0.0. Symbols and Explanations

KINYARWANDA SPELL CHECKER
ALPHA DROP
by Alexandre Kimenyi
0.0. Symbols and Explanations
S= sentence
cl= clause
mcl= main clause
scl= subordinate clause
NP= noun phrase
VP= verb phrase
N= noun
CN= compound noun
DN= deverbal noun (noun derived from a verb)
V= verb
DNV= denominal verb (verb derived from a noun)
AUX= auxiliary verb
AU= augment
PFX= prefix
PPFX= preprefix
SFX= suffix
PSFX= post suffix
Tn= tone
T= tense
PST= past tense
FUT= future tense
TAM= tense-aspect-modality
ASP= aspect
PA= perfective aspect
IA= imperfective aspect
PR= pronoun
OP= object pronoun
CM= class marker
IDO= ideophone
ITJ= interjection
RED= reduplication
APPL= applicative
PASS= passive
CAUS= causative
ASS= associative
REC= reciprocal
ADJ= adjective
ADV= adverb
DEM= demonstrative
POSS= possessive
var.= lexical or phonetic variation
lw= loan-word
all classes= can take the class marker of all noun classes
*= incorrect form
0= a default zero morpheme given to some words class 5i , 9i and 10i which have lost
it.or certain tenses such as as the habitual.
/ /= morphological or underlying representation
[ ]= phonetic representation (how the word should be pronounced)
( )= optional morphological elements
>= changes into
1a= noun of class 1 lacking the augment u2a= noun of class 2 lacking the augment a- and take ba instead
5i= noun of class 5 without the class marker –ri9a= noun of class 9 lacking the augment (preprefix) i9i= noun of clas 9 lacking the class marker, the nasal -n10a= noun of class 10 lack augment and take za in its place
0.1. Introduction
Kinyarwanda is the national language of Rwanda and is a sister dialect of Kirundi,
the national language of Burundi. Linguistically speaking, these are indeed
dialects of the same language as in the case of American English and British
English since there is total intelligibility between their respective speakers.
Together with another dialect known as Giha spoken in Tanzania, it is the second
largest language cluster after Kiswahili within the Bantu language group. Despite
genocide which took place taking lives of more than one million Tutsi, its
speakers are perhaps more than 20 million people. Rwanda has around 8,5
million people right now, Burundi has around 7 million but besides the Giha
speakers there are also ethnic Banyarwanda in Southern Uganda in the Kigezi
discrict known as Bafumbira. Other Kinyarwanda speakers are Banyamulenge in
Southern Kivu and ethnic Banyarwanda in Masisi and Rutshuro in Northern Kivu
in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Kinyarwanda is also spoken in Tanzania,
in Karagwe region which was a kingdom of Kinyarwanda speaking people before
colonialsim. Kinyarwanda belongs to the interlacustrine (Great Lakes) Bantu
languages. Kinyarwanda has an official orthography. Although, both short and
long vowels are phonemic and are realized at the phonetic level, only short
vowels are used which creates a lot of homonyms (homographs). Thus the word
kuvura can stand for either [kuvura] ‘to foam’ or [kuvuura] ‘to cure/to heal’ The
language also has tones but the orthography does not mark them either. Without
a proper context, it will not be easy to tell if a word like ino stands for [ino] ‘toe’
or [inó] ‘here’.
Kinyarwanda has one ethnic dialect, the Gitwa which is characterized by the
anticipation of tone and two distinct regional dialects, the northern dialect known
as Igikiga and the southern dialect known as Ikinyanduga. These two main
dialects have in turn subdialects (Ikigoyi, Igishiru, Ikirera) .
Kinyarwanda is an agglutinative language having a handful of items which are
free morphemes. Nouns and verbs get their full phonetic shape depending on the
function they play in the sentence stucture., thus having to have prefixes or
suffixes added. For instance the number of extensions on the verb stem depends
on how many noun complements the verb has. The verb morphology and the
word order of these morphemes seems also to be a mirror image of the sentence
structure.
Simple nouns consist of an augment, a class marker and a stem. Simple nouns
don’t use suffixation that much. Only deverbal nouns do.
Kinyarwanda and other Bantu languages have few adjectives. Associative
morphemes or relative clause constructions are used to modify the head noun.
Unclassified categories are interjections, exclamations and ideophones. Function
words such as prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries seem to not exist in
Kinyarwanda. It is the structure which determines where a word is a regular word
or a function word. Thus nouns can function as prepositions when they occur
before other nouns can occur and verbs as conjunctions or auxiliaries when they
occur before other verbs also.
Phonological rules affecting vowels are vowel deletion, vowel lengthening, vowel
shortening, vowel coalescence, gliding, vowel harmony, vowel copy and vowel
insertion. Those affecting consonants are consonant deletion, consonant addition,
consonant assimilation, Dahl’s law, palatal fricative harmony,
Noun tones can occur on any syllable or mora except class markers. In verb they
are assigned differently. They occur ever in the prestem position, first mora of the
first syllable of the stem or the first mora of the stem second syllable. Other
domains are extraprosodic. No tone activity can take place there. The tone rules
found in the language are Meeussen rule or Beat Deletion (deletion of the second
tone on the right), Beat Addition (secondary tone assignment), Beat Movement
(high tone spread), Weak Beat Alternation, Iambic Reversal.
The following list of Kinyarwanda words is found in the majority of Bantu
languages with sometimes slight phonetic differences due to known universal
phonological rules and phonetic factors. These lexical items are associated with
universal phenomena or referents in the shared Bantu cultural experiences.
Verbs: kubara 'to count' , kubona 'to see', kubora 'to rot', kubyara 'to give
birth', kubyina 'to dance', kubumba 'to mould', guha 'to give', guhita 'to pass',
kugura 'to buy', gukura 'to grow', kuroga 'to poison', kuruma 'to bite',
kubora 'to rot', kugenda 'to leave', gutuka 'to insult', kunywa 'to drink', kurya
'to eat', gupfa 'to die', kugwa 'to fall', kunnya 'to defecate', gucya 'to dawn',
kurara 'to spend the night', kurota 'to dream', -ti 'to say', kurira 'to cry', kugona
'to snore', kwita 'to name', gukubita 'to hit', kurima 'to toil',
kurinda
'to
guard', kuririimba 'to sing', guseka 'to smile/laugh', gushyika 'to arrive', gutema
'to cut', gutuma 'to send', kuza 'to come'
Nouns:
Humans: uuuntu 'person'; umupfumu 'diviner'; umuganga 'medicineman'; umugeni 'bride'; umwana 'child'; umwari 'well behaved marriable girl';
umuzungu 'white person'.
Body parts: ibere 'breast', umutwe 'head', ugutwi 'ear', ijisho 'eye',
iryinyo 'tooth', umunwa 'mouth', ururimi 'tongue', rugongo 'clitoris', umugongo
'back', ukuboko 'arm', itako 'thigh', itama 'cheek', imboro 'penis',
ubwonko 'brain'
Animals: imbwa 'dog', inkoko 'chicken', inkware 'partridge', umubu
'mosquito', inzoka 'snake', impyisi 'hyena' imbogo 'buffalo', imvubu 'hippo',
ingona 'crocodile', ingwe 'leopard', ingurube 'pig', inkanga 'guinea-fowl',
umuswa 'termite', inzuki 'bees'.
Others: inzara 'hunger', inyota 'thirst', isoni 'shame/shyness', inyumba
'large house', ibuye 'stone', inyanja 'lake', imbeho 'cold/wind', imvura 'rain',
igiti 'tree', inyama 'meat', imboga 'vegetables', indurú 'war cry', ijuru 'sky',
izuba 'sun', ukwezi 'moon/month', umwaka 'crop/year', amazi 'water', ingabo
'shield', inyundo 'hammer', ingoma 'drum', icumu 'spear', isi 'earth', umwotsi
'smoke', umuriro 'fire',
Adjectives: -inshi 'many/much/a lot'; -ese/-ose 'all/every', -shya 'new'; -re-re
'long/tall/deep'; -kuru 'old/important'; -bi 'bad'; -zima 'alive/healthy';
Numbers: -mwe 'one'; -biri 'two'; -tatu 'three'; -ne 'four'; -tanu 'six'; -nani
eight’; icumi 'ten'.
A large number of words which have cognates in a larger number of Bantu
languages are either monosyllabic or have lost the initial consonant.
3. Part of Speech.
Kinyarwanda has the following parts of speech : nouns, verbs, adjectives,
conjunctions, subordinators, ideophones and interjections. Each part of speech has its
formal charatertics.
3.A1. Noun
The noun in Kinyarwanda consists of a stem, a prefix and a preprefix or augment.
This preprefix which is realized as a vowel, seems to be a copy of the prefix vowel.
These prefixes are also known in Bantu as class markers.
3.1.1. Noun Morphology.
There two types of nouns in Kinyarwanda, nominal nouns and deverbal nouns (DN),
derived from verbs. A regular Kinyarwanda noun consists of a preprefix (PPX) or
augment (AU), a class marker (CM) and a stem. A deverbal noun consists of a
preprefix or augment also, a class marker, a verb, an optiional lexical extention (LE),
an optional grammatical extention (GE) and a nominalizer (NR), as the following
examples show.
NN = Au-CM-Stem.
-gabo, 1 ‘man’ u-mu-gabo >umugabo
-enda, 4 ‘clothes’ i-mi-enda>imyenda
-aha, 15 ‘armpit’ u-ku-aha> ukwaha
DN= Au-CM-Verb Stem-(LE)-(GE)-NR
-kino, 3 ‘game’ u-mu-kin-o umukino
AU-CM3-play-NR
-funguzo,11 ‘key’ u-ru-fung-ur-y-o urufunguzo
AU-CM11-open-LE-GE-NR
-terano, 9 ‘meeting’ i-ter-an-ir-o iteraniro
AU-cause-LE-GE-NR
-kinisho, 7 ‘toy’ i-ki-kin-ish-o igikinisho
AU-CM7-play-GE-NR
The most productive morpheme which can be added to the verb stem to create new
words are the class 5 augment i- which precedes the verb stem to short action or state,
the nominalizer –yi, and the suffix –ire which is always accompanied with the
augment and class marker of class 4 to show manners.
i-a
-kor- ‘work’
ikora ‘working’
-som- ‘read’
isoma ‘reading’
-ib- ‘steal’
iyiba ‘stealing’
-yi
-kor- ‘work’ umukozi ‘worker’
-som- ‘read’ umusomyi ‘reader’
-ib- ‘steal’
umwibyi ‘thief’
-ire
-kor- ‘work’ imikorere ‘ways of working’
-som- ‘read’ imisomere ‘ways of reading’
-ib- ‘steal’ imyibire ‘ways of stealing’
3.1.2. Noun Classes.
Kinyarwanda has 16 classes. Modifiers (adjectives, demonstratives, numerals,
possessives) agree with the head noun by taking this class marker.
In some cases, however, the modifier takes a different type of prefix depending on
whether it is an adjective, a verb, an object pronoun , a quantifier or a possessive as
illustrated in (1).
The numbers 1-16 correspond to traditional conventional Bantu noun classification.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Noun
adjective subject pronoun object pronoun demonstrative possessive
u-mua-bau-mui-mii-ria-mai-ki-
mubamumirimaki-
abauiriaki-
-mu-ba-wu-yi-ri-ya-ki-
ubauiriaki-
ubauiriaki-
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
i-bi
i-ni-nu-rua-kau-tuu-buu-kua-ha-
binnrukatubukuha-
biizirukatubukuha-
-bi-yi-zi-ru-ka-tu-bu-ku-ha-
biizirukatubukuha-
biizirukatubukuha-
For illustration purposes, let’s use the stem of the noun –gabo which belongs to class 1
for singular and class 2 for plural and –bindi ‘clay jar’ which belongs to class 7 and
pluralizes by taking class 8 marker.
-gabo 1/2 ‘man/husband’ noun : umugabo ‘man’/abagabo ‘men’
adj : umugabo mugufi ‘a short man’/abagabo bagufi ‘short men’
sub.pr. umugabo araguye ‘the man has just fallen’/abagabo baraguye ‘the
men have just fallen’
obj.pr. baramubona ‘they see him’/barababona ‘they see them’
dem. uriya mugabo ‘that man’/bariya bagabo ‘those men’
poss. umugabo wanjye ‘my man’/abagabo banjye ‘my men’
-bindi 7/8 : noun ikibindi ‘clay jar’/ibibindi ‘clay jars’
adj.
ikibindi kigufi ‘a short clay jar’/ibibindi bigufi ‘short clay jars’
sub.pr. ikibindi kiraguye ‘the clay jar has just fallen down’/ibibindi
biraguye ‘the clay pots have just fallen down’
obj.pr. barakibona ‘they see it’/barabibona ‘they see them’
dem. kiriya kibindi ‘that clay jar’/biriya bibindi ‘those clay jars’
poss. ikibindi cyanjye ‘my clay jar’/ibibindi byanjye ‘my clay jars’
Class 1 and Class 2 : -mu-/-ba-ntu, 1/2. umuntu/abantu ‘person/people’
-gabo, 1/2 umugabo/abagabo ‘man/men’
-gore, 1/2 umugore/abagore ‘woman/women
-ana, 1/2 umwana/abana ‘child/children’
-arabu, 1/2 umwarabu/abarabu ‘Arab/Arabs’
-iru, 1/2 umwiru/abiru ‘royal ritualist/royal ritualists’
-ega, 1/2 umwega/abega ‘menber of the Bega clan/members of the Bega clan’
-hungu, 1/2 umuhungu/abahungu ‘boy/boys’
-kobwa, 1/2 umukobwa/abakobwa ‘girl/girls’
-ami, 1/2 umwami/abami ‘king/kings’
-oro, 1/2 umworo/aboro ‘poor person/poor people’
-ari, 1/2 umwari/abari ‘a teenager girl/teenager girls’
-arimu, 1/2 umwarimu ‘teacher/teachers’
-boyi , 1/2 umuboyi/ababoyi ‘cook/cooks’
-foroma, 1/2 umuforoma/abaforoma ‘nurse/nurses’
-geni, 1/2 umugeni/abageni ‘bride/brides’
-kwe, 1/2 umukwe/abakwe ‘groom/grooms,
-nyarwanda, 1/2 umunyarwanda/abanyarwanda ‘Rwandan/Rwandans’
-nyafurika, 1/2 umunyafurika/abanyafurika ‘African/Africans’
-ere , 1/2 umwere/abere ‘innocent person/innocent people’
-camanza, 1/2 umucamanza/abacamanza ‘judge/judges’
-ibyi, 1/2 umwibyi/abibyi ‘thief/thieves’
Class 1a and 2a : 0/ba
data/ba data ‘my father/my fathers’
mama/ba mama ‘my mother/my mothes’
papa/ba papa ‘pope/popes’
perezida/ba perezida ‘president/presidents’
muganga/ba muganga ‘doctor/doctors’
maneko/ba maneko ‘secret agent/secret agents’
mayibobo/ba mayibobo ‘street child/street children’
magendu/ba magendu
magigiri/ba magigiri ‘spy’
ruharwa/ba ruharwa ‘suicider’
gitimujisho/ba gitimujisho ‘the one whose name should not be mentioned’
rugizerute/ ba rugizerute
minisitiri/ba minisitiri ‘minister/ministers’
padiri/ba padiri ‘priest/priests’
Class 3 and Class 4 : -mu-/-mi-ti, 3/4 umuti/imiti ‘medicine/medicines’
-gozi, 3/4 umugozi/imigozi ‘rope/ropes’
-rima, 3/4 umurima/imirima ‘field/fields’
-zi, 3/4 umuzi/imizi ‘root/roots’
-obo, 3/4 umwobo/imyobo ‘hole/holes’
-enda, 3/4 umwenda/imyenda ‘dress/dresses’; ‘debt/debts’
-anda, 3/4 umwanda/imyanda ‘dirt/dirts’
-eyo, 3/4 umweyo/imyeyo ‘broom/brooms’
-kandara, 3/4 umukandara/imikandara ‘belt/belts’
-handa, 3/4 umuhanda ‘road/roads’
-tima, 3/4 umutima/imitima ‘heart/hearts’
-gezi, 3/4 umugezi/imigezi ‘river/rivers’
-soro, 3/4 umusoro/imisoro ‘tax/taxes’
-rizo , 3/4 umurizo/imirizo ‘tail/tails’
-sego, 3/4 umusego/imisego ‘pillow/pillows’
-neke, 3/4 umuneke/imineke ‘yellow banana/yellow bananas’
-pira, 3/4 umupira/imipira ‘ball/balls’, ‘sweater/sweaters’; ‘tire/tires’
-sozi, 3/4 umusozi/imisozi ‘hill/hills’; ‘mountain/mountains’
-sumari, 3/4 umusumari/imisumari ‘nail/nails’
-nota, 3/4 umunota/iminota ‘minute/minutes’
-nara, 3/4 umunara/iminara ‘minaret/minrets’
-nsi, 3/4 umunsi/iminsi ‘day\days’
-aka, 3/4 umwaka/imyaka ‘crop/crops’; ‘year/years’
-satsi, 3/4 umusatsi/imisatsi ‘hair/hairs’
-otsi, 3/4 umwotsi/imyotsi ‘smoke/smokes’
-enge, 3/4 umwenge/imyenge ‘crack/cracks’
Note : Both -mu- of Class 1 and –mu- of Class 3, change to -mw- if the stem starts
with a vowel. Class marker 2 –ba- changes to –be- if the stem starts with the letter –iand Class marker –mi- Class 4 changes to –my- if the stem starts with a vowel.
Class 5 and Class 6 : -ri-/-ma-inyo, 5/6 iryinyo/amenyo ‘tooth/teeth’
-so, 5/6 ijisho/amaso ‘eye/eyes’
-tama, 5/6 itama/amatama ‘cheek/cheeks’
-zuru, 5/6 izuru/amazuru ‘nose/noses’
-bere, 5/6 ibere/amabere ‘breast/breasts’
-josi, 5/6 ijosi/amajosi ‘neck/necks’
-tako, 5/6 itako/amatako ‘thigh/thighs’
-bya, 5/6 ibya/amabya ‘testicle/testicles’
-vi, 5/6 ivi/amavi ‘knee/knees’
-no, 5/6 ino/amano ‘toe/toes’
-guf(w)a, 5/6 iguf(w)a/amaguf(w)a ‘bone/bones’
-buye, 5/6 ibuye/amabuye ‘stone/stones’
-shyamba, 5/6 ishyamba/amashyamba ‘forest/forests’
-joro, 5/6 ijoro/amajoro ‘night/nights’
-juru, 5/6 ijuru/amajuru ‘sky/skies’
-suka, 5/6 isuka/amasuka ‘hoe/hoes’
-foto, 5/6 ifoto/amafoto ‘photo/photos’
-gare, 5/6 igare/amagare ‘bicycle/bicycles’
-cupa, 5/6 icupa/amacupa ‘bottle/bottles’
-shati, 5/6 ishati/amashati ‘shirt/shirts’
-tabi, 5/6 itabi/amatabi ‘tobacco/tobaccos’
-zina, 5/6 izina/amazina ‘name/names’
-gunira, 5/6 igunira/amagunira ‘bag/bags’
-godora, 5/6 igodora/amagodora ‘mattress/mattresses’
-cumu, 5/6 icumu/amacumu ‘spear/spears
-shyamba, 5/6 ishyamba/amashyamba ‘forest/forests’
-soko, 5/6 isoko/amasoko ,flea market/flea markets’
-shuri, 5/6 ishuri/amashuri ‘schoolschools’
-pamba, 5/6 ipamba/amapamba ‘cotton/cottons’
-faranga, 5/6 ifaranga/amafaranga ‘money/moneys’; ‘frank/franks’
As tbe examples show, the Class marker for Class 5 –ri- has been lost. It has survived
in only very few cases. It changes to –ry- if the stem starts with a vowel. The ckass
narker –ma- also undergoes vowel coalescence. It changes to –me- if the stem starts
with the letter –i-.
Class 6 : -ma-zi, 6 amazi ‘water’
-raso, 6 amaraso ‘blood’
-ta, 6 amata ‘milk’
-byi, 6 amabyi ‘human excrements’
-se, 6 amase ‘cow’s dung’
-hurunguru, 6 amahugurnguru ‘goats’ excrements’
-totoro, 6 amatotoro ‘chicken excrements’
-bwegegeri, 6 amabwegegeri ‘rats’ excrements’
-ganga, 6 amaganga ‘cow’s urine’
-shereka, 6 amashereka ‘milk from human breast’
-henehene, 6 amahenehene ‘goat milk’
-shyira, 6 amashyira ‘pus’
-ga, 6 amaga ‘body crust’
-candwe, 6 amacandwe ‘sputum’
-ngazini, 6 amangazini ‘shopping store’
-iza, 6 ameza ‘table’
-horo, 6 amahoro ‘peace’
-ganya, 6 amaganya ‘jeremiads/lamentations’
-pfa , 6 amapfa ‘drought’
-bwiriza, 6 amabwiriza ‘advice’
-yeri, 6 amayeri ‘tricks’
-cakubiri, 6 amacakubiri ‘division’
-burakindi, 6 amaburakindi ‘state of desperation’
-njwe, 6 amanjwe ‘worthless thing’
-futi, 6 amafuti ‘wrong deeds’
-gara, 6 amagara ‘energy’
-shanyaraza, 6 amashanyaraza ‘electricity’
-kuba, 6 amakuba ‘trouble’
-herere, 6 amaherere ‘injustice’
-hane, 6 amahane ‘trouble’
-cakubiri, 6 amacakubiri ‘division’
-njywe, 6 amanjwe ‘stupid words’
-ngambure, 6 amangambure ‘foolish words’
There are some words of class 5 and 6 which change the first consonant of the stem
depending on whether they change classes. It is more likely words in class five
because these initial consonants are all palatal :
-shyanga, 5 >ishyanga ‘diapora’ ; -hanga 6, amahanga ‘abroad’
-jisho, 5 ijisho ‘eye’; -so, 6 amaso ‘eyes’
-shyari, ishyari ‘jealousy’ –hari, 6 amahari/amashyari ‘jealousies’
shaka, 5 ishaka ‘sorghum’ –saka, 6 amasaka ‘sorghums’
-jana, 5 ijana ‘one hundred’; gana, 6 amagana ‘hundreds’
-shyerezo/herezo, 5 iherezo/ishyerezo ‘end’;-herezo, 6 amaherezo ‘ends’
-cumi, 5 icumi ‘ten’ makumyabiri, adj ‘twenty’
Class 7 and Class 8 : -ki-/-by-ti, 7/8 igiti/ibiti ‘tree/trees’
-tuza, 7/8 igituza/ibituza ‘chest/chests’
-haha, 7/8 igihaha/ibihaha ‘lung/lungs’
-atsi, 7/8 icyatsi/ibyatsi ‘grass/grasses’
-uma, 7/8 icyuma/ibyuma ‘knife/knives’
-ondo, 7/8 icyondo/ibyondo ‘mud/muds’
-ifuzo, 7/8 icyifuzo/ibyifuzo ‘wish/wishes’
-ubahiro, 7/8 icyubahiro/ibyuhahiro ‘respect/respects’
-emezo, 7/8 icyemezo/ibyemezo ‘approval’
-bazo , 7/8 ikibazo/ibibazo ‘question/questions’; ‘problem/problems’
-tabo, 7/8 igitabo/ibitabo ‘book/books’
-sebe, 7/8 igisebe/ibisebe ‘wound/wounds’
-tuntu, 7/8 igituntu/ibituntu ‘tuberculosis/tuberculosises’
-ragi, 7/8 ikiragi/ibiragi ‘deaf/deaf people’
-babi, 7/8 ikibabi/ibibabi ‘leaf/leaves’
-curi , 7/8 igicuri/ibicuri ‘epilepsy/epilepsies’
-ciro, 7/8 igiciro/ibiciro ‘price/prices’
-menyetso, 7/8 ikimenyetso/ibimenyetso ‘sign/signs’
-tambo, 7/8 igitambo/ibitambo ‘sacrifice/sacrifices’
-tebo , 7/8 igitebo/ibitebo ‘basket/baskets’
-bindi, 7/8 ikbindi/ibibindi ‘clay water jar/clay water jars’
-hano, 7/8 igihano/ibihano ‘punishment/punishments’
-ugu, 7/8 icyugu/ibyugu ‘
-hunyira, 7/8 igihunyira/ibihunyira ‘owl/owls’
-nyamunjonjorerwa, 7/8 ikinyamunjonjorerwa ‘snail/snails’
-tagangurirwa, 7/8 igitagangurirwa /ibitagangurirwa ‘spider/spiders’
-nyogote, 7/8 ikinyogote/ibinyogote ‘porcupine/porcupines’
-ubahiro, 7/8 icyubahiro/ibyubahiro ‘respect/respects’
-unamo, 7/8 icyunamo/ibyunamo ‘memorial/memorials’
-icaro, 7/8 icyicaro/ibyicaro ‘headquarter/headquarters’
-ayi, 7/8 icyayi/ibyayi ‘tea/teas’
The class marker -ki- changes to –gi- because of Dahl’s law : that is if the stem starts
with a voiceless consonant. It becomes –cy- if the stem starts with a vowel. The class
marker –bi- changes to –by- also if the stem starts with a vowel.
Class 9 and Class 10 : -n-/-n-ka, 9/10 inka/inka ‘cow/cows’
-tama, 9/10 intama/intama ‘sheep/sheep’
-yovu, 9/10 inzovu/inzovu ‘elephant/elephants’
-tare, 9/10 intare/intare ‘lion/lions’
-yoka, 9/10 inzoka/inzoka ‘snake/snakes’
-yira, 9/10 inzira/inzira ‘path/paths’
-gwe, 9/10 ingwe/ingwe ‘leopard’
-koko, 9//0 inkoko/inkoko ‘chicken/chickens’
-guge, 9/10 inguge/inguge ‘monkey/monkeys’
-hene, 9i/10i ihene/ihene ‘goat/goats’
-farasi/farasi, 9i/10i ‘horse/horses’
-sazi, 9i/10i isazi/isazi ‘fly/flies’
-pyisi, 9/10 impyisi/impyisi ‘hyena/hyenas’
-pyiko, 9/10 impyiko/impyiko ‘kidney/kidneys’
-sake, 9i/10i isake/isake ‘rooster/roosters’
-pasi, 9i/10i ipasi/ipasi ‘iron/irons’
-hongo, 9/10 impongo/impongo ‘antelope/antelopes’
-cuti, 9/10 inshuti/inshuti ‘friend/friends’
-tsina, 9/10 insina/insina ‘banana tree/banana trees’
-kuba, 9/10 inkuba/inkuba ‘thunder/thunders’
-harage, 9/10 imparage ‘zebra’
-huha, 9/10 impuha/impuha ‘rumor/rumors’
-haka, 9/10 impaka/impaka ‘dispute/disputes’
-hunzi, 9/10 impunzi/impunzi ‘refugee/refugees’
-heta, 9/10 impeta/impeta ‘ring/rings’
-bandwa, 9/10 imandwa/imandwa ‘initiated to Ryangombe cult/initiates of
Ryangombe cult’
-mana, 9/10 imana/imana ‘god/gods’
-nama, 9/10 inama/inama ‘advice/advices’
-numa,9/10 inuma/inuma ‘pidgeon/pidgeons’
-nanga, 9/10 inanga/inanga ‘cithare/cithares’
-noti, 9/10 inoti/inoti ‘paper money/paper moneys’
-nyoni, 9/10 inyoni/inyoni ‘bird/birds’
-nyana, 9/10 inyana/inyana ‘calf/calves’
-nyama, 9/10 inyama/inyama ‘meat/meats’
-nyamaswa, 9/10 inyamaswa/inyamaswa ‘animal/animals’
-nyemera, 9/10 inyemera/inyemera ‘type of antelope/types of antelope’
-nyuguti, 9/10 inyuguti/inyuguti ‘letter/letters’
Like in Class 5, the majority of words in class 9 and 10 whose stems start with a
voiceless fricatives (f, s, h, sh, c) have lost the nasal class marker. Many changes also
take place affecting the first consonant of the noun stem. The letter h becomes p after
the nasal, the letter r becomes d, the affricates pf, ts and c become f, s and sh,
respectively. The glide y becomes z and noun stems which start with a vowel have the
letter z inserted.
Class 9a and Class 10a
radiyo/za radiyo ‘radio/radios’
ruswa/za ruswa ‘bribe/bribes’
ruvakwaya/za ruvakwaya ‘truck/trucks’
rugondihene/za rugondihene ‘type of wrestling/types of wrestlings’
sakabaka/za sakabaka ‘name for a type of bird’
nyirabarazana/ za nyirabarazana
nyakabwana/za nyakabwana ‘small dog/small dogs’
nyirahuku/za nyirahuku ‘cat/cats’
mugiga/za mugiga ‘stroke/strokes’
rubagimpande/za rubagimpande ‘rheumatism/rheumatisms’
mburugu/za mburugu ‘syphilis/syphilises’
malariya/za malariya ‘malaria/malarias’
kaburimbo/za kaburimbo ‘paved road/paved roads’
serwakira/za serwakira ‘whirlwind/whirlwinds’
serutorogo/za serutorogo ‘name for a type of bird’
marakuja/za narakuja ‘passion fruit juice/passion fruit juices’
Class 11 and Class 10 : -ru-/-n-kwi, 11/10 urukwi/inkwi ‘firewood/firewoods’
-go, 11/10 urugo/ingo ‘compound-fence/compound-fences’
-ugi, 11/10 urugi/inzugi ‘door/doors’
-kwavu, 11/10 urukwavu/inkwavu ‘rabbit/rabbit’
-yuki, 11/10 uruyuki/inzuki ‘bee/bees’
-ara, 11/10 urwara/inzara ‘nail/nails’
-ego, 11/10 urwego/inzego ‘ladder/kadders’
-kweto, 11/10 urukweto/inkweto ‘shoe/shoes’
-gero, 11/10 urugero/ingero ‘example/examples’
-hushya, 11/10 uruhushya/impushya ‘permission/permissions’
-dodo, 11/10 urudodo/indodo ‘thread/threads’
-rimi, 11/10 ururimi/indimi ‘tongue/tongues’; ‘language/languages’
-ziga, 11/10 uruziga/inziga ‘circle/circles’; ‘mustache/mustaches’
-embe 11/10 urwembe/inzembe ‘razor/razors’
-banza, 11/10 urubanza/imanza ‘court case/court cases’
-bambo, 11/10 urubambo/imambo ‘peg/pegs’
-hago, 11/10 uruhago/impago ‘bag/bags’
-uzi, 11/10 uruzi/inzuzi ‘river/rivers’
-agwa, 11/10 urwagwa/inzagwa ‘banana wine/banana wines’
-me, 11/10 urume/ime ‘dew/dews’
-nigi, 11/10 urunigi/inigi ‘necklace/necklaces’
-syo, 11/10 urusyo/insyo ‘grinding stone/grinding stones’
-hinja, 11/10 uruhinja/impinja ‘baby/babies’
-hande, 11/10 uruhande/impande ‘side/sides’
-hu, 11/10 uruhu/impu ‘hide/hides’
-nyo, 11/10 urunyo/inyo
-nyanya, 11/10 urunyanya/inyanya ‘tomato/tomatoes’
The class maarker –ru- as examples show changes to –rw- if the stem starts with a
vowel.
Class 12 and Class 13 : -ka-/-tu-bari, 12/13 akabari/utubari ‘bar/bars’
-bati, 12/13 akabati/utubati ‘cupboard/cupboards’
-gaca, 12/13 agaca/uduca ‘hawk/hawks’
-ciro, 12/13 agaciro/uduciro ‘value/values’
-hinda, 12/13 agahinda/uduhinda ‘sorrow’
-suzuguro, 12/13 agasuzuguro/udusuzuguro ‘contempt/contempts’
-nyamasyo, 12/13 akanyamasyo/utunyamasyo ‘turtle/turtles’
-tsinsino, 12/13 agatsinsino/udutsinsino ‘Achilles heel’
-domo, 12/13 akadomo/utudomo ‘dot/dots’
-kato, 12/13 agakato/udukato ‘apostrophe/apostrophes
-katuzo, 12/13 akatuzo/utwatuzo ‘punctuation/punctuations’
-bago, 12/13 akabago/utubago ‘period/periods’
-gereka, 13 utugereka ‘suspension points’
-sodeko, 13 udusobe ‘quotation marks’
-kubo, 13 udukubo ‘parentheses’
-nyerezo, 12/13 akanyerezo/utunyerezo ‘dash/dashes’
-uguruzo, 13 utwuguruzo ‘open parentheses’
-ugarizo, 13 utwugarizo ‘close parentheses’
-itso, 12/13 akitso/utwitso ‘comma/commas’
-tangazo, 12/13 agatangazo/udutangazo ‘exclamation mark/exclamation marks’
-bazo, 12/13 akabazo/utubazo ‘question mark/question marks’
-yunguruzo, 12/13 akayunguruzo/utuyunguruzo ‘filter/filters’
-seke, 12/13 agaseke/uduseke ‘royal reed basket/royal reed baskets’
--samunyiga, 12/13 agasamunyiga/udusamunyiga ‘skunks’
-vumburamashyiga, 12/13 akavumburamashyiga/utuvumburamashyiga ‘mythological
animal used to scare children who refuse to go to bed’
-curama, 12/13 agacurama/uducurama ‘bat/bats’
-rere, 12/13 akarere/uturere ‘region/regions’
-gasendababoyi, 12/13 agasendababoyi/udusendababoyi
-zi, 12/13 akazi/utuzi ‘work/works’; ‘job/jobs’
-nyarirajisho, 12/13 akanyarirajisho/utunyarirajisho ‘an eye-attacking fly/eyeattacking flies’
-surira, 12/13 a smelly body-biting insect/smelly body-biting insects’
Both –ka- and –tu- also undergo Dahl’s law, becoming –ga- and –tu- respectively if
the stem starts with a voiceless consonant. The morpheme –ka- can also change to –
ke- because of vowel coalescence, and –tu- becomes –tw- if the stem starts with a
vowel.
Class 14 : -bu-onko, 14 ubwonko ‘brain’
-anwa, 14 ubwanwa ‘beard’
-ro, 14 uburo ‘millet’
-enge, 14 ubwenge ‘knowledge’
-atsi, 14 ubwatsi ‘grass’
-mwe, 14 ubumwe ‘unity’
-rozi, 14 uburozi ‘poison’
-genge, 14 ubugenge ‘tricks’
-sa, 14 ubusa ‘nothing’
-te, 14 ubute ‘laziness’
-goro, 14 ubugoro ‘chewing totacco’
-gari, 14 ubugari ‘cassava dough’
-jeni, 14 ubujeni ‘tree sieve’
-uso, 14 ubuso ‘size’
-retwa, 14 uburetwa ‘forced labor’
-hake, 14 ubuhake ‘servitude’
-kire, 14 ubukire ‘wealth’
-kene, 14 ubukene ‘povery’
-zima, 14 ubuzima ‘life’
-uki, 14 ubuki ‘honey’
-ugi, 14 ubugi ‘sharpness’
-uzu, 14 ubwuzu ‘warmth’
-oba , 14 ubwoba ‘fear’
-to, 14 ubuto ‘vegetable oil’
-yanja, 14 ubuyanja ‘freshness’
-irakabiri, 14 ubwirakabiri ‘eclipse’
-oya, 14 ubwoya ‘body hair/feather(s)’
-oko, 14 /6 ubwoko/amoko ‘race/ethnicity/type/genre’
-ra, 14/6 ubura /amara ‘intestines’
-ato, 14/6 ubwato/amato ‘canoe/canoes’; ‘ship/ships’
The allomorph of –bu- is –bw- if the stem starts with a vowel.
Class 15 and Class 6
-boko, 15/6 ukuboko/amaboko ‘arm/arms’
-guru, 15/6 ukuguru/amaguru ‘leg/legs’
-aha, 15/6 ukwaha/amaha ‘armpit/armpits’
-ezi, 15/6 ukwezi/amezi ‘moon/moons’; ‘month/months’.
-twi, 15/6 ugutwi/amatwi ‘ear/ears’
-ri, 15 ukuri ‘truth’
There are very few words found in Class 15. The class marker changes to –kw- if the
stem begins with a vowel.
Class 16
-ntu, 6 ahantu ‘place’
The word ahantu is the only one found in this class. Others temporal and locative
adverbs such as :
hambere ‘recently’
hanyuma ‘after’
hagati ‘in the middle’
hino ‘closer’
hirya ‘farther’
hakuno ‘this side of the river’
hakurya ‘the other side of the river’
hepfo ‘below’
haruguru ‘above’
hejuru ‘on top’
hato ‘soon’
hafi ‘near’
hanze ‘outside’
The –ha- morpheme undergoes vowel coalescence as well.
3. 1.3. Grammatical Categorization in Kinyarwanda: From natural categories to
grammatical categories.
The majority of these class markers occur in pairs 1/2; 1a/2a,, 3/4; 5/6; 7/8; 9/10;
9a/10a 11/10; 12/13, 15/6., to mark singularity and plurality, respectively. Class 14
has few words which pluralizes in class 6. Class 16 doesn’t have a pair. The human
category, class 1/2, marked by prefixes -mu- and -ba- and class 16, the place
category, marked by the prefix -ha-, are the only ones in Kinyarwanda and in other
Bantu languages, which exclude nouns referring to other semantic categories. Other
classes include nouns which don't have any semantic relationship whatsoever.
3. 1..3.1. Natural categories
A large number of nouns in Kinyarwanda belong to what might be said as their
natural classes. For instance, what is referred to by Bantuists as class 1/2 marked by
the prefixes -mu-/-ba-, respectively is, in all Bantu languages, restricted to human
beings only:
Most of plant names belong to class 3/4 and are marked by the respective prefixes mu- and -mi-:
Class 5, which is marked either by the lack of classifier (-) or the prefix -ri- is found
with some nouns referring to body parts as shown in 3a. Other nouns referring to body
parts are found in 15 whose marker is the morpheme -ku- as shown in 3b although
other classes such as 3/4 or 7/8, have them.
Most of mass nouns such as liquids or nouns referring to other uncountable objects
belong to class 6 which is marked by the prefix -ma-:
Nouns referring to inanimate objects or dangerous animals are found in class 7 and
class 8 whose respective class markers are -ki- and -bi- for singular and plural..
The majority of nouns referring to the animal word (animals, reptiles, birds,
insects...) are found in classes 9 and 10. The class marker is -n- or -ø- before
fricative:
A lot of non-countable nouns are also found in class 11. The class marker for this
category is the prefix -ru-:
Class 14 marked by the prefix -bu- includes also non-countable nouns and names
referring to countries or Rwandan provinces (8b) or to time expressions (8c):
The majority of names of rivers and hills belong to class 12 and take the prefix -ka-:
Class 16 which is marked by the prefix -ha- is exclusively for locative and temporal
expressions :
3.1.3.2 Morphological Homonymy:
Class 1 -mu- (singular for human category) and class 3 maker -mu- which pluralizes
in -mi- look exactly the same, which results in confusing language learners and
sometimes in creating regional dialects based on this homonymy.
Class 5 which is marked in the great majority by a zero marker because of the loss of
the class marker -ri- ressembles class 9 which also lost its marker -n-, this being
phonetically conditioned. Most of the words starting with voiceless fricatives have
lost this marker:
14. isha (9i) 'gazelle'
iyi sha 'this gazelle' ishamii (5) 'branch' iri shami
'this branch'
ihene (9i)'goat'
iyi hene'this goat'
ihema (5) 'tent' iri hema
ifu (9i) 'flour'
iyi fu 'this flour'
ifaranga (5) 'franc' iri faranga
ipasi (9i) 'iron'
iyi pasi 'this iron'
ipeta (5) 'medal' iri peta
This derivational function of prefixes and loan-words have made them polysemous.
This polysemy is responsible for the grammaticalization of the class markers in
Kinyarwanda and other Bantu languages.
3. 1,3.3. Polysemy with class markers:
The same class marker or prefix can have different functions. As said earlier, most of
these classes occur in pairs (singular and plural). Some of these prefixes serve as
plural markers for more than one class. Thus class 6 -ma- serves as plural for class 5,
class 9, class 14 and class 15. Class 8 whose classifier is -bi- serves as plural marker
for class 7 and class 11 if the derived pejorative or augmentative nouns with -ruprefix; class 10 also is the plural marker for class 9 and 11. Whereas class 12 can
pluralize either in class 13 -tu- or class 14 -bu-. The following examples illustrate the
use of the prefix -ma- (class 6 marker).
15. itama (5)'cheek'>amatama 'cheeks'
ibuye (5) 'stone'>amabuye 'stones'
ifi (9) 'fish'>a-ma-fí 'fish'
ipasi (9) 'iron'>a-ma-paási 'irons'
ubura (14) 'intestines'>amara 'intestines'
ubwato (14)'canoe'>amato 'canoes'
ukuguru (15) 'leg'>amaguru 'legs'
ukuboko (15) 'arm'>amaboko 'arms'
3. 1.3.4. Doublets:
The same stem can appear with different class markers without any effect on the
meaning, as examples below show. This lexical variation is found not only with class
prefixes but with tones and phonological rules as well.
16.-bura, 14/6 ubura/amara 'intestines'
-rozi, 14/6 uburozi/amarozi 'poison'
-ato, 14/6 ubwato/amato 'boat'
-gabo, 13/14 utugabo/ubugabo 'small men'
-tabo, 13/14 udutabo/ubutabo 'small books'
-gabo, 7/11 urugabo/ikigabo 'big man'
-gore, 11/7 urugore/ikigore 'big woman'
-senge, 7/11 igisenge/urusenge 'attic'
-tugu, 7/11 igitugu/urutugu 'shoulder'
A lot of nouns in class 9 can also pluralize in either class 10 or 6:
17. ifu 'flour' >ifu/amafu 'flours' >i-fu nyinshi/amafu menshi 'a lot of flour'
isuka 'hoe'>isuka/amasuka 'hoes'>isuka nyínshi/amasuka menshi 'a lot of hoes'
imodoka 'car'>imodoka/amamodokáa'cars' >imodoka nyinshi/amamodoka menshi
'a lot of cars'
This is due to the fact that stems starting with voiceless consonants lost the class
marker
-n-:
18. isiha 'mole'; ihene 'goat'; ihuku 'cat'; ishishi 'black ant'; itaríki 'date';
isahane 'plate'; isazi 'fly'; ifi 'fish'; isekurume 'he-goat'; isake 'rooster'; iswa
'ant';
The loss of the nasal class marker is common to many Bantu languages spoken in East
Africa including Kiswahili.
3. 1.4. Metonymic derivation with the prefix
Class prefixes are used very productively to create new lexical items which have a
metonymic relationship (semantic association) with the initial nouns they are derived
from. This association between the basic lexical item and the new derived one can be
that of cause and effect; possessor and possessed; container and content,...
Below numerous examples illustrating this prefix or zero-derivation in which a
metonymic association is seen are presented.
19.
