dawei-university-vol.. - myanmar

MinishyofEducation
)eparhnent of Higher Ddueation (Lower Myanmar)
Dawei llniversity
Research Journal
Yol.5,No.l
December,2OlS
Dawei Unilersity Research Joumal 201 3, Vol.5,
87
N o. r
Geological Resources and Environrnental Conservation
of Mount Popa Area
SandyChitKo"
Abstract
The fabulous Mount Popa is not onty dch wilh legends bu1 also with resources lor scienrific
research.It is green land arising out olthe
ne of Central Myanmarand appears a5 a
Dry
great mountain. surounded by natplain. MountPopa is aD ancient volcano.Il has a horse
shoe shape as its northem slope was blown away by violent explosion at a later phase of
volcanic activit). The summitis 4981 fee. high above sea level.Taunggaiar lying ar rbe wesl
is an isolated hill which was a neck of a subsidiary volcano. Two main kind of volcanic rocks
dre several lava flows lacally forming plateau like topography. Pyroclastic rocks include
tuff,ignimbrites and lahardeposits. Kaolinite ,bentonite, Manganesereins, agate,camelian
and specular hcmalile are found at Popa area. Local villagers produce placer gold in this area.
comtruction materials. There is pozzolan plant for
hydropower projects. Popa area is rich in water resources. As the volcanic soils are very
fertile various kinds of flowers, ftuils, vegctables and medical plants can grow successful in
Andesite and plroclasdc
rock
are useful
Popa area.There afe also have forest conservatio. and
wildlife conseryation works in Popa
area. Futhennore it is very rich in natural .esources and has nice scenic views.
Introduction
The study a rea
i
s
situated in the northern part of Kyaukpadaung Town ship, Mandalay
Divis;on. It can be easily accessible flom all part of the country by car.
This area is lying between laritude 20"48'N ro 20'58'N and longitude 95' l1'E ro 95
'18'E. Also included in one inch topographic maps 84p/l and 84 p/5 with the area coverage is
apprcximately 83 square miles.(Fig. 1)
M*Fig.1 Location map ofthe study area
' Dr. Assi$tant Lecturer,Geology Depanment, Uniye.sity ofDawei
s8
DawerUn,\er,ir' Re\ed-ch Joumdl20 t.'. \ot.{,
\o
J
Regional Geologic Setting
The study area occupying the middle part of the Central Volcanic Line of Myanmar,is
located in the southem most paft of lower Chindwin volcanoes.Igneous rocks
rangiDg in age from
lowerJurassic to Pleistocene (or) early re.ent occur in spoadically in a 1500 krn long.,volcanic
arc" tlx'ough out the central lowlands. The popa area is loca{,ed in the eastem part of Minbu
basin
and no hwestem pafl of PeguYoma. The Minbu basin is the type area ofTefiiaty
succeseon rn
Myanmar. It consists of Paleocene-Eocene series,pegu Group and lrawaddy Folmation. (Fig.2)
I
Q?
Holocen€- Alluvium
Tn-Tp MIOCENE- PLIOECNE
Irrawaddy Forma,ion
Tm
MIOCENtr,
g"ologir"t
-)
rontrt
,/
fault dashed where concealed
or approximately located
Upper Pegu croup
To
r
OLIGOCENE-
_
anticline axis
Lower Pegu croup
V
VOLCANICS
-
-i
syncline axis
(Mainly Basalt (Nlainly lnt€rmediste)
Fig .2 Regional Geological Map of Popa Area
(From one million scale Geological map of Myanmar)
Dawei University Research Joumal 20 13, Vol.5. No.
es"fd
89
1
esly
ss?d
20'55',
20'50,
;b
x)'4s'
,iq1..'r"rrirJ
\,gtq**rffiWtbre
i:f
i.q.,@&. F--.d-,
@*@.@-"-",@
,e4
Otu-
'at@
.*t
tir!."r'* 14 n14
Fig.3 Geological Map of Mount popa Area
(Adapted and moalified map after D.stephenson and T.R,Marshall)
9f)
Dd$ci I'nrve .ir) Resedch JoLrnJl 201.r,
\ut.\,
No.
Fig.,l Radial drainage paftem of Mounr Popa area (N{odified afrcr Aung Moe ( 1980))
General Geology
Mount Popa alea is mainly composed of two kinds of volcanic rock ( 1 ) lavas (2) pyroclastic
.ocks rmd krawaddy Formation. The lavas arc andesite, basalt and latite. pyroclastic rocks include
tulf, ignimb.iies and I ahar deposits. The ]rrawaddy Fomladon mainly composed with sandstones.
