Diaspora for Development – the Western Balkans Experience

International Organization for Migration (IOM)
Diaspora for Development
– the Western Balkans
Experience
1
Facts and
Figures
2010: Diaspora in
Albania
figures
Emigrants: 1,438.3 thousands; as percentage of population: 45.4%
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Emigrants: 1,461.0 thousands; as percentage of population: 38.9%
Kosovo (2008)
Emigrants: 550 thousands; as percentage of population: 30.5%
Macedonia
Emigrants: 447.1 thousands; as percentage of population: 21.9%
Croatia
Emigrants: 753.9 thousands; as percentage of population: 17.1%
Serbia
Emigrants: 196.0 thousands; as percentage of population: 2.0%
Montenegro: data not available
3
2008: Remittances (in USD)
Albania: 1,495 million (13% of GDP, 166% FDI, 374% ODA)
Bosnia & Herzegovina: 2,735 million (17% of GDP, 249% FDI, 547% ODA –
2007)
Serbia: 5,538 million (185% FDI, 554% ODA)
Macedonia: 407 million (67% FDI, 204% ODA)
Croatia: 1,602 million (33% FDI, 400% ODA)
Kosovo and Montenegro: data not available
4
Initiatives: Investment (financial
capital)
Initiatives: remittances & savings for investment
6
•IASCI - IOM 2010. ''Maximising the Development Impact of
Migration-related Financial Flows and Investment to
Bosnia and Herzegovina.''
• IASCI 2010. ''Maximising the Development Impact of
Migration-related Financial Flows and Investment to
Albania and Kosovo.'„
•IOM, Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
(EKN), Triodos Facet: “Diaspora Savings Fund for Rural
Entrepreneurs, Bosnia-Herzegovina”
7
Diaspora estimated annual savings
• Albania: Euro 3,437 million (2008)
• Bosnia & Herzegovina: Euro 4,660
million (2009)
• Kosovo: Euro 2,535 million (2008)
-IASCI 2010
Initiatives: remittances & savings for investment
8
•Long-term migration results in considerable savings and
investment potential.
•Given their numbers, long-term migrants and their HHs comprise
a significant human and financial resource, and a substantial
potential market for interested and imaginative actors in the
financial sector
•These important findings remain largely unexplored by financial
intermediaries and governments alike.
Initiatives: Brain Gain (human
capital)
Initiatives: Brain gain
• Serbia: Scientific Research
• Bosnia & Herzegovina: RQN
• Regional: MIDWEB TRQN/TVR
• Croatia: Unity through Knowledge
1
0
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Case Study: Bosnia Return of Qualified
Nationals
Total RQN placements, September
862
1996 – June 2000:
Male:
520
Female:
342
Number of candidates who completed
the RQN project cycle:
768
Still working with the same employer
even after IOM assistance finished:
652 (85%)
Total number of dependants returned
with candidates:
1906
Estimated number of new jobs created
by self-employed candidates:
358
Case Study: Bosnia Return of Qualified
Nationals
Placed Candidates
•Recruitment of candidates,
outside BiH, and matching
with available job offers,
•A one year minimum
official employment contract
for the candidates selected,
•Return travel to BiH for the
selected candidates and
their dependants,
•Institutional budget
subsidies as a means to
guarantee regular salaries
for candidates,
179
112
175
49
Economy 13%
Education 20%
Health 15%
Industry 26%
223
124
Law 5%
Self-employment 21%
•
•
Institutional equipment to match the new human
resources,
Limited assistance with reintegration and/or with
accommodation.
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2
Case Study: Croatia Unity Through
Knowledge
• Ministry of Science, Education and Sports,
supported by World Bank, Program aims
to:
– (i) encourage Croatian scientists &
professionals in Diaspora to return and work
in Croatia and/or connect with the local
scientists;
– (ii) encourage Croatian institutions &
researchers to use potentials of Croatian
scientific and professional Diaspora.
– (iii) integrate these processes into national
reconstruction and economic development.
1
3
Case Study: Croatia Unity Through
Knowledge
UKF
Research
Cooperability
Program
200 000 EUR
1A “Homeward”
1B “Crossing
Borders”
Connectivity
Program
10 000 EUR
2A “Gaining
Experience”
2B “Homeland
Visit”
Young Researchers
and Professionals
up to 100 000 EUR
3A “My first research”
3B “Reintegration”
3C“Research
in industry”
1
4
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Case Study: Croatia Unity Through
Knowledge
• European Regional Economic Forum
(EREF): best practice in “Developing
human capital and managing migration for
more competitive European regions.”
• International Labor Organization (ILO):
best practice in “Promoting the linkages
between migration and development.”
Initiatives: Grassroots (social
capital)
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Grass-roots initiatives (social
capital)
• Grass-roots vs. institutions
• Nostalgia vs. activism: Although migrant
and diaspora associations exist, their role
and importance …(is) extremely limited.
…(l)ess than 0.5% of migrants see such
associations as “a trusted source of
information.”
• Razglasaj, Tweet-up, BH Fanaticos
• Regional cooperation
18
Literature
• Odliv mozgova – Grupa 484 May 2010
• Research: Diaspora-savings Based Fund
for Rural Entrepreneurs, BosniaHerzegovina, Triodos Facet, IOM April
2011