Name lists connected with the birdman cult of Easter Island in the

Transcription

Name lists connected with the birdman cult of Easter Island in the
/BNFMJTUTDPOOFDUFEXJUIUIFCJSENBODVMUPG&BTUFS
*TMBOEJOUIFmFMEOPUFTPG,BUIFSJOF3PVUMFEHF
1BVM)PSMFZ
4HISPAPERPRESENTSPREVIOUSLYUNPUBLISHEDNAMELISTSOFBIRDMENTANGATAMANUTHEIRPROXIESHOPUANDPRIESTS
IVIATUACOLLECTEDBY+ATHERINE2OUTLEDGEIN3IXNAMELISTSTHATSURVIVEDIN2OUTLEDGESlELDNOTESARE
ANALYZEDIDENTIFYINGPOSSIBLEPARALLELSANDSUGGESTINGTENTATIVERECONSTRUCTIONSOFTHEIRORIGINALFORMSTOGETHER
WITH TRANSLATIONINTERPRETATION WHEN POSSIBLE 3TATISTICAL ANALYSIS IS PERFORMED REVEALING INTERESTING TRENDS IN
WINNINGTRIBES4WONAMELISTSOFHOUSESIN@/RONGOVILLAGEAREALSOSTUDIEDRESULTINGINASCHEMATICMAPOFTHE
VILLAGEWITHNAMESTRIBALAFlLIATIONMENTIONED)TISHOPEDTHATTHISPAPERWILLFACILITATEFURTHERDISCUSSIONSONTHE
BIRDMANCULTOF%ASTER)SLANDASWELLASONTHEFORMANDSTRUCTUREOF2APANUINAMES
%STEARTÓCULOPRESENTALASLISTASDENOMBRESDELOSHOMBRESPÈJAROTANGATAMANUSUSREPRESENTANTESHOPUY
SACERDOTESIVIATUACOLECTADASPOR+ATHERINE2OUTLEDGEENYNUNCAPUBLICADAS3EISLISTASDENOMBRES
QUESOBREVIVIERONENLOSAPUNTESDE2OUTLEDGESONANALIZADASIDENTIlCANDOPOSIBLESPARALELOSYSUGIRIENDOLAS
RECONSTRUCCIONES TENTATIVAS DE SUS FORMAS ORIGINALES ACOMPA×ADAS CON TRADUCCIØNINTERPRETACIØN CUANDO ES
POSIBLE%LANÈLISISESTADÓSTICOREVELALASTENDENCIASINTERESANTESDELASTRIBUSVENCEDORAS$OSLISTASDENOMBRESDE
LASCASASENLAALDEADE@/RONGOTAMBIÏNSONESTUDIADASRESULTANDOENUNMAPAESQUEMÈTICODELAALDEACONLOS
NOMBRESAlLIACIONESDELASTRIBUSMENCIONADAS3EESPERAQUEELPRESENTEARTÓCULOPUEDAFACILITARLASDISCUSIONES
FUTURASSOBREELCULTODEHOMBREPÈJARODELA)SLADE0ASCUATALCOMOSOBRELAFORMAYESTRUCTURADELOSNOMBRES
ENELIDIOMA2APANUI
!FTER MANY FESTIVITIES THEY FOLLOWED THE
hROAD OF THE AOv CLIMBING 2ANO +AU AND ARRIVING
AT THE CEREMONIAL VILLAGE OF @/RONGO 4HE VILLAGE IS
COMPOSEDOFABOUTELLIPTICALSHAPEDDRYLAIDSTONE
HOUSESPERCHEDONTHEMAJESTICCLIFFSSOMEMABOVE
THE ROARING SURF OF THE 0ACIlC 2OUTLEDGE BRIEmYSAYSTHATh4HEGROUPSOFDWELLINGSHAVEVARIOUS
NAMES AND ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE PARTICULAR CLANS
WHO IT IS SAID BUILT THEMv 4HE SOUTHERN GROUP OF
HOUSES FORMING A SACRED PRECINCT OF -ATA .GARAU
ALSOSPELLED-ATA.GARAHUWASOCCUPIEDBYPRIESTS
ANDRONGORONGOMEN(EREEVERYBOULDERISPROFUSELY
CARVED WITH BIRDMAN IMAGES PROVING THE IMMENSE
IMPORTANCEOFTHETANGATAMANUCULT
)T IS BELIEVED THAT IN THE EARLY STAGES THE WOULD
BE BIRDMEN ENTERED THE COMPETITION BY THEMSELVES
-ÏTRAUX BUT DURING THE LATER STAGES THEY
USUALLY SENT A SERVANT CALLED A HOPU FOR THE QUEST OF
lNDING THE lRST EGG 4HE HOPU SWAM TO THE ISLET OF
-OTU .UI IN !UGUST -ÏTRAUX AND LIVED
THERE IN CAVES FOR DAYS OR EVEN WEEKS UNTIL THE BIRDS
LANDEDFORNESTING!SSOONASNESTINGBEGANTHEHOPU
RUSHEDINSEARCHOFTHElRSTEGG4HEWHOLECOMPETITION
WASVERYINmUENCEDIFNOTPREDETERMINEDBYTHEGODS
)NTRODUCTION
4HEFAMOUSBIRDMANCULTMARKEDTHELATESTAGEOF%ASTER
)SLAND CULTURE WHEN THE POWER OF THE HEREDITARY KING
THE ARIKI MAU WAS IN DECLINE4HE CULT ASCRIBED HIGH
POLITICALPOWERTOTHESACREDBIRDMANORTANGATAMANU
WHOWASELECTEDFORAYEARASAVICTOROFTHECOMPETITION
AIMEDTOPROCURETHElRSTEGGOFTHEMANUTARA/NYCHO
PRIONFUSCATUSFORMER,ATINNAME3TERNAFUSCATAWHEN
THEBIRDSCAMETONESTONTHEOFFSHOREISLETOF-OTU.UI
IN THE!USTRAL SPRING 4HE EGG WAS SPECIAL BECAUSE IT
CONTAINEDMAGICALPOWERORMANA5PONOBTAININGIT
THEBIRDMANBECAMEASACREDPERSONWHOWASCONSIDERED
ANINCARNATIONOFTHESUPERIOR2APANUIGOD-AKEMAKE
h0ROBABLYACCORDINGTOTHE0OLYNESIANWAYOFTHINKING
HEWASTHERECEPTACLEOFTHEGOD4HERACEWOULDTHUS
HAVE NO OTHER PURPOSE THAN TO GIVE -AKEMAKE AN
OPPORTUNITYTODESIGNATETHEMANINTOWHOSEBODYHE
WISHEDTOENTERv-ÏTRAUX
4HE PREPARATION FOR THE CEREMONY STARTED IN THE
-ATAVERIAREASOUTHOF(ANGAROAWHERETHEDOMINANT
MATATO@ACLANSGATHEREDAPPROXIMATELYIN*ULY-ÏTRAUX
1BVM)PSMFZ]:VSJ'FELPWZDI$IFSOJWUTJ/BUJPOBM6OJWFSTJUZ,PUTZVCZOTLZ4US$IFSOJWUTJ6LSBJOFQBVM@IPSMFZ!ZBIPPDPN
2APA.UI*OURNAL
6OL/CTOBER
.AMELISTSCONNECTEDWITHTHEBIRDMANCULTOF%ASTER)SLAND
IFTHEPARTICIPANTWASNOTDESTINEDTOBEABIRDMANHIS
HOPU WOULD NOT SEE THE EGG EVEN IF HE WAS ABOUT TO
STEPOVERIT!SSOONASTHElRSTEGGWASlNALLYFOUND
THE HOPU hCRIED FROM -OTU .UI ABOUT IT4HE WINNER
;BIRDMAN= SHAVED HIS HEAD AND PAINTED IT RED AND
LOSERSCUTTHEMSELVESWITHMATAAINGRIEF v2OUTLEDGE
!STHEEGG@DElNEDTHEBIRDMANOFTHEYEAR
THEWINNINGHOPUDIDNOTNEEDTORUSHINHISDEPARTURE
TOWARDS%ASTER)SLAND-ÏTRAUX
2ANO2ARAKUOR@!NAKENA(OWEVERTHEBIRDMANKEPT
SANCTITYUNTILTHEENDOFHISDAYSANDWASBURIEDWITH
HONORS-ÏTRAUX
$ESPITEUSUALLYBEINGPORTRAYEDASATESTOFSTRENGTH
AND AGILITY THE BIRDMAN COMPETITION HAD A STRONG
POLITICAL SIDE PARTICIPATION WAS RESTRICTED TO RULING
CLANSWHODECIDEDABOUTSHARINGTHISPRIVILEGEWITH
THEOTHERS
hx SOMETIMES ONE GROUP WOULD KEEP IT IN THEIR
HANDSFORYEARSORTHEYMIGHTPASSITTOTHEFRIENDLY
CLAN x /NE YEAR THE -ARAMA WERE INSPIRED WITH
JEALOUSY BECAUSE THE -IRU HAD CHOSEN THE .GAURE
AS THEIR SUCCESSORS AND BURNT DOWN THE HOUSE OF
.GAARA 4HIS WAS PERHAPS THE BEGINNING OF THE
FRAY WHEN THE OLD !RIKI WAS CARRIED OFF CAPTIVEv
2OUTLEDGE
h4HEMANWITHTHESACREDEGGWASALWAYSTHELASTTO
LEAVETHEISLAND;OF-OTU.UI="EINGBLESSEDBYTHE
GODSANDHAVINGWITHHIMANOBJECTOFOVERmOWING
MANA HE HAD LITTLE TO FEAR FROM SHARKS AND HIS
SUPERNATURAL POWER GAVE PROTECTION TO HIS FELLOW
CONTESTANTS 4HE MAGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE EGG
TOGETHERWITHPROTECTIONOFTHEGODSMADETHEWINNING
HOPUSSWIMMINGNOTONLYSAFEBUTEXTREMELYFASTv
4HERULESOFTHECOMPETITIONWERECHANGINGWITHTIME)N
THElNALYEARSTHERULESBECOMELESSRESTRICTIVESOTHAT
#LIMBINGTHECLIFFSOF2ANO+AOTHEHOPUPRESENTED
THEEGGTOHISPATRONWHOHADALREADYSHAVEDHISHEAD
EYEBROWSANDEYELASHES-ÏTRAUXANDPAIN
TEDHISHEADREDORWHITE,EE4HENEWLY
ELECTEDBIRDMAN
hTHElNDERSOFFURTHEREGGSINTHEHUNTBESIDETHE
ABSOLUTElRSTONEWEREALLOWEDTOCOUNTASBIRDMEN
x;MAKINGTHATYEAR=KNOWNBYTHENAMEOFTHE
lRSTlNDERALLTHEEGGSBEINGlNALLYDEPOSITEDOFIN
AGOURDxTHEFOURTHYEARBEFORETHElNALENDSEEMS
TOHAVEBEENVERYMUCH@GOASYOUPLEASEFORFOUR
CLANSTOOKPARTANDTHEREWERETENWINNERSTWOHOPU
HAD TWO EMPLOYEES EACH AND THREE BIRDMEN TOOK
THEIR OWN EGGS ONE ALSO ACTING FOR ANOTHER MANv
2OUTLEDGE
hWAS ORDERED TO TAKE A NEW NAME WHICH FORMED
THE PART OF THE REVELATION AND THIS BIRDNAME WAS
GIVEN TO THE YEAR IN WHICH VICTORY WAS ACHIEVED
THUS FORMING AN EASILY REMEMBERED SYSTEM OF
CHRONOLOGYv2OUTLEDGE
4HE VICTORIOUS BIRDMAN DESCENDED THE SLOPES OF
2ANO +AU HOLDING THE SACRED EGG IN HIS RAISED HAND
SURROUNDEDBYDANCINGPEOPLE4HETUNEOFTHESONGSUNG
BYTHEBIRDMANWASSTILLREMEMBEREDINTHEShBUT
UNFORTUNATELYxNOTTHEWORDS)TSOUNDEDASTREMULOUS
WEEPINGANDMYINFORMANTSAIDTHATTHEBIRDMANCRIED
AND@BEHAVEDLIKEAGODv-ÏTRAUX
$EPENDING ON THE TRIBAL GROUP TO WHICH THE