Aflde$ile is most widely distributed rock rype in the srudy area. plagioclase. homblende and
augitephenocrysts are mainly composcd. They are cmbedded in fine grained groundmass showin-q
porphyritic texture. Acco.ding ro their compolrition andesitic rocks are defined into augire andesite,
honrblende augite andesite and olivine augite andesite. It is highlyjoinled, hard and compacl
Fig.5{a)Well
Fig.5(b) hour-glass
inaugiteandesite
/-arir? is found close to the base of the southern flank of Mt. popa volcanic cone, near
K\ elmauktaungdam , noftheastem pafi of Taungni area and southein pafi of Myage-taung.lt is
marnl\ conrposed of augite, homblende and plagioclase.It is black in color, hard and compact . It is
al\o cal led tmchvandcsite.
I
Dawei University Research Joumnt 201 3, Vol.5,
N o.
9l
I
Fig.6(al Latiteoutcrops
Fig.s(b) P€netration
latate
Basa& occun in Taung Paw ywa Lava flows and near popalon village
beside fte KyaukpadaungMyingyan carrcad rwo type ofbasart are olivine bearing basart and orivine
fr€e basart. Augrte and
olivine minemls
are
mainly mafic constituents ofbasalt.
Fig.7 (a)Outcrop nature
FigT(b) Baveno twin
ofbasalt
of augite in basalt
Tzffs a kind ofpyroclastic rocks which
is conposed of volcanic ftagments generally with size less
than 4rnm in diamete. They occur at the west of Taunggalat. Some of them
are transtormed into
kaolinite,
Fig.8
(a)Lithictuff
f ig.8(b). Rock fragments
in
lithictuff
Agglomerate is akind of pyrocrastic rocks which composed of rounded or sub-rounded
volcanic
fragements generally larger than 4rnm in diameter They occur at near Ngayantgon
village and at
crater fim between 4801 feet and 4981 feel
Fig.g Agglomerate
Fig.10 Lahar deposits at
Ithar
deposits is a mud flow deposit which composed ofvolcanic ash, tuffand agglomerates wi$
water They occur at Ngayantgone to I€gyi village on both side of popa _Myingyan car road.
SaJuktones ue fia1nly composed ofyellowish to buffcolourcdsandrocks and gdts. They
comprise
quartz, feldspar and mica.They are cemented with silica and calcite.
The grain size of sandstoDe is
I/I
6 to 2
mm and the $ain size of gdt is 2mm to 4mm. SiliciJied fossil woods are cofinoDlv iilund
in this krawaddy Formation.
92
Dawei University Research Joumal 201 3, Vol.s, No.l
Fig.11(a)
Fis.11(b) various rock
Sandstoneinterbedded with
fragements in
lrrawadddian
sandstone
Volcanic Structure
Flount FOPA
Tacalrt
|oa-!ac aacl
Fig.12 Volcanic stucture of Mount Popa Volcano
C/41e. measures approximately one mile in diameter from dm to rim and about 1968 ft(599.8m)
in depth.Sloping up to qater edge from the sou0t,west and east are accumulation ofthrowr out
from the eisting crater.The inner walls are usually composed of ash deposits with lava fragments
and blocks.The highest point ofthe crater rim is 4981 feet above sea level. The main mounum
originally had a circular,but notthem sid€ of cone was blown away probably by the finat out burst,
Due to the violent eruption, the craterrim looks like that a ho6e shoe shape.
Uoltqnic plateou is situated at the eastem end of Popa plateau about 1800 feet above sea
level.Plateau beneath the volcaric ilck as exacdy toward the end of the deposition of the Inawaddy
sandrocks the volcano appears to have been first active.The black tuff and ashes are either
interbedded with the Irawaddy Fomation
Taunggalat Uolcarric neck (2417 feet aboye
level)is situated at tie south westem slope of
the Mounl Popa. lts forms a cylindical mass aboul -100 feet in diameter Tbe trrm neck is more
general application and volcaric pipes from which the products of magmatic spray. It has beauty
sea
dnd exFaordinarv 5rucnrIe of volcanic nature.
Geolosical Resourses
Water Resources
Mount Popa is a grcen Landmark adsing out of Dry Zone of Cenhil Myanmar.The reserved forest
area is 49.63 square miles(31763 Acreas) and avenge annual rainfall is 45 inches. The
Kyetmauktaung Dam is the main water supply for Kyaukpadaung Township and surrounding of
Popa area. It is situated at the southem part of main volcano. Other water resuorces are natural
spnngs. tube wells, handdug wells and rain water. There are (11I)total naftral spring in rainy
season and (36)perennial natural spdngs. Due to plentiful water resources of the study area, there
Da\rei University Research Joumal 2013, Vol.5,
are many
No.I
93
natu"l
springs, flowers, fiuids, vegetables and wooded hil sides which
arE greafly conhast
to the arid lands surrounding it and therefore called the ..Oasis
of
the
Dry Zone".
