Embassy in Egypt, police brutality has been common and
widespread in Egypt. In the five years prior to the revolution, the Mubarak regime denied
the existence of torture or abuse carried out by the police. However, many claims by
domestic and international groups provided evidence through cellphone videos or first-hand
accounts of hundreds of cases of police abuse.
According to the 2009 Human Rights Report by the U.S. State Department, "Domestic and
international human rights groups reported that the Ministry of Interior (MOI) State Security
Investigative Service (SSIS), police, and other government entities continued to employ
torture to extract information or force confessions. The Egyptian Organization for Human
Rights documented 30 cases of torture during the year 2009. In numerous trials defendants
alleged that police tortured them during questioning. During the year activists and observers
circulated some amateur cellphone videos documenting the alleged abuse of citizens by
security officials. For example, on 8 February, a blogger posted a video of two police officers,
identified by their first names and last initials, sodomizing a bound naked man named
Ahmed Abdel Fattah Ali with a bottle. On 12 August, the same blogger posted two videos of
alleged police torture of a man in a Port Said police station by the head of investigations,
Mohammed Abu Ghazala. There was no indication that the government investigated either
case."
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The deployment of plainclothes forces paid by Mubarak's ruling party, Baltageya, has been a
hallmark of the Mubarak government. The Egyptian Organisation for Human Rights has
documented 567 cases of torture, including 167 deaths, by police that occurred between
1993 and 2007. Excessive force was often used by law enforcement agencies. The police
forces constantly squelched democratic uprisings with brutal force and corrupt tactics. On 6
June 2010 Khaled Mohamed Saeed died under disputed circumstances in the Sidi Gaber area
of Alexandria. Multiple witnesses testified that Saeed was beaten to death by the police. A
Facebook page called "We are all Khaled Said" helped bring nationwide attention to the
case. Mohamed ElBaradei, former head of the International Atomic Energy Agency, led a
rally in 2010 in Alexandria against alleged abuses by the police and visited Saeed's family to
offer condolences.
During the January February 2011 protests, police brutality was high in response to the
protests. Jack Shenker, a reporter for The Guardian, was arrested during the mass protests in
Cairo on 26 January 2011. He witnessed fellow Egyptian protesters being tortured,
assaulted, and taken to undisclosed locations by police officers. Shenker and other detainees
were released after one of his fellow detainees' well-known father, Ayman Nour, covertly
intervened.
Corruption in government elections
Corruption, coercion to not vote, and manipulation of election results occurred during many
of the elections over 30 years. Until 2005, Mubarak was the only candidate to run for the
presidency, on a yes/no vote. Mubarak won five consecutive presidential elections with a
sweeping majority. Opposition groups and international election monitoring agencies
accused the elections of being rigged. These agencies have not been allowed to monitor the
elections. The only opposing presidential candidate in recent Egyptian history, Ayman Nour,
was imprisoned before the 2005 elections. According to a 2007 UN survey, voter turnout
was extremely low (around 25%) because of the lack of trust in the corrupt representational
system.
Restrictions on free speech and press
Even though the Egyptian constitution provides for the universal freedom of speech (Egypt
Constitution, Article 47 – 49), the government has frequently sanctioned home raids,
torture, arrests, and fining of bloggers and reporters that criticize the government in any
way. Under the current state of emergency laws, the government can censor anything if it is
considered a threat to “public safety and national security”. If any reporter or blogger
violates this law by criticizing the government, they could be legally penalized with a fine of
20,000 pounds ($3,650) and up to five years in prison. The Moltaqa Forum for Development
and Human Rights Dialogue reported that between January and March 2009, 57 journalists
from 13 newspapers faced legal penalties for their governmental critiques. The Egyptian
government owns stock in the three largest daily newspapers. The government controls the
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licensing and distribution of all papers in Egypt. The Egyptian government shut down the
Internet to most of Egypt during the recent protests in order to limit communication
between protest groups.
Demographic and economic challenges
Population pyramid in 2005. Many of those 30 and younger are educated citizens who are
experiencing difficulty finding work.
The population of Egypt grew from 30,083,419 in 1966 to roughly 79,000,000 by 2008. The
vast majority of Egyptians live in the limited spaces near the banks of the Nile River, in an
area of about 40,000 square kilometers (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable land is found.
In late 2010 around 40% of Egypt's population of just under 80 million lived on the fiscal
income equivalent of roughly US$2 per day, with a large part of the population relying on
subsidized goods.
According to the Peterson Institute for International Economics and other proponents of
demographic structural approach (cliodynamics), a basic problem in Egypt is unemployment
driven by a demographic youth bulge: with the number of new people entering the job force
at about 4% a year, unemployment in Egypt is almost 10 times as high for college graduates
as it is for people who have gone through elementary school, particularly educated urban
youth—the same people who were out in the streets during the revolution.
Poor living conditions and economic conditions
Egypt's economy was highly centralised during the tenure of President Gamal Abdel Nasser
but opened up considerably under President Anwar Sadat and Mubarak. From 2004 to 2008
the Mubarak-led government aggressively pursued economic reforms to attract foreign
investment and facilitate GDP growth, but postponed further economic reforms because of
global economic turmoil. The international economic downturn slowed Egypt's GDP growth
to 4.5% in 2009. In 2010 analysts said the government of Prime Minister Ahmed Nazif would
need to restart economic reforms to attract foreign investment, boost growth, and improve
economic conditions. Despite high levels of national economic growth over the past few
years, living conditions for the average Egyptian remained poor, though better than many
other countries in Africa.
Corruption among government officials
Political corruption in the Mubarak administration's Ministry of Interior rose dramatically
due to the increased level of control over the institutional system necessary to prolong the
presidency. The rise to power of powerful businessmen in the NDP, in the government, and
in the People's Assembly led to massive waves of anger during the years of Prime Minister
Ahmed Nazif's government. An example is Ahmed Ezz's monopolising the steel industry in
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Egypt by holding more than 60% of the market share. Aladdin Elaasar, an Egyptian
biographer and an American professor, estimated that the Mubarak family was worth from
$50 to $70 billion.
The wealth of Ahmed Ezz, the former NDP Organisation Secretary, was estimated to be
18 billion Egyptian pounds; the wealth of former Housing Minister Ahmed al-Maghraby was
estimated to be more than 11 billion Egyptian pounds; the wealth of former Minister of
Tourism Zuhair Garrana is estimated to be 13 billion Egyptian pounds; the wealth of former
Minister of Trade and Industry, Rashid Mohamed Rashid, is estimated to be 12 billion
Egyptian pounds; and the wealth of former Interior Minister Habib al-Adly was estimated to
be 8 billion Egyptian pounds.
The perception among Egyptians was that the only people to benefit from the nation's
wealth were businessmen with ties to the National Democratic Party; "wealth fuels political
power and political power buys wealth."
During the Egyptian parliamentary election, 2010, opposition groups complained of
harassment and fraud perpetrated by the government. Opposition and civil society activists
called for changes to a number of legal and constitutional provisions which affect elections.
In 2010, Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) report assessed
Egypt with a CPI score of 3.1, based on perceptions of the degree of corruption from
business people and country analysts (with 10 being clean and 0 being totally corrupt).
The revolution timeline
25 January 2011: The "Day of Revolt": Protests erupted throughout Egypt, with tens of
thousands of protesters gathered in Cairo and thousands more in cities throughout Egypt.
The protests targeted President Hosni Mubarak's government, and mostly adhered to nonviolence. There were some reports of civilian and police casualties.
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26 January 2011: "Shutting down The Internet and Mobile Services": After several Facebook
groups were created and tweets (from Twitter) called for mass demonstrations, the Egyptian
government shut down internet access for most of the country. This was done to cripple one
of the protesters' main organizational tools and to impede the flow of news and people.
28 January 2011: The "Friday of Anger" protests began. Hundreds of thousands
demonstrated in Cairo and other Egyptian cities after Friday prayers. Opposition leader
Mohamed ElBaradei arrived in Cairo. There were reports of looting. Prisons were opened
and burned down, allegedly on orders from then-Minister of the Interior Habib El Adly.
Prison inmates escaped en masse, in what was believed to be an attempt to terrorise
protesters. Police forces were withdrawn from the streets, and the military was deployed.
International fears of violence grew, but no major casualties were reported. President Hosni
Mubarak made his first address to the nation and pledged to form a new government. Later
that night clashes broke out in Tahrir Square between revolutionaries and pro-Mubarak
demonstrators, leading to the injury of several and the death of some.
29 January 2011: The military presence in Cairo increased. A curfew was declared, but was
widely ignored as the flow of defiant protesters to Tahrir Square continued throughout the
night. The military reportedly refused to follow orders to fire live ammunition, and exercised
restraint overall. There were no reports of major casualties.
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1 February 2011: Mubarak made another televised address and offered several concessions.
He pledged to not run for another term in the elections planned for September, and pledged
political reforms. He stated he would stay in office to oversee a peaceful transition. Small
but violent clashes began that night between pro-Mubarak and anti-Mubarak groups.
2 February 2011: "Battle of the Camel". Violence escalated as waves of Mubarak supporters
met anti-government protesters, and some Mubarak supporters rode on camels and horses