WINNER BELONGED HE WENT TO 2ANO 2ARAKU (OTU )TI
OR TO @!NAKENA +O 4U@U TO LIVE THERE FOR A YEAR IN
SECLUSIONBEINGTHESUBJECTOFASTRONGTAPUTHEPEOPLE
BROUGHTFOODFORHIMWHICHWASCOOKEDBYSPECIALLY
APPOINTEDIVIATUAWHOLIVEDINASECTIONOFTHESAME
HOUSE2OUTLEDGE4HEBIRDMANSWIFEWAS
ALLOWEDTOLIVECLOSETOHISSECLUDEDRESIDENCEBUTWAS
FORBIDDENTOENTERTHEHOUSEOFTHETANGATAMANUFOR
THElRSTlVEMONTHS4HEBIRDMANhDIDNOTWASHAND
SPENT HIS TIME @SLEEPING ALL DAY ONLY COMING OUT TO
SIT IN THE SHADEv 2OUTLEDGE 4HE TRIBE OF
THE BIRDMAN BECAME DOMINANT ON THE ISLAND AND WAS
ENTITLED TO GATHER A TRIBUTE IN THE FORM OF FOOD FROM
OTHER TRIBES 6AN 4ILBURG !FTER A YEAR OF
SECLUSIONTHEBIRDMANRETURNEDTOHISNORMALLIFEAND
THENEWLYELECTEDTANGATAMANUTOOKHISRESIDENCEAT
2APA.UI*OURNAL
4HE CULT SURVIVED IN THIS MUTILATED FORM UNTIL THE
ARRIVALOFTHEMISSIONARIESWITHTHELASTBIRDMANYEAR
2OKUNGA TAKING PLACE IN OR 2OUTLEDGE
!CCORDING TO FATHER 'ULSTAN 2OPERT WHO
VISITEDTHEISLANDIN&EBRUARYTHELASTh-ATAVERI
EVENTvIETHETANGATAMANUCOMPETITIONWASIN
-ORENO0AKARATIPERSCOMM!FUTILEATTEMPT
TOREVIVETHECOMPETITIONWASMADEIN3EPTEMBER
BUThALLEARLIERSIGNIlCANCEANDPURPOSE;OFIT=HADLONG
BEENLOSTv&ISCHER
"IRDMAN.AME,ISTS
2OKUNGAISTHEMOSTFAMOUSBIRDMANNAMEnITEVEN
APPEAREDASTHENAMEOFTHELASTKINGINARIKIGENEALOGY
DICTATED TO -ÏTRAUX BY THE DAUGHTER OF 5RE6A@E )KO
-ÏTRAUX INSET BETWEEN PP !NOTHER
NAMEWASGIVENTO!LFRED-ÏTRAUXBY*UAN4EPANOWHO
hWASBORNDURINGTHEYEAR5TUPIROTHUSNAMEDBYABIRD
MAN CALLED 0UAARAHOA WHO CHOSE THE NAME 5TUPIRO
FOR HIMSELF AND FOR THE YEARv -ÏTRAUX 2OUTLEDGE SUPPLIES THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE
ABOUTTHECHRONOLOGYOFBIRDMANYEARS
6OL/CTOBER
0AUL(ORLEY
h4HEREQUESTTOBEGIVENTHENAMESOFASMANYBIRD
YEARS AS COULD BE REMEMBERED MET WITH ALMOST
EMBARRASSING RESPONSE EIGHTYSIX BEING QUOTED
STRAIGHT AWAY SOME OF THESE MAY BE THE OFlCIAL
NAMESOFBIRDMENANDNOTREPRESENTAYEARBUTTHEY
PROBABLYDOSOINMOSTCASES#HRONOLOGICALSEQUENCE
WASACHIEVEDWITHFAIRCERTAINTYFORELEVENYEARSPRIOR
TO2OKUNGAANDINEACHCASEINADDITIONTOTHEBIRD
NAMETHEWINNERSOWNNAMEWASOBTAINEDASWELLAS
HISCLANANDHISFAMILYORSUBDIVISIONTHEHOPUSNAME
WAS ALSO ASCERTAINED AND HIS CLAN AND SUBDIVISION
4HIS LIST THOUGH IT DOUBTLESS IS NOT COMPLETE STOOD
REASONABLY WELL THE TEST OF REEXAMINATION AND
EXTRANEOUS EVIDENCE &URTHER BACK THOUGH THERE IS
EVERY REASON TO SUPPOSE THAT THE YEAR NAMES GIVEN
AREAUTHENTICTHECLANSANDOTHERDATASUPPLIEDWERE
NOTSORELIABLE4HENAMESOFIVIATUAWHOPROPHESIED
THEEVENTHAVENOTSURVIVEDINTHESAMEMANNERv
!STUDYOFTHEMICROlLMEDlELDNOTESOF+ATHERINE
2OUTLEDGEKINDLYPROVIDEDBYTHE0ACIlC-ANUSCRIPT
"UREAU UNDER THE LICENSE OF THE 2OYAL 'EOGRAPHICAL
3OCIETYYIELDEDASURPRISINGRESULTREVEALINGNOLESS
THAN SIX LISTS OF BIRDMAN YEAR NAMES 4O SIMPLIFY
FURTHER DISCUSSION THESE LISTS WILL BE REFERENCED WITH
LETTERS!& ,IST! 2EEL PART PP AND
,IST"2EELPPCONTAINANDNAMES
RESPECTIVELY&IGURE&IGURE4HEREMAININGLISTS
AREFARSHORTER,IST#2EELPARTPCONTAINS
NAMES&IGUREMOSTLIKELYCORRESPONDINGTOTHE
hCHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE x FOR ELEVEN YEARS PRIOR TO
2OKUNGAv 2OUTLEDGE &ISCHERS STUDIES
WERE FOCUSED ON LISTS! AND # ,ISTS $& ARE
VERY SIMILAR SUGGESTING THAT ,IST $ 2EEL P COMPOSEDOFNAMES&IGUREISACLEANCOPYBASED
ONQUICKNOTESWRITTENONLOOSEPAGESnLISTS%AND&
2EELP4OREmECTTHISFACTTHESELISTSWILLBE
REFERREDTOGETHERAS,IST$%&
4HEHANDWRITINGANDTRANSCRIPTIONRULESOF,IST%
&IGUREDIFFERFROMOTHERLISTSWRITTENBY2OUTLEDGE
,IST%USESLETTER@CTODENOTETHESOUND@KWITHTHE
ONLYEXCEPTIONBEING2OKUNGAANDALWAYSRENDERSTHE
NASALAS@G)NCONTRAST2OUTLEDGEWRITESITAS@NGOR
@GN SOMETIMES PUTTING @# IN PLACE OF @' IN QUICK
WRITING ,IST % HAS GOOD TRANSCRIPTION n FOR EXAMPLE
GIVINGTHEFULLTRIBENAME@5REO(EI&IGURElRST
LINEWHILE2OUTLEDGESPELLSITMERELYAS@(Ï&IGURE
4HIS EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT ,IST % WAS POSSIBLY
WRITTEN BY A 2APANUI AND THUS IS IMPORTANT FOR THE
RECONSTRUCTIONOFPROPERSPELLINGFORMS
4HECOLLATIONOFNAMESFROMALLSIXLISTSISPRESENTED
IN4ABLE!SWILLBESHOWNINTHESECTIONANALYZING
THEORDEROFNAMESTHELARGEST,IST!ISSHUFmEDWHILE
LISTS " AND # SEEM TO HAVE A CERTAIN SIMILAR PATTERN
4OREmECTTHIS4ABLEGIVESTHENAMESINTHEORDERIN
WHICHTHEYAPPEARINLISTS"#$%&ANDlNALLY!
%ACHNAMEISACCOMPANIEDBYAREFERENCEnEG"
MEANS THE TH NAME IN ,IST " ,ISTS # AND $ % &
DONOTSHAREANYNAMESEXCEPTFOR2OKUNGAALLOWING
US TO PUT THEM INTO A SINGLE COLUMN FOR THE SAKE OF
COMPACTNESS!VERYTENTATIVESPELLINGRECONSTRUCTION
OF THE ORIGINAL NAMES IS GIVEN IN THE lNAL COLUMN
OBTAINEDBYCHECKINGTHEMISSPELLINGSAGAINSTSIMILAR
SOUNDING WORDS FROM 2APANUI DICTIONARIES %NGLERT
&EDOROVA IN HOPES OF
OBTAINING MEANINGFUL WORDS AND ALSO VERIFYING THE
NAMES WITH THOSE FROM LEGENDS TOPONYMS AKUAKU
NAMESETC4HESERECONSTRUCTEDFORMSAREBYNOMEANS
CERTAINANDREQUIREMUCHIMPROVEMENTYETTHEYWILL
BEUSEDTHROUGHOUTTHEPAPERTOUNIFYTHEDISCUSSION
!NALYSISOFTHELISTSSHOWSTHATSEVERALNAMESINONE
LISTCOULDCORRESPONDTOASINGLEENTRYINTHEOTHERLISTS
SUCHAS+O0UHEKOTE-ANU"AND+O4ORU(ENUA
"APPEARINGIN,IST!AS+O0UEKOTE-ANUKO4OTORO
!NDFURTHERON2OUTLEDGEFOOTNOTESHE
STATES
h4HISFOLKMEMORYFORBIRDCHRONICLESISINCURIOUS
CONTRAST WITH THE IMPOSSIBILITY EXPERIENCED IN
OBTAININGANYSATISFACTORYLISTOFTHE@ARIKIORCHIEFS
THOUGH THEY ARE SAID TO HAVE BEEN ONLY THIRTY IN
NUMBERv
2OUTLEDGE WAS IN A UNIQUE POSITION TO HARVEST THIS
VALUABLE INFORMATION THAT WAS STILL FRESH IN THE FOLK
MEMORY2OUTLEDGE
h7ITH REGARD TO THE EVIDENCE IN OUR DISPOSAL
INFORMATION WAS OBTAINED FROM SOME TWELVE
DIFFERENT AUTHORITIES OF WHOM FOUR HAD BEEN BIRD
MENTHREEHADSERVEDAS@HOPUANDONEHADACTED
INBOTHCAPACITIESv
)TMAYBEAFORTUNATECOINCIDENCETHATTHEINFORMANTSOF
2OUTLEDGEWERESODEEPLYINVOLVEDWITHTANGATAMANU
COMPETITIONS ON THE OTHER HAND IT ALSO MAY CALL FOR
REASONABLE SKEPTICISM )T GOES WITHOUT SAYING THAT THE
CULTURALANDSCIENTIlCVALUEOFBIRDMANYEARCHRONICLES
ISIMMENSEYETTHEYWERENEVERPUBLISHEDBY2OUTLEDGE
,UCKILYTHESELISTSSURVIVEINHERlELDNOTESDEPOSITED
IN THE 2OYAL 'EOGRAPHICAL 3OCIETYS ARCHIVES &ISCHER
PERFORMED A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF TWO SUCH
CHRONICLESnALARGELISTOFASSORTEDNAMESANDASHORT
CHRONOLOGYINCLUDING2OKUNGAFROM2EELOFTHElELD
NOTES4HESELISTSAREMENTIONEDIN&ISCHERSMONUMENTAL
MONOGRAPH&ISCHER.OTEh!LLATTEMPTS
TOMATCHTHEONLYEXTENSIVELISTOFTANGATAMANUNAMES
THATHASSURVIVED2OUTLEDGE2EELNOTEBOOK
PPTOSIMILARSERIESOFGLYPHSINPRESERVED
RONGORONGOINSCRIPTIONSHAVEHITHERTOFAILEDv
2APA.UI*OURNAL
6OL/CTOBER
.AMELISTSCONNECTEDWITHTHEBIRDMANCULTOF%ASTER)SLAND
4ABLE#OLLATIONOF@BIRDYEARNAMESFROM2OUTLEDGESlELDNOTES0RElXDENOTESTHELISTANDNAMEPOSITIONEG$ISTH
NAMEFROMINTHELIST$4HETRIBEAFlLIATIONISGIVENINSQUAREBRACKETSUSINGTHEFOLLOWINGNOMENCLATURE-)n-IRU(!