Fig.13 Kyetma
Lr ktaung
flank of Mt.Popa
Da
m, 5outhern
Fig.14 Mgtaw-hnamadaw natural
spring
Mineral Resources
Mauganese
Its occur in lava flows of an extinct volcano. The deposit consists of thin vein in basalt
and
also as nodules in the weather surface zo[e. The ore is mainly pailomelane,
an amorphous va.ieq/
ofmanganese dioxide. Although the veins are smafl and ciratic,lhe quality
is v€ry good. The vei! €ts
are .aiging ftom 0.5 to 1 2 inches in thickness. It is widely distributed
andfound in tirc laite mcks ar
Myagetaung mnge.
Bentonite
Its occu$ in several places around the popa area. It is used mainly
in foundrydecotourizing,
goutiog irl water well &illing and frre clay powder preparation. Bentonite
is a variety of mudrock
composed almost totally ofmontmorillonite and colloidal silica, produced
asthe a.ltemtion Foduc!
ofglassy volcanic debds,usuallyvitdc tuff or ash.
Kaolin
Kaolin is found in compact and earthy clustels. It is white and has
a dull lusterlt is used for
production of alum and pottery, It is alteration product of feldspar-bearing
rocks and is also called
China clay orporc€lain earth. This alreration g?e is seen irTauDgni
silicified dryolite, Myageraunglatre
and Kyauktaga p),l oclastic rocks.
Natural Pozzolan
Pozzolan is
a cement-like material prcduced from Lahar deposits. The telm pozzolan
is
dedved fiom "Pozzoli" in Italy. Natural pozzolan stock pile industry is built up for the purpose
of
constructron of Yeywa water powe. and electric project. The industry is
located near tb€
Ngayangonvillage'no h of Popacrateilt can be used as cement in large construction work
srh as
dam construction. It can endure very high temperature.It can mix
with cement in 1 : l.atio.Tbe raw
materials of pozzolan about fifty-three million tons will be prcduced from
the mine sire.The
requirement ofraw materials for Yeyra
Foject are about 700 million tons. When tte ye1*a propa
is finished, remaining the raw materials
will
be used for the expc,rt and
imDorl
Dawei University Research Joumal2013, Vol.5, No.l
9+
Fig,lsPozzolan
indlstry
Fig.l6Pozzolan
l_lg
lbPo
raw materials
Fig.lTPacking room of natural
Chalcedony ( Pagoda stones or Agate)
It is compact variery of silicaimpurities. Agate are essentially amygdales ( the infilling oflava
vesicles) of chalcedony which show
a
banded and tapering conical sfiuctule resembling the ananged
in bands or concenaic zones. The bands are altemately white and colourless with a slight bluish
tinge. They are drug up from the lz'h mile post orl fte Kyauk?adaung-Letpanphyu Road near the
Kyauktaga village and also foun in Taungni area.
Fig. I 8 Agate from Taungni area
Specular Hematite
The mineral locally known as '?opasein" is specular hematitie which occurs in well-developed
tabular crystals. The local inhabitanls b€lieve it to have some supematLual viftue and thus
a
pe$on
wearing it will be immue from snake bike. It occurs associate with both older and younger andesites
and is sometimes seen in qacks in lava and consequently appears to have been deposited aftelwards
by theheated gas$es orvapours.Itis found netrthe villages ofTaungbaw and about two miles
south of Shawdaw village.
Gold
Mount Popa and its surrounding arca arc favoumble sites for gold nineralization. Gold are
found both in soil and rock samples in TaungnaukTaung and Wetkyikan areas. Significant
concentrations of gold is also found in pan-concent ate samples ftom Sebauk, Gwegon and in the
st eam near mile post 404.Local people obtainted some placer golds by hand-panning.
Dawei Uriversity Research Joumal 20I 3, Vol.s, No-
I
95
Constructional Resources
The extensive tuffoccurences ofacid, intennediate and basic volcadcs which are widesgead
mainly in the central part of inner Volcanic Arc at the Mount Popa area have not so far been
examined for their industdal suitability. l-ocal vi[age$ g>duced bricks ftom fine p1,rocla,stic deposit.
These bricks used as conshuction matedals in house,fence,etc. P,.roclastic rocks are found at
several places in Popa area. Other construction materials are andesite. Andesite flows are most
widely distributed in Popa area. They arc massive, highlyjointed, hard and compact. l-ocal villagers
made these andesite rocks as small blocks. Average size ofthese andesite blocks are 6 inches
width,l0 inches in length
and 4 inches in high. Andesite blocks are more cheeper than clay
in
blocks.lt
may be also used as road matedal. Massive andesite may also be used as decorative stooe.