-ntu:
umuntu, 1 'person'; ikintu, 7 'object/thing'; akantu, 12 'embarrassing
situation'>kugwa mu kantu 'to be embarrassed' (lit: to fall in a
small thing); ubuntu, 14 'generosity'; uruntu(runtu) , 11
'human
smell';ahantu, 16 'place'; ukuntu , 15 'manner/way'
-uzi uruzi, 11 'river'; icyuzi , 7 'lake'
-kwe umukwe, 1 'son-in-law'; ubukwe, 14 'wedding'
-hanga igihanga , 7 'skull'; uruhanga, 11 'forehead';umuhanga, 1
'intelligent'
-rimi ururimi, 11 'tongue/language'; uburimi, 14 'stuttering'
-ti
-riri
igiti, 7 'tree/plant'; umuti, 3 'medicine'; uruti, 11 'handle'
uburiri , 14 'bed'; ikiriri, 7 'the time the mother on the bed after the
baby
is born'
-si
isi, 9 'earth'; agasi, 12 'desert'
-soro igisoro , 7 'igisoro game board'; urusoro, 11 'stone used to play in
igisoro
-shyi urushyi, 11 'palm'; amashyi, 6 'clappings'
-saya umusaya, 3 'side of the face'; urusaya, 11 'stiff neck’
-tsi
umutsi, 3 'vein'; imitsi, 4 'strength'; itsí, 9 type of plant'; urutsi, 11
Achilles heel', agatsí 'part of a hill'
-zuba izuba , 5 'sun'; uruzuba , 11 'drought'
-totsi ibitotsi , 8 'sleep'; igitotsi, 7 'eyesore'; agatotsi , 12 'light sleep'
-ezi
ukwezi, 15 'moon/month'; umwezi , 3 'moonlight'
-oko igikoko, 7 'animal'; agakoko, 12 'insect'
-uma icyuma , 7 'iron/knife'; urwuma/inzuma, 11/10 'stiches'
-papayi ipapayi, 9 'papaya'; igipapayi , 7 'papaya plant'
-kondo umukondo, 3 'navel'; inkondo, 9 'ring'
-byimba umubyimba , 3 'body'; ikibyimba, 7 'lump'
-teka iteka, 5 'law/always'; amateka, 6 'news'
-songa umusonga, 3 'chest pain'; isonga , 9 'tip/elite'; igisonga , 7 'leader'
-hembe ihembe, 5 'horn'; uruhembe, 11 'on the front'
-rwa umurwa , 3 'capital'; ikirwa, 7 'island'
-nyanja inyaanja, 9 'ocean'; uruyaanja, 11 'breeze'
-renge ikireenge, 7 'foot'; umureenge , 3 'hill'
-guru ukuguru, 15 'leg'; umuguru, 3 'footwear'
-ciro igiciro, 7 'price'; agaciro, 12 'use/value'
-tungo itungo, 5 'domestic animal'; umutungo, 3 'monetary value of
property'
-go
urugo, 11 'compound-fence/home'; ikigo, 7 'appartment complex/a
group of houses with the same fence/a lot of houses
having the same function'
-are igare , 5 'bicycle'; ikigare, 7 'cart/wheelchair'
-gingo urugiingo, 11 'body joint'; ingiingo, 9 'argument'; ubugingo, 14
'life'
3. 1.5. Derivational class markers
Some classes 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, and 14 serve as emotive classes (showing the
attitude and feelings of the speaker: likes, dislikes), augmentatives, diminutives and
abstract nouns. Any noun can be shifted in any one of these derivational classes.
Class 6, -ma-, when used as derivational morpheme shows the speaker's indignation:
22.
igitabo 'book' >amatabo 'worthless books'
umugore 'woman'>amagore 'worthless women'
umukobwa 'girl' > amakobwa 'worthless girl'
Class 7, -ki- (plural 8, -bi-), as a derivational class functions as both emotive
(pejorative or ameliorative) and augmentative:
23.
umugore >ikigore'attractive woman, disgusting woman or big woman'
umukobwa >igikobwa 'attractive girl, disgusting girl or big girl'
The same morpheme is also used to refer to languages or national customs :
24. ikinyarwanda ‘Kinyarwanda’, ikirundi, ‘Kirundi’ igifaransa ‘French’, icyongereza
‘English’, igiswayire ‘Swahili’, ikilatini ‘Latin’, ikigereki ‘Greek’, igishinwa
‘Chinese’, ikirusi ‘Russian’, igifurama, ‘Flemish’ ikidagi ‘German’, igikuyu ‘Kikuyu’
ikinyankore, ‘Kinyankore’ ikigande, ‘Luganda’ igihunde ‘Hindi’, ikirega ‘Lega’,
ikizulu ‘Zulu’, igihosa ‘Xhosa’
This same class marker when used without a preprefix, serves as an adverb marker:
25.
umugore 'woman' > ki-goré 'womanly'
umugabo 'man'
>kigabo 'manly'
umwana 'child' >cyana 'like a child'
umuswa 'ignorant' >giswa 'like an ignorant person'
umuhanga ‘scholar,> gihanga ‘like a scholar’
umunyamerika ‘American’>kinyamarika ‘like an American’
The other classes which are used to derive adverbs are class 6 marker -ma- and class
14 -bu-, but they are not as productive as ki- marker.
Adverbs in -ma- are used idiomatically:
26a.
guheka mapfisi 'to carry on the back upsidedown' >literally 'to carry like a
hyena'(i-m-pyisi 'hyena')
kugenda masare 'to walk shaking legs' > literally 'to walk like a sailor'
(u-mu- sare sailor')
kwitaba masare 'to respond to somebody's call negligently'
kuba mahwi 'to have the same size'
kwifata mapfubyi 'to look sad' (to hold oneself as an orphan)
b.
kwicisha bugufi 'to be humble' > -gufi short' (adjective)
gukora buke 'to work a little' > -ke ‘small quantity/number of' (adjective)
Class 9 , -n- prefix, is used to derive nouns from verbs which express qualities and
these nouns can modify nouns in any category without changing the class marker of
the head:
27.
inkotanyi 'great fighter' (gukotana : to fight); indashyikirwa ‘the inaccessible’
(gushykira : to reach), indahemuka ‘the one who can’t betray’ (guhemuka : to betray)
indatwa 'worth praises' (kuratwa : to be praised) ; imparirwa-kurusha 'champion'
(guharirwa : to be reserved; kurusha : to surpass), ; inkomere
‘wounded';
(gukomereka : to be wounded); indwanyi 'fighter' (kurwana : to fight) intinyi 'frigid'
(gutinya : to fear)
intore 'dancer'/'page' (gutora : to choose).
This class is sometimes used with certain nouns to show contempt:
28.
abana 'children'>inzana 'bad children'
abasore 'young men'>insore 'bad young men'
Class 11, -ru- (plural 8, -bi-), as derivational class marker also functions as both
emotive and augmentative:
29.
umugore >urugore 'attractive woman, disgusting woman, big woman'
umukobwa >urukobwa 'attractive girl, disgusting girl, big girl'
Class 12, -ka- (plural marker 13, -tu-, or 14, -bu-), as a derivational marker also has
an expressive or diminutive function:
30.
umugore > akagore 'attractive woman, disgustingwoman or small woman'
umukobwa >agakobwa 'attractive girl, disgusting girl or small girl'
Finally, any noun or adjective can go into Class 14, thus taking the class marker –buand the augment u- to create abstract nouns :
umugabo, 1/2 ‘man’ ubugabo ‘manhood’
umwana, 1/2 ‘child’ ubwana ‘childhood’
-gufi, adj. ‘short’ ubugufi ‘shortness’
-nini, adj. ‘big’ ubunini ‘bigness’
-bi’ adj ‘ugly’ ububi ‘ugliness’
igicucu, 7/8 ‘stupid’ ubucucu ‘stupidity’
umugome, 1/4 ‘cruel’ ubugome ‘cruelty’
3.1.4. The use of the preprefix
The preprefix or augment usually doesn't have any semantic function. It is deleted,
after demonstratives, in the vocative case and in onomastics (name creation). Within
certain words, however, its absence marks definetess and its presence indefiniteness.
umugabo ‘man’
uno mugabo ‘this man’ (demonstrative)
mugabo! ‘man!’ (vocative)
Mugabo. ‘name of Mugabo’ (anme)
Definiteness versus Indefiniteness
muganga 'the doctor' >umuganga 'a doctor'
mugenzi 'the friend' >mugenzi 'a friend'
perezida 'the president' >umuperezida 'a president'
papa 'the pope'>umupapa 'a pope
purefe 'the prefect' >umupurefe 'a prefect'
padiri 'the priest' >umupadiri 'a priest'
mwarimu 'the teacher' >umwarimu 'a teacher'
The preprefix is used with adjectives also if they don’t have head nouns.
mwiza ‘good/beautiful’ >umwiza ‘the good/beautiful one’
beza ‘good/beautiful’>abeza ‘the good/beautiful ones’
kigufi ‘short’>ikigufi ‘the short one’
bigufi ‘short’ >ibigufi ‘the short ones’
mukuru ‘important/old’>umukuru ‘the important/old one’
bakuru’important/old’>abakuru ‘the important/old ones’
Infinitive verbs (which are marker by the prefix ku-) also get the preprefix when they
occur after the copular verbs ni ‘it is’ or si ‘it is not’ in main clauses, and ari and atari
in subordinate clauses.
kwiba ‘to steal’ ibyo ni ukwiba ‘that is stealing’
gukora ‘to work’ uko si ugukora ‘that is not working’
gukosa ‘to make mistakes’ ndabona ari ugukosa ‘I see that is making mistakes’
gukina ‘to play’ ndabona ibyo atari ugukina ‘I see that is not playing’
The preprefix is also deleted in compound nouns which consists of a verb and a noun :
igitambambuga ‘toddler’ /i-ki-tamb-a+i-n-buga/
AU-CL7-crawl-IA+AU-CM9-floor
‘he who crawls the floor’
umwangavu ‘teenage girl’ /u-mu-ang-a+i-vu/
AU-CM3-hate-IA+AU-ashes/
‘s/he who hates ashes’
The presence of the preprefix or augments feeds tone rules such as tone deletion,tone
addition, tone movement, etc. whereas its absence bleeds them.
3. 1.7. Nominal suffixes
Kinyarwanda nouns are poor in derivation. Only zero-derivation or prefix derivation
is used mostly for metonymic derivation. In very few cases, however, noun stems
are added to certain words to show gender. These noun stems are -gabo 'man'; -rume
'man (archaic)', -gore 'woman'
31a.
b.
igishegabo 'virago'
igitsinagabo 'masculine'
nyokorume 'your mother's brother'
isekurume 'male goat'
impwerume 'male dog'
c.
umukomagore 'type of tree'
igitsinagore 'feminine gender'
The noun stem -ana 'child' is also found in a handful of words to refer to a young
thing.
32.
ikibwana 'puppy'
umukazana 'son's wife'
The only productive suffix is -kazi from Proto-Bantu 'wife' which is added to any
noun to mean female of :
33.
umwarimu 'teacher' > umwarimukazi
umunyarwanda 'Rwandan' > umunyarwandakazi
The only true suffix whose etymology is unknown is -azi which conveys a pejorative
meaning:
34.
ikiyoga 'drink'>ikiyogáazi 'bad drink'
ikintu 'thing' >ikintazi 'a bad thing'
ikigore 'woman' > ikigorazi 'woman of low character'
ikibuga 'field' > ikibugazi ‘an ugly field’
ikigabo 'man' >ikigabazi ‘a non-dignified man’
igikoma 'broth' > igikomazi ‘bad broth’
igitindi 'a hopeless individual' >igitindaazi ‘a very hopeless individual’
ikivura 'rain' >ikivurazi 'heavy rain'
ikiyaga 'wind' >ikiyagazi 'wind with rain drops'
3.B. Verb
The verb morphology is more complex than that of the noun. It consists of the
preprefix (PPX), the subject marker (SM), tense-aspect-modality morphemes (TAM),
direct object pronoun markers (OM), reflexive pronoun (REF), reduplication (RED),
the stem, the lexical or derivational extensions (LE), grammatical or inflectional
extensions (GE), the passive morpheme (PASS), the aspect morpheme (ASP and the
postsuffix morpheme (PSFX). The verb can have multiple tenses, multiple object
markers, multiple derivational extensions and multiple inflectional suffixes. The verb
morphology is also affected by whether the verb occurs in the main clause, the
subordinate clause, the negative or the affirmative or if it has a complement or not.
This is illustrated by the following phrase structure rule.
V= (PPX)-SM-TAMn-(OPn)-(Refl)-(Red)-Stem-LEn-(GEn)-(Pass)-Asp-(PSFX)
Parentheses mean optional elements, the superscript multiple elements in the same
slot.
The obligatory morphemes are the subject agreement prefix and the final vowel which
most of the time is the aspect marker. This is illustrated in one
1a. Abana basoma ibitabo. 'The children read books'
/ba-som-a/
children they-read-asp books
b. Abana basomye ibitabo. 'The children have just read books'
ba-som-ye
chidlren they-read-asp books
c. Abana basome ibitabo. 'The children should read books'
ba-som-e
children they-read-subj books
In (1a) the verb ends with the imperfective aspect marker -a, in (1b) the perfective
aspect morpheme -ye and (1c) the subjunctive marker -e.
The optional morphemes are the proclitics nti- 'not' and ni- 'if/when', the tense-aspectmodality morphemes, the morpheme -na- 'also', the object pronouns which can be
one or many, lexical verb extensions, grammatical suffixes and the enclitics -ga and
locative postclitics: -mo, -ho and –yo.
3.B1. The proclitics nti- and niThe negative marker nti- precedes the whole verb complex and is used in all verbs in
main clauses regardless of mood whereas in subordinate clauses -ta- which
immediately follows the subject marker is used. Ntiis a tone neutralizing
morpheme.
The morpheme ni- is used optionally with verbs in the subjunctive mood and in realis
conditionals.It can thus be translated as 'if' or 'when'.
a.
Abana bakore 'The chidlren should work'.
ba-kor-e
children they-work-subj
b.
Abana nibakore. 'The children should work'.
ni-ba-kor-e
chirldren ni-they-work-subj
c. Abana nibakora, ubahembe.
ni-ba-kor-a u-ba-hemb-e
children ni-they-work-asp you-them-pay-subj
'If the children work pay them'/'When the children work pay them'
3.B. 2. The tense-aspect-modality (TAM) morphemes
The tense-aspect-modality refers not only to tenses in the traditional sense but to other
aspects such as mood, inchoativity, progressivity, etc.
Semantically, Kinyarwanda has only five referential tenses, namely present,
habitual, early today, past, late today and future. Morphologically, however, the
present tense, the habitual tense and the late today tense look the same.
3. Abana barasom-a. ‘The children read’
ba-ra-som-a
children they-TAM-read-asp
'The children are reading'/'The children read'/'The children will be reading'.
(today'
4. Umugore avuze ko abana basoma
a-vug-ye
ba-som-a
woman she-say-asp that children they-read-asp
'The woman just said that the children are reading'/'The woman just said that the
children read'/'The woman just said that the children will be reading'.
Below are some of Kinyarwanda tenses which occur on the TAM slot :
-0- : zero tense used for no-focused habitual
-ka- : consecutive/narrative tense
-racya- : still tense
nti-ra- [ráa] : not-yet tense
nti-ki- : not-anymore tense
-za- : future tense
-oka [óoká]- : wish tense
-raka- : hortative tense
-ra- : focus marker
Examples :
-0- : basoma (buri munsi) ‘they read (every day)
-ra- : barasoma ‘they read’
-ka- : bagasoma ‘then they read’
-racya- : baracyasoma ‘they are still reading’
-raga- : baragasoma ‘may they read’
-oga- : bogasoma ‘may they read’
-za- : bazasoma ‘they will read’
nti-…-ra- : ntibarasoma ‘they have not read yet’
The Spell Checker can’t distinguish, however, the morpheme -a- which marks the
conditional, today’s past and remote past, because the Kinyarwanda orthography
doen’t mark tone and vowel length. Phonetically this morpheme is not the same. The –
a- of today’s past doesn’t have a tone, the remote past has a high tone and the
conditional is a long –a-.
basomaga [baasomaga] ‘they were reading (early today)’, [baásomaga] ‘they were
reading (yesterday or in remote past)’, [báasomaga] ‘if they could read’
Multiple tenses :
It is possible in Kinyarwanda to have multiple tenses. The most common are the futire
and conditional and the future and consecutive :
-som- ‘read’ : bazasoma /ba-za-a-soma/ ‘they would read’
they-fut-cond-read-IA
-som-‘read’ : bakazasoma /ba-ka-za-som-a/ ‘they would then read’
they-cons-fut-read-IA
The morpheme –naThe morpheme –na- which means also can follow the TAM morphemes.
-som- ‘read’ ex. baranasoma ‘they also read’
3.B.3. Object pronouns
Objects pronouns follow the morpheme –naEx. baranabisoma ‘they also read them’
Kinyarwanda is among Bantu languages which allow multiple object incorporated
pronouns.Unlike some languages such as Swahili in which the pronoun is used an
object agreement, in Kinyarwanda these objects are strictly used as pronouns only.
Thus the whole VP of the following English sentence is translated into one single
agglutinative verb as shown by the example in (6)
The woman is also making them read it with them to you for me there
(The woman is also making them read the book with eyeglasses to you for me in the
house).
Umugore a-ra-na1-ha2-ki3-zi4-ba5-ku6-n7- som-esh-esh-er-er-eza
woman she-pres-also1-there2-it3-it4-them5-you6-me7-read-caus-caus-applappl-asp
umugore aranahakizibakunsomeshesherereza
‘the woman is also making them read it with them to you for me there’
3.B.4 The reflexive pronoun.
The reflexive pronoun which is marked by the morpheme –i- and which becomes –iyif the verb stem starts with a vowel is the last morpheme which comes directly in front
of the verb stem after TAM morphemes and objects pronouns :
gusoma ‘to read’ >kwisoma ‘to read oneself’
kubona ‘to see’>kwibona ‘to see oneself’
kwanga ‘to hate’>kwiyanga ‘to hate oneself’
kwemera ‘to believe’>kwiyemera ‘to believe oneself’
3.2.5. Reduplication
Verb reduplication is very active in Kinyarwanda. There are two types of
reduplication : the initial syllable reduplication and the verb stem reduplication. Only
bisyllabic verb stesm can reduplicate.
Initial syllable redupliclation :
-tumb- ‘swell’ gutumba >gututumba ‘to start swelling’
-tan- ‘to separate’gutana>gutatana ‘to separate in diverse directions’
Verb stem reduplication :
-gend- ‘go’ kugenda>kugendagenda ‘to walk around’
-hond- ‘pound’ guhonda >guhondahonda ‘to keep pounding’
-vang- ‘mix’ kuvanga >kuvangavanga ‘to keep mixing’
-tang- ‘cordon’ gutanga>gutangatanga ‘to cordon from all sides’
3.2.4. Lexical extensions (LE).
The most common lexical suffixes which are either lexical (part and parcel of the verb
stem) or derivational are -am-, -ang-, -iriz-, -agur-, -anur-, -ur-/-uk-, -ur/-uk-, -ir-,
-arar-. It is also possible sometimes to find multiple lexical suffixes within the same
verb.
-iriz- : guhamiriza ‘to dance’; guhumiriza ‘to close one’s eyes’; gutekereza ‘to think’
-ir- : kurindira ‘to wait for’, kugundira ‘to hold , kuvomera ‘to water’, gusinzira
‘to sleep’,
-ur-/-uk- : gukingura/gukinguka ‘to open’, gufungura/gufunguka ‘to unlock’,
gutinyura/gutinyuka ‘to lose fear’
-ang- : gukomanga,’to knock’ gucuranga ‘to play a the cithare’, kurumanga, ‘to eat
without drinking or relish’, gukemanga ‘to criticize’
-am- : gusutama ‘to squat’, kugarama ‘to lie on the back’, kurarama ‘to look in the
air’, gucurama ‘to hang or lie upside down’
gusinsiriza, guhamiriza, gutekereza,
-agur : gutemagura ‘to cut into pieces’, gucagagura ‘to break into pieces’,
kuryagagura ‘to eat without stopping’ kuvunagura ‘to break into pieces’,
-anur : gusobanura ‘to explain’, kurobanura ‘to sort out’, gusiganura ‘to explain a
poem’
-arar- : kwandarara, ‘to spread disorderly’ kugambarara ‘to refuse to move from a
position’,
3.B.5. Grammatical suffixes
Grammatical suffixes are the causative/instumental morpheme -ish- and the
applicative -ir- which are realized as –esh-, and –er- if the last vowel of the verb stem
is a mid vowel e or o because of vowel harmony, the comitative/reciprocal -an-, the
stative -ik- which also undergoes vowel harmony, and the passive morpheme -w-.
They differ from the lexical ones not because they come last but also because they are
productive. Any verb can occur with them. They are thus in a sense like inflectional
morphemes.
The passive morpheme is inserted between the last consonant after consonant mutation
has taken place and the final vowel.
a. kwandika a 'to write' « kwandikisha'to cause to write/to write with' >kwandikira
‘to
write for' >kwandikana ‘to read together', kwandikika ‘to be writable’
b. kwandikwa 'to be read' >kwandikishwa 'to be cause to be written >kwandikirwa 'to
be written to' >kwandikanwa 'to be written with'
3.B.6. The aspect marker
Kinyarwanda has two aspect markers: the imperfective marked by -a and the
perfective marked by -ye.
The imperfective is found with habitual tenses, future tenses, progressive tenses,
"not yet" tenses because it shows an event or an action not yet over. Interestingly,
however, stative verbs have to take the perfective marker to show that the state has
not changed. When suffixed with the imperfective aspect morpheme, stative verbs
have a habitual reading only. The verbs -som- 'read' and -rwar- 'be sick', active and
stative verbs respectively are used below for illustration.
8a. Abana barasoma 'The children are reading'.
ba-ra-som-a
they-TAM-read-IA
b. Abana barasomye 'The children have just read'.
ba-ra-som-ye
they-TAM-read-PA
9a. Abana bararwara 'The children get sick'
ba-ra-rwar-a
they-TAM-be sick-IA
b. Abana bararwaye 'The children are sick'
ba-ra-rwar-ye
they-TAM-be sick-PA
-ga which is used in past tenses to mark imperfective aspect is really a clitic and not
part of the verb stem, first because it comes at the end, secondly because Kirundi
doesn't have it and lastly because vowel lengthening doesn't take place when the verb
ends with w as part of the stem or as a passive marker.
The perfective aspect –ye usually changes the last consonant of the verb stem. This is
referred to in Bantu linguistics as consonant mutation or the modified form of the verb
stem. It is also the reason why many Bantu dictionaries put both the regular form and
the modified form in the dictionary.
In Kinyarwanda, the perfective aspect is realized as –ye with monosyllabic verb stems
such as –gi- ‘go’, --ri- ‘eat’, -nyo- ‘drink, -pfu- ‘die’, etc and bilabial consonts namely
p, b, m. The letter d, r and g change to z, k to ts, t to s (except the verbs –fit- ‘have
and –twit- ‘get pregnant’ which keep the final consonant), s to sh. This rule will be
found in the section on rules.
3.B.7. The locative postsuffixes
The locative enclitics, ho, mo and yo correspond respectively to the prepositions
ku, mu and i. They are not yet completely part of the verb morphology. They don't
affect its phonology, segmentally or suprasegmentally. Native speakers are always
aware of this because in orthography there are those who use them as part of the verb
and there are who write them separately. Nothing, however, can be inserted between
them and the verb.
10. gusigaho 'to stop'
kwigirayo 'to push'
guhitamo 'to choose'
kwisumamo 'to do odd jobs'
kubaoó 'to live/exist'
kurushaho 'to do more'
kwiisubiraho ‘to change one’s mind’
Examples of some infinitive verbs :
-ak- ‘ask/light/shine’ kwaka
-akir- ‘receive’ kwakira
-andik- ‘write’ kwandika
-end- ‘take’ kwenda
-eger- ‘approach ‘kwegera
-ib- ‘steal’ kwiba
-ig- ‘study’ kwiga
-og- ‘swim’ kwoga
-onger- ‘repeat’ kwongera
-ogez- ‘cheer’ kwogeza
-ang- ‘refuse’ kwanga
-umv- ‘hear/feel/understand’ kwumva
-urir- ‘climb’ kwurira
-emer- ‘accept/believe’ kwemera
-egam- ‘lean’ kwegama
-imik- ‘put on throne’ kwimika
-icar- ‘sit’ kwicara
-ic- ‘kill’ kwica
-injir- ‘enter’ kwinjira
-ambur- ‘to dispossess’ kwambura
-gend- ‘leave’ kugenda
-gur- ‘buy’ kugura
-rir- ‘cry’ kurira
-rur- ‘be bitter’ kurura
-rer- ‘raise’ kurera
-rim- ‘toil’ kurima
-mes- ‘wash’kumesa
-nyar- ‘urinate’ kunyara
-ne- ‘defecate’ kunnya
-ri- ‘eat’ kurya
-nyo- ‘drink’ kunywa
-gi- ‘go’ kujya
-gu- ‘fall’ kugwa
-ba- ‘be’ kuba
-rar- ‘spend the night’ kurara
-reg- ‘accuse’ kurega
-rum- ‘bite’ kuruma
-byin- ‘dance’ kubyina
-byar- ‘give birth’ kubyara
-byuk- ‘get up’ kubyuka
-bor- ‘rot’ kubora
-bir- ‘boil’ kubira
-pim- ‘examinine/weigh/measure’ gupima
-fat- ‘catch’ gufata
-fash- ‘help’ gufasha
-fotor- ‘take pictures’ gufotora
-for- ‘guess’ gufora
-koporor- ‘copy’ gukoporora
-tem- ‘cut’ gutema
-tum- ‘send’ gutuma
-tak- ‘scream’ gutaka
-tek- ‘cook’ guteka
-tur- ‘offer’ gutura
-ter- ‘attack’ gutera
-tir- ‘borrow’ gutira
-sab- ‘ask’ gusaba
-seng- ‘pray’ gusenga
-sur- ‘visit’ gusura
-cir- ‘gucira ‘to spit’
-cong- ‘sharpen’ guconga
-curuz- ‘sell’ gucuruza
-cenger- ,penetrate’ gucengera
-shyik- ‘arrive’ gushyika
-shyuh- ‘get warm’gushyuha
-shyingir- ‘give a bride’ gushyingira
-ken- ‘be poor’ gukena
-kam- ‘milk’ gukama
-kund- ‘like/love’ gukunda
-kang- ‘scare’ gukanga
-king- ‘close’ gukinga
-kin- ‘play’ gukina
-konj- ‘get cold’ gukonja
-shim- ‘thank’ gushima
-shir- ‘finish’ gushira
-shak- ‘want’ gushaka
-shuk- ‘mislead’ gushuka
-shishikar- ‘get excited’ gushishikara
Defective verbs
-sa, v. gusa ‘to ressemble’
-fite, v. –fite ‘to have’
-ri, v. –ri ‘to be’
-zi, v. –zi ‘to know’
-uzi, v. –uzi ‘to see’
-ti, v. –ti ‘to say’
-oya, v. koya ‘not to do’
The verb –sa never appear with perfective aspect –ye. The verb –fite, -ri, -zi, -uzi and
–ti never appear with the infinitive marker ku-. The verb –ti never takes any TAM
marker, either. The verb –oya is used before before any verb to ‘prohibit something
from taking place’. It always occurs with the perfective aspect –ye
noye var.ne ‘I should not’
woye var.we ‘You should not’
yoye var,ye ‘s/he should not’
twoye var.twe ‘we should not’
mwoye var.mwe ‘you (pl) should not’
boye var.be ‘they should not’
3.B. 3. Adjectives
The number of adjectives is very much limited. Kinyarwanda doesn't have any color
adjective for instance. They are all nouns and they all occur in the possessive
construction as the following color names illustrate:
'green'<icyatsi kibsi 'raw grass'; 'red'<urugina 'anthill'; 'black' <umukara
'otter/marten'; 'light skin' <inzobe 'swamp antelope'; 'white'<urutare 'rock';
'yellow'< umuhondo 'milk from a cow which has just mated'; 'multicolored'<
ubugondo 'serval', 'grey' <uruvuzo 'sorghum beer dregs'; 'dark grey'<
uruvuzo
rw'umugoroba 'evening sorghum beer dregs'; 'brown grey' <uruvuzo rw'amarwa
'sorghum beer dregs', etc.
Words which have adjectival properties, thus agreeing with the head noun are the
following:
_Numerals referring to one through seven:
2.
-mwe 'one', -biri 'two', -tatu 'three'; -ne 'four'; -tanu 'five'; -tandátu
and -rindwi 'seven'.
'six'
Other numerals occur in the apposition construction and ordinal numbers even the
ones referring to one through seven occur in the possessive construction (N of N)
_Quantifiers: 3.
-ombí /-embi ‘both', -ose/-ese 'all', -ndi 'other', -´he? 'which', -sa ‘only’, onyine/-enyine ‘alone’, -te? ‘how’, -tya ‘like this’. –tyo ‘like that’
_Qualitative adjectives are :
4.
-iza 'beautiful/good'; -bi 'bad'; -bisi ‘raw’, –to 'young', -toto ‘very small’,
-kuru‘old/great/important’, -gufí 'short/shallow'; -re-re 'long/tall/deep'; gari ‘large’, -nini ‘big’, -shya 'new'; -zima 'healthy/alive'; -taraga 'alive';
-ke 'few', -inshi 'many';-vvnúuyá/-vvnzígiinyá/-nzíinyá/-nzigirinya/nzunya ‘very small’ , -ene ‘possession of’, -angu ‘dishonest’
_Demonstratives: There are four types of demonstratives : near speaker which is
realized as the copy of both the preprefix and prefix of the head noun; near hearer
realized as -o; far from both hearer and speaker marked by -riya and -a and -rya
which refers to antecedents distant in time.
5.
iki gitabo 'this book', icy-o gitabo 'that book (next to you)' , ki-riya gitabo
'that (far away) book', cy-a gitabo 'that book (remote past)', ki-rya gitabo 'that book
(remote past)'.
The -o demonstrative is also used to refer to something that has just been mentioned in
the conversation.
Modification is accomplished by other devices such as the use of apposition,
the possessive construction or the relative clause
Relative construction:
6.
umwana u-rwa-ye > 'sick child'
child he-who-be sick-asp
Possessive construction:
7.
umugabo w'umukungu 'a rich man'
man
of rich
Apposition:
8.
abana igihumbi. 'a thousand children'
children a-thousand
Possessive adjectives don't exist in Kinyarwanda either. The possessive construction
(such of me, of you, of her...) is used instead.
3.B.4. Adverbs
Adverbs are words which modify the verb gving information such as place, time,
manner. Examples :
nabi ‘badly’, neza ‘nicely’ vuba ‘fast,’ bwangu ‘fast’, buhoro ‘slowly’ , hutihuti ‘in a
hurry’, bucece ‘silently’, ahanini ‘the main cause’, akenshi, ‘most of the time’ none
‘thus’, noneho ‘therefore’, rero ‘then’, rwose ‘, cyane ‘a lot’, ubwo ‘thus’, kandi,
yenda/wenda ‘maybe’,
There are some adverbs which have class markers. Thus locative and temporal adverbs
have the class marker of class 16 as the following examples show :
hato ‘very soon’, ‘hambere ‘recently’, hanyuma ‘later’
hanze ‘outside’, haruguru ‘above’. hepfo ‘below’, hejuru ‘on top’, hirya ‘farther’, hino
‘closer’.
Some manner adverbs have the 6 (-ma-) and 14 class (-bu-) markers :
masare ‘like a sailor’>slowy
mapfisi ‘like a hyena’ >upside down
bucece ‘silently’
buhoro ‘slowy’
Like the suffix -ly in English , the morpheme ki- , class marker of class 7, can be
used with any noun or adjective to create a manner adverb :
umugore ‘woman’> kigore ‘like a woman’
umwana ‘child’> cyana ‘like a child’
umusore ‘young man’> gisore ‘like a young man’
umusirikare ‘soldier’> gisirikare ‘like a soldier’
umunyafurika ‘African’>kinyafurika ‘the African way,
3.B.5. Auxiliary verbs.
Auxiliary verbs occur before the main verb to give some of the information that can be
provided by the TAM morphemes. In Kinyarwanda, auxiliary verbs are not inherent
but they perform the function because of their structural position. In other words, they
can act also as main verbs, but when they occur before other verbs which share the
same subject, they become auxiliaries :
In Kinyarwanda, it is possible to find a serial construction of multiple auxiliaires as the
following example shows.
mwari mutuye musanzwe mujya mukunda gupfa kuduhamagara
you-were you-live you-are-found you-go you-like to-die to-us-call
‘you usually called us’
All the verbs which precede the main verb kuduhamagara are thus auxiliaries.
These verbs as their translation shows become auxiliary by virtue of their syntagmatic
position. Otherwise they can also occur as independent content verbs.
3.B.6.Prepositions.
The prepositions found in Kinyarwanda are i, mu and ku. The preposition i refers to
general location, ku corresponds to the English on and mu to in.
Abagabo batuye i Kigali
men
they-live in Kigali
‘the man live in Kigali’
Vana ibiryo ku meza
remove food on table
‘remove food from the table’
Ibitabo biri mu nzu
books are in house
‘the books are in the house’
3.B.7. Conjunctions
Conjunctions are words which join other parts of speech.
na ‘and/with’, cyangwa/cyanga/cyangwe ‘or’, nka ‘like’,
3.B.8. Subordinators.
Subordnitors combine the main clause and the subordinate clause.
In Kinyarwanda, these are :
ko, yuko, kongo, ngo ‘that’; niba/yiba/nimba ‘if’;
yavuze ko azaza ‘s/he said that s/he will come’
yavuze yuko azaza ‘s/he said that s/he will come’
yavuze kongo azaza ‘s/he said that s/he will come’
3.B.9. Coordinators
Coordinators are words which join clauses within the same sentence.
ariko ‘but’, wenda/yenda ‘maybe’; ahari ‘maybe/perhaps’ keretse/uretse ‘except’;
usibye ‘except’.
The majority of of these words derive from verbs.
ababyeyi baje ariko abana ntibari kumwe.
parents came but children were-not together
‘The children came but the parents were not with them’
3.B.10. Ideophones.
Ideophones, a concept studied by Welmers (1973) in different African languages, is a
term coined by C.M. Doke (1935) to mean a " vivid representation of an idea in
sound". This linguistic item which conveys " a pictureresque connotation" or "a word
which describes a predicate, qualificative or adverb in respect to manner, colour,
action, state or intensity", is not only found in Bantu languages but in the whole
Niger-Congo family.
In Kinyarwanda, ideophones are used to refer to sounds or movements that are
produced by actions.
Examples :
diridiri : sounds of footsteps
taritari : sounds by running footsteps
dumburi : sound produced by something falling in the water
dudududu : sound made by liquid coming from a bottle
jabujabu : noise made by hitting water
kacikaci : sound made by clapping hands
gutugutu : sound made by drinking water very fast
jagarijagari : sound made by dry leaves because of wind
papapapa : sound made by gunfiring
Some of these ideophones are used after the reporting morpheme ngo :
Perezida ahageze amashyi ngo kacicaci
president arrived-there hands made kacikaci
‘When the president arrived we heard handcllapping ‘kacikaci’
Umugabo aje abana ngo ce!
man he-came children made ce!
‘when the man came the chidlren suddenly became silent’
Igitabo kituye hasi ngo pi!
book fell-down on-the-ground made pi
‘The book fell and it produced a big noise’
Umukobwa yakubise umuhungu inkoni ngo vutu!
girl
hit
boy
cane made vutu
‘The girl hit the boy with a cane and it made vutu’
Ideophones are also used to
modify certain words.
igikara tsiri.
dark tsiri
‘very dard’
umwenda tukutuku
dress
tukutuku
‘a very red dress’
igitima hutu
ijoro hihi
night hihi
‘a very dark night’
Idephones like interjections don’t have prefixes or suffixes.
3.B.11. Interjections
Interjections are words which show feelings or emotions such as surprise,
wonderment, pleasure, pain, and disgust. Both interjections and ideophones are
referred to in Kinyarwanda by the same word : amarangamutima.
Kinyarwanda has hundreds of them. Their formal properties is the use of
reduplication, triplication or quadriplication.
It is difficult, out of contest, to know the proper meaning of the interjection because
these words have multiple meanings. The same ideophone can mean surprise, pain or
pleasure.
aaa!: boredom/surprise
ayi! surprise/pain
huhuhuhu : surprise/wonderment
anananana : surprise/pain
arararara : surprise/pain
aha! ‘indignation/surprise/disapproval
babababa !: wonderment
bobobobo!wonderment
bubububu!’ wonderment
huhuhuhu!: wonderment
iriririri!: cold
shishishi : cold
As the few examples provided above indicate, many ideophones are synymous as
well.
3.B.12. Hybrid Categories
Hybrid categories refers to words which take the class marker . The following words
take the class marker of class 15 (the infitive) or the class marker of the word they
modify.
-sa ‘alone/only’, -te? ‘how’, -tya ‘like this’, -tyo ‘like that’
mu nzu hari abana gusa
in house are chidlren alone
‘In the house there are only children’
mu nzu hari abana basa
in house are children alone
‘in the house there are only children’
mumeze gute?
you-feel how
‘how do you feel?’
mumeze mute?
you-feel how
‘how do you feel?’
Similarly, the infinive is the subject, the verb can take the infinitive subject marker kuor the class marker of class 8, bi-.
kugenda gutera kubona
to-go causes to-see
‘to travel causes to see’
kugenda bitera kubona
to-go causes to-see
‘to go causes to see’
3.2. List of Unicode Characters
Kinyarwanda has five vowel :a, e, i, o, u. Phonetically each appear in five forms
because of vowel length and tone. Thus a can be realized as [a] as in inda ‘stomach’,
as [á] as in [inká], as [aa] as in [umwaanda] ‘dirt’, as [áa] as in [umwáana] or as [aá]
as in [umwaámi] but the official orthography doesn’t allow tone marking and vowel
length.
Vowel length is only allowed for the word saa like in saa mbiri ‘eight o’ clock. It is
also allowed in interjections such as yee ‘yes’ or yooo! an interjection showing
surprise, wonderment or joy.
It has the following consonants : b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, w, y, z
The letter l is only used in proper names such as Kigali, Kalisa and in foreign words
such as Libiya ‘Libya’, Angola ‘Angola’, idolari ‘dollar’ , telefoni ‘telephone’,
otherwise it has to be replaced by the letter r.
Almost all Kinyarwanda consonants can be prenasalized (preceded by n), palatalized
(followed by the glide y) or labiovelarized (followed by the glide w).
The table below gives all the Kinyarwanda complex (cluster) consonants.
1.
-
bw
by
byw
mb
mbw
mby
mbyw
2.
-
cw
cy
-
nc
ncw
ncy
-
3.
-
dw
dy
-
nd
ndw
ndy
-
4.
-
fw
fy
-
mf
mfw
-
-
5.
-
gw
-
-
ng
ngw
-
-
6.
-
hw
-
-
-
-
-
-
7.
-
jw
jy
-
nj
njw
njy
-
8.
-
kw
-
-
nk
nkw
-
-
9.
-
-
ly
-
-
-
-
-
10.
-
mw
my
myw
-
-
-
-
11.
-
nw
ny
nyw
-
-
nny
-
12.
-
pw
py
-
mp
mpw
mpy
-
13.
pf
pfw
pfy
-
-
-
-
-
14.
-
rw
ry
-
-
-
-
-
15.
-
sw
sy
-
ns
nsw
nsy
-
16.
sh
shw
shy
shyw
nsh
nshw
nshy
nshyw
17.
-
tw
ty
-
nt
ntw
nty
-
18.
ts
tsw
-
-
-
-
-
-
19.
-
vw
-
mv
mvw
mvy
mvyw
20.
-
zw
-
nz
nzw
-
-
-
Examples
bw : ubwoko ‘race’
by : ibyatsi ‘grass’
byw : kuyobywa ‘to be
misled’
mbyw : kurembywa
cw: kwicwa ‘to be
killed’
cy: icyuma ‘knife’
nc: incarwatsi ‘type of
snake’
ncw : ncweze ‘let me
mpy: impyiko ‘kidney nshyw:
nny: umukinnyi
pf: gupfa ‘die’
ng: ingona ‘crocodile’ pw : gucapwa ‘to be
printed’
pfw: gukapfakapfwa ngw : ingwa ‘chalk’
py: gupyipyinyura ‘to
rub’
pfy : nakapfakapfye
hw : amahwa ‘thorns’ ts: umutsima ‘dough’
rw : urwagwa ‘banana jw: ijwi ‘voice’
tsw: kotswa ‘to be
wine’
roasted’
ry: kurya ‘to eat’
jy: kujya ‘to go’
vw: guhovwa ‘to be
entered by bees’
(beehive)
sw: umuswa ‘ant’
nj: kwinjira ‘to enter’ vy: zahovye ‘they
looked for a hive’
sy: gusya ‘to grind’
njw: injwiri ‘short mv: imvi ‘white hair’
play’
ncy : incyamuro
dw: kudodwa ‘to be
sowed’
nd: inda ‘stomach’
ndw: indwara ‘disease,
fw: igufwa ‘bone’
mf: imfizi ‘bull’
mfw: imfwati ‘kind of
hoe’
gw: kugwa ‘to fall’
mp:
impongo
‘antelope’
mpw:
impwempwe
‘chest hair’
hair’
ns: insinga ‘wires’
njy: injyo ‘grinding mvw: kumvwa ‘to be
stones’
heard’
nsw: konswa ‘to be kw: umukwe ‘groom’ mvy: arahomvomvye
breast fed’
‘s/he just said stupid
things’
nsy: insya ‘pubic hair’ nk: inka ‘cow’
mvyw:
amahomvomvywa
‘stupid words’
sh: ishami ‘branch’
nkw:
inkware zw: kubazwa ‘to be
‘partridge’
asked’
shw: urushwima ‘
ly: Kalyabwite
nzw: kuganzwa ‘to be
defeated’
shyw:
umwishywa mw: umwana ‘child’ tw: gutwika ‘to burn’
‘nephew’
nsh : inshira ‘spitting nw : umunwa ‘mouth’ ty:
gutyaza
‘to
snake’
sharpen’
nshw : yanshwatuye ny: inyuma ‘behind’ nt: intare ‘lion’
‘s/he stratched me’
nshy:
inshyushyu nyw: kunywa ‘to ntw: intwari ‘brave
‘warm milk’
drink’
nty:
intyoza
‘articulate’
Note.
As the table above shows, the following consonant sequences are not allowed in the
Kinyarwanda orthography.
*mh, *gy, *ky, *vy, *zy, *wy
ky and gy always change to cy and jy, respectively.
Upper case letters are used the same as in English for the first lette which starts a sentence, all
types of proper names, titles, degrees and professional jobs when they occur with names.
The first letter of all Kinyarwanda months use upper case character.
Mutarama ‘January’
Gashyantare ‘February’
Werurwe ‘March’
Mata ‘April’
Gicuransi ‘May’
Kamena ‘June’
Nyakanga ‘July’
Kanama ‘August’
Nzeri ‘September’
Ukwakira ‘October’
Ugushyingo ‘November’
Ukuboza ‘December’
3.3. Annoted Text
1.Ku itariki ya cumi na gatanu z’ukwezi kwa Nzeri, abagabo babiri barwaniye mu isoko
on date of ten and five
of month of September men two fought
in flea-market
mu mujyi wa Kigali, ari wo murwa mukuru wa Leta y’u Rwanda.
in town of Kigali which-is it capital important of State of Rwanda
‘On the 15th of the month of September, two men fought in the flea market in the city of
Kigali, which is the main capital of the state of Rwanda
2. Barabanje baratongana1, hanyuma batangira gutukana.
they-started they-querreled, then they-started to-insult-each-other.
‘They started by querreling and then they began insulting each other’.
3.Tugiye kubona tubona2 uwari wambaye ishati y’umutuku n’ikabubura yirabura,
we-left to-see we-saw who-was he-was-wearing shirt of red and shorts which-were-black
akubise inkoni undi mu bitugu, ngo pa! 3
he-hit stick other on shoulders, it-made pa!
‘Suddenly we noticed that the one who was wearing a red shirt and black shorts was hitting
with a stick the other one on the shulders’.
4. Abantu benshi barahuruye : abasaza, abagore, abasore n’abana.
people many they-came-running : old-people, young-people and children.
‘Many people rushed : old people, women, young people and children’.
5.Ariko bose bari baje kwirebera.
but all they-were they-came to-see-themselves
‘But all had come only to watch’.
6. Nta n’umwe wagerageje kubakiranura.
there-isn’t even one who-tried to-stop-them
‘Nobody tried to stop them’.
7. Abapolisi bahageze bitinze.
policemen they-arrived-there late
‘The police got there late’.
8.Ba bandi barwanaga bababonye bati : turururu!3 Biruka amasigamana.
those others who-were-fighting they-saw-them they-said : turururu! they-run the-godoutrunning.
‘Those ones who were fighting when they saw them, ran very fast! They ran the fast they
ran the fastest theycould’.
7. Cyakora bageze aho barafatwa.
but it-got there they-were-arrested.
‘But all they finally got caught’.
8.Babajije indangamuntu4, basanga ntazo bafite.
they-asked ID-cards
they-found not-them they-had
‘When they were asked identity cards, they found out that they didn’t have them’.
9. Banze no kuvuga icyo bapfaga..
they refused also to-say what they-were-fighting-for
‘They refused also to say why they were fighting’.