into Tahrir Square, reportedly wielding swords and sticks. President Mubarak reiterated his
refusal to step down in interviews with several news agencies. Incidents of violence toward
journalists and reporters escalated amid speculation that the violence was being encouraged
by Mubarak as a way to bring the protests to an end.
6 February 2011: A multifaith Sunday Mass was held with Egyptian Christians and Egyptian
Muslims in Tahrir Square. Negotiations involving Egyptian Vice President Omar Suleiman and
representatives of the opposition commenced amid continuing protests throughout the
nation. The Egyptian army assumed greater security responsibilities, maintaining order and
guarding The Egyptian Museum of Antiquity. Suleiman offered reforms, while others of
Mubarak's regime accused foreign nations, including the US, of interfering in Egypt’s affairs.
10 February 2011: Mubarak formally addressed Egypt amid speculation of a military coup,
but rather than resigning (as was widely expected), he simply stated he would delegate
some of his powers to Vice President Suleiman, while continuing as Egypt's head of state.
Reactions to Mubarak's statement were marked by anger, frustration and disappointment,
and throughout various cities there was an escalation of the number and intensity of
demonstrations.
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11 February 2011: The "Friday of Departure": Massive protests continued in many cities as
Egyptians refused the concessions announced by Mubarak. Finally, at 6:00 pm local time,
Suleiman announced Mubarak's resignation, entrusting the Supreme Council of Egyptian
Armed Forces with the leadership of the country. Nationwide celebrations immediately
followed.
13 February 2011: The Supreme Council dissolved Egypt’s parliament and suspended the
Constitution in response to demands by demonstrators. The council declared that it would
hold power for six months, or until elections could be held. Calls were made for the council
to provide more details and specific timetables and deadlines. Major protests subsided but
did not end. In a gesture to a new beginning, protesters cleaned up and renovated Tahrir
Square, the epicenter of the demonstrations, although many pledged they would continue
protests until all the demands had been met.
17 February 2011: The army stated it would not field a candidate in the upcoming
presidential elections. Four important figures of the former regime were detained on that
day: former interior minister Habib el-Adly, former minister of housing Ahmed Maghrabi
former tourism minister Zuheir Garana, and steel tycoon Ahmed Ezz.
2 March 2011: The constitutional referendum was tentatively scheduled for 19 March 2011.
3 March 2011: A day before large protests against him were planned, Ahmed Shafik stepped
down as Prime Minister and was replaced by Essam Sharaf.
5 March 2011: Several State Security Intelligence (SSI) buildings were raided across Egypt by
protesters, including the headquarters for Alexandria Governorate and the main national
headquarters in Nasr City, Cairo. Protesters stated they raided the buildings to secure
documents they believed to show various crimes committed by the SSI against the people of
Egypt during Mubarak's rule.
6 March 2011: From the Nasr City headquarters, protesters acquired evidence of mass
surveillance and vote rigging, and noted rooms full of videotapes, piles of shredded and
burned documents, and cells where activists recounted their experiences of detention and
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torture.
19 March 2011: The constitutional referendum was held and passed by 77.27%.
22 March 2011: Parts of the Interior Ministry building caught fire during police
demonstrations outside.
23 March 2011: The Egyptian Cabinet orders a law criminalising protests and strikes that
hampers work at private or public establishments. Under the new law, anyone organising or
calling for such
protests will be sentenced to jail and/or a fine of LE500,000 (~100,000 USD).
1 April 2011: The "Save the Revolution" day: Approximately four thousand demonstrators
filled Tahrir Square for the largest protest in weeks, demanding that the ruling military
council move faster to dismantle lingering aspects of the old regime. Protestors demanded
trial for Hosni Mubarak, Gamal Mubarak, Ahmad Fathi Sorour, Safwat El-Sherif and Zakaria
Azmi as well.
8 April 2011: The "Friday of Cleaning": Hundreds of thousands of demonstrators again filled
Tahrir Square, criticizing the ruling Supreme Council of the Armed Forces for not following
through on revolutionary demands. They demanded the resignation of remaining regime
figures and the removal of Egypt’s public prosecutor due to the slow pace of investigations
of corrupt former officials.
27 May 2011: The "Second Friday of Anger" (a.k.a "Second Revolution of Anger" or "The
Second Revolution"): Tens of thousands of demonstrators filled Tahrir Square in Egypt's
capital Cairo, besides[citation needed] perhaps demonstrators in each of Alexandria, Suez,
Ismailia, Gharbeya and other areas; in the largest demonstrations since ousting Mubarak's
Regime. Protestors demanded No Military Trials for Civilians, the Egyptian Constitution to be
made before the Parliament Elections and for all the old regime gang and those who killed
protestors in January and February to be put on fair Trial.
1 July 2011: The "Friday of Retribution"; Hundreds of thousands of protesters gathered in
Suez, Alexandria and Tahrir Square in Cairo, to voice frustration with the ruling Supreme
Council of the Armed Forces for what they called the slow pace of change five months after
the revolution, some also feared that the military is to rule Egypt indefinitely.
8 July 2011: The "Friday of Determination"; Hundreds of thousands of protesters gathered in
Suez, Alexandria and Tahrir Square in Cairo. They demanded immediate reforms and swifter
prosecution of former officials from the ousted government.
15 July 2011"': Hundreds of thousands continue to protest in Tahrir Square.
23 July 2011: Thousands of protesters try to march to the Defense Ministry. They are met
with thugs that have sticks, stones, cocktails and other things. The protests are set off by a
speech commemorating the 1952 coup led by Mohammed Tantawi.
1 August 2011: Egyptian soldiers clash with protesters, tearing down tents. Over 66 people
were arrested. Most Egyptians supported the military's action.
6 August 2011 Hundreds of protesters gathered and prayed in Tahrir Square. After they were
done, they were attacked by the military.
9 September 2011: The "2011 Israeli embassy attack"; The"Friday of Correcting the Path";
Tens of thousands of people protested Suez, Alexandria, Cairo, and other cites. Islamist
protesters were absent.
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9 October 2011: The "Maspero demonstrations"; Late into the evening of 9 October, during
a protest that was held in Maspiro, peaceful Egyptian protesters, calling for the dissolution
the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, the resignation of its chairman, Field Marshal
Mohamed Tantawi, and the dismissal of the governor of Aswan province, were attacked by
military police. At least 25 people were killed and more than 200 wounded.
19 November 2011: Clashes first erupt in Tahrir Square as demonstrators reoccupy the
location in central Cairo. Central Security Forces deploy tear gas in an attempt to control the
situation.
20 November 2011: Police forces attempt to forcibly clear the square, but protesters soon
return in more than twice their original numbers. Fierce fighting breaks out and continues
through the night, with the police again using tear gas, beating and shooting demonstrators.
21 November 2011: Demonstrators return to the square, with Coptic Christians standing
guard as Muslims protesting the regime pause for prayers. The Health Ministry says at least
23 have died and over 1,500 have been wounded since 19 November. Solidarity protests are
held in Alexandria, Suez, and at least five other major Egyptian cities. Dissident journalist
Hossam el-Hamalawy tells Al Jazeera
that Egyptians will launch a general strike because they have "had enough" of the SCAF.
23 January 2012: Democratically-elected representatives of the People’s Assembly met for
the first time since Egypt’s revolution, and the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces
transferred legislative authority to them .
24 January 2012: Military ruler Field Marshal Hussein Tantawi said the decades-old state of
emergency will be lifted partially on Wednesday 25 January.
Role of the Egyptian army
The army's first statement on the 10th of February 2011 talked about protecting the
ambitions of the Egyptian people. It also supported the legitimate demands of the people. It
talked about the necessary measures that could be taken to protect the country, its gains
and the aspirations of the Egyptian people.
The Military institution's efforts to protect the demonstrators' security was the centre of
attention and admiration indicated in the various official media reports. These reports said
that the army played the role of a "good mediator" during the events, when it refused to use
violence against the people. The army did not even interfere. Many sources hinted to what
they had described as the feelings of "love and appreciation" which the Egyptians expressed
towards the army in the wake of the army's handling the situation after the security chaos
on the 28th of January. The people lifted up the slogan of "the army and the people join
hands" and that the army protected the protestors.
The Egyptian army faces the state of security chaos:
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This period witnessed intensified efforts exerted by the armed forces to confront the state
of security chaos after Friday 28th of January and the withdrawal of the police forces from
their positions. Among these efforts are:
Confronting the attempt made to storm the central bank of Egypt
The army dispersed the protestors when the protestors tried to storm the ministry of the
Interior.
The armed forces guarded the vital facilities when the Egyptian army sent additional troops
to Cairo. The armed forces also arrested 3113 outlaws and sent them to the military court.
The army secured the protests and protected their safety and peacefulness.
With the help of the civil defense, the army could control the fire flames resulting from an
explosion targeted at the gas pipeline between Egypt and Jordan, without any human
casualties.
The armed forces spread all over the town of kharjah at Al-wadi Al-jadid governorate. They
succeeded in controlling the situation as the town witnessed an unprecedented security
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The Revolution main demands
short term demands:
Husni Mubarak, from the presidency, and the
appointment of the General, ‘Umar Sulayman, as president of a transitional government,
with a term of no more than six-months, on condition that he agree not to run for the
presidency except after the completion of a full intervening presidential term.
constitution and to draft a new constitution for the country, one that guarantees dignity,
freedom and social justice; that provides expressly for the separation of powers, and judicial
and international supervision of elections.
