Milk and Milk Products

Transcription

N^
'-V
\o
CONTENTS
PAGE
N E W YEAR GREETINGS
..
OUR SPECIAI. NUMBER
..
1
1
IT PAYS TO CAkE FOR THE DRY COW
• £y Major Grahame Williamson, O.B.E., M.R.C.VtS.,
Commissioner with the Government of India ..
D.V.S.M.,
AnimaLHusbandry
2
PREPARATION OF GOOD GHEE
3
By Dr. Noghir N-. Dastur, Imperial Dairy Research Institute, Bangalore
ADULTERATION IN INDIAN DAIRY PRODUCTS
By B. N. Banerjee, M.Sc., and K. S. Rangappa, Department of Biochemistry, Indian
» Institute of Science, Bangalore
MILK SURVEY OF BANGALORE, AND MYSORE
By Dr. P. S^c, Isaac, B.Sc, Ph.D., Officer-in-Charge of the Survey
MILK SUPPLY CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES IN MADRAS PROVINCE
By W. R. S. Sathyanathan, I.C.S., Registrar of Co-operative Societies in Madras
..
THE MILK SUPPLY OF BOMBAY CITY
THE PROPHET PRAISES COW'S MILK
MILK PRODUTION IN INDIA
MILK CONSUMPTION IN INDIA
IMPROVING VILLAGE CATTLE
..
..
.*.
By Sir Datar Singh, Vice-Chairman, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New
* Delhi
9
11
11
12
12
13
THE BANGALORE SCHOOL FEEDING SCHEME
By Dr. S. S. De, D.Sc, Dr. V. Subrahmanyan, D.Sc, F.R.I.C, Indian Institute of
Science and M. V. Krishnaswami, The City Milk Supply, Bangalore
.. '
PROBLEM OF CATTLE FEED
15
*
By The Hon'ble Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Member for Food and Agriculture, Government
of India
..
..
..
..
..
' ..
MOLASSES AS CATTLE-FEED
By Dr. B. Narasimha Iyengar, B.A., Ph.D., Retired Director of Agriculture in Mysore
MILK PROTEINS
RINDERPEST CONTROL EXPERIMENTS IN BOMBAY
STILBOESTROL DIPROPIONATE SOLUTION
By Messrs. May and Baker
..
20
20
21
ANNOUNCEMENT
22
22
22
23
23
24
24
24
24
24
€>UR CATTLE FEED CO-OPERATIVE STORES, LTD,
24
H O W THE COW 'HOLDS U P ' HER MILK
..
CAPITAL FOR DAIRY COMPANIES IN INDIA . .
BOOK REVIEW
SCHEME FOR THE DISTRIBUTION OF "RE-CONSTITUTED M I L K ' IN MADRAS CITY
PROGRESS OF THE SOCIETY
VETERINARY A I D
BREEDING BULL SERVICE . .
ANOTHER DRY CATTLE FARM
ESUBUSHIO
ies4
JOICIMM
II
THE
BEST
GARDENS
IN INDIA, BURMA &
grow
OC.T..OCU. .«..
POCHA'S
P E S T O N J E E P. P O C H A
8 N a p i e r Road
LIMITED
CEYLQN
%
from
'SEED.S
$ SONS
Voaaa
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APPLY
SHARP!!
Books on Philosophy, Economics, Banking, Agriculture, etc., are always
available.
Following are a selection:
Rs.
i
Milk & Milk Products, 2nd Ed.
1
Feeds & Fodders
Principles of Irrigation &
2
Drainage
•Rig Veda, Vols. 1 to VI.
Eng. Translation
Per Set- • 21
Srikara Biliashya,'2 Vols. Eng.
15
Introduction ; Text Sans.
Hindu Polity
10
A.
8
0
Catalogue
Rs." A.
Upanishad BhasLya, Vol. II,
Parts 1 & 2, Shankara's Tfen
Upanishads, Sanskrit
Upadesh
A. B. C. of Central Banking
Through an Indian Camera
2 Vols.
Per Set.
0
0
0
0
Outlines of Islamic Culture,
2 Vols.
Per Set.
on
10 0
15 0
Application
THE BANGALORE
PRINTERS. PUBLISHERS, BINDE'^S &
P.O. B o x NO, 7
7 0
3 12
20 0
PRESS
BOOKSELLERS
B A N G A L O R E CITY
LIST OF ARTICLES PUBLISHED DURING THE YEAR 1947
No. 1—Januaiy, 1947
Page
New Year Greetings ..
..
..
1
Our Special Number ..
..
..
1
It Pays to Care for the Dry Cow
By Major Grahame Williamson
..
2
Preparation of Good Ghee
By Dr. Noshir N. Dastur
..
..
3
Adulteration in Indian Dairy Products
By B. N. Banerjee and K. S. Rangappa ..
6
Milk Survey of Bangalore and Mysore
By J)r, p. Mc Isaac ..
..
..
8
Milk Supply Co-operative Societies in
Madras Province
By W.'R.S,Sathyanathan
..
. . 9
The Milk Supply of Bombay City
.. 11
The Prophet Praises Cow's Milk
.. 11
Milk Production in India
..
..12
Milk Consumption in India
..
..12
Improving Village Cattle
By Sir DafarSing
.. '
..
..13
The Bangalore School Feedinp Scheme
By Dr. S. S. De, Dr. V. Subrahmanyan
and M. V. Krishnaswami
..
..15
Problem of Cattle Feed
By The Hon'ble Dr. Rajendra Prasad .. 18
Molasses as Cattle-Feed
By Dr. B. Narasimha Iyengar
.. 20
Milk Proteins
..
..
.. 20
Rinderpest Control Experiments in Bombay 21
Stilboestrol Dipropionate Solution
By Messrs. Mav and Baker ..
.. 22
How the Cow'Holds U p ' H e r Milk
.. 22
Capital for Dairy Companies in India .. 22
Book Review
..
..
.. 23
Scheme for the Distribntion of Reconstituted Milk" in Madras City .. 23
No. 2—February, 1947
Milk and Milk Products—
Improving the Milk Supply of Towns in
India
By Zal R. Kothavalla
..
. . 25
Modern Dairy Farm Equipment
By E. Rea
..
..
.. 28
Bacteria and Milk
By K. K. Raju
..
..
.. 29
Cattle in Healtli and Disease—
Im.provement of Cattle
By Dr. Rajendra Prasad
..
.. 31
Feeds and Fodders—
Arizona's Wonder Grass
..
.. 32
The Second Annual General Meeting of
the Bangalore Dairy Cattle Feed Cooperative Stores, Ltd.
..
. . 33
No. 3—March, 1947
The Vanaspathi or Vegetable Ghee
s
Industry . .
..
..
.. 35
Milk Powder Increases in fmportance in
England ..
..
..
.. 36
No. 3—March, 1947—Contd.
Paae
Dairving
ByT.^M.Paul
..
..
..37
Various Factors that Affect Milk Composition
By L. A. P. Brito-Babapulle ..
.. 39
Cattle in Health and Disease—
Udder Diseases of Dairy Cows
.. 42
Daily Per Capita Consumption of Milk in
India and Some Foreign Countries
43
Feeding of Farm Animals
By Pandit Lai Chand Dharmani,
S. Kartar Singh Lobara and N. Akbar
AH Chohan
..
..
.. 44
No. 4--April, 1947
Hearing the Breaking Point
..
. . 47
The Indian Dairy Association ..
..47
Various Factors that affect Milk Composition
By L. A. P. Brito-Babapulle
.. 48
Determination of Fat and Total Solids
in Milk ..
..
..
.. 51
Preventing Blackquarter in Cattle
By V. R. Rajgopalan
..
.. 53
Conservation of Green Fodder
By Malik Fazl Hosain
..
. . 54
No. 5—May, 1947
Milk an44ylilk Products—
A Suggestion to Co-operative Milk Unions
By P. K. Bhargava
..
. . 57
Cattle'in Health and Disease—
Penicillin and Mastitis
..
. . 61
How Does Berseem Grow ?
By Jai Chand Luthra and Madan
Mohan Lai Sharma
..
.. 62
The Fifth Annual General Meeting of the
Society ..
..
..
.. 64
No. 6—June, 1947
The Commercial Dairy Cow
By T. W. Millen
..
..
.. 69
The Bacterial Content of the Calcutta
Milk Supply. Suggested Milk Bacteriological Standards
By R. Banerjea and A. K. Sen
.. 72
^
Mineral Poisons Affecting Stock
By D. H. Le Souef
..
.. 73
Feeding Experiments with Milch Cows
.. -75
11
No. 6—June, 1947—Contd.
Page
India's Milk Production—
Thirteen Evils of Present System and
Their Cure
..
..
. . 76
Dairy Farming in Germany and Denmark 77
New Milk Supply Scheme for Hyderabad
City
...• 78
Improvement of Milk Strains by Artificial
Insemination
..