10.Ubu bombi barafunze
now both they-are-locked
‘Both were imprisoned’.
11.Cyakora abo bagabo barwanye hari abavuze ko babazi neza
but
those men who-fought there-are who-said that they-know-them well
kandi ko bombi batuye i Nyamirambo.
also that both live
in Nyamirambo.
‘But those two men who fought, there those who said that they know them well
12.Ngo bazwiho kuba basinze igihe cyose kandi ko aho bahuriye.
apparently they-are-known to-be they-are drunk time all also that where they-meet
bahora banduranya.
they-are-always they-querrel
‘It is said that they are known to be found drunk all the time and that where they meet
they always querrel’.
13.Urukiko n’abacamanza4, ntibarabamenyesha igihe bazarekurirwa.
tribunal and judges they-have-not-yet-announced time they-will-be-released
n’igihe bazaburanira
and time they-will-go-on trial
‘The court and judges have not announced the time when they will be released and the
time
when they will go on trial’
14.Iriya nkuru ntiyamenyekanye5 cyane mu gihugu.
that news it-did-not-become-know much in country
‘That news was not known mucn in the country’.
15.Ntiyatangajwe5 ku maradiyo, televiziyo cyangwa mu binyamakuru.
it-was-not-announced on radios, televisions or in newspapers.
‘It was not announced on radios, televisions or newspapers’.
16.Mu nama iheruka y’abaminisitiri, kuri gahunda hariho ikibazo cy’umutekano
in meeting last of ministers
on agenda there-was problem of security
mu mpande zose z’igihugu, ari mu byaro ari no mijyi.
in parts all of country be in countryside be in cities.
‘In the last meeting of ministers, on the agenda was the problem of security in all parts of
the country whether it is was the countryside or cities’.
17.Cyagiweho impaka bimara igihe kirekire.
it-was-gone-on-it discussions it-lasted time long
‘A discussion about it lasted a long time’.
18.Iyo nama yari iyobowe na Nyakubahwa Perezida wa Repubulika,
that meeting was-led by his-excellency President of Republic
yungirijwe na minisitiri w’intebe.
he-was-assisted by minister of seat
‘That meeting was chaired by his Excellency the President of the Republic and was assisted
by the Prime Minister’.
19.Hari habuzemo minisitiri umwe gusa ushinzwe itumanaho
there-was there-was-missing minister one only who-is-reponsible-of communication
n’ishozamari4 wari mu rugendo mu bihugu by’ i Bulayi n’Amerika.
and finance who-was on trip in countries of Europe and America.
‘There was missing only one minister in charge of communication, planification and
finance who was on trip in countries of Europe and America’.
20. Yari aherekejwe n’umunyabanga mukuru wo muri minisiteri y’uburezi
he-was he-was-accompanied by secretary old of in ministery of education
rirebana n’iyigabuhanga4.
which-looks-at with technology.
‘He was accompanied by the secretary general in the Ministery of Education in charge of
technology’.
21.Icyemezo cyafashwe ni uko hazashyirwaho amategeko akaze ahana
decision which-was-taken is that there-should-created laws tough which-punish
umugizi wa nabi uwo ari we wese, cyane cyane ababikoreye
doer
of bad who he-is him every much much who-did-it-at
ahantu hateraniye abantu benshi nko mu nama zatumijwe
places where-there-gathered people many line in meetings which-were-called
n’abategetsi, mu isoko, mu makwe cyangwa mu masengero.
by authorities, in flea-markets, in weddings or in praying-places.
‘The decision that was taken is that they will enact tough laws which punish every
evil-doer, especially those who committed it in places where many people are gathered like
in meetings called by political authorities, in flea markets, in weddings or in praying
places’.
22.Bavuze ko uzarenga itegeko, azabihanirwa by’intangarugero4.
they said that who-would-go-over law, s/he-will-be-punished-for-it of giving-example.
‘They said that he who will break the law will be punished examplarily’.
23.Abanyarwanda hafi ya bose, barambiwe abatera rwaserera.
Rwandans near of all, they are tired-of who cause trouble.
‘Almost all Rwandans are tired of those who cause trouble’.
24. Kubera kwiyongera kw’abaturage, kwimukira mu mijyi no kubura akazi,
to-be-for to-increase of inhabitants, to-move to cities and to-lack jobs
urugomo ruragenda rwiyongera.
crime
it-is-going it-is-increasing.
‘Because of population increase, migration to cities and lack of jobs, the crime is
increasing’.
1. The English words under the Kinyarwanda words are word for word translation of the
Kinyarwanda equivalents. The dashes (-) indicate that the Kinyarwanda is a single word.
Thus barabanje baratongana
they-came they-quarreled
shows that the two verbs consist of the subject marker and conjuguated verbs.
2. tugiye kubona tubona
The same infinitive verb followed by the same conjuguated verb is very common
structure in Kinyarwanda especially with sensory verbs to describe dramatic events.
3. Ideophones occur most of the time after the morpheme ngo or the defective verb –ti
which only occurs without a tense marker and lacks the infinitive marker.
4. Compound-nouns which consist of a verb plus a noun are many in Kinyarwanda. It
is also very productive process to create new words.
5. Kinyarwanda has distinct negative markers for main and subordinate clauses. The
negative marker for main clauses is nti- which occurs before the subject marker and –
ta- for subordinate clauses which occurs after the subject marker.
3.4. Standard Written variants
Kinyarwanda has thousands of words with phonetic variations.
These are some examples :
‘or’ : cyangwa, byangwa, cyanga, cyangwe, nangwa, yangwa
‘but’ :cyakora, cyokora, cyokoze, icyakora, icyobikora, icyobikoze, icyokora,
icyokoze
‘at least’ : byibura, byibuze, cyabura, cyabuze, cyibura, nibura, nibuze, nabuze,
yabura, yabuze, yibuze
‘to be stupefied’ : gucemerwa, gucemererwa, gucamarirwa
‘ ‘ : kujamarirwa, kujumarara, kujumararirwa, kujumana
Some of these variations are due to phonetic factors such as nasal alternation :
kumunina/kuminina ‘to drain water from food’; voiced and voiced consonant
substitution : umukati/umugati ‘bread’; labialization : igufa/igufwa ‘bone’;
palatalization : umuswari/umushwari ‘handerkechief’; nasalization : nijoro/ninjoro ‘in
the evening’; ishishi/inshishi ‘black ants’; last syllable truncation : ikizami/ikizamini
‘exam’; imodoka/imodokari ‘car’ : metathesis : ikinetenete/igitenetene ‘type of plant,,
etc.
The existence of thousands of standard words with with written variants is not only a
challenge for the spellchecker but for lexicographers as well. Should all of them be
listed separately as independent entries in the dictionary thus creating redundancy or
should only one be listed with the variant ones? The last solution is the better. But the
problem is to know which criteria to use to select this one.
3.5. Linguistic Phenomena
The Kinyarwanda spelling rules are not arbitrary, they follow rules which in many
cases are phonological. These rules have to do with the use of apostrophes, vowel
deletion, vowel addition, vowel coalescence, gliding, vowel harmony, consonant
deletion, consonant addition, consonant lenition, consonant harmony, syllable
truncation, morpheme addition, …
3.5.1 Spelling Rules Affecting Vowels.
The rules affecting vowels are vowel deletion, vowel addition, vowel coalescence,
vowel copy in loan-words, vowel default insertion in loan-words, vowel harmony.
1.Vowel Deletion.
When a stem starts with a vowel, the vowel of the prefix deletes if it is a
a>0/-V
a-ba-ana >abana ‘children
a-ba-iru>abiru ‘royal ritualists
a-ba-ami>abami ‘kings’
a-ba-uzukuru>abuzukuru ‘grandchildren’
a-ba-oro>aboro ‘poor people’
a-ka-uma >akuma ‘small knife’
a-ka-obo>akobo ‘small hole’
ba-ra-ig-a >bariga ‘they study’
ba-za-umv-a>bazumva ‘they will understand/hear/feel’
ba-ka-emer-a>bakemera ‘and they believe’
3.5.1 Rules having to do with vowels
The last vowel of the morphemes nka ‘like’, na ‘with’, –a possessive and nyiri
‘possessive’ delete if the word which follows starts with a vowel :
ameze nka umusazi>ameze nk’umusazi ‘he looks like a crazy person’
baravuga nka abanyamahanga>baravuga nk’abanyamahanga ‘they talk like foreigners’
igitabo cya umwana>igitabo cy’umwana ‘ the book of a child’
imodoka ya umugabo>imodoka y’umugabo ‘a man’s car’
umugore na umwana>umugore n’umwana ‘a woman and a child’
inzugi na amadirishya>inzugi n’amadirishya ‘doors and windows’
nyiri ishati>nyir’ishati ‘the owner of the shirt’
nyiri umurima>nyir’umurima ‘the owner of the farm’
2. Vowel Addition
Monosyllabic verbs have the vowel added as a prefix in the imperative form. This
addition is optional.
nywa>inywa ‘drink’
rya >irya ‘eat’
gwa>igwa ‘fall’
kwa>ikwa ‘give a bridewealth’
za>iza ‘come’
Vowel Copy
Kinyarwanda like other Bantu languages has open syllables only. Loan-words with
cluster consonants are broken into syllables. One of the strategies is to copy the vowel
of the syllable on the right.
program>p.$ro$g.$ra$m.$>porogarame ‘program’
president>p.$re$zi$da$>perezida
control>ko$nt.$ro&ra$>gukontorora ‘to control’
Vowel U insertion
If the first consonant of the clauster is bilabial or labiodental (b, p, m, f, or v) or
doesn’t have a vowel, Kinyarwanda assigns it the vowel u.
prefet>p.$re$fe$>purefe
psychology>b.$si$ko$lo$gi$>busikologi
driver>d.$re$v.$>derevu ‘driver’
knife>ka$ni$f.$>kanifu ‘pocket knife’
madam>ma$da$m.$>madamu ‘Mrs’
soup>i$su$p.$>isupu
Vowel Default Insertion
All remaing vowelless loan-word consonants are assigned the vowel i.
director>di$re$k.$te$r.$ ‘director’
doctor>do$k.$te$r.$>dogiteri ‘doctor’
minister>mi$ni$s.$t.$ri>minisitiri ‘minister’
3. Gliding
The front vowel i and u become y and w, respectively if they are followed by other
vowels.
i>y/-V
i-mi-enda>imyenda ‘clothes’
i-bi-ago>ibyago ‘bad luck’
i-bi-atsi>ibyatsi ‘grass’
i-ri-inyo>iryinyo ‘tooth’
i-mi-aka>imyaka ‘crops/years’
i-mi-eyo>imyeyo ‘brooms’
i-bi-uma>ibyuma ‘knives’
i-bi-ondo>ibyondo ‘mud’
u>w/-V
u-ku-ezi>ukwezi ‘moon’
u-ku-aha>ukwaha ‘armpit’
ku-ang-a>kwanga ‘to hate/to refuse’
ku-emer-a>kwemera ‘to acceptto believe’
ku-ig-a>/kwiga ‘to study’
u-mu-arimu>umwarimu ‘teacher’
u-mu-uka>umwuka ‘air’
u-mu-enda>umwenda ‘dress’
4.Vowel Harmony
The high vowels i and u of suffixes become mid that is e and o respectively if the
vowel of the stem is also a mid vowel. With the vowel u, however, vowel harmony
takes place only with the back midvowel o.
i>e/ …midvowel+_
ku-kor-ir-a>gukorera ‘to work for’
ku-kor-ish-a>gukoresha ‘to work with’
ku-kor-ish-iriz-a>gukoreshereza ‘to work for with’
ku-ken-ir-a>gukenera ‘to need’
ku-ken-ish-a>gukenesha ‘to impoverish’
ku-ken-ish-iriz-a>gukeneshereza ‘to impoverish for with’
u>o/…mid back vowel+_
ku-kos-ur-a>gukosora ‘to correct’
ku-shot-ur-a>gushotora ‘to provoke’
ku-hom-ur-a>guhomora ‘to remove glue’
5.Vowel Coalescence
In some cases, the vowel a becomes e when the stem starts with the vowel i.
a+i >e
a-ka-ibo>akebo ‘small basket’
a-ba-iza>abeza ‘the good/beautiful ones’
a-ma-inyo >amenyo ‘teeth’
ba-inshi>benshi ‘many’
i-nya-i-shyamba>inyeshyamba ‘guerilla’
u-mu-nya-i-shuri>umunyeshuri ‘student’
Rules affecting consonants.
Rules affecting consonants are the homorganic nasal assimilation, nasal deletion,
consonant strengthening, consonant insertion
The class marker of class 9 and 10, the nasal –n- and the morpheme –n- which stands
for the first pronoun are always deleted before stems which start with nasals.
1. n>0/-N
i-n-mana>imana ‘god’
i-n-numa>inuma ‘pigeon’
i-n-nama>inama ‘advice’
i-n-nyoni>inyoni ‘bird’
ku-n-menya>kumenya ‘to know me’
ku-n-niga>kuniga ‘to strangle me’
i-n-nyama>inyama ‘meat’
i-n-mbunda>imbunda ‘gun’
2. Homorgnic nasals
The nasal n becomes m before stems which start with bilabial (p, b, py, pf, by) and
llabiodental (f, v) consonants.
i-n-bwa>imbwa ‘dog’
i-n-beba>imbeba ‘mouse’
i-n-vi >imvi ‘grey hair’
i-n-pyisi>impyisi ‘hyena’
i-n-pyiko>impyiko ‘kidney’
i-n-pfizi >imfizi ‘bull’
i-n-pfura>imfura ‘noblr’
ku-n-fasha>kumfasha ‘to help me’
ku-n-vura>kumvura ‘to cure me’
3. Deaffrication.
Affricates pf, ts and c become fricatives f, s and sh, respectively after the nasal.
pf>f
i-n-pfizi>imfizi ‘bull’
i-n-pfura>imfura ‘noble’
ba-ra-n-pfumur-a/>baramfumura ‘they are going to pierce me’
ts>s
i-n-tsina>insina ‘banana tree’
i-n-tsinzi >insinzi ‘victory’
i-n-tsinga >insinga ‘elephant’s tail’s hair/wire’
c>sh
i-n-cuti>inshuti ‘friend’
i-n-curo >inshuri ‘time’
i-n-coreke>inshoreke ‘mistress’
The velar fricative h becomes p after a nasal and the nasal assimiltes to p by becoming
m.
h>p/m_
i-n-huha>impuha ‘rumors’
i-n-hinja>impinja ‘babies’
i-n-hinduka>impinduka ‘conseqauence’
ku-n-hemba>kumpenda ‘to reward me/to pay me’
ku-n-higa>kumpiga ‘to hunt me’
4. The alveolar liquid r becomes d after a nasal
r>d/n_
i-n-rimi>indimi ‘tongues/languages’
i-n-ruru>induru ‘war cry’
n-re-n-re>ndende ‘long/tall/deep’
i-rabo>indabo ‘flowers’
ku-n-reba>kundeba ‘to see me’
ku-n-rega>kundega ‘to accuse me’
5.The palatal glide y becomes z after the nasal class marker.
y>z/n_
i-n-yoka>inzoka ‘snake’
i-n-yoga>inzoga ‘alcoholic beverage’
i-n-yira>inzira ‘path’
i-n-yovu>inzovu
6. The consonant z is also inserted between the class marker n and the stem, if the
latter starts with a vowel.
0>z/n+_V
i-n-ara>inzara ‘nails’
i-n-uma>inzuma ‘stitches’
i-n-embe>inzembe ‘razors’
i-n-ugi>inzugi ‘doors’
7. Palatal Harmony.
The dental ricatives s and z become palatalized thus becoming sh and j respectively if
there is a palatal fricative on the right :
gusasa ‘to make bed’
ku-sas-ish-a>gushashisha ‘to have the bed made’
gusuzugura ‘to despise’
a-ra-mu-suzugur-y-ye>aramusuzuguje>aramushujuguje ‘he made him despised’
kuzuza ‘to finish’
ba-uzuz-ye>bujujuje ‘they finished’
The causative morpheme –ish- because shy is the last sound of the verb stem is also
shy :
kureshya ‘to have the same height’>ku-reshy-ish-a>kureshyesha ‘to cause to have the
same height’
kureshya [kuréshya] ‘to lure’ ku-reshy-ish-a>kureshyeshya ‘to lure with’
kubeshya ‘to lie’>ku-beshy-ish-a>kubeshyeshya ‘to lie with’
9. Dahl’s Law
Dahl’s Law a voice dissimilation rule which voices voiceless consonants which appear
before stems which start with voiceless consonants :
ku-kor-a>gukora ‘to work’
ku-kin-a >gukina ‘to play’
i-ki-koko>igikoko ‘animal’
i-ki-ti>igiti ‘tree’
ba-ka-kor-a>bagakora ‘then they work’
ba-ka-kin-a>bagakina ,then they play’
nti-ba-ki-mamagar-a>ntibagihamagara ‘they don’t call anymore’
nti-mu-ki-ki-tem-a>ntimukigitema’you don’t cut it anymore’
tu-sek-a>duseka ‘we laugh’
tu-shim-a>dushima ‘we thank’
10. Consonant Mutation
In the majority of Bantu languages, the last consonant of the verb stem changes before
the perfective aspect marker. This is referred to as the modified form. In Kinyarwanda,
the perfective aspect marker is –ye.
Monosyllabic verb stems such as –ri- ‘eat’, -nyo, ‘drink’, -pfu- ‘die , etc don’t change
ba-nyo-ye >banyoye ‘they just drank’
ba-ri-ye>bariye ‘they just ate’
ba-pfu-ye>bapfuye ‘they just ate.
Stems ending with bilabial consonants (p, b, m) don’t change either.
ba-som-ye >basomye ‘they just read’
ba-kop-ye>bakopye ‘they just gave a loan’
ba-reb-ye>barebye ‘they just watched’
The causative morpheme –y- and the nominalizer –yi cause consonant mutation as
well.
kugura ‘to buy’<>kuguza /ku-gur-y-a/ ‘to borrow’
guseka ‘to laugh’<>gusetsa /ku-sek-ya/ ‘to make laugh’
gukora ‘to work’<>umukozi /u-mu-kor-yi/ ‘worker’
gutegeka’to command’<>umutegetsi /u-mu-tegek-yi/ ‘commander’
11. The insertion of the infinitive prefix –kuThe morpheme –ku- is inserted between in the conditional tense if the verb stem starts
with a vowel. The conditional tense marker is –a-.
ba-a-anga>bakwanga ‘they would refuse to
nti-tu-a-emer-a>ntitwakwemera ‘we would not accept’
mu-a-oga>mwakwoga ‘you would swim’
12. The morpheme –iz- insertion.
The morpheme –iz- is inserted before the final vowel of the verb stem if the verb has
both the accusative morpheme –ish- and the applicative morpheme –ir- :
ku-kor-ish-ir-a>gukoreshereza ‘to work with for’
ku-kin-ish-ir-a>gukinishiriza ‘to play with for’
It is also inserted if the verb stem with the extension –ish- ends with the perfective
aspect –ye’
a-kor-ish-ye>a-kor-ish-iz-ye>akoresheje ‘s/he just used’
ba-kin-ish-ye>ba-kin-ish-iz-ye>bakinishije ‘they just played with’
A verb stem which ends with the fricative s, z or the causative morpheme –y- also has
–iz- added if the verb ends with the perfective aspect.
The suffix –ij- is appears before the final vowel if the verb stem ends with an alveolor
frictive, s or z.
tu-a-bash-ye> ba-bash-iz-ye>twabashije ‘we were able’
tu-a-baz-ye>tu-a-baz-iz-ye>twabajije ‘we asked’
13. Final Syllable Truncation.
In the vocative case, tcalling somebody, the augment and last syllable of the word are
deleted.
umugabo>muga! ‘man!’
abana>ba! ‘children!’
Mariya>Mari!
Karoli>Karo!
3.6. Accepted Repeated Words
Repeated words are allowed in Kinyarwanda for emphasis, homonymy, polysemy,
homography, lack of segmental relative clause morphemes., etc.
Polysemy :
Some words develop new meanings which are metonymically related. They can therefore
occur in the same sentence.
Izi ndimi indimi zivuga sinzizi
these tongues languages they speak I-don’t-know-them
‘These tongues the languages that they are speaking, I don’t
know them’
umunyururu avuye mu munyururu umunyururu bamuhambirije wacitse.
prisoner came from jail chain they-tied-him-with tore
‘his prisoner left jail with his chain broken.’
Mu gihe cy’inkoko inkoko ni ho zibika.
in time of singing-chicken chickens it-is when they crow
‘It is early in the morning that chickens sing’
Avuze ko isaha isaha yerekana atari yo
s/he-said that watch hour it-shows it-is-not it
‘He just said the hour that the watch is showing is not the right one’
Muri uku kwezi ukwezi kwatinze kuza
in
this month moon it-was-late to-come
This month the moon was late to come
uyu mwanya umwanya mfite ni muto
this place
time
I-have is small
‘Right now I have a short time’
uyu mwanya umwanya wo gushyiramo ibintu ntuhari.
this time
space
where to-store-in things it-isn’t-there
‘Right now there is no space to store things’
Ariye ibyatsi bibisi bibisi
s/he-ate grass green raw
‘S/he just ate raw green grass’
Homonymy :
There are words which don’t have any semantic relation but which look alike.
inzu yasenyutse ibitabo ibitabo byari biriho bicika impapuro
house it-was-destroyed fronts books they-were-on-it they tore papers
‘as the the house fronts were destroyed the books which were on them have their pages torn’
dore umwana umugore asoma asoma ikinyamateka
look child
woman she-kisses she-reads newspaper
‘Look at the child that the woman is kissing while reading a newspaper’
hari ibishyimbo byera byera.
there-is beans which-grow they-whiten
‘there are beans which grow becoming white’
dore ubwato bushya bushya
watch boat new
burning
‘look at that new boat burning’
Juncture phenomena
Because of its agglutiinative nature, many Kinyarwanda words end up looking alike.
muri icyo gihugu abo bakobwa bakobwa amafaranga menshi
in that country those girls they-are-paid dowries money a-lot
‘in that country girls are paid for a lot money as dowry’
nta kuri kuri mu byo uvuze
no truth it-is in what you-said
‘There is no truth in what you said’
yambara ibirato bisa bisa
s/he wears shoes which-resemble only
‘s\he only wears shoes which are similar’
kurya kurya kwe ni ko kwamishe
that to-eat his/her it-is what killed-him/her
‘it is that his/her way of eating that killed/her’
nta kundi kundi twabigenza.
no way other we-do-it
‘there is nothing else we can do’
ni ha handi handi.
it-is that place other
‘it is the same’
uyu muti urabuza inka kuza kuza.
this medicine will-prevent cows to-come to-ruminate
‘this medicine is going to prevent cows from ruminating’
turabona uruzi uruzi neza cyane.
we-see the-river you-know-it well much
‘we realize that you know the river very well’
Since Kinyarwanda orthography doesn’ t show vowel length and tone, words which are
unrelated can appear together.
tugeze ino ino rye rirakira.
we-arrived here toe of-him it-healed
‘We just got here and his toe got healed’
ndabona ikirere ikirere kigitwaye
I-see banana-leaf firmament it-carries-it
I see the banana leaf being taken by the firmament’
umuryango umuryango wose ntubobora kuwunyuramo
door
family
all it-can’t
to-pass-through-it
‘the door the whole family can’t go through it’
Leta yemeye kwongera kwongera imishahara
government accepted to-repeat to-increase salaries
‘the government accepted again to increase salaries
Hari itegeko ryo guhora guhora ribaho?
is-there law of to-punish to-keep quiet which-exists
‘Is there a law which punishes for being quiet?’
Kinyarwanda doesn’t have relative clause segmental markers. The relative construction is
marked by tone. It is therefore possible to have similar nouns following each other if they
don’t have the same referent.
dore abana abana ba Kalisa bakubise
look children children of Kalisa they-beat
‘These are the children that Kalisa’s children beat’
umugore umugore yimye amafaranga yagarutse
woman woman she-refused money she-came-back
‘the woman to whom the woman refused the money came back’
Auxiliary verbs.
Because many Kinyarwanda verbs can function as both auxiliaries and main verbs, they
follow each other in the same clause.
abagabo bashobora kuza kuza nimugoroba.
men
they-may to-come to-come in-the-evening
‘The men may be coming in the evening’.
abana bajya bajya gusura ababyeyi
children they-go –they go to-visit parents
‘They children usually go to visit the parents’
ababyeyi basanze basanze abandi bana
parents found-out they-had-joined other children
‘the parents found out that they had joined other children’
umurwayi aramutse aramutse byaba ari byiza.
sick-person s/he-survives-the-night s/he-survives it-would-be it-is good
‘if the patient happens to survive it would be good’
The same verbs can follow each other when they mean ‘for good’
tuje tuje
we-just came we-come
‘we coming for good’
abacuruzi bagiye bagiye
merchants they-just-left they-leave
‘the merchants/businessmen have just left for good’
3.7. Tokenization
Kinyarwanda uses the same apostrophes and punctuation marks like English. These are
quoatations marks (‘ ‘), parentheses ( ), period (.), comma (,), colon ( : ), semi-colon (; ),
exclamation mark (!) and question mark (?).
The hyphens (-) are used to break a word only after vowels because Kinyarwanda is an opensyllable language.
Kinyarwanda doesn’t have any other tokenization symbols.
3.8. Compounding Language
Kinyarwanda uses three types of compounding strategy : (a) use of onomastic prefixes, (b)
use of words in the same category and (c) the verb and noun complement construction.
Kinyarwanda creates names by deleting the preprefix or by using onomastic prefixes before
nouns, verbs or adjectives. These onomastic prefixes are se- with its phonetic variations saand sha-, rwa- , nya-, for males and nyira-, muka-, ka- for females. These same morphemes
are used also to create compound words as seen below. The morphological or underlying
representations of these words is also provided.
Compound words with onomastic prefixes
ikinyarwanda ‘Kinyarwanda’
i-ki-nya+Rwanda
umunyamafaranga
u-mu-nya+a-ma-faranga ‘owner of money’
the owner of+mone
ikinyamakuru ‘newspaper’
i-ki-nya+a-ma-kuru
owner of+news
inyeshyanba ‘guerilla’
i-nya+i-shyamba
owner of+forest
umunyamahanga ‘secretary’
u-mu-nya+a-ma-banga
owner of+secrets
ikinyabwoya ‘caterpillar’
i-ki-nya+ubu-oya
owner of+hair
akanyamasyo ‘turtle’
a-ka-nya+a-ma-syo
owner of+grinding stones
isabukuru ‘anniverary’
owner of+old age
saruhara ‘bald eagle’
sa+u-ru-hara
of+baldness
serwakira ‘whirlwind’
nyirahuku ‘cat’
nyira+i-huku
mother+cat
nyirabarazana ‘cause’
nyira+ba-ya-z-an-a
mother+bringing
For compound words of the same category, the one on the right loses its preprefix.
itegekonshinga ‘constitution’
i-tegek-o+n-shing-a
law+planting
itegekoteka ‘decree’
i-tegek-o+i-teka
law+always
ikiremwamuntu ‘human being’
i-ki-rem-w-a+u=mu-ntu
creature+person
inyokomuntu ‘human race’
i-oko+u-mu-ntu
race+person
urukikoremezo ‘lower court’
u-ru-kiko+i-rem-ir-y-o
court+place of creation
ubuzimagatozi ‘legal/official status’
u-bu-zima+a-ka-tozi
life+small ant
In compound words consisting of verbs and nouns, the verb gets an augment and a class
marker whereas the noun loses its preprefix or augment.
ingirakaramaro ‘useful’
i-n-gir-a+a-ka-maro
what has+use
ikibonezamvugo ‘grammar’
i-ki=bonez-a+i-vug-o
what shoots straight+talk
inshoberamahanga ‘idiomatic expressions’
i-n-shober-a+a-ma-hanga
what-challenges+foreign countries
iburasirazuba ‘east’
i-bu-ras-ir-a+i-zuba
where shoots+sun
iburengerazuba ‘west’
i-bu-renger-a+i-zuba
where disappears+sun
amajyaruguru ‘north’
a-ma-gi-a+ruguru
what goes+above
amajyepfo ‘south’
a-ma-gi-a+epfo
what goes+below
uburenganzira ‘right’
u-bu-reng-a+i-n-yira
what goes beyond+path
imbonerahamwe ‘chart/table’
i-n-bon-ir-a+ha-mwe
what sees+same place
iyigandimi ‘linguistics’
i-ig-a+i-n-rimi
studying+languages
umwangavu ‘teenage girl
u-mu-ang-a+i-vu
who hates+ashes
igitambambuga ‘toddler’
i-ki-tamb-a+i-n-buga
who crawls+floor
igikomangoma ‘prince’
i-ki-kom-a+i-n-goma
what touches+drum
iyiyaganabuhanga ‘technology’
i-ig-an-a+u-bu-hanga
studying with+knowledge
umucikacumu ‘survivor’
u-mu-cik-a+i-cumu
who ran away from+spear
ingengabitekerezo ‘ideology’
i-n-geng-a+i-bi-tek-iriz-o
what dictates+thoughts
ikinamico ‘theater’
i-kin-a+i-mi-co
playing+customs
indangamuntu
iterabwoba
mukerarugendo ‘tourist’
mu-ker-a+u-ru-gend-o
who looks good for+trip
ikirangabwoko ‘totem’
i-ki-rang-a+u-bu-oko
what tells+ clan
irondakoko ‘discrimination’
i-rond-a+a-kooko
looking for+race/ethnicity
impamyabushobozi ‘diploma’
i-n-ham-y-a+u-bu-shobor-yi
what testisfies+competency
umushinjacyaha ‘prosecutor’
u-mu-shinj-a+i-ki-aha
who confirms+crime
umutangabuhamya ‘witness’
u-mu-tang-a+u-bu-hamy-a
who gives+confirmation
indanganteko ‘class marker’
in-rang-a+i-n-teko
what tells+seat
imbonekarimwe ‘rare’
i-n-bon-ik-a+ri-mwe
what appears+once
igenamigambi ‘planification’
i-gen-a+i-mi-gambi
what decides+plans
ubuvanganzo ‘art’
u-bu-vu-a+i-ganzo
what comes+inspiration
impuzashushanyo ‘homographs’
i-n-huz-a+i-shush-an-y-o
what makes meet+picture
umuvandimwe ‘sibling’
u-mu-va+i-n-da+i-mwe
who comes+stomach+same
3.9. Offensive Words
There is no word which is intrinsically offensive. It all depends on the context. There
are some words, however, which are used as insults. These are mostly linguistic terms
which refer to female genitals :
igituba : vagina
rugongo : clitoris
umusundi : vulva
imishino : vagina lips
Body waste linguistic terms can be used as insults as well :
amabyi : excrements
amashyira : pus
ikimyira : mucus
The word imbwa ‘dog/coward’ is also used as an insult to suggest that somebody is
worthless or a coward.
Class 7/8, 11, 12/13 and 14 which function as derivational classes for endearment
terms, pejoratives, augmentatives, diminutives, can create offensive words, but again it
depends on the contect because of their polysemy.
Thus the expressions :
kino cyana ‘this child’ can mean this ‘charming child’ or ‘this ugly unbehaved child’
this child
reba kariya gakobwa ‘look at that girl’ can mean that ‘beautiful girl’ or ‘that
warch that girl
ugly/unpleasant girl ‘
The expression kwicwa na X means ‘to be killed by X’ and kuvuna umuheto ‘to break
the bow’ are usually used as insults and wish for harm. But they also used as
endearment or praise expressions as well.
aririmba neza yokwicwa na Musinga!
s/he sings well may-be-he-killed by Musinga
‘s/he sings very well he-who-should be killed by Musinga!’
uriya muvunamuheto ateye ishoti riryoshye
that breaker-of-bow sent shot which-tastes-good
‘that guy made a beautiful shot’.
This is a problem for computer programs which do translations, because it is the right
contact which can provide the right translataion.
The only words which an intrinsic negative connotation are :
-ntazi, 7/8. ikintazi ‘a no good’
nyoko[nyoko]! ‘an insult uttered with anger’
-hunya, 12/13 agahunya ‘a disgusting boy’
-konya, 12/13 agakonya ‘a disgusting girl’
3.10 Incorrect words and suggestions.
The majority of spelling errors are improper use of apostrophes, use of space, and the
letters which represent the palalal stops [ky] and [gy]. The palatal one are represented
by the symbols cy and jy respectively, whereas the palatalized alveolar stops k ang g
don’t change spelling, and represented by k and g, respectively. The sound h after a
nasal in the Kinyarwanda orthography is represented by the letter p but some
Kinyarwanda speakers have tendency to keep it.
ikintu *kiza>ikintu cyiza
thing good ‘a good thing’
gewe>jyewe ‘me’
*njyewe>jyewe ‘me’
*umugi>umujyi ‘town’
*kugyenda/kujyenda>kugenda ‘to go’
*ikyuma>icyuma ‘knife’
umukyene/umucyene>umukene ‘poor’
*kuba ho>kubaho ‘to live/to exist’
*guhita mo>guhitamo ‘to choose’
*kw’ishuri>ku ishuri
*mw’isoko>mu isoko ‘in the flea market’
*imhuha>impuha ‘rumors’
*Kabwayi>Kabgayi
*werurwe>Werurwe ‘May’
*Immana>Imana ‘God’
*i muhira>imuhira ‘home’
*i wacu>iwacu ‘at our home’
*i ruhande>iruhande ‘on the side’
*gukyina>gukina ‘to play’
*n’ugukora> ni ugukora ‘it is to work’
*s’abana>si abana ‘it is not the children’
*n’abagabo> ni abagabo ‘it is the men’
ibitabo *na amakaramu>ibitabo n’amakaramu ‘books and pens’
*munzu>mu nzu ‘in the house’
*kugiti>ku giti ‘on the tree’
*sa sita>saa sita ‘at noon’
*bafit’igitabo>bafite igitabo ‘they have a book’
*ibintu bya njye>ibintu byanjye ‘my things’
*inka ya cu>inka yacu ‘our cow’
*kwoga>koga ‘to swim’
*kwumva>kumva ‘to hear’
*kwotsa>kotsa ‘to burn/to roast’
*umwunyu>umunyu ‘salt’
*ubwuki>ubuki ‘honey’
*urwuho>uruho ‘calebash’
*urwuzi>uruzi ‘river’
*urwugi>urugi ‘door’
*ntabaje>nta baje ‘they didn’t come’
*ntawaje>nta waje ‘s/he didn’t come’
*ntacyo dufite>nta cyo dufite ‘we don’t have it’
*ntawe babonye>nta we babonye ‘they didn’t see him/her’
Kinyarwanda has 17 classes. The majority occur in pairs such as 1/2, 3/4, 5/6, 7/8, 9/10,
11/10, 12/13, 14/6, 15/6. The number on the left of the slash is the singular and the number on
the right the plural form. Only class 16 and 19 occur alone. There are nouns also which occur
in all classes. They are referred as all classes in this noun list. In this list, only the singular
form will be given.
Some nouns are listed without a pair, however. This means that the noun occurs in that class
only, thus doesn’t have a plural or a singular. These class markers have allomorphs which are
predictable by general phonological rules. This list will give less lexical items than what the
language has. Many words look alike because even when they don’t mean the same because
the official orthography doesn’t mark tones and vowel length. When nouns which
orthographically look alike don’t belong to the same class, however, are listed here. There are
thus many nouns of especially those of class 1 and class 3 and class 5 and class 9i, which
alike but are listed because their agreement with their respective dependencies such verbs,
adjectives differ.
1/2 : -mu-/-baAu-CM-Stem
u-mu-stem/a-ba-stem
-mu->mw- if stem starts with a vowel
umwabirizi
umwagati
umwambararuhago
umwambari
umwambukira
umwami
umwana
umwananzara
umwandu
umwangakurutwa
umwangavu
umwange
umwanzi
umwarabu
umwarimu
umwasama
umwasamanga
umwasamyi
umubagito
umubanda
umubandwa
umuberinaridini
umubikira
umubikirizwankoni
umubinda
umubingwa
umubirigi
umubisha
umubitsi
umuboyi
umuboyifundi
umuboyimaso
umuboyishoferi
umubugu
umuburagasani
umuburanama
umuburanka
umuburanyi
umuburigadiye
umuburatongo
umuburugaji
umuburugumesitiri
umubwiriza
umubwirwa
umubyara
umubyare
umubyaza
umubyeyi
umubyukurutsa
umucakara
umucamanza
umucamakaza
umucambehe
umucanshuro
umucanyi
umucarugo
umucengeri
umucerereza
umucumandengera
umucumankanda
umucurabwenge
umucuraguzi
umucuruzi
umucuzi
umucyaba
umucyura
umudage
umudamazera
umudamu
umudandaza
umudaraza
umudayimoni
umudebereza
umudedezwa
umudepite
umudereva
umudeyi
umudeyideyi
umudirigi
umudiporome
umudivantisiti
umudiventi
umudobe
umudiyakoni
umudogiteri
umudohe
umudominikani
umudozi
umwega
umwegame
umwemezi
umwendahamwe
umwene
umwenebikira
umwenedata
umwenedatawacu
umwenemama
umwenemamawacu
umwenene
umwenenyina
umwenenyinawabo
umwenenyoko
umwenenyokowanyu
umwenese
umwenesewabo
umweneso
umwenesowanyu
umwenewabo
umwenewacu
umwenewanyu
umwepisikopi
umwera
umweranda
umwere
umwerekeza
umweza
umufana
umufaransa
umufaratiri
umufarizayi
umufasha
umufashi
umufatakaramu
umufatangasire
umufatankoni
umufatankono
umufifi
umufiyansi
umuforode
umuforomo
umufubirasuka
umufumbira
umufundi
umufundimaso
umufuragizi
umufurere
umugabe
umugabekazi
umugabo
umugabuza
umugabwa
umugaga
umugagaza
umuganda
umugande
umuganga
umugaragu
umugarigari
umugarikabyano
umugazandeka
umugega
umugemu
umugendajoro
umugenga
umugeni
umugenza
umugenzacyaha
umugenzi
umugerefiye
umugereki
umugererwa
umugesera
umuginga
umugiramana
umugiranabi
umugiraneza
umugirankana
umugirwa
umugisha
umugizi
umugombajuru
umugombozi
umugome
umugomoke
umugore
umugorewabo
umugorewacu
umugorewanyu
umugoronome
umugororangingo
umugorozi
umugotaziko
umugumba
umugumyabanga
umugunga
umugunguje
umugurana
umuguruguru
umuguzi
umugwabirampundu
umugwagasi
umugwagihanda
umugwakirari
umugwampinga
umugwanabi
umugwaneza
umugwaswa
umuha
umuhagarikizi
umuhahiriza
umuhakwa
umuhamagazi
umuhamba
umuhambazi
umuhambe
umuhambwe
umuhamuzi
umuhamya
umuhanga
umuhangamyi
umuhangarembo
umuhangaza
umuhange
umuhanju
umuhannyi
umuhanuzi
umuhanya
umuhanyi
umuhari
umuharira
umuhashya
umuhashyi
umuhatsi
umuhaya
umuhe
umuhebyi
umuheko
umuhemu
umuhenda
umuhennyi
umuhera
umuhererezi
umuhereza
umuherwe
umuhesha
umuheshi
umuhetsi
umuhezamyenda
umugankware
umuhigi
umuhigishakibando
umuhima
umuhinda
umuhindangiga
umuhindiro
umuhinza
umuhinzi
umuhire
umuhirika
umuhirwa
umuhisi
umuhizi
umuhobobo
umuhodoke
umuhogo
umuhondamonyi
umuhondogo
umuhora
umuhorwa
umuhoryo
umuhoyoyo
umuhoza
umuhungu
umuhunguramirayi
umuhuguravu
umuhunguwabo
umuhunguwacu
umuhunguwanyu
umuhunnyi
umuhutu
umuhutukazi
umuhuza
umuhuzi
umuhwere
umwicanyi
umwiga
umwigisha
umwigishwa
umwihahizi
umwihanduzacumu
umwihebe
umwihingizi
umwijusi
umwimanyi
umwimbisha
umwimukira
umwimura
umwina
umwinazi
umwinjira
umwirabura
umwirare
umwiraririzi
umwirasi
umwiru
umwirutsi
umwirye
umwisengeneza
umwishi
umwishigatwa
umwishigatwi
umwishingizi
umwishyu
umwishyura
umwishyuza
umwishywa
umwisi
umwisumamo
umwitira
umwitozo
umwitsa
umwitso
umwiyahuzi
umwiyebe
umwiyuburure
umwizeramariya
umuja
umujakazi
umujandarume
umujara
umujenerari
umujenerarimajoro
umujera
umujeyi
umujida
umujidashefu
umujiji
umujokeri
umujonesi
umujuji
umujura
umujurunga
umujwara
umujyabwami
umujyakera
umujyambere
umujyanama
umujyi
umukamankono
umukambwe
umukamisha
umukamyi
umukandida
umukanishi
umukanika
umukannyi
umukantoni
umukanuzi
umukanza
umukapiteni
umukaporari
umukara
umukarabya
umukaramushi
umukarani
umukaraza
umukaridinari
umukarumerita
umukazana
umukeba
umukecuru
umukekwa
umukemba
umukene
umukeza
umukiga
umukinduzi
umukingishakibando
umukinjakinja
umukirisitu
umukiriya
umukiruke
umukiza
umukoboyi
umukobwa
umukobwawacu
umukobwawabo
umukobwawanyu
umukogoto
umukomanda
umukomando
umukomankari
umukomerisa
umukomiseri
umukondera
umukongori
umukoni
umukonikoni
umukono
umukonseye
umukontabure
umukontara
umukonyozi
umukoreji
umukoresha
umukoreshakoro
umukoroneri
umukoshwa
umukoza
umukozi
umukubitakaramu
umukumbyi
umukumirizi
umukungu
umukura
umukurambere
umukurikizi
umukuru
umukuruwinama
umukushumyi
umukusi
umukwe
umumaji
umumajoro
umumanuka
umumarayika
umumareshari
umumarisiti
umumaritiri
umumaso
umumbogo
umumekanisiye
umumenajeri
umumenakibanga
umumenja
umumenya
umumere
umuminisitiri
umuminitsi
umumiriyoneri
umumisiyoneri
umumokereza
umumonaki
umumoniteragiri
umumoniteri
umumonyo
umumotsi
umunaka
umunama
umunana
umunango
umunaziri
umunebwe
umunega
umunege
umunganda
umungereza
umunnyi
umunnyuzi
umunovisi
umunoza
umuntu
umuntuzi
umunyabigega
umunyabintu
umunyabitoke
umunyabusitani
umunyabutaka
umunyabute
umunyabwenge
umunyabwera
umunyabyimbo
umunyabyinshi
umunyacyambu
umunyacyirima
umunyagasani
umunyage
umunyagihango
umunyagikari
umunyagishyito
umunyagwa
umunyakarama
umunyakarika
umunyakarongo
umunyakatsi
umunyakazi
umunyakizungu
umunyamabanga
umunyamaboko
umunyamahanga
umunyamateka
umunyamakoro
umunyamakuru
umunyamerwe
umunyamibyibiri
umunyamibyitatu
umunyamigoma
umunyamihanda
umunyamogo
umunyamudari
umunyamugogo
umunyamugongo
umunyamuhango
umunyamuheto
umunyamujinya
umunyamukanga
umunyamurava
umunyamuriro
umunyamuryango
umunyamushiha
umunyamushumi
umunyamusozi
umunyamutima
umunyamuturi
umunyamutwe
umunyamwuga
umunyanama
umunyangoga
umunyangoma
umunyankoni
umunyantare
umunyantaro
umunyanzoga
umunyanzogera
umunyanzu
umunyanzuzi
umunyarubuga
umunyarugo
umunyaruhago
umunyaruhimbi
umunyarugendo
umunyarwanda
umunyasima
umunyasuku
umunyazi
umunyehanzi
umunyehinyu
umunyempara
umunyendanini
umunyenzu
umunyeri
umunyesarumara
umunyeshuri
umunyeshyamba
umunyesuku
umunyezamu
umunyiginya
umunyoni
umunyororo
umunyorozi
umunyuracyanzu
umunyurahabi
umunyurakibanga
umunyurakuzimu
umunyurarembo
umunyurwa
umunywanyi
umunywi
umwofisiye
umwomboka
umwongereza
umworo
umwozi
umupadiri
umupagani
umupagasi
umupapa
umuparakomando
umuparanto
umuparimehutu
umupasiteri
umupasitori
umupurefe
umuperefe
umuperesona
umuperezida
umuperisona
umupfakazi
umupfasoni
umupfu
umupfumu
umupira
umupirisona
umupishi
umupiyemu
umupositoranti
umupuburikani
umupuranto
umupyisi
umuragu
umuraguza
umuraguzafuro
umuraguzamutwe
umuramba
umurambirwa
umuramu
umuramukazi
umuranga
umuranzi
umurara
umurarirwa
umuraririzi
umuraro
umurasa
umurashi
umuratiri
umuravaderi
umurayiki
umuraza
umureberezi
umurebyi
umurejuru
umurekezi
umuremere
umuremyi
umurenderi
umurenge
umurengereza
umurengwe
umurenzamase
umurenzi
umurenzi
umurera
umurere
umureramana
umureshya
umuretwa
umurezi
umurigisi
umurihira
umurima
umurimiramfizi
umurimyi
umurinda
umurindwarivuye
umuriracumu
umurirangata
umurirankoni
umurirasuka
umurirayo
umurisa
umurita
umuriyetona
umuriyetonakoroneri
umurizi
umurobanurwa
umurokore
umuroma
umurokozi
umurorerezi
umuroro
umurozi
umurunari
umurundi
umurungu
umurusiya
umurwanashyaka
umurwayi
umurwaza
umuryahene
umuryambisi
umuryantama
umuryarugo
umuryarusenda
umuryi
umuryinyonza
umuryoko
umusambane
umusangwa
umusangwabutaka
umusanzire
umusare
umusazeriyani
umusariyamu
umusarumara
umusaserudoti
umusaveni
umusaza
umusazi
umuse
umusebanyi
umusekere
umuseminari
umusenge
umusengeneza
umusengerezi
umusengo
umusengwambazi
umusenyeri
umusenzi
umuserayi
umusereja
umusereza
umuseribateri
umuserija
umuserijamajoro
umuseseri
umusesita
umusetsi
umuseveni
umushabizi
umushagara
umushage
umushagire
umushakamata
umushakamba
umushambo
umushana
umushananuzi
umushanwani
umushara
umusharangabo
umusharasi
umusharati
umushariti
umushashi
umushashisha
umushefu
umushemere
umushenzi
umusheshi
umushi
umushikazi
umushiki
umushimusi
umushingo
umushingwe
umushinja
umushinjacyaha
umushinwa
umushiru
umushoba
umushoferi
umushomeri
umushonji
umushora
umushoza
umushumba
umushumeri
umushurushefu
umushyike
umushyikirwa
umushyingira
umushyitsi
umushyondori
umushwangamyambi
umusibire
umusibyi
umusifuzi
umusigaye
umusigazi
umusigi
umusigire
umusigwa
umusikuti
umusimbura
umusinga
umusindi
umusiripanti
umusipanyori
umusiramu
umusirikare
umusirimu
umusirote
umusisita
umusita
umusitajeri
umusiviri
umusizi
umusoda
umusogokuruza
umusokereteri
umusomariya
umusomyi
umusongarere
umusoni
umusongozi
umusonzeramyambi
umusore
umusoromyi
umusorote
umusosiyare
umusosorodoti
umusubutiti
umusudiyakoni
umusuguti
umusukuti
umusuperefe
umusuriyetona
umusurushefu
umusuzofisiye
umuswa
umuswayire
umusyete
umusyi
umutabashwa
umutabazi
umutabo
umutagatifu
umutagire
umutahira
umutahiza
umutaka
umutamba
umutambabarozi
umutambagiro
umutandiboyi
umutandura
umutangambuto
umutangampundu
umutaniboyi
umutantiboyi
umutanyagwa
umutaramakuru
umutaravayeri
umutariyani
umutasi
umutayeri
umutegarugori
umutegatega
umutegetsi
umutegurwa
umutekamutwe
umutende
umutendezangohe
umutenge
umuteracumu
umuterahejuru
umuterambabazi
umutesi
umuteteri
umutezi
umutezintare
umutihetinkanda
umutimbamyambi
umutimura
umutirigi
umutisiga
umutisukirwa
umutotatoki
umutoni
umutora
umutorobozantenge
umutotorangemwe
umutozo
umutsobe
umutuguto
umutukampungwe
umutukiro
umutuku
umutumire
umutumirwa
umutunzi
umuturagara
umuturage
umuturanyi
umuturarwanda
umuture
umututsi
umututsikazi
umutwa
umutwarangabo
umutware
umutyara
umwubizi
umwubura
umwugarizakibando
umwungeri
umwungura
umwuzukuru
umwuzukuruza
umwuzuza
umuvakuzimu
umuvamahanga
umuvamuhero
umuvana
umuvanderi
umuvandimwe
umuvantara
umuveterineri
umuvugizi
umuvuguruza
umuvugwarivuye
umuvukamiko
umuvukampundu
umuvukarwanda
umuvuke
umuvumba
umuvumbu
umumburankwavu
umuvumbyi
umuvumvu
umuvumyi
umuvunyi
umuvurati
umuvutsa
umuvuza
umuvuzi
umuyaga
umuyagwa
umuyahudi
umuyanga
umuyangwa
umuyapani
umuyaya
umuyege
umuyererezi
umuyezuwiti
umuyijayija
umuyiru
umuyiriraheri
umuyisiramu
umuyisirayeri
umuyobe
umuyoberwa
umuyoboke
umuyobozi
umuyogera
umuyoravu
umuyovu
umuyozefiti
umuyuku
umuzagayura
umuzahare
umuzamu
umuzamuzi
umuzana
umuzazame
umuzehe
umuzezwamagara
umuzezwanzu
umuzezwaruhimbi
umuzigaba
umuzigirizwa
umuzigirwa
umuzigo
umuzimu
umuzimya
umuzinga
umuzingakirago
umuzinge
umuzingo
umuziranenge
umuzirankende
umuzirazuba
umuziritsi
umuzogore
umuzuke
umuzungu
umuzungura
umuzuzi
1a/2a
-0-/ ba
This class lacks the preprefix and the prefix and in the plural form the noun is preceded with
the morpheme ba but which is not linked to the noun.