Consultative Assembly, and the conducting of free and fair parliamentary elections so that
the constitution can be debated by lawful representatives who truly represent the people.
Long term demands:
th
of January with a strength, courage, boldness and
heroism that had been unprecedented for the people of Egypt and completely unexpected;
those with lesser degrees;
To confront the unemployment that has destroyed the lives of Egyptian youth;
they seek work and food to lessen the burden their families bear;
est the lines for [even] propane bottles and bread;
world, not an education that allows the world to mock us
iterate;
with idling our time in cafes;
international markets at the lowest of prices;
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-years of policies built on the strangling of dreams in their
cradles and the destruction of hopes, [the rulers] taking their inspiration from the latest
fashions in war and torture;
aves and the rich masters;
fact they have been made worse than cattle.
become a state of institutions and multiple parties.
Continuty of the reveloution
It all begun on tuesday 25\1\2011 , a lesson all Egyptians learned a lesson from the heart of cairo
Tahrir square . 1 year , 2 months passed since then but the revolution is still continuing , Not ony
because our main demands arent achieved yet but also to owner those who died trying to pull the
curtains away off our eyes .
The revolution wasnt only to make mubarak resign , Egyptians revolted for their rights to have (
bread , freedom and social equality ) . The fact that mubarak isnt the president any more is not
enough , the problem was not only in mubarak , it was and still in all the governmental and military
system .
The revolution continue because :
1) 2500 people were killed , 600000 were injured (men , women , youth and kids ) and nobody is
punished for killing them .
2)Because the freedom we have is Fictitious not real .
3)Because the police did not stop brutality and corruption .
4) The corruption of peoples assembly elections .
5)Because they are still killing the Revolutionaries and they are calling them thugs that are trying to
mess egypts security.
6)Because of Loose security .
7) Because out of hundreds of demands only 3 are achieved . And alot more .
Egyptians refuse to be ruled by any other Mubarak , so we will continue with our revolution to the
last breath against all difficulties and death to achieve our goal , have our rights and owner all who
died . We wont giveup because no one on earth should have the ability to prevent people from
their human rights .
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Chapter 3
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Public figures
Ahmed Zewail :
Chemist Ahmed H. Zewail was born February 26, 1946, Damanhur, Egypt. In 1999 he won
the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for developing a rapid laser technique that enabled scientists
to study the action of atoms during chemical reactions and gain more control over the
outcome. The breakthrough created a new field of physical chemistry known as
Femtochemistry.
After receiving B.S. (1967) and M.S. (1969) degrees from the University of Alexandria, Zewail
attended the University of Pennsylvania, where he earned a doctorate in 1974. Two years
later he joined the faculty at the California Institute of Technology and in 1990 was selected
as the school's first Linus Pauling professor of chemical physics. Zewail also served as a
visiting professor at a number of institutions, including Texas A&M University, the University
of Iowa, and American University at Cairo.
Because chemical reactions last only 10 to 100 femtoseconds (fs) .one femtosecond is
0.000000000000001 second, or 10-15 .many believed it would be impossible to study the
events that constitute a reaction. In the late 1980s, however, Zewail was able to view the
motion of atoms and molecules using a method based on new laser technology capable of
producing light flashes just tens of femtoseconds in duration. During the process, known as
femtosecond spectroscopy, molecules were mixed together in a vacuum tube in which an
ultrafast laser beamed two pulses. The first pulse supplied the energy for the reaction and
the second examined the ongoing action. The characteristic spectra, or light patterns, from
the molecules were then studied to determine the structural changes of the molecules.
Zewail's discovery enabled scientists to gain more control over the outcome of the chemical
reaction, and it was expected to have many applications.
“With femtosecond spectroscopy we can for the first time observe in slow motion' what
happens as the reaction barrier is crossed,” the Nobel Assembly said. “Scientists the world
over are studying processes with femtosecond spectroscopy in gases, in fluids and in solids,
on surfaces and in polymers. Applications range from how catalysts function and how
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molecular electronic components must be designed, to the most delicate mechanisms in life
processes and how the medicines of the future should be produced.”
Om Kalthoum:
Om Kalthoum, the famous Egyptian singer. She was born most probably in 1898 at Tamay El
Zahira village – Daqahlia. She was a typical country girl who started her life by reciting the
Koran and singing religious songs specially the Tawashih and Mawawil .
She became very popular at the small village’s special celebrations particularly the Moulids
(Muslim Saints’ birthdays). It is most significant that at the time, the nineteen twenties, most
of the popular songs were of very low quality especially theme and lyrics wise; example of
that was the song “Shut the curtain so that the neighbors don’t see us”. At that early age Om
Kalthoum was introduced to Abu El Ela Mohamed who taught her the proper principles of
Arabic singing and composed few songs for her .
Consequently, this ambitious unprecedented talent succeeded to elevate the quality of
Arabic songs from the level of years nineteen twenties to a very sophisticated classical level
of songs. She sang poems written by Ahmed Shawki, Khayam, Hafez Ibrahim and many other
world wide famous poets. After a while she became the queen of Arabic singers to the
extent that she used to perform publicly every first Thursday of the month which was
ceaselessly broadcasted on Radio .
During her performance you would not find people walking in the streets in most of the
Capitals and cities of the different Arab countries. Every body stayed at home listening
attentively to Om Kalthoum who had the talent to nourish the souls, entertain the ears and
fill every Arab from east to west and north to south with great joy as if a goddess descending
from heaven, as if Isis reincarnated .
Her performance would continue for between three and five hours. Her main music
composer at the beginning was Mohamed El Kassabgy then she collaborated with a duet
formed of Ryad Al Sonbaty, the Music composer, and Ahmed Rami, the poet and lyrics
writer. She also sang for the composer Zakaria Ahmed and the lyrics writer Beiram Al Tunsi .
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During the last decade of her life she finally joined the most famous musician Mohamed Abd
El Wahab in what was known as “the summit meeting” which was first realized in the song
“Inta-Omry” or “you are my life”. Then it was followed by ten other songs. During that same
period, Om- Kalthoum started working with many other young musicians such as Mohamed
Almougy, Baleigh Hamdi, Sayed Mekawi…etc .
As we can see Om Kalthoum had enriched the musical cultural heritage of Egypt as well as
the Arab world. She became a symbol of Arab unity and leadership in Arabic singing. That is
why, when the center for documentation of cultural and natural heritage (Cultnat) started
its program to document the Egyptian musical Heritage, it started with Om-Kalthoum.
Cultnat produced a book containing a list of all her work as well as the integral lyrics of her
songs.
The book was accompanied by a CD that contained extracts from her songs starting from the
beginning of her musical life until she died.
"During the 1950s and 1960s Umm Kulthum expanded her role in Egyptian public life. She
granted more interviews during which she spoke about her life, repeatedly identifying
herself as a villager, a fallahah or peasant, who shared a cultural background and essential
values with the majority of the Egyptian populace. Her interviews were full of stories of her
family, her neighbors, and the familial qualities of village life.
She cultivated the position of spokeswoman for various causes. She advocated
governmental support of Arabic music and musicians, she endowed a charitable foundation
and, most importantly, after the Egyptian defeat in the 1967 war, she began a series of
domestic and international concerts for Egypt. She travelled throughout Egypt and the Arab
world, collecting contributions and donating the proceeds of her performances to the
government of Egypt. These concerts were much publicized and took on the character of
state visits. Umm Kulthum was entertained by heads of state, she toured cultural
monuments, and, in interviews, repeated her views concerning the importance of support
for indigenous Arab culture. More than a musician, she became 'the voice and face of
Egypt'."
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Farouk El-Baz :
Farouk El-Baz is an Egyptian American scientist who worked with NASA to assist in the
planning of scientific exploration of the Moon, including the selection of landing sites for the
Apollo missions and the training of astronauts in lunar observations and photography.
Currently, El-Baz is a Research Professor and is the Director of the Center for Remote
Sensing at Boston University in Boston, Massachusetts. He is also an Adjunct Professor
of Geology at the Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. He is also a
member of the Board of Trustees of the Geological Society of America Foundation in
Boulder, Colorado, and a member of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering,
Washington, DC.
El-Baz was born on January 2, 1938. He received the following academic degrees
throughout his lifetime:
- A Bachelor's of Science in Chemistry and Geology from Ain Shams University at the age
of 20.
- A Master's of Science in Geology from the Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy in
1961.
- A Ph.D of Philosophy in Geology from the Missouri University of Science and
Technology in 1964 after conducting research from 1962 to 1963 at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology.
- An Honorary Ph.D of Science from New England College in 1989.
During the past 20 years in his research at Boston University, El-Baz has utilized satellite
images to better understand the origin and evolution of desert landforms. He is credited
with providing evidence that the desert is not man-made, but is the result of major
climatic variations.
In 1999, the Geological Society of America Foundation (GSAF) established the Farouk ElBaz Award for Desert Research, to annually reward excellence in arid land studies. In
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2007, the GSAF also established the Farouk El-Baz Student Research Award to encourage
desert research.
Abdul Latif Abou Heif :