..
.. 79
No. 7—July, 1947
Milk in the Tropics and Sub-Tropics
By Dr. Norman C. Wright ..
..81
Vanaspati
Bv G. Ford
..
..
. . 83
By The Editor
..
..
. . 84
..
.. 85
From Far and Near ..
..
.. 86
Groundnut Cake as Feed for Young
Stock
By Dr. B- Narasimha Iyengar
.. 87
Save Your Soil
.. '
..
.. 89
No. 8—August, 1947
Milk and Milk P r o d u c t s Heat Resistant Bacteria
By E. Jones-Evans
..
. . 91
Cattle in Health and DiseaseControl of Cattle Ticks with D.D.T. . . 95
D.D.T. Bief and Milk
..
.. 95
A Note on the Pasture Value of the
Giant Star Grass
By H. Shiva Rau and S. N. Chandrasekaran
..
..
. . 96
From Far and Near ..
.,
.. 98
No, 9—September, 1947
•'"Barren" Cow Yields Milk ..
..101
The Society's Dry Cattle Farm
. . 101
Training Courses in Dairying ..
. . 101
Persistent Milkine in a Virgin Cow
By Ikram Ullah Khan
..
.. 102
Milk Output in America
..
.. 104
"Milk Fever" or "Postpartum Paresis"
By N. R. Srinivasa Iyengar
.. 105
The Comparative Value of Some Concentrates in the Feed of Growins
Cat;le
By N. C. Das Gupta
..
.. 106
No. 9—September 1947—Contd.
Page
Note on the Different Course^ of Dairy
,
Training given at the Indian Dairy
Research Institute, Bangalore
.'. 109
No. 10—Ocfobcr, 1947
Milk and Milk Products--Keeping Quality of Milk under the
Indian Household Conditions
By Kerala Verma and H. Laxminara• yana ..
..
..
' ,. Ill
Cattle in Health and D i s e a s e Livestock Development *•
By Hon'ble Dr. Rajendra Prasad
114 .
Fluorosis of Cattle in the Madras Presi• dency
By G. R. Viswanath'an
..
. . 117
No. 11—November, 1947
Our Bunetin'Travei& Afar
..
, . 119
Lactation without Parturition ..
. . 119
Butter is a Unique Food
'..
. . 119
Milk and Milk P r o d u c t s Mammary Activity and Milk Secretion
By Prof. H. D. Kay
..
.. 120
New Nutrient Found in Butter
.. 121
•'Stilboestrol" in the Treatment of Ancestrus in Cows, Buffaloes, etc.
• By N-Srinivasa Iyengar ..
..122
Johne's Disease in Cattle
By G. L. Sharma
123
Feeds and.Fodders—
Feeding of Rice Straw to Cattle
.. 125
No. 12—December. 1947
Long Distance Collection of Milk for
City Supplies
By S. C. Ray
..
...
.. 129
Feed Scarcity Affects Fat Content in '
Milk
133
An Outstanding Bull at the Imperial
Dairy Research Institute, Bangalore
By A. J.Lazarus
..
.. "
..133
Foot and Mouth Disease
By N. R. Srinivasa Iyengar
.. 134
Fluorosis of Cattle in the Madras Presi- dency
By G. R. Viswanathan
..
.. 135
New Insecticide Stronger than D.D.T.
137
MONTHLY BULLETIN
OF
The Bangalore Dairy Cattle Society
^•^/ô/-.—RAJASEVASAKTA A . K . Y E G N A N A R A Y A N A I Y E R , M . A .
Associate-Editor:—DR.
Vol. y i ]
B . NARASIMHA IYENGAR, P H . D .
JANUARY 1947
[No. 1
NEW YEAR GREETINGS
beg to offer to all our readers
W E greetings
and our best wishes
hearty
for a
happy and prosperous New Year. Let us
pray that the ISfew Year will usher in an era
of peace and friendliness among the nations
and bring relief and comfort to the ir>na
long
suffering peoples of this globe.
OUR SPECIAL NUMBER
\ T y I T H the commencement of the year 1947 it continues to serve a much wider circle of
* * our Bulletin completes .five years of its readers all over India, whose number has
career. Started in the month of January 1942 steadily increased, and whose appreciation
as the organ of the newly formed Dairy Cattle it has won.
Society of Bangalore, and pubUshed on the
The Society though begun in a small way
Opening Day of the All-India Cattle Show has made remarkable progress during tliese
held in Bangalore the Bulletin has passed years and;:has added one activity to another
through five years of unbroken success and and still Continues to do so. Its veterinary
usefulness. The period has been one of service has much expanded, its Breeding
much anxieiy and difficulty to all those v/ho Bull Service is. over-patronised, its Cattle
have had anything to do with printing and Feed Stores is an exceedingly popular and
publishing—a state of affairs which unfortti- flourishing institution, its Dry Cattle Farm is
nately still continues. These abnormal diffi- being found too small and has a waiting list
culties have greatly aQded to the well-known of applicants, its Dairy Cattle Shows have
troubles oi a harassed Editor who has to find become, a regular feature in the City, and
and furnish a steady and unfailing stream of lastly is this Bulletin itself with its increasing^
articles month after month. We are most popularity.
thankful to say that we have fecund it possible
We have permitted ourselves some little
to carry on despite these difficulties and to elation overt^js record and decided to commemaintain the high level of usefulness which we morate this five year period of useful achieveset before ourselves and also to issue tlie ment by publishing this Special CommemoraBulletin punctually without a single default tion Number of the Bulletin, which appeared
in all these years.- Finance has however not to us as the best manner in which all our readers
been our strong point, but that is another could be enabled to share our feeling. We
story.
are very fortunate that many emiijent friends
Though primarily intended for the benefit to whom we applied for contributions have
of the Bangalore Dairy Cattle Society as a readily responded and helped to make the
vehicle' for information of direct practical Special Number worthy of the occasio'n. We
value to the members and as' a record of its tender to all of them our most grateful thanks
progress and activities from month to month, for their generous co-operation.
1
IT PAYS' TO CARE FOR THE DRY COW
BY GRAHAME WILLIAMSON
Animal Husbandry Commissioner with the Government of India
the most important
PROBABLY
factor governing the quah'ty of
single
Indian
cattle is their food supply. That that is fully
realised by those in charge of the destinies of
the Bangalore Dairy Cattle Society is evident
by the prominent place they have given to
articles on the subject in their Bulletin, by
the establishment of a Co-operative Cattle
Food Store, and by the facilities offered at
their Dry Cow Farm.
It has struck me as a looker-on and as a
constant reader of the Bulletin that the significance of the bond which unites these three
forms of activity may possibly not be as completely understood by members as may be
desirable, that is, as far as it relates to the
feeding of the dry cow.
The maintenance of the family cow when she
goes dry, and especially if she be maintained
in city surroundings, may be an embarrassment; the dry cow in a commercial concern
run under city conditions is a source of dead
loss. Wherever she may be, there is the continual temptation to treat her shabbily and yet
to expect that when she freshens, she will
be none the worse for the neglect she has undergone but will respond continually and fully
as soon as she is 'restored to favour.
The facts of her case are that if she has been
fed adequately, if not liberally, and managed
competently throughout her lactation, her dry
period, that is, the period of her recuperation,
need be quite short; on the other hand, if she
has been consistently under-fed, this period
will be correspondingly prolonged. What the
owner has to remember, however, is that the
period between lactations is one of recuperation and that, although lactation may have
ceased, she has still to nourish the calf within
her. During her lactation, if it has been at
all heavy, she will certainly have reduced her
bodily store of minerals, she may, in fact,,
have drained her system of them, she .will
almost certainly have reduced her reserve of
fat, and she may also have lost much of her
other bodily constituents. That she can regain all tSese within a comparatively short
period and from food materials that only a
rumina«t could use, is one of the marvels of
the cow. But there is a limit to her power
in this direction and if she is not asked to go
beyond that limit and is, in fact, given somei
help in her process of recuperation, she
answers so well to it that the outlay on the
part of the owner is repaid with handsome
interest. It should be realised quite clearly
that the critical period in the feeding and
management of the dairy cow, is the six weeks
which precede and the three months which
follow calving. She is in a position to use
and asks for nothing else but roughages up
to the final stages of pregnancy. Then,
however, when both tha rate of increase and
the actual size of the foetus is very great, she
can still manage well on good' roughage alone,
but she will repay in the forthcoming lactam
tion the feeding at this time of a limited
amount of suitable concentrates. No commercial concern can afford to miss this investment; no private owner should deprive himself of its benefits.