n(AMEA2!n2AA4(n4UPAHOTU5(n5REO(EI-!n-ARAMA(-n(AUMOANA.4n.GATIMO.5n.GAURE+/
n+ORO/RONGO(5n(ITIUIRA@#ONmICTINGTRIBALAFlLIATIONSINSEVERALLISTSAREGIVENWITHSLASHEG-)5(.AMESARESORTED
ACCORDINGTOTHEIRAPPEARANCEINLISTS"#$%&AND!4HEBOLDFACEFONTMARKSTHE@CONlRMEDSETOFNAMESAPPEARINGAT
LEASTINTWODIFFERENTLISTS
-JTU"
-JTU#
-JTUT$BOE%&'
5FOUBUJWFSFDPOTUSVDUJPO
"<6)>30,6/$"
#<6)>30,6/$"
$3PLVOHB
%3P,VOHB
&3PLVHB
>8+@5RNXQJDPS5XNXQJD
"<.*>,05&163&
1",&,*
#<.*>,05&163¢
1",&,*
$<.*>,05&163&
1"3&,*
>0,@.RWH3XUH3DNHNH
"<)">,05&50""
.",6,0)"6
#<).>,05&50""
."36,6)"6
$<).>,05&50""
."36,6)"6
<).)">.RWH7RDµD
0DUXNX+DX
"<.*>63&
5"/$*5"/(*"7"*
".0"
#<.*>,063&
5"/$*5"/$*"7"*"
.0"
$<.*>,063&5"/$*
5"/$*"7"*".0"
>0,@.R8UH7DQJLWDQJLµD9DL
µD0RD
"<5)>0)07*&
š63¢.03¬,*
#<5)>,0)*7*&"63¢
."30,*
$<5)>,0)07*&
"63¢."30,*
>[email protected]¶HµD8UH
0RURNL
#<5)>,05&7"*)03/
6."*5",*
<5)>.RWH9DL+RQX0DLWDNL
"<6)>,05")*0)*7"
#<6)>5"*0)*7"
$<6)>5"*0)*7"
>[email protected]µR+LYD
"<.*>,0)6
05"/$*
#<.*>,0)0,05"$/*
#<.*>,0)6,05"(/*
$<.*>,0)0
,05"$/*
>0,@.RKXNR7DQJL
#<,0>5")*5")*"
5030,*0
$<,0>5")*5")*
"5030,&0
>.2@7DKLWDKLµD7RURNLR
$<.*>,016)")"6
>0,@.R3XD+DX
"<.*>,016")"6
#<.*>,016)")"6
"<.*>,0)*5*,"
163"
#<.*>)*5*,"1"63"
>0,@.R+LWL.DSXUD
"</5>,05&10
03¢/$"
#</5>,05&
1063&/$"
>[email protected]
"<.*>,0)","
5",¢0
#<.*>,0)","
5",&0
>0,@.R+DNDWDNHR
"<.*>,063&)"3"
,&"
#<.*>63*)03",&"
>0,@.R8UH+DUD.HD
"<.*>,05&5"30
,"6"
#<.*>,05&5"3"
)"7"
"<.*>,05&7"3*
05&163&7"
#<.*>5&7"3&05&
163&7"
>0,@.RWH9DUHµRWH3XUHYD
"<.*>566)05630"
#<.*>56305&30"
>0,@7X¶X+RWX5RD
"<5)>65&1*30
#<5)>0561*30
"<5)>,05"636
/6,6/6,6
#<5)>,0/6,6
/6,6
>[email protected]
"<6)>,05")*/("
#<6)>,05")*/$"
>[email protected]
"<.">"7"7"0,*"
#<.",0 >"7""7"
0,*0
<.",0>$YDDYDµR.LR
2APA.UI*OURNAL
%</6>,05&"3"
)*7"
&</6>$PUFBSBIJWB
'</6>,05&"3"
)*7"
$0561*36
<.*/6>.RWH$UD+LYD
>7+@8WXSLUR
6OL/CTOBER
0AUL(ORLEY
-JTU"
-JTU#
-JTUT$BOE%&'
5FOUBUJWFSFDPOTUSVDUJPO
"<5)>."5"3¬3¢
303¢
#<5)..>."5"303&
303&
>7+@0DWD5RULURUL
"<,0>,01³&,05&
."/6505030)*/6"
#</5>,016)&
,05&."/6
#<,0>,05036
)&/6"
<,0/5>.R3XHNRWH0DQX
NR7RWRUR+HQXD
#<).>,03*,*"
5"68",*
<).>.R5LNLµD7DYDNH
#<).>,0)*/"
"7"*7"*5&"
<).>.R+LQDµD9DLYDL7HD
#<).>,05&1*,0
,")0
<).>.RWH3LNR.DKX
#,05&7")",")0
< >.RWH9DKD.DKX
"<).>7"*
163¢03¢)6
#<).>7"*163&)6
3&)6
>+0@9DL3XUHµR5HKX
"<6)>,0)*5*
,05&7"*,*/0
#</6>,0)*5&,05&
7"*,*/0
<6)/6>.R+LWLNRWH9DL
.LQR
#<5)>,0)&10,0
3"/0,"0
<5)>.R+HSRNR5DQR.DR
#<).>,063&
,05&3&1"
<).>.R8UHNRWH5HSD
"<5)>)&/$"
)&/$"."5","
."5"3"3" #<5)>)&/$")&/$"
"."5","
%<5)>)FOHBNBUBLB
&<5)>IFHBIFHBNBUB$B
'<5)>,P)FOHB.BUB3B
>7+@+HQJDKHQJD0DWDND
",0.0"1"3*"
#<5)>,0.0"1"3*"
%<5)>.0"1",*"
>[email protected]
"<.*>,05&.*30
0/$&0/$&
#<6).* >,*5&
.*36POH
<.*6)>.RWH0LUR2RQH "<6)>5")*"."36"
#<6)>5")*"."36"
>8+@7DKLµD0DUXD
#)*7""."5"/6*
< >+LYDD0DWD1XL
#5",63*,0
< >7DNX5LNR "<.*>1PJ1","
#10*1","
<.*>3RL3DND
"<.*>1"1")"
,"3""
#1"1")")"3""
<.*>3DSD+DNDUDµDPS
3DSD+DNDWDUD
#,01"0",05&
."/6,"3"&5")*
< >.R3DRDNRWH0DQXWDUD
(WDKL
"<3">,05&16
16)*"1¢3¢30,*303
#,05&16)*"1&30
30,*30,*
<3">.RWH3XKLµD3HUH
5RNLURNL
"<5)>,07"*
)&)&30"5"
#7"*")&30"5"
<5)>.R9DL+HURKHUR$WD
#,03",0)"5"
56,*)*7"
< >.R5DNX+DWD7XNL+LYD
"<.">,0,&)6/("
%<.">,0,&)6/$"
>[email protected]+XQJD
"</6>,0)&56/("
%</6>,PIF5VOHB
&</6>$PIFUVHB
'</6>,0)&IROGHG
>[email protected]+HWXQJD
"<.">,0)0,¢30
%<.">,0,0,&30
&$PIP$FSP
>[email protected]
2APA.UI*OURNAL
nCONTINUEDOVERPAGE
6OL/CTOBER
.AMELISTSCONNECTEDWITHTHEBIRDMANCULTOF%ASTER)SLAND
-JTU"
-JTU#
-JTUT$BOE%&'
5FOUBUJWFSFDPOTUSVDUJPO
"<5)>5"1",&
303&/$"
%</5>5"1",&30
3&/("
&UBQB$FSPSFHB
<5)/5>7DSD.HUR5HQJD
"<)">,05&30,*
0)¢6)¢6
%<)">,PUF1P,J
0PIFV)FV
>[email protected]µR+HXKHX
"<3">1³"]"6"
%<3">16"6"
&1VBVB
>5$@3XDÓD
"<6)>,0
3"6"1¢3¢
%<6)>,03"66"
,&3&
&<6)>$PSBVB$FSF
'<6)>,03"68"
,&3*
>[email protected]
"<.*>."/6"1*
%<.*>."/6"1*
&<.*>NBOVBQJ
'<.*>."/6"1*
>0,@0DQX$SL
"<.">."/6.&"
.&"
%<)..">."/6
.&"
&<).>NBOVNFBNFB
'<)..">."/6
.&".&"
<.").>0DQX0HDPHD
"<5)>.056036
%<5)>.056036
&<5)>NPUVPSV
'<5)>.056036
>7+@0RWXµR5X
"<6)>,0
10107¦/$03
%<6)>,0107*/(0
&<6)>$PQPJHP
'<6)>,010*/(0
>[email protected]
$,05&,"*"70)*
< >.RWH.DLµD9RKL
$)PUV.PIPJ
<6)>+RWX1RQRµL
"<6)>)050/0/0*
"<.">,05&."6
5","5",
<.">.RWH0DQX7DNDWDND
"<6)>,0)*)*
<6)>.R+LKL
",01¢,"
< >.R3HNDPS.R3HNDSHND
"<6)>,0/*6
,","7&3"
<6)>.R1LX+DNDYHUD
"<6)>,056"
,",".*,"
<6)>.RÓD+DNDPLWR
"<6)>7¢,&7¢,&
³3&.¢"
<6)>9HNHYHNH8UH0HD
"<5)>5")*"03*"
<5)>7DKLµD2ULD "<5)>,05"636&)6
<5)>.RWH8UH(KX
"<6)>,05&,¢)0
,¢)0
<6)>.RWH.HKRNHKR
"<.*>$/"5")03"
<.*>1JD7DKXUD "<.*>.")*)""30
.¢"
<.*>0DKLQD$UR0HD
"<.">."5"10103"
<.">0DWD3RSRUR "<.*>,61*1*3&)6
<.*>.R3LSL5HKX 2APA.UI*OURNAL
6OL/CTOBER
0AUL(ORLEY
-JTU"
"<.*>.03*66
<.*>0RUL8µX
"<.">,07*)"/$"
<.">.R9LKDQJD
"</5>5"*30)*¢
</5>7DL5RKLH "<6)>.0563"663*
<6)>0RWX5DX8UL
"<5)>5š,¢30
<5)>7DNHUHPS7DNHR
"<5)>056/$")š6
<5)>2WXQJD+DX "<5)>,0/6,6
)0301"1"
<5)>.R1XNX+RUR3DSD
"<).>,03*"
."6/$"
<).>.R5LµD0DXQJD "<3">5"."5"/$*
5"/$*
<3">7DPD7DQJLWDQJL
"<3">160)*30
<3">3€µR+LUR
"<.*>,0)"]636)"*
<.*>.R+DXUX+DL
"<.*>5"/$*
/0/$030
<.*>7DQJL1RQJRUR
"<6)>,07"*7&3"
7&3"
<6)>.R9DL9HUDYHUD
"<6)>,05&1"*
63&"50*0
<6)>.RWH9DL8UHµD7RLR
"<6)>)"/$"*5*"
16."03*
<6)>+DQJD,WLµD3€0DRUL
"<5)>,0)&6
,0.¬3¢.¢"
<5)>.R+HXNR0RUH0HD
",05&*163"/$"
3"/$"7"*"7"3"
< >.RWH,SX5DQJDUDQJD9DL
µD9DUD
"<6)>)*)*"16"
.0,6
<6)>+LKLD3XD0RNR
"<6)>,05&
."/63&/$"
<6)>.RWH0DQX5HQJD
"<6)>,0)*/"
."/(03
<6)>.R+LQD0DQJR
"<.">,030)&/$"
<.">.RUR+HQJD
"<6)>,01"3*5¢"
<6)>.R3DUH7HD
"<6)>,05")"0*
<6)>.R7DKDRL
"</6>,05*5*3&1"
</6>.R7LWL5HSD
"<).>."/6,",¢
"7&30
<).>0DQX.DNHµD9HUR
"</6/5 >)016
Â30¢30
</6/5 >+RSX(UHHUH
"<).>."/6
,",&/$""3*$0
<).>0DQX.DNHQJDµD5LNL
"<5)>,0)",¢
<5)>.R+DNH
2APA.UI*OURNAL
-JTU#
-JTUT$BOE%&'
5FOUBUJWFSFDPOTUSVDUJPO
6OL/CTOBER
.AMELISTSCONNECTEDWITHTHEBIRDMANCULTOF%ASTER)SLAND
&IGURE,IST!OF-ANU4AU@BIRDYEARNAMES2OUTLEDGElELDNOTES2EELPARTPPNOTEBOOKPAGES
$IGITALIMAGESCOURTESYOF0ACIlC-ANUSCRIPTS"UREAUFROMORIGINALSHELDATTHE2OYAL'EOGRAPHICAL3OCIETYWITH)"'
2APA.UI*OURNAL
6OL/CTOBER
0AUL(ORLEY
&IGURE&IRSTPAGESOF-ANU4AU,IST"2OUTLEDGElELDNOTES2EELPNOTEBOOKPAGES$IGITALIMAGECOURTESY
OF0ACIlC-ANUSCRIPTS"UREAUFROMORIGINALSHELDATTHE2OYAL'EOGRAPHICAL3OCIETYWITH)"'
&IGURE,IST#CHRONOLOGYOF@BIRDYEARNAMES2OUTLEDGElELDNOTES2EELPARTP$IGITALIMAGECOURTESYOF0ACIlC
-ANUSCRIPTS"UREAUFROMORIGINALSHELDATTHE2OYAL'EOGRAPHICAL3OCIETYWITH)"'
2APA.UI*OURNAL
6OL/CTOBER
.AMELISTSCONNECTEDWITHTHEBIRDMANCULTOF%ASTER)SLAND
(ENUA!)NSOMECASESTHEAPPEARANCEOFSEVERAL
PARTICLES OF KO IN A SINGLE NAME SUGGESTS THAT IT MAY
ACTUALLYBEACOLLATIONOFSEVERALNAMESLIKE+O0UEKO
TE-ANUKO4OTORO(ENUA!""+O(ITIKO
TE6AI+INO!"+O(EPOKO2ANO+AO"
+O5REKOTE2EPA"+O0AOAKOTE-ANUTARA%TAHI
"4HEMAJORITYOFTHESENAMESCOMEFROM,IST"
(OWEVERTHEMEDIAN@KOTECANBEACTUALLYAMISSPELLOF
@OTEWHICHDOESNOTREQUIRENAMESPLITTING
3OMEDISTINCTNAMESAPPEARINGINTHESAMELISTHAVE
ASUSPICIOUSLYSIMILARSTRUCTUREASIFSUGGESTINGTHATCOR
RUPTEDFORMSBECAME@INDEPENDENTNAMESSUCHAS+O
HE6IE@A 5RE -OROKI ! " # AND +O TE6AI
(ONU-AITAKI"+O(ETUNGA!$%&
+OTE(UNGA!$AND+O4AHINGA!"