Abdul Latif Abou Heif of Egypt was inducted in the International Marathon Swimming Hall of
Fame in 1964 and in the International Swimming Hall of Fame in 1998. He is widely
considered to be the best marathon swimmer of the 20th century.
Abou Heif, known as the Crocodile of the Nile, enjoyed a tremendously successful and
lengthy marathon swimming career from 1953 to 1972. In 2001, he was voted Marathon
Swimmer of the Century by the International Swimming Hall of Fame. He won the longest
professional swim to date, 96.5K (60 miles) in Lake Michigan in 34 hours and 45 minutes and
competed in 68 international races where he won 25 titles.
He won races between 30K (18.6 miles) and 80K (49.7 miles) in water temperatures ranging
between 12-28.8°C (54-84°F) in France, Italy, United States, Canada, Argentina, Lebanon,
England, Yugoslavia, Mexico and Holland. He won the 1955 Butlin English Channel race in 11
hours and 44 minutes and was the 1964, 1965, and 1968 World Professional Marathon
Swimming Federation champion. He won the 37K (23-mile) la Descente ou remontée du
Saguenay in 1968 after returning from the Egyptian-Israel War of 1967 in 9 hours and 10
minutes in 1968 and in 1969 when the race was called after 30.5K (19 miles) before of
worsening conditions.
In a country where marathon swimming is the premier sport, Abdel Latif Abou Heif is Egypt's
national hero. Revered and respected, his fellow countrymen bow down to him, streets and
buildings are named after him and when the great Abouheif speaks, people listen. To the
rest of the world, he is an extraordinary phenomenon.
Very few other marathon swimmers can match the achievements of this amazing long
distance swimmer. His death defying distance swims and open water races have been held
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in most of the major bodies of water in the world and under extreme conditions. For
example, in a swim hosted by ISHOF Gold Medallion recipient Jim Moran, Abou Heif
accomplished the 60 mile Lake Michigan Crossing of 1963, spending 34 hours 45 minutes in
the chilly 52 degree F. water. In 1962, he spent over 9 hours in the 84 degree F. water,
completing the 23 mile Mar Del Plata swim in Argentina. But like all of his swims, he
endures, takes himself to the limit and recovers.
Between 1953 and 1972, he competed in over 68 international races of lengths from 30k to
80 kilometers. In 1964, 1965 and 1968, he was the World Professional Marathon Swimming
Federation Champion of a circuit of races held in Canada, United States, Italy and South
America. Of these 68 races he most often finished first and in only 12 races did he finish
below third place. International competitions were hosted by France, Argentina, Lebanon,
England, Yugoslavia, Mexico and Holland.
Abouheif was born in 1929, the eighth of fifteen children and the son of a school teacher
and Parliamentary member. He received his secondary education at Eaton and Sandhurst
Military Academy in England. He returned to Egypt to serve in the army rising to the rank of
colonel. Along the way he learned to play the piano, speak six languages, marry a beautiful
Greek opera singer and become the world's professional swimming champion.
Abou Heif's, five foot and ten inch frame that weighs between 200 and 240 pounds, is well
covered with fat to endure the exposure to cold water. His eating had no rules and he would
eat anything that smelled good at the time, which, before a race, could include two whole
roast chickens and a quart of orange juice and milk.
If an emblem were made that represents Abou Heif and his feats, it would have a big set of
beautiful white teeth amidst a friendly grin and a picture of a huge stomach. He became the
greatest marathon swimmer in the history of the sport and set the standards for today's
open water swimmers.
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Magdy Yacoub
Sir Magdi Habib Yacoub, born 16 November 1935 in Bilbeis, Sharqia Governorate,Egypt, is
Professor of Cardiothoracic Surgery at Imperial College London.
Yacoub's major achievements:
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establishing heart transplantation in UK and becoming the world's leading transplant
surgeon
establishing and becoming a master of the "Ross Procedure" or pulmonary autograft,
including a randomised control trial
pioneering the modern arterial switch operation
promoting the use of left ventricular assist devices for the 'Bridge to Recovery' and
establishing the largest experience in the world
establishing the Heart Science Centre, Magdi Yacoub Institute for research into the
causes and treatment of cardiac disease
establishing the Chain of Hope Charity which provides cardiothoracic surgical care to the
developing world
championing academic medicine, humanitarian surgery and becoming an example of a
minority surgeon who flourished in institution-dominated field.
He was involved in the restart of UK heart transplantion in 1980 (there had been
moratorium following the series of three performed by Donald Ross in 1968), carried out the
first UK live lobe lung transplant and went on to perform more transplants than any other
surgeon in the world. A 1980 patient, Derrick Morris, was Europe's longest surviving heart
transplant recipient until his death in July 2005.
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Early life and career
The son of a surgeon, Yacoub studied at Cairo University and qualified as a doctor in 1957.
He reportedly said he decided to specialise in heart surgery after an aunt died of heart
disease in her early 20s. He moved to Britain in 1962, then taught at The University of
Chicago. He became a consultant cardiothoracic surgeon at Harefield Hospital in 1973.
The Harefield transplant programme
Under his leadership, the Harefield Hospital transplant programme began in 1980 and by the
end of the decade he and his team had performed 1000 of the procedures and Harefield
Hospital had become the leading UK transplant centre. During this period there was an
increase in post-operative survival rates, a reduction in the recovery periods spent in
isolation and in the financial cost of each procedure. In order to remove donor hearts, he
would travel thousands of miles each year in small aircraft or helicopters. Most of his
patients received treatment under the National Health Service, but some private foreign
patients were also treated.
He was appointed professor at the National Heart and Lung Institute in 1986, and was
involved in the development of the techniques of heart and heart-lung transplantation.
Recent work
Having retired from performing surgery for the National Health Service in 2001 at the age of
65, Yacoub continues to act as a high-profile consultant and ambassador for the benefits of
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transplant surgery. He continues to operate on children through his charity, The Chain of
Hope.
In 2006 he briefly came out of retirement to advise on a complicated procedure which
required removing a transplant heart from a patient whose own heart had recovered. The
patient's original heart had not been removed during transplant surgery nearly a decade
earlier in the hope it might recover.[5]
In April 2007, it was reported that a British medical research team led by Yacoub had grown
part of a human heart valve, from stem cells, a first.
Other activities and achievements
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He is also notable for saving many lives by pioneering a technique for 'switching' the
heart vessels of babies born with transposition of the great arteries, a congenital heart
defectin which the two major vessels carrying blood out of the heart, the aorta and the
pulmonary artery, are switched.
In 1995 he founded the UK charity Chain of Hope. This charity aims to provide children
suffering from life-threatening disease with the corrective surgery and treatment to
which they do not have access.
Among celebrities whose lives he extended was the comedian, Eric Morecambe. He was
also known to have treated the famous Egyptian actor Omar Sharif, urging the latter to
give up the cigarettes that had led to his heart attack.
In 2002 he was selected to spearhead a government recruitment drive for overseas
doctors.
He has had a house named after him at The Petchey Academy which opened in
September 2006.
He is one of few masters and teachers in the world of the highly technically demanding
"Ross Procedure".
He established the Aswan Heart Center in April 2009 which is located in Upper Egypt in
order to help children with heart problems find the right medication.
Honours and awards
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1988 Bradshaw Lecture, Royal College of Physicians
1992 knighted by HM Queen Elizabeth II
1998 Texas Heart Institute Ray C. Fish Award for Scientific Achievement in
Cardiovascular Disease
1999 Lifetime outstanding achievement award in recognition of contribution to
medicine, Secretary of State for Health (UK)
2001 The Cleveland Clinic Foundation Heart Failure Summit : Kaufman Awardee
2003 Golden Hippocrates International Award for Excellence in Cardiac Surgery
(Moscow)
WHO Prize for Humanitarian Services
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2004 International Society for Heart & Lung Transplantation Lifetime Achievement
Award
 2006 European Society of Cardiology Gold Medal
 2007 Daily Mirror Pride of Britain Lifetime Achievement Award
 2007 Honorary citizenships of the city of Bergamo, Italy
 2007 Medal of Merit, President, International Academy of Cardiovascular Sciences
 2011 Greatest Nile Collar for science and humanity
 2012 American College of Cardiology Legend of Cardiovascular Medicine
Curriculum vitae
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1957 Medical Bachelor, Cairo (Egypt)
1964-1968 Rotating Senior Surgical Registrar, National Heart and Chest Hospitals,
London
1969 Instructor and Assistant Professor, University of Chicago (USA)
1973-2001 Consultant Cardiac Surgeon, National Heart Hospital-Royal Brompton and
Harefield National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London
1986-2006 British Heart Foundation Professor of Cardiothoracic Surgery
1986–present Professor of Cardiothoracic Surgery, National Heart and Lung Institute,
Imperial College Faculty of Medicine
2001–present Founder and Director of Research of the Magdi Yacoub Research
Institute, Harefield
2008–present Founder and Chair of Magdi Yacoub Research Network, London
2010–present Co-Chair and Research Director of Qatar Cardiovascular Research Center,
Doha, Qatar
Magdi committed to becoming a heart surgeon after watching his aunt die of heart disease
in her early twenties. He moved to Britain in 1962 determined that this was the country in
which he wanted to practice. He went on to become a consultant cardiothoracic surgeon at
Harefield Hospital. He was involved in Britain’s first ever heart transplant operation and
performed the first UK live lobe lung transplant earning him an international reputation as a
leader in his field. Sir Magdi has carried out more transplants than any other surgeon in the
world.
In the film, Magdi talks about his admiration for the National Health Service, commending its
egalitarian approach in striving to offer the best healthcare for everybody. He believes this
approach reflects the general character of the British people.