avoka
cyababo
rwabururanya
rwabyago
rwagasurura
rwagihanga
rwagisha
rwahama
rwakimwaga
kamara
ambasaderi
rwamutwe
rwamwa
bamwana
rwankubebe
rwanyamwihare
karaminwe
arikipisikopi
arubitiri
bazina
kabambe
rubanda
rubere
ruberera
bihimbiheru
kibihira
binonerisi
birenzwamaso
rubirikibi
kibishyanzira
bisumbukuboko
bisumubyeyahite
bizirumutero
bugwabugaze
rubumburi
kabunga
kibungamiryango
ruburasoni
bwuje
gica
gacanyamiryango
gacanyi
ciraha
gacirogake
gacogamihana
gacukumbuzi
gacumba
bucura
mucumbacyaha
gacurirazuba
cushu
gacwira
mucyurabuhoro
rudahakanirwa
rudapfirwanamayira
rudarusuma
mudasigwa
data
databuja
databukwe
datawacu
dawe
deburuyari
dede
rudede
rudege
rudende
kadeheri
diregiteri
bidido
kidobya
dongoroni
rudugira
duguri
ruduha
cyehe
rwema
rwenderi
bwengemunka
bwengemuruhimbi
bwengemwabo
rwengerurahonya
ensipegiteri
rwevu
gifubamyaka
mafubo
gafuniko
bufuni
rufuragura
rufurumba
rugabagaba
rugabishabirenge
ngabitagirumukura
mugabo
mugabuhanda
magaga
rugambwa
ruganirwa
magaramake
magarantunsige
magarayagacuma
kagagara
ngagari
garukunsubire
rugatarwintango
rugazamyonga
rugeme
bugegera
rugenderwa
magigiri
rugina
kigingi
rugira
bigirankana
mugiti
rugondaminazi
rugonzi
bigonzi
kagoro
rugotamazi
rugotomezi
mugozi
magumirwa
rugundirakirago
maguru
muguru
kaguru
buguru
bugurububiri
kagurukeya
kagurumojya
bigutu
guverineri
ruhabwanduru
gahago
ruhahira
ruhamanya
gahambamazi
bihanga
mpanga
hangaharya
gahangakabi
ruhangantazira
hange
hangi
ruhara
ruharwa
muhashyi
ruhaya
ruhekeranyababyeyi
biheko
ruhekurirababyeyi
bihemu
gahenda
bihendo
mahenga
gahereri
ruhihiza
muhima
gahima
himbatujyemo
ruhinda
gahinga
ruhirira
ruhishyi
muhitira
gahoga
ruhogo
hoho
gahoma
buhoma
ruhonyora
ruhorahoza
muhorerasuka
ruhubanya
ruhuga
mpugutu
gihuha
ruhuma
buhumbano
bihumeri
bihurihuri
gahuru
gahushwa
muhushyi
gahuzamiryango
ruhwehwe
mahwera
ruhwiba
ruhwiti
ruhwitwa
rwica
cyiganwa
rwigema
bwimba
bwimbiza
rwimbyi
inde
rwinera
menyaryababo
menyo
ipeji
cyishomera
rwivanga
bwizabwishyamba
rwizarupfuyubusa
bijanyari
majigo
majimbiri
mujinyawujinda
juji
mujugunywa
majyanjyari
rukabu
kabuhariwe
rukaburandekwe
rukabyamurimbo
rukagana
mukadata
kamaramahano
rukambura
bikandagira
rukandabasyi
kandida
bikangu
rukanika
makanika
kanshoba
kanoni
rukara
karabaketa
rukararuka
makare
karenzihaniro
makari
kariharya
karumutima
rukaruruka
mukase
mukaso
kazitereyemo
mukeba
makende
rukende
rukenwa
kenyeraduketane
kenyeratubagane
mukerarugendo
kiberumuhanga
rukinga
mukinuzi
kiragweragwera
kirimvi
kiroro
kiruhururabogoshi
kivumbindorwa
kizimbabahashyi
bikobokobo
nkobori
bukobwe
rukokoma
nkokoribagibigunda
nkokigosoribyeze
rukomakara
mukomarume
rukomeza
komiseri
rukomeza
gakondo
nkongoro
nkonjo
bikonjo
konseye
kontabure
nknoyamennyinyama
mukonozi
rukonyamakombe
rukoro
coroneri
rukoroza
nkotitararinyama
rukubana
rukubashyamba
nkubayakabuba
rukibirana
rukukuri
bukukumbwa
bukumburi
rukumyabasyi
kumusheri
rukungerwa
nkunzi
mukuru
mukurumubi
rukurungirandosho
rukurungiranogo
rukururana
rukushu
gakushwa
rukushwa
mukuta
rukutu
bikwa
makwakwa
makwakwanya
mikwege
makwindigiri
mabuja
mabukwe
madamazera
madamu
mama
mamari
mamawacu
mamayi
mameya
manayibitego
kimaranzara
marayika
kimari
kamarogake
marume
masenge
matarisi
mawe
mbirizudususa
mbonyifatizo
mburamatare
mumenabanga
kimezamiryango
mfumbasubwonko
mfumbatantiburacya
minisitiri
miriyoneri
misiyoneri
kamori
muherezuhebe
rumuna
mungu
mutemutore
mvoka
amvoka
kamwaga
munabi
naka
nanganaje
nangayivuza
runangura
binani
minani
narayahanavuyaha
ndakomakatsi
ndakwabaza
ndayitabi
nde
ndeberahumugabageze
ndindamennyimbuto
nduhirabandi
ndushabandi
runege
binego
maneko
ngayimbwigaruka
kinigamazi
maniha
nirwange
manjyanjya
nkabyandigugune
nkizamasunzu
nkomwahato
nkumbuyisaho
binnyo
kinnyokimoka
kinnyokirundumubu
munobori
manono
manoyinanga
manoza
nsaguye
nseswangaruka
nsumirinda
ntababa
ntamwete
ntiruharaye
ntuza
kinukabugabo
mununi
munura
nyabagabo
nyabami
nyabingi
nyabirungu
nyaburira
nyabusa
nyabyenda
nyagahemuza
nyagakecuru
nyagapfurunguzi
nyagasani
nyakaboko
nyakabyeyi
nyakabyizi
nyakagore
nyakaja
nyakamwe
nyakanyeri
nyakaregeshwa
nyakibi
nyakibyeyi
nyakiriro
nyakotsi
nyakubahwa
nyakubwirwa
nyakuvuga
nyakuvugwa
nyakwigendera
kinyamateka
nyamihirwa
nyamihogo
nyaminaga
nyamiruho
nyamiyonga
nyampinga
nyamuda
nyamudada
nyamugirubutangwa
nyamuguriramugahandagaza
nyamukanirwayahageze
nyamuhunja
nyamujyawese
nyamukamirwaninduru
nyamuntu
nyamunyaganwanazo
nyamuryamazi
nyamurwuwobiriranywe
nyamushyirindabayimena
nyamutabiri
nyamuzavuba
nyamuzinda
nyamwandara
nyamwari
nyamwendaruba
nyamweru
nyamwigendaho
nyamwihahira
nyamwihare
nyamwongerabibi
nyanaka
nyandwi
nyangara
nyangufi
nyankwenge
nyanshya
nyaruda
nyarudindiri
nyaruhahira
minyarugo
nyarume
nyarunegeri
nyarushumba
nyarute
kanyarwanda
nyaruzungu
nyawamama
nyawirega
nyebunga
nyina
nyinaramuzi
nyinawabo
nyinawawe
nyirabayazana
nyirabiganginka
nyirabihubiroga
nyirabidomangire
nyirabuja
nyirabukwe
nyirabusa
nyirabusama
nyirabwijenkoziki
nyiracyiyombekere
nyiracyiyombere
nyiracyobo
nyiraduduri
nyiragakeri
nyiragashabarara
nyiragatondozi
nyiragipfabaje
nyiraherege
nyirakadeheri
nyirakadori
nyirakamagaza
nyirakanaka
nyirakaraguragahennye
nyirakaregeshwa
nyirakareshya
nyirakatamuregama
nyirakidederi
nyirakigeri
nyirakigunu
nyirakimonyo
nyiraknnyokimoka
nyirakirazunga
nyirakirumubusa
nyirakiryamanantorezo
nyirakuru
nyirakururuza
nyirakuruza
nyiramabere
nyiramabumba
nyiramadibongo
nyiramaganya
nyiramahindigiri
nyiramama
nyiramanagana
nyiramaniha
nyiramanoza
nyiramatenga
nyiramatwi
nyirambundanyagafu
nyiramenyo
nyiramfurucanye
nyiraminani
nyiramisago
nyiramuhoriwabo
nyiramuhoyoyo
nyiramukubitwa
nyiramumbere
nyiramurimyi
nyiramwanjari
nyiramwoho
nyiranaka
nyirandabizi
nyiranjyiyobijya
nyirankoobori
nyiranshirigiti
nyirantegereza
nyirantuza
nyiranzumiye
nyirarira
nyirababurinzonnyo
nyirarubambishahu
nyiraruheke
nyirarujabura
nyirarukubo
nyirarume
nyirarwotso
nyirasakwasakwe
nyirasenge
nyirawamama
nyirawaya
nyiricyubahiro
nyirigicumbi
nyirigira
nyirikirimikibi
nyiringoma
nyirishyamba
nyirubukozwemo
nyirubutungane
nyirubwite
nyirumugezi
nyogokuru
nyogokururuza
nyogokuruza
nyogosenge
nyoko
nyokobuja
nyokobukwe
nyokorome
nyokorume
nyokowanyu
nyombere
nyomberi
nyongonyongo
runyota
nyotarugaryi
manyovu
kanyuguri
binyuguri
manyundo
munyurahato
kinyweka
nzabiryambyikorere
nzaryantashye
koreka
byoho
rwoma
opeji
padiri
pagari
mipanga
papa
gaparaya
purefe
perefe
perezida
pfamfe
rupfukorwapfiriryo
rupigapiga
porokireri
mapyisi
mpyompyo
karahabutaka
karanganwa
birangaza
muranziwarwo
burariburushyironda
muratanzara
karayi
rebiki
murefu
ruregeya
karehamusemburo
rejareja
rejeri
rejinyeri
rurema
ruremberezi
marembo
rurengamiganyiro
karenzo
rureshwa
resiponsabure
rezida
rurikanwa
rikiri
karimanzira
kirimbuzi
kariminyamwirega
karindamisa
burindi
birindi
kariramaguru
karobwa
kirogoya
karondo
rurondondoreje
rurondwa
rongorongo
birosho
rubitiri
rucerwahure
rugayimihembezo
rugenzinkecuru
rugizerute
ruguramananiza
ruhoraho
ruhotorinyana
rukatamanenu
rukorikinyobwa
rukumyumwungeri
rukungishwamabuye
rukurikirizindi
murumunawanjye
murumunawawe
murumunawe
murundura
murungu
karungu
kirungurira
runonerisi
rupfurimungu
ruranguza
karuruma
kirurunganya
ruryaruryamye
karuru
rusakirimonyo
rushingabahanga
rutahamavubi
rutahicyaga
rutahintare
rutamizabiri
rutemayeze
rutumivu
rwakannyende
rwicaruhoze
rwotsimbagare
kiryabahosho
kiryana
ryangaribona
ryangarirora
muryege
muryezi
maryoshya
sabahinda
sabahini
sabizeze
sacyanwa
sagatindi
sagihanga
sagihobe
sagitwe
misago
rusakara
rusakaza
rusakiza
busakumwa
samagugu
musanganya
misanzu
sapfunwa
sarumfune
sarwari
sarwaya
musatsi
rusatsi
sawushi
gasazamigeri
se
mase
sebihogo
sebinagana
sebintu
sebisusa
sebitenga
sebukwe
sebuzire
sebwugugu
secyobo
sedata
segaba
segisebe
sekaganda
sekinyoma
sekobwa
sekombata
musekugoroye
sekuru
sekuruza
sekuzimu
gasemantambara
semuhanuka
sekanaka
sentuza
senyabwiyugurira
senyabwugugu
rusenyanteko
serukanaga
sesabayore
seshyano
sewabo
sewawe
shanwani
shari
bushari
gashashara
shebuja
shehe
mushekembuzi
shenge
shinganwa
gishinja
gashirira
rushitamyambi
shobuja
gashobya
gashomwa
rushorera
gashukabapfu
shumbusho
shurushefu
rushushamwerera
gasibanyamiryango
misigaro
bisigati
nsigaye
musigwamubi
busigo
masikini
masima
simusiga
sinabugirwa
sininerumutsima
masitimu
so
sobukwe
sogokuru
sogokururuza
sogokuruza
sokereteri
sokuru
sokururuza
sokuruza
gasonga
gasongantebyi
songo
gasongo
gasongomurefu
masonkanu
masontunu
sowanyu
masoyinyana
sugabo
sukansubizemo
rusukiranya
rusumbamasata
busunzu
superefe
gasuramatongo
gasurantambara
suriyetona
surushefu
gasutsa
suzofisiye
swo
gisyokidaserimwe
syori
mashyenderi
shyeshya
bushyike
rushyirwinkuba
rushyondi
gishyondi
simbarirwa
subutiti
gitagata
mutakirwa
matakwaashinkanda
rutamanikirwa
katamobwa
mutanawazo
rutanyabanya
gatanyamiryango
rutarara
rutare
matarisi
matarishi
matati
mutavurirwa
gatemanyi
biteme
temuhwanye
gatemeri
gatera
gateranya
gateranyabagabo
gaterenyangabo
tereriyo
mutererwa
ruteruzi
ruteshantore
gatikiro
mutimamuke
mutimawarenzihaniro
gitimujisho
rutintima
rutinywa
gatiragwa
katisigwa
ntogogo
rutogota
rutokirwurutunda
ntokizitononamamera
ntokizitononingori
ntokizuruyego
ntonyori
gatorano
bitorwa
gatoya
gatozi
butsata
butsi
rutsi
butsure
gatubanduru
rutuma
rutumbaganya
kitumva
gatumwa
mitunu
rutura
turagara
rutwe
bitwenge
bitwi
ntyontyo
rwuba
rwubizi
rwuburangeso
cyumya
cyumyarujyo
kungukokabi
rwunyura
veterineri
kavengeri
ruvigira
kivomerwa
bivove
ruvubi
vuguvuyaho
ruvumwa
ruvundagura
kavungamugeyo
kavurogake
mavutamingi
ruvutaminyago
ruvuvu
ruvuzacyuma
waga
wanshoba
wapfamugasa
yagore
mugayuhuha
bayanga
kayanga
ruyange
Yezu
yiyine
nzamba
muzana
zanimbehe
zarengeyehe
ruzerefu
muzigura
kazimanamuhogo
muzimugamba
nzingiza
ruzirampuhwe
ziremakwinshi
kaziri
maziyateke
buziyurutare
muzuka
mazunga
muzunguwambiri
muzunguwatatu
muzunguwayine
muzuru
bizuru
buzuru
kazurukeza
2.
abasasa
abayara
3/4 : -mu-/-miAu-CM-Stem
u-mu-stem/i-mi-stem
mu>mw before vowel
mi>my before vowel
umwabagirano
umwaduko
umwaga
umwagagaro
umwagambo
umwagazo
umwagiro
umwahe
umwahi
umwahuro
umwaka
umwaku
umwama
umwamaguzo
umwamango
umwambariro
umwambazo
umwambi
umwambiro
umwamira
umwamirangabo
umwamiya
umwamo
umwanana
umwanda
umwandagara
umwandiko
umwando
umwandu
umwanduranyo
umwanga
umwangacucu
umwangahavu
umwangange
umwanganyo
umwangare
umwangato
umwange
umwango
umwanike
umwano
umwanya
umwanzuro
umwarangabo
umwari
umwariro
umwaro
umwarumba
umwasa
umwase
umwashi
umwata
umwatashyari
umwatata
umwate
umwatiro
umwato
umwatsamuzo
umwaturo
umwavu
umwayi
umwayo
umuba
umubaba
umubabaro
umubabo
umubabwe
umubagabaga
umubago
umubakire
umubanda
umubande
umubandiko
umubangabanga
umubangazo
umubanji
umubano
umubare
umubari
umubaribari
umubariro
umubatizo
umubavu
umubaya
umubazi
umubeba
umubebe
umubera
umuberano
umuberanya
umubereja
umubeya
umubi
umubibi
umubiko
umubimba
umubimbafuro
umubira
umubiri
umubirikira
umubisa
umubisikano
umubogobogo
umubogora
umubogore
umubohantete
umubombo
umubombobombo
umubomborano
umubonano
umubonanya
umubonjyo
umubono
umubonobono
umubore
umuborogo
umubu
umububa
umubuga
umubugabuga
umubugu
umubugubugu
umubumbe
umubunda
umubundankari
umubundanzira
umubunduro
umubungo
umubungobungo
umuburika
umuburo
umuburu
umubuti
umubuto
umubuyabuyo
umubuza
umubwabwa
umubyazamasekurume
umubyibuho
umubyigano
umubyigo
umubyimba
umubyimbira
umubyimbanjuma
umubyimbyi
umubyindi
umubyirure
umubyizi
umubyuko
umucaca
umucafu
umucamano
umucanda
umucanga
umucankindi
umucano
umucantunga
umucanzogera
umucanwa
umucafu
umucapfu
umucasuka
umucayuke
umuce
umucecure
umucemwe
umucengo
umuceri
umuceyuke
umuceyure
umucezo
umucigato
umucikanyaro
umucike
umuciko
umucinyiro
umuciro
umucisha
umucisho
umuco
umucobogo
umucogoro
umucokarande
umucokwe
umucoro
umucuba
umucucu
umucucure
umucuguso
umucuho
umucuko
umucumo
umucumucumu
umucundura
umucungwe
umucuniro
umucuno
umucunuro
umucuragano
umucuri
umucuro
umucutsa
umucuze
umucuzi
umucuzo
umucwira
umucyacyari
umucyaho
umucyamu
umucyo
umucyuro
umudabagazo
umudabagiro
umudaga
umudagari
umudahanda
umudaho
umudahwera
umudakubitwa
umudamadamo
umudandaza
umudandi
umudari
umudayi
umudege
umudehe
umudende
umudendezo
umuderi
umudidi
umudibyi
umudido
umudigi
umudihe
umudiho
umudimba
umudobori
umudogori
umudohoko
umudomo
umudori
umudubi
umudubagizo
umuduga
umudugudu
umudugumbo
umuduha
umuduri
umudwedwe
umudwinga
umwega
umwegura
umweguzo
umweko
umwema
umwembe
umwena
umwenda
umwenderanyo
umwenderezo
umwenge
umwengo
umwenjya
umwenya
umwenzero
umwerera
umwerere
umwero
umweru
umwerya
umwesa
umweshi
umwete
umweya
umweyo
umweza
umwezamenyo
umwezankono
umwezanyo
umwezi
umwezo
umufa
umufarizo
umufatangwe
umufasuka
umufato
umufefeko
umufene
umuferege
umufobe
umufokoro
umufu
umufuho
umufuka
umufuko
umufukuro
umufumba
umufumbageshi
umufumberi
umufumbwa
umufungure
umufuniko
umufunzo
umufura
umufurwe
umufutu
umuga
umugaga
umugage
umugago
umugahu
umugaja
umugajagaja
umugamba
umugambi
umugamve
umuganaho
umuganashya
umuganaziko
umuganda
umugane
umugangara
umugango
umugangoba
umugangu
umugani
umugano
umuganura
umuganya
umuganyari
umuganye
umuganza
umuganzacyaro
umugaragara
umugaragaro
umugaraguro
umugarika
umugaru
umugarura
umugaryo
umugasa
umugashi
umugata
umugati
umugave
umugavu
umugayagayo
umugayigayi
umugayo
umugazi
umugembe
umugemeko
umugemero
umugenda
umugendajoro
umugende
umugenderano
umugendo
umugengararo
umugenge
umugenzo
umugera
umugereka
umugereko
umugeri
umugese
umugeshi
umugeti
umugeyo
umugezi
umugi
umugiga
umugigano
umugimbe
umugimbu
umugina
umuginga
umugingo
umugirigiri
umugirima
umugirirwa
umugisha
umugo
umugobe
umugobora
umugobore
umugoboro
umugodoko
umugobwe
umugogo
umugogoro
umugojwa
umugojwe
umugoko
umugoma
umugomagiro
umugomango
umugomba
umugombakwima
umugombe
umugombero
umugomera
umugonamfizi
umugonampiri
umugondajosi
umugondano
umugondo
umugondorajosi
umugondoro
umugongo
umugongogongo
umugono
umugoroba
umugorora
umugororo
umugosho
umugote
umugoti
umugoya
umugozi
umugu
umugubari
umugubiri
umugugararo
umugugu
umuguguna
umugugunambehe
umuguguro
umuguguzo
umuguha
umugumba
umugumo
umugumyabanga
umugunda
umugundano
umugunga
umugungumiko
umugunguzi
umuguno
umugunzu
umuguri
umuguru
umuguruka
umuguruko
umugusa
umugusha
umugushu
umugusiro
umuguta
umugutu
umugutura
umugwacebe
umugwaguro
umugwampore
umugwantakara
umugwato
umugwe
umugwegwe
umugwi
umuha
umuhabara
umuhabyantanga
umuhafu
umuhaga
umuhagatangima
umuhagatiro
umuhaha
umuhama
umuhamanyungu
umuhambaro
umuhambiro
umuhamira
umuhamirizo
umuhamuro
umuhana
umuhanda
umuhandagari
umuhandage
umuhandagore
umuhande
umuhandegore
umuhanga
umuhangahanga
umuhangayiko
umuhango
umuhannyo
umuhanurankuba
umuhanurantare
umuhanya
umuhara
umuharakuku
umuharata
umuhare
umuhari
umuharo
umuharuro
umuhashya
umuhashyantanga
umuhanda
umuhate
umuhati
umuhato
umuhatu
umuhatura
umuhavu
umuhayo
umuhe
umuhebehebe
umuhebeya
umuhabyantanga
umuheha
umuhehero
umuheka
umuhekenya
umuhemba
umuhembezo
umuhenambeba
umuhene
umuhenengero
umuhengeri
umuhenja
umuhenju
umuheno
umuhepfu
umuheriherei
umuhero
umuheto
umuhezayo
umuhezero
umuhezo
umuhigime
umuhigo
umuhihi
umuhihibikano
umuhimba
umuhinararo
umuhindagano
umuhindaganyo
umuhindiro
umuhindo
umuhindure
umuhingamo
umuhingo
umuhini
umuhino
umuhinyoro
umuhira
umuhire
umuhirimbire
umuhirimbo
umuhirimo
umuhirito
umuhiro
umuhiru
umuhishwa
umuhisi
umuhiso
umuhito
umuhituko
umuhivu
umuhoba
umuhoberano
umuhobero
umuhodoko
umuhogo
umuhogogo
umuhogombe
umuhoho
umuhorwe
umuhoko
umuhokoro
umuhondannyo
umuhondo
umuhonge
umuhongorambugita
umuhongore
umuhongorome
umuhongorozi
umuhonjyo
umuhonnyo
umuhonongeo
umuhonongo
umuhonya
umuhonyo
umuhonyore
umuhopfu
umuhora
umuhorerasuka
umuhoro
umuhorombero
umuhororo
umuhotora
umuhovu
umuhozi
umuhuba
umuhube
umuhuburu
umuhuge
umuhugume
umuhugute
umuhugwe
umuhuha
umuhuhe
umuhuhu
umuhurwe
umuhuku
umuhukume
umuhumba
umuhumbo
umuhumburi
umuhumetso
umuhumura
umuhumuza
umuhuna
umuhunahuna
umuhunda
umuhundwa
umuhunga
umuhungo
umuhunguzi
umuhunyira
umuhunyu
umuhura
umuhure
umuhuri
umuhurika
umuhurizi
umuhurizo
umuhuro
umuhurugutu
umuhurura
umuhurwe
umuhuta
umuhuza
umuhwekero
umuhwenyegeri
umuhwihwiso
umwibaze
umwibonekezo
umwicanza
umwicanzoka
umwicarampundu
umwicashyembe
umwicungo
umwicura
umwidode
umwifuzo
umwigaguhuma
umwigakwabira
umwigaragambyo
umwigaraganzo
umwigano
umwiha
umwihariko
umwihinge
umwijajaro
umwijima
umwijuro
umwijuto
umwikamire
umwikarago
umwikebuko
umwikembe
umwiko
umwikombeko
umwikokomoro
umwikomo
umwimambere
umwimaringo
umwimburo
umwimereri
umwimoco
umwidiko
umwingo
umwinjira
umwinjiro
umwino
umwinongotore
umwinyagamburo
umwirare
umwirasire
umwirato
umwiri
umwiringiro
umwirondoro
umwironge
umwiryane
umwiryo
umwishaki
umwishanza
umwisheke
umwisho
umwishogwe
umwishori
umwishorwe
umwishya
umwishyamangazo
umwishyikire
umwishyogwe
umwishywa
umwisubire
umwitangirizwa
umwite
umwiteguro
umwiteraruhuru
umwitero
umwitiro
umwitondoro
umwitumo
umwitwarariko
umwitwaro
umwivira
umwivire
umwivumbagatanyo
umwivunde
umwiyando
umwiyenzo
umwiyereko
umwiyuburure
umujabamabyi
umujabura
umujabwe
umujaganya
umujagato
umujagi
umujago
umujajabo
umujangaja
umujanja
umujanjuro
umujebejebe
umujege
umujegeshi
umujegwe
umujeni
umujera
umujererwe
umujijima
umujindiri
umujindiro
umujinja
umujishi
umujisho
umujoga
umujogi
umujogote
umujonono
umujoro
umujororo
umujuga
umujugujugu
umujugunya
umujugurira
umujugwe
umujujuro
umujumbajumba
umujunde
umujundu
umujunju
umujunga
umujuri
umujurura
umujyo
umujyojyo
umujyojyoro
umujyondi
umujyuri
umukaba
umukabakaba
umukagari
umukago
umukaka
umukako
umukamambogo
umukamanka
umukamato
umukamba
umukambira
umukamire
umukamisha
umukamo
umukamuko
umukamurankuba
umukamve
umukanago
umukanapfu
umukanda
umukandara
umukandarugi
umukando
umukane
umukangara
umukangihene
umukanja
umukanka
umukano
umukanuzajisho
umukanyu
umukara
umukaragata
umukarago
umukarakara
umukarara
umukararambwe
umukararo
umukarishya
umukasi
umukate
umukati
umukato
umukaza
umukebe
umukebuko
umukebyo
umukeka
umukeke
umukenekano
umukenganya
umukengeza
umukenja
umukenke
umukeno
umukenya
umukenyero
umukenyure
umukepfu
umukera
umukerakenja
umukereko
umukerenge
umukerenke
umukererano
umukereranyo
umukerevi
umukeri
umukerwa
umukika
umukiko
umukimba
umukimbagiro
umukimbo
umukinda
umukindo
umukinga
umukingangabo
umukingo
umukino
umukinure
umukipfu
umukira
umukirage
umukirankoni
umukiranutsi
umukire
umukirigi
umukirivi
umukiro
umukiruko
umukirwe
umukiryi
umukizikizi
umuko
umukoba
umukobe
umukobekobe
umukobero
umukoke
umukoki
umukoko
umukokozo
umukokwe
umukoma
umukomagabo
umukomagore
umukomahasi
umukomambogo
umukomangwa
umukomba
umukombati
umukombwa
umukomezo
umukomo
umukondo
umukondokondo
umukongote
umukongoza
umukongwa
umukonjerwa
umukonji
umukonjoro
umukonko
umukono
umukonora
umukopfe
umukopo
umukore
umukori
umukorikori
umukoro
umukorogano
umukorogero
umukorokombe
umukorokondo
umukorokoro
umukororombya
umukoroza
umukoryo
umukoshi
umukoyoyo
umuku
umukubabibero
umukubagwa
umukubano
umukubanzoka
umukubashengero
umukubayoka
umukubengeri
umukubitabagenzi
umukubito
umukubo
umukubu
umukubugu
umukuburo
umukubuzo
umukubyo
umukucu
umukucwe
umukufi
umukuge
umukugiro
umukuko
umukuku
umukumbagashi
umukumbi
umukumbo
umukumbuguru
umukumbugusho
umukumiro
umukumwe
umukunararo
umukundakwaka
umukundambazo
umukunga
umukungeri
umukungugu
umukungure
umukunguri
umukungusebeya
umukungwa
umukungwe
umukunjo
umukunura
umukura
umukuragicuku
umukurajoro
umukurazo
umukure
umukuri
umukurira
umukuro
umukuru
umukurungiro
umukurura
umukururagatoyi
umukururano
umukushya
umukute
umukuturyi
umukuye
umukuyuyu
umukuza
umukuzanyana
umukuzo
umukuzuryi
umukwa
umukwabu
umukwaru
umukwege
umukwegakwegano
umukweno
umukwenya
umukwesho
umukwikwi
umukwira
umumangazo
umumanuro
umumara
umumbiriza
umumbizi
umumbunda
umumena
umumenamabuye
umumenamatama
umumeno
umumere
umumereri
umumero
umumesure
umumeyu
umumini
umumiro
umumoko
umumokoro
umumuna
umumuri
umumuriko
umumwe
umumyeture
umumyi
umumyotore
umunaba
umunaga
umunago
umunahi
umunama
umunambe
umunambwe
umunana
umunane
umunani
umunangararo
umunango
umunanira
umunaniranzovu
umunaniro
umunankari
umunanu
umunanuko
umunara
umunayo
umunazi
umunderi
umundisandisa
umundori
umundoyi
umunebwe
umunefiriya
umunega
umunege
umunego
umuneke
umunekero
umunene
umuneza
umunezero
umungini
umungoti
umungwari
umunigamfubyi
umunigankombe
umunigano
umunigazuru
umunigi
umunigo
umunigwe
umunihe
umunihiri
umuhiro
umuniho
umunimba
umuninagiro
umunindi
umunini
umunino
umunjyogo
umunkamba
umunkanyari
umunnyaba
umunnyangari
umunnyankari
umunnyezi
umunnyugu
umuno
umunofiriya
umunofu
umunoga
umunogera
umunono
umunori
umunota
umunozo
umunsi
umunuke
umunuko
umununga
umununi
umununo
umunuta
umunwa
umunya
umunyabagera
umunyabushishi
umunyabututu
umunyafu
umunyagafunzo
umunyagahira
umunyagahiri
umunyagara
umunyagakori
umunyagasozi
umunyagishanga
umunyago
umunyakabande
umunyakabaruka
umunyakagongo
umunyakarehe
umunyakayenzi
umunyakayumbu
umunyama
umunyamabuye
umunyamasaka
umunyamfu
umunyana
umunyanga
umunyangabo
umunyankondo
umunyanshoge
umunyanzingirira
umunyanzogera
umunyarenda
umunyarubabi
umunyarubanda
umunyarubobi
umunyarucungu
umunyarugabo
umunyarugano
umunyarugera
umunyarugondo
umunyarukangaga
umunyarukano
umunyarusogo
umunyarutare
umunyarutete
umunyaryeru
umunyege
umunyegenyege
umunyegerezo
umunyegero
umunyehara
umunyenkundu
umunyemera
umunyenga
umunyerango
umunyerere
umunyereri
umunyererwe
umunyereza
umunyerezankende
umunyerwe
umunyesato
umunyika
umunyike
umunyinya
umunyinyagore
umunyinyarume
umunyitsi
umunyombya
umunyonza
umunyorogoto
umunyoronyombyi
umunyororo
umunyota
umunyotwe
umunyu
umunyunyo
umunyura
umunyuragisaka
umunyururu
umunyuzo
umunywamazi
umunywambogo
umunywande
umunywera
umunzani
umunzengerezwa
umunzenze
umunzereri
umwobo
umwogo
umwogombero
umwoho
umwokero
umwokora
umwoma
umwomore
umwonga
umworomo
umwotsi
umwotso
umwoyo
umwozanyo
umupaka
umupanga
umupfayengo
umupfirajuru
umupfubwe
umupfundiko
umupfuno
umupfunyantoke
umupfunyararo
umupfunyo
umupindo
umupira
umupisikopi
umupolisi
umuporisi
umuporo
umuporoso
umuporotesitani
umuporotesitanti
umuporofeseri
umuporokireri
umuporomiyeserija
umuporomiyeserijamajoro
umuporositani
umuporosoma
umuporoto
umupyemure
umupyiri
umupyisi
umura
umuraba
umuraburo
umurabyo
umuraga
umuraganyina
umuraganyoni
umuragara
umurago
umurahu
umuraka
umurama
umuramba
umurambararo
umurambi
umurambo
umuramira
umuramuko
umuranda
umurandagashi
umurandaranda
umurandaryi
umurando
umurandu
umurandurankuba
umuranduranzuzi
umuranga
umurangara
umurangaro
umurangi
umurangira
umurangu
umuranzi
umuraramo
umurarangoma
umuraranyoni
umurare
umurari
umwariro
umuraro
umuraru
umurase
umurasuko
umurato
umurava
umuravumba
umurayi
umuraza
umuraziko
umurazo
umurebe
umuregesho
umurego
umurehe
umureka
umureko
umuremampango
umurembe
umurembwazina
umuremera
umuremuro
umurenda
umurendarenda
umurengarenga
umurengasazi
umurenge
umurengera
umurengere
umurengerenge
umurengo
umurenzi
umurenzo
umurera
umurerabana
umurerajuru
umurerarere
umurere
umurerwa
umurerwe
umuretaziga
umuretezaho
umuretezi
umureti
umureto
umuribariba
umuribata
umuribate
umuribato
umuribu
umuriburubi
umuribwa
umurima
umurimbo
umurimo
umurinda
umurindangwe
umurindi
umurindo
umuringa
umringiso
umuringoti
umurinzi
umuririmbo
umuririmo
umuriro
umurisa
umurisha
umurishafumberi
umurishyi
umurishyo
umurita
umurito
umurizabashenyi
umurizaboro
umurizo
umuroba
umurogora
umuroha
umuronda
umurondorondo
umurongo
umuronko
umuronzi
umurorano
umuroro
umuroromo
umuruho
umuruku
umurukuruku
umurumaga
umurumango
umurunda
umurundi
umurundo
umurundugushu
umurunga
umururano
umururashashi
umururumba
umururumo
umururuza
umururwe
umuruta
umuruturutu
umurwa
umurwano
umurwi
umurya
umuryabagore
umuryabarenda
umuryabaryaba
umuryabasaza
umuryabashenyi
umuryane
umuryango
umuryanka
umuryanyoni
umuryarya
umuryasenge
umuryawabasaza
umuryege
umuryezi
umuryoha
umuryoheranera
umuryongo
umuryori
umusa
umusabanyama
umusabike
umusabuka
umusaduka
umusagamba
umusagara
umusagavu
umusago
umusaguko
umusagwe
umusaka
umusakaro
umusakasaka
umusakavu
umsakira
umusaku
umusakura
umusama
umusamamagara
umusamanzuki
umusamba
umusambi
umusambo
umusambosambo
umusambya
umusana
umusande
umusandi
umusangano
umusangasange
umusange
umusango
umusangu
umusanzu
umusaraba
umusarabatemye
umusarabo
umusaranganyo
umusarani
umusarara
umusarasi
umusare
umusarenda
umusaruro
umusarwe
umusasa
umusaswa
umusatsi
umusasakwaya
umusasankware
umusaturannyo
umusave
umusaya
umusayo
umusayuko
umusazirwa
umuse
umusebe
umusebeya
umusega
umusege
umusegetera
umusegeti
umusego
umuseke
umusekenyure
umusekera
umusekerasuka
umusekurume
umusekuzo
umusemburo
umusemo
umusena
umusenga
umusengero
umusengeshi
umusengesi
umusengo
umuseno
umusenyi
umusera
umuserebanya
umuserebeko
umuserebeya
umuserege
umusereko
umusereza
umuseriseri
umuseruko
umusesampeke
umusese
umusesekare
umsesekaazo
umuseseko
umusesero
umuseso
umusesure
umusezero
umusha
umushaba
umushabarara
umushabi
umushabishabi
umushagiriro
umushahara
umushahi
umushaki
umushamagiro
umushambagiro
umushami
umushamurankoko
umushana
umushanana
umushandiko
umushanga
umushangashanga
umushangi
umushanja
umushanya
umushanye
umusharanyota
umushari
umusharike
umushariko
umusharita
umusharwangondo
umushasha
umushashara
umushashi
umushayayo
umushayishanyi
umushayo
umushegeshi
umushegwe
umusheke
umushenguro
umushenye
umushereka
umusherisheri
umusheru
umusherwe
umusheshe
umusheshi
umusheto
umushiba
umushibu
umushibuka
umushiha
umushihambehe
umushika
umshike
umushikiri
umushikuzanyo
umushimari
umushimbiri
umushimu
umushinga
umushingati
umushingiro
umushinja
umushinjo
umushino
umushinyaguzo
umushinyari
umushipi
umushirabwiko
umushiranyota
umushire
umushisha
umushishe
umushishi
umushishime
umushishiro
umushito
umushitsi
umushobe
umushogoro
umushogwe
umushoha
umushohera
umushokabagabo
umushokabashi
umushoma
umushomoranko
umushonge
umushongi
umushore
umushoro
umushosho
umushoshwe
umushubi
umushubu
umushuko
umushuku
umushumaho
umushumi
umushumiko
umushunguru
umushungwe
umushunzi
umushushiro
umushushwe
umushwano
umushwari
umushwaro
umushwati
umushweduko
umushwero
umushwiga
umushya
umushyamango
umushyambashyamba
umushyarara
umushyigura
umushyiguri
umushyika
umushyikirano
umushyikiriza
umushyikirwa
umushyimbo
umushyimboshyimbo
umushyingo
umushyishyito
umushyitsi
umushyo
umushyogi
umushyondori
umushyongoshyore
umushyoshyo
umushyuhira
umushyukwe
umushyundu
umushyungushyure
umusi
umusibira
umusibo
umusibya
umusibyarugendo
umusigati
umusigirire
umusigiti
umusima
umusimari
umusimu
umusindarupiya
umusine
umusinge
umusingi
umusingizwa
umusinziro
umusipi
umusita
umusitari
umusito
umusitwe
umusizi
umuso
umusobane
umusogo
umusogobo
umusogongero
umusogwe
umusoko
umusokoro
umusombosombo
umusomyo
umusonga
umusongati
umusonobari
umusore
umusoro
umusoromo
umusororo
umusoso
umusoto
umusozi
umusozo
umusubiko
umusubirane
umusubizo
umusugi
umusuko
umusuma
umusumari
umusumarupiya
umusumba
umusumbakazi
umusumbarukenke
umusumburuko
umusumeni
umusumirano
umusumo
umusuna
umusundi
umusunduke
umusundwe
umusunga
umusununu
umusura
umusure
umusuri
umusurirabakonzi
umusuruba
umusurupiya
umusururu
umusurusuru
umususa
umususirane
umususu
umususumango
umususuru
umususwe
umuswa
umuswari
umuswero
umuswi
umusyege
umusyi
umutaba
umutabana
umutabashwa
umutaga
umutagara
umutagara
umutagashya
umutagatago
umutagato
umutahano
umutahe
umutaho
umutaka
umutakampungu
umutake
umutako
umutambara
umutambasha
umutambiko
umutambo
umutambya
umutamirizao
umutamiro
umutamu
umutana
umutandarapanya
umutanga
umutangazo
umutangi
umutangirizo
umutanoga
umutanuka
umutanyu
umutapfunwa
umutarabana
umutarabanda
umutarama
umutaratasi
umutarati
umutaraza
umutare
umutari
umutarimba
umutarishonga
umutaro
umutaru
umutarwe
umutasu
umutavu
umutegabagenzi
umutegagihumbi
umutege
umutegengeri
umutego
umuteguro
umuteja
umuteka
umutekampengeri
umutekano
umuteke
umutekero
umuteko
umutembankokora
umutembe
umutembera
umutembero
umutembetembe
umutemeri
umutende
umutengato
umutengeto
umutepfu
umutera
umuterano
umuteranshucu
umutere
umuterekero
umutereko
umuteremango
umuteremuko
umutereri
umuterero
umutero
umutete
umutezi
umuti
umutiba
umutibwa
umutifu
umutigito
umutikime
umutima
umutimagabo
umutimagore
umutimanama
umutimba
umutingito
umutini
umutinika
umutinsyi
umutinza
umutirabura
umutiri
umutiti
umutiyorosa
umutobe
umutobo
umutobororo
umutobotobo
umutoga
umutogonyo
umutogoto
umutokwe
umutoma
umutonde
umutonderano
umutondora
umutonore
umutontomo
umutonyi
umutonzi
umutoryi
umutoto
umutovu
umutoyi
umutozo
umutsama
umutsi
umutsibe
umutsibira
umutsibo
umutsibu
umutsimbi
umutsimbo
umutsina
umutsinda
umutsindabarozi
umutsindo
umutsinduka
umutsiri
umutsiritsiri
umutsitsi
umutsomore
umutsura
umutu
umutubu
umutubyampamba
umutugo
umutugunda
umutugunguru
umutukura
umutukuru
umutukuza
umutumba
umutumbi
umutumbikajuru
umutumbure
umutumburuko
umutuna
umutundwa
umutundwe
umutunga
umutungo
umutungu
umutunguru
umutura
umuturabuguma
umuturamugina
umuture
umuturi
umuturika
umuturirwa
umuturo
umuturuka
umuturuko
umuturumbuko
umuturumburo
umuturuturu
umututu
umututumbo
umutuzo
umutwaro
umutwatwa
umutwazo
umutwe
umutwero
umutwitwi
umwibikira
umwufe
umwuga
umwugariro
umwuhiro
umwuho
umwuka
umwuko
umwumano
umwumba
umwumbati
umwumira
umwumvuri
umwuna
umwunamuko
umwune
umwungabere
umwungo
umwungu
umwunu
umwunure
umunyu
umwunzuri
umwura
umwiriramashyiga
umwurirashyiga
umwururu
umwuzure
umwuzuro
umwuzuza
umuvanda
umuvaruzi
umuvinyo
umuvivi
umuvo
umuvobo
umuvoga
umuvogo
umuvovo
umuvu
umuvuba
umuvubuka
umuvubyi
umuvuduko
umuvugangoma
umuvugo
umuvuguto
umuvuka
umuvuke
umuvuko
umuvumavumo
umuvumba
umuvumbi
umuvumbu
umuvumburamfizi
umuvumburampongo
umuvumburankwavu
umuvumbuzo
umuvume
umuvumereza
umuvumerezambogo
umuvumerezo
umuvumfu
umuvumo
umuvumu
umuvumura
umuvumuvumu
umuvumvu
umuvunano
umuvunde
umuvundo
umuvungavungo
umuvuungovungo
umuvuno
umuvura
umuvure
umuvuro
umuvurungano
umuvurungo
umuvurungutano
umuvutavuta
umuvuto
umuvutsa
umuvuvu
umuvuvuriro
umuyabuza
umuyaga
umuyage
umuyange
umuyango
umuyanza
umuyavu
umuyaza
umuyebayebo
umuyebe
umuyengayengo
umuyenzanyo
umuyenzi
umuyeye
umuyeyu
umuyigi
umuyimba
umuyira
umuyobe
umuyobo
umuyobora
umuyoboro
umuyogera
umuyogoma
umuyogoro
umuyogozo
umuyoka
umuyoko
umuyombero
umuyombo
umuyonga
umuyonza
umuyora
umuyove
umuyugiri
umuyugu
umuyuguguyu
umuyuja
umuyumbu
umuyuki
umuyuye
umuzabibu
umuzabiza
umuzagamira
umuzaganura
umuzagayure
umuzahaza
umuzajoro
umuzamure
umuzana
umuze
umuzebe
umuzenga
umuzenganwa
umuzenguko
umuzenguruko
umuzeti
umuzetwe
umuzi
umuziba
umuzibaziba
umuzibira
umuzibo
umuzibura
umuziburo
umuzibwe
umuziga
umuzigamfizi
umuzigangori
umuzigarurimi
umuzigo
umuziguro
umuziha
umuzika
umuziki
umuzimaziko
umuzimbwe
umuzimiraziko
umuzimire
umuzinda
umuzindaro
umuzinga
umuzinge
umuzingo
umuzinzigiri
umuzinzingiri
umuzirabara
umuzirafi
umuzirahera
umuzirakugwa
umuzirambazo
umuzirankurwe
umuziranyenzi
umuzirarondwe
umuzirazuba
umuziringano
umuziririzo
umuziro
umuziroziro
umuzizi
umuzo
umuzonibari
umzonobari
umuzonubari
umuzuka
umuzurungutano
umuzurunguturano
4
imyama
imyanzo
imyatano
imibere
imibereho
imibungo
imidugararo
imidumbuzo
imyendezo
imigendo
imigenzo
imigiti
imihana
imihanda
imihini
imihogotero
imihoro
imyijima
imyinyo
imijugujugu
imikanu
imikizi
imikugutu
iminsi
iminwe
iminzereri
imyoma
imipanga
imirama
imirambizo
imiraruko
imirarwe
imirenge
imirizo
imirongo
imirundi
imirya
imisanzu
imisazire
imishihambehe
imishita
imishongi
imishono
imishwaro
imishwegero
imisigi
imisozi
imisuha
imisumbi
imisusire
imitanda
imitara
imitego
imitezi
imitoma
imitsi
imitsindo
imitumbagano
imitumbatumbo
imitutumbo
imitwa
imyuna
imyunyu
imiyonga
imiyove
imizage
imizimu
ingahe
5/6
Au-CM-Stem
a. i-ri-stem/a-ma-stem
b.i-0-stem/a-ma-stem
ri>ry before vowel
a. i-ri-stem
iriganda
irigashi
iryenge
iryinyo
ijisho
iryoya
irigungu
irigunguru
irigunu
irihigi
irihima
irihimbano
irihinda
irihunahuna
irikebanya
irikenke
irikombati
irikombe
irikunga
irikuza
irikwana
irikweza
irinana
irinanda
irindazi
irindoyi
iringogo
irinini
irinjyanjya
irinyogote
irinyoni
irishamvu
irishiraniro
irishubi
irishyamyi
iritimba
irivaruganda
iriyungu
b. i-0-stem
The majority of nouns in this class lack the class marker.