The cow which is scantily fed up to her time
of calving, even if she be fed liberally thereafter, will reach her peak in yield in the second
week and then and there will begin a steady
decline, which no amount of feeding can
stop. If, on ,the other hand, she has been
properly fed before calving as well as after it,
her yield of milk should keep on increasing
up to the sixth week, it should stay at this
height for a considerable period, perhaps up
to the tenth week in a really good cow, before
the inevitable decline commenced. The Western dairy man looks for an extra thousand
pounds of milk by the prolonged retention of
the yield at its peak, and he calculates his
gain against the cost of food needed to produce it. The members of the Bangalore
Dairy Cattle Society perhaps do the same,
but if they do not, it is suggested that the
point should receive their serious consideration. The cost of the extra milk carries with
it no share in the general upkeep or maintenance cost of the cows, for that, in any case,
would hav? to be borne against the lesser
amount—it is, thus, by far the cheapest milk
to produce.
An indication of the amount of concentrates needed for the average cow is H lb. a
day for the sixth week from calving, increasing
to 2^ lb. at the fourth week, and 3^ lb. from
the second week up to the time of calving,
with a slightly greater amount for first calvers
(Continued on page 7)
PREPARATION OF GOOD GHEE
Bv NosHiR N. DASTUR
Imperial Dairy
Research Institute, Bangalore
--pHB preservation of milk in the form of
A ghee has been practised in India from
time immemorial. The industry though vast
in its total monetary value represents the
labour of small farmers. The great importance
given to ghee will be therefore readily understood if one considers the part it plays in the
village economy rather than its any intrinsic
nutritional and medicinal values. For example,
ghee is regarded as propitious and is described
in Sanskrit literature as a gift which destroys
sins. Indian medicinal literature has endowed
ghee not only as the best amongst all the
edible fats but its habitual use as the foremost
of all "Rasayanas". With our modern knowledge, these statements do sound a bit exaggerated if taken literally.
The methods employed in the manufacture
of ghee to-day are those that have been
handed down from generation to generation.
About 60 per cent, of the total milk produced
in India is utilised for making ghee. Almost
all of these comes from villages through the
intermediary of merchants and agents. The
term industry as understood in the modern
sense, where each step from the production
of raw materials to the packing of the food
are rigorously controlled, can hardly be applied
to our ghee trade which handles nearly two
and a quarter crore maunds of ghee annually.
In fact the most striking thing about our
modern ghee industry is its lack of proper
organisation. So far, ghee has enjoyed a
natural protection. However, with the modern
developments in food technology, it will be
risky to be complacent on such a slender
basis. Already in the home market ghee is
meeting with severe competition from vanaspati products and at no distant date, if the
present unsatisfactory conditions are allowed
to continue, the public may look more and
more to other sources of ghee. Recently
Australia and New Zealand have taken up
the preparation of what is called "dry butter"
on a factory scale.
As a result of uncontrolled conditions of
manufacture, the ghee that comes on the
market is not uniform in quality. Various
reasons are ascribed for this difference. But
if a little of our scientific knowledge were to
be usftd in controlling the production of ghee,
a product of uniform quality can easily be
presented to the- consumers all throughout the
year. One of the main factors causing this
difference is feed which is varied during different seasons. By a judiciousobalancing of the
diet of the animals, this can be easily controlled. Another defect that ghee suffers from
is its keeping quality. Ghee produced during
summer and rainy seasons does not keep so
well. Here it is a question of observing the
elementary principles of microbiology and
chemistry by the village housewife. A slight
negligence will aggravate the defect under
humid and warm conditions which will cause
little or no damage under winter conditions.
It is not implied here that in India, we should
do away with the production of ghee by small
producers. That will be fatal dream and we
may have to wait for at least a century before
the conditions can be idealised. By using
existing channels and village co-operatives, the
quality of ghee produced can be much improved. For the production of good ghee
under village conditions, the following process
may be recommended:—
Milk to be used for ghee making should
always be boiled and after coohng to body
heat inoculated with a clean starter. The
quality of the starter can be easily judged
from its smooth solid consistency with little
or no separation of whey and absence of gas
holes. If a good starter is used the curds
obtained will also be of a similar consistency.
The pot containing the milk for souring should
be covered with muslin and then with a lid.
The pots used for preparing the curds should
have been thoroughly scrubbed with mud and
coir, rinsed with hot water and then with
cold. They may be exposed to sun or kept
near the fire so that the heat directly falls on
the inside of the pot. For churning mud or
tinned vessels will be most suitable. Churning
should not' be carried out in direct sunlight
or in a place where dust is likely to fall. The
butter collected should be given at least one
good wash with clean water to remove as
much of buttermilk as possible. It is best to
melt this butter at once into ghee. When
this is not possible butter for two op three
days at the most may be collected. For
storing this butter it must be kept dipped in
cold water which should be changed a t least
once in 24 hours. Butter should be kept in
3
MgnlTily Bulletin of'tkcBangalore
a dosed vessel either of mud, aluminium or
tinned brass. When enough butter is collected
it should be melted to remove all the moisture
without over-heating the ghee. The practi^ce
of first making " K i c h c h a " ghee and then
converting at a later date into "Pakka" ghee
is not to be encouraged. *As far as possible
ghee should be made viîth the object of getting
pure butterfat. p h e e so obtained should be
strained through muslin and stored in very
clean containers made either, of porcelain,
aluminium or other common metals heavily
tinned. The vessel should have as little air
gap as possible, and should be securely closed
and kept in a cool place away from light.
The process described above is the same as
being followed under our village conditions
only certain elementary additional precautions
have been suggested. To understand- these
precautions in their proper perspective, it will
be interesting to examine some of the main
factors which lead to deterioration of ghee
and which may come into play under the
present conditions of production. They may
be grouped under the following six heads:—•
(1) Micro-organisms and enzymes;
(2) Metals;
(3) Moisture;
(4) Oxygen and air;
(5) Heat; and
(6) Light.
These factors are not listed in their order o j
importance but are in the order in which
they are likely to be encountered during the
process of manufacture of ghee. In practice
it usually happens that only one or two of
these factors come into play. Then again
some of the m6tals do not combine with
butterfat but their presence acts as catalyst
for inducing deterioration. One cannot be,
therefore, over-fastidious in preparing ghee
uiider best conditions as far as possible, for
rancidity is a peculiar phenomenon which once
haying set in, after destroying the natural
resistance of butterfat, cannot be stopped.
A rancid sample of ghee .if refined will again
develop rancidity quickly.
In villages sometimes raw milk is used or
milk is boiled in earthen pot.s and curdled
in similar vessels. Boiling helps to destroy
undesirable bacteria in milk. It has been
repeatedly proved that the use of boiled milk
produces a'better quality ghee than when raw
milk is used. The porous mud pots are likely
to harbour bacteria and if proper precautions*
are not observed in cleaning these vessels the
milk and curds will also become infected with
Dairy Cattle Society
Undesirable microflora.
Certain types of
bacteria (e.g., Oidium lactis, Cladosporium
hutyri, lipolytic strains of pseudomonas or
Achrombacter, etc.) have the capacity to break
Up the combined acids of butterfat into free
fatty acids. The action of enzymes is sometimes indirect in that they secure a fat-splitting
enzyme which ultimately attacks the butterfat. Henc© the care in selecting a good sample
of curd as & starter.- As mentioned a simple
rnethod of doing this under village conditions
is to see that the starter is of smooth and
Solid consistency. Curds" so obtained are
then churned in earthen or naked brass pots,
^rass contains copper which will go in solution
lander the influence of the acidity Jn buttermilk. Copper is the best pro-oxidant and
tninute traces of it will greatly enhance the rate
of development of acidity c-nd rancidity during
the subsequent storing of butter and ghee.
if churning is carried out in the open, the
butter may get contaminated with dust particles which may'be carrying undesirable bacteria.
Further, light is one of the most powerful
pro-oxidants which rapidly starts deterioration,
if the butter obtained is not washed properly,
the buttermilk left behind will provide a very
fvaburable media for the growth of microorganisms. Butter if it has to be stored
should be kept in a place with subdued light
and in a cool corner. High temperature
greatly enhance the reduction in storage life.
Butter is usually melted into "K<:.chcha"
ghee. This ghee, contains a good amount of
butter serum and is mainly stored, in poor
quality kerosene tins or mud pots. Usually
these tins are rusty inside. During the storage
of "Kachcha" ghee they are further attacked.
The iron liberated acts as a catalyst for
oxidation just like copper. Further, the
tins are not properly covered. They are
plugged either with rags or covered with dry
banana leaves and thus the fat is freely exposed
to the atmospheric oxygen^ Experimental
data show that mud pots are also not very
desirable for storing ghee as due to their
porous surface they allow free passage to air
and thus lead to oxidation of ghee.
At this stage in the life of ghee the ghee
agents come into play. These merchants- go
round from village to village collecting
"Kachcha" ghee. Here also the usual containers are rusty tins improperly covered. The
"Kachcha" ghee travels to towns in dust and
light. The town merchants store this ghee
for varying lengths of time depending on the
market demand. For blending, the tins of
Preparation of Good Ghee
"Kachcha" ghee are kept round a fire to
melt the conteats and stirred from time to time
with an iron rod. The tins are then emptied
in a karai or a rectangular tank kept over
a pit with a gentle slope on one side and provided with a tap at about 6" from the bottom.