Magdi discusses the UK’s contribution to research and remarks how as a country we’ve
contributed far more in this field than our relative size. He retired from performing surgery
in 2001 but continues working as a high profile consultant and ambassador for the benefits
of transplant surgery. He focuses much of his time on medical research innovation,
something he believes needs to be the number one priority for the future of medicine.
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Under his leadership, Harefield Hospital became the leading transplant centre in the UK,
reporting an increase in post operative survival rates, and a reduction in recovery periods
and the financial costs of each procedure. In 1986 Sir Magdi was appointed Professor at the
National Heart and Lung Institute, and was involved in the development of the techniques of
heart and heart-lung transplantation.
In 1995 Sir Magdi founded the charity Chain of Hope, providing children suffering from lifethreatening diseases with corrective surgery and access to treatment. He is also the founder
and Director of Research at the Magdi Yacoub Research Institute in Harefield. In Egypt, Sir
Magdi’s Aswan Heart Centre, which opened in 2009, treats people from all over Egypt and
other Middle Eastern nations, with the less-privileged receiving free heart surgery. The Nileside Aswan Heart Centre is dedicated to surgery, treatment and research of the highest
international standards, and also contributes to Egypt’s biomedical knowledge base, which is
transmitted to research centres around the world.
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Chapter 4
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Sports in Egypt
Egyptian people love and cherish sports through the ages. Whenever a good example of a
great team or a good player in an individual sport this team will find a tremendous support
from all the country. Egyptians love the idea that a person is representing their country in any
contest and doing a great job in representing their country. He/she will become a star for just
making the name of Egypt rise in any contest.
FOOTBALL
The first and most loved sport in Egypt is football. You always find people gathering to play
football in different ages you can find 7 year old boys playing in the street and find 60 year
olds playing also. Egyptians play football in the streets clubs and soccer fields.
Egyptian national football represents Egypt in association football and is controlled by
the Egyptian Football Association (EFA), the governing body for football in Egypt. Egypt's
home ground is Cairo International Stadium in Cairo
They are the most successful African team at Confederation level, winning the ACN seven
times: the inaugural ACN in Sudan in 1957, at home in 1959, 1986 and Egypt in 2006, and
in Burkina Faso in 1998, Ghana in 2008, and Angola in 2010. Egypt have been as high as 9th
in the FIFA World Rankings, making them the first and only Arab team and one of two
African national teams to enter the world top ten. Despite this, Egypt has so far made only
two appearances in the World Cup, with no victories
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On 31 January 2010, Egypt set a new record, not being defeated for 19 consecutive African
Cup of Nations matches, since their last match at the 2004 African Cup of Nations. Egypt also
won their 9th consecutive match in the ACN, beating Ghana in the 2010 African Cup of
Nations final match, and becoming the first team to win three consecutive ACN titles.
The Egyptian Premier League is an Egyptian professional league for football clubs and
represents the top flight of Egyptian football. The championship consists of nineteen
competing teams in a home and away league system. It is currently known as the Etisalat
Egyptian Premier League, after the Emirate communications company signed a sponsorship
deal with the Egyptian FA. No more than three foreign players are allowed on any side in the
Egyptian Premier League.
There are 19 clubs in the Egyptian Premier League. The Football Season, which lasts from
August to May, is interleaved with a Six-Weeks Winter break that lasts from the end of
December to February. During the course of the season, each club plays the others twice,
once at their home stadium and once at that of their opponents, for a total of 36 games. Teams
receive three points for a win and one point for a draw. No points are awarded for a loss.
Teams are ranked by total points, then the direct confrontation,then goal difference, and then
goals scored. At the end of each season, the club with the most points is crowned champion .
If points are equal,the direct confrontation, the goal difference and then goals scored
determine the winner. The three lowest placed teams are relegated into the Division II
League, and the top three teams from the three groups into the Division II league, together,
are promoted in their place.
The Egyptian Premier League has been sponsored since 2005. The sponsor has
been able to determine the league's sponsorship name. The list below details who
the sponsors have been and what they called the competition:
2005–2007: Vodafone Egyptian Premier League.
2007–present: Etisalat Egyptian Premier League.
The five most popular Egyptian clubs are Al Ahly, Zamalek, Ismaily, Al Ittihad Al
Sakandary and Al Masry. Also there is a historically established club named Tersana.
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AL-AHLY CLUB
History:
Al-Ahly was founded in 1907 as a club where leaders of Cairo's student's unions could meet
during the struggle against colonisation
On 25 February 1907, Amine Samy chose the name 'Ahly' for the newly founded club to fit
with its purpose. It started out as an Egyptian Limited Liability Company with a capital of
5000 EGP. The club's first chairman was an English man named Mitchell Ince, who facilitated
the foundation of the club and issued planning permissions for the land it owned. In the year
1922, electricity was connected to the club's headquarters for the first time to replace
gasoline in a major project that cost 52 EGP at the time.
Three years later, the club's congress decided to make membership exclusive to Egyptians,
earning them the title of the 'the people's club'. From these humble origins, Al Ahly have
attracted a large number of followers all over Africa, and claim to have over 50 million
supporters, making them one of the most popular clubs in the world.
The club also has a reputation for being one of the most organised and sophisticated in the
Middle East, adopting a high moral stance in its business dealings. For this reason it is known
as 'the club of values' - a phrase initially coined by the club's all-time idol and former
president Saleh Selim.
Al-Ahly began to dominate the Egyptian game in the 1940s. In the 1980s the club became
successful on a continental level, winning the African Cup of Champions Clubs in 1982 and
1987. They triumphed again in the renamed competition in 2001, 2005, 2006 and 2008 under
the coaching of the Portuguese Manuel José making them the most crowned team in Africa,
with six Champions League titles, four Cup-Winners' Cups, four Super Cups and one AfroAsian Club Championship.
Al Ahly was the first club to reach the FIFA Club World Cup twice following two consecutive
appearances in 2005 and 2006 winning the Bronze Medal in the latter, becoming the first
African club to win a medal in the competition. After qualifying for the 2008 edition, Al Ahly
became the team with the most appearances in the FIFA Club World Cup, having qualified for
3 times out of 6 competitions held
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Crest:
(Al-Ahly Flag)
Al Ahly has had three crests in its history. The first, adopted in 1907, lasted until the 1952
Revolution. The second crest was used from 1952 until 2007, when the club unveiled a new
design to commemorate Al Ahly's first century of existence. The club's main colours, red ,
white as well as the flying eagle are derived from Egypt's flag during the Khedives era.
Al-Ahly's crest, 1907–1952 , 1952–2007, 2007–present
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Nile Basin friendly tournament hosted by Egypt
The aim of this tournament was to create awareness to safeguard water resource for
benefit of future generations among countries sharing the Nile River Basin.
The Egyptian national team played the opening game in the Nile Basin friendly tournament
against Tanzania on January 5th. The tournament was hosted in Egypt from 5-17 January with
seven African national teams taking part. Egypt, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Burundi, Kenya
and Dr Congo contested the inaugural tournament
Four national teams, Egypt, Tanzania, Uganda and Burundi played in group A, while Sudan,
Kenya and Dr Congo play in group B.
The draw kept Uganda and Sudan apart after the Sudanese had requested not to play in the
same group with Uganda who they met in the same group in CHAN 2011 next month.
The top two teams of each group were qualified to play the semi finals. The 1 st team in group
A played with the 2 nd team in group B while the 1st team in group B played against the 2nd
team in group A.
Teams came third in both groups was completed for the 5th position.
The semi final games was played on January 14th while the final game was played on 17th.of
January
APA- Cairo (Egypt) The Egyptian national team has won the title of the Nile Basin countries
football tournament after beating Uganda’s Cranes 3-1 on Monday night at the Military
Academy Stadium in Cairo in the final match of the first sub regional tournament.
Egypt won the gold medal and award of US$150,000, while Uganda’s team came in the
second place winning silver medal and US$130,000.
The Democratic Republic of Congo came in the third place with bronze medal and
US$100,000.
Kenya came in the fourth place with US$60,000.
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\
Sports in any form are beneficial both for the body and for the mind. It was prevalent in many
forms in the ancient age the predominant ones being chariot racing and hunting. Strength was
always challenged in those sports where the physical ability of the competitor was the only
determining factor. However with the advent of civilization, more sophisticated forms of
sports are in vogue which put the mental ability of the challenger to test. Some of the most
famous & successful squash players in Egypt are kareem darwesh , ramy ahsour, amr
shabanah, & heba eltorky.
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Egypt has come a long way in history and has adopted sports from other parts of the world.
The unique game of Squash is a popular game that is played and watched in large numbers.
The Egyptian Squash Team was reputed as one of the best in the international arena and
competed for the world wide championship during the 1930’s. Even today it strives hard to
hold back its position as the world best and put up tough competition for many in the Squash
field.
The game of squash is a major indoor game. It is primarily a racquet sport and derives its
name “squash” from the type of soft ball that is used in the game. A typical game of squash is
played by two players. In case it is a doubles game, the number of players is four. The game
takes place within a four walled court often resembling a room with a hollow, small rubber
ball.