ibaba
ibabaza
ibagiro
ibakwe
ibamba
ibambasi
ibambe
ibambiro
ibambuza
ibanda
ibandaniro
ibanga
ibangara
ibango
ibano
ibanze
ibara
ibarabara
ibarate
ibaraza
ibare
ibarura
ibarura
ibati
ibatirizo
ibavu
ibendera
ibendera
ibere
iberege
ibereshi
ibereshi
ibinga
ibanguza
ibeja
ibendera
ibenga
ibenja
ibigibigi
ibimba
ibinda
ibogi
ibondo
ibozwe
ibumba
ibinga
iribinga
ibiya
ibogora
ibohero
ibonwa
iboroboro
iborogo
ibubu
ibubura
ibuga
ibugutibuguti
ibumba
ibumbabumba
iburikira
iburiti
iburuteri
ibuye
ibwabwa
ibwegegeri
ibwene
ibya
ibyegegeri
ibyiga
icaki
icanire
icaniro
icapa
icapiro
icebe
icece
icenga
icibiri
icigata
ico
icobo
icondo
icongori
icuba
icuki
icukiro
icumbi
icumi
icumu
icunga
icupa
icura
icuraburindi
icuzo
icwende
idadi
idagara
idarajya
idari
idebe
idegede
idende
idendidendi
ideshyi
idida
ididaniro
ididiro
idihi
idini
idirishya
idogo
idoma
idongo
idoreko
idorari
idubi
iduka
iduri
idushyi
iyenze
ifaranga
ifatizo
ifato
ifiri
iforifori
ifubo
ifufu
ifukuriro
ifungiro
ifunguro
ifura
ifuro
ifuti
igabo
igabu
igaburo
igade
igare
igagaza
igahura
igaja
igajagaja
igaji
igaju
igame
iganda
igande
iganga
iganza
iganzamwonga
igare
igaro
igarwe
igavu
igembe
igeno
igerero
igeri
igeta
igi
igini
igirigiri
igodora
igofure
igomba
igombaniro
igome
igomerane
igomezo
igonde
igongo
igonnyo
igora
igorane
igori
igorofa
igorogonzo
igosoro
igote
igozi
igubigubi
igubure
igubwe
igubyo
igufa
igufwa
igugu
igume
iguni
igunira
igurudumu
iguri
iguriro
iguruguru
iguti
igutiguti
igwegwe
igweja
ihabara
ihabu
ihabwa
ihabya
ihage
ihame
ihananure
ihando
ihanga
ihangaruhira
ihango
ihangura
ihanika
ihaniro
ihanjagari
ihanzi
ihasha
ihema
ihembe
ihenerane
ihenero
ihera
iherezo
iherena
iheruheru
ihiguri
ihindabarozi
ihindu
ihindure
ihindurize
ihingura
ihiniro
ihinyu
ihirwe
ihobe
ihobehobe
ihogoza
ihoho
ihoko
ihomora
ihoni
ihonge
ihonnyo
ihonoranzobe
ihonzihonzi
ihorere
ihori
ihoro
ihorogoto
ihoroshya
ihubi
ihuma
ihumbu
ihumure
ihundo
ihunge
ihungu
ihura
ihuri
ihuriro
ihurizo
ihuro
ihuru
ihurunguru
ihururu
ihusi
ihwa
ijabiro
ijabo
ijambo
ijana
ijande
ijangwe
ijanja
ijara
ijato
ijembe
ijende
ijendwe
ijenge
ijeri
ijigagutwi
ijigo
ijimbiri
ijinyori
ijisho
ijogera
ijogo
ijogomo
ijojera
ijojwe
ijombora
ijomboro
ijoro
ijosi
ijuga
ijugu
ijugujugu
ijunju
ijuri
ijuru
ijwande
ijwange
ijwende
ijwenge
ijwi
ijyangwa
ikakama
ikamambogo
ikamba
ikana
ikanga
ikangaga
ikara
ikarabo
ikaragiro
ikarwe
ikaryi
ikatiro
ikeba
ikembe
iki
ikinamico
ikiriro
ikoba
ikobe
ikobero
ikobobo
ikobyo
ikofe
ikogoto
ikoko
ikome
ikondera
ikondwe
ikoni
ikonjonjo
ikopo
ikora
ikoraniro
ikora
ikore
ikorere
ikori
ikoro
ikorosi
ikoroso
ikosa
ikosi
ikotaniro
ikote
ikoti
ikubagahu
ikubikubi
ikubitiro
ikumbo
ikumya
ikunge
ikungu
ikungujumba
ikunguka
ikunguru
ikungushyimbo
ikunzi
ikuriko
ikuta
ikutiro
ikuyo
ikuzo
ikwabasi
ikwamirire
ikwandi
ikwanga
ikuzo
imashiro
imera
imerero
imina
ineke
ino
inobe
inota
iyororozi
ipamba
ipfa
ipfunwe
ipata
ipera
iperu
ipesa
ipeta
ipfukuri
ipfunda
ipfundo
ipfupfu
ipida
ipigano
ipingo
ipirina
ipoco
iposho
ipondero
ipori
ipurukari
ipuwa
iraba
irabura
iraga
iragara
irage
irago
iragwe
iraha
iramba
iranda
irande
irangamutima
irangi
irango
irara
irari
irarire
irasaniro
iraza
irebarebe
irebe
ireberebe
irega
irege
ireke
irekwe
irembo
ireme
iremezo
iremo
iremwe
irende
irenga
irengampinga
irengayobora
irenge
irengwe
irembo
ireme
iremezo
irende
irenga
irengero
irendwe
irengerenge
irenzamunsi
irenzi
irerero
ireshya
iriba
iribagiza
iribata
iribori
iriburira
irimba
irimbanya
irimbi
irinda
irindagiza
iriro
iringaniza
irobe
irobo
irogero
iromba
irondakoko
irondo
irongi
irongoro
ironji
ironko
iroramuhira
irorarimwe
iruba
irugu
iruhukiro
iruhuko
iruka
irumba
irumyo
irungo
irungu
irushizo
iryinyo
iryori
iryoya
iparata
isakaramentu
isakura
isanganiro
isangano
isango
isanzu
isanzure
isara
isarabwayi
isarabwe
isarama
isare
isaro
isasa
isasabirezi
isasu
isaya
isega
isego
iseke
isemburiro
isenga
isenge
isengero
isengesho
isengero
isengesho
isera
iseri
iseseti
isezerano
ishaba
ishabaha
ishabi
ishabishabi
ishagasha
ishahu
ishaka
ishakaka
ishaki
ishakiro
ishami
ishara
isharangati
ishariro
ishasha
ishavu
ishaza
ishegama
ishegesha
ishegetwa
ishegu
isheja
ishema
ishengero
ishengesho
ishika
ishimikiro
ishimo
ishimwe
ishinga
ishingwe
ishinja
ishinjagiro
ishinjo
ishinju
ishiringi
ishoki
ishokoro
ishongi
ishongo
ishongore
ishoti
ishuri
ishya
ishyaha
ishyaka
ishyamba
ishyari
ishyiga
ishyikiro
ishyikizo
ishyira
ishyirahamwe
ishyogo
ishyongoshyo
ishyoro
ishyorongi
ishyoza
ishyundu
ishyunga
isigarabyicaro
isimbi
isisiro
isogisi
isoko
isomo
isonzo
isoso
isozore
isunu
isunzu
ishami
ishanda
ishangara
ishangi
ishanya
ishara
ishavu
ishaza
ishema
isheshe
ishesheti
ishevuro
ishibu
ishingikirizo
ishingiro
ishishiro
ishuga
ishuri
ishwira
ishyamba
ishyanga
ishyano
ishyari
ishyariro
ishyembe
ishyengo
ishyerezo
ishyiga
ishyushyu
ishywa
isindwe
isine
isogisi
isombe
isomo
isorezo
isororo
isoso
isubyo
isumbwe
isumo
isyisyi
itaba
itabara
itabaro
itabaza
itabi
itabu
itafari
itaha
itahambeho
itahe
itaka
itake
itako
itama
itangazo
itanure
itara
itegeko
itegekonshinga
itegekoteka
itegura
iteka
itembe
iteme
itorero
itumba
itambiro
itamu
itamwe
itanga
itanganika
itangaza
itangazamakuru
itangazo
itangwe
itanura
itare
itariro
itatabya
itebo
itebuka
itegero
itegura
iteka
iteke
iteme
itende
itendwe
itepfu
iterabwoba
iteranirizo
iteraniro
iteranyirizo
itereneti
iteri
iterura
itete
itetero
iteto
itetu
itigiri
itika
itima
itimba
itimbare
itiro
itofari
itoma
itonde
itonga
itongo
itoni
itora
itorere
itorero
itoreyo
itorwa
itoto
itsi
itsibage
itsimbiro
itsina
itsinda
itubya
itugu
itukuri
itumanaho
itumba
itumbi
itunda
itundiro
itundu
itungo
itungura
itunzitunzi
ituri
ituro
itushi
itutu
ituza
ituze
itweka
itwi
ityazo
iyunguruzo
ivara
ivata
ivi
ivebo
ivita
ivogonyo
ivomo
ivovo
ivu
ivubi
ivubiro
ivubwe
ivugano
ivukiro
ivuko
ivumbi
ivumo
ivumwe
ivundi
ivunja
ivunja
ivurajabo
ivuriro
ivutu
ivuvura
ivuya
ivuzivuzi
iyabo
iyanga
iyangaza
iyarara
iyasha
iyayumo
iyebebe
iyenge
iyengeyenge
iyenzi
iyobera
iyoberane
iyobeza
iyobokamana
iyogi
iyomba
iyombe
iyombo
iyonjo
iyonzo
iyororozi
iyugi
iyungu
iyusi
izagiriza
izamu
iziko
izimano
izuba
izuru
izamu
izaniro
ize
izene
izenezene
izeze
iziga
izige
iziko
izima
izimano
izimwe
izimyi
izina
izinga
izingiro
izirimuka
izoko
izosi
izuba
izuku
izuru
iryangiza
6
amabenga
amabengeza
amaberu
amabihe
amaburakindi
amaburane
amagaga
amagambure
amagiro
amakira
amaburakindi
amabwagaguzwa
amabwegegeri
amabwire
amabwiriza
amabyakurukanyambo
amabyi
amabyiruka
amacamba
amacambwa
amacankono
amacankagwe
amacankarwe
amacanshwe
amacari
amacarugo
amacarurimi
amacece
amacerengetanya
amaceri
amacinya
amacobo
amacugane
amacuho
amacumitirane
amacunda
amacuragahina
amadabadaba
amadabidabi
amadahano
amadahanure
amadandi
amadarajya
amadarubindi
amadehe
amaderembe
amadihe
amadombekerane
amadoridori
amadumbu
amadunudunu
amega
amenda
amena
amende
amendere
amenyo
amera
amerekezo
ameruza
amerwe
amesozi
ameza
amafefe
amafifi
amafifiko
amafu
amafufu
amafuti
amaga
amagahura
amagaja
amagajagaja
amagambo
amagana
amaganga
amaganura
amaganya
amagarama
amagasa
amageme
amagendero
amagenzi
amagerageza
amageza
amagezi
amagigu
amagirigiri
amagiro
amagobano
amagobo
amagombe
amagome
amagomerane
amagonera
amagorigondi
amagorwa
amagoyi
amahahara
amahangura
amahanjagari
amahanya
amaharage
amahemburambwa
amahenehene
amahenuka
amahenure
amahere
amaherere
amahereri
amaherere
amaherezo
amahero
amahina
amahindu
amahinguko
amahingura
amahira
amahisho
amahitamo
amahombo
amahopa
amahopu
amahoro
amahosha
amahugu
amahumane
amahumbezi
amahumbire
amahurirane
amahuriranzira
amahurunguru
amajanda
amajingwe
amajyambere
amajyane
amajyaruguru
amajyepfo
amajyansoro
amajyanyuma
amajyaswa
amajyo
amakama
amakamantizo
amakaragano
amakiriro
amakirwe
amakuba
amamera
amamesa
amamininwa
amananiza
amangambure
amangazini
amagundire
amaguranka
amagwacebe
amagweja
amahadikamugisha
amahaha
amahamba
amahamihami
amahamvu
amahane
amahanga
amahangabagabo
amahangari
amahara
amaharakubiri
amaharamba
amaharambankingi
amahari
amahasha
amahata
amahe
amahegeya
amahendo
amahenja
amaheri
amahero
amahigi
amahina
amahindura
amahindure
amahindurize
amahinja
amahirane
amahire
amahiri
amahirigonde
amahiringuturane
amahomvu
amahore
amahoro
amahugu
amahugarume
amahugwe
amahuhezi
amahumo
amahunge
amahungezi
amahungu
amahunuhunu
amahunya
amahunyu
amahurage
amahwane
amajagano
amajeri
amajugane
amajune
amajunju
amajuri
amajurwe
amajya
amajyajyane
amajyakuzimu
amajyambere
amajyamuhira
amajyane
amakaba
amakabaganya
amakaburo
amakabyankuru
amakacarare
amakagashyo
amakakakaka
amakambaza
amakamirane
amakana
amakangira
amakarabano
amakaranka
amakaraza
amakare
amakarikari
amakashi
amakazi
amake
amakeba
amakebanya
amakeka
amakeke
amakekwe
amakemwa
amakemwe
amakenanshuti
amakenga
amakenyuruza
amakera
amakerekere
amakike
amakiko
amakimbirane
amakinankoko
amakocame
amakokorero
amakokoro
amakoma
amakombe
amakonyora
amakoranuza
amakoto
amakozere
amakuba
amakubaruhu
amakubitantorezo
amakubitirane
amakubo
amakubure
amakuka
amakumbukumbu
amakumirano
amakumura
amakungikanywa
amakungu
amakuru
amakuta
amakwa
amamanda
amangazini
amamarampaka
amamaterinite
amamenacyanzu
amamesa
amameza
amamiga
amamiminwa
amamininwa
amanagana
amanagari
amanana
amananiza
amanda
amande
amanderembe
amandorindori
amanege
amanegu
amanene
amangazini
amaniga
amanimbanimba
amaningwa
amanini
amankangira
amankera
amanobereza
amanoberezwa
amanofu
amanoza
amanunga
amanunu
amanurenure
amanya
amanyabusa
amanyakuri
amanyakuzimu
amanyama
amanyangashya
amanyange
amanyanti
amanyanzuki
amanyare
amanyatura
amanyehanzi
amanyembwa
amanyukane
amanyuracyanzu
amanyurane
amanywa
amanywanirane
amanywanshuti
amanywanzoga
amanzaganya
amanziranzira
amanziza
amogezo
amoshya
amosoza
amosozi
amapatane
amapatano
amapigane
amapigano
amapine
amapyikano
amaragarikira
amaragarira
amaraka
amaramu
amaranga
amarara
amararanda
amarari
amarariro
amarashi
amaraso
amaregeka
amaregeshwa
amaregura
amaremo
amarenzamunsi
amarere
amaresanyo
amareshwa
amareshya
amareshyamugeni
amariga
amariganya
amarigata
amarimagire
amarimanya
umurimba
amarindiro
amaringa
amaringanire
amaringo
amaringushya
amarira
amarohorero
amarongano
amarorerwa
amaroro
amarorwa
amarushywa
amuki
amanjwa
amanyama
amapfa
amarashi
amaraso
amarozi
amaruba
amarube
amarurira
amarwa
amaryama
amaryane
amaryarugo
amaryo
amasabasabo
amasahiranda
amasaka
amasakaramentu
amasanzangashya
amasaraza
amasaruhembe
amase
amasegeta
amasekuru
amasezeranwa
amashagaga
amashahi
amashakarugo
amashamba
amashami
amashanyarazi
amashari
amashemere
amashemeza
amashereka
amashika
amashike
amashinyiranda
amashirakinyoma
amashobya
amashoka
amashokoro
amashongore
amashono
amashorashyimbo
amashunga
amashunushunu
amashuwa
amashyamirane
amashyi
amashyiga
amashyira
amashyogo
amashyuza
amasigamana
amasigarabuga
amasigarupfu
amasinde
amasitu
amasohoro
amasoza
amasozi
amasuhuko
amata
amatabe
amatage
amatambu
amatanage
amatanangabo
amatananzugi
amatankagwe
amatankanda
amatankarwe
amatebura
amategeko
amateka
amatembankokora
amatembatuba
amatemvu
amatengatwa
amateranya
amaterere
amateshwa
amatezano
amatigiri
amatirimbukanya
amatiku
amatora
amatotoro
amatotwe
amatovu
amatorere
amatsiko
amavamuhira
amavangingo
amavaruganda
amavugiro
amavugo
amavugwa
amavumbo
amavumbi
amavunamfizi
amavunane
amavune
amavunja
amavuruge
amavuta
amavuzanduru
amayagira
amayagwa
amayangayanga
amayange
amayanja
amayeri
amayezi
amayida
amayine
amayinga
amayirabiiri
amayobe
amayobera
amayoberane
amaza
amazi
amazimwe
amazinda
amambere
amandabirane
amandaranda
amanga
amanike
amanjwe
amankera
amanunga
amanzaganya
amapfundikanwa
amara
amarabira
amarabo
amaraburo
amaramu
amarangara
amararo
amarembera
amarende
amarengarenga
amarengaruhiso
amarengaruzi
amarindira
amariragege
amarirangege
amarogoswa
amarogotwa
amaruhanya
amarike
amaruka
amarwa
amarwanirize
amaryoshya
amaryoshyangonya
amasabo
amasabosabo
amasangirabere
amasangiramugisha
amasangiramutima
amasangirankanda
amase
amaseka
amasereza
amasigamana
amasiha
amasirigonde
amasitu
amaso
amasonisoni
amasonza
amasonza
amasozi
amasuga
amasunga
amata
amatabishi
amatabiranwe
amataga
amatakiranda
amatakirangoyi
amatakiranzara
amatakure
amatamatama
amatandi
amatangampundu
amatankarwe
amatara
amatarama
amatararara
amatati
amatera
amatere
amaterekamfizi
amatereneti
amateshwa
amateterwe
amatetu
amatiku
amatondotondo
amatotoro
amatwara
amatyazo
amugi
amunamuko
amunyuguzwa
amusoza
amusozi
amavamuhira
amavaziko
amavo
amavu
amavugabandi
amavugwa
amavumvu
amavure
amabadikano
amavuta
amavutsa
amayagira
amayagwa
amayeri
amayezi
amayirabiri
amayorere
amaza
amazanganya
amazeze
amazi
amazigiro
amazinga
amazirantoki
amaziri
amazizi
amabagari
amabango
amabungo
amerwe
ameza
amibukiro
amigobotoro
amigure
amikabaganyo
amikebyo
amikoro
amindorindori
amiramiriro
amiringire
amirire
amiririro
amiriro
amirukiro
amishyitse
amisozo
amizero
amiziguriro
amizike
amuki
amanenabuki
amanenu
amanete
amankombokombo
amankumbukumbu
amannyo
amanopfu
amapfu
7/8 : -ki-/-biAu-CM-Stem
i-ki-stem/i-bi-stem
ki>cy before vowel
ki>gi before stems starting with voiceless consonants
bi>by before vowel
icyababyi
icyaduka
icyaga
icyagane
icyago
icyagumbwa
icyaha
icyahi
icyahuranyarubanza
icyaka
icyakaka
icyakatsi
icyake
icyakimwe
icyakiro
icyamamare
icyambiko
icyambu
icyamburo
icyamenyane
icyamunara
icyamupfiro
icyandaro
icyandi
icyanga
icyangahereri
icyangaminwe
icyangamubyizi
icyangamuce
icyangamuganda
icyanganga
icyangangwe
icyangaro
icyangarubingo
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igisabayore
igisabiko
igisabisho
igisabo
igisaga
igisagara
igisage
igisagirane
igisahiranda
igisaho
igisakannyo
igisakara
igisakuzo
igisamarwa
igisamba
igisambabakecuru
igisambi
igisambo
igisambu
igisamuduha
igisamujyonjyo
igisamutobwe
igisanduku
igisanga
igisange
igisangu
igisanura
igisanza
igisanze
igisapfu
igisarabaga
igisarabage
igisarasi
igisare
igisaruhande
igisaruro
igisasa
igisasahururu
igisasanjamba
igisasiro
igisate
igisave
igisazi
igise
igisebe
igisebyo
igisegenyantebe
igisehano
igisekabusa
igiseke
igisekera
igisekeramwanzi
igisekuru
igisembe
igisembesembe
igisemeseme
igisengasenge
igisenge
igisengesenge
igisengosengo
igisenzegeri
igiseke
igiseseke
igisesero
igiseso
igiseswa
igisetsamfizi
igisetsamukecuru
igishabaga
igishabagwe
igishabayore
igishaduka
igishagasha
igishahu
igishaka
igishakari
igishakashaka
igishakazi
igishakwe
igishambagara
igishambara
igishami
igishamwinyo
igishandiko
igishanga
igishangari
igishangi
igishango
igishanja
igishanyi
igishanyu
igishara
igisharabaga
igisharagati
igisharagunda
igisharara
igisharashara
igishari
igishariko
igisharukara
igishasha
igishashara
igishashi
igishazashaza
igishebebe
igishega
igishegabo
igishegu
igisheke
igishema
igishembano
igishemo
igishenge
igishenyeri
igisheshe
igishibe
igishigishigi
igishiha
igishika
igishikankono
igishikashike
igishimangizo
igishingabuye
igishingamatwi
igishingamugara
igishinganjuma
igishingire
igishingirire
igishingo
igishingwe
igishinja
igishinyari
igishira
igishiramenyo
igishiramujinya
igishiranzigo
igishirira
igishishi
igishishibano
igishishwa
igishitani
igishitsi
igishodeko
igishogomange
igishogoshogo
igishokonkoro
igishokoro
igishomeri
igishomwa
igishondabagabo
igishondabagore
igishongero
igishongi
igishongore
igishonono
igishonyi
igishora
igishorezwamboro
igishoro
igishorobwa
igishorogoto
igishosho
igishoshwe
igishoti
igishubagwa
igishubaho
igishubaziko
igishugi
igishugunda
igishugushugu
igishuhe
igishukabaja
igishuko
igishuma
igishumiko
igishumwa
igishunga
igishura
igishuri
igishurishuri
igishirugunda
igishurushuru
igishushanyo
igishushungwe
igishwa
igishwaburiya
igishwakumyi
igishwama
igishwambagara
igishwambara
igishwamo
igishwamwaka
igishwamwinyo
igishwangara
igishwangi
igishwankumire
igishwanyu
igishwashumyi
igishwemu
igishweshwe
igishwi
igishwigima
igishyaba
igishyabajyo
igishyabangari
igishyagari
igishyambazi
igishyamirane
igishyarara
igishyika
igishyimbo
igishyinga
igishyito
igishyitsi
igishyoza
igishyigutiriza
igishyute
igishyuti
igisi
igisibage
igisibagoyi
igisibya
igisibo
igisiga
igisigara
igisigarajyora
igisigarambuto
igisigaramugano
igisigarangobyi
igisigarasambu
igisigati
igisigaye
igisigazwa
igisigi
igisigo
igisika
igisikafu
igisima
igisimba
igisimu
igisinde
igisindu
igisingizo
igisingo
igisiza
igisize
igisizi
igisobane
igisobanuro
igisobekero
igisodoka
igisogororo
igisokuru
igisome
igisomero
igisomyo
igisonga
igisongo
igisore
igisoro
igisoromandandura
igisorori
igisoryo
igisoso
igisozi
igisu
igisubi
igisubizo
igisugari
igisuguri
igisuguti
igisuka
igisukari
igisuma
igisumbane
igisumizi
igisuna
igisuntannyo
igisunzu
igisuperi
igisura
igisurankana
igisurere
igisurure
igisusa
igisusi
igisusurwa
igisuti
igisuzana
igisuzuguriro
igiswa
igiswaganga
igiswaswa
igiswigiri
igiswikiri
igisyabyinshi
igisyete
igisyo
igisyogogo
igitabage
igitabagu
igitabagwe
ikitabashwa
igitabazi
igitabicyimpyisi
igitabitabi
igitabo
igitaboroga
igitabu
igitagajyo
igitagangurirwa
igitagarasoryo
igitahanzu
igitaka
igitako
igitakura
igitama
igitamatama
igitamba
igitambambuga
igitambamwezi
igitambanzogera
igitambaro
igitambika
igitambitambi
igitambo
igitamitami
igitana
igitanda
igitandampaka
igitandaro
igitandatu
igitanga
igitangazamakuru
igitantampaka
igitapfu
igitaraganya
igitaramo
igitaratara
igitarataro
igitare
igitari
igitarimba
igitarirane
igitariro
igitariyani
igitaro
igitarotaro
ikitarya
igitatu
igitavuga
ikitavumera
igitayaya
ikitayega
igitazi
igitebekera
igitebo
igitebwe
igitega
igitegamajanja
igitegamubiri
igiteganyangata
igitegego
igitegerezo
igitego
igiteguriro
igitegwajoro
igitegwandushyi
igitekasi
igitekateka
igitekere
igitekerezo
igiteko
igitekwa
igitemaguzo
igitemajanja
igitemantege
igitemba
igitembetembe
igitembo
igiteme
igitende
igitenetene
igitenga
igitenge
igitengo
igitengu
igitenzi
igitepfu
igitera
igiteragire
igiterane
igitere
igitereko
igitereri
igiterero
igitero
igiteyi
igiteyiteyi
igiti
igitigiri
igitigisamugara
igitigita
ikitihiga
igitikafu
igitiku
igitimbayego
igitimbayogi
igitimbe
igitimbiri
igitindazi
igitindiro
igitindire
igitinditindi
igitinsyi
igitintima
igitinyiro
igitinyuke
igitiritiri
ikitishima
ikishitura
igitita
igitiyaga
igitiyo
igito
igitobo
igitoborwa
igitobyi
igitonyore
igitogoshwa
igitohe
igitohera
igitoke
igitoki
igitondo
igitondora
igitongorero
igitongoshya
igitonorwa
igitontome
igitontomwa
igitonyanga
igitoramyambi
igitorero
igitori
igitoro
igitorogo
igitoryi
igitotagire
igitotezo
igitotsi
igitovu
igitsi
igitsiburira
igitsike
igitsimbanyi
igitsimbu
igitsimburi
igitsina
igitsinatsina
igitsindasi
igitsindo
igitsinsi
igitsinsigiri
igitsire
igitsirombo
igitsitsori
igitsure
igituba
igitugano
igitugunguru
igitugutira
igituho
igituku
igitukuru
igitumagwa
igitumbaro
igitumbatumba
igitumbuwa
igitumbwe
igituna
igitunda
igitundararo
igitundiro
igitundwe
igituneko
igitungirwabukaka
igitungunyugunyu
igitungurusumu
igitunguru
igitungwa
igituntu
igiturage
igituramo
igituramyambi
igituri
igiturike
igiturire
igituro
igituruzi
igituti
igitutsi
igitutu
igituza
igituzi
igitwa
igitwarire
igitwariro
igitwenge
igitwerera
igitwika
igitwiko
igityaruzo
igityazo
icyubahiro
icyubaho
icyubi
icyubikiro
icyubikizi
icyubiko
icyuburo
icyubwa
icyugarare
icyugarizamugongo
icyugazi
icyugu
icyugura
icyuhagiro
icyuhirwa
icyuho
icyuhuro
icyuko
icyuma
icyumba
icyumbati
icyumve
icyumvirizo
icyumwa
icyumwe
icyumweru
icyumya
icyuna
icyunamo
icyunamyi
icyunga
icyunganzu
icyungikanyo
icyungo
icyungu
icyunguro
icyungurume
icyungwane
icyunurizwa
icyunzwe
icyuririzi
icyurizi
icyuro
icyusa
icyuto
icyutururiro
icyuya
icyuyuyu
icyuza
icyuzi
icyuzuraminwe
icyuzurira
icyuzurizaho
ikivamwate
ikivangitirane
ikivanzu
ikivi
ikiveti
ikivikisho
ikivo
ikivoga
ikivomesho
ikivomo
ikivovo
ikivu
ikivubi
ikivugirizo
ikivuge
ikivuguto
ikivuko
ikivumba
ikivumbi
ikivume
ikivumvuri
ikivunamahembe
ikivune
ikivunge
ikivungu
ikivungukira
ikivunja
ikivuno
ikivurazi
ikivure
ikivuriraho
ikivurivundi
ikivuguto
ikivutso
ikivutu
ikivuvu
ikivuza
ikivuzo
ikiwapfu
ikiwerewere
ikiyagirane
ikiyamazi
ikiyami
ikiyaya
ikiyege
ikiyengera
ikiyengo
ikiyiko
ikiyo
ikiyobe
ikiyobora
ikiyobozamunwa
ikiyobyabwenge
ikiyogazi
ikiyogi
ikiyogori
ikiyogoro
ikiyombero
ikiyongwe
ikiyorantorezo
ikiyoranyundo
ikiyorero
ikiyoro
ikiyote
ikiyugumure
ikiyumba
ikiyungu
ikiyungubirane
ikiyungubire
ikiyungumure
ikiyunguyungu
icyiza
ikizame
ikizami
ikizamini
ikizamuka
ikizana
icyizangobyi
ikizano
ikizeheri
ikizehezehe
ikizeneko
ikizete
ikizeze
ikiziba
ikizibaho
ikizibakanwa
ikizibannyo
ikizibe
ikizibira
ikiziga
ikizige
ikizigazige
ikizigira
ikiziguro
ikiziko
ikizima
ikizimba
ikizimyamuriro
ikizinga
ikizingiti
ikizingo
ikizinzo
ikizira
ikizirangunga
ikiziranyenzi
ikiziraziro
ikiziriko
ikiziringiti
ikizingiti
ikiziriziri
ikiziro
ikizizi
icyizo
ikizovuzovu
ikizu
ikizubazuba
ikizunga
ikizunguzungu
ikizuruzuru
ikizuzu
8
ibyakanambago
ibyambarwa
ibyambo
ibyamvagara
ibyanganjagasha
ibyanyuma
ibyapfa
ibyaziha
ibibembe
ibibogo
ibicurane
ibidago
ibidakurwa
ibidavagure
ibidobogo
ibyeru
ibyeyerwa
ibigabu
ibigero
ibigatura
ibigogo
ibigonga
ibigonzi
ibigwa
ibigwagwa
ibigwana
ibigwi
ibigwigwi
ibihabura
ibihaha
ibiharangu
ibiharanjongo
ibihembo
ibihishangabo
ibihishanturo
ibihogo
ibihongo
ibihungezi
ibihurihuri
ibihuterano
ibyigero
ibyisengeneza
ibyishimo
ibyiyuyu
ibijaburo
ibijagu
ibijeberi
ibijogano
ibijogi
ibikakari
ibikandisho
ibikerebanya
ibikezikezi
ibikubarara
ibimirabasoromyi
ibimuri
ibimyori
ibinagana
ibinezaneza
ibiniga
ibinnyori
ibinyabantu
ibinyamishogwe
ibinyampeke
ibinyenyeri
ibinyonga
ibinyoro
ibinyuku
ibinyururu
ibyokezo
ibyoko
ibyonabana
ibyoshyo
ibiraburira
ibiragara
ibiragaraga
ibirapfarapfa
ibirari
ibiravarava
ibireti
ibirika
ibirindiro
ibiro
ibirongoranwa
ibirori
ibirorirori
ibiroro
ibirukambwa
ibirumbaguzwa
ibiruru
ibiryi
ibiryo
ibisabo
ibisaho
ibisakumwa
ibisandurira
ibisanga
ibisanzagara
ibisazi
ibisengeneza
ibisengesenge
ibisetso
ibishahuro
ibishakashaka
ibishitani
ibishubero
ibishumba
ibishungo
ibishwaraza
ibisiga
ibisigati
ibisoko
ibisumizi
ibisusa
ibisusasusa
ibitabapfu
ibitabona
ibitaka
ibitakanwa
ibitakazi
ibitandampaka
ibitaro
ibitarutaru
ibitemuzwa
ibitenga
ibiterasoni
ibitetero
ibitobwe
ibitondagizi
ibitonyanga
ibitoro
ibitotsi
ibitotwe
ibitsira
ibitugu
ibituragure
ibituragurike
ibitwarize
ibitwikurura
ibyusiro
ibyuya
ibyuzukuru
ibiyagano
ibiyagazi
ibiyobera
ibizangane
ibizari
ibizaza
ibizazane
ibizira
9/10 : -n-/-nAu-CM-stem
i-N-stem/i-N-stem
n>ny before deverbal stems
n>m before bilabial vowels
Many changes take place either affecting the nasal or the vowel or consonant that start the
stem.