These containers are also made of iron. After
the day's work they are seldom cleaned, but
just wiped with old gunny bags. As such,
nlost of them have a heavy lining of grease
and rust. The process is usually carried out
in an open space without a proper roof and
thus ghee is exposed to fairly strong diffused
light if not to direct sunlight. The ghee after
being allowed to settle is filled in used tins
which have at best received only one or two
• rinsings with warm water. This ghee is now
ready for the market. Some ghee merchants,
in order to recover as much as possible of
ghee, expose the ghee residue to direct sunlight.
The ghee so collected is then mixed with the
rest of the bulk. As mentioned before, light
is the most powerful auto-catalyst and once
the ghee is exposed to light the deterioration
processes readily set in. A large bulk of the
ghee coming on the market contains appreciable quantities of free fatty acids. The
AGMARK standards give a liberal margin of
2 -5 per cent, oleic acid, and in spite of this
many samples exceed the limits. For the
production of free fatty acids in ghee, enzymes
and bacterial actions are the main contributing
factors and these can be easily controlled if
the practice of making "Kachcha" ghee is
discouraiged. and ghee is stored in good containers.
''"
The above review should not be taken solely
as a criticism, but only as a first step towards
the future progress. It is suggested that as
a first step the present country method should
be replaced by the separator method in rural
areas. At one time it was considered necessary
to first make butter out of cream and then
convert, it to ghee. Now it has been demonstrated without question, that good ghee can
be obtained by heating the cream directly.
Heating of cream or butter should be carried
out by the village co-operatives rather than by
individual families. By this process milk can
be converted into ghee within 24 hours.
Separated milk, which is nutritionally valuable,
will still remain with the villagers. The practice
of making "Kachcha" ghee first should be
entirely abandoned and always new tins,
aluminium cans or porcelain jars should be
used for storing ghee. From village co-opera,tfves the ghee can go directly to the town
3
merchants who will blend small lots for final
packing. Here the food laws should insist
that the blending is carried out in heavily
tinned containers, in. suitable building,
observing all the principles of elementary
hygiene.
One of the greatest drawbacks of our ghee
Tndustry is that it makes a vain effort to compete-with cheaper fats. In doing this it has
lost the confidence of consumers and paid
scant attention to quality. Economically ghee
cannot possibly compete with vegetable oifs or
vanaspati. Further, India does not produce
enough milk or ghee in normal times. Ghee
must therefore, select its devotees from those
with a fastidious taste who are willing to pay
the price. It is a common practice to find
in the market two or three varieties of ghee
varying in price. This amounts to the sale of
adulterated ghee. Unless the quality of ghee
can be guaranteed the consumer" cannot be
expected to pay the fair price. So future legal
standards for ghee should also consider this
aspeot and lay down a minimum standard for
Vitamin A, and also provide additional safeguards to see that ghee is not rancid. The
ghee industry should learn to take the help
of modern scientific technique. If it were to
invest even a small sum like 0-1 per cent,
of its accepted annual output per annum in
research it will be repaid with ample interest
irf five or ten years. The industry will have
the confidence of the public. To-day even for
packing ghee the industry uses second-hand
tins discarded by another industry. This is
a sad reflection on one" of the premier industries of the country. To inspire the confidence
amongst its customers ghee for sale should be
in new tins of different" denominations.
Another vdxed question effecting the ghee
trade is its adulteration. It is such a vast
question that the best legal efforts cannot
solve it without the co-operation of the industry itself Ghee industry has nothing to fear
from competition from cheap fats provided
once for all it can assure those who wish to
patronise the industry that it oflfers only
genuine products. The chaotic state in which
the industry finds itself now is of its own
making. The war has given handsome returns
to the ghee industry and with the help of
modern scientific knowledge, the whole industry can be reorganised on sound basis.
Beiow are given a few " d o s " and "cion'ts"
about the preparation of ghee which will
prove useful :—
{Continued on page 1)
'
ADULTERATION IN INDIAN DAIRY PRODUCTS
BY B . N . BANERJEE AND K . S. R A N G A P £ ^
Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
T is very difficult to get genuine milk and subject to natural variations. The sensitivity
other dairy products in India. Aiitong, of any test is therefore limited and adulteraone of the causes for this wide-spread evil of tion is, inevita_ble to the extent of natural variaadulteration is the want of a simple and handy tion of the constituent or constant of the milk
method for the detection of fraud in da^ry standard in question. In other words, the.
products. The problem of adulteration in narrower the, limits of variation, the more
dairy products is-a part'of the larger problem helpful is the test to detect adulteration.
of adulteration of all food products. Every
The various constituents of milk—fat,
civilised country has framed food laws to ôlids-not-fat, sugar and mineral matter—do
prevent or at least minimise unhealthy and Jiot vary, fortunately or unfortunately, to
unscrupulous tampering with food products. the same extent .or in the same > way. Fat
We in India can also boast ofsuch laws in the Varies from 3 to 6%, milk solids other than fat
Statute Book : but it is well known that it .is from 8 to 9 -5%, sugar from 4 to 5% and
difficult to get pure and healthy milk or ghee mineral matter from 0'68 to 0-74%. In the
in the Indian market (vide Marketing Report, ultimate analysis the purity of a sample is,
Government of India). In the case of dairy therefore., to be judged on its conformity with
products, owing to various causes like scarcity, the minimum standards of each of the different
difficulties of detection, availabihty of products constituents of the genuine product. But
which lend themselves ideally for adulteration the law, taking into consideration the impracand laxity of the food authorities, adulteration ticability of a complete analysis of every
is practised in a notoriously large measure.
sample as a- routine measure has fixed a miniThe principal dairy products of everyday mum for both the fat and solids-not-fat
use in India are milk, soured milk and ghee. content of milk of an average composition.
In a country like ours where most of us, at But- as the determination of all these involve
least by force of circumstances, consume time and labour, a simple and easy test is the
largely vegetarian food, the importance of a ideal aimed at. The freezing point of milk
natural, well-balanced food like milk cannot is the most widely accepted for t'he detection
be stressed too much. Milk fat or ghee also of added water. This depends on the fact
contributes not only towards the fat "require- that the mineral matter in milk, principally
ments of the diet but also towards the essential resporisible for the depression 6f the freezing
vitamins A and D, and the proteins in milk point, varies within the lowest limits of all the
rival those in meat and fish. In spite of all others (10 per cent.), and therefore allows the
this, it is a notorious fact that next to China, least margin for adulteration' with water.
India is the poorest consumer of milk and But the utility of the test will be defeated on
milk products in the world. The urgent careful manipulation and readjustment of the
necessity of ensuring an ainple supply of these mineral matter, and is, at best, limited to the
products of guaranteed purity is therefore detection of added water. For skim milk and
obvious.
whole milk do not differ in freezing point.
The method also fails as a routine test because
Adulteration in Milk
of the skill and technique required for its
The commonest form of adulteration of milk execlition.
is dilution with water the extent of which is
About 1909 in U.S.A., a simpler and easier
limited only by the consumer's . patience and' test came into vogue in the form of the refracthe vendor's conscience. We are, however, tive index of milk-serum. Although the test
considering the methods of detection of is officially recognised in U.S.A., there are |
adulteration, their defects and their use as certain disadvantages inherent in the method. I
routine tests.
With ihis test it is possible to detect ad^bd
Amumber of physical and chemical standards water upto ten per cent, in average and fifteen '
have been fixed for the genuine article with per cent, in high grade milk. The utihty of I
a view to judging the purity of the given sample. the test is limited in application because the
It should be borne in mind, however, that milk refractive index of skim milk and of whole'
is a physiological product and is therefore milk are the same. In other words, if the &t
I
°6
Adulteration
in Indian Dairy
Products
content is withdrawn from milk, the test fails
to show it.
The preparation of the milk-serum (by
precipitating the fat and proteins from milk)
was necessitated in the'above method owing
to the opacity of milk when viewed through
the refractometer. It has now been observed
that this difficulty can be largely overcome by
removing the fat from milk by centrifuging it
for a few minutes. The separated milk gives
the refractive index (R.I.) of mjlk which is not
different from that of whole milk. And it
takes less than half an hour to test a dozen
samples in this fashion. The R.I. (40° C.)
of cow milk is 1 -3450 to 1 -3480, and buffalo
milk from 1 -3460 to 1 -3500. Although this
modified technique is quicker and simpler than
the original American method using only
milk-serum, it also suff'ers fjom similar defects.
The variations in the value of the R.I., of
average cow milk allows, as mentioned before,
an adulteration with water upto about 15%.