-ATA0OPORO!AND-ATA2ORIRORI!"
4ENTATIVE4RANSLATIONSOF"IRDMEN.AMES
7HICH TOPICS ARE ADDRESSED IN BIRD YEAR NAMES
.ATURALLYMANYOFTHEMARERELATEDTOTHEBIRDS
s !+OTE-ANU4AKATAKAn@BIRDSmOCKING
TOGETHERLITERALLY@FORMINGCIRCLES
‡ !$&-ANU-EAMEAn@REDBIRDTHE
NAMEREMINISCENTTO-ANU-EAANAKUAKU
RESIDINGIN!NGOTEO-ÏTRAUX
s !$&-ANU!PIn@NEWBIRDAPI
@YOUNGISA4AHITIANBORROWING
s !"$+O-OA0AKIAn@SEALCHICKEN
s !+OTE-ANU2ENGAn@BEAUTIFULBIRD
s !-ANU+AKE@A6EROAND!
-ANU+AKENGA@A2IKIn@CLIMBINGBIRD
OF6EROAND2IKIRESPECTIVELY
&IGURE,IST%@BIRDYEARNAMESWRITTENBY2APA.UIHAND
2OUTLEDGElELDNOTES2EELP$IGITALIMAGESCOURTESY
OF 0ACIlC -ANUSCRIPTS "UREAU FROM ORIGINALS HELD AT THE
2OYAL'EOGRAPHICAL3OCIETYWITH)"'
&IGURE ,IST $ CHRONOLOGY OF @BIRD YEAR NAMES 2OUTLEDGE lELD NOTES 2EEL P $IGITAL IMAGE COURTESY OF 0ACIlC
-ANUSCRIPTS"UREAUFROMORIGINALSHELDATTHE2OYAL'EOGRAPHICAL3OCIETYWITH)"'
2APA.UI*OURNAL
6OL/CTOBER
0AUL(ORLEY
‡ "+O2IKI@A4AVAKEn@THELITTLEOF4AVAKE
WHERE4AVAKEISAMARINEBIRDPHAETON
‡ "+O0AOAKOTE-ANUTARA%TAHInWITH
@OTEINPLACEOF@KOTETHISNAMEWOULD
TRANSLATEAS@THEGUARDIANOFAMANUTARA
/THERNAMESALLOWINGPOSSIBLETRANSLATIONSARE
‡ !+O(IHIn@EYEBROWS
‡ !6EKEVEKE5RE-EAISACURIOUSNAME
5REMEAMEANS@REDPENISVEKEVEKECANBE
TRANSLATEDAS@EYELASHAND@BANANAmOWER
&EDOROVAMAKINGLITTLESENSEIN
COMBINATION(OWEVERVEKEMEANS@DRAGONmY
WHICHCANPOSSIBLYYIELD@DRAGONmYWITH
AREDPENIS4HESTRUCTURALLYSIMILARNAME
APPEARSINTHELEGENDABOUTAGIRLCALLED5HO
-ÏTRAUXWHOSWAMFROM%ASTER
)SLANDFOLLOWINGATURTLEWHOMSHECALLED
HONUUREMEA@THETURTLEWITHAREDPENIS
‡ !""+O0UEKOTE-ANUKO4OTORO
(ENUAIFNOTBEINGTHREESEPARATENAMES
CANBETRANSLATEDASANEWBORNCHILDPUEPUE
&EDOROVAABIRDMANUCRAWLING
TOTOROOVERTHELANDHENUA4HISNAMEIS
REMINISCENTOFKO@URATEREHENUAASMALLINSECT
RUNNINGONTHELANDnAlGURATIVEREFERENCE
TOAHUMANBEING%NGLERT
‡ !"#+OHE6I@E@A5RE-OROKI
TRANSLATESAS@AWIFEWOMANOF5RE-OROKI
(OWEVERINBIRDMANCEREMONIEShWOMENWERE
NEVERNOMINATEDBUTTHEIVIATUAMIGHTBEMALEOR
FEMALEv2OUTLEDGEMAKINGITSUSPICI
OUSTOHAVEABIRDNAMEASSOCIATEDWITHAWOMAN
9ETTHEREISANAME"+OTE6AI(ONU-AITAKI
OFASIMILARSTRUCTURESUGGESTINGTHAT!"
#MAYBEACTUALLY+OHE6AI@A5RE-OROKI
‡ !.GATA(ORAMAYBEAMISSPELLINGOF
.GA4AHURAn@THESERVANTSOFTHEKING
‡ !"+OTE-IRO/NGE/NGEOFFERSSEVERAL
POSSIBILITIES&IRST-IRU(ONGA/NGOISA
FAMILYGROUPWITHINTHE-IRUTRIBE-ÏTRAUX
)TCOULDBEALSO-IRO/NGE@THE
SCARCITYOFWOOD!NOTHEROPTIONIS+OTE
-IRO/NEONEORWITHPARTIALDUPLICATION+OTE
-IRO/ONETHEEARTHSHIP3UCHBOATSHAPED
FORMATIONSMADEOFEARTHWEREUSEDFORRE
ENACTINGTHEARRIVALOFTHElRSTVISITINGSHIPS
%NGLERT2OUTLEDGE
‡ !4APA+ERO2ENGAn@WRINKLED
BEAUTIFULTAPACLOTH
‡ 4HESPELLING-OTU/RU!WITHORU@PIGIS
EXTREMELYDUBIOUS4HEBETTEROPTIONIS-OTU@O
2U$&nTHEISLANDOF2U4HISPLACENAME
ISRECORDEDTOTHEEASTOF(ANGA4E@E6AIHU
‡ !+OTE0OU2ENGAn@THEBEAUTIFULPOST
‡ !"#+O5RETANGITANGI@A6AI@A
-OAn@THEWEEPINGSONOF6AI@A-OA
‡ !"#+O0UA(AUn@HIBISCUSmOWER
‡ !0ß@O(IRO@THETRUMPETOF(IRO4HIS
ISAPHALLICSHAPEDSTONETHATWASBELIEVEDTO
3OMENAMESREFERTOTHEBIRDMANCOMPETITIONINCLUDING
POSSIBLEDESCRIPTIONSOFTHEISLETSANDTHESEA
s !"#$%4HEWORD
2OKUNGAISSPELLEDWITHAN@OEVENIN,IST
%PRESUMABLYWRITTENBYA2APANUIAND
ISABSENTFROMTHEDICTIONARIES(OWEVERIT
APPEARSIN-ÏTRAUXSGENEALOGYOFKINGSAS
2UKUNGAINSETBETWEENPPALSO
IN%NGLERTWHICHISATRANSLATABLE
WORD7ITHRUKUMEANING@TODIVE2UKUNGA
WOULDBE@DIVINGDU&EU
‡ !+O0EKAMAYMEANEITHER@CROSSSHAPEDOR
BEAMISSPELLEDFORMOF+O0EKAPEKAn@STARlSH
‡ !"+O6AI(EROHERO!TA
n@THECRIMSONWATERATDAWN
‡ !"0APA(A+ARAAAND0APAHAHARAA
WHICHMAYBE0APA(AKARA@ADESECRATEDLAVA
PANEL!LTERNATIVELYITCANBE0APA(AKATARA
nTHENAMEOFAlSH&EDOROVA
‡ !-OTU2AU5RICANMEAN@ISLANDOF
BLACKLEAVESASMALLISLETWITHTHISNAME
EXISTSINACOVEBEHIND!HU(ANGA+IO@E
‡ !+O6AI6ERAVERACANBETENTATIVELY
TRANSLATEDAS@HOTBURNINGWATER
‡ !+O0ARI4EAMEANS@WHITECRESTEDWAVES
‡ !(OPU%REEREn@TURQUOISEHOPUOR@BLACK
HOPUIFTHE4AHITIANLOANWORDISCONSIDERED
! GROUP OF NAMES REFER TO WEATHER CONDITIONS OR
CELESTIALPHENOMENATHATMIGHTHAVEDISTINGUISHEDTHE
YEAROFAPARTICULARBIRDMANCOMPETITION
‡ "+OTUA+AKAMIKAAPOSSIBLEMISSPELLING
OF+OÂA(AKAMITOn@THEPERSISTENTRAIN
‡ !$%+OHU+EROn@THE
ENDOFTHESHADOWnAREFERENCETO
ASOLARORLUNARECLIPSE
‡ !$%0UAÂAn@THERAINmOWER
‡ !+OTE+EHOKEHOn@ARIDDRY&EDOROVA
THEPLACEWITHTHISNAMEIS
LOCATEDTOTHEEASTOF(ANGA-AIHIKU
‡ !-AHINA!RO-EAn@-OONWITHREDFRONT
SIDEAPOSSIBLEREFERENCETOALUNARECLIPSE
‡ !4A+EROMAYBEAMISSPELLINGOF
EITHER4AKEREHILLOR4AKEOCOLD
‡ !"$%&(ENGAHENGA
-ATAKAn@REDDISHSCARLET
‡ !"+O(AKATAKEOn@COOLING
2APA.UI*OURNAL
6OL/CTOBER
.AMELISTSCONNECTEDWITHTHEBIRDMANCULTOF%ASTER)SLAND
HAVEMAGICALPOWERSTOCALLlSHTOTHESHORES
/NCELOCATEDAT(ANGAROAITWASTRANSPORTED
TOTHENORTHSHOREINTHEPAST,EE
‡ !+O(ITI+APURAnTHENAMEOFTHE
SPIRITWHOTRANSFORMEDACHILDINTOARED
NANUElSH-ÏTRAUX
‡ #+OTE+AI@A6OHIn@THEFOODOF6OHI
.AME3EQUENCEINTHE,ISTS
)TISIMPORTANTTOADDRESSTHEQUESTIONCONCERNINGTHE
CHRONOLOGICALORDEROFBIRDYEARS4HEMAINSUGGESTION
HEREISTOTAKE2OUTLEDGESLISTSWITHCAUTIONBECAUSE
HERINFORMANTSMIGHTHAVEBEENDICTATINGTHEYEARNAMES
IN A RANDOM ORDER4HE EVIDENCE PROVING THIS CAN BE
DEDUCEDFROMTHESUPPLEMENTARYNOTESACCOMPANYING
THELISTSSUMMARIZEDIN4ABLE
4ABLE.OTESACCOMPANYINGBIRDMANYEARSINDIFFERENTLISTS
:FBS
/PUFXJUI-JTUTPVSDF
"#$%5RNXQJD
$3VÂnTBDUd,BIBNBEFUIFLJUDIFOUPTFUUIFGPPE
%)BIBdU
IJT dNBEFUIFXPXTFUUIFGPPE+VBOHSBOEGBUIFSXFOUUP0SPIJF
3VBIBNFB 1VMZUBP DBNF
&&HHUBLFOCZ+VBOnTHSBOEGBUIFSGPS 3VÂXIPUPPL UIJTOBNFBOEHBWFJUd
5IJTZFBS1VPdDBNF
"#$.R3XUH3DNHNH
%"MMNFODBNFUP)BOHBSPB&OHMJTIUPPLJNBHF,P.BUÂUPPLZFBST
&5BLFPRDL,PNBUFESPQJUUXPZFBST
"#$.RWH7RDµD0DUXNX
+DX
%&OHMJTIUPPLJNBHF1JSPQJUP DBNF
&DBNF
"#$.RKH9L¶HµD8UH0RURNL
%&BUFOCZ1LXKL
"#$.R7DKLµR+LYD
$UIFZFBSUIF1FSVWJBOTIBECFFOr,P,PIJrB,PSP0SPOHPPG,BVOHB
XBT
TXJNNJOHGPSIJTWDQJDWDPDQX CFMPXm0SPOHPPO .PUV/VJ<BOE>XBTLJMMFECZ
CFJOHEBTIFEBHBJOTUUIFSPDL)JTCPEZXBTFYUSVEFE PO.PUV*UJ,BQJFSBUPPLIJT
IFBEBOEHBWFJUUPIJTCSPUIFSBU)BOHBSPBXIPIJEJU
%1dUFSPXFOU1FPQMFXFOUUP5BIJUJXJUIUIFN
"#$.R3XD+DX
%DMBOTFWFOUdWDQJDWDPDQX#BELYLDWXD
"#%.RWH$UD+LYD
'/HBBSBXFOUUP"LBIBOHB
"#$8WXSLUR
$-BTUPOFJO4BMNPOnTUJNFÚOJTI<FE >7FSJBNPQSFTFOU5VQBIPUV6SFmP)FJ
QSFTFOU
%.BV<SBUB>XBTLJOH"UBNVDBUI
BMJBT.BVSBUBBGUFSXBSET,JOHXBTKRSX+VBO
#PSO7FSJBNPQSFTFOU
&+VBOCPSO
"#.R7DKLQJD
%ZFBS1JUPQJUPEJFE
"#0DWD5RULURUL
%-BTUJO4BdUVV "##.R3XHNRWH0DQXNR
7RWRUR+HQXD
%DPOUFNQPSBSZXJUI1BPNBUBP4FFHFOFBMPHZPG,BQJFSB7BJ"UBSF
%ÚSTUPOJTMBOE "#.R+LWLNRWH9DL.LQR
%DPOUFNQPSBSZ1BPB,BSBOHB3PB