Fig. 19(a). plroclastic rocks
(b).rnaking pyroclastic bricks
(c ). dry of pyroclastic bricks
Environmental ConserYation
Forest Conservauon
The Popa area has become green and pleasant once again as tlle result of the rcclamation
work started sitrce the middle 1950's.The reserved forcst area is 49.63 sq miles (31763.2
Acreas),12854.34ha and the protected forest area is 40 sd miles x(25600 Acreas)10360 ha.The
duing
ofMay and end in October.Due to the dense wooded
in this area- the annual min fall is approximately 45 inches ( I 143 mm),ave.age maximum temlrratule
is 42"C( I 02 "F) and average minimum tempeBture is 1 2 "C(55 'F). tn the Popa mountain are4 the
sanda wood forest is planted by the nature and wildlife division under MinisbJ of Forest. These
sanda wood forest area is l6.49Acreas. On account ofits local dense vegetation and high altitude
Mt Popa and its vicinity are notably cooler even in summer than the surounding area.
Forest and vegetative types conservation: (a) Than-Dahat Forest,(b) Low lndai[g Forest
(c)Upper mixed deciduous Forests (d) Hill Evergreen Forests (e) Pine Forest (tJ Hill Gnssland
monsoon normally starls
the later part
types of forest are conseryed in the Popa mountain protected fbrcsi area. Teak, te,Thi'ja, neem
tree,gumkino tree, kind of ironwood tree, Pjin:do thein,yello saga, 100 species of throny tree and
other wood species are growing in these forests.
Medicinal plants conseryation; In accordance with the collected data, about 150 species of
medicinal plants are growing natually in the Popa mountain area.350 species ofmedicinal plaas .
about 3000 plants of China jinsin and Korea Jinsin are planred in the Environmental Fducation
Centre sarden.
Fig.20(a) Dense wooded
area of Ma. Popa
lolcanic
Fig-20(b) En\ ironn€ntal
Education cenrer and
N{edicioal plantation
Dawel Universiry Reserrch Journat 20 t3, Vot.5, No.
t
Wildlife Coruervation
Bids and butterflies; Jungle iowl. partridge, dove, coucal, ashy dmngo, ow1, hopoe upuoaepeg\
shweipjisou, wood pecker, greenjay that which iacruded r 30avifauna species and 100 butterflies
species inhabit the Mt.Popa area.
Wild animals; Barking deer,wild pig,jungle cat, wild dog, wild pig, eid.s deer, hare and squiiels
ilrhabit in the Popa protected forest area. The dusky leaf monkey is a scarce animal and
at out 150
monkeys live in fte Popa mountain park.
Fig.2l(b) l-ooking k)
Fig.21(a) Lookirg to
Taunggalal fronl Popa
Taunggalal fron] Popa
mounrain rcsort. in the
morning
Geological Hazard in PopaArea
Landslide problem; In Popa area,Irrawaddian sedimenis contemporaneously deposited at the
time ofvolcanic activity. So lrrawaddian sandstones are locally tullbceous and feldsparrich and
also interbedded with layer They are easily er.odible and unsable for construction put?oses. The
car road on it is also locdlly unstable. At the southem slope ofTaunggalat, a landslide occuned
aboutfew years ago. Some shops and monestarys collapse in that landslide. The caus€
overlocdinp on unstable .lope compo.ed ot loo,e L'T:wcddiin .ecLncnt.
1s
due to
Popa Taunggalat is composed
ofwelljointed andesite at the top ofit man), religious
to *elljointed naturc and very steep nearly vertical slope to the
buildings were construcled_ Due
andesite blocLs could be readily move down if a triggering mechanism take place.
Prevention and Mitigation works; As alandslide had already occurol] the sourhem slope of
Taunggalat,it should prcvent another landslides. Heavy consmlction works shou ld be avoided on
that place. As the deeply eroded stream is flowiig adjacent to it, ibrming unstabie slope
conditions.Further constuuction works should be prohibite{i on the top ofTaunggalat. Therc were
two retaining walls at the'lhonhtat Kwe to prevent lardslide problem at Myingyan_Kyaukpadaung
carroad. There should be another retaining walls at necessary places on that car road.
Fig.22 Landslidc oD
the
fig.23
soulhern slope of iaurggalat
due to unstable slope
ReLcining wall buih
al Thonhtrt Kwe
Summaryand Conclusion
Mount Popa
area is a geologically interesting place
forming
as an
ancient volcano composed
vaious kinds ofvolcanic rocks and typical volcanic landform. It is a good place for earlh
sclence researchers.It is enriches in minelal resources and water resources. It is very nice place
tbr
recreational purposes and research work. It should be prctected and conserve this valuable natural
\\ ith
henBge. To effectively preserve valuable geological ibatu.es that can nevet be renewed it need to
set up consen.ation ateas fbr these geological sites.