inyabizi
inyahura
inyamarusaku
inyambike
inyambukamugezi
inyabusa
inyanama
inyandagazi
inyangabirama
inyangabugwate
inyangabukwerere
inyangakubwirwa
inyangakurutwa
inyangamatare
inyangamugayo
inyangamutongano
inyangane
inyange
inyango
inyangwa
inyanjwa
inyanuzi
inyanzi
inyaruzo
inyatanyi
inyatsi
inyangarupfuko
inyangarwanda
imbabare
imbabari
imbabura
imbabure
imbaduko
imbaga
imbagare
imbagarwa
imbago
imbagura
imbagwa
imbaka
imbambagwe
imbambamabya
imbambanyi
imbanda
imbangamatwi
imbagara
imbagarara
imbangikirane
imbangikanyamashinga
imbanguranya
imbangure
imbanjure
imbarabara
imbaraga
imbaragare
imbaragarira
imbaragasa
imbarara
imbasa
imbasha
imbata
imbatura
imbaya
imbayu
imbaza
imbaze
imbazi
imbazo
imbeba
imbebe
imbegeti
imbehe
imbeho
imbekane
imbengegeri
imberabero
imberabyombi
imberanyuma
imberanziza
imberege
imbereka
imberema
imbererezi
imbereri
imbeya
imbezi
imbibe
imbibure
imbiga
imbihire
imbika
imbimbiri
imbimbura
imbindi
imbindigiri
imbirayungwe
imbiribiri
imbirigisi
imbirigitagusasa
imbirikanyi
imbiriko
imbirizi
imbirundwe
imbishya
imbisibisi
imbitsi
imbizi
imbogamizi
imbogo
imbogota
imbohe
imboho
imbohozamurozi
imbokoboko
imbomborera
imbomboro
imbonababi
imbonabyombi
imbonakubone
imbonamwuko
imboneka
imbonekarimwe
imbonera
imboneranyi
imbonerarugo
imbonere
imboni
imbonwa
imboro
imborogoshore
imboroza
imboshyo
imbozi
imbumburu
imbuga
imbugiro
imbugita
imbuguru
imbumbiro
imbumbo
imbumburi
imbunda
imbundi
imbundo
imbungana
imbungirane
imbungwe
imbunuza
imbunzamunwa
imburabugimbi
imburabuturo
imburabuzi
imburabyose
imburagihana
imburagihe
imburakimazi
imburamazi
imburamubago
imburamukoro
imburamumaro
imburara
imburirabusa
imburiragihugu
imburu
imburuburu
imburungushure
imbusane
imbusi
imbuto
imbuya
imbuyabuya
imbuzakurahira
imbuzi
imbuzibuzi
imbwa
imbwakazi
imbwebwe
imbwega
imbwiga
imbwigiri
imbwike
imbwiriza
imbyaro
imbyeyi
imbyigakuzimu
imbyino
imbyogo
imbyukizi
imbyukuruke
inshabihanga
inshabiranya
inshabiti
inshabugufi
inshabyambu
inshacanya
inshacyuho
inshakara
inshakarafu
inshakura
inshakuramahugu
inshamakazwa
inshamihigo
inshamugongo
inshamugozi
inshana
inshandahiro
inshankana
inshano
insharwatsi
insheri
inshikane
inshike
inshikira
inshira
inshirabiziga
inshirahe
inshirakirezi
inshirano
inshiri
inshisho
inshoce
inshoge
inshonshomezi
inshoreke
inshubiri
inshubizi
inshucume
inshungura
inshuke
inshukuzi
inshumbi
inshumitano
inshungu
inshura
inshuraguzi
inshuragane
inshuraganyi
inshurame
inshurane
inshurango
inshurano
inshuranundwe
inshurikirane
inshuro
inshuru
inshuti
inshutso
inshwacwanya
incyamukira
incyamuro
incyuro
inda
indabo
indabukirano
indacika
indacumura
indagano
indagenda
indagu
indahaga
indahaguzwa
indahangarwa
indahano
indahera
indahinduka
indahiragasama
indahuherwa
indakamirwa
indakemwa
indakorerwa
indakuka
indambuzwa
indamu
indamutsa
indamutso
indanduzi
indani
indara
indarama
indaro
indashikwa
indashima
indashishwa
indashyikirwa
indasi
indasigariza
indasomwa
indaterurwa
indatira
indatunga
indatwa
indaya
indayi
indege
indegerege
indegeya
indekezi
indekwe
indembe
indembere
indemberezi
indendegeri
indendeko
indengane
indenganzira
indengerenge
indengo
indera
inderabageni
inderi
indeshyo
indiba
indiga
indiganya
indihaguzi
indihano
indimu
indindagire
indinganire
indingiti
indira
indirira
indishyi
indita
indite
indobo
indogobe
indogore
indomo
indondanzi
indondogozi
indongoranyo
indonyi
indonzi
indorano
indorero
indorerwamo
indoro
indosho
indoto
indovu
indugaruga
indugu
induha
induhirizi
indunduro
induru
indurugensiya
indushyi
indutsi
indurwe
induwe
indwara
inyegamo
inyegeka
inyeguka
inyemeramukeno
inyemeratugo
inyendamuvano
inyenge
inyengo
inyezo
imfashanyo
imfatanakirindi
imfatarembo
imfate
imfizi
imfubyi
imfunda
imfungane
imfunge
imfungwa
imfurizi
imfuruka
imfuruta
imfusha
ingabane
ingabano
ingabe
ingabirano
ingabire
ingabo
ingaburabutwenge
ingagara
ingaju
ingamba
ingambira
ingambirizi
ingame
ingamiro
ingamiya
inganashya
inganda
ingandazi
ingando
ingandurarugo
inganga
ingangakazi
ingangamiza
ingangara
ingangare
ingango
ingangura
inganigani
inganirizi
inganizi
inganji
ingano
inganu
inganwa
inganyamaryamo
inganyamataho
inganzo
inganzwa
ingara
ingaraba
ingaragu
ingarama
ingaramakirambi
ingaramatika
ingarame
ingaramurwe
ingarani
ingare
ingari
ingarigari
ingarikabiganza
ingarisi
ingaru
ingaruka
ingarukamwaka
ingarukirwa
ingarurabiganza
ingarure
ingaruzo
ingaruzwamuheto
ingasaguhunga
ingashi
ingashya
ingata
ingati
ingato
ingayamusambi
ingayi
ingazi
inge
ingege
ingegene
ingegera
ingembe
ingemu
ingendabantu
ingendanyi
ingendo
ingendu
ingendutsi
ingenera
ingeneramurage
ingengarare
ingenge
ingenya
ingenyo
ingenzakarago
ingenzamunwa
ingenzi
ingenzo
ingenzura
ingera
ingerabiganza
ingerabirenge
ingeragere
ingeragikumwe
ingeramuhoro
ingerantoki
ingere
ingereka
ingerekera
ingerekero
ingerera
ingereranywa
ingerere
ingereri
ingeri
ingero
ingeru
ingerure
ingerurwa
ingese
ingesera
ingeso
ingetura
ingeyo
ingezi
ingiga
ingigira
ingigu
ingimba
ingimbaburayi
ingimbanyi
ingimbi
ingina
ingingimira
ingingo
ingirabibiri
ingirabyombi
ingirakamaro
ingirana
ingiri
ingirira
ingirisha
ingiro
ingirwa
ingirwa
ingirwashinga
ingisha
ingishywa
ingisi
ingitura
ingobagoba
ingobane
ingobe
ingoboka
ingobotoro
ingobyi
ingofero
ingoga
ingogo
ingogoma
ingogore
ingojo
ingojwa
ingojwe
ingoma
ingomba
ingombajwi
ingombamubiri
ingombamugisha
ingombe
ingomwa
ingomyo
ingona
ingondamivumu
ingondo
ingondore
ingonga
ingongerezi
ingongo
ingongoberane
ingongosho
ingondozo
ingoni
ingonjwa
ingonokera
ingonya
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intirirwa
intiritiri
intita
intiti
intizo
intobabiziba
intobaruhu
intobero
intobo
intoboro
intoboroza
intofanyi
intogota
intokatoke
intokatoki
intoke
intoki
intokizamadamu
intomvu
intondwe
intonga
intongi
intongo
intongosera
intongosora
intongosori
intonganya
intonitoni
intonorano
intontwe
intonyanga
intonyori
intonyotsi
intora
intore
intorezo
intorobwa
intorome
intorwa
intosho
intosi
intote
intotwe
intovu
intozi
intozo
insibika
insibo
insikiro
insimba
insimbi
insimbyi
insina
insindagirabigega
insinsi
insinzi
insiri
insikiko
insirima
insirime
insiriri
insita
insitso
intuba
intubi
intubuke
intugunda
intugutira
intuku
intukurira
intukutuku
intukuzo
intumbi
intumbuka
intumbwe
intumbyi
intumo
intumutsi
intumva
intumvira
intumwa
intunda
intundwe
intunga
intungabike
intungane
intungantoki
intungarutoki
intungi
intungura
intunguru
intungwarutoke
intunsi
intuntu
intunura
inturabujanja
inturagarira
inturagira
inturamaso
inturatima
inturege
intureture
inturi
inturika
inturire
inturo
inturubiko
inturuganyi
inturugunyu
inturuko
inturumbu
inturumbutsi
inturusu
inturuturu
intunsi
intusi
intutsi
intutu
intutumo
intwamo
intwarane
intwari
intwarira
intwarirane
intwaro
intwarwa
intwaza
intwazabugabo
intwazo
intwererano
intwero
intwetwe
intwiga
intyabire
intyoza
inyubakwa
inyubikizi
inyufire
inzuho
inyumagwa
inyumvirizamuniho
imyumvirizarwuri
inyumviro
inyungu
inyungwakazi
inyurizi
inyuzukuru
imva
imvaho
imvamvagare
imvange
imvano
imvara
imvenya
imviramubiri
imviru
imvoyane
imvuba
imvubu
imvubyi
imvugakimwe
imvugakuri
imvugano
imvuganyi
imvugira
imvugo
imvugwarimwe
imvumba
imvumbuzwabuhiri
imvumuke
imvumvu
imvunage
imvunderi
imvune
imvura
imvuru
imvururu
imvutsi
imvuzi
imvuzo
inyara
inyenga
inyenzi
inzira
inzobe
inyoberabatutsi
inzoga
inzogera
inzogoro
inzoka
inzovu
inzugu
inzababa
inzabiranya
inzaduka
inzage
inzagihe
inzanabibondo
inzanage
inzanyi
inzara
inzaragiza
inzaru
inzarwe
inzebe
inzega
inzembye
inzenga
inzengaruho
inzengati
inzererezi
inzereri
inzeru
inzezaruhimbi
inzibacyuho
inzibira
inzibirane
inzibukira
inzibukiro
inzibyi
inziga
inziganyo
inzigo
inzika
inzikira
inziku
inzimanamunwa
inzimuzi
inzimyamuriro
inzindaro
inzinga
inzingakirago
inzingamuhonora
inzinge
inzingitirane
inzira
inzirabahima
inzirabasyi
inziraburema
inzirabwoba
inziragushera
inziramire
inziramukonko
inziramuze
inziramvuzo
inzirani
inzirimuka
inzirondwe
inzirwa
inzishywa
inzitane
inzitizi
inzitu
inzizi
inzobe
inzoga
inzogera
inzogoro
inzoka
inzokokera
inzonore
inzora
inzovu
inzoya
inzoza
inzozore
inzu
inzugu
inzungu
inzungurwa
inzunguzwarimwe
inzuri
9i/10i or 6 : -0Au-CM-Stem
i-0-stem
Nouns in class 9i and 10i lack the prefix. Nouns in class 9i can also pluralize in class 6.
ibahasha
ibajiya
ibakure
ibandi
ibaneti
ibangi
ibara
ibaro
ibereshi
ibesani
ibeti
ibeyi
ibinika
ibirika
ibobera
iboma
ibombo
ibuguma
ibunda
iburuzi
ibutura
icaki
icoka
icoki
icurere
idakika
idarakima
idawa
ideni
idisiki
idisikuru
idisipanseri
idongi
idoro
idovize
idubu
ifarasi
ifaride
ifarini
ifasi
ifayida
ifi
ifigi
ifinika
ifinina
ifinyango
ifiraporo
ifirifiri
ifirimbi
ifirimi
ifiriti
ifiro
ifishi
ifitina
ifomo
ifono
iforoma
iforomaje
iforomo
ifoteyi
ifoto
ifu
ifudika
ifufuma
ifuha
ifuku
ifumba
ifumberi
ifumbi
ifumbira
ifumbire
ifundi
ifuraha
ifurano
ifurari
ifurebo
ifurika
ifuru
ifurufumba
ifurumba
ifurushi
ifurusi
ifurwe
igameri
igaputu
igaradi
igaraji
igarama
igatani
igazeti
igazi
igerasi
igereni
igode
igodiyo
igoma
igome
igoro
igugu
igurudumu
ihanamu
ihangu
iharamu
iharifu
ihariri
ihazabu
ihene
ihenge
iheremeneti
ihiga
ihira
ihoteri
ihuku
ihura
ihururu
ihutihuti
ijagari
ijanti
ijeke
ijigija
ijipi
ijipo
ijwejwegeri
ikaboka
ikabutura
ikabuka
ikahu
ikahwa
ikake
ikamba
ikamyo
ikaneti
ikanifu
ikanisa
ikanivo
ikanya
ikanzu
ikarabiya
ikaramu
ikaranka
ikarata
ikaratasi
ikaravati
ikarayi
ikare
ikarine
ikariso
ikarita
ikarito
ikaritunsi
ikaro
ikaroti
ikaruvati
ikashe
ikatani
ikawa
ikaye
ikaze
ikaziye
ikeke
ikengeri
ikipi
ikoki
ikombinezo
ikompanyi
ikompure
ikongobora
ikonishi
ikonji
ikontara
ikoro
ikoroboyi
ikoroni
ikositimu
ikotomoni
ikurudumu
ikurute
ikurutu
ikuse
ikutu
imakasi
imashuba
imeri
ipaje
ipaki
ipantaro
ipanyari
ipapayi
ipapi
ipariseri
ipasi
ipaswari
ipata
ipatani
ipatanti
ipataro
ipantaro
ipatasi
ipati
ipaziya
ipensi
ipepeti
ipete
ipfukire
ipfundikirane
ipica
ipijama
ipiki
ipikipiki
ipimamayi
ipinari
ipine
ipinjama
ipipa
ipipi
ipiripiri
ipishi
ipompo
iposita
ipotomoni
ipuderi
ipunda
ipura
ipurimi
ipusi
ipusipusi
ipuwaro
ipwaro
iradiyo
iraki
iranda
irasi
irati
irato
irayi
irayidi
irime
iringi
irisa
irisani
irisiti
iritiro
irive
iriza
irobine
iroti
iroza
irobine
irubine
iryoha
isa
isabane
isabato
isabu
isabukuru
isabune
isacyenda
isafari
isafuriya
isaga
isagara
isagu
isaha
isahaha
isahani
isaho
isahu
isakamburo
isakapurari
isakara
isakare
isake
isakoshi
isakumi
isakwe
isama
isamaki
isamaza
isambaza
isambi
isambiri
isambu
isamburuma
isambusa
isamoya
isamunani
isamuri
isanane
isanani
isandari
isandi
isandiriye
isando
isanduku
isanganingwe
isanduruma
isangara
isangu
isangwe
isano
isanzu
isapfu
isarade
isaradi
isaradini
isarasi
isarata
isare
isari
isaridini
isarubeti
isarumara
isaruti
isasaba
isasiriro
isasita
isaso
isasu
isata
isataburenge
isatanu
isatatu
isato
isatumba
isatura
isave
isayine
isazi
ise
isederi
isega
isegereti
isegiteri
iseke
isekere
iseko
isekoyisi
isekunda
isekura
isekuru
isekurume
isema
isemakabi
isembe
iseminari
isenge
isengeri
isenteri
isentimu
isepfu
isera
isereri
iserire
iseru
iseseme
iseta
iseteri
iseti
isezo
isha
ishabukuru
ishabure
ishagoshi
ishahu
ishakapurari
ishako
ishakoshi
ishakwe
ishambusha
ishampa
ishamuhuri
ishantiye
ishapure
isharankima
isharishari
ishashi
ishati
ishatikote
ishegesha
ishene
isheni
ishikashike
ishiku
ishimana
ishimina
ishimizi
ishindiriya
ishinge
ishingu
ishinya
ishinyo
ishipi
ishira
ishiringi
ishiti
isho
ishoka
ishombi
ishombosho
ishomero
ishongore
ishongosho
ishorokori
ishoti
ishozi
ishu
ishuba
ishubebe
ishubura
ishufureri
ishuheri
ishuka
ishumi
ishuruje
ishusho
ishushuti
ishwagara
ishwegegeri
ishweshwe
ishweta
ishwima
ishyorongi
isi
isibage
isibe
isibo
isigara
isiha
isimbo
isimizi
isinagogi
isinde
isinema
isinga
isiniya
isinya
isinyagahini
isinyatiri
isipiri
isiporo
isirabo
isiraje
isiriba
isiringi
isiteri
isitimu
isitofu
isitowa
isizeni
isobe
isofisi
isogereza
isogi
isogo
isogonda
isohoro
isokanwa
isoko
isokoreke
isombe
isokureke
isominari
isonde
isonga
isongoro
isoni
isoro
isoryo
isosi
isosisi
isosiyete
isovu
isoyo
isozere
isubi
isudiri
isufuriya
isugi
isuha
isuka
isukari
isuku
isumbi
isume
isundege
isundwe
isununu
isupani
isupu
isura
isuri
isurubare
isusa
isusumira
isutasi
isuti
isutiye
isuwime
isuzuki
iswa
iswegegeri
isyigiri
isyisyi
itaburiya
itadowa
itagisi
itahuro
itajeri
itaji
itamu
itangi
itangisi
itanki
itapi
itarasi
itarenta
itariki
itemburi
itenesi
iterasi
iteregaramu
itike
itimu
itindo
itini
itinsyi
itiyo
itomati
itondezi
itongi
itoni
itopiti
itoroshi
itoyota
itupa
iturufu
ivandu
ivanjiri
ivanteri
ivarisi
ivatiri
ivunja
iyababa
iyadi
iyanana
iyongwe
izero
izeru
iziriba
inyikirizo
9a/10a
9a doesn’t have an augment. Sometimes it has the onomastic prefix. 10 takes the morpheme
za before the noun, but za is never attached to the noun.
abusorosiyo
aderesi
agisida
kabakigi
kabugomba
rwabusa
rwabushungwe
kabutandare
kabutindi
kabuzire
rwagakoco
rwagara
rwagashogoro
kahera
rwakabogeri
rwakayihura
rwakayondo
bwaki
rwakiboko
akorudewo
rwakiziriko
rwakungerwa
kamagata
rwamamara
amande
kamarungu
kamatsibage
rwamba
mamba
ambasadi
kambere
ambiransi
mwambiya
amburiyaje
byambwenu
amerikani
amibe
ampuru
rwampaka
kamugobeko
kamugote
kamuhirima
kamujwara
kamurari
kamuzana
avoka
cyamwiha
kamwoyo
banabazanya
kanama
kanangazi
kanantuku
cyandani
kangungu
cyanjojo
rwankebya
anketi
ankirositone
rwantambi
anteni
rwanyamiyaga
rwanyamwihare
banyaruhungura
rwanzara
apareye
arabika
arefu
mwaribashungwe
arikidiyosezi
rwarikamavubi
arima
aritari
rwarugereka
karuguma
arukoro
karutare
mwaryi
rwaserera
asensiyo
cyasha
bwashirini
aside
asikarisi
asima
asomusiyo
cyasumani
katamahamba
katanga
cyayaya
badada
rubaga
bageti
baharakubuye
bahati
bahema
bambaratete
kabambare
mbambarugara
bambirane
bambuba
mbandama
bande
banji
banki
bankoni
bantana
bantungirubwiza
banyangirumukazana
banywanyinshi
bapfaga
barabeshya
barafu
kabaragara
barahuruye
barakatsi
mbarara
kibariko
baruganjemo
basabose
baserinyange
basiketi
basumbagutira
basyitaka
mbatama
batiri
batisimu
bavugirije
baya
kibaya
rubaya
bayo
bazotayire
be
beni
benye
berega
mabereyingoma
beriri
rubero
ruberwa
kabero
rubete
beto
beze
bibiriya
bibiriyoteki
mbiruri
bicinuma
bicumubiri
bihindirikuzimu
bije
biki
kibirine
mbirimbiri
biringo
biriri
mbirirwa
biriwigabo
mbirizi
bisi
bitugukwaha
kibogo
mbogobogo
kibojwe
kiboko
mbombogo
mbomboro
bompuru
kibonambuga
bone
mabono
ruboroga
kabuci
bucyandunduje
budenyeribudugu
kibugenza
kibugi
kibugubugu
buji
mabunda
bunguribyato
ruburamunsi
burankari
burasiyeri
bure
bureti
buribyare
burike
rubiriki
seburikoko
kaburiti
mburugu
mburungu
bururu
burusu
buryumwe
busorosiyo
kabuti
butike
butiki
bwakeyebute
bwana
bwatumunyica
bwaziruma
kabwebwe
mbwenu
bwerinuma
mbwirirenga
rubyagira
kabyagira
kabyakintare
byanguhave
byumvuhore
gacacuzi
caguwa
gacakura
rucamutima
candari
cangacanga
ce
rucinya
congo
rucumitamugabo
bucumu
cumu na nkoni
macunda
micunda na minaga
mucunyi
gicurasi
curuhuta
gacyari
cyayaya
cyendabahuze
cyendecyose
cyimumugizi
da
daga
rudahinduricumu
madanganyo
ndanyango
dariya
rudasakwa
dekagarama
dekametero
dekariitiro
demareri
kadende
dendo
rudenge
diregisiyo
dereri
desigarama
desimetero
desiritiro
detayi
madigi
budigi
kidimu
ndimukare
ndimutamu
dinamo
diporome
dira
diva
divayi
diyabeti
diyama
diyosezi
dodo
mudomanyi
dombwe
rudomo
mudomyi
madondi
dongoburoni
rudori
kadori
dorigishyimbo
nduha
dumbudumbu
duruwa
dushe
kebo
rwego
ekwateri
cyera
rwera
eregitirisite
rwerera
bwerere
rwerere
bwereri
rwerure
etaji
mwezankono
fagitiri
familiyari
fanta
farandiriya
kifaru
farumasi
ferabeto
feri
feriyeri
gafifi
findifindi
firigo
foko
fondasiyo
forongo
foronsi
fufufu
gafufuta
fukado
rufuku
mfunde
funefune
fundiguruka
fuwaye
ga
magabari
gabaridine
ngabitsinze
bagabobarabona
bagabobararya
bugabobwika
mugabowabugore
mugabowamakuza
mugabowiibikamba
ngaboyigihanga
mugabudasumirwa
mugabuzi
rugagaza
magagi
mugambira
rugande
buganga
maganga
gangabukari
mugara
rugara
rugaragaza
ngaragira
ngaragirwa
ngarama
garama
garamafoni
garanti
garasiyeri
garidebu
garidesheni
garidevu
gariyamoshi
magaru
bigaruka
garukundore
garukunsubire
garurinyana
gasho
gasigeti
rugata
magata
bugata
gatarina
gatigissimu
gatorika
gaterubukirirwamumaso
rugaya
rugayantete
magazi
gazi
kagembegembe
kageme
magendu
ngenga
ngengabukungu
mugengeri
ngerekero
gereveriya
gereza
ngerere
mugerwa
bugesera
rugetana
mugeti
rugeyo
mugeziwanwayifu
bigezo
mugezutanyobwa
mageza
gicamunkoni
gicenawe
kagingo
bugingo
ngingwijana
ngirana
giripe
ngirira
magirirane
girisi
ngirwa
ngiryi
gisida
gitani
gitansi
gitari
godire
mugogo
kagogo
mugogozi
mugogutarengwa
kigoma
ngoma
rugoma
kagoma
rugombera
ngombwa
rugona
bugonde
kigondo
rugondo
kagondo
bugondo
rugongo
mugongowatembo
bugonya
magore
mugorewamazimbuto
rugori
goro
rugorogondo
goromisheri
mugoruhetse
mugorunukanabi
goyigoyi
rugozi
gudire
kigufi
bugufi
mugufinyirazo
mugugu
kaguha
ngunda
rugundira
bugune
kagungu
maguranemukirago
maguru
bugurubwindinga
bugurubwinkware
kagurukamwe
rugumira
mugumizi
biguruntege
gurupe
maguruyinkware
maguruyurubabara
kaguta
ngwamure
magwandi
ngwiza
ha
ruhabo
mpagarara
ruhago
gahago
ruhaha
mahaha
gihake
mpama
mpambi
ruhame
ruhamya
ruhanama
muhanano
mpandura
mahangari
mpangu
buhangwa
buhanya
harabika
ruharamba
ruhare
harinyana
ruharwa
ruhashya
ruhashyanduru
ruhaya
gihazi
he
ruhebeba
hegitari
hegitogarama
hegitometero
hegitoritiro
ruheha
bihehe
heru
muheka
hekaru
ruheke
muhekenyi
ruhekurirababyeyi
gahemuza
ruhennyi
mahera
mpera
gahereri
buheriheri
muheza
gahiga
gahima
gahimakazi
ruhimbazabasazi
mpimbo
mahinda
buhinda
buhindo
ruhinga
muhingamyi
ruhingika
mpingo
mpungwe
buhinja
gahinyuza
mpiri
mihiro
ruhiryi
gahita
gihoga
bihogo
ruhogo
mpogonyo
ruhoko
buhoma
gihome
ruhomo
bahomora
gahongo
buhoro
gihororo
hositiya
hoteri
gahu
mahubuso
mpuga
ruhuga
mpugu
mpugunyu
ruhugura
mpuha
muhuherezi
ruhuhezi
muhuhirizi
gihuhuma
mahuma
mpumbya
ruhunahuna
gahunda
mahundaza
mpundu
gahuru
mpuru
muhushyi
gihuta
hutihuti
mpuzamahanga
gahuzu
ruhwa
rwagihandabahuza
mahwane
mpwenya
rwiba
kebo
rwicabiti
cyigambabanyoro
bwigeme
rwiharira
rwihishwa
mwikorezi
cyimeza
mwimbyi
indepanda
indepandansi
iniverisite
rwinuma
rwipakurura
cyinyo
rwirahira
bwite
iyakare
rwiziringa
mujagamo
jakaranda
jambo
jandarumeri
kajangwe
kajanja
rujaragata
jemusi
jido
jigita
rujijibura
jinja
jini
kijinja
rujinja
rujinyibura
mujinya
jo
kajisho
rujoga
rujogo
njojoti
jokeri
mujonjo
rujora
kujori
mujuba
kajugujugu
kijugunya
jugunywa
kajugunywa
kajuju
kajumba
kajura
juru
kajwiga
mujyo
kabakigi
kabatongoye
kaburiti
kabusheshe
rukabukira
rukacarara
kadiri
kado
kajemunkangara
kamaramahano
kamaramasenge
rukamata
kambambiri
bukamba
kambere
rukambura
kamenamaseke
kampuni
kamukoti
kanaka
rukanda
gikandagira
kandore
kano
kanseri
kanta
kantine
kanto
kantoni
gikara
kapa
kapitari
karabasasu
karaboshya
karabutsirwe
rukaragamigera
rukarakara
karame
karandiriye
rukararuka
bukarasa
kare
makare
karendari
karibobo
kariharya
karihejuru
karijana
karikopo
karimisoto
karisa
karisiyumu
karisori
karitasi
kariyeri
karokaro
karosori
makaru
rukaruruka
kasaka
kasike
kasiketi
katanga
katedarari
kateye
kawasaki
makayabo
rukayamigina
kazingashya
nkene
marengeri
rukenemura
kenkina
mikeno
kentari
rukenyamibyizi
kepi
keremu
nkeri
ankete
anketi
nketi
kibe
kiberinka
kibonumwe
kiki
bukikiri
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si
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ta
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te
nteba
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tsindamukungu
gitsindayogi
butsinsima
rutsinsuramakungu
bitugu
rutuku
tukutendereza
mutumvu
mutumo
gitumo
gatumuro
gatumwa
rutunda
butunda
gatungamira
mitunu
rutura
ruturagara
gituranya
turaturye
gature
buture
rutuku
ruturu
gaturume
turunesori
turunevisi
rututuba
butuyu
gituza
mutwa
gitwa
gatwe
matwi
bitwi
butwi
gutwi
twibanire
gutwikumwe
rwuba
cyugi
ukarisitiya
cyuki
bwuma
cyuma
mwumba
cyumya
rwungeri
cyungwane
cyunyu
bwunyubwanyamanza
bwunyubwintama
uti
va
vansi
vanwari
vare
ye
kivejuru
kavengeri
veromoteri
vesipa
vetiveri
vidanji
vijiri
vikariyati
muviringo
kaviriviri
visenge
visi
visikongo
vitamini
vitaro
vitensi
vitatiko
vondoro
voreboro
vorusuwageni
voruvo
ruvuga
ruvugiriza
ruvugirizi
kavukanwa
kavukire
mivumbi
kivunambavu
kavungamugeyo
ruvunguti
kavunjapori
mvuridahita
vurumuteri
mavuta
kivuta
kivuvu
ruvuzo
wa
wadada
wajinya
wambuba
wampya
wandiriyinka
wantana
wantu
warage
waraza
warimbi
waruhombo
warukurazo
waruvumu
waruzu
we
werurwe
wese
wima
winga
wino
wisiki
worufarama
wurumange
muyaga
ruyaga
yakobo
yamaha
yanwari
yapani
yarariyinemba
ruyaya
ye
nyara
ruyaya
yenge
ruyenzi
muyenzi
Yeruzaremu
yindande
yineyine
kayija
yobe
mayoga
kiyogandakunyoye
nzongerirenga
kiyonga
kiyongo
ruyongo
kiyovu
yubire
ruyumbu
mayuya
yuni
yuri
za
zaburi
ruzagayura
kazagiriza
zahabu
zahutsehe
nzambe
mazameza
zamu
zanakabehendebe
nzare
ze
nze
zeke
kazenga
kazengarugari
zenki
ruzerefu
kazerera
nzeri
zero
zeru
zeruji
bizi
kazi
kaziga
buzima
kizima
kazirabwayi
kaziri
zirayomba
ruzirwa
buzirwe
muzitsa
kizizi
nzobya
zoko
bazoko
zoya
buzu
kazuba
muzunga
kizungu
kizunguzungu
ruzuru
kazuru
kazutu
mazutu
11/10
Au-CL-Stem
u-ru-stem/i-n-stem
ru>rw before vowel
urwabya
urwagashya
urwagwa
urwahaho
urwahangu
urwahi
urwakanakana
urwamba
urwambariro
urwamu/urwamo
urwamururo
urwanaga
urwanamo
urwandabirane
urwangano
urwange
urwango
urwanguho
urwano
urwanzire
urwara
urwaranda
urwarikafundi
urwarumwe
urwasa
urwasakusaku
urwasaya
urwasiro
uruba
urubaba
urubabaza
urubaga
urubagara
urubaho
urubakuzo
urubambanda
urubambo
urubandasi
urubangangwe
urubangarara
urubango
urubanza
urubariro
urubati
urubatiro
urubavu
urubeba
urubebe
urubebya
urubenga
uruberamabano
uruberenge
urubereri
urubeshi
urubeshya
urubetezi
urubibi
urubiha
urubika
urubindo
urubingo
urubiriro
urubito
urubobi
uruboga
urubogeri
urubogobogo
urubogora
urubohero
uruboho
urubondi
urubori
urubozo
urubu
urubuci
urubugu
urubugubugu
urubugurizo
urubumburi
urubunda
urubungabungo
urubungo
uruburaburizo
uruburamajyo
uruburambuto
urubutiro
urubwa
urubwija
urubwiriza
urubyaro
urubyino
urubyiruko
urucako
urucakwe
urucanka
urucansho
urucantege
urucapfu
urucayi
uruceba
urucekeri
uruceko
uruceribato
urucikamvura
uruco
urucubagiro
urucubo
urucubyo
urucuho
urucubikirane
urucumbu
urucunda
urucurama
urucwacwa
urucwengu
urudaca
urudadari
urudahe
urudandari
urudandi
urudatebwa
urudega
urudidane
urudidibuzo
urudigi
urudigidigi
urudodo
urudubi
urudubwe
urudwange
urwega
urwego
urweguriro
urwemangabo
urwembe
urwenda
urwenera
urwenge
urwengengo
urwenya
urwenzo
urweramasaka
urwererane
urweru
urufatane
urweso
urwevu
urweza
urwezambehe
urufa
urufatiro
urufaya
urufukuzi
urufumbezi
urufunguzo
urufunzo
urufuteri
urufuzi
urugabano
urugaga
urugage
urugamba
urugamiriro
urugando
urugangazi
uruganiriro
urugano
urugara
urugaraguro
urugarama
urugari
urugarura
urugaryi
urugayankongoro
urugayankoni
uruge
urugege
urugembe
urugemwe
urugendo
urugenya
urugenzo
urugera
urugeregere
urugereko
urugerenjurane
urugerero
urugero
urugetugetu
urugezi
urugi
urugimbu
urugingo
urugishiro
urugo
urugogwe
urugohe
urugohi
urugombeko
urugombyi
urugomero
urugomezo
urugomo
urugore
urugori
urugoro
urugorora
urugororo
urugosozo
urugoti
urugoyi
urugozagire
uruguha
uruguhu
uruguma
urugumagume
urugusha
uruguza
uruguzi
urugwantege
uruguja
urugundu
urugwiro
urugwiza
uruhabuzo
uruhage
uruhahe
uruhahi
uruhahiriza
uruhahwe
uruhakamano
uruhama
uruhame
uruhamo
uruhanda
uruhande
uruhando
uruhanga
uruhangarizo
uruhanika
uruhapfu
uruhara
uruharambuga
uruhare
uruharo
uruharuriro
uruhasa
uruhatiro
uruhato
uruhavu
uruhayi
uruhaza
uruhazahaza
uruhazo
uruheha
uruhehe
uruhehemure
uruheka
uruhekenyero
uruhembe
uruhembu
uruhembwe
uruhemura
uruhendahendero
uruhende
uruhengekero
uruhengeri
uruhenju
uruhenu
uruhereko
uruhererekane
uruheri
uruheshi
uruheshyi
uruheta
uruhetehete
uruheti
uruheyeye
uruheza
uruheze
uruhiga
uruhihi
uruhima
uruhimbi
uruhina
uruhinda
uruhindu
uruhinga
uruhingo
uruhinja
uruhira
uruhisho
uruhishwa
uruhiso
uruhitakiza
uruhitambazi
uruhitamvura
uruhitihiti
uruhitwe
uruhivu
uruhiza
uruho
uruhogihogi
uruhogo
uruhoko
uruhombo
uruhombohombo
uruhome
uruhomo
uruhongohongo
uruhongore
uruhotora
uruhu
uruhubu
uruhuga
uruhuge
uruhugu
uruhuhu
uruhumbikisho
uruhumbirajana
uruhumbu
uruhumbyo
uruhumukero
uruhunga
uruhunge
uruhunguro
uruhura
uruhuri
uruhuriko
uruhuriro
uruhusa
uruhutu
uruhwijima
uruhwiko
urwibutso
urwicamirimo
urwicariro
urwicundo
urwiganwa
urwige
urwiha
urwiherero
urwihisho
urwijiji
urwijuto
urwika
urwikekwe
urwikomano
urwikondwe
urwimba
urwimo
urwina
urwinike
urwinjire
urwintwari
urwiri
urwiriri
urwiririza
urwiru
urwiruko
urwirungu
urwishi
urwitegerezo
urwitwazo
urwiyaguriro
urwiyamanwa
urwiyerurutso
urwizuba
uruja
urujabukiro
urujaburiro
urujambara
urujana
urujangu
urujanjagwa
urujegerero
urujeje
urujijo
urujinja
urujishiro
urujogojogo
urujojo
urujojwe
urujonogo
urujuga
urujugujugu
urujwiri
urujya
urujyo
urukabakaba
urukagati
urukago
urukakakaka
urukamiro
urukamishirizo
urukangaga
urukangara
urukankabuka
urukano
urukanu
urukanyu
urukapfu
urukara
urukarago
urukarango
urukariha
urukato
urukebakebane
urukebano
urukebu
urukecu
urukembagufa
urukembo
urukendakenda
urukende
urukenekene
urukenesherezo
urukenke
urukenuzo
urukenyerero
urukerera
urukerereza
urukerezo
urukeri
urukero
urukeza
urukiga
urukezo
urukiko
urukina
urukindo
urukinga
urukinganyanja
urukingo
urukingu
urukirage
urukirakenja
urukiramende
urukiramyambi
urukiri
urukiryi
urukiza
urukobekobe
urukobwa
urukogoto
urukoko
urukoma
urukomanka
urukomansyo
urukombati
urukomesho
urukomo
urukondo
urukondogoro
urukongeza
urukongi
urukonjo
urukorerane
urukori
urukoro
urukorogoto
urukoyoyo
urukozasoni
urukubakuba
urukubagwa
urukubane
urukubankanda
urukubite
urukubitirane
urukubo
urukubyi
urukubyo
urukuci
urukugushu
urukukano
urukumbuzi
urukumbyi
urukundo
urukunga
urukungu
urukuri
urukureri
urukuro
urukuru
urukurubuye
urukururo
urukuta
urukwamo
urukwanza
urukwavu
urukwaruzo
urukwetero
urukweto
urukweturiro
urukwi
urukwiriro
urumago
urumaka
urumambo
urumamfu
urumamo
urumaniko
urumanzi
urumaramaro
urumaratongo
urumawe
urumbeti
urumegeri
urumende
urumenesha
urumeza
urumina
urumiya
urumogi
urumosho
urumuri
urumwe
urunana
urunanda
urunazi
urunde
uruneke
urunekeneke
urunera
urunerera
urunero
urunganda
urungano
urunigi
urunigiro
urunini
urunjegeri
urunnyannyaga
urunnyeheri
urunnyiginnyigi
urunnyigiri
urunnyonnyoba
urunombe
urunontori
urunono
urunori
urunumbu
urunwanwa
urunwarunwa
urunyabakecuru
urunyabane
urunyabara
urunyabarasanya
urunyabarima
urunyakayundu
urunyamanza
urunyamavuta
urunyamigina
urunyampanda
urunyampima
urunyana
urunyananga
urunyankore
urunyanya
urunyayu
urunyege
urunyegeshi
urunyempamba
urunyenanga
urunyenyeri
urunyereri
urunyinya
urunyiriri
urunyo
urunyogwe
urunyoni
urunyota
urunyugushu
urunyuzo
urunywero
urunzenze
urwoga
urwogerezo
urwogero
urwogosho
urwohanyo
urwokero
urwongezankno
urwonko
urwonori
urwoserezo
urwotso
urwoya
urwozi
urupaho
urupangu
urupapuro
urupfu
urupfubyankono
urupfuko
urupfumbatiro
urupiya
urura
ururabo
ururagara
ururama
ururamba
ururambanya
ururamukanyirizo
ururangamyambi
ururasago
ururaza
ururega
ururembo
ururengame
ururenganzira
ururenge
ururengeko
ururengo
ururera
urureri
ururiba
ururimbi
ururimi
ururindi
ururindo
ururirangenda
ururiri
ururiza
ururizabana
ururizo
ururo
ururobo
ururogorogo
ururondogoro
ururondwe
ururunga
ururyi
urusa
urusaga
urusaka
urusakabaka
urusakabuye
urusaku
urusama
urusamagwe
urusamaza
urusambiro
urusamuro
urusanga
urusange
urusango
urusarabatemye
urusarabuye
urusaro
urusate
urusati
urusasanure
urusasira
urusaya
urusazamisundi
urusazi
urusekabuye
urusekebuye
urusenge
urusengero
urusengo
urusenyi
uruseta
urusesamukecuru
urushabuzo
urushaganyo
urushako
urushamvu
urushandago
urushanja
urushara
urushashi
urushaza
urusheganyo
urushegenyo
urushegu
urushehe
urusheke
urushembo
urushere
urushiko
urushimba
urushindano
urushingati
urushinge
urushingo
urushinoshino
urushishi
urushishiro
urushoke
urushonogo
urushorezo
urushubati
urushubi
urushuga
urushugi
urushumbu
urushumi
urushundura
urushungandushyi
urushungo
urushunzi
urushwima
urushya
urushyambashyamba
urushyana
urushyigikirane
urushyingirane
urushyitsishyitsi
urusika
urusimbi
urusimbukarudasezeye
urusindano
urusinga
urusisiro
urusitaza
urusizi
urusobane
urusobe
urusobekero
urusogo
urusokozo
urusomero
urusoro
urusugi
urusuhuko
urusuka
urusukirane
urusukiro
urusumo
urusuri
urusuti
urusya
urusyampetse
urusyigisyi
urusyo
uruta
urutabe
urutabi
urutaka
urutake
urutakwa
urutambara
urutambi
urutamu
urutamvaho
urutamyi
urutanangabo
urutanda
urutango
urutangu
urutanu
urutanzi
urutara
urutaramo
urutarangwe
urutaratare
urutarati
urutare
urutaretare
urutaro
urutatu
urutaza
urutega
urutegama
uruteja
urutekero
urutembankokora
urutembankware
urutemeri
urutenderi
urutenga
urutenge
urutete
urutezo
uruti
urutiba
urutiko
urutiku
urutimbo
urutindo
urutintibo
urutirigongo
urutishingwa
urutiti
uruto
agato
ubuto
urutofanyi
urutoke
urutoki
urutondagizi
urutonde
urutondekane
urutoni
urutoryo
urutozi
urutseta
urutsike
urutsikirane
urutsiko
urutsinsi
urutsiriri
urutsiro
urutsita
urutsitaza
urutugu
urutuku
urutuguti
urutumbwe
urutunda
urutungutu
uruturiro
uruturuturu
urututi
urututsi
urututu
urutwariro
urutwaro
urutwatwa
urwuba
urwubati
urwubikankono
urwugara
urwugururo
urwuha
urwuma
urwumbuguru
urwumo
urwumvo
urwumvu
urwunamo
urwune
urwunge
urwunguko
urwungwane
urwunyunyu
urwuri
urwiririro
urwuya
uruvaga
uruvange
uruvangirane
uruvayaga
uruvi
uruvu
uruvugirizo
uruvugo
uruvuki
uruvumba
uruvumbi
uruvumvu
uruvunanka
uruvune
uruvunganzoka
uruvuteri
uruvuto
uruvuvu
uruvuye
uruvuyi
uruvuzamweyo
uruvuzo
uruyago
uruyama
uruyego
uruyemba
uruyenzi
uruyerero
uruyeri
uruyeye
uruyobe
uruyogoyogo
uruyonga
uruyongobero
uruyongoyongo
uruyore
uruyovu
uruyoya
uruyuki
uruyumbo
uruyumbu
uruyundo
uruyundu
uruyungu
uruyuzi
uruza
uruzage
uruzagiriza
uruzamba
uruzaratsi
uruzeba
uruzenzo
uruzerero
uruzi
uruziga
uruzige
uruzindu
uruzinduko
uruzinge
uruzingo
uruzinzo
uruziramabano
uruziramire
uruziriziri
uruzogi
uruzogozogo
uruzonnyo
uruzoyozoyo
uruzu
uruzuba
uruzukira
uruzungantabana
uruzunguzungu
10
Au-N-Stem
i-N-stem
imbabagurwa
imbabazi
imbangurane
imbaragure
imbare
imbebya
imbobe
imboga
imbogoza
imboneko
imbugu
imbuguyu
imbuguza
imburanya
imburi
imbyiro
inshabari
inshaka
inshenga
inshengu
inshogozabahizi
inshonsho
inshukucuku
indahekana
indara
indogodogo
induba
induhirizi
induruburi
imfatirizo
ingangurarugo
ingerekerane
ingonera
ingufu
ingwiro
impaca
impagarara
impaka
impamakwica
impenda
impishwa
impuha
impuhwe
impundu
impungenge
imputa
impwane
injabari
injagari
injagasha
injamba
injerenge
injereri
injori
injuju
inkangane
inkanka
inkaru
inkomo
inkonge
inkonji
inkonokono
inkoroge
inkoyoyo
inkundukundu
inkurikirane
imenange
iminimini
imogo
inana
inege
inengere
inengeri
inweri
inyabaganga
inyakare
inyamwumbe
inyaruguru
inyatsi
inyotanye
impagarara
impaka
impande
impanga
impehe
impwempwe
impongano
impuhwe
impumu
impundu
impungenge
indemano
indengabaganizi
indiriragutabara
indorero
insanga
inshari
inshenga
inshishiro
intabyuka
intaganzwa
intantu
intanzi
intaragane
intatane
intege
intekera
intenge
interahamwe
intobaruhu
insikane
intunura
intuta
inzugi
inzumbeti
imvejuru
imvenya
imvunaguze
imvururu
imvuyane
inyoberanya
inyoberanyo
inzagabaga
inzagayaga
inzagayura
inzahitagihe
inzana
inzara
inzaza
inzeru
inzige
inzirabwoba
inzoberanya
inzoberanyo
inzozi
inzukira
uruzi
uruzu
10i.
isangane
12/13 : -ka-/-tuAu-CL-Stem
a-ka-stem/-u-tu-stem
ka>ga and tu>gu before stems starting with a voiceless consonant.
tu>tw before vowel.