#.R+HSRNR5DQR.DR
%DPOUFNQPSBSZ1BP<B>,BSBOHB3PB
#.R8UHNRWH5HSD
%.BSPmB5BLJTBX
"#%+HQJDKHQJD0DWDND
%6SFmB,JPTBX
#+LYDD0DWD1XL
%DPOUFNQPSBSZ,PSFBLV&HHTUBLFOGSPNDBWFXJUIIFBET
"#.RWH3XKLµD3HUH5RNLURNL
$TFFDPVOUT BHBJOTU 3PDLOBNFPGQMFB
"#3RL3DND
$DPOÚSNFE7FSJBNP
%XFOUUP"OBLFOB
2APA.UI*OURNAL
6OL/CTOBER
0AUL(ORLEY
:FBS
/PUFXJUI-JTUTPVSDF
"%3XDÓD
$DPOÚSNFE7FSJBNP
'/HBBSBEJFEd,BQJFSB8FOUUP"OBLFOB7FSJBNPDPOÚSNFE1VB6B3BB
"%.R+HWXQJD
'/HBBSBDBNFUP5BIBJ
"%'.R5DXD.HUH
$,BQJFSBCPSO
"%'0DQX$SL
)<,P,BIV.BOVUBSB>UPPLFHHT
"%0DQX0HDPHD
$5F)BIBQSFTFOU
'5F)BIBQSFTFOU4E."35BIBJ)BVNPBOB
"%0RWXµR5X
'.FOd3BLV8FOUUP0SPIJFd
"%.R3RLQJR
',BQJFSBCPSO<3PNºO>)F<JBUUFOEFEBT >BDIJME8FOUUP0SPIJF
"$+RWX1RQRµL
&,BQJFSBCPSO
".RWH0DQX7DNDWDND
$)BNFBXBTBGBNPVTTXJNNFS PGUFOdHFE
".R+HXNR0RUH0HD
$(SVET TXJNNJOHJOXBUFS
".R+LQD0DQJR
$,BQJFSBXFOUUPm0SPOHP<BOE>TMFQUBU5BLJOHB3FSB ".R7DKDRL
$7FSJBNPQSFTFOU
4HE YEAR 2OKUNGA ! " # $ MARKS
THELASTCOMPETITIONAT@/RONGO)N,IST"ITISPRECEDED
BY+OTE0URE0AKEKE!"#AND+OTE4OA
@A -ARUKU (AU ! " # BOTH ACCOMPANIED
BY A NOTE ABOUT THE REMOVAL BY %NGLISHMEN OF THE
MOAI (OA (AKANANAI@A BY THE CREW OF (-3 4OPAZE
IN .OVEMBER 6AN4ILBURG )F THIS
INDEEDHAPPENEDDURINGBIRDMANYEARS"OR"
THELASTYEAR2OKUNGASHOULDBEEITHEROR
(OWEVER 2OUTLEDGE PLACES 2OKUNGA AT IEBEFORETHEVISITOF4OPAZE3UCHDATING
SEEMS CORRECT BECAUSE THE #HRISTIANIZATION OF %ASTER
)SLANDWASACCOMPLISHEDIN-ÏTRAUX
MAKING IT IMPOSSIBLE TO EXPECT THAT THE LAST BIRDMAN
CEREMONYWASCARRIEDOUTONEYEARAFTERTHECONVERSION
-OREOVER IT IS ALSO DOUBTFUL THAT THE COMPETITION
WAS HELD AT @/RONGO AFTER IT BECAME DEVOID OF MOAI
(OA (AKANANAI@A WHICH PLAYED AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN
THE CEREMONIES JUDGING FROM ITS RICHLY ADORNED BACK
DISPLAYINGTANGATAMANUAND@AOCARVINGS
*UAN4EPANOWASBORNIN&ISCHER
INTHEYEAROF5TUPIRO!"#(ISMOTHER6ERI
@!MO WITNESSEDREMEMBERED SEVERAL TANGATA MANU
COMPETITIONS5TUPIRO!"#0UAÂA!
$0OI0AKA!"AND+O4AHAOI!4HESE
YEARSAREMOREORLESSCLUSTEREDIN,IST!EXCEPTFOR+O
4AHAOI+APIERA2EVA(IVAISSAIDTOBEBORNINTHEYEAR
(OTU.ONO@I!#OR+O0OINGO!$OR
+O2AUA+ERE!$&nTHETWOLATTERNAMESARE
CONSEQUENTIN,IST!BUTDIFFERBYSEVERALYEARSIN,IST
$)NTHECENSUSTAKENBY*OSÏ)GNACIO6IVES3OLAR
2APA.UI*OURNAL
+APIERAISMENTIONEDASBEINGYEARSOLDWHICHPLACES
HISDATEOFBIRTHIN-ORENO0AKARATIPERSCOMM
4E(AHAATTENDEDTHECEREMONYINTHEYEAR-ANU
-EAMEA!$2OMÈN(EIWITNESSEDITASACHILD
INYEAR+O0OINGO!$
4HE COMMENT @EATEN BY NIUHI FOR THE YEAR +O
HE6I@E@A 5RE -OROKI ! " # REFERS TO THE
FOLLOWINGEVENT
h)NONEINSTANCETHEIVIATUAATTHESAMETIMETHAT
HEGAVETHENOMINATIONPROPHESIEDTHATTHEYEARTHAT
ITWASTAKENUPAMANSHOULDBEEATENBYALARGElSH
THEORIGINALRECIPIENTNEVERAVAILEDHIMSELFOFITBUT
ON HIS DEATHBED TOLD HIS SON OF THE PROPHESY4HE
SON+ILIMUTIUNDETERREDBYITENTEREDFORTHERACE
AND SENT TWO MEN TO THE ISLET ONE OF THEM STARTED
TOSWIMTHEREWITHHISPORABUTWASNEVERHEARDOF
AGAINANDITWASNATURALLYSAIDTHATTHEPROPHECYHAD
BEEN FULlLLED +ILIMUTI WASTED NO REGRET OVER THE
EVENTUALITY OBTAINED ANOTHER SERVANT AND SECURED
THEEGGv2OUTLEDGE
4HENOTESCORRESPONDINGTOTHENAMELISTSSAYTHAT
APERSONCALLED0ITOPITOCAMEINTHEYEAR+OTE4OA@A
-ARUKU(AU!"#ANDDIEDINTHEYEAR+O
4AHINGA!"4HISISAREFERENCETO*EAN"APTISTE
/NÏSIME $UTROU"ORNIER hIMPRESSED BY $UTROU
"ORNIERS mASHY CAPTAINS JACKET THE 2APANUI DUBBED
HIM @4E 0ITOPITO -ANGAREVAN FOR @4HE "UTTONSv
&ISCHER7ITHTHISIDENTIlCATION+OTE4OA
@A -ARUKU (AU CORRESPONDS TO HIS lRST VISIT
6OL/CTOBER
.AMELISTSCONNECTEDWITHTHEBIRDMANCULTOF%ASTER)SLAND
OR HIS SETTLEMENT AND +O 4AHINGA n TO 2ETURNINGTOLISTS!AND"ONEWILLSEETHATNEITHEROF
THEMPRESENTSACORRECTCHRONOLOGY4HELISTSSTARTWITH
2OKUNGA AND COUNT THE YEARS BACKWARDS SUGGESTING
THATTHEYEAROF0ITOPITOSARRIVALSHOULDOCCURPRIORTO
HISDEATHYETLISTS!AND"GIVETHATINREVERSEORDER
!LSOWITH2OKUNGAMARKINGTHECOMPETITIONOF
IT IS NOT CLEAR HOW $UTROU"ORNIERS ARRIVAL IN CAN APPEAR TWO YEARS BEFORE 2OKUNGA 0ERHAPS THE
INFORMANTSWERETRYINGTORECALLTHElRSTBRIEFVISITOF
$UTROU"ORNIERASAPILOTOFASHIPTHATBROUGHT&ATHER
'ASPARD:UMBOHMAND,AY"ROTHER4HÏODULE%SCOLAN
TOTHEISLAND-ORENO0AKARATIPERSCOMM!S
ONECANSEE,IST!ISCLEARLYNOTINCHRONOLOGICALORDER
BECAUSETHE+OTE4OA@A-ARUKU(AUWHEN$UTROU
"ORNIERARRIVEDHASANUMBEROF
4HE YEAR OF THE 0ERUVIAN SLAVE RAIDS BEARS THE
NAME+O4AHI@O(IVA!"#THATTRANSLATES
AS@THEOTHEROF(IVAPERHAPSREFERRINGTO@YETANOTHER
CONTACTWITHTHEOUTSIDEWORLD)TISIMPORTANTTOSTRESS
THATTHERAIDSOCCURREDIN$ECEMBERAND-ARCH
&ISCHER WHICH USING 2APANUI TIME
RECKONINGWASWITHINTHESAMEYEARSTARTINGWITHTHE
!USTRAL SPRING IN 3EPTEMBER 4HUS +O 4AHI @O
(IVA SHOULD HAVE OCCURRED AT MOST lVE YEARS BEFORE
2OKUNGA!#nWHICHMEANSTHAT,IST!DElNITELY
HAS IT WRONG ! WHILE LISTS " AND # SHOW IT IN A
MOREORLESSCORRECTPOSITION"#
4HENOTESSUPPLIEDFORTHE,IST$NARRATETHESTORY
OFTHEKING.GAARAnHEWASCAPTUREDANDBROUGHTTO
!KAHANGAINTHEYEAR+OTE!RA(IVA!"$
RETURNEDFROMCAPTIVITYANDSETTLEDAT4AHAIINTHEYEAR
+O(ETUNGA!$DIEDANDWASBURIEDAT4AHAI
IN0UAÂA!$/NCEAGAIN,IST!HASTHESE
YEARNAMESSHUFmED,IST$MAYHAVEITRIGHTASITENDS
WITH2OKUNGASOTHATTHECAPTIVITYOFTHEKINGOCURRED
SEVERALYEARSBEFOREHISRESCUEANDDEATHTOESTIMATE
TIME INTERVALS BETWEEN THESE EVENTS IT IS IMPORTANT
TO NOTE THAT 2OUTLEDGE JOINS SEVERAL BIRD NAMES INTO
A SINGLE YEAR &IGURE 4HUS TAKING ,IST $ AT FACE
VALUEONECANCONCLUDETHAT+ING.GAARAMIGHTHAVE
MANAGEDTOSURVIVETHE0ERUVIANSLAVERAIDSASHEDIED
THREE YEARS BEFORE 2OKUNGA WHICH WOULD BE (OWEVER IF &ISCHERS ESTIMATION OF
.GAARASDEATHINISCORRECTTHECHRONOLOGYGIVEN
IN,IST$SHOULDBECONSIDEREDWITHMORECAUTION
!NOTHER DETAIL QUESTIONING THE CHRONOLOGICAL
NATUREOFLISTS!AND"CONCERNSTHEYEAROFTHE@TEN
BIRDMENCOMPETITION+O0UA(AU!"#
$ESPITETHEFACTTHATTHISISACCOMPANIEDWITHANOTE
@TANGATAMANUTHEREAREONLYNINENAMESIN,IST
" &IGURE ONE OF WHICH n +OHU KO 4ANGI "
nALSOAPPEARS@OUTSIDEOFTHEEVENTASANAME"
2OUTLEDGE STATES THAT THE @TENBIRDMEN
COMPETITION OCCURRED FOUR YEARS BEFORE 2OKUNGA
2APA.UI*OURNAL
(OWEVER LISTS " AND # PUT IT EIGHT YEARS BEFORE THE
LAST COMPETITION AS IF SUGGESTING THAT IN THE HAND
WRITTENDRAFTOFHERPAPER2OUTLEDGEMARKEDTHIS
YEAR AS THE @TH BEFORE 2OKUNGA WHICH WAS MISREAD
ASTHE@THONFURTHERSTAGESOFPRODUCTIONTYPESETTING
)TISWORTHMENTIONINGTHATBIRDMENNAMES""
APPEAR IN ,IST ! BUT THEY ARE SHUFmED AND MOSTLY
OCCUR IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE LIST !!!