In our country this is further complicated by
the use of buffalo milk. This milk being
distinctly*higher in its average R.I. allows of
much greater dilution—upto about 30% of
added water—to .be passed off as cow milk.
It will th'fejefore be seen that the utility of
R.I. by itself is rather limited. This limitation has been circumvented by making use of
another easily-determinable constant of milk.
the density. A formula relating the R.I. and
the lactometer reading not only considerably
narrows down the limits of variation of this
new figure, the refractive constant K, for milk
but yields characteristically distinct ranges for
cow and buffalo milk. For cow milk K. lies
between 0 -2065 and 0 -2075, and for buffalo
milk between 0 -2076 and 0 -2088. The range
of K narrows down the limits of added water
in high grade milk to 10% and to 5% in
ayerage samples.
The refractive constant also helps in the
detection of gross adulteration of whole milk
with skim milk. It was mentioned before that
the R.I. of skim and whole milk are one and
the same. K .1. by itself therefore, cannot detect
dilution with skim milk. But as the density
of milk rises with the addition of skim milk,
K decreases with increasing addition of skim
milk. Thus, adulteration with skim milk
begins to reveal itself at about 25% addition
in average and 50% addition in high grade
samples.
Again, attempts at normalising the density
of watered milk by the addition of sugar or
jaggery clearly shows itself at levels of about
15% addition, of water. All this information
is gained, it will be seen by determining the
refractive index and lactometer reading of the
samples.
.
'.
{Continued from page 2)
and for those which have not responded well
to the normal quantity. This is, of course,
in addition to a'sufficient quantity of roughage.
The only qualification as to the nature of the
concentrates that need be attached to this
recommendation is that they should be of a
laxative nature a day or two befoje calving.
These figures are' given with diffidence, and
are meant to be illustrative rather than factual,
for it is realised that one of the first principles
of management is that each animal must have
individual attention. The theory of ration-
ing works with remarkable exactness when
applied to the herd, but if bhndly applied to
the individual, it nearly always ends in failure.
t)ne may be asked if such recommendations are j ustified in the face of a cattle food
shortage and the consequent high price of
fodder, and ore can happily answer that they
undoubtedly are, provided the food ii given to
milch cows of not below average quality, for,
as has been indicated, the food thus given is
more economically used than any other,
and, therefore, it is in time of scarcity that the
system is to be particularly recommended.
(Continued from page 5)
6. Store ghee in new tins, porcelain jars or
aluminium containers.
7. Do not use iron karaies for heating ghee.
8. Do not expose ghee to light.
9. Leave as little air gap atTpossible in ghee
containers when storing.
10. If possible make ghee directly from the
cream.
11. Do not adulterate your ghee. It can
easilv be detected.
1. Do not use raw milk.
2. Do not use unclean vessels either for
storing milk, butter or ghee.
3. • Use a clean starter.
4. Always wash the butter with water to
remove buttermilk.
5. Do not make "Kachcha" ghee. Remove all moisture from ghee before storing.
MILK SURVEY OF BANGALORE AND MYSORE
BY D R . P. Mc
ISAAC, B . S C , P H . D .
Officer-in-Charge of the Survey
these food shortage days it is
DURING
necessary that all items of diet, capable
of local production, should not only be conserved but production be increased to the
maximum. - One of the articles of diet in
short supply is milk, which seems to be due to
scarcity of cattle fodder and feedingstuffs.
It will be useful to know the exact position
regarding availability of milk and milk products in the cities of Bangalore and Mysore.
This WaS effected by carrying out a. milk
surv6y of Bangalore and Mysore.
Bangalore
The total quantity of milk produce.d in
Bangalore City daily is about 13,126f seers
from a herd of 1,778 buffaloes and 1,504 cows
in milk out of a total herd of 1,837 indigenous
and 345 Murrah and improved breeds of
buffaloes and 1,213 indigenous and 807 IndoEuropean cross and improved breeds of cows.
The milking capacity of the animals is 1-75
and 1 -71 seers per buffalo and cow, respectively, per day. The ratio of buffalo to cow
milk is 1 -2 : 1 arid as the butter fat content is
in the- neighbourhood of 7% for buffalo and
4 to 5%*for cow milk the quantity of the mixed
milk will be above the legal standard for butter
fat. .It is open to milk retailers and producers to take the fullest advantage of this
fortunate position to manipulate their milk.
All milking is done by and between the hours
of 6 -'30 to 9 a.m. and 4 to 6-30 p.m.
790 seers of milk is reserved for domestic
use, thus* leaving the balance of 12,336^ seers
of milk per day available for sale to the public.
Since sale of liquid milk is the most lucrative,
very little, if any cream and butter are made
from milk produced in the urban area.
Imports of milk and milk products into
Bangalore consist of 6,893 seers mixed milk,
460 seers curds, 4,600-25 seers butter, 306
seers ghee and 36 -75 seers khova. These are
received from the Bangalore, Tumkur, Kolar,
Hassan and Mandya Districts within about
•50 miles and also from Denkanikote in Madras
Presidency. Milk received from beyond 15
to 2Qj miles is boiled and despatched as such.
Transport of milk and milk products is effected
by head load, on bicycles,- by motor-van,
motor bus and by rail. Organised dairies in
Bangalore have collectors in the mofussil for
8
»
collecting and despatching milk. Wholesale
rate for milk is 1 | to 2^ seers and the retail rate
1 to 2 seers per rupee.
Mysore
The total quantity of milk produced daily
in Mysore is about 5,884| seers, consisting of
2,114 sects buffalo and 3,770| seers cow milk,
with 7% and 4 to 5% butter fat respectively.
The total dairying stock consists of 1,832
indigenous and 32 Murrah buffaloes, 2,297
indigenous and 95 cross bred cows. The total
number of milching linimals consist of 1,467
buffaloes and 2,6J2 cows. The ratio of
buffaloes to cows works out to 1:1 -78,
ensuring a high butter fat content. Of the
total herd there were 326 buffaloes and 632
cows dry and pregnant. The milking capacity of the animals works out to 1 -4 seers
per buffalo and 1 -7 seers per cow per day.
Milking is done by hand at 6-30 to 7-30 a.m.
and 6 to 7-30 p.m.
The total daily imports from the mofussil
areas consist of 5,143 seers mixed milk; 856
seers curds, 614 seers butter, 200 seers ghee
and 118 seers khova.
Most if not all the milk imported into Mysore
is unboiled as the producers are within two
hours of journey from Mysore. The wholesale rates are 3 to 3^ seers and the retail rates
at l-| to 2 seers per rupee. Hotels and other
such institutions have milk delivered to them
at 3 seers per rupee.
Quality of Milk and Housing Conditions
On the whole the q,uality of milk produced
in the Bangalore and Mysore areas is ' good
but there is usually extraneous matter in the
milk due to the unhygienic conditions that
prevail in the localities where milching animals
are maintained. It is only in the organised
dairy farms in the Bangalore area and in the
Palace Mansions and in some of the suburbs
of Mysore that niilching animals are maintained
in properly constructed cattle sheds for pro-"
ducing milk under hygienic conditions.
Those engaged in the milk trade at collecting centres and retail shops are well provided
with lactometers, which are of two kinds, „a
metal one of brass or similar metal, niade by
certain village blacksmiths, which is used for
checking milk brought by producers and a
,
MILK SUPPLY CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES IN MADRAS PROVINCE
BY W . R . S. SATHYANATHAN, I . G . S .
Registrar of Co-operative Societies in Madras
HE unique nutritive value of milk and
Tpeoplq
its importance in the dietary of the
is universally recognised. The supply
of pure and wholesome milk, in a country
where a large section of the population 4s
wholly vegetarian, is a matter of national
importance. The problem assumes added
importance in towns where, in most cases, the
niiich cattle are kept in insanitary surroundings
and the cost of production is high. Unless
the production and handling of milk are
properly supervised and cared for, it will offer
many opportunities for adulteration and the
dissemination of conmiunicable diseases.
The conditions created by the war have
brought about a serious deterioration in the
supply of milk to big towns and cities. Milk
has become more deaf and scarce, the quality
has deteriorated and adulteration has become
rdmpant. The rise in the price of milch
cattle and cattle fodder has put up the price
of milk beyond the purchasing power of the
common man. ' On the whole, the sources
from which the public can expect a steady
and wholesome supply of milk have become
extremely limited.