akababyi
akabarangwe
akabarore
akaburembe
akahera
akambarabatabazi
akambonwa
akambuguyu
akamiro
akamitego
akamugani
akamunani
akamwanya
akananwa
akanapfu
akanda
akandare
akanga
akangamurizo
akanganteba
akangaratete
akangari
akangaru
akangiryi
akanguhe
akangumangume
akankangabukumi
akanshinya
akanyonzwe
akanyange
akarasisi
akarubanda
akarugarika
akasho
akataburingi
akatamugongo
akatangabo
akato
akatsamuriro
akatuzo
akawaga
akayaga
akabada
agacamugongo
akabamburampwishi
akabangira
akabari
akabati
akabekebeke
akabemba
akabera
akaberaberuko
akaberabeza
akabi
akabibi
akabibiso
akabinda
akabindamukenke
akabindigirizo
akabirabira
akabishabakamyi
akabobera
akabogi
akabonerano
akabugirane
akabumbamase
akaburaburo
akaburabuza
akaburabuzo
akaburangeri
akaburarugero
akaburi
akabushabusho
akabuyenge
akabuzandya
akabwejaguro
akabwibwi
agaca
agacatanzira
agacamugongo
agacanshama
agacebera
agaciro
agacocambwakazi
agacubiro
agacuho
akadebuzo
akadendezi
agahinda
akaga
akangaratete
akantu
akarusho
akato
agacuma
agacumanyo
agacumitajuru
agacunaguzo
akadashya
akadidibuzo
akadihidihi
akadihirambetezi
akadiragiro
akadobogo
akadobwe
akadodi
akadodomo
akadogo
akadome
akadomo
akadondogoro
akadori
akadubi
akadubidubi
akadukuru
akadumbugu
akadundi
akadundu
akadunduguzi
akadunduri
akadundurwa
akadunduzwa
akaduyaduyo
akebo
akendajoro
akenzaburemo
akera
akeshi
agafeneko
agafenge
agafiningwa
agafubakobwa
agafumbafumba
agafunamunengu
agafunengwa
agafungamabere
agafungatumbu
agafura
agafuragiro
agafuretso
akagambane
akagame
akagande
akaganza
akagari
akage
akagege
akagegemeza
akagendambeba
akagendegende
akageni
akagenzanda
akagenzo
akageregere
akagereshi
akagetugetu
akagi
akagirigi
akagogo
akagombambari
akagumbambari
akagwanamaajombora
akagwarara
agahabwa
agahagi
agahagiko
agahahu
agahama
agahamanyungwe
agahandagaza
agahandanzovu
agahanga
agahanika
agahanya
agahanyu
agahanzi
agaharagata
agahararo
agahararuko
agaharasi
agahariro
agaharuruko
agaharuzo
agahato
agahayo
agahazo
agahe
agahebuzo
agahema
agahembe
agahenera
agahengacemwe
agahenge
agahengwe
agahenya
agahera
agahereza
agaheshyi
agahetangunda
agaheto
agahigo
agahihi
agahihiro
agahimandyarya
agahimano
agahimbo
agahina
agahinda
agahindizo
agahinga
agahinyuza
agahiri
agahiryi
agahiza
agahomero
agahorero
agahu
agahubi
agahubo
agahubuzo
agahuge
agahumbagiza
agahumbu
agahundano
agahungo
agahunya
agahunyu
agahure
agahuri
agahuriguhi
agahuriko
agahurura
agahuyu
agahuza
agahwarara
agahwazi
agake
akibetso
akebo
akicarukiga
akihebo
akihuhe
akimuzabahange
akinjire
akinjiro
akenshi
akirengwe
akito
akiyerekano
akiyumviro
akajagari
akajage
akajagi
akajanja
akajanju
akajeje
akajogo
akajorojoro
akajyahamwe
akajyabwami
akajyanjya
akajyesoro
akajyo
akajyongo
akajyujyuru
akajyunguri
agakabyo
agakage
agakangarukiga
agakangato
agakasho
agakaso
agakato
agakebyasunzu
agakeca
agakeneko
agakengero
agakeregeshwa
agakinga
agakingamuyaga
agakirikiri
agakirimbiro
agakiru
agakiza
agakobeko
agakoko
agakondo
agakonzo
agakori
agakubiro
agakubo
agakugushu
agakukuru
agakumbugushu
agakungu
agakuri
akamagazo
akamama
akamangamango
akamangazo
akamaramaza
akamarantimba
akamari
akamarimari
akamaro
akamashu
akamati
akamazi
akamegemege
akamenanda
akameneshabanga
akamenesho
akamenyero
akamero
akamesero
akamimi
akaminuramuhini
akamirabusugi
akamironko
akamokora
akamwabucuku
akamwajoro
akamyomyoso
akamyoza
akanage
akananda
akananiramana
akanezabuhake
akangari
akangumangume
akaniga
akanigo
akanihinihi
akanihiri
akanjegeri
akannyo
akanoko
akanondwe
akanovera
akantu
akanukira
akanwa
akanyabugabo
akanyabukuru
akanyabungeri
akanyabushwi
akanyaga
akanyago
akanyamabaya
akanyamabinda
akanyamabuye
akanyamabya
akanyamacumo
akanyamacwende
akanyamapfundo
akanyamashinge
akanyamashokoro
akanyamasyo
akanyamateke
akanyambiriri
akanyamugambi
akanyamuganza
akanyamuhenja
akanyamukika
akanyamumpururu
akanyamunaba
akanyamuneza
akanyamwe
akanyamwiga
akanyamwumbe
akanyankweshi
akanyarirajisho
akanyaro
akanyarubira
akanyaruguma
akanyaruheha
akanyarukiri
akanyarutoke
akanyatsi
akanyebete
akanyenyeretso
akanyiga
akanyogombo
akanyogonyogo
akanyogozwa
akanyundo
akanyunzuguru
akanyuzo
akanywankoko
akogo
akoko
akorezo
akosa
akoteshamugongo
akoyakangwe
agapayi
agapfubyi
agapiri
akaraga
akaragangondo
akaragi
akaramata
akarambararo
akarambaraye
akaranda
akarandagatane
akarandaranda
akarande
akarangabwami
akarangu
akarari
akarebuzo
akarega
akareguzo
akarekamacu
akarekamweko
akaremajambo
akarengamuhinzi
akarengane
akarera
akarerekamweko
aakareremeko
akarerero
akarevuro
akaribaribo
akaribata
akaribu
akarigangamuhogo
akarigata
akarigirigi
akarima
akarimandandari
akarimbiro
akarimi
akarinda
akarishamboro
akarondanzira
akarondorondo
akarorero
akaroro
akarumbeti
akarumyo
akarundamase
akarundiro
akarundugushu
akarundurundu
akarungu
akaruru
akarusho
akarutu
akarwa
akarwanamajombora
akaryamari
akaryamirabakobwa
akaryamyenda
akaryango
akaryonyori
agasabaganyo
agasabayango
agasabu
agasaga
agasahani
agasaho
agasaka
agasakina
agasamamagara
agasamugunzu
agasambandya
agasamo
agasamugunzu
agasamunyiga
agasamusamu
agasanduku
agasangiro
agasani
agasanira
agasasi
agasayasaya
agaseke
agasemerere
agasenene
agasenge
agasengese
agasenyi
agsero
agaseruzo
agaseterezo
agashabarara
agashahuro
agashakashaka
agashakura
agashanyira
agasharanyegamo
agasharu
agashegetwa
agashenderi
agashesho
agashingitwa
agashinguracumu
agashino
agashinyaguro
agashirikira
agashirikoko
agashisha
agashitu
agashobero
agashohera
agashoro
agashosho
agashubangeri
agashungero
agashungo
agashungwe
agashwari
agashwarita
agashwiriri
agshyende
agashyendegeri
agashyendeshyende
agashyimbo
agashyokori
agashyoshyo
agashyundu
agashyushyangutiya
agasibandekwe
agasigane
agasigaratongo
agasigisi
agasigisigi
agasigome
agasimba
agasingome
agasiragiro
agasiraguma
agasirikira
agasisibiranyo
agasitwe
agaso
agasogororo
agasomborotso
agasomore
agasongero
agasoni
agasozi
agasu
agasuga
agasuhero
agasukiranyo
agasumburutso
agasurankana
agasurantambara
agasurere
agasurira
agasusuruko
agasuzuguro
akatabarika
agatabirano
agatagoka
agatambambeba
agatambarugari
agatamu
agatanangabo
agatanda
agatandabazimu
agatangampundu
agatangaro
agatango
agatangwe
agataranyenye
agatare
agatarinyenye
agatayita
agateburano
agateganyo
agaterenyenge
agatereranzamba
agatesha
agatete
agati
agatimba
agatimbiri
agatitibiranyo
agatobero
agatonse
agatorero
agatotsi
agatseterezo
agatsi
agatsibu
agatsiko
agatsimbu
agatsinda
agatsinsino
agatsinuzo
agatsiri
agatsiromba
agatsirombo
agatsiru
agatsitsimuzo
agatu
agatugambwenu
agatugu
agatuka
agatukura
agatukuru
agatunambwenu
agatunzi
agaturamo
agaturampishyi
agaturamyi
agaturu
agatutu
agatuza
akumbuguyu
akumiro
akungamagara
akungamvune
akunsi
akuto
akavamashyiga
akaveve
akavukira
akavumburamashyiga
akavunjamukenke
akavunjarume
akavuro
akayagirashengero
akayagirizo
akayama
akayanza
akayara
akayengeyenge
akayenzi
akayeye
akayeyezi
akazeyezi
akayija
akayihayiho
akayoberabaswa
akayobora
akayoge
akayogera
akayongwe
akayozo
akayubi
akayungiro
akayungubira
akayunguruzo
akazahura
akazeze
akazi
akazibannyo
akaziga
akazika
akazindaro
akazirabunonko
akaziramwenge
akaziraruguma
akazirikano
akazizi
akazizigiri
akazo
akazobe
akazongwe
akazovu
akazu
akazuyazi
13
u-tu-stem
utwangushye
utwicarabami
utunyamumbe
uturegeka
udutugugu
utwugarizo
utwuguruzo
14/6 : -bu-/-maAu-CM-Stem
u-bu-stem/a-ma-stem
bu>bw before vowel
ubwabazi
ubwabyi
ubwagazwa
ubwage
ubwaguke
ubwajaba
ubwaku
ubwakwaha
ubwambure
ubwandike
ubwandure
ubwanza
ubwarare
ubwasisi
ubwatamatako
ubwato
ububani
ububihe
ububiko
ububonamaso
ubucaca
ubucagu
ubucagucagu
ubucagurikane
ubucokori
ubucukwe
ububasha
ububenga
ubugenge
ubugondo
ubugoro
ubumara
ubunebwe
ubura
uburakari
uburenganzira
uburetwa
uburiri
uburiza
uburo
uburoko
uburoso
ubusa
ubushake
ubushobori
ubuso
ubute
ubuzima
ubwandu
ubwangati
ubwanwa
ubwato
ubwatsi
ubwenge
ubwira
ubwirakabiri
ubwiru
ubwoba
ubwuzu
ubuce
ubucikangiye
ubucogocogo
ubucogogo
ubuconsho
ubucurabwenge
ubucurere
ubucwabari
ubucwari
ubucyacya
ubucye
ubucyeye
ubudaharirana
ubudaho
ubudatuza
ubudehe
ubudomagure
ubududu
ubudurika
ubuduriduri
ubwega
ubwehe
ubwema
ubwemere
ubwenegihugu
ubwenge
ubwengetwa
ubwera
ubweramutima
ubweru
ubweyeye
ubuferi
ubufindo
ubufuke
ubufukure
ubufuteri
ubuga
ubugaburano
ubugandu
ubuganga
ubuganzi
ubugari
ubugendakanwa
ubugenge
ubugera
ubugerere
ubugereza
ubugeri
ubugi
ubugigi
ubugingo
ubugira
ubugirigiri
ubugobogobo
ubugomboro
ubugondo
ubugonesha
ubugonyi
ubugora
ubugoro
ubugororangingo
ubugororantoki
ubugugu
ubugumba
ubugungumiriza
ubugungumiza
ubugunze
ubugunzo
ubuguriguri
ubugurutsa
ubugusha
ubugutu
ubuguzi
ubugwahabi
ubugwanabi
ubugwate
ubugwe
ubuhagaze
ubuhahara
ubuhahisho
ubuhake
ubuhama
ubuhambe
ubuhamya
ubuhanda
ubuhanga
ubuhanza
ubuharihari
ubuharuramwuko
ubuhendabana
ubuhene
ubuheture
ubuhezeza
ubuhihi
ubuhiho
ubuhindigiri
ubuhinge
ubuhiri
ubuhome
ubuhozozo
ubuhuha
ubuhuherano
ubuhunge
ubuhungiro
ubuhungu
ubuhunyuhunyu
ubuhuruture
ubuhwa
ubuhwema
ubuhwi
ubuhwihwi
ubwibone
ubwicarize
ubwiga
ubwigano
ubwigenge
ubwigobeko
ubwihangane
ubwihisho
ubwihugiko
ubwijagasha
ubwikingirane
ubwikingo
ubwikuzo
ubwimba
ubwimika
ubwinshi
ubwira
ubwirabure
ubwirakabiri
ubwirarire
ubwire
ubwiru
ubwisanzure
ubwishajisho
ubwishime
ubwitabire
ubwite
ubwiyabire
ubujana
ubujarijari
ubujeje
ubujiji
ubujogano
ubujumba
ubujumbo
ubujurire
ubujyahabi
ubujyakera
ubujyeri
ubujyewe
ubujyuri
ubukaga
ubukamba
ubukambara
ubukana
ubukanda
ubukankabuka
ubukarate
ubukayide
ubuke
ubukeba
ubukebo
ubutembera
ubukemure
ubukene
ubukengeri
ubukenure
ubukenya
ubuki
ubukira
ubukire
ubukirigitwa
ubuko
ubukoboramabya
ubukoco
ubukoma
ubukombe
ubukondogoro
ubukonjoke
ubukonjoroke
ubukorezaho
ubukorikori
ubukotsi
ubukozo
ubukubamunwa
ubukubitagihuru
ubukubo
ubukuku
ubukumagara
ubukumburi
ubukumo
ubukuna
ubukundiriza
ubukungu
ubukurire
ubukurugutwa
ubukururamweko
ubukuta
ubukuzagara
ubukwe
ubumaniko
ubumanzi
ubumara
ubumene
ubumenyi
ubumuntu
ubumwe
ubunana
ubunani
ubunarinari
ubunga
ubuniga
ubunihura
ubunjagari
ubunnyanahejuru
ubunombe
ubununguri
ubunyaga
ubunyakantu
ubunyamwigiriza
ubunyana
ubunyatsi
ubunyinya
ubunyoni
ubunyukwe
ubunyundo
ubunyunyuzwa
ubunyurwe
ubwoba
ubwogo
ubwokame
ubwoko
ubwokore
ubwome
ubwone
ubwonko
ubworo
ubwotero
ubwoya
ubwoyo
ubupadiri
ubupfubyo
ubupfunduramweko
ubupfuyamaso
ubura
uburagaza
uburaguzi
uburambukirwe
uburamu
uburarangazi
uburari
uburarire
uburasirazuba
uburaze
uburebure
uburehe
uburemere
uburenganzira
uburenge
uburengero
uburere
ubureti
uburetwa
uburetwankari
uburezi
uburiba
uburibwe
uburigatampezo
uburima
uburimi
uburimiro
uburindo
uburiri
uburirima
uburisho
uburiza
uburo
uburogwe
uburondwe
uburongo
uburoso
uburote
uburozi
uburuhe
uburuma
uburumbe
uburumbuke
uburundu
uburunga
uburungurukiro
ubururu
uburwi
uburyababi
uburyamirane
uburyarya
uburyaryate
uburyo
uburyohe
uburyohera
uburyoheramfizi
ubusa
ubusabusa
ubusagara
ubusage
ubusama
ubusame
ubusangwe
ubusanzwe
ubusarure
ubusasa
ubusate
ubusaserudoti
ubusazi
ubuse
ubusembere
ubusembwa
ubusengenge
ubusenye
ubusetura
ubushagarira
ubushahi
ubuashake
ubushanda
ubushara
ubusharara
ubusharire
ubusharwe
ubushaza
ubushera
ubusheri
ubushingamuganda
ubushingane
ubushingati
ubushingo
ubushirukanye
ubushishi
ubushita
ubushoke
ubushorishori
ubushotogoro
ubushunguru
ubusigo
ubusize
ubusogosogo
ubusurirabagenzi
ubususuruke
ubuswegegeri
ubusyata
ubusyunyuro
ubushwegegeri
ubushwi
ubushwima
ubushya
ubushyakabiri
ubushyenzi
ubushyinguro
ubushyirahamwe
ubushyo
ubushyuhe
ubusinzirize
ubusitani
ubusitare
ubuso
ubusobuso
ubusumbane
ubusunyo
ubuta
ubutabere
ubutagezwa
ubutahe
ubutaka
ubutame
ubutanda
ubutandare
ubutangwa
ubutannyantibunyare
ubutanshira
ubutare
ubutaretsa
ubutatu
ubutayu
ubute
ubutebe
ubutegetsi
ubutezi
ubutikorwa
ubutindi
ubutiriganya
ubutita
ubutitsa
ubutongerano
ubutore
ubutoritonzi
ubutorotonzi
ubutsembe
ubutsitare
ubutsuna
ubutsune
ubutumba
ubutumbe
ubutumbi
ubutumbu
ubutumbutumbu
ubutumwa
ubutuna
ubutunamabya
ubutunda
ubuture
ubuturo
ubuturu
ubututuba
ubutwa
ubutwari
ubutwiko
ubwubahe
ubwubake
ubwubatsi
ubwugamo
ubwugugu
ubwuma
ubwumakanwa
ubwumvikane
ubwungo
ubwunyuguzwa
ubwururukanzu
ubwuzu
ubwuzukuru
ubuvazuba
ubuvivaguzwa
ubuvivi
ubuvivure
ubuvumo
ubuvunderi
ubuyange
ubuyanja
Ubuyapani
ubuyayu
ubuyonga
ubuyore
ubuyorora
ubuyunza
ubuyuyu
ubuyuza
ubuzare
ubuziga
ubuzige
ubuzikira
ubuzima
ubuzindu
ubuziraherezo
ubuzire
ubuzukira
ubuzutu
u Buberuka
u Bubiliig
u Budage
u Bufaransa
u Bufundu
u Bugande
u Buganza
u Bugesera
u Bugoyi
u Buhinde
u Buholandi
u Bumbogo
u Bunyamiriri
u Burundi
u Burusi
u Busanza
u Busasamana
u Bushinwa
u Bushiru
u Butaliyani
u Bwanacyambwe
u Bwanamukari
u Bwongereza
15/6
Au-CM-stem
u-ku-stem/a-ma-stem
ku>kw before the vowels i, e and a
ku>k before the vowels o and u
ku>gu before stems starting with a voiceless consonant
ukuboko
ukuboza
ukuri
ugutwi
ugushyingirwa
ugushyingo
ukwaha
ukwakira
ukwezi
ukwiramira
ugusigwa
ukuzimu
16 : -haAu-CM-Stem
a-ha-stem
ahantu
ahanini
Class 19
ikaga
irwahanda
ikambere
ikamugani
imbara
ikadibwe
ibugezwamaso
ibugibwa
ikantarange
ihambavu
imuhandambuga
iruhande
iwanjye
iwawe
iwe
iwacu
iwanyu
iwabo
ijabiro
irukira
ibumani
inaganabirenge
ibuntu
ibunyama
inyanaka
inyokorome
irembe
iremu
irengerazuba
imurori
isamoya
isambiri
isatatu
isayine
isatanu
isasita
isasaba
isamunani
isacyenda
isakumi
isakumi n’imwe
isakumi n’ebyiri
ibusakazataka
isumba
imuhira
imuhana
imbere
inyuma
iruhande
ibumoso
iburyo
iburagurabana
iburyasazi
ikantarange
imutwe
iburengerazuba
iburasirazuba
ikuzimu
ibutumvingoma
ishyanga
iswa
ivure
ibuyungu
iyobigwa
izi
All classes
umugurwambyeyi
umugwanzovu
umuhahano
umuhanya
umuhebwa
umuhozanyoni
umwingingano
umumirabakecuru
umunagura
umuramba
umurame
umurarane
umusabano
umutekerano
umutindi
umutindagasani
umutirano
umuvaburayi
umuvamahanga
umuvangezi
umuvavuganda
umuvunamuheto
umuvunde
umuzanano
umuzungu
Kinyarwanda verbs.
This lists presents almost all Kinyarwanda infinitive verbs. The language has more than
20,000, however. The reason the number has been reduced for the spell checker is due to
homonymy and homography. There are many words in the language which accidently look
the same without being semantically related such as [gusoma] ‘to read’ and [gusoma] ‘to kiss’
or ‘to have a sip’. There are tousands of words which in the official orthography look the
same but which are phonetically different because of tone or vowel length which are not
allowed such as kubara which is phonetically realized as [kubara] ‘to count’ without a tone
and [kubára] when it means ‘to tell’. The verb kubaga refers to either [kubága] ‘to be light’
or [kubáaga] ‘to butcher’.
The infinitive verb consists of the prefix ku-, the stem and the final vowel –a.
The infinitive marker is the morpheme ku- which changes to gu- before verb stems which
start with a voiceless consonant (Dahl’s Law), k- before verb stems which start which the
back vowels o and u, kw- before verb stems which start with the vowels i, u and a and kubefore verb stems which start with voiced consonants.
gu-stem-a
guca
gucabaguriza
gucabanya
gucabarara
gucabarika
gucabika
gucabiranya
gucabuka
gucaca
gucacaburiza
gucacacaca
gucacana
gucacura
gucafura
gucagagura
gucagagurika
gucagaguza
gucagasa
gucagata
gucagura
gucagurikana
kucagurikanya
gucakara
gucakira
gucakirana
gucakura
gucamakaza
gucamakazwa
gucamarirwa
gucamata
gucamba
gucambacamba
gucambamba
gucambirwa
gucambura
gucambwa
gucamuka
gucamura
gucamutsa
gucana
gucanda
gucanga
gucangamuka
gucanganya
gucanira
gucanirira
gucanja
gucansha
gucanshabiranya
gucanshabura
gucanshaburiza
gucanshama
gucanura
gucanuza
gucanya
gucapa
gucapanya
gucapfura
gucapira
gucapura
gucaracara
gucarika
gucaruka
gucayuka
gucayura
guceba
gucebuka
guceceba
gucecebereza
guceceka
guceka
gucekagura
gucekanga
gucekangiza
gucekwa
gucemererwa
gucemereza
gucemerwa
gucemeza
gucena
gucendeka
gucenga
gucengacenga
gucengera
gucengeza
gucensha
gucenshebereza
gucenshebuka
gucenshebura
gucensheburiza
gucenshura
guceremba
gucerembanya
gucerembatanya
gucerenganya
gucerengatanya
gucerereza
gucererwa
gucereza
guceyuka
guceyura
guceza
gucibwa
gucicagira
guciciburiza
gucicikana
gucigatira
gucika
gucikagurika
gucikana
gucikanwa
gucikanya
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guhagara
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guhagata
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guhagaza
guhagika
guhagisha
guhaguka
guhaguruka
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guhaha
guhahagurika
guhahamuka
guhahamura
guhahana
guhahara
guhaharika
guhahata
guhahayika
guhahiriza
guhahuka
guhahutsa
guhahuza
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guhakana
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guhakura
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guhamba
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guhanyuka
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guharagira
guharagiza
guharamba
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guharata
guharatura
guharika
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guharuza
guhasha
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guhatana
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guhaturura
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guhaya
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guhayura
guhaza
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guheba
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guhebuza
guhebya
guheca
guheha
guhehama
guhehema
guhehemuka
guhehemurra
guhehera
guhehereza
guheheta
guheheza
guhehuka
guheka
guhekana
guhekenya
guhekerana
guhekura
guhema
guhemba
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guhemema
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guhera
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guherana
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guhereka
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guherekeranya
guherekeza
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guherereza
guheretura
guhereza
guheruka
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guhesha
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guheshyura
guheta
guhetaheta
guhetama
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guhetura
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guheza
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guhimba
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guhindamuka
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guhinduka
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guhinga
guhingama
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guhingirana
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guhinintura
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guhiniriza
guhinjura
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guhinyagira
guhinyanga
guhinyarara
guhinyora
guhinyuka
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guhinyurura
guhinyuza
guhinzakara
guhira
guhiragura
guhirahira
guhirama
guhirana
guhiriburana
guhirigita
guhirika
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guhirimba
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guhirimbira
guhirimbuka
guhirimbura
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guhiringuturana
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guhirita
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guhishahish
guhishira
guhishura
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guhogomba
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guhogotera
guhogoza
guhoha
guhohomera
guhohota
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guhomba
guhombagana
guhombana
guhombeka
guhombekera
guhombekereza
guhombereza
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guhombokoka
guhombokora
guhombora
guhomeka
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guhona
guhonda
guhondagura
guhondagura
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guhondobera
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guhondogora
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guhondora
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guhuha
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guhuheza
guhuhereza
guhuhetwa
guhuheza
guhuhira
guhuhuka
guhuhuma
guhuhura
guhuhuta
guhuhutwa
guhunjunga
guhuka
guhukuma
guhukunyura
guhukura
guhukwa
guhukwahukwa
guhuma
guhumagira
guhumagurika
guhumaguza
guhumana
guhumanga
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guhumbaguza
guhumbahumba
guhumbeza
guhumbika
guhumbira
guhumbura
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guhumeka
guhumera
guhumiriza
guhumuka
guhumura
guhumuriza
guhumuza
guhuna
guhunahuna
guhunama
guhunda
guhundagara
guhundaza
guhundura
guhundwa
guhunentwa
guhunga
guhungabana
guhungetwa
guhungeza
guhungika
guhungira
guhungiza
guhunguka
guhungungwa
guhungura
guhunguruka
guhungurura
guhunika
guhunikira
guhunira
guhunja
guhunjagura
guhunjiranya
guhununtuka
guhununtura
guhununuka
guhunyagira
guhunyagiza
guhunyahunya
guhunyeza
guhunyira
guhunyiza
guhunyura
guhunza
guhura
guhurahura
guhurama
guhurika
guhuriranya
guhuririza
guhuriza
guhurubuka
guhurubura
guhuruduka
guhuruma
guhurumba
guhurumura
guhurunguka
guhurungura
guhurungutura
guhurura
guhururukwa
guhurutura
guhuruza
guhurwa
guhusha
guhushagura
guhushanya
guhushura
guhushwa
guhuta
guhutagiza
guhutara
guhutaza
guhutera
guhutikanya
guhutukaza
guhutura
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guhuzagurika
guhuzura
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guhwagahwaga
guhwaganya
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guhwama
guhwamika
guhwamirira
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guhwanganya
guhwanya
guhwanyagura
guhwanyuka
guhwanyura
guhwarara
guhwedeka
guhwega
guhwehura
guhweka
guhwekera
guhwema
guhwenyegera
guhwenyekera
guhwera
guhwerahwera
guhwereza
guhweruma
guhwetura
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guhwibagura
guhwibagurika
guhwibika
guhwihwisa
guhwihwita
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guhwikira
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guhwinina
guhwirahwira
guhwisha
guhwitana
guhwitura
gukaba
gukabaganya
gukabagura
gukabakaba
gukabika
gukabiranya
gukabiriza
gukabuka
gukabukana
gukabukira
gukabura
gukabuza
gukabya
gukaca
gukacagura
gukacanga
gukacarara
gukacira
gukacirana
gukaduka
gukigana
gukagashira
gukagashya
gukagata
gukagatira
gukagatiza
gukagira
gukaguka
gukagura
gukagurura
gukiaka
gukakamba
gukakanyara
gukakanyuza
gukakara
gukakaza
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gukama
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gukamata
gukamba
gukambagiriza
gukambakamba
gukambika
gukambuka
gukambura
gukamira
gukamirira
gukamiriza
gukamisha
gukamuka
gukamura
gukana
gukanaga
gukanaguzwa
gukanantuka
gukanantura
gukanasha
gukanda
gukandagira
gukandakanda
gukandamiza
gukandika
gukandura
gukanga
gukangagurika
gukangana
gukangara
gukangarana
gukangata
gukangaza
gukanguka
gukangura
gukanguranya
gukanguruka
gukanguza
gukangwa (kutabikangwa)
gukanika
gukanira
gukanisha
gukanja
gukanjagura
gukanjakanja
gukanjara
gukankabuka
gukankabura
gukanuka
gukanura
gukanurura
gukanuza
gukanya
gukanyaga
gukanyakanya
gukanyarara
gukanyaza
gukanyiriza
gukanyiza
gukanyura
gukanyuruka
gukanyurura
gukapfakapfa
gukapfakapfya
gukara
gukaraba
gukarabira
gukarabisha
gukarabuka
gukarabura
gukaraburura
gukarabya
gukaraga
gukaragashira
gukaragata
gukaragira
gukarakara
gukarama
gukarana
gukaranga
gukarangana
gukaranguka
gukarangura
gukarankana
gukararuka
gukarata
gukaraza
gukaribisha
gukariha
gukarishya
gukaruka
gukarura
gukaruruka
gukasha
gukashagura
gukashana
gukashuka
gukashura
gukashurana
gukasima
gukata
gukatakata
gukataza
gukatira
gukatiriza
gukatsa
gukatuka
gukatura
gukawuka
gukaya
gukayakaya
gukayirana
gukayuka
gukaza
gukazana
gukazanura
gukazanya
gukazira
gukeba
gukebaguza
gukebaguzwa
gukebakeba
gukebakebana
gukebana
gukebanuka
gukebanura
gukebanya
gukebera
gukeberanya
gukebereza
gukebesha
gukebuka
gukebura
gukeburanwa
gukebya
gukeca
gukecagura
gucekanga
gukecura
gukegeta
gukehana
gukehanirwa
gukeka
gukekagura
gukekembura
gukekera
gukekerana
gukekeranya
gukema
gukemanga
gukemba
gukembagura
gukemura
gukena
gukendakenda
gukendera
gukendereza
gukeneka
gukenera
gukenga
gukengera
gukengesha
gukengeta
gukengeza
gukenguka
gukengura
gukenguruka
gukenguruza
gukenkebuka
gukenkema
gukenkemuka
gukenkemura
gukenuka
gukenura
gukenuza
gukenya
gukenyera
gukenyuka
gukenyura
gukenyurura
gukenyuruza
gukera
gukeragura
gukerakera
gukerebuka
gukerega
gukeregeta
gukerensa
gukerera
gukereranya
gukerereza
gukerererwa
gukeruka
gukerura
gukerza
gukesha
guketa
guketagura
guketura
gukeza
gukezura
gukigakiga
gukikamira
gukikana
gukikimba
gukikimura
gukikira
gukikiza
gukikura
gukima
gukimakima
gukimba
gukimbagira
gukimbira
gukimbirana
gukimirana
gukina
gukinagira
gukinantuka
gukinantura
gukinda
gukindagura
gukindagurika
gukindikira
gukindiranya
gukindikiza
gukinduka
gukindura
gukinga
gukingakinga
gukingira
gukingirana
gukingiranya
gukingiriza
gukinguka
gukingura
gukinguruka
gukingurura
gukinisha
gukinja
gukinjama
gukinjika
gukinuka
gukinura
gukinya
gukira
gukirakirana
gukirakiranya
gukirana
gukiranirwa
gukiranuka
gukiranura
gukiranya
gukiriburana
gukirigita
gukirimbanya
gukirimba
gukiringa
gukirirana
gukiritika
gukiriya
gukiruka
gukirutsa
gukiza
gukoba
gukobagura
gukobagurika
gukobana
gukobanya
gukobera
gukoberanya
gukobereza
gukoboka
gukobora
gukobwa
gukobya
gukoca
gukocagura
gukocakoca
gukocama
gukocora
gukodesha
gukogota
gukogotera
gukohera
gukohora
gukoka
gukokera
gukokereza
gukokerwa
gukokobereza
gukokoka
gukokoma
gukokomora
gukokonyora
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kuburira
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kwana
kwanaga
kwanagura
kwanama
kwanamura
kwananirwa
kwanda
kwandabagana
kwandabana
kwandagara
kwandagaza
kwandara
kwandarara
kwandarika
kwandavura
kwandaza
kwandika
kwandira
kwandukira
kwandukurura
kwandura
kwanduranya
kwanduruka
kwandurura
kwanduza
kwanga
kwangabara
kwangana
kwangangiza
kwanganya
kwangara
kwangarika
kwangira
kwangirika
kwangirira
kwangishira
kwangiza
kwanguha
kwanguhanga
kwangura
kwanika
kwanikira
kwanikiriza
kwanira
kwanjagizwa
kwanjama
kwanjanjwa
kwanjarara
kwanjurwa
kwanjwa
kwanuka
kwanura
kwanza
kwanzaganya
kwanzagizwa
kwanzura
kwanzuranya
kwara
kwarama
kwarara
kwararara
kwararaza
kwararika
kwarika
kwarira
kwaruka
kwarura
kwasa
kwasama
kwasamanga
kwasamika
kwasamira
kwasamura
kwasanya
kwasasa
kwasira
kwata
kwatagira
kwataguza
kwatamira
kwatana
kwatanya
kwatikanya
kwatira
kwatsa
kwatura
kwavura
kwaya
kwayagura
kwayanwa
kwayura
kwega
kwegagara
kwegagura
kwegama
kwegamira
kwegega
kwegeka
kwegekereza
kwegemba
kwegera
kwegeranya
kweguka
kwegukana
kwegukira
kwegura
kweguza
kwema
kwemarara
kwemarika
kwemera
kwemeranya
kwemerera
kwemeza
kwenda
kwendendana
kwendera
kwenderanya
kwendereza
kweneka
kwenena
kwenera
kwenga
kwengeka
kwengenga
kwenura
kwenyegeza
kwenzura
kwera
kwereka
kwerekana
kwerekera
kwerekerana
kwerekeza
kwerera
kwerereza
kweretsa
kwerura
kweruruka
kwesa
kwesagura
kweseka
kweshesha
kwesheza
kwesura
kwesurwa
kweteta
kweya
kweyera
kweyuka
kweyura
kweza
kwiba
kwibabaza
kwibabira
kwibadika
kwibagiiriza
kwibagirana
kwibagirwa
kwibagiza
kwibagria
kwibaka
kwibakira
kwibakura
kwibambura
kwibana
kwibanda
kwibandika
kwibangabanga
kwibara
kwibaragaza
kwibaraguza
kwibaranga
kwibaraza
kwibarira
kwibaruka
kwibarutsa
kwibasha
kwibasira
kwibatura
kwibaza
kwibazwa
kwibembarika
kwibenyegeza
kwiberanga
kwibereka
kwiberenga
kwibeshaho
kwibeshya
kwibeta
kwibikira
kwibira
kwibirika
kwibirindura
kwibiza
kwibombarika
kwibombeka
kwibona
kwibonabona
kwibonekeza
kwiboneza
kwibuguriza
kwibuka
kwibukiranya
kwibukiriza
kwibumba
kwibumbabumba
kwibumbira
kwibundika
kwibungenga
kwibungesera
kwibura
kwiburanya
kwiburuka
kwiburungushura
kwiburura
kwibutsa
kwibuza
kwibwira
kwibyara
kwibyarira
kwibyarura
kwibyiringira
kwica
kwicagiriza
kwicamangaza
kwicara
kwicarana
kwicaranya
kwicarika
kwicariza
kwicaza
kwicica
kwicira
kwiciriza
kwicoka
kwicuma
kwicumba
kwicumita
kwicunda
kwicunga
kwicungura
kwicunuza
kwicura
kwicurira
kwicurura
kwicuruza
kwicuta
kwicuza
kwicwendeka
kwidagadura
kwideburura
kwidegembya
kwidendebura
kwidodomba
kwidoga
kwidomeka
kwidudura
kwidumbagura
kwidumbaguza
kwidumbura
kwidunaduna
kwidunda
kwidunika
kwidurumanza
kwidwanga
kwifasha
kwifashafasha
kwifashisha
kwifata
kwifatanya
kwifatikiriza
kwifubika
kwifumbereza
kwifunenga
kwifunga
kwifuriza
kwifuza
kwiga
kwigaba
kwigamba
kwigambirira
kwigamburuza
kwigana
kwiganda
kwigangarika
kwiganya
kwiganyira
kwiganza
kwiganzura
kwigaragambya
kwigaraganza
kwigaragaza
kwigaragura
kwigaramira
kwigaranzura
kwigarika
kwigarura
kwigarurira
kwigaya
kwigegeza
kwigema
kwigemura
kwigendaho
kwigenga
kwigengesera
kwigenza
kwigenzagenza
kwigera
kwigereza
kwigimba
kwigina
kwiginagina
kwiginagura
kwigira
kwigisha
kwigobeka
kwigobotora
kwigobya
kwigomba
kwigombaguza
kwigomeka
kwigomwa
kwigondera
kwigondora
kwigora
kwigoragora
kwigorora
kwigosora
kwigumanya
kwigunga
kwigungahaza
kwigura
kwiguragura
kwigurana
kwiguranura
kwigurumbanya
kwigurutsa
kwiguza
kwigwandika
kwiha
kwihaga
kwihaganyura
kwihagarika
kwihaha
kwihaharika
kwihahata
kwihakana
kwihakanira
kwihakirizwa
kwihama
kwihamagara
kwihamagarira
kwihamahama
kwihamba
kwihambira
kwihambura
kwihana
kwihanangiriza
kwihandagaza
kwihandura
kwihangana
kwihaniza
kwihanukira
kwihanura
kwihanyagura
kwihara
kwiharaga
kwiharahara
kwiharanga
kwiharika
kwiharira
kwihata
kwihatahata
kwihatangira
kwihaya
kwiheba
kwihekeza
kwihembera
kwihemura
kwihenanga
kwihenura
kwiherera
kwihereza
kwiheta
kwihetsa
kwihezura
kwihiga
kwihigika
kwihimba
kwihimura
kwihina
kwihinahina
kwihinda
kwihinduriza
kwihinga
kwihinza
kwihirika
kwihiringa
kwihisa
kwihisha
kwihishanwa
kwihishura
kwihisiriza
kwihitiriza
kwihiza
kwihohora
kwihoma
kwihonga
kwihonongeza
kwihora
kwihorera
kwihoshya
kwihotagura
kwihotora
kwihubanga
kwihugenza
kwihugika
kwihuha
kwihumera
kwihumura
kwihumuriza
kwihunza
kwihuruza
kwihuta
kwihutura
kwihwaba
kwihwanya
kwihwanyagura
kwihwedeka
kwihwereza
kwihwetura
kwiizihirwa
kwija
kwijajara
kwijambura
kwijana
kwijanwa
kwijijisha
kwijima
kwijogonyora
kwijugagura
kwijugiza
kwijujuta
kwijuka
kwijura
kwijuta
kwijyana
kwijyoma
kwika
kwikabaganya
kwikaburira
kwikaka
kwikama
kwikamata
kwikamira
kwikanantura
kwikanasha
kwikanga
kwikangagira
kwikanira
kwikankabura
kwikanya
kwikaraga
kwikaza
kwikebanura
kwikebuka
kwikebya
kwikeka
kwikeneka
kwikengera
kwikenura
kwikera
kwikima
kwikinangura
kwikinga
kwikingiranya
kwikinisha
kwikira
kwikira
kwikiranura
kwikiranya
kwikiriza
kwikiza
kwikokombeka
kwikokomora
kwikokora
kwikoma
kwikonda
kwikonkobeka
kwikonoza
kwikopa
kwikopesha
kwikoraho
kwikorakora
kwikorera
kwikorereza
kwikosora
kwikota
kwikoza
kwikuba
kwikubaganya
kwikubanga
kwikubanura
kwikubira
kwikubiranya
kwikubita
kwikubura
kwikubya
kwikukira
kwikumba
kwikunda
kwikundiriza
kwikunenga
kwikunga
kwikunganya
kwikungera
kwikungereza
kwikunguta
kwikunguza
kwikunja
kwikunkubika
kwikunwakaza
kwikura
kwikurikira
kwikurikiranya
kwikurura
kwikururira
kwikuruta
kwikuza
kwikwega
kwikwegera
kwikwekwetura
kwikwika
kwima
kwimagura
kwimakara
kwimama
kwimamagaza
kwimamagiza
kwimamaguza
kwimamata
kwimamura
kwimana
kwimangamanga
kwimangarika
kwimangaza
kwimanika
kwimanya
kwimanyagaza
kwimara
kwimaramariza
kwimaranya
kwimaringa
kwimariza
kwimba
kwimbagura
kwimbika
kwimbikira
kwimbiza
kwimbuka
kwimbura
kwimburura
kwimena
kwimenjaguza
kwimika
kwimikirana
kwiminura
kwimira
kwimirana
kwimiriza
kwimishura
kwimoca
kwimocora
kwimoga
kwimogamoga
kwimuka
kwimukira
kwimunyamunya
kwimura
kwimya
kwimyira
kwimyotora
kwimyoza
kwina
kwinaga
kwinaganika
kwinaganura
kwinaganura
kwinagura
kwinama
kwinamura
kwinanata
kwinangura
kwinanirwa
kwinanura
kwinara
kwinaza
kwindika
kwinduka
kwindura
kwinduza
kwinegera
kwinegura
kwinekera
kwinemfaguzwa
kwinena
kwinenaguza
kwinenga
kwinenuka
kwinenura
kwinginga
kwingingira
kwingiza
kwinigura
kwinika
kwinikira
kwinikiza
kwinja
kwinjira
kwinjiriza
kwinjirwa
kwinjiza
kwinobora
kwinogora
kwinomba
kwinongotora
kwinonora
kwinopfora
kwinozora
kwinuba
kwinuganuga
kwinuka
kwinukiriza
kwinunura
kwinura
kwinyabya
kwinyagambura
kwinyakura
kwinyambagura
kwinyanyagiza
kwinyogotora
kwinyonga
kwinyorogotora
kwinyororosha
kwinyufura
kwinyukura
kwinyuza
kwipakurura
kwipanga
kwiparata
kwipendeza
kwipfayonza
kwipfumbata
kwipfundanga
kwipfura
kwipfusha
kwipima
kwira
kwiraba
kwirabaraba
kwirabuka
kwirabura
kwiraburiza
kwirabya
kwiraga
kwiragiza
kwirahira
kwirahuruza
kwiramba
kwirambika
kwirambura
kwiranga
kwirangana
kwiranguza
kwirara
kwiraragiza
kwirarika
kwirarira
kwirasa
kwirasaga
kwirata
kwiraza
kwirazagiza
kwirebanga
kwirega
kwiregura
kwireka
kwirekera
kwirema
kwiremaza
kwiremeka
kwiremera
kwiremerema
kwiremurura
kwirenga
kwirengagiza
kwirengera
kwirengura
kwirenza
kwirera
kwireshyura
kwiretera
kwirihisha
kwirima
kwirinda
kwiringagiza
kwiriranwa
kwiriranya
kwiririrwa
kwiririza
kwirirwa
kwirishaguza
kwiritura
kwiriza
kwirndarunda
kwiroha
kwirokeza
kwiromangiza
kwironda
kwirondereza
kwirondora
kwirora
kwirotora
kwirotsa
kwirozonga
kwiruhutsa
kwiruka
kwirukana
kwirukanka
kwirukankana
kwirukira
kwirumaruma
kwirundura
kwiruruma
kwirushya
kwirwaza
kwisaba
kwisahura
kwisakuma
kwisama
kwisambiriza
kwisanasana
kwisanga
kwisanura
kwisanzura
kwisaranganya
kwisasanura
kwisasura
kwisazira
kwisazura
kwisebura
kwisegenya
kwisegura
kwisehenga
kwiseka
kwisema
kwisembekereza
kwisembereza
kwisengeneza
kwisengera
kwisenya
kwisesa
kwishabunga
kwishagara
kwishama
kwishamika
kwishanya
kwishaririza
kwishekeka
kwishika
kwishima
kwishimikiriza
kwishimisha
kwishinga
kwishingana
kwishingikiriza
kwishingira
kwishinza
kwishisha
kwishitura
kwishobera
kwishobora
kwishobuja
kwishomera
kwishongora
kwishonjesha
kwishuka
kwishumba
kwishumbusha
kwishunga
kwishusha
kwishushanya
kwishushuna
kwishweka
kwishya
kwishyamangana
kwishyendegeza
kwishyeshya
kwishyikira
kwishyingika
kwishyingira
kwishyira
kwishyitsa
kwishyongora
kwishyuka
kwishyungika
kwishyura
kwishyuza
kwisiba
kwisiga
kwisihinga
kwisimbiza
kwisinya
kwisinziriza
kwisira
kwisirigonda
kwisogongeza
kwisokoza
kwisomora
kwisongora
kwisosora
kwisubira
kwisubiranya
kwisubiza
kwisuganya
kwisuka
kwisukira
kwisukirwa
kwisukura
kwisumamo
kwisumbukuruza
kwisumbura
kwisundata
kwisunga
kwisunika
kwisura
kwisuzuma
kwita
kwitaba
kwitabara
kwitabira
kwitabisha
kwitakana
kwitakuma
kwitamba
kwitambika
kwitanga
kwitarataza
kwitarika
kwitarura
kwitatura
kwitatura
kwitaza
kwitazanura
kwitazira
kwiteenengeza
kwitega
kwitegera
kwitegereza
kwitegura
kwitembagaza
kwitembereza
kwitembutsa
kwitenekeza
kwitera
kwitereka
kwiterura
kwiteshaguza
kwitiginyura
kwitigira
kwitika
kwitimbira
kwitimbura
kwitina
kwitira
kwitiranwa
kwitirira
kwitirwa
kwitisa
kwitonda
kwitondora
kwitonga
kwitongora
kwitononzora
kwitonya
kwitonyonzora
kwitonzora
kwitora
kwitoratoza
kwitorora
kwitotomba
kwitsa
kwitsamagura
kwitsamura
kwitsarika
kwitsibatura
kwitsibura
kwitsinda
kwitsirimuza
kwitsisa
kwitsitsa
kwituga
kwitugatuga
kwitugira
kwitukanya
kwitukura
kwituma
kwitumbya
kwitura
kwituramira
kwituza
kwitwa
kwitwara
kwitwarika
kwitwaza
kwitwerera
kwitwika
kwivamo
kwivanga
kwivira
kwivovota
kwivubirira
kwivuga
kwivugana
kwivugira
kwivugisha
kwivugiza
kwivuguruza
kwivumbagatanya
kwivumbaguza
kwivumbura
kwivumura
kwivuna
kwivunda
kwivundagura
kwivunura
kwivutira
kwiyabira
kwiyagana
kwiyagiriza
kwiyagura
kwiyaha
kwiyahura
kwiyaka
kwiyakatsa
kwiyakira
kwiyakuza
kwiyama
kwiyamamaza
kwiyamanwa
kwiyamanza
kwiyamatsa
kwiyambayamba
kwiyambaza
kwiyambika
kwiyamirira
kwiyamiza
kwiyanda
kwiyandarika
kwiyanga
kwiyangira
kwiyangura
kwiyanika
kwiyanura
kwiyara
kwiyararaza
kwiyarura
kwiyasa
kwiyaya
kwiyegeka
kwiyegekereza
kwiyegeranya
kwiyegereza
kwiyegura
kwiyemera
kwiyemeza
kwiyenda
kwiyendaguza
kwiyereka
kwiyerekana
kwiyerurutsa
kwiyesura
kwiyiba
kwiyibayiba
kwiyibuka
kwiyicarira
kwiyima
kwiyimba
kwiyimbira
kwiyimura
kwiyishyuza
kwiyitaba
kwiyizihiza
kwiyizira
kwiyobagiza
kwiyobonza
kwiyogorora
kwiyomba
kwiyomeka
kwiyongeranya
kwiyongeza
kwiyonka
kwiyonona
kwiyora
kwiyorobeka
kwiyoroshya
kwiyubagana
kwiyubagana
kwiyubagiura
kwiyubaha
kwiyubara
kwiyubika
kwiyubikiza
kwiyuburura
kwiyugugira
kwiyuhagira
kwiyuhiza
kwiyumanganya
kwiyumiriza
kwiyumva
kwiyumvira
kwiyumya
kwiyunamira
kwiyunga
kwiyungayunga
kwiyunyuguza
kwiyuriza
kwizana
kwizengerera
kwizenuka
kwizera
kwizibukira
kwizigama
kwizigira
kwizigura
kwiziguruka
kwizihira
kwizimba
kwizindura
kwizinonga
kwizinura
kwizirika
kwiziringa
kwizirira
kwizirira
kwizozora
kwiramira
KINYARWANDA OTHER CATEGORIES
Particles
da
nya
se
ese
mbese
Interjections :
Interjections are words which express feelings such as wonderment, surprise, disapproval,
fear, anger, joy , etc. They are the only words which don’t respect the general phonological
rules of the languages. They can with consonants. They can also be written with long vowels.