!!!!!AND!3URPRISINGLY+O
0UA(AUISABSENTFROM,IST$%&WHICHHOWEVER
HAS THE SIMILARLYSOUNDING YEAR 0UA ÂA $ %
! LOCATED THREE YEARS BEFORE 2OKUNGA ASSUMING
THAT THE CURVED BRACKETS IN &IGURE COUNT THE NAME
PAIRS+OHU+ERO+OTE(UNGAAND0UAÂA+OTE0OKI
@O(EUHEUASSINGLEYEARS
!CROSSREFERENCEOFLISTS!%MAKESITCLEARTHAT
THESEQUENCEOFNAMESVARIESFROMLISTTOLIST,ISTS"
AND # ARE STRONGLY RELATED TO EACH OTHER4HE LARGEST
,IST ! DESPITE BEING SHUFmED ALSO FEATURES SEVERAL
NOTABLECOLLOCATIONSOFNAMES
s +O0UEKOTE-ANUKO4OTORO(ENUA!
""AND-ATA2ORIRORI!"
s 0OI0AKA!"AND0APA
(AKATARA!"
s 4AHI@A-ARUA!"AND+O
TE-IRO/ONE!"
s -ANU-EAMEA!$&AND
-ANU!PI!$&
s (ENGAHENGA-ATAKA!"$%
&AND+O-OA0AKIA!"$
s +OTE0URE0AKEKE!"#+OTE4OA
@A-ARUKU(AU!"#AND+OTE5RE
4ANGITANGI@A6AIA-OA!"#
s +OTE!RA(IVA!"$&AND
+O5RE(ORA+EA!"
)TISCLEARTHATAFULLANALYSISANDDElNITIONOFAPROPER
SEQUENCE OF BIRDMAN YEAR NAMES WILL REQUIRE A HUGE
EFFORTTHATGOESFARBEYONDTHESCOPEOFTHECURRENTPAPER
(OWEVERIFTHISTASKCOULDBEACCOMPLISHEDONEWOULDBE
REWARDEDWITHUNIQUEETHNOLOGICALDATAnARECONSTRUCTED
CHRONOLOGYOFTANGATAMANUCOMPETITIONS
4RIBAL!FlLIATIONAND7INNER3TATISTICS
4ABLE PRESENTS NAMES WITH SPELLING VARIATIONS
MAKING A @TOTAL NAME SET OF THESE APPEAR
INTWOORMORELISTSFORMINGA@CONlRMEDNAMESET
4HETRIBALAFlLIATIONSOFTHEWINNERSGIVENINSQUARE
BRACKETSIN4ABLEWITHSTANDCROSSCOMPARISONIN
OUT OF CASES SUGGESTING GENERAL ACCURACY
OF TRIBE NAME DATA4HIS INFORMATION IS IMPORTANT AS
THE BIRDMAN COMPETITION WAS CARRIED OUT NAMELY TO
DETERMINETHETRIBETHATWOULDRULETHEISLANDANDHAVE
6OL/CTOBER
0AUL(ORLEY
h3ELECTION ;OF THE NEXT DOMINANT CLAN BY RULING
AO=GAVERISEASMIGHTBEEXPECTEDTOBURNINGSOF
HEARTSTHEMATTERMIGHTBEANDPROBABLYOFTENWAS
SETTLEDBYWARv2OUTLEDGE
ACCESSTOTHEVALUABLEFOODRESOURCESFORAYEAR!TlRST
GLANCEONEMAYTHINKTHATEVERYTRIBEHADITSCHANCE
TOWIN(OWEVER2OUTLEDGEEXPLICITLYSAYS
THAT ONLY DOMINANT MATATO@A TRIBES WERE ALLOWED TO
PARTICIPATESIGNIlCANTLYNARROWINGTHENUMBEROFTHE
TRIBESTHATCOULDPOTENTIALLYWIN
4HESTATISTICSOFBIRDMENNUMBERPERTRIBEISGIVEN
IN4ABLEFORTOTALANDCONlRMEDBIRDMENNAMESETS
4HETOTALNAMESETCONTAINSTRIBALAFlLIATIONSCLEARLY
SHOWINGTHAT5REO(EI-IRUAND4UPAHOTUDOMINATED
THESCENEWITHANDWINNERSRESPECTIVELY4HE
@CONTRIBUTION PERCENTAGE FOR EACH TRIBE IN THE @TOTAL
LISTISQUITECLOSETOTHEACTUALNUMBERASTHENUMBEROF
NAMESISALMOST4HE@CONlRMEDNAMELISTFEATURES
ASLIGHTLYDIFFERENT@BALANCEOFPOWER-IRULEADSWITH
WINNERSFOLLOWEDBY4UPAHOTUAND5REO(EIWITH
ANDWINNERSRESPECTIVELY7HATISIMPORTANTISTHAT
THESETHREETRIBESMAKETHEMAJORCONTRIBUTIONTOBOTH
LISTSnENTRIESFORTHE@TOTALLISTAND
FOR THE @CONlRMED LIST4HIS ANALYSIS SHOWS THAT THE
CHANCESTOWINTHEBIRDMANCOMPETITIONFOROTHERTRIBES
WEREACTUALLYQUITESLIM
4HEDATAPRESENTEDIN4ABLEGIVEASTRAIGHTFORWARD
EXPLANATIONTOTHEEXISTENCEOFTWODOMINANTRESIDENCES
OFTANGATAMANUnAT@!NAKENATHELANDOFTHE-IRUAND
2ANO2ARAKUTHETERRITORYOF4UPAHOTUAND5REO(EI
)TWOULDBELESSPROBABLETOEXPECTFOREXAMPLEALARGE
BIRDMANRESIDENCEONTHELANDSOFTHE-ARAMAWHOHAD
ACCORDINGTO2OUTLEDGESDATAONLYSIXWINNERS
4HE LORE OF %ASTER )SLAND NARRATES ABOUT A CONSI
DERABLE AMOUNT OF WARFARE BETWEEN TWO DOMINANT
TRIBALGROUPS+O4UUAND(OTU)TIWHICHCOULDHAVE
BEEN@FUELEDTOACERTAINEXTENTBYTHEOUTCOMEOFTHE
BIRDMANCOMPETITION
4HEBIRDMANLISTSRECORDEDBY2OUTLEDGEINADDITION
TOPROVIDINGTHECHRONOLOGYOFBIRDMANYEARSFEATURE
A CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF OTHER NAMES THOSE OF THE
WINNERSPRIORTOADOPTIONOFANEWBIRDMANNAMEAS
WELLASTHENAMESOFPROXIESINTHEFORMOFHOPUANDIVI
ATUAPRIESTS4HELATTERAREVERYFEWINNUMBER&ORTHE
YEAROF2OKUNGATHEPRIESTWAS+O6IKEA4UKU(IVA
,IST!OR+OVIKEA4UKE(IVA,IST"4HEREARETHREE
MORE NAMES OF IVI ATUA IN ,IST! +O +OKÏ A 2ATI E
+OROFORTHEYEAR(OTU.ONO@I!+ORENGA2OIROI
@A4UKI(IVAAWOMANOF(AUMOANACLANFORTHEYEAR
-ANU4AKATAKA!AND+O+OIKÏ@A2ATÞA+ORO
/RONGOFROM(ANGAROAFORTHEYEAR-OTU@O2U!
2OUTLEDGEWRITESTHATTWOIVIATUAhCALLED
THEMSELVESAFTER(AWA;(AUA=AND-AKEMAKÏRESPEC
TIVELYBUTTHISSEEMSTOBEEXCEPTIONALv4HISINFORMA
TIONDOESNOTAPPEARINLISTS!&REQUIRINGADDITIONAL
STUDYOF2OUTLEDGESlELDNOTESINTHEHOPEOFlNDING
THEREQUIREDSUPPORTINGEVIDENCE
4HE COMMON NAMES OF THE VICTORIOUS BIRDMEN
AND THEIR PROXIES ARE GIVEN IN 4ABLE FOLLOWING THE
NAMEORDEROF4ABLE)NMANYCASESTHETRIBALAFlLI
4ABLE.UMBEROFBIRDMENPERTRIBE
4ABLE"IRDMENPERTRIBALGROUP2OUTLEDGE
2APA.UI*OURNAL
4HE STATISTICS OF BIRDMEN DISTRIBUTION OVER TRIBAL
GROUP IS GIVEN IN 4ABLE )T IS INTERESTING THAT THE
@GENERALSCOREOFTANGATAMANUCOMPETITIONSFORBOTH
@TOTALAND@CONlRMEDSETSISALMOSTPERFECTLYEVEN
.AMESOF4ANGATA-ANU(OPUAND)VI!TUA
6OL/CTOBER
.AMELISTSCONNECTEDWITHTHEBIRDMANCULTOF%ASTER)SLAND
6AI@A-OA!"#0OROTUnMENTIONEDAND
PORTRAYED BY 2OUTLEDGE &IGURE n WAS
A HOPU IN THE YEAR +O4AHINGA ! "4OMENIKA
n WHO IN HIS LATER DAYS LIVED IN LEPROSARIUM AND WAS
INTERVIEWED BY 2OUTLEDGE ABOUT RONGORONGO AND TAU
SCRIPTS n WAS A PROXY IN THE YEAR 4AHITAHI@A4OROKIO
"#/NANOTHEROCASSIONHESERVEDASAHOPUFOR
TWOMASTERSINTHE@TENBIRDMENCOMPETITIONWORKING
FOR4UU(OTU2OA!"AND+OTE!RA(IVA!
"$&3URPRISINGLYLISTS$&ASSOCIATETHELATTER
BIRDMAN WITH TWO WINNERS AND THREE HOPU !NOTHER
CONSIDERABLEDISCREPANCYINTHENUMBEROFWINNERSAND
PROXIES IS RECORDED FOR THE YEAR -ANU -EAMEA !
$,IST!MENTIONSASINGLEBIRDMANBUT,IST$GIVES
FOURTANGATAMANUANDFOURHOPU
ATIONS OF HOPU ARE ALSO SUPPLIED!S ONE CAN SEE IN
THEMAJORITYOFCASESTHEPROXIESWEREFROMADIFFERENT
TRIBE3OMETIMESTHEWOULDBEBIRDMANWENTHIMSELF
TOPROCURETHEEGGTHISHAPPENEDFOR+OHU+ERO!
$%+O5RE(ARA+EA!"+O(AKATAKEO
!"AND+OTE6AREOTE0UREVA!"
3EVERAL NAMES FROM 4ABLE ARE WELLKNOWN
-AURATAnWHOSENAMEISLISTEDINROYALGENEALOGIESOF
%ASTER)SLANDnSERVEDASHOPUFOR0UA!RA(OA@A2APU
INTHEYEAR5TUPIRO!"#WHICHISREmECTEDIN
2OUTLEDGESCOMMENTTHATh+INGWASHOPUv4ABLE,IST
"(OWEVERSHEADDSTHATHEWASh!TAMUCATHALIAS
-AURATAAFTERWARDSvWHICHPOINTSTOADIFFERENTPERSON
n4E +ENA A @!O4AHI KNOWN BY THE BAPTISMAL NAME
!TAMU !DAM 4E +ENA -ORENO 0AKARATI WHOSIGNEDTHEAGREEMENTWITH0OLICARPO4OROIN
4E+ENALATERTOOKTHENAMEOF+ING-AURATAPERHAPS
TO GAIN MORE LEGITIMACY AS A LEADER BECOMING!TAMU
-AURATA4E+ENA-ORENO0AKARATI4OROMETI
nTHE@HOSTOFTHElRSTMISSIONARY%UGENE%YRAUDnWAS
AVICTORIOUSBIRDMANINTHEYEAR+O5RE4ANGITANGI@A
@/RONGO(OUSE.AMES
4HE CEREMONIAL VILLAGE OF @/RONGO IS COMPOSED OF
ABOUTlFTYHOUSESOFDRYLAIDSTONEMASONRY4HISTYPE
OFARCHITECTUREWASDICTATEDBYHARSHWEATHERCONDITIONS
4ABLE4HENAMESOFWINNINGBIRDMENANDTHEIRPROXIESHOPUWITHREFERENCETONAMELISTS4HEASTERISKS
MARKTHENAMES
BELONGINGTO@TENBIRDMENYEAR+O0UA(AU
:FBSOBNF
5BOHBUBNBOV
+RSX
"#$%5RNXQJD
"#$.RWH3XUH3DNHNH
$%<6)>3VÂ
$<.*>,VNBUJDULNL %,PNBUÂ&,PNBUF
%<)">.BUJUBVOHB
&.BUJUBVWB
%<.*>5PSPNBUJ&5PSPNFUJ
%<5)>.BNBPSB&.BOVBPSB
%<5)>,PIPVB5BLF
%&<5)>,PQVQB
%&<.*>,PUBLJ
%,P5BLF
%<,0>"UFQ POB&"UFUPOB
%<.*>,P)BUJ
%<.*>7BJB6SF
%</5>,P7FIJ
%<.*>.BUJIFP
%<.*>*LB)JWB
%<.*>5VV7BF"P
'</6>)BOHB7BJFSP
)</6>)BOHP7BJFSP
)(</6>,PUF,FIV
%<.*>3BQBIBOHB
%<.*>,BJUBWJ
%<5)>(XBJBIPB1VB"SB)PBmB
3BQV
%<5)>,P*LB1BQB7BJ
%<6)>,PSFOHB.BOV
$,P.JOF%,PNJOÂ
%<5)>.BOV*SJ5BJ
"#$.RWH7RDµD0DUXNX+DX
"#$.R8UH7DQJLWDQJLµD9DLµD0RD
"#$.RKH9L¶HµD8UH0RURNL
#.RWH9DLµD8UH0DLWDNL
"#$.R7DKLµR+LYD
"##$.RKXNR7DQJL
#$7DKLWDKLµD7RURNLR
"#$.R3XD+DX
"#.R+LWL.DSXUD
"#.RWH3RX5HQJD
"#.R+DNDWDNHR
"#.R8UH+DUD.HD
"#%'.RWH$UD+LYD
"#.RWH9DUHRWH3XUHYD
"#7XX+RWX5RD
"#$8WXSLUR
"#.RWH8UH1XNXQXNX
"#.R7DKLQJD
2APA.UI*OURNAL
%&<)">,PSBJBIPBBV
%<5)>7BJ)FSP&7BJIFSJ
%&<.*>5VQB
%&<.*>"SPJ
%<.*>"UBNJ
%&"UBNV
%&5PNFOJLBMFQFS
%<6)>.BUB1PFQPF
%<6)>.BUB1PFQPF
%*LB)JWB
%.BUJIFPUPPLIJTPXOFHH
%*LB)JWB
%<5)>5PNFOJLBBMTP#
'<).>,P6SF3PSPIJ
)<).>)BOVUF3PB
<6)>"UBJSJ
%3BQBIBOHBUPPLIJTPXO
%<5)>5PNFOJLBBMTP#
%<.*>"SBNVDOLDV.BVSBUB
%<5)>7BOFSJ
%<6)>1PSPUV
6OL/CTOBER
0AUL(ORLEY
n THE COMMON BOATSHAPED HOUSE COVERED WITH GRASS
WOULD NOT WITHSTAND THE CONSTANT GUSTY WINDS -ANY
BUILDINGS OVERLAP EACH OTHER TO SAVE THE EFFORT IN
CONSTRUCTIONOFTHEWALLSTHUSFORMINGDISTINCTHOUSE
GROUPS4HISRICHCONSTRUCTIONHISTORYOF@/RONGOMAY
REmECTTHEPOLITICALSIDEOFTHEBIRDMANCULT
WITH @2 AND @ RESPECTIVELY WHEN DISCUSSED HOUSE
NUMBERSAREDIFFERENT
!SONECANSEEFROM&IGURETHEISOLATEDGROUPOF
HOUSESSTANDINGATTHEENTRANCEOFTHEVILLAGEBUILDINGS
AND LEFT IN A RUINED STATE TO SHOW HOW THE SITE
LOOKED BEFORE -ULLOYS RESTORATION WORK IS LOCATED
BY0UKU.GAU.GAU.AUNAUnTHESANDALWOODCLIFF
4HESAMEGROUPOFROCKSISALSOCALLED6I@E+ENA4EA
,EE&IGUREAFEMALEDEITYRELATEDTOTHE
BIRDMANCULT2OUTLEDGE4HEBUILDINGSATTHE
NORTHWESTENDOFTHEUPPERHOUSEROWARECALLED(IKU
/RONGO@THETAILOF@/RONGOANDARESAIDTOBELONGTO
2AA4HENAMEOFTHEHOUSEOFMOAI(OA(AKANANAI@A
4AURA 2ENGA @BEAUTIFUL BELT ACCORDING TO %NGLERT
ISGIVENINTHEFORM4AU2ENGERENGE4HE
BUILDINGSCOMPLETINGTHEUPPERHOUSEGROUPARECALLED
;ILLEGIBLE=KUMI @LONG AND BELONGED TO (AMEA4HE
BUILDINGSTARTINGTHELOWERHOUSEROWISCALLED6I
HANGAPERHAPSDERIVEDFROMVIHAVIHA@ABANDONEDSEE
%NGLERTANDBELONGEDTO2AA4HEDWELLINGS
CLOSINGTHELOWERHOUSEGROUPAREASCRIBEDTO-ARAMA
TOGETHER WITH TWO HOUSES WITH BARROW PITS AT THEIR
BACKS&INALLYTHE-ATA.GARAUCLUSTERIS
LABELED0OKÏWHICHMAYBETHESHORTENEDPOKOPOKOKE
@BOTTOMLESS&EDOROVAREFERRINGTOTHECLIFFS
DROPPINGDOWNTOTHEOCEANINFRONTOFTHESACREDPRECINCT
)TISIMPORTANTTONOTETHATACCORDINGTO2OMÈN(EITHE
HOUSESOF@/RONGOBELONGEDTOONLYTHREETRIBESn2AA
(AMEAAND-ARAMAWITHTHElRSTTWOREPRESENTINGTHE
POWERFUL-IRU!S2OMÈN(EIBELONGEDTOTHE-ARAMA
TRIBEONECANlNDHEREAREASONABLEEXPLANATIONASTO
WHYTHISISTHEONLYTRIBETHATISMENTIONEDINADDITION
TOTHE-IRUATTHESAMETIMESUGGESTINGTHATTHEDATA
COULDBEBIASEDBYTHEINFORMANT
4HESECONDLISTOFHOUSENAMESWASRECORDEDFROM
+APIERA2EVA(IVA&IGURE)TISFARMOREDETAILEDAND
FEATURES THE NAMES FOR DWELLINGS GROUPS THEREOF AND
EVENFORINDIVIDUALENTRANCESOFDOUBLEDOORHOUSES4O
SIMPLIFY THE ANALYSIS THE CORRESPONDING HOUSE NAMES
AREDISPLAYEDONTHEMAPOF@/RONGO&IGURE!SONE
CANSEE(AREKOTE(IKUTHETAILHOUSESADDRESSESTWO
h,IKE MANY IMAGE AHU NEARLY ALL OF THE BUILDINGS
;AT@/RONGO=WEREREFURBISHEDALTEREDANDEXPANDED
MULTIPLETIMESxTHESESTRUCTURALCHANGESARETHOUGHT
TORELATETOTHENUMBEROFLINEAGESTHATPARTICIPATED
INBIRDMANRITUALAPPARENTLYTHATNUMBERINCREASED
OVERTHETIMEUNTILTHEENTIREISLANDWASINVOLVED4HE
BUILDINGSWEREASSIGNEDTOCLANSACCORDINGTOTHEEAST
WESTDIVISIONOFTHEISLANDv6AN4ILBURG
4HEONLYDATAPUBLISHEDBY2OUTLEDGEREGARDINGTRIBAL
AFlLIATIONOFTHEHOUSESRELATETO-ATA.GARAU
h4HE GROUP OF HOUSES AT THE END ;OF THE VILLAGE=
AMONG THE CARVED ROCKS WAS TABOO DURING THE
FESTIVAL FOR THEY WERE INHABITED BY THE RONGO
RONGO MEN THE WESTERN HALF BEING APPORTIONED TO
THEEXPERTSFROM(OTU)TITHEEASTERNTOTHOSEFROM
+OTUUv2OUTLEDGE
2OUTLEDGES lELD NOTES PRESENT FAR MORE DETAILED
DATA &IRST THERE IS A SKETCH OF THE @/RONGO VILLAGE
MADE AFTER THE INFORMATION CONTRIBUTED BY 2OMÈN
(EI&IGURE4OSIMPLIFYFURTHERDISCUSSIONWEWILL
ADDRESS INDIVIDUAL HOUSES USING A NUMBERING SYSTEM
THAT IS SIMILAR TO THAT PROPOSED BY 2OUTLEDGE &IGURE BUT AMENDED BY THE REMOVAL OF THE LETTERS
FROM BUILDING NAMES EG THE CLUSTER OF HOUSES 2
2A2BECOME4HEHOUSECOUNTAT-ATA
.GARAU AREA IS ALSO IMPROVED BASED ON SURVEY AND
RESTORATION WORK BY -ULLOY lGURES 4HE
COLLATION OF HOUSE NUMBERS AND CURRENT NUMBERING
CAN BE FOUND IN (ORLEY AND ,EE 4O
SIMPLIFYTHEDISCUSSION)WILLPRESENTHOUSENUMBERS
BOTHIN2OUTLEDGESANDCURRENTNOMENCLATUREPRElXED
&IGURE3KETCHOF@/RONGOVILLAGESHOWINGTRIBALAFlLIATIONOFHOUSES2OUTLEDGElELD
NOTES2EELPARTP$IGITALIMAGECOURTESYOF0ACIlC-ANUSCRIPTS"UREAUFROM
ORIGINALSHELDATTHE2OYAL'EOGRAPHICAL3OCIETYWITH)"'
2APA.UI*OURNAL
6OL/CTOBER
.AMELISTSCONNECTEDWITHTHEBIRDMANCULTOF%ASTER)SLAND
UNRESTOREDBUILDINGSAND4HISNAMEISDESCRIPTIVE
lTTINGWELLWITHTHEHOUSESSTANDINGONTHEOUTSKIRTSOF
THEVILLAGE4HELISTALSOMENTIONSTHESTONESBELOWTHESE
HOUSESAS6I@E+ENA4EA4HEBUILDING2ISCALLED
+OTE(UNGARU4AIWHICHCANBETENTATIVELYTRANSLATEDAS
@SALTCOVER;DEPOSITED=BYTHESEA4HENEXTHOUSENAME
MENTIONS(AUATHECOMPANIONOF-AKEMAKE"UILDING
2 IS CALLED @+O TE (ETU HETU MEANS EITHER @TO
MAKESOUNDOR@FAMOUS4HISNAMECANBETENTATIVELY
EXPLAINEDBYTWOPITSINFRONTOFTHEHOUSEDOCUMENTED
BY2OUTLEDGETHATMAYHAVESERVEDASPER
CUSSIONPLATES-ÏTRAUX(OUSEISCALLED
+O+Ï@THEOTHERWHICHISPROBABLYUNRELATEDTOTHE
HOUSEATALLREPRESENTINGANANSWERTOAQUESTION@AND
THATHOUSEn@THATISTHEOTHERONE
4HECENTRALCHAMBEROFTHELARGEHOUSE2
ONCESHELTERINGAMOAIISCALLED4AURA2ENGATHISTIME
SPELLEDAS+O4AU2ORENO&IGURE4HECHAMBERTOTHE
RIGHT2ISRECORDEDAS(OHAKA.ANAISOUNDING
SOSIMILARTOTHESTATUESNAME(OA(AKANANAI@ATHATONE
BECOMES INCLINED TO THINK THAT IT SHOULD BE CONNECTED
TO4AURA2ENGA4HEHOUSESOPENINGSTOTHECOURTYARD
NEARBYARECALLED+O5KA@THEGIRL+O6ERO@THE
SPEARAND+O4UKI4HEVERBTUKIMEANS@TO
COPULATE%NGLERTMAKINGONECURIOUSABOUT
THETYPEOFCEREMONIESTHATMIGHTHAVEBEENHELDINTHIS
PARTOFTHEVILLAGE4HENEIGHBORINGBUILDINGISCALLED
+OTE+AUKInPERHAPSMISSPELLED+OTE+AUHA@THEBACK
SIDEOFINANIMATEOBJECTS%NGLERTnAPOSSIBLE
NAMEOFAHOUSELOCATEDATTHEBACKOFTHECOURTAREA
4HELOWERROWOFHOUSESSTARTSWITHALARGEBUILDING
FEATURINGTWOENTRANCESTHELEFTOFWHICHISCALLED
0OINGO AND THE RIGHT n 2AUA +ERE "OTH NAMES ARE
BIRDMANNAMESTHATAPPEARTOGETHERIN,IST!!AND
! AND ARE CONSIDERABLY CLOSE IN ALL THREE VERSIONS
OF,IST$$&AND$&!TTHESAMETIMERAUA
KEREKERECOULDBETRANSLATEDAS@BOTHAREDARKWHICH
APPEARS TO BE QUITE A NATURAL NAME FOR TWO ENTRANCES
LEADINGINTOADARKHOUSEINTERIOR(OUSEISCALLED
+O6IHANGAWHICHISAGAINABIRDMANNAME!4HE
SAMENAMEWASGIVENTOHOUSEINTHESKETCHDRAWN
AFTERTHEINFORMATIONPROVIDEDBY2OMÈN(EI&IGURE
4HENEXTTWOENTRANCEHOUSESPORTSINDIVIDUAL
NAMESFOREVERYDOOR(EMO.UIAND(EMO)TIn@FORA
BIGONEAND@FORASMALLONERESPECTIVELY(OUSES
ANDARECALLED(ERU5RIAND(ERU4EA@BLACKAND
@WHITECALFOFTHELEG%NGLERT4HENEXT
THREEHOUSESARECALLED.GARIKO.GARAHEA.UI
AND.GARAHEA)TITWOLATTERNAMESMAYBE
NGARAUHIVA@THETWINS4HEREMAININGHOUSESOFTHE
LOWERROWARECALLED+O0AOA@THEGUARDIANAND
+OTEHAREKITETINI@THEHOUSEINTHEMIDDLE
4HE DWELLINGS AND ARE CALLED (AMI4APA
5RA @RED TAPA LOINCLOTH4HE NEXT HOUSE GROUP STARTS
[email protected])TI
@SMALL TUPA4WONEIGHBORINGHOUSESARECALLED
-ATA +UTAKUTA @FOAM FRAMED EYES n PERHAPS A
DESCRIPTIVENAMEFORTHEENTRANCESCOVEREDWITHLICHEN
4HEHOUSEBYTHECARVEDROCKSISCALLED!RINGA@O
4UPA@THEFACEOF4UPA4HISNAMEWASRECORDEDFORA
&IGURE@/RONGOHOUSENAMES2OUTLEDGElELDNOTES2EELPP$IGITALIMAGESCOURTESYOF0ACIlC-ANUSCRIPTS
"UREAUFROMORIGINALSHELDATTHE2OYAL'EOGRAPHICAL3OCIETYWITH)"'
2APA.UI*OURNAL
6OL/CTOBER
0AUL(ORLEY
PETROGLYPHhTHEFACExWASREPORTEDTOBEKNOWNAS@!RI
NGAO4UPAxTOREPRESENT@AMANWHOSLEPTIN;HOUSE=
.Ov 2OUTLEDGE 4HIS CARVING MAY
BE LOCATED ON LOCUS ,EE OR ON LOCUS
THAT OVERLOOKS THE HOUSE &IGURE .O NAMES ARE
SUPPLIEDFORTHE-ATA.GARAUHOUSES&IGURE4HELAST
DWELLINGINTHEVILLAGE2ISCALLED!ROETATHE
SAMENAMEISWRITTENINPENCILBETWEENTHENAMESOFTHE
HOUSES2AND2&IGURELEFTCOLUMNTHISTIME
SPELLED!ROETAI/NEMAYGUESSTHATTHENAMECOULDBE
!ROO4AI@WITHFAÎADETOWARDSTHESEA
4HETRIBALAFlLIATIONSOF@/RONGOHOUSESGIVENIN
lGURESANDFEATUREONLYlVETRIBALNAMESn-IRU
(AUMOANA-ARAMA5REO(EIAND(AMEA4HISSETIS
WIDERTHANTHATPRESENTEDIN&IGUREWHICHMENTIONS
ONLYTHE-IRUBYITSSUBTRIBES2AAAND(AMEAAND
THE -ARAMA )N ANY CASE THE SMALL NUMBER OF TRIBES
ASSOCIATED WITH THE HOUSES SEEMINGLY PROVES THE
STRONG POLITICAL SIDE OF THE BIRDMAN COMPETITION OR
ALTERNATIVELYREmECTSAPERSONALBIASOFTHEINFORMANT
2OUTLEDGESUPPLIESTRIBALAFlLIATIONSFOROUTOF
HOUSESINCLUDINGHOUSE-ANDHABITATIONCAVE-
&IGURE4HEHOUSESFEATURINGDOUBLEENTRANCESWITH
&IGURE-APOF@/RONGOVILLAGEAFTER&ERDON&IGURE
WITH HOUSE NAMES AND TRIBAL AFlLIATION ACCORDING TO
2OUTLEDGENOTESSHOWNIN&IGURE
2APA.UI*OURNAL
&IGURE ,OCUS BY HOUSE A AND CLOSEUP B TO A
FACETHATMAYBE!RINGA@O4UPAPHOTOGRAPHSBY0(ORLEY
6OL/CTOBER
.AMELISTSCONNECTEDWITHTHEBIRDMANCULTOF%ASTER)SLAND
INSHARINGTHERESULTSOFHISSTUDIESONBIRDMENNAMES
-ANY SPECIAL THANKS TO!LBERT $AVLETSHIN +NOROSOV
#ENTERFOR-ESOAMERICAN3TUDIESFORNUMEROUSHELPFUL
DISCUSSIONSGREATHELPANDCONSTRUCTIVECRITIQUESCONCER
NINGTHETRANSLATIONSOFTANGATAMANUNAMES)AMALSO
VERY GRATEFUL TO #RISTIÈN -ORENO 0AKARATI 0ONTIlCIA
5NIVERSIDAD#ATØLICADE#HILEFORHISDETAILEDREVIEW
OFTHEMANUSCRIPTANDUSEFULCOMMENTSTHATDElNITELY
HELPEDTOIMPROVETHISPAPER
2EFERENCES
$U &EU 6 2APA .UI $ESCRIPTIVE GRAMMARS SERIES
,ONDON2OUTLEDGE
%NGLERT3,A4IERRADE(OTU-ATUA3ANTIAGO0ADRE
,AS#ASAS
&EDOROVA )+ -YTHS AND ,EGENDS OF %ASTER )SLAND
,ENINGRAD.AUKA;IN2USSIAN=
&ERDON %. 4HE CEREMONIAL SITE OF /RONGO )N
!RCHAEOLOGYOF%ASTER)SLAND2EPORTSOFTHE.ORWEGIAN
!RCHAEOLOGICAL %XPEDITION TO %ASTER )SLAND AND THE
%AST 0ACIlC6OLUME 4 (EYERDAHL AND %. &ERDON
EDS,ONDON'EORGE!LLENAND5NWIN,TD
&ISCHER 32 -ACHINETYPED PAGES WITH TENTATIVE
RECONSTRUCTION OF BIRDMEN NAMES FROM lELD NOTES OF
+ATHERINE2OUTLEDGE-ANUSCRIPTONlLEWITHTHEAUTHOR
ˆˆ2ONGORONGO4HE%ASTER)SLAND3CRIPT(ISTORY
4RADITIONS4EXTS/XFORD#LARENDON0RESS
ˆˆ )SLAND AT THE END OF THE 7ORLD 4HE TURBULENT
HISTORYOF%ASTER)SLAND,ONDON2EAKTIONBOOKS
(ORLEY0',EE0AINTEDANDCARVEDHOUSEEMBEL
LISHMENTS AT @/RONGO VILLAGE %ASTER )SLAND 2APA .UI
*OURNAL
,EE'%ASTER)SLANDROCKART)DEOLOGICALSYMBOLSAS
EVIDENCE OF SOCIOPOLITICAL CHANGE 0H$ $ISSERTATION
5NIVERSITYOF#ALIFORNIA,OS!NGELES
ˆˆ 2OCK ART OF %ASTER )SLAND ,OS!NGELES 5#,!
)NSTITUTEOF!RCHAEOLOGY
-ÏTRAUX ! %THNOLOGY OF %ASTER )SLAND (ONOLULU
"ISHOP-USEUM0RESS
-ORENO0AKARATI#%LPODERPOLÓTICONATIVOEN2APA.UI
TRASLAMUERTEDELOSÞLTIMOS@!RIKIMAU)N,ACOMPA×ÓA
EXPLOTADORADE)SLADE0ASCUAn0ATRIMONIOMEMORIAE
IDENTIDADEN2APA.UI##RISTINOAND-&UENTESEDS
#ONCEPCIØN%SCAPARATE%DICIONES
-ULLOY7"ULLETIN&OUR)NVESTIGATIONANDRESTORATION
OFTHECEREMONIALCENTEROF/RONGO%ASTER)SLAND4HE
%ASTER )SLAND "ULLETINS OF7ILLIAM -ULLOY .EW9ORK
7ORLD-ONUMENTS&UND
2OUTLEDGE+4HEBIRDCULTOF%ASTER)SLAND&OLKLORE
ˆˆ 4HE -YSTERY OF %ASTER )SLAND ,ONDON (AZELL
7ATSONAND6INEY
ˆˆ3URVEYOFTHEVILLAGEANDCARVEDROCKSOF/RONGO
%ASTER )SLAND BY THE -ANA %XPEDITION *OURNAL OF THE
2OYAL !NTHROPOLOGICAL )NSTITUTE OF 'REAT "RITAIN AND
)RELAND
6AN4ILBURG*2EMOTEPOSSIBILITIES(OA(AKANANAI@AAND
(-34OPAZEON2APA.UI,ONDON"RITISH-USEUM0RESS
4ABLE$ISTRIBUTIONOF@/RONGOHOUSESPERTRIBE
DIFFERENTNAMESANDWERECOUNTEDONLYONCE
4HESINGLENAMEUSEDFORTWOHOUSESAND
ANDANDWASCOUNTEDTWICE4HERESULTING
STATISTICSARESHOWNIN4ABLE4HEPERCENTAGEISGIVEN
FOR A PARTIAL SUBSET OF HOUSES PROVIDED WITH TRIBAL
AFlLIATIONSASWELLASFORTHETOTALSETOFHOUSES4HE
-IRU HAD THE LARGEST NUMBER OF HOUSES INCLUDING THE
BUILDINGWITHTHESTATUE4AURA2ENGA4HISISTOBEEXPEC
TEDASACCORDINGTO4ABLETHE-IRUINCLUDING(AMEA
AND2AAHADNOLESSTHANBIRDMEN3URPRISINGLYTHE
SECONDTRIBEWITHALARGENUMBEROFHOUSESIS(AUMO
ANAWHOHADONLYNINETANGATAMANU4HE-ARAMAAND
5REO(EIHADTHREEHOUSESEACHBASEDONTHEDATAOF
&IGUREWHICHISALSOUNCORRELATEDWITHTHEIRNUMBER
OFBIRDMENnANDRESPECTIVELY4ABLE
4HE DISTRIBUTION OF THE HOUSES BELONGING TO EACH
TRIBEISALSOPECULIAR4HE-IRUHAD4AURA2ENGA
IN THE UPPER ROW OF HOUSES AND TWO LARGE GROUPS OF
BUILDINGSnTOTOANDTO4HE
DWELLINGS OF THE (AUMOANA INCLUDED THE COURT IN THE
UPPERHOUSEROWTOTHESMALLHOUSEGROUP
ANDSINGLEHOUSESINTHELOWERHOUSEROW
AND BEHIND -ATA .GARAU 4HE -ARAMA
HADONEDWELLINGINTHEUPPERROWANDTWOINTHE
LOWERROW4HEHOUSESOFTHE5REO(EIWERE
LOCATEDINTHEUPPERROWATTHEBEGINNINGOFTHEVILLAGE
ANDINCLUDEDTHELARGESTBUILDINGOFTHELOWER
ROW4HE(AMEAHADTWOBUILDINGSATTHEENTRANCE
OF THE VILLAGE 4HESE HOUSE TRIBAL AFlLIATIONS
AREDIFFERENTFROMTHOSEPRESENTEDIN&IGURE
!CKNOWLEDGEMENTS
4HISPAPERWOULDHAVEBEENIMPOSSIBLEWITHOUTTHEEX
CEPTIONALCOLLABORATIONOF3ARAH3TRONGAND*OY7HEELER
2OYAL 'EOGRAPHICAL 3OCIETY AND +YLIE -OLONEY
0ACIlC-ANUSCRIPTS"UREAUWHOHAVEKINDLYALLOWED
METOSTUDYDIGITALIMAGESOF2OUTLEDGESlELDNOTESAS
WELLASTOUSETHEDIGITALIMAGESTHEREOFINTHISPAPER)
AMVERYGRATEFULTO3TEVEN2OGER&ISCHER)NSTITUTEFOR
0OLYNESIAN,ANGUAGESAND,ITERATUREFORHISKINDHELP
2APA.UI*OURNAL
4HISARTICLEHASBEENPEERREVIEWED2ECEIVED*ULY
ACCEPTED!UGUST
6OL/CTOBER