The Working of Milk Supply. Organisation
2. The Co-operative Milk Supply Organisations in the Madras Province have made
a notable contribution towards augmenting
and improving the supply of milk in urban
areas. They are essentially associations ôf
small producers; and while, as such, thSy
ensure a fair return to the producers, they
also supply milk to consumers at a reasonable
cost by reducing the number of intermediaries
in the trade. They are amenable to supervision and control by the Government. They
have no" profit motive and" can, therefore, be
expected to serve both producers and consumers fairly. These institutions have increased^ in number and in their strength during
the last five years. The number has increased
from 57 in 1939 to ?74 in 1946, their membership from 1,666 to 21,767 and their sales from
Rs. 6 -19 lakhs to Rs. 69 -60 lakhs. The total
quantity of milk that was supplied to consumers during the year ended 30-6-46 amounted
to about 32 million pounds. The per capita
consumption of milk in this Province has
been estimated at 3 -7 ounces; and, on this
basis, the milk co-operatives served a population of 15-16 lakhs. In many important
towns in the Province, the public have begun
to look to these organisations as the only
reliable sources of milk supply.
The Milk Supply Societies and Unions
have been catering to the needs not only of
the public but of State Hospitals, Jails and
the Military as well. The Madras City Cooperative Milk Supply Union is the sole,
supplier of milk to all the State hospitals in
the City. It supplies about 2,000 Madras
measures (8,000 lb.)' of milk a day to the
hospitals. The Madras and Coimbatore Milk
Supply Unions were supplying milk to the
respective Military units to the tune of
8,0Q01bs. and 15,000 lbs. a day respectively.
Several municipalities have been obtaining
the milk required for their child welfare
centres from the milk co-operatives. During
the year ended 30-6-46 the total value of
milk supplied to Government institutions and
municipalities amounted to Rs. 17-65 lakhs,
which is about one-fourth of the total business done by them during the year. There
is growing evidence that these institutions are
becor-ing more and more popular and are
increasing the range of their services.
The Madras Milk Supply Union Ltd.
3. The Madras Milk Supply Union which
is the premier institution of its kind in the
Province is also perhaps the biggest cooperative institution of its kind in the whole
of India. The Union has been handling
about 36,000 lbs. of milk a day, which is estimated to be about one-sixth of the' total requirements of milk in the city. It maintains
45 sale depots all over the city for distribution
of milk to the public. About 20 house delivery boys supply milk at customers' doors.
Upto 31-3-4,6, it was supplying milk to the
Army to the extent of 8,000 lbs. a day. The
total business handled by the Union during
the year ended 30-6-46 amounted to Rs. 29 -00
lakhs. Government have sanctioned a scheme
for increasing the milk supply to the city
through this Milk Supply Union by extending
its activities. Under the Scheme, abdut 50
feeder societies have been established in the
villages around the city; the milk produced
'at these centres is collected by lorries, pasteu-
10"
Monthly Bulletinôf
the Bangalore Dairy
rised at the Union's factory near the city and
issued to depots for sale through lorries.
Government have provided the necessary
staff, free of cost for supervision of the scheme.
It is also proposed to construct 16 pucca cattle
sheds at some of the production centres at
Government cost, so that the members may
bring their animals to the common shed for
milking. Government have also sanctioned
the appointment of a Veterinary Officer to
look after the health of the animals' maintained
by the members of^he feeder societies and
provided him with a mobile veterinary unit.
After the introduction of the scheme, the
^supply of milk made by the Union has increased from 16,000 lbs. to 36,000 lbs. a day.
Another important scheme which Government have sanctioned is the one for free distribution of milk to Priority Consumers in the
city of Madras. Expectant and nursing
mothers and children upto 5 years of age,
belonging to families with a monthly income
of Rs. 50 or less, get free supply of milk under
this scheme. About 8,000 lbs. of milk are
supplied every day in bulk by the Madras
Co-operative Milk Supply Union to the
Corporation, which receives and distributes the
milk through its child welfare centres. On an
average about 600 mothers and 9,400 children
are getting free supply of milk everyday and
this has served to improve their health.
Other Important Milk SuppJy Unions
4. The Milk Supply Unions at Coimbatore
and Madura are among the biggest institutions
of their kind in the province. The Coimbatore
Milk Supply Union is handling about! 8,000 lbs.
of milk a day and has, through its branches,
extended its range of supplies to the civil
population in 7 towns other than Coimbatore,
viz., Dharapuram, Tiruppur, Pollachi, Palladam,
Udumalpet, Avanashi and Mettupalayam.
This is the only institution in the province
which is trying the experiment of supplying
milk to more than one town. The Madura
Milk Supply Union, besides distributing milk,
has undertaken the cultivation of fodder in
the Madura Municipal Sewage Farm, which
has been taken on lease. Guinea grass is grown
on the farm which is about 4 miles from the
town. The grass is transported in carts to
Madura Town and supplied in bundles of 10 lb.
to the members. About 2,000 bundles are
sold Svery day.
Government Assistance
5.- Government have been encouraging the
working of the Milk Supply Organisations in"
Cattle Society
several ways. Loans are being given by
Government to these institutions, free of •
interest, for disbursement to members for
purchase of milch cattle. About Rs. 4-20
lakhs were disbursed during the year ended
30-6-46. Government have also granted loans
to some of the Unions for purchase of motor
lorries for transport of nailk. The transactions
of these societies during the current financial
year are exempt from sales tax. The members
of the milk co-operatives are permitted to cut
monsoon grass from reserve forest free of cost
in winter months for making silage. Veterinary
Assistant Surgeons have been asked to inspect
their animals periodically free of charge.
Salvage of Dry Cows
6. To prevent the premature slaughter of
dry cattle, a Co-operative Society for*the
salvage of dry cows has been started in the
city of Madras. The Society collects the dry^
cattle from the cow-owners in the city and
sends them to a dry stock farm at a place
called Kambakkam Kancha in the Nellore
Reserve Forest about .50 miles from the city.
The animals are maintained there until they
calve and returned to the owners. The farm
is under the immediate supervision of the
Veterinary Department and a Veterinary
Assistant Surgeon has been attached to the
farm. About 250 dry animals have so far
been admitted into the Society for salvage
and there is a rush for more admissions.
The scheme is very popular with the cowowners and it is proposed to establish similar
farms around the city to provide facilities for
the salvage of a larger number of animals
than what the Kambakkam Farm can accommodate. It is also proposed to establish a
dry stock farm for buffaloes at Vattambedu
in' Nellore District.
Conclusion
7. The Milk Supply Organisations have
thus been serving a double object. While
they pr.ovide a pure and wholesome supply
of milk to the people, they are likely to evolve
into satisfactory dairies and lead to an improvement in the breed of cattle. Though
they have made notable progress in recent
years, there is still large scope for expansion.
They have to withstand unhealthy competition
frorn private milk-vendors who stoop to all
sorts of malpractices and in many .cases escape
without just punishment. The co-operation
of the public and the assistance of Government and the Municipalities are essential if
THE MILK SUPPLY OF BOMBAY CITY
supply is largely derived from about
THE50,000
milking buffaloes kept within the
city limits.
The production will amount to about
6,000,000, lb., enough to afiord some 3 oz. per
head of the present population.
Buffaloes are not reared in the city, nor are
dry animals kept. Buffaloes in milk are
imported at the rate of about 5,"000 per month,
which owing to restrictions from the supplying
States and Provinces has now dwindled to
2,000 per month.
Calves are starved • out and hardly 4,000
calves can be seen for the 50,000 milking
buffaloes at any time.
Dry buffaloes are sent to the slaughter-house
and some 20,000 are slaughtered every year,
which has now been brought down by about
one-half, through restriction.
Measures for Improvement Taken
1. Maintenance of Imports.—Exporting
administrations have been prevailed upon to
allow exports to some extent and about 2,000
are now regularly imported every month.
2. Slaughter has been restricted, only some
32 animals being allowed daily as against
58 per day formerly.
3. Salvage of Dry Animals.—Farms for.
maintaining dry cattle have been opened both
by Goverrijpent and by the Humanitarian
League and 15,000 animals are now boarded
on these farms.
Permits to import buffaloes are issued only
to such c_attle-owners as have sent their dry
animals proposed to be replaced, to the D r y
Cattle Farm and also undertake not to send
the imported animals when dry to the slaughterhouse. All animals are for this purpose
numbered and registered.
4. Salvage of Calves.—A calf farm to board
1,000 calves annually is to be opened shortly
near Thana.
5. The use of fresh milk has been restricted
to essential purposes only: (a) by prohibiting
its use for purposes other than tea, coffee,
curds, butter-milk, butter and ghee; {b) by
curtailing serving hours in tea stalls and
resj;aurants; (c) by prohibiting the service of
milk or milk beverages at large parties; (d)
by ordering that catering establishments should
not use any milk other than that made from
separated milk powder.
6. 'Promotion of the more essential uses of
milk, by distributing milk to children and
expectant mothers at half price from municipal
distributing centres which now number 662 in
all. A card system has been instituted and
some 2,85,000 card holders receive milk,
which now amounts to 2,200 maunds per day.
7. Encouragement of the use of Separated
Milk, both as Liquid Milk and as Powder.—
Separated milk shops have been opened by
Government and separated milk powder is also
made available in 7 lb. tins to hotels, canteens,
t t c , and in 1 and 2 lb. tins to the public.