The game of Squash is one of the second preferred sports in Egypt. This is because Egyptians
are fond of strength and speed. They have the perfect build for playing such a game where
attention and quickness are the key words. Moreover the game of Squash offers a good cardio
vascular workout and is an excellent exercise to keep the body in good shape. Squash is
widely played at the various private, social and sports clubs.
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HANDBALL
Another popular sport in Egypt is handball. Drawings of Egyptians playing handball have
been found decorating five thousand year old tombs at Saqqara, which depict girls in teams of
two playing the game. Balls used in Egyptian handballs were designed to be both light and
durable - they were made of a leather skin stuffed with hay or other plant fibers such as
papyrus.
The Egyptian national handball team is the national handball team of Egypt and is controlled
by the Egyptian Handball Federation.The Team's performance in the 90's boosted the sport's
popularity in the country and attracted media and official attention, especially after scoring a
huge upset against former World champions Romania in the 1995 World Men's Handball
Championship held in Iceland.
Egypt also became the first non-European team to reach the World Championship semi-finals
in the 2001 Men's tournament that was held in France. The Egyptians dubbed that team the
"Dream Team"
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Individual Sports
Egyptian cares for all kind of sports, we have so many famous sport players in alot of fildes.
Alaa Abdelnaby : (born June 24, 1968) is a retired Egyptian-American professional
basketball player. He played for Duke University in college and then played in the NBA and
CBA, among other leagues.Abdelnaby was born in Cairo, Egypt. He was raised in Nutley and
Bloomfield, New Jersey and played on the Bloomfield High School basketball team . He was
selected by the Portland Trail Blazers of the National Basketball Association with the 25th
pick of the 1990 NBA Draft, and he spent five years in the league, playing for Portland as well
as the Milwaukee Bucks, Boston Celtics, Philadelphia 76ers, and Sacramento Kings. He was
signed by the Golden State Warriors but he never played for that franchise.After leaving the
NBA, Abdelnaby also played for the Papagou BC (Greece) (1995–1996), the Omaha Racers
(CBA) (1996–1997), Olympique Antibes (France) (1997–1998), and the Idaho Stampede (CBA)
(1999–2000).
Khadr Sayed El Touni : (December 15, 1916 – September 25, 1956) was an
Egyptian weightlifter. Until recently he was ranked #1 on the list of history's 50 greatest
weightlifters issued by the International Weightlifting Federation. It was only in the 1996
Games in Atlanta that Turkey's Naim Süleymanoğlu surpassed the Egyptian to top the list.
Eltouny began practicing the sport at a young age along with the students of Shobra School.
One day, they placed two stones weighing 40 kg each on a broomstick; only Eltouny
succeeded in lifting it. Determined to succeed in this area, Eltouny continued to weightlift at
various sporting clubs in the Cairo area.
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Mohamed Naguib Hamed
: (born September 13, 1962) is an Egyptian athlete,
one of only a few Egyptians to win gold medals in African athletic events.he formed a strong
Egyptian team in throwing events—in fact, a team considered to be the strongest one Egypt
has ever had, according to many Egyptian sports experts.Twice African champion in Discus
Throw: 1982, 1984. Silver medallist of the African championship in Discus Throw, 1979. Silver
medallist in Discus Throw of the 1983 Mediterranean Games. Twice Silver medallist in Discus
Throw of the All Africa Games: in Nairobi, 1987; Cairo, 1991. Four times Gold medallist in
Discus Throw of East and Central African Championships: 1981, 1983, 1984, 1985.
Hatem Mohamed Mersal : (born 20 January 1975) is an Egyptian long
jumper.His personal best jump is 8.31 metres, achieved in June 1999 in Oslo. This is the
current national record.
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Karam Ibrahim Gaber
: (born September 1, 1979 in Alexandria) is an Egyptian
Greco-Roman wrestler. He won the gold medal in the Men's Greco-Roman 96 kg at the 2004
Summer Olympics, and won the silver medal at the 2003 World Championships
.
Ahmed Hamada : (born on 18 May 1986), known as "Hamada", is an Egyptian
racing driver. After eight years in racing, achieving third position overall in the Zip
Thunderarabia Middle East Championship as well as racing with the same team, ERTMD in
the Chevrolet Lumina CSV Middle East Championship and finishing fourth overall.
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Esmat Mansour : (born November 20, 1986) is an Egyptian weightlifter who
competed in the Women's 58 kg at the 2005 World Championships in Doha, Qatar and
reached the 6th spot with 204 kg in total. In 2009 she established six new African
weightlifting records.
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Nasser El Sonbaty : (born October 15, 1965 in Germany) is a retired IFBB
professional bodybuilder.Nasser competed in 13 amateur shows and 53 IFBB Pro shows. He
qualified for 10 consecutive Mr. Olympia contests and entered nine Mr. Olympia
competitions. His best placing in the Mr. Olympia competition was in 1997, where he placed
2nd. Nasser is also known for being the bodybuilder who poses at guest posings and
bodybuilds wearing spectacles, for having the ability to speak several languages, as well as
being able to weigh over 300 pounds in the offseason and still show his full abdominal
muscles. Nasser is often referred to as the "Uncrowned Mr. Olympia," "The Wizard of Truth,"
and "Huge Nasser". He has been featured in many international fitness and bodybuilding
magazines articles as well as being pictured on over 60 covers, including FLEX magazine.
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Dr. Rania Elwani : (born October 14, 1977) is an Olympic and former African Record
holding swimmer from Egypt. She swam for Egypt at 1992, 1996 and 2000. In 2004 she
became a member of the International Olympic Committee. As of 2010 she is also a member
of the Athlete Committee of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).She attended and swam
for the USA's Southern Methodist University from 1997-1999.
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Abdul Latif Abou Heif : was inducted in the International Marathon Swimming
Hall of Fame in 1964 and in the International Swimming Hall of Fame in 1998. He is widely
considered to be the best marathon swimmer of the 20th century.Abou Heif, known as the
Crocodile of the Nile, enjoyed a tremendously successful and lengthy marathon swimming
career from 1953 to 1972. In 2001, he was voted Marathon Swimmer of the Century by the
International Swimming Hall of Fame. He won the longest professional swim to date, 96.5K
(60 miles) in Lake Michigan in 34 hours and 45 minutes and competed in 68 international
races where he won 25 titles. He won races between 30K (18.6 miles) and 80K (49.7 miles) in
water temperatures ranging between 12-28.8°C (54-84°F) in France, Italy, United States,
Canada, Argentina, Lebanon, England, Yugoslavia, Mexico and Holland. He won the 1955
Butlin English Channel race in 11 hours and 44 minutes and was the 1964, 1965, and 1968
World Professional Marathon Swimming Federation champion. He won the 37K (23-mile) la
Descente ou remontée du Saguenay in 1968 after returning from the Egyptian-Israel War of
1967 in 9 hours and 10 minutes in 1968 and in 1969 when the race was called after 30.5K (19
miles) before of worsening conditions.
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Chapter 5
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Places in Egypt
Alexandria
Alexandria is in northern Egypt and is its second largest city. Also the largest
seaport in the region, it has a population of 4 million inhabitants.
A summer resort city, it enjoys temperate climate. Winters average 45F and
summers are warmer at 90F.
Founded by Alexander the Great in 331 BC, the city was the capital of Greco Roman Egypt. Today, because of its natural gas and oil pipelines from the Suez
Canal, it is an important industrial centre, as well as a centre of maritime archaeology.
A city draped in history and culture, it is Egypt’s most multi-ethnic city.
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Sharm El-Sheikh
A small Bedouins fishing village turned into a large tourist resort city situated on the
southern most tip of the Sinai Peninsula and capital of Janub Sina, Southern Sinai province.
For thousands of years the Sinai Peninsula has attracted pilgrims from all over the world.
In the last few decades the tourism has changed considerably, and today visitors are flocking
to go diving in the spectacular dive sites the region offers.
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Luxor
Luxor, a city in southern Egypt, is the capital of the Al Uqsur governorate. With
a population of 200,000 inhabitants, it is the site of Thebes, an ancient city. It is also
referred to as the ‘world’s greatest open air museum’.
Luxor experiences an overall mild climate with the exception of its summers, which
are scorching hot. Winters are dry and sunny with cold nights. October to February is
the coolest period, while May to October is hot. April is the best time to visit.
The region of Luxor attracted tourists even in the ancient times during the Greek and
Roman empires. Today, it is well known for its temples and the ‘Valley of the
Kings’. Tourism has the largest share in Luxor’s economy followed by agriculture.
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El Gouna
El Gouna is a privately owned man-made resort along the Red Sea, in Egypt.
This resort with a permanent population of approximately 10,000 inhabitants is a
luxury resort with a distinct Arabian style.
El Gouna enjoys a hospitable climate throughout the year. In winter, the dry, sunny
climate maintains a pleasant atmosphere, while in summer, the cool breezes blowing
in from the sea provide relief from the high temperatures.
The resort is built on a cluster of small islands connected by several lagoons. The
resort houses all amenities and recreational activities found in luxury resorts around
the world.
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Taba
Located at the north-east point of the Sinai Peninsula, Hyatt Regency Taba Heights is
situated on the beautiful Red Sea.
The resort is surrounded by majestic mountains and set on a long secluded beach and
private bay, offering guests direct access to the sea.
Taba is a meeting of borders. It overlooks Jordan, Israel and Saudi Arabia.
It currently has very good restaurants and beach cafés, and the border with Israel can
be crossed on foot, with bus service into Eilat.
Taba was once a rest town for traders using the caravan route to the fort of Aqaba,
today is mainly a dream for tourists.
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Chapter 6
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Egyptian recipies
Egyptian cuisine:
Egyptian cuisine is one of the most delicious and popular cuisines in the world … some of the
most popular and traditional food recipes in Egypt are:
Egyptian Style Stuffed Cabbage Leaves (Mashy Crump)
Ingredients:

1 large green cabbage

2 cups short-grain white rice

1 onion, grated to almost liquid

1 large onion, chopped

1 bunch fresh parsley (finely chopped, including some of the stems)

1 bunch fresh cilantro (finely chopped, including some of the stems)

1 bunch fresh dill weed (finely chopped, including some of the stems)

2 fresh tomatoes, pureed

1 tomato, sliced thin

3 tablespoons tomato paste

canola oil

1 garlic clove (crushed)

2 chicken bouillon cubes

1 tablespoon cumin

1 tablespoon Arabic spices (see my recipe for Arabic Seven Spice in my recipes)

2 tablespoons salt

1 teaspoon black pepper

2 tablespoons dried mint

1/2 lemon, juice of
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Directions:
1.
Rice stuffing mixture:.
2.
On top of stove, put a good amount oil or butter; add chopped onion and pureed onion sauté.
Add garlic when onions almost finished not to burn.
3.
Add a spoon of tomato paste and stir around until all coated.
4.
Add pureed tomato, a few drops of water and cook until liquid is almost gone. It should be a
little thick, not too watery. You can add some salt to taste to this too.
5.
Set aside.
6.
Put washed rice in mixing bowl. Add the above tomato mixture. Add raw, chopped greensparsley, dill and cilantro. Its okay to chop some of their stems, gives the mixture more flavor.
Add a little canola oil.
7.
Add all spices and dry mint. Take 1 chicken bouillon cube and crush it, add to rice.
8.
Mix all ingredients until well blended set aside. Try to taste, will be raw I know, but you can
taste and not swallow rice. Adjust seasonings. Salt is most important, if too salty, don’t worry,
once cooked it will lessen.
9.
Cooking Cabbage:.
10. This is the trickiest part. I have not yet found the perfect way, but my way has been working
alright…here it goes. Wash the head of cabbage well. With a paring knife, gently cut around
core, loosening it a bit. Try to cup deep, but try not to cut leaves, or separate at this point.
11. Using a large pot, fill with water, and a few dashes of cumin. Once boiling, add the head of
cabbage, with core facing up.
12. As the cabbage starts to cook, with a knife, gently pull away leaves from core and cook until a
bit soft, but not translucent.
13. So you will have the large head of cabbage in pot and you will be cutting leaves and letting
them boil alone aside the head. (Hope this makes sense.).
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14. When the leaves are a bit soft, tender not translucent, remove to a large tray.
15. Continue this until all cabbage is cooked.
16. You will have the very small leaves towards inside core, you will be able to use some of
these, but some maybe too small. I usually make a cabbage salad with these.
17. Once the leaves are cool, you will begin to stuff.
18. Rolling/stuffing the cabbage:.
19. Prepare a large pot, put some oil in bottom of pot to coat.
20. Slice 1 large tomato thinly and place on bottom of pot. You will arrange cabbage in this pot as
you roll.
21. Take a cabbage leaf and cut from the bottom, where core starts.
22. Cut away the hard core and reserve the two sides from leaf making a pile.
23. Save a few of the cores stems as well.
24. Tricky but you are trying to get a pliable leaf for rolling.
25. You want to make the leaf small, cutting a half of the leaf in half. The end result should be
size of small cigar.
26. Don't worry about how they look, they will not be real tight and they may seem like the rice will
come out, just close as best you can, they will be fine.
27. So with leaf laying flat, spoon a small amount of rice onto leaf, fold up bottom and roll like a
cigar. Don't worry the ends will be open, but cook ok. Some rice may boil out but not much
trust me.
28. Roll all until leaves are finished.
29. Once all rolled and arranged in pot, add a crushed chicken bouillon cube. As you are
arranging in pot, you can put a few of the core stems in between layers to help stay in place.
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30. Take approximately 3 cups water and mix with tomato paste, pour over cabbage. Water
should reach just above cabbage. If not enough, add more water.
31. Take an old plate, invert it over cabbage to keep from moving too much.
32. Put on high, bring to a boil, cook for about 10 minutes, then turn to a lower simmer and cover.
33. Should cook for approximately an hour or so, you can check it periodically by tasting to see if
rice is cooked inside.
34. Once cooked let sit for a little to cool a bit before removing from pot.
35. When ready to remove, take a large serving platter, put over top of pot, then flip pot to empty
onto platter. Be careful and do over sink if you are unsure. Its easy but take s a little practice.
36. Remove core stems, fix tomatoes that are on top, to look presentable.
*** LEFTOVER TIP: THE NEXT DAY PREPARE THE LEFTOVERS THIS WAY -- PUT SOME
BUTTER INTO A PAN, FRY THE STUFFED CABBAGE LEAVES UNTIL GOLDEN BROWN
ON ALL SIDES. SUPER TASTY, ENJOY!
***.
Koshari
Ingredients

1 cup brown lentils

1 cup basmati rice

1 cup uncooked pasta (small shells or elbow macaroni is best)

2 large onions, diced

4 cloves garlic, minced

2 tablespoons oil

1 (400 g) can chopped tomatoes

1/4 teaspoon crushed red chili pepper flakes (or more to taste)

salt and black pepper
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Directions:
1.
Cook the lentils in just over a litre of salted water.
2.
Bring to a boil, reduce the heat and simmer, covered, for 15-30 minutes, depending on the
type of lentils you are using.
3.
When the lentils are quite tender, add the rice to the lentils and continue simmering until the
rice is cooked, adding water if necessary.
4.
Cook the macaroni in a separate pot.
5.
Rinse and strain when done.
6.
Meanwhile, fry the onions and garlic in the oil until golden.
7.
Add the tomatoes, chilli flakes, salt and pepper to taste and let it bubble for 10-20 minutes or
until thickened and sauce like.
8.
You can now blitz the sauce in a food processor until smooth or just leave as is.
9.
Mix the lentils, rice and macaroni together in one pot.
10. Place some of the lentil mixture on each plate and top with tomato sauce.
11. Sprinkle with more hot chili powder or salt and pepper, if desired.
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Fooll Mudammes (Fava Bean Egyptian Breakfast)
Ingredients

3 tablespoons oil

1 onion, chopped

1/4-1/2 cup tomato sauce

1 teaspoon ground cumin

1/2 teaspoon ground coriander, or more if you like

1/8 teaspoon cayenne pepper

1/2 teaspoon salt

1 (15 ounce) can fava beans, drained
Directions:
1. Heat oil, add onion and cook for about 4 minutes.
2. Add tomato sauce, spices and salt, cook for 2-3 minutes.
3. Add fava beans, and mash it on low heat.
4. You can mash it finely or leave some fava beans whole.
5. Cover and cook for 5 more minutes.
6. Serve with pita bread.
7. You can drizzle some olive oil, tahini, lemon, or a combination on it before serving.
8. I like hot chili peppers as well.
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Bamya - Meat and Okra Stew
Ingredients

2 lbs beef or 2 lbs lamb, cut into 1-inch cubes

2 onions, finely chopped

2 garlic cloves, finely minced

1 teaspoon ground cumin

1 teaspoon ground coriander

1 cup tomato, peeled seeded and chopped

3 tablespoons tomato paste

1 cup beef stock (or more) or 1 cup water, as needed (or more)

2 tablespoons fresh mint, chopped

salt & freshly ground black pepper

1 1/2 lbs okra

1 lemon, juice of
Directions:
1. Okra must be cooked so that its slimy texture is eliminated. The Greeks have the
best technique for achieving this. Trim the conical tops with a sharp knife then soak
the okra in red wine vinegar (Khall) for 30 minutes allowing 1/2 cup of vinegar per
pound. Drain, rinse and dry the okra and proceed with the recipe. This dish is popular
throughout the Middle East and can be prepared with lamb or beef. Serve with rice.
2.
Preheat an oven to 325F/165°C In a large frying pan over medium-high heat, warm 1
Tbsp butter or oil per serving. Working in batches, add the meat and fry, turning, until
browned on all sides - about 10 minutes. Using a slotted spoon transfer to a baking
dish or stew pot. Add the onions to the fat remaining in the frying pan and saute over
medium heat until tender and translucent - 8-10 minutes. Add the garlic, cumin,
coriander, tomatoes, tomato paste, stock and mint. Stir well. Pour over the meat and
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season to taste with salt and pepper. Cover and bake until all the liquid is absorbed about 1.5 hours. Taste and adjust the seasoning .
3. Meanwhile prepare the okra as directed in the note above. In a saute pan over
medium heat warm 1/2 Tbsp butter or oil. Add the okra and saute for 3 minutes,
stirring gently. Remove the stew from the oven and arrange the okra on top in a
spoked pattern. Sprinkle the lemon juice evenly over the surface. Recover the dish
and return it to the oven. Bake for 35 minutes longer. Add stock or water if the
mixture seems too dry. Serve the Bamia stew piping hot.
And then we came to desserts …
Egyptian Palace Bread (Dessert)
Ingredients:

10 slices firm white bread

2 cups honey (1 pound)

heavy cream
Directions:
1. Remove the crust from the bread. Soak the slices in honey for at least a half hour.
Lightly grease a small deep baking dish. Using a spatula, pile the slices of bread
evenly, one on top of another, in the baking dish.
2. Bake in a 300 degrees oven for 45 minutes.
3. Cool and chill in the refrigerator. Slice and top with heavy cream.
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Ataif (Arab Filled Pancakes)
Ingredients:
Batter

1 1/2 teaspoons active dry yeast

1 1/2 cups lukewarm water

1 teaspoon sugar

1 1/3 cups all-purpose flour

Syrup
2 1/2 cups sugar

1 1/4 cups water

1 tablespoon lemon juice

1 -2 tablespoon rose water

vegetable oil

Stuffing
2 cups coarsely chopped walnuts

4 tablespoons sugar

2 teaspoons ground cinnamon
Directions:
1. Dissolve yeast in sugar and 1/2 cup of water. let it froth for 10 minutes.
2. Put the flour in a large bowl. Add the yeast mixture and remaining water gradually.
3. Beat vigorously into a creamy lump-free batter.
4. Cover the bowl with plastic wrap and leave in a warm place for an hour.
5. To make the syrup, bring the water to a boil with sugar and lemon juice. Simmer for
10 minutes. Stir in the rose water and simmer for a few more seconds. Allow to cool.
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6. Heat an oiled skillet until it is very hot. Reduce the heat to medium.
7. Pour a half ladle of batter into the skillet, allowing it to spread. fry only one side of the
pancake. when little holes appear, lift them out and set them on a platter to be
stuffed.
8. Put a heaping tablespoon of stuffing in the middle of each pancake. fold in half and
pinch the edges tightly to allow no filling to escape.
9. Deep fry a few at a time in medium hot oil about 1 inch deep. Remove when they turn
pale brown.
10. Drain on paper towels. Dip, while hot, in the syrup. pour the remaining syrup over the
top of all of them and serve either hot or cold.
Omm 'Ali (Egyptian Bread and Butter Pudding)
Ingredients:

1 packet roqaq (a type of cracker bread)

1 cup mixed nut

1 tablespoon coconut, grated

1 tablespoon unsalted butter or 1 tablespoon fresh cream

1 cup milk (rich, well-sweetened)
Directions:
1. Dry the roqaq or gullash, 1-2 sheets at a time, for 1-2 minutes in a hot oven, enough
to make them dry and crisp.
2. Crush with fingers and place in lightly greased oven dish.
3. Mix nuts and coconut, and scatter on top.
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Chapter 7
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Rotaract in Egypt
One of the Countries in District 2450
A Part of Our History of Rotary in Africa
This large country comprises over 1 million sq km and has a
population of nearly 70 million. Arabic, English and French
are the main languages.
There are 75 Rotary Clubs spread throughout the country, the
first and oldest of which is the Rotary Club of Cairo which
was chartered on 11 March 1929 and supported by 108 regular
members
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Rotaract club of Cairo the first club in Egypt :
During his tour of the Middle East in 1928 and 1929, Jim
Davidson flew from Greece to Egypt for a brief visit to Cairo where on
December 29, 1928, the Cairo Club was inaugurated. This new club in
was due to be presented with a Rotary flag as the first club in the
country. For this special occasion, the officers had an original idea.
Its members chartered a Nile steamer for the occasion.
On the morning of March 11, 1929, the Rotarians and their guests
embarked on the boat and steamed sedately up the river.
Luncheon was served afloat and was followed by the presentation of
the Charter and Flag, possibly the first and only time this has been
done on a boat. Some time after tea, the party returned to Cairo.
Thus, the Cairo Club was launched!!
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End Polio in Egypt
Landmarks lit up with End Polio Now message
The Pyramid of Khafre in Egypt is illuminated with End Polio Now
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Rotaract club of Alexandria Marine
Rotaract alex marine was founded on 2003 by a group of
motivated youth hoping to serve their community .
This year we are celebrating our 10th anniversary .
Our slogan is “ if nobody cares .. we will “
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Some of our events
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Chapter 8
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Autocross
Autocross is a form of motorsports that emphasizes safe competition and
active participation. An autocross is a timed competition where drivers
navigate one at a time through a defined course on either sealed or unsealed
surfaces. Autocross differs from road racing or oval racing in that generally
there is only one car on the track racing against the clock rather than other
cars. As an entry level motorsport it provides a stepping stone for drivers
looking to move into other more competitive and possibly expensive forms of
motorsport including rally and circuit racing.
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In order to take place in the Egyptian Autocross, you need to do the following:
1. Issue a sporting license from the automobile & touring club
2. Go to Alamia and fill out a participation form.
3. Be there comes Race Day.
Preparing for a Race:






Check your Oils (Engine, Brakes, Transmission, etc.)
Check Coolant
Check on pumps for leakage
Air Intakes system is clean
Check Suspensions + Wheel Alignments
Fully Service your vehicle for fresh performance on the Track
Other things to Remember:



make sure that your application for the race has been filled and submitted in
before the race (1 week to be safe)
make sure you have your sporting license Ready with you on the Race. (you
will not be allowed to race without it)
Rest well and get as much sleep as possible before the race.
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THE END