DaweiUniversityResearch Joumal20l3,Vol.5.No.l
Acknowledgemetrts
I wish to express my sincere gratitude fo Daw Win Win Myitt( Ircturer, Head of Geology
Departnent, Dawei Un iversity) for her kind pedfssion to do this rcsearch paper Special thanks
are also express to Prof. U Tin Tun(retd) and Daw Than ThanAye (Range officer,Natwe and
Wildlifb conservation ,Forest Departmeno for their various aids ,kindness and discussion. My gatitude
are also extended to all of our teachers of Geology Depafiment, Dawei
University who helps
kindly in various way during the course of this study.
References
Aung Moe, ( 198
1)
Petrology and stnctures of the rocks of Mount Popa, Kyaukpadaung To*lshrp.
M.Sc.Thesis.R.A.s.U
ShleThaz inKyi,( I 993) Petrclogy of the Gaungti-Talngni area, Kyaukpadaung Township. M.Sc.
Thesis. Udveniiry of Yangon.
Stepheson,D and Marshall, T.R ( 1983) The petrology and mineralogy ofMt.Popa Volcano and the
nalure of the Late Cenozoic Burma VolcanicArc.J.geol.Soc. London,Vol.14l,(1984)
Zhao Xun and Zhao Ting, (2003) The socio-economic belelits of establishing National Geoparks
in China.
Sandy Chit Ko (2005) Geology, natual resoulces andenvircnmertal conservation of Mount Popa
and ils envi.ons.M.Sc.Rcsoarch Proiect.
YU
Irrr.il
\pnrlJ
P c-rl l.r nJl "1 .\..:.\..1
Study on the Resistant Tomato Cultivars Tested with
Ralstonia Spp.causing Bacterial wilt of Tomato
WahWal Myintr
Abstract
The isolalion ofbacrerir Irom tomato (/-rt
of./rl.o/!.r.,L,rr,
tti1t.) w scanicdouraL
Microbiology Laborl|to.y. Llnl\ersiryolYan-gon. CharucrcfizrtLor ot srrajnsot,(r r.rta
spp. was pcrt.med bascd o. bioche ical tc!t! and parhogcnicjt! iesLs. Alt intates $crc
char:rclrriTed !s |trcc I bdsed on fie pathogcnicity iest on tomxLo ptanrs rnd hypefsensjlivc
reaclron oD Jobacco lurres. l'hereforc $rcc concertraiions: l0rcfunt .t0rcfunrt rndt0,
cfu ml of bactcfirl !o luriorr wert irocnlrted iDro tbe three crlrirafs of gros in: tonlaro of
the
thee\pcmncnt. l'hediseasci cidcncc to fr. plrnJs wen: obserrcd at llt da\ s r ft.. i )clrtation
Kr;rg ,r I I days atler inocul.uior. However. durirs rlris perjod s\rnprdn w,r!
'ro
obserlcd h Px.irirla.ni. Thc discasc inlelrion oi Padamyarnj wN obser\,ecl
.rr 6:1 dats
afier inocuhLion. Owing to d;scNsc infuihlion. the age of dili-crcni culrjlirs ol Lomrto
becamedillc.cnt.Amongth.ecculriv$s,theageofcultila|SP.rda yam:hrd I l2 da]\.li
hyb dhad 77 ddvs, and Kaing-$ec had 56 dry! fespecrilel),. Thcretorc ir nr\ nolcd that
cultilari Padrn)yami exprcssed highlr- rcliltarr. followcd by Ii .rnd Kaing ltree ser€
while
srsceptible to discr,se infection.
ktl
\rords : inocul.rtion.
s\
ptrrx, cnl!iru5
Int oduction
Tomato belongs to the tamily Soltnaceae and genus Lr'..4rel:rl..rr. h is a pcrcnnialthtt
grow! as an a0nual cropin tempeftte rcgions (Hoe.200,1). It is produced allovcrthe country and
cultivaled dudng the cool season. The clop can adaprto ditlelent climatic conditions ranging frorn
the iropicr to temperate climates. Second to potato, tomato is the most rvidelv grown solanaceous
vcgelable. Based on {he statistics lrom ihe Food andAgficultuml Organizalion (FAO) 1008
world widc tomato production was appto](imately 125 nilliotl rons hectafcs (FAO.2009). Tomto
is an econonically important nutritious and popular vegetable produced in \{},armar and ihe
ploduction oftltis crop was I million ton in year 2007 - 2008 (FAO- 2009). So marry reasons
cause thc lor\')rield
oltomalo in cvcry cuhi\aljng coun! y. Ailon g the reasons cliseascs causeu oy
bacteria, fungi, virus and nematodes play a major role (Villareal, 1980). Anlong baocria. bactcrjal
will is considcred as 're most sctious (Kehnan, 1 953).
Bacterialwilt is a \,qJ complex and deadly soil bome vascular disease ot many agTonomical
impoatant crop spccics al]d occurs mainly in 11o1tic. sub hlpic and wann tomllerate zones (\\rang
al.. 20i)0). This disease c:tused by tlte path<lgcn, Rulstottia x>kmacearln. fonnerly called
Preudornotns soktnacean,rr (Yabuuchi et al., 1995). Ral.stonia solunat:eanrn is a hjghly
e/
n.lerogenous Lractefial pathogen that causcs ser.ve wilting oimany impotlant plants (Smith ?I41,
:r9i r. The diseasc is called southcrn bacteri alblight. Ralstonid solanLk-earun \\ilt, soathe
l
:i:lenill
.;':.;r
$ ilt and many othcr conxDon namcs in countties whcrc it occurs (Kellnan, 196,1).
crflrn
is a grant negative aerobic rod bacterium belonging to
I :..:.: :: I :cturc.. D.prnmert
of
Boro). D,r\rel Urirer.sil)
B
R.l/l/o/d
proteobacteria. The host
DiweiUriversir) Rerearch Joumal20t3. Vot.5. No I
range oflhepathogen is erceptionally wide, andmany economically
inpoatanrc.ops as well as
maty wced hosts havc been rccognized (Haywa1d,1991).In Myanmar. Rr
stania s.lanicearum
impo ant itnd widely spreading bactcrial diseascsol crols ancl threalenjng to
prcduciiol oftomato in many regions. Yield loss caused by the diseasc is not yet
derermrned. but il
is ore ofthe most
occurs rn tomato and potato production areas
ofthe countl at higher incidences (Khln Hinnyu
€1
,7/..1995).
Strains olR.7lrlr/rid r.) [anLt.pa tum arc djllerentiated into five races according to host
range (Buddenhagen ?t ar.. 1964,Heetar.,lg83) and five bio'ars acco.ding
to ul ization ofthree
d
isaccharidcs and three hcxose alcohols ( Buddenhagcn
al,
,rl, I 9g3 ). B Lrddenha-sen
"t
sol ncealrlon into lhree races, difleringmainly inhosrranse. as
lbllows: race 1, palhogenic to tobacco, tomato and many other solaaaceous plants. and certain
diploid banatla; race 2, pathogenic to triploid
HeliLpnia.rpl.; ruce 3. parno-qenrc lo
'ananzarrd
polalo, tonato. but only rveakly pathogenic to other
solanaceous plants. Later on Hc st.71. ( l9g3)
designated Ralrlorld.r oltu.tac:earunt hom g)nger as r-ace 4. Mrn6.rp. as race 5.
Race I slrains occul intopical areas alloverthe world and diificult to conl-rol because oi
er
I
961; He
er al. (1964) separated Ra lstonia
their soil botre nature. Thc application of chemicals, soil fumigation and c|op ,otatior are pracaicall)
ineffcctile andthe production loss due tothisdisease can be 100 7., Mostsucccsstul melhods of
control of bacterial wilt caused by RdlJl.rr? rd
is Ihe atsed of t.esista'c€ vaneoes
'olanacearutu
(Hayward, t99l).
I,later.ial. und \lettrods
Screenirg for bacterial wilt tesistance c ltivats wete conducted in the Microbiolog),
Laborabry and Botanical Gardel. planting materials used in tl.lis sfu.ly were
:omato cujtrvars
Padiintyami, Kaing-thee and Frhybdd. Seeds ofeach cuitivarwere sown in separatcpiasuc
tra] s
onAugust 1,2008 and the seedllngs were rr..!.tsplanrcd into polyet\ylene bags onAugust 30,20ilg.
Expcrimental layout
Fourtreatment with
(RCBD).
3
rcplicates each lverc set up in rlndomized compietely block dcsign
Bacteria inoculalion
Ralslonia spp. was cultured on yeasr. pelrone irnd glucose irgar ( ypcA) media for.+g
houas at rcom tempeBture. Then the inoculuns wel€ suspendecl in sterilc distilled waler
and adj us{ed
to 10?. 103, 10, clu ml-r. The stem of 45 days old tomato plants were putlctured rvith a needlc for
inoculation (Winsted and Kelman, 1952). Twelve plants ofeach cultivar wer.c inoculated $.ith
naftr.rnd suspension (l ml plantr). plants inoculated with ste.ile distilled warer sen ed as control.
Disease rating
The observation of wilted planls and disea
se
rating were done for
E
rveeks after inoculation
aid calculated the disease index by using the following r.rtilrg system score I no
=
sympLor n, score
2=llcalwilted,scol]e3=2b3leaveswilted,scorc4=4ormorelea\es$illed-score5=Dcad
plant (Winsted and Kelman, 1952).