8. Import of Fresh Milk from Anand.—
Local production is augmented by importing
15,0001b. of fresh milk every day, and it is
proposed to increase it to 1,00,000 lb. daily.
9. A Government Dairy Farm is to be established at Are, about 25 miles from Bombay
on an area of 1,100 acres and for locating
1,000 animals. A long-tange plan contem- .
plates the opening of a number of dairy farms
of this type.
In addition to the above short-term measures
already in progress, many long-term measures
are proposed, chiefly, the opening of many
dairy farms, prohibiting of cattle keeping
within municipal limits, modern methods of
milk storage, distribution and handling, etc.—•
Abstract from "Bombay's Milk Supply", issued
by the Government of Bombay.
THE PROPHET PRAISES COW'S MILK
Cow's milk is the chief cause of recovery and health.
Ghee is a medicine and beef is a disease.
Cow's milk is the means to cure diseases.
Butter is the medicine, flesh is the disease.
—PROPHET to AYESHA
(from the Romance of the Cow, by D. H. Jani).
u
MILK PRODUCTION IN INDIA
PLAN FOR INCREASING OUTPUT
24-POINT programme for increasing the
over-all milk supply in the country has '
been recommended by the Milk Sub-Committee of the Policy Committee on Agriculture,
Forestry and Fishery, presided over by Sir
Datar Singh, Vice-Chairmap, Indian Council
of Agricultural Research. The Sub-Committee
has also dealt with the question of procurement, processing, transport a'nd sale of milk.
The measures recommended include not only
those which would help in increasing the milk
supply of towns or particular areas with'
immediate effect, but also others which would
help in the increased production of mUk in
the country. Among the recommendations
made by the Sub-Committee are the establish,rofJ3t of milk-collecting and j)rocejvsij)^ centres
or " creameries" in milk-producing areas; use
of separated milk; restricting the use of milk
for purposes other than for fluid consumption;
transfer of milk stock from non-essential to
essential areas for milk production; toning or
standardization of milk; utilising goshalas;
supply of adequate quantity of cattle feed;
cold storage and railway transport facilities;
and .adequate supply of dairy plant and equipment for the trade.
Pointing' out that most of the towns where
deficiency of milk is felt to-day, are surrounded
by areas which form potential sources of milk
supply, the Sub-Committee has recommended
that steps should be taken immediately to set
up wherever possible a suitable organisation,
to be worked preferably on co-operative Hnes
and after proper survey of such areas, for
collecting milk at suitable centres and transporting it by motor lorries to a central processing centre or dairy. The Sub-Committee
recommends development—through the establishment of creameries—of "milk pockets" in
the country, that is, of those areas in the
province where large quantities of milk, surplus
to the requirements of the local population are
A
being produced at present. The creation of
a Milk Control Board in each town or city
to control the price of milk has also been
recommended.
Every possible encouragemgnt, says the StibCommitfee, should be given'to private enterPrise for the establishment of cold stores, and
Wherever necessary Government should construct therrf on •ftieir own initiative and hire
them out. Such' cold stores should be constructed in urban areas for the storage of milk
to facilitate its distribution. As far as possible
s\ich cold stores should be managed on cooperative lines.
In the opinion of the Sub-Committee, insufficient supply of cattle feeds is one of the
S0rjous handicaps JJ? mcreasmg the prodvciios .
of milk. By a proper feeaing of village cattle,
tlieir milk yield could be increased substantially,
even up to fifty per cent. The Sub-Committee
has recommended that • special transport faci-^
lities should be arranged for bringing about
a proper distribution of what feeds are available in the country, more especially in the
rural areas and that in future planning care
should be taken that factories producing oilcakes, which form the bulk of the concen-^
tl-ates given to the milk stock, should be
l<>cated as far as possible in rural areas.
The recommendations of the Sub-Committee
are under the consideration of^ the Central
and Provincial Governments as far as they
Concern them respectively. The Provincial
Qovernments will pay special attention to such
niatters as the provision of adequate staff" for
developing the dairy industry, thb establishnient of " creameries" in suitable areas, where
all the milk offered could be purchased at a
f'iir price, setting up dairy farms, whidh apart
fj'om producing milk could also breed pedi-,
gree bulls for distribution to villages, reorganisation and rehabilitation of goshalas and prevention of slaughter of prime animals.
MILK CONSUMPTION IN INDIA
- p H E per capita consumption of milk in India compared with that
m other countries is very low, the average daily consumption
bemg estimated at 6 -6 02. The Indiana milk is, however, richer in fat
and the consumption adjusted to the fa.t content of cow milk in western
countries increases, to 10 -4 oz. per hgad per day. But even this is
only about a fourth of the average consumption in foreign countries
for which figures are available.—/TO/^>J ''Report on the Marketing of
Milk in India and Burma" 1941.
\2>
IMPROVING VILLAGE CATTLE
BY SIR DATAR SINGH
Vice-Chairman, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi
Possibilities
NFORTUNATELY, Indian Agriculture
In order, therefore, to effect -improvement
has developed along such lines as
hardly provide enough of return to the culti- in cattle, immediate attention will have to be
vator. One of the chief factors responsible devoted to the following important factors.
Feeding.—At present our cattle, on the
for such an unsatisfactory state of affairs is
the poor condition of the cattle. It is almost whole are so badly vmderfed that no improveimpossible to do a single important operation merft can be effected unless the feeding condion the farm without the aid of the bullock: tions are improved to a great extent. Malthe people have, therefore, realized the value nutrition is perhaps the greatest single factor
of this animal from times immemorial, and responsible for the degeneration of cattle to
their proverb that the earth is supported by a their present state. Against the total estibull, is based on sound sense.. Thiis, the cow mated annual requirements of 381 million
has been playing and will continue to play a tons of green fodder, 227 -5 million of dry
very important part in the economics of fodder and 77 -5 million tons of concentrates
Indian cultivation. The improvement of cattle there are only 169-1, 135-2 and 7-5 million
means nothing else .than the development of tons available respectively. This will clearly
agriculture, and it is hardly too much to pro- show the magnitude of the problem of prognosticate that in any scheme of improvement viding enough of nutrition to our cattle.
of agriculture envisaged, the development of Therefore, the very first step towards improvecattle will play a very important role in the ment will be to pro\iide enough of suitable
feeds for the cattle.
history of its attainment.
Increased Cultivation of Fodder Crops.—At
Present Position
present, the tendency is to put more of area
Numerically, India possesses the largest under cash crops, which give better returns
number of cattle as compared to any other than 'the fodder crops. All possible encourcountry in the world. Out of the world's agement should be given to the cultivators to
cattle population of 690 millions there are induce them to put more of acreage under
215 millions found in India. It is nearly such crops which are suitable as cattle feeds.
one-third of the world's cattle population. Crops which are more nutritious and have
But the production of milk, when workedcon better yields per acre should be cultivated in
the basis of per capita consumption, is extremely order to get better returns from the same area.
Proper Conservation of Fodder Crops.—Silage
low in this country. It has been estimated
that the average consumption of milk per head making can be taken up under ordinary village
per day does not exceed seven ounces, while conditions with great advantage.
in other countries like New Zealand and
Rationing of Cattle on Balanced Basis.—^This
Australia it is fifty-six and forty-five ounces will go a long way to improving the condition
res'pectively. According to the present day of oiir cattle.
dietary standards the quantity of milk required
Introducing Rotational Grazing.—On village
for the maintenance of satisfactory growth pasture lands rotational, grazing should be
and health should be between twenty and compulsorily introduced everywhere.
On
thirty ounces per head per day. The output account of over-grazing pasture lands deterioof milk would, therefore, need to be atleast rate and it is essential that some pause should
trebled in order *to meet even the mfnimum be given to grasses for recoupment. If one
requirements. At present, the average quan- half of the pasture land is closed for some
tity of milk produced by an animal in a year months and the remaining half is opened for
is only 750 lbs. The interval between two grazing, there will be more grass for the village
successive lactations is considerably longer cattle, and at the same time, they can also
than in most of the countries. Thus it will be have exercise in the open. At present, village
evident that from economic point of view the pasture lands are more in the nature of exerpresent position of cattle in India is anything cise grounds and provide very little grass. If
but satisfactory.
the policy'of closure and rotational grazing
is introduced, more food will be available for
the cattle. In some cases, it may be necessary
*i From Indian Farming, Special Number, 1946.
U
li
14
Monthly Bulletin of the Bangalore Dairy Cattle Society
to plough the land and sow it with better
quality grass.
Alkali Treated Paddy Straw.—Cattle in rice
straw areas are smaller in size and stunted in
growth, and it has been found that one of the
factors responsible for this is presence of
excessive potash and its oxalate salts in the
rice straw which has adverse effect of general
metabolism including mineral as well. In a
recent investigation carried out at the Imperial
Veterinary Research Institute, it has been
shown that the treatment with dilute solution
of caustic soda increases its nutritive value
as well as it's palatability as by this process,
potash and some of its oxalate salts are washed
away and fibre is made more digestible.