aaaa
aca
aha
ahahahahahaha
ahe
aho
ahore
amba
arararara
ashi
ashishishishi
atu
awa
awawa
awi
awowo
asyi
aye
ayi
ayiyi
babababa
bubububu
bugutibuguti
cyacyacyacya
cyecyecyecye
cyocyocyocyo
cyo
cyono
cyokora
cyokoze
cyane
cyanecyane
do
dododododo
dudududu
e
eeee
ego
ego ewe
ego ko
ehe
emwe
enda
erega
erererere
ewe
fore
ga
mbega
guruguru
guswu
hanhanha
have
he
hehe
hi
hihi
ho
hogi
hoho
hohoyi
hoshi
hubi
hu
huhu
huhuhuhuhu
iriririri
ishi
ishiyeee
isyi
karibu
koyo
kuci
ma
mama shenge
mama we
maweya
mba
mbateye
mbiswa
mbega
mpore
njyo
o
oooo
ododododo
oho
ororororo
oya
pagari
pe
popopopo
rata
sakwe
sh
shishishi
shshsh
shyemwe
shyu
syi
tansiyo
tse
tyo
uu
ududududu
uhu
uhuhu
ununununu
unyunyunyunyu
uuuu
wa
waga
yabababa
yagapfe yagapfe
yaha
yahaha
yarararara
yayayaya
ye
yee
yebabawe
yegapfe yegapfe
yegewe
yego
yego ko
yego mama
yehe
yehehe
ye mwe
yerererere
ye we
yeyeyeye
yiririri
yiriririri
yiyiyi
yoo
yooo
yobobobo
yobobobobo
yoho
yororo
yororororo
yoyoyoyoyo
yuu
yububububu
yohoho
yuhu
yuhuhu
yururururu
yuyuyuyu
Vocatives
ye
we
mwe
sha
shahu
!"#$%&$'#()
Ideophones are formally similar to interjections. They can long vowels written and they also
use a lot of reduplication, triplication and quadriplication. They are used most used to imitate
sounds or movements.
ba
babari
bararara
bibi
bibiri
bobobobo
bomboribombori
bomboroco
brarararara
bu
bugubugu
buriburi
bwebwe
bwi
byigu
cabaricabari
caburicaburi
ce
cukucuku
cwe
de
debedebe
dondi
dore re
dorere
du
dubu
dudududu
dumburi
dwi
fa
gagagaga
gerere
gi
giigigigi
giigiri gigiri
girigiri
giririri
gitu
go
gugu
guguhugu
gugugugu
gutugutu
gwi
hama
hihi
hu
hubu
huhu
huuu
hwa
ishishishishi
jaburijaburi
jagari
jegejege
jerere
jereri
jorojoro
jugujugu
jyororo
kakakaka
kirigiti
koco
kokokoko
kono
kugucikuguci
mbu
mbwi
meee
mecu
miru
muguci
mugumugu
nka nka
nnyati nnyati
nogo
noto
nyabuna
nyabuneka
nyamuna
nyamuneka
nyagucwa
nyawu
pa
paci
papapapa
pfukupfuku
pfumu
pi
pipipipi
po
pu
pwa
pyatu
pyi
pyiriri
pyo
pyomo
pyoro
riririri
ryogoryogo
shwa
shwararara
shya
shyashyari
tabu
tamu
tatatata
tetetete
tiku
tiriri
togotogo
tsibu
tsiri
tsiriri
tsiritsiri
tsitsi
tukutuku
vuruguvurugu
vutu
wi
wo
wu
ya
yaaa
yapo
yawi
zitu
zobo
Prepositions
i
ku
mu
kuri
muri
Free preprefix
The preprefix u of class 14 is detached from both the stem and the prefix in the name of
Rwanda.
u
Presentatives
dore
nguwo
ngabo
ngiyo
ngiryo
ngayo
ngicyo
ngibyo
ngizo
ngurwo
ngako
ngutwo
ngubwo
ngubwo
nguko
ngaho
nguriya
ngabariya
ngiriya
ngaririya
ngayariya
ngikiriya
ngibiriya
ngiziriya
ngurururiya
ngakariya
nguturiya
nguburiya
ngukuriya
ngahariya
ngurya
ngabarya
ngirya
ngirirya
ngarya
ngikirya
ngibirya
ngizirya
ngururya
ngakarya
nguturya
nguburya
ngukurya
ngaharya
nguwo
ngabo
ngiyo
ngiryo
ngayo
ngicyo
ngibyo
ngizo
ngurwo
ngako
ngutwo
ngubwo
nguko
ngaho
*"+#,-./#()
The term adjective is used here to refer to words which are used to modify the head noun such
as demonstratives, numerals, qualitative which take the prefix of the head noun.
1.Demonstratives
uyu
abo
uwo
iyo
iryo
ayo
icyo
ibyo
izo
urwo
ako
utwo
ubwo
ako
aho
uriya
bariya
iriya
ririya
ariya
kiriya
biriya
ziriya
ruriya
kariya
turiya
buriya
kuriya
hariya
uwo
abo,
uwo
ayo
iryo
ayo
icyo
ibyo
izo
urwo
ako
utwo
ubwo
ako
aho
bo
wa
ba
ya
rya
ya
cya
bya
za
rwa
ka
twa
bwa
kwa
ha
urya
barya
irya
arya
kirya
birya
zirya
rurya
karya
turya
burya
kurya
harya
burya
harya
uno
bano
ino
rino
ano
kino
bino
bino
zino
runo
kano
tuno
buno
kuno
hano
uriya
bariya
iriya
ariya
kiriya
biriya
ziriya
ruriya
kariya
turiya
buriya
kuriya
hariya
2. Hybrids
The following can also use the infinitive prefix (class marker 15 : ku-)
ate
bate
ute
ite
rite
gite
bite
rute
gate
dute
bute
gute
hate
nte
mute
atya
batya
utya
itya
ritya
gitya
bitya
zitya
rutya
gatya
dutya
butya
gutya
hatya
ntya
mutya
atyo
batyo
utyo
ityo
rityo
gityo
bityo
zityo
rutyo
gatyo
dutyo
butyo
gutyo
hatyo
ntyo
mutyo
3. Regular adjectives
Regular adjectives agree with the prefix of the head noun.
mubi
babi
mibi
ribi
mabi
kibi
bibi
mbi
rubi
kabi
tubi
bubi
kubi
habi
mubisi
babisi
mibisi
ribisi
mabisi
kibisi
bibisi
mbisi
rubisi
kabisi
tubisi
bubisi
kubisi
habisi
mwiza
beza
myiza
ryiza
meza
cyiza
byiza
nziza
rwiza
keza
twiza
bwiza
kwiza
heza
muremure
barebare
miremire
rirerire
maremare
kirekire
birebire
ndende
rurerure
karekare
tureture
burebure
kurekure
harehare
muzima
bazima
mizima
rizima
mazima
kizima
bizima
nzima
ruzima
kazima
tuzima
buzima
kuzima
hazima
mutaraga
bataraga
mitaraga
ritaraga
mataraga
gitaraga
bitaraga
ntaraga
rutaraga
gataraga
dutaraga
butaraga
gutaraga
hataraga
munini
banini
minini
rinini
manini
kinini
binini
nini
runini
kanini
tunini
bunini
kunini
hanini
muto
bato
mito
rito
mato
gito
bito
nto
ruto
gato
duto
buto
guto
hato
mugufi
bagufi
migufi
rigufi
magufi
kigufi
bigufi
ngufi
rugufi
kagufi
tugufi
bugufi
kugufi
hagufi
mushya
bashya
mishya
rishya
mashya
gishya
bishya
nshya
zishya
rushya
gashya
dushya
bushya
gushya
hashya
mukuru
bakuru
mikuru
rikuru
makuru
gikuru
bikuru
nkuru
zikuru
rukuru
gakuruç
dukuru
bukuru
gukuru
hakuru
mugari
bagari
migari
rigari
magari
kigari
bigari
ngari
zigari
rugari
kagari
tugari
bugari
kugari
hagari
bangahe
ingahe
angahe
bingahe
zingahe
kangahe
tungahe
bungahe
hangahe
wundi
bandi
yindi
rindi
yandi
kindi
bindi
zindi
rundi
kandi
tundi
bundi
kundi
handi
wuhe
bahe
yihe
rihe
yahe
cyihe
bihe
zihe
ruhe
kahe
tuhe
buhe
kuhe
hahe
wese
bose
wose
yose
ryose
cyose
byose
rwose
zose
kose
twose
bwose
hose
twese
mwese
wenyine
bonyine
wonyine
yonyine
ryonyine
cyonyine
byonyine
rwonyine
zonyine
konyine
twonyine
bwonyine
honyine
twenyine
mwenyine
bombi
yombi
byombyi
zombi
twombi
bwombi
hombi
bombi
musa
basa
misa
risa
masa
gisa
bisa
nsa
zisa
rusa
gasa
dusa
busa
gusa
hasa
mwinshi
benshi
myinshi
ryinshi
menshi
cyinshi
byinshi
nyinshi
zinshi
rwinshi
kenshi
twinshi
bwinshi
henshi
muke
bake
mike
rike
make
gike
bike
nke
ruke
gake
duke
buke
guke
hake
mukeya
bakeya
mikeya
rikeya
makeya
gikeya
bikeya
nkeya
zikeya
rukeya
gakeya
dukeya
bukeya
gukeya
hakeya
nzigirinya
munigiriya
banigiriya
minigiriya
rinigiriya
manigiriya
kinigiriya
binigiriya
nigiriya
zinigiriya
runigiriya
kanigiriya
tunigiriya
bunigiriya
kunigiriya
hanigiriya
munigiya
banigiya
mnigiya
rinigiya
manigiya
kinigiya
binigiya
nigiya
zinigiya
runigiya
kanigiya
tunigiya
bunigiya
kunigiya
hanigiya
munuya
banuya
minuya
rinuya
manuya
kinuya
binuya
nuya
zinuya
runuya
kanuya
tunuya
bunuya
kunuya
hanuya
The following adjectives which all mean ‘very small’ which happen to be a phonetic variation
of –nigiriya, -nigiya, -nuya above also take the prefix of the class marker.
These are :-nuguru, -nugurunya, -nuguruyu, -nuguyu, -nuru, nyunyuzwa, -nyuya, -nzunya, nziginya
4. Quantitative adjectives and numerals
Quantittive ajectives like demonstratives use the prefix u- for class 1 and 3, i- for class 4 and
9, a-, and a- for class 6, instead of the regular prefix mu- for class 1 and 3, mi- and –n- for
class 4 and 9, and –ma- for class 6.
wenyine
bonyine
wonyine
yonyine
ryonyine
cyonyineè
byonyine
zonyine
rwonyine
konyinye
twonyine
bwonyine
honyine
jyenyine
twenyine
byonyine
mwenyine
twembi
mwembi
bombi
zombi
yombi
byombi
hombi
bwombi
wese
bose
wose
yose
ryose
cyose
byose
zose
rwose
kose
twose
bwose
hose
twese
mwese
umwe
bamwe
imwe
rimwe
amwe
kimwe
bimwe
zimwe
rumwe
kamwe
tumwe
bumwe
kumwe
hamwe
babiri
ibiri
abiri
bibiri
ebyiri
zibiri
kabiri
tubiri
bubiri
kubiri
habiri
batatu
itatu
atatu
bitatu
eshatu
zitatu
dutatu
butatu
gutatu
hatatu
bane
ine
ane
bine
enye
zine
tune
bune
kune
hane
batanu
itanu
bitanu
eshanu
zitanu
dutanu
butanu
hatanu
batandatu
itandatu
atandatu
bitandatu
esheshatu
zitandatu
dutandatu
butandatu
gutandatu
hatandatu
barindwi
irindwi
arindwi
indwi
zirindwi
turindwi
burindwi
kurindwi
harindwi
Pronouns
jye
jyewe
wowe
we
twe
twebwe
mwe
mwebwe
mwa
Note :
All adjectives can prominizalized by adding the preprefix of the noun they stand for by
adding the preprex. Thus -bi ‘bad’ given above when prminalized becomes :
mubi>umubi
babi>ababi
mibi>imibi
ribi>iribi
mabi>amabi
kibi>ikibi
bibi>ibibi
mbi>imbi
zibi>izibi
rubi>urubi
kabi>akabi
tubi>utubi
bubi>ububi
kubi>ukubi
habi>ahabi
Associatives
na
no
nka
nko
nanjye
nawe
natwe
namwe
nabo
nkanjye
nkawe
nkatwe
nkamwe
nkabo
cyanjye
cyawe
cye
cyacu
cyanyu
cyabo
nyawe
nyabo
nyayo
nyaryo
nyayo
nyacyo
nyabyo
nyazo
nyarwo
nyako
nyatwo
nyabwo
nyaho
ntawe
ntabo
ntayo
ntaryo
ntacyo
ntabyo
ntazo
ntako
ntatwo
ntabwo
ntaho
Coordinators and subordinators
ahari
byibura
byabuze
byangwa
byanzebikunze
byibuze
cyabura
cyakora
dore ko
cyakora
cyakoze
icyakora
icyokora
icyobikora
icyobikoze
naba
nangwa
nabura
nkanswe
nankanswe
ngo
niba
nibura
nkaho
noneho
nuko
nyamara
yamara
uretse
yaba
yabura
yabuze
yangwa
ubonye
ubanza
umenya
yaba
iyaba
iyiba
iyoba
kabishywe
kabone
ki
koko
kuko
mbese
kandi
Paralococatives/Paratemporals
ahakweru
ejo
hafi
hagati
kure
hakurya
hakuno
hakweru
hambavu
hambere
mbere
hanyuma
nyuma
hanze
hasi
he
hehe
hejuru
hemana
hino
hirya
imbara
munsi
muno
nimugoroba
nimunsi
nimusi
ninjoro
ruguru
rwagati
vuba
Other invariable words
buri
goyigoyi
vubavuba
nabi
neza
namba
ningoga
nkana
nyine
Kinyarwanda Personal and Place Names
Note: In both personal and place names, the letter “l” is allowed.
Personal names behave exacly like nouns in class 1a and 2a. Names in the singular form (1a)
use the vowel ‘a’ for subject agreement and ‘u’ for demonstratives and possessives and the
the class marker –mu- for for others.
Ex. uyu Kimenyi ‘this Kimenyi’
Kimenyi arasoma ‘Kimenyi is reading’
Kimenyi mukuru ‘the old Kimenyi’
ba Kimenyi ‘the Kimenyis’
With personal names, the possessive morpheme –a can either take the vowel prefix of class 1
or the vowel prefix for (class 1, 3, 4, 6 and 9) and class prefix (class 2, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13,
14 and 15) if the initial consonant resembles the consonant of the prefix. Examples are given
below.
Bandora wa Nkusi ‘Bandora of Nkusi’
Bandora ba Nkusi (class 2)
Kimenyi wa Bazimya ‘Kimenyi of Bazimya’
Kimenyi cya Bazimya (class 7)
Kabayiza wa Byirigiro ‘Kabayiza of Byirizingiro’
Kabayiza ka Byiringiriro (class 12)
Rudodo wa Muhire ‘Rudodo of Muhire’
Rudodo rwa Muhire (class 11)
Riniga wa Sebalinda ‘Riniga of Sebalinda’
Riniga rya Sebalinda (class 5)
Bigirimana wa Kabano ‘Bigirimana of Kabano’
Bigirimana bya Kabano (class 8)
Kwezi wa Mbanda ‘Kwezi of Mbanda’
Kwezi kwa Mbanda (class 15)
Bugingo wa Minani ‘Bugingo of Minani’
Bugingo bwa Minani (class 14)
Masabo wa Nkurunziza ‘Masabo of Nkurunziza’
Masabo ya Nkurunziza (class 6)
Ndori wa Ndahiro ‘Ndori of Ndahiro’
Ndori ya Ndahiro (class 9)
Zitoni wa Samvura ‘Zitoni of Samvura’
Zitoni za Samvura
Abijuru
Ahishakiye
Akimana
Akimanizanye
Ayinkamiye
Badege
Bagabo
Bagabobarabona
Bagaza
Bagambiki
Bagirishya
Bajyagahe
Bakame
Bakarishonga
Bamenya
Bampire
Bandora
Bandusha
Banyaga
Bapfakurera
Barakana
Barambaza
Baravuga
Barihuta
Barikungeri
Baritonda
Basabose
Basaninkindi
Basaninyenzi
Bavakure
Bavugirije
Bazatoha
Bayingana
Bazimya
Benda
Beraho
Bemeriki
Benegusenga
Benimana
Benzinge
Bicura
Bideri
Bigirimana
Bigirumwami
Bikingd
Bikomagu
Bimenyimana
Binama
Birasa
Birasinkware
Birasubutare
Birikunzira
Bisamaza
Bisangwa
Bisengimana
Biseruka
Biseseme
Bisetsa
Bisetsimandwa
Bisomimbwa
Bitariho
Bitinditeme
Bitunguramye
Bivugimana
Bizimana
Bizimungu
Bizinde
Bizumuremyi
Bongo
Boramungu
Bucagu
Bucyana
Bucyanayandi
Bugingo
Bugirande
Buhigiro
Bukuba
Bukuru
Bumari
Bunyenyezi
Buregeya
Busanane
Bushakiro
Busyayija
Busyeti
Butare
Buzizi
Bwabyuma
Bwakira
Bwankoko
Bwiza
Bwenge
Bwimba
Byagutunga
Byemero
Byiringiro
Byumvuhore
Byusa
Cacana
Candari
Coca
Condo
Cyibukayire
Cyigenza
Cyirima
Cyimana
Cyitatire
Cyubahiro
Cyusa
Cyuzuro
Dansila
Dasiyana
Desideri
Didasi
Disi
Domina
Domitila
Dorosera
Doroteya
Dukuzumuremyi
Dusabe
Dusaidi
Faransisiko
Fatuma
Fiyati
Focasi
Foroduwaridi
Fundi
Furaha
Furere
Gacakure
Gacinya
Gafaranga
Gaga
Gahakwa
Gahama
Gahamanyi
Gahene
Gahigi
Gahigiro
Gahima
Gahongayire
Gahuhu
Gaju
Gakara
Gakire
Gakoko
Gakumba
Gakwandi
Gapfisi
Gasabwoya
Gasamagera
Gasamunyiga
Gasarabwe
Gasarasi
Gasasira
Gasazamigeri
Gasengayire
Gasiga
Gasigwa
Gasiha
Gasimba
Gasindikiza
Gashabizi
Gashagaza
Gashaku
Gashikazi
Gashirabake
Gashongore
Gashuhe
Gashyurishyuri
Gatabazi
Gatambara
Gatarayiha
Gatari
Gatemanyi
Gatera
Gatete
Gatikabisi
Gatorano
Gatoyi
Gatsinzi
Gatwa
Generoza
Getura
Gitambaro
Gitera
Gitori
Gombaniro
Gumira
Habamenshi
Habarugira
Habarurema
Habimana
Habineza
Habiyakare
Habiyanbere
Habonimana
Habyarimana
Haguma
Hagumagutuma
Hajabajiga
Hakizabami
Hakizimana
Hakizumwami
Harerimana
Harerinka
Hategekimana
Havugimana
Havugiyaremye
Havugumwami
Higiro
Himbara
Hitayezu
Hitimana
Hitiyise
Hodari
Ibambasi
Ifurudundi
Ingabire
Insonere
Inzage
Iribagiza
Irivuzumwami
Iyakare
Iyakaremye
Iyamuremye
Izabiriza
Kababi
Kabagabo
Kabagema
Kabango
Kabahita
Kabanda
Kabandahe
Kabandana
Kabango
Kabano
Kabarira
Kabatsi
Kabayita
Kabayiza
Kabarebe
Kabeja
Kabengera
Kabera
Kabibi
Kabizi
Kabuto
Kabukwisi
Kaburame
Kabwa
Kadafi
Kadage
Kadamari
Kagaba
Kagabo
Kagaju
Kagambage
Kagame
Kageruka
Kageza
Kagiraneza
Kagoro
Kagoyire
Kaguru
Kagurube
Kagurukizi
Kajeguhakwa
Kalima
Kalisa
Kamabera
Kamagaju
Kamali
Kamanayo
Kamanzi
Kamariza
Kamasa
Kamatari
Kamazina
Kambirigi
Kamegeri
Kamikazi
Kamiya
Kamondo
Kamongi
Kampayana
Kampirwa
Kamugema
Kamugire
Kamugunga
Kamuzinzi
Kamwenubusa
Kana
Kanamugire
Kananga
Kanayoge
Kandagaye
Kandeke
Kandekwe
Kangeyo
Kanimba
Kaniziyo
Kanjogera
Kankazi
Kankuyo
Kankwanzi
Kanobana
Kantamati
Kantarama
Kantengwa
Kanyamahanga
Kanyamanza
Kanyambuga
Kanyamibwa
Kanyamugenge
Kanyamuhanda
Kanyarengwe
Kanyarutoke
Kanyemera
Kanyenzi
Karake
Karama
Karambizi
Karangwa
Karani
Karara
Karege
Karekezi
Karema
Karemangingo
Karengera
Karenzi
Karenzo
Karera
Karibwami
Karigirwa
Karikurubu
Karinganire
Karinijabo
Karirima
Karoli
Karuranga
Karuretwa
Katabarwa
Kataramuka
Kavuna
Kavutse
Kayabo
Kayibanda
Kayigamba
Kayigi
Kayigumire
Kayihunda
Kayihura
Kayijamahe
Kayijuka
Kayiranga
Kayirebwa
Kayisire
Kayishema
Kayitaba
Kayitakirwa
Kayitankore
Kayitesi
Kayitsinga
Kayonde
Kayonga
Kayumba
Kenyata
Kibuye
Kigeli
Kimenyi
Kimizi
Kimonyo
Kinyoni
Kirabo
Kirazi
Kizito
Kiroha
Kiromba
Kubwimana
Kubwumukiza
Kwezi
Lumumba
Mabano
Mafene
Magambo
Maganya
Magayane
Mageza
Maguru
Maguruyasarwaya
Majoro
Makombe
Makuza
Mambo
Mandela
Maniragaba
Maniraguha
Maniraho
Manzi
Mapengu
Mariya
Masabo
Mashira
Masokubona
Matabaro
Matayo
Matata
Matene
Mategeko
Matiyasi
Mavugabandi
Mayira
Mazarakiza
Mazarati
Mazimpaka
Mazina
Mbanda
Mbangukira
Mbanza
Mbaraga
Mbarubukeye
Mbarushimana
Mbarutso
Mbateye
Mbishibishi
Mbonyumutwa
Mbungira
Mfuruta
Miburo
Micombero
Migabo
Migezo
Minega
Minani
Minyaruko
Mirimba
Mirimo
Miseke
Mobutu
Moyi
Mpambara
Mpatswenumugabo
Mpitabakana
Mpogazi
Mpomibiva
Mpunga
Mubashankwaya
Muberuka
Mubirigi
Mucumangendo
Mudaheranwa
Mudenge
Muforoma
Mugabe
Mugabo
Mugabowakigeri
Mugabowashema
Mugabowindekwe
Mugabukenga
Mugabushaka
Muganga
Mugaragu
Mugarura
Mugenzi
Mugemahica
Mugemana
Mugemanshuro
Mugorewase
Mugorewicyeza
Muhakwa
Muhigana
Muhigirwa
Muhikira
Muhimpundu
Muhire
Muhirwa
Muhongwanseko
Muhongere
Muhongerwa
Muhutu
Mujakazi
Mujawamariya
Mujijima
Mujinya
Mujunganji
Mukabagire
Mukabanyana
Mukabyagaju
Mukagaga
Mukagashugi
Mukadisi
Mukagatare
Mukakabano
Mukakabera
Mukakigeri
Mukakimenyi
Mukama
Mukamafene
Mukamanzi
Mukamazimpaka
Mukamazina
Mukamfizi
Mukamisha
Mukamitari
Mukamugema
Mukamurerwa
Mukamusana
Mukamusoni
Mukamutara
Mukamuyango
Mukamwambutsa
Mukamwezi
Mukamwiza
Mukandamage
Mukandekezi
Mukandori
Mukandutiye
Mukangamije
Mukansanga
Mukantagara
Mukantabana
Mukantwari
Mukanyangezi
Mukanyarwaya
Mukanyemazi
Mukanyonga
Munzenze
Mukaperezida
Mukarage
Mukaremera
Mukarumongi
Mukarungwa
Mukarugina
Mukarurinda
Mukarutabana
Mukarushema
Mukarutesi
Mukaruziga
Mukeshimana
Mukiga
Mukunzi
Mukurira
Mukurarinda
Mukuru
Mukwende
Mukwiye
Murenzi
Murindabigwi
Munana
Munanira
Mundere
Munganyinka
Muntumubi
Munyagasheke
Munyakarambi
Munyakayanza
Munyampundu
Munyandamutsa
Munyangoga
Munyangango
Munyanziza
Munyaneza
Munyarigoga
Munyebinja
Munyemana
Munyengango
Munyentwari
Munyeragwe
Munyeshuri
Munyeshyaka
Munyeyinga
Munyinya
Mupagasi
Murangamirwa
Murangira
Murara
Murasandonyi
Murekatete
Murekeyisoni
Murekezi
Murigande
Murihano
Murorunkwere
Murutamanga
Musa
Musafiri
Musaniwabo
Musabyimana
Musaya
Musanimana
Musemakweri
Museminari
Museruka
Museveni
Musheshambugu
Mushi
Mushikiwabo
Mushonganono
Mushumba
Musinga
Musirikare
Musoda
Musomakweri
Musoni
Mutabagisha
Mutabaruka
Mutabazi
Mutagisha
Mutambarungu
Mutambuka
Mutamuriza
Mutangana
Mutara
Mutarambirwa
Mutembe
Mutemberezi
Muterahejuru
Muteteri
Mutezintare
Mutoni
Mutumwambazi
Mutumwinka
Mutunge
Mutungirehe
Mututsi
Muvara
Muvunyi
Muyenzi
Muzima
Muzungu
Mvuyekure
Mwambarangwe
Mwambutsa
Mwangacucu
Mwemezi
Mwerekande
Mwezi
Mwitende
Mwiza
Nagahungu
Nahayo
Nahimana
Naho
Nayigiziki
Ncamihigo
Ndabakenga
Ndabambarire
Ndagije
Ndagijimana
Ndahiro
Ndahindurwa
Ndakaza
Ndakorerwa
Ndamage
Ndangamyambi
Ndanguza
Ndayambaje
Ndayitabi
Ndayisenga
Ndateba
Ndayizigiye
Ndekezi
Ndekezi
Ndemeye
Nengejeho
Ndimbati
Ndimukaga
Ndimurwango
Ndinda
Ndizeye
Ndongo
Ndori
Nduwayezu
Ngabo
Ngaboyisonga
Ngabonzima
Ngamije
Ngango
Ngangure
Ngarambe
Ngegera
Ngendandumwe
Ngirabakunzi
Ngiruwonsanga
Ngoga
Ngomanzungu
Ngunda
Ngurumbe
Nibishaka
Nibizi
Nicyoribera
Nijyimbere
Nikwigize
Nishaka
Nitirihe
Niyibizi
Niyishaka
Niyonsaba
Niyonteze
Niyoyita
Nkera
Nkerabigwi
Nkeramihigo
Nkeramugaba
Nkezabaganwa
Nkezabera
Nkomati
Nkongori
Nkoronko
Nkotayi
Nkubito
Nkubiri
Nkunda
Nkundabatware
Nkundabera
Nkundabakize
Nkuranga
Nkurunziza
Nkusi
Nsabimana
Nsanzabaganwa
Nsanzabera
Nsanze
Nsanzurwimo
Nsekarije
Nsengimana
Nsengiyumva
Nshogozabahizi
Ntabahwana
Ntabomvura
Ntabyera
Ntaganda
Ntagugura
Ntahobari
Ntakamaro
Ntakavuro
Ntakirutinka
Ntamabyariro
Ntamahungiro
Ntamakemwa
Ntambabazi
Ntambara
Ntampuhwe
Ntamavukiro
Ntandayera
Ntango
Ntare
Ntashamaje
Ntawe
Nteziryayo
Ntibenda
Ntibihangana
Ntidendereza
Ntigashira
Ntiginama
Ntirushwa
Ntukamazina
Ntukanyagwe
Ntuyahaga
Numukobwa
Nzabamwita
Nzabandora
Nzabarinda
Nzabonariba
Nzajyibwami
Nzamba
Nzamwita
Nzanana
Nzaramba
Nzarubara
Nzigamasabo
Nzigira
Nzira
Nziraguseswa
Nzirorera
Nziza
Nyabunyana
Nyabyenda
Nyagahakwa
Nyagakecuru
Nyagatare
Nyagisaza
Nyakabwa
Nyakarashi
Nyakazungu
Nyamacumu
Nyamadigi
Nyaminani
Nyampinga
Nyamubi
Nyamucenshera
Nyamutezi
Nyamvumba
Nyaritwa
Nyandwi
Nyanebyiri
Nyanshya
Nyatanyi
Nyanzira
Nyemazi
Nyetera
Nyirababirigi
Nyirabagenzi
Nyirabahutu
Nyirarundi
Nyirabasare
Nyirabashi
Nyirabatwa
Nyirabishwi
Nyirabundibundi
Nyirahene
Nyirahuku
Nyirahungu
Nyirahwandari
Nyirahwehwe
Nyiragatwa
Nyiragukura
Nyirakabwa
Nyirakarangwa
Nyirakigeri
Nyirakigwene
Nyirakimonyo
Nyirakobwa
Nyiramariza
Nyiramashashi
Nyiramavugo
Nyirambeba
Nyiraminani
Nyiramondo
Nyiramongi
Nyiramugwahashashe
Nyiramugwera
Nyirankoko
Nyirankomo
Nyirantagorama
Nyirantamati
Nyirasafari
Nyirayuhi
Nyirawera
Nyirimbirima
Nyiriminega
Nyirimiringa
Nyirindekwe
Nyiringabo
Nyiringango
Nyiringondo
Nyirinkindi
Nyirinkwaya
Padiri
Papiyasi
Pangarasi
Petero
Piyo
Polisi
Polepole
Rangira
Rebero
Rekeraho
Ribakare
Ribanje
Ribarabaje
Ribaye
Ringuyeneza
Rinigumugabo
Robwa
Roza
Rozariya
Rizinde
Rubaduka
Rubagenga
Rubagumya
Rubanda
Rubangisa
Rubangura
Rubashamuheto
Ruberanziza
Ruberwa
Ruboneka
Rubibi
Rubuye
Rubwenjanga
Rucekeri
Rucinya
Rucogoza
Rudacogora
Rudahigwa
Rudakemwa
Rudasingwa
Rudasigwa
Rudasumbwa
Rudatsikira
Rufagari
Rufari
Rufuku
Ruhamiriza
Ruhamyambuga
Ruhamyandekwe
Ruhashya
Ruhinankiko
Ruhorahoza
Ruhumuriza
Rugamba
Rugege
Rugemintwaza
Rugerimisare
Rugerinyange
Rugina
Rugira
Rugiramasasu
Rugoboka
Rugomwa
Rugumire
Rukabu
Rukara
Rukeba
Rukebesha
Rukeribuga
Rukikamoso
Rukimirana
Rujindiri
Rulinda
Rumanyika
Rumiya
Rupari
Rurangirwa
Ruribikiye
Rusagaraà
Rusangwa
Rusatsi
Rusenyi
Rushenyi
Rusiha
Rushemeza
Rushingabigwi
Rushonda
Rutagarama
Rutagayisaso
Rutagengwa
Rutagiragahu
Rutamu
Rutanga
Rutaremara
Rutarindwa
Rutayisire
Rutebuka
Rutegamihigo
Rutegera
Ruterandongozi
Rutenderi
Ruti
Rutinywa
Rutirwicyugu
Rutiyomba
Rutsindintwarane
Ruvunantwari
Ruvusha
Ruzibiza
Ruzindana
Ryangombe
Ryumugabe
Rwabigwi
Rwabugiri
Rwabukwisi
Rwabutogo
Rwabyuma
Rwagaju
Rwagafirita
Rwagasana
Rwagasore
Rwagatare
Rwajekuruha
Rwaka
Rwakayiru
Rwakigarama
Rwamakuba
Rwamasirabo
Rwamu
Rwamuhizi
Rwamulinda
Rwangombwa
Rwanyagasore
Rwalinda
Rwasa
Rwasamanzi
Rwasibo
Rwasubutare
Rwego
Rwemarika
Rwerere
Rwidegembya
Rwigema
Rwigemera
Rwirungu
Rwitsibagura
Rwiyamirira
Rwogera
Rwubahuka
Rwubusisi
Sagahutu
Sakindi
Samukondo
Samvura
Sangwa
Sankara
Saro
Sarume
Sayinzoga
Sebabirigi
Sebantu
Sebasaza
Sebasare
Sebasore
Sebatigita
Sebatwa
Sebatware
Sebera
Sebititaweho
Sebuguruguru
Sebuhinja
Seburikoko
Seburimbwa
Sebunyenyeri
Sebusa
Sebuto
Secyugu
Sedogo
Sefuku
Sehene
Segore
Sekanyambo
Sekida
Sekinanka
Semabinga
Semahe
Semujanga
Semajege
Semanzi
Semasaka
Semasuka
Sematama
Semavenge
Sembeba
Seminari
Seminega
Semubi
Semugeshi
Semuhanuka
Semuhungu
Semukanya
Semushi
Semutwa
Sendagari
Sendarasi
Sendanyoye
Sendashonga
Sendegeya
Sendinga
Sengabo
Sengoro
Senguge
Senkoko
Sentabyo
Sentama
Sentashya
Senteteri
Sentore
Senyabuzana
Senyamadari
Senyamibwa
Senyana
Senyanzobe
Senyombyi
Senyoni
Seromba
Serubuga
Serudonyori
Serugarukiramfizi
Serutwe
Seruvumba
Sesonga
Setukuru
Sezibera
Sezirahiga
Shami
Shamukiga
Sharangabo
Shumbusho
Shariti
Shema
Shumbusho
Shyaka
Shyerezo
Shyirambere
Silasi
Simbi
Simbiyara
Simbizi
Simbi
Simpunga
Sindambiwe
Sindayigaya
Sindikubwabo
Singirankabo
Sisi
Somayire
Songa
Subika
Sunzu
Surwumwe
Tabaro
Tangishaka
Temahagari
Terebura
Terebushi
Tereraho
Tereriyo
Tugiredute
Tumugire
Turatsinze
Tuzinde
Twahirwa
Twagira
Twagiramutara
Twagiramungu
Twagirayezu
Twagirimana
Twagirumukiza
Udahemuka
Ugirimfura
Ukobizaba
Umuberwa
Umubyeyi
Umugwaneza
Umulisa
Umutangampundu
Umutesi
Umutoni
Umutoniwase
Unyuzimfura
Uramukiwe
Urayeneza
Urujeni
Ushizimpumu
Uwabandi
Uwamugira
Uwamungu
Uwanyirigira
Uwibambe
Uwihanganye
Uwimana
Uwingabire
Uwintore
Uwishema
Vugizo
Vunabandi
Vunabataka
Yakobo
Yoboka
Yohani
Zararaye
Zibera
Zihabamwe
Zihabandi
Zihakwinshi
Zikamabahari
Zikuriza
Zirimwabagabo
Zimurinda
Ziraje
Ziruguru
Zitoni
Kinyarwanda Place Names
Place names without prepositions belong to class 9a. Many place names which refer to
countries, regions and provinces belong to class 14, however, and thus take the preprefix uand the prefix –bu- before the stem. The preprefix deletes if the non is preceded with a vowel.
Ex. Ubufaransa ‘France’
mu Bufaransa ‘in France’
There are some names also, especially rivers, which belong to class 12, thus having the
preprefix a- and the prefix –ka-. The preprefix a- also deletes if there is a preposition
preceding it.
Ex. Akagera ‘Akagera river’
ku Kagera ‘on the Akagera river’
It is important to note also that place name which belong to class 9a have the appendix –ri
added to prepositions ku- or mu- have –ri if the precede them.
ex. muri Tanzaniya ‘in Tanzaniya’
mu Budage ‘in Germany’
ku Kanyaru ‘on the Akanyaru river’
kuri Base ‘on the Base river’
Agasasa
Agashyushyangutiya
Agatobwe
Akabagari
Akagera
Akanyaru
Akaririsi
Akavuguto
Akazarusenya
Amarangara
Amayaga
Amerika
Akanage
Angola
Ankole
Arabiya
Arijeriya
Base
Bayi
Bicumbi
Birambo
Bivumu
Botswana
Bukavu
Bukoba
Bunge
Bunya
Busengo
Busoro
Butare
Buyoga
Bwankeri
Bweyeye
Byimana
Coko
Cyabingo
Cyahinda
Cyanika
Cyeru
Cyimbogo
Cyungo
Cyimvuzo
Cyotamakara
Dubayi
Gabiro
Gacu
Gafumba
Gako
Gahinga
Gasarenda
Gaseke
Gashora
Gasoro
Gasozi
Gasyata
Gatare
Gati
Gatonde
Gatunzo
Giciye
Gihindamuyaga
Gikomero
Gikondo
Gikongoro
Gisagara
Gisaka
Gisasa
Gisenyi
Gishamvu
Gishoma
Gisoro
Gitarama
Gitesi
Gituza
Gitwe
Hindiya
Huye
Icyesha
Icyingogo
Icyiri
Igihunya
Ijwi
Impara
Imvejuru
Iraki
Isirayeri
Itabire
Iwawa
Liberiya
Libiya
Lusaka
Kabare
Kabarondo
Kabaya
Kabgayi
Kacyiru
Kadaho
Kaduha
Kagabiro
Kagitumba
Kamembe
Kamonyi
Kampala
Kanazi
Kanombe
Kanyonyomba
Kanzenze
Karaho
Karora
Kavumu
Karago
Karagwe
Kayanza
Karambi
Karambo
Karengera
Karongi
Karundura
Katabuvuga
Kayenzi
Kayonza
Kibari
Kibirira
Kibirizi
Kibungo
Kibuye
Kicukiro
Kidaho
Kigarama
Kigoma
Kigeme
Kigembe
Kigombe
Kinazi
Kinihira
Kinigi
Kinshasa
Kinunu
Kinyamakara
Kirambo
Kirehe
Kiruhura
Kisangani
Kivumu
Kivumba
Kivuye
Kiyombe
Kiyonza
Kiyovu
Kiyumba
Maraba
Marabage
Malawi
Masango
Mashyuza
Mata
Matara
Matyazo
Maza
Mbazi
Mbogo
Mbuye
Mibirizi
Mihindi
Migando
Mirenge
Misiri
Mombasa
Mpanda
Mubazi
Mubuga
Mudasomwa
Mugambazi
Mugesera
Mugina
Mugusa
Muhabura
Muhima
Muhero
Muhura
Mukarange
Mukingi
Mukingo
Mukungu
Munini
Murama
Murambi
Murinja
Mushiha
Mutima
Mututu
Mugombwa
Musange
Musasa
Musambira
Musebeya
Mushiha
Mushirarungu
Mushishiro
Mushubati
Musogo
Musogoro
Mutende
Muvumba
Muyaga
Mwazi
Mwendo
Mwima
Namibiya
Nasho
Nayirobi
Ndera
Ndiza
Ndorwa
Nduga
Ngarama
Ngenda
Ngoma
Ngororeroà
Nijeri
Nijeriya
Nkomero
Nkumba
Nkuri
Nshiri
Ntaruka
Ntongwe
Ntyazo
Nyabahanga
Nyabarongo
Nyabasesera
Nyabikenke
Nyabisindu
Nyagasozi
Nyagatare
Nyakagezi
Nyakabanda
Nyakibanda
Nyakinama
Nyakizu
Nyamagabe
Nyakinama
Nyamasheke
Nyamirambo
Nyamiyaga
Nyamugari
Nyamure
Nyamusanze
Nyamutera
Nyakare
Nyangezi
Nyantango
Nyanza
Nyarubogo
Nyaruhengeri
Nyarugenge
Nyaruguru
Nyarutarama
Nyaruteja
Nyarutovu
Nyiragongo
Nyumba
Nyungwe
Omani
Pakisitani
Porutugali
Ramba
Rambura
Remera
Ririma
Rubengera
Rubona
Rubyiro
Rucunshu
Ruhango
Rugarama
Rugunga
Ruhashya
Ruhengeri
Ruhondo
Ruhuha
Rukara
Rukoma
Runda
Runyinya
Runyombyi
Rusatira
Rusenge
Rushashi
Rusiya
Rusizi
Rusumo
Rutsiro
Rutonde
Rutongo
Rwamagana
Rwamata
Rwamatamu
Rwamiko
Rwampanga
Rwanda
Rwangamwanda
Rwanyakizinga
Rwempasha
Rwesero
Rwinkwavu
Sabyinyo
Sahera
Sake
Save
Satinsyi
Sebeya
Secoko
Senegali
Shari
Shyanda
Shyorongi
Somaliya
Sovu
Sudani
Taba
Tambwe
Tanganyika
Tare
Tanzaniya
Tokiyo
Tumba
Ububeruka
Ububirigi
Ubudaha
Ubudage
Ubufaransa
Ubufumbira
Ubufundu
Ubuhinde
Ubuholandi
Ubugande
Ubuganza
Ubugereki
Ubugesera
Ubuhoma
Ubugoyi
Ubukamba
Ubukonya
Ubukunzi
Ubumbogo
Ubunyabungo
Ubunyambiri
Uburayi
Uburera
Uburiza
Uburundi
Uburusi
Uburusiya
Ubushiru
Ubusozo
Ubusuwisi
Ubutaliyani
Ubuyenzi
Ubwanamukari
Ubwanacyambwe
Ubwishaza
Umubari
Umurera
Urukaryi
Urukiga
Urukoma
Uvira
Yapani
Yemeni
Yeruzaremu
Zambiya
Zanzibari
Zaza
Zimbabwe