I
100
Dawei Universiry Research Joumai 2013, Vo1.5, No.I
The Disease Index (DD and percentage of diseased plants (PD) for each cuhivar were
calculated by the following formula.
k
:nk
DlTo=
n =1
a
196
ZxN
Wherc, k = Number of score
n = Number of wilted plants
z = Highest scoro
N = Total n mber of plants obseryed (Wins:ed and Kelman, 1952).
Where, N4 = Nurnber of disease plana
Nt = Total number of plants
N1
PD (Ea) =
x
100
Dsease incidence oftomato cultivars werc classified on tle basis oftheir percentage diseased
planb fPD) inro lhe following categories:
Highly rcsistant = less thal]' lO Vo PD,
Moderately resistart = l1- 80 % PD and
Susceptible = over 80 % PD ( Hirosbi Matsuoaga. 1999).
Results
Growth oftomato
Plant height, sten dianeter
q
d ,tamber of branch
The results of 56 days old tomalo plants showed that the plant height, stem diameter and
branch numbers were not significantly different in all treatments ofthrce cultivars. In padamyami,
Ile tallest plant height (28.7 cm), larger stem diameter (8.8 cm) and maximum branch number
(12.2) were observed in T, (10'cfu mt').ln F, hybrid. the tallest pJant heights { 27.3 cm),larger
stem diameter (8.0 cm) aod maximum branch number (11.3) were obse.ved ir T, (l0e clu rnl't).
In Kaing-&ee, the tallest plant heights ( 10.7 cm), larger stem diameter (4.0 cm) and maximum
bmnch number (5.9) werE observed in Ta (107 cfu ml t)- Based upon the above re.tnlts, vegetative
growth of cultivar Padamyami gave the maximum rcsults,
was the third in this exDeriment fTable I ).
Fr
hybdd was the second and Kaing-thee
Dawei University Researh Joumal20l3, Vol.5, No.I
101
I
Table Effects ofRa/.rtonid treatment on plant height, stem diameter and branch numbers
different cultivars of tomato at 8 weeks after inoculation
Plant Heiehl
Cullivars
Padamyarni
Fr hybrid
Kaing-thee
'
':::*
"ifi,"
28;7
27.3
t0.1
F{est
5 7o LSD
5.6
."r.rol
(cm)
.n rhc
25.8
25.0
9.6
Stem
Diamete(cml
{',1fol , , codht
dir.den, pirco. ..,nr
Branch Numb€rs
Coir,ol
di,,e*n,
82.14
33.2
8.8
8.1
9.2
8.0
7.6
12.2
11.3
15.8
4.O
3.6
8.'7
6.I
5.9
0.9
a;736
1.007
11.289 2.t634
of
10.9
t0.7
2.4
17
14
9.234
1.25',7
4.3
2.'7
8
I
t.1
4.8
7.5
6.0
E.6
3.6
10.9
Disease rating
The statistical results of the expedment showed that the disease rating were significantly
differcnces in all cultivars. According to the degree of rcsistance to the disease, 3 cultivaN were
classified into susceptible, moderately resistant and highly resistant cultivals. Eight weeks after
inoculation, Kaing-fhee and Fr hybrid were infected, but Padamyanf had no s)anptom. The highest
disease incidence (93.7 5 o/a and,83.25 Vo) w as observed in T, ( I 03 cfu ml of Kaing-thee and F,
')
hybrid but tlre cultivars Kaing-thee died at 56 days after inoculation and that ofF, at 77 days aftei
inoculation.. Regarding to cultivar Padamyrmi which showed rhe diseased symptom at&days
after inoculation. Therefore it was noted that cultivars padamyami expressed w;r,s highly resistant,
followed by Fr and Kaing-thee werc susceprible to disease infection (Table 2).
Table
2 Effects ofRaljto'd treatment on ihree tomato
Cultivars
Padamyami
F1 hybrid
Kaing-$ee
F test
5 70 LSD
cv '/o
cul ti! aJs at 56 davs after
Disease Index (%
PD = percertage ofdiseased ptants
wilted
t
0
0
'72.9
84.0
83.3
93.8
3.1
9.3
'7.O
,
Dl =
disease incidence
(Va
inoculation
Dawei Universiry Research Joumal 2013, Vol.5, No.I
Figurel -wilted plants ftom the respective treatment of cv Padamyami
Figure
2
Wilted plants fiom the respective treatJnent of cv Kaing-thee
Figure 3 Wilted plants ftom the respective teatment of cv. F, hybrid
Drwei Unive.s ity Research .lorrnal 20I
3. Vol .5.
No I
103
Discussion and Conclusion
Theresulls of planlheight, stem diameter irnd branch numbers ofirloculated Padamyami
were 28.7 cm, 8.8 cnl and 1 2.2 while these
of conffol which $owing in thc samc
a.ca of inoculated
plants were 25.8 cm, 8.1 cm and 10.9. Howeverplanl height, stem diameter alld b6nch numbers
ofcontrol grclving irl different arca were 82.14 cm,9.2 cm and
17.
Sinilarobservation was obsened
in c\,. Fr andcv. Kaing thcc.
Bascd upon the above
resllls, vegelative gbwth ofcv. Padamyami gave the rra\imum,
thrt ofFrhybdd was the second and Kaing-thee wils &e least in this expcdment. It was clearly
observed that in all three culaivars, the confiol plants growing in the same area with inoculatedplants
iook disseminated by the sunounding diseasec! plants. Theconscqlrcnce ofthis was reduced in
vegetati\
e
growth.
In this experiment, the disea.se rating was significantly dilTerer: in all cultivan. According to
the degree olresi stance to disease. 3 cu hivars were classi fied into susceptible, moderately resi slanl
andhighly resistant cultilars. Thediscasc incidence to F,plants wcrc observed al28 DAI while
Kaing-thec at 2 I DAl Howcver', during Lhis period no sympton was obscNcd i n Padanyarni. The
disease irlfeclion ofPada ya.ni was observed at64days after inoculation. Owing todisease
infestation.
rl1e age
ol diiTerent cultiva.s of tomato became different. Arnong lhrce cultivars, the age
of c\'. Padanryarni had
II2
days, F - hybrid had 77 days, and Kaing{hee had 56 days respectivell.
Thelelbre itwasloted thatculdvars Padamyami expressed highly resistant, fo]lowedby F, and
Kaing-tree were susceptible to disease infection.
Wang and Lin (2005) reporled that $e stabilily ofbacteial u,ilt resistance in tomato is
highly affected by pathoge:r density, pathogen strains, temperatuie. soil moistureand presence of
root knot rem;1tode. \\'ins:ed and Kelman (1952) repofie.l that the plant aEe, inoculums
concen! ation- inoculalioi nelhod and lemperatnrc were also aflected bacterial wiitincidcnce.
h
this expeiment, Rd1sl)rla concentration unafiected the disease sevefity il1 all culti\ ars
liftle
deviated \rith (Yamazaki, 2000). He ohsc|vecl that the rcsistance oltomato plan:s:o bacterial \\'ih
js affected by Ralrt ?la solandteuntmcotctnt ation. The ircrease population ofpathogen \\ i$
increasing concenlralionsol Rdlstdtia salamrcd,-]lfl contfibntcs to thc co-depcndcnt re\i\trnuc
oftomato plants.
and it \ras not related to the expression of lhe resistaace to the bactedal wilt. This result was a
Resistance to disease may bedependenton the technique
ofattiicial inoculation-
time and
place oflhe expe ment. In the experinent, thepalhogen rR4lr1o4l4 was inoculated throughlhe
steir ofplatlls. Therelbrc irore experiments should be donc using other inoclrlation €chniques !o
concllde and conflrm thc relationship belween conccnttaho olinoculums and lhe lomato cull\ al sRegarding lo this, il was concluded that the resislant culLi\ar padamya.nimay not al\\ a\ i e\hiblt
rcsistarce in clilTerent lo,calities.
Abbreriations
.C
degreeCelsius
cenlmctcr
culllvar
et
aL.
and others
I
(
).r
Dawei Uni \,cr\rry Researh Joumat 20 I 3. Vo t.5. No. I
sPl.
DI
PD
species
disease index
percentage of diseased plant
cfu ml r
YPCA
cokny fbrming unirs per milliliter
%
peacenr
ycastpeptone glucose agar
pH
RCBD
LSD
cv
DAI
Hydrogen ion concenlration
.andomized complctely block design
least significalt diflercnce
coetlicient oI variation
days aIlcr
inoculatiot
Acknowledgements
I al]r ihanklul to
Dr Su W{iAung. Profctsor
and He.d ofrhe Depdrrmenl ofBoran}. Dawci
Uniyersity for allowing nre to rrnderlake this rcsearch. I lrm also grateiul to P.ofesrior Dr Mi San MdhL
Deparlnenl of Botany,
U
niversiiy of Dawei. for hef genefous nelp. I
w ish ro
thrnk Dr. Th andar Ate. Lecrufer.
Dcpartmenl of Botan)', Unilcrsity of Dalvei, for his guidunce. helpful srsgesrioiN, encou.lgcmcnr rnd
ad!ice throughout IIly research work. Fnrally,I would like to thank
a1l
of Horlicnllure group fbr theil help and
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