The group of experimental animals feeding
on paddy straw consumed eight per cent,
more than the controls. The alkali treated
straw fed animals at one centre were thus
growing at 67 per cent, accelerated rate th^n
those fed on untreated straw, while at the
other centre they were growing at 74 per cent,
enhanced rate.
The cost of treating the straw, which requires making of "concrete tanks, free supply
of water, caustic soda and labour, is about
rupees four and annas four per maund as
compared to rupees two per maund of untreated straw. For gain in a 100 per cent,
body weight, the cost of feeding and management was thirteen to fourteen pies more over
the control group. The untreated straw fed
animals required 67 to 74 additional days to
make the same unit weight of gajn.
Experiments on improving nutritive value
of rice straw of mere washing it «with water,
which removes fairly high percentage of potash, are on the way. It has been observed
that by feeding washed paddy straw, dry
matter consumption is increased and the
calcium balances improved. This process is
more economical than treating the straw with
alkali. And it is expected that it will go a
long way in making up the deficiency of the
cattle feed in the rice straw area.
Breeding.—By judicious breeding, improvement in cattle can be achieved very effectively.
At present, .due to promiscuous matings there
is a'great degeneration in the quality. Material progress can only be achieved by increasing
the number of good stud bulls. But at present,
the number of such bulls fit for breeding is
very small. It has been estimated that against
our requirements of 250 stud bulls we have
only one available for this purpose. This
acute shortage, to some extent, can be met
with by the artificial insemination centres
started under the scheme of the Imperial
Council of Agricultural Research. These
centres offer two advantages to the public:
(i) approved bulls of suitable breeds will be
available for service for the village cattle, and
(ii) animals which ordinarily cannot be successfully impregnated due to some physiological defect can be served by artificial insemination rnethods.
Under the present system of letting loose
bulls for" breeding purposes in the villages a
very common defect has been noticQdi. These
animals are generally allowed to roam-about
in the locality with the result that so often
these bulls damage the standing crops at
night time causing great loss to the villagers.
On account of this defect the villagers ill-treat
these biills and sometimes inflict serious injuries on their legs and most of them become
lame. To overcome this difficulty, while the
bull should be allowed to roam with tHe herd
during day time, care-takers should be ap-*
pointed to put the bull in an enclosure in the
evenings. The villagers should be tresponsible
for feeding the bull and the care-taker should
collect quota of fodder from each house. The
care-taker should preferably be a trained
stockman so that he can give first aid treatment
to the village animals and also can render
assistance in case of cattle epidemics.
Along with the provision of the improved
stud bulls, it will be necessary to castrate all
the useless males in the villages, otherwise the
good results achieved by_ the use of the improved bulls will be undone by^'the bad ones.
No improvement worth the name is possible
in cattle breeding unless it is rigorously supplemented by castration of useless males.
To meet the paucity of gqod breeding bulls
in the country full use should be made of the
• existing organizations and institutions such as
Gaushalas and Pinjrapoles. It is.estimated that
there are, at present, about 3,000 Gaushalas in
India with a population of over six lac head of
cattle which are being maintained at a cost of
over 30 million rupees per annum. Out of the
total population of about six lac cattle in these
institutions there are about 20 per cent., classified as good. There are other 20 per cent.,
good for breeding, though not highly productive. At a Tery conservative estimate it is
expected that, when re-organized on improved
lines, these institutions will provide about
25,000 males fit for use as stud bulls every year
for replacement in the Gaushalas and fox free
THE BANGALORE SCHOOL FEEDING SCHEME
Mid-day Meal of'Curd and Rice to C. & M. Station School Children'
Comparative Trials with Soya Milk-curd and Separated Milk-curd
B Y S . S . D E , V. SUBRAHMANYAN AND M. V. KRISHNASWAMI
Indian Institute of Science and The City Milk Supply, Bangalore
4th June 1946, Sit Philip Gaisford
OM th2the Hon'ble
the Resident in Mysore,
initiated the Bangalore C. & M. Station school
feeding scheme, which is, in certain respects
both novel and interesting. Bangalore is the
only City having such a scheme and it has
already proved fairly successful.
Along with some of tthe other major cities
in India, the C. & M. Station received a subsidy of one lakh of rupees for providing free
mid-day meal to poor schoolchildren attending
primary schools in the Station. The Collecto'r
(Mr. P. M. Jayarajan), The Deputy Controller
of Civil Supphes (Col. John Stubbs), their
associates and the local Food Conservation
League took very keen interest in the development. The problem was to provide the maximum quantity of food of the best available
quality to the largest number of children at
minimum cost per child. South India being
highly deficient in milk and milk products',
it was felt that the children would respond
well to some form of milk product which would
be agreeable and also satisfying.
It was found that pure milk in any form
would be expensive.- It was also realised that
milk, as such, would not be satisfying. It was
therefore decided to provide Curd and rice
which is a popular dish-and which could, at
the same time, be prepared and distributed
comparatively easily.
Nutritive Value of Soya Milk and Curd
Around this time, the workers at the Indian
Institute of Science had standardised the conditions for the preparation of soya-bean milk
and curd on a semi-large scale. They had
demonstrated that the degestibility and biological value of the protein of soya milk would
correspond closely to those of cow's milk.
They had shown that the vitamin B-complex
of soya milk is of the same order as that of
cow's milk. The supplementary value of soya
hiilk, when added to poor South Indian rice
diet, was also found to be comparable with
that of cow's milk. Among the soya products,
the sour curd was found to be most attractive
as it had practically the same flavour and taste
, as that of the cow's milk product. Even after
paying a fairly high price for soya-bean (an
inclusive price of 4 to 5 annas per pound)
it was found that a milk comparable in composition to cow's milk could be produced at
a 'cost of between Re. 0-1-6 and Re. 0-2-0
per pound.
In view of the above and the attractive
quality of soya curd*,, it was decided by the
Selecting Panel that soya curd should be used
for making up the curd and rice for feeding
school children.
The ration that was prescribed was 4 ozs. of curd to 8 ozs. of cooked
rice per child. The estimated cost of providing curd and rice per child was Re. 0-1-3 per
day which is probably the lowest price for
providing food of such quality at the fairly
liberal level of 12 ozs. per child.
Comparative Trials with Separated Milk-curd
The initiation of the scheme presented a
large number of difficulties. In the first place,
sufficient quantity of soya-bean for providing
1,250 lbs. of curd per day (to feed 5,000
children) was not available. Only about
400 lbs. of milk per day could be prepared.
The authorities of Messrs. The City Milk
Supply readily stepped into the breach and
offered to provide curd prepared out of separated milk to make up the deficit. They also
undertook t a organise the ceoking of the rice,
incorporation of curd and distribution of the
prepared food to 64 schoojs which now come
under the scheme.
Capt. Rao Bahadur
Thangavelu Mudaliar kindly offered his cooperation for supervising the operations and
with the enthuiastic support of all concerned,
the scheme was initiated within a week after
the opening of the schools in June 1946.
At the present time, 1,600 children are
receiving soya-bean curd and rice, while the
rest (3,400 children) receive separated milk
curd and rice. The mid-day meal is provided
on five days of the week, the remaining two
days being hoHdays. The children are under
periodical observation by health authorities,
A small number coming under eacA group
are under systematic observation; s o , that
scientific data could be collected in regard to
the response of the children to soya milk curd
»15
16
Monthly
Bulletin
of the Bangalore
Dairy
Cattle
Society
and rice as eompared -with .separated miifc practice the latter proGedur# has been fourfd
curd and rice as control. The feeding scheme to be preferable becahse of the more efficient •
is tne^fore of much: scientifit: interest arid tfie removal of,the skih,_ The" bean could be
results are-watched with interest by the authori- decorticated and stored in advance in the same
ities of the Food Departhient, the Council of Way as any of the commoner pulses. On the
Scientific and Industrial Research, the Indian day on which the' milk is -to be prepared, the
Research Fund Asssociation and other bedims. dhal is soaked in water in the earlier hours
of the morning. After 5 or 6 hours of steepIncreasing Popularity of.Curd.and Rice
ing
(during which it absorbs its own weight
At the time of the commencement of the
of
water},
it is washed and then extracted with
feeding programme, there was a good deal of
0
-04%
bicarbdntte
of soda which helps to
prejudice'against the exclusive lise of curd and
remove
the.
colouring
matter and the bitter.
rice as mid-day meal. It was represented that
the children would develop colds especially in principle occurring at the surface of the
the wet weather, which prevails jit. Bangalore kernel,' The extraction period is kept as low
from about the end of June till, the ;end of as. possible so,'as to avoid thel'eaching out of
November, Stray cases of cold were reported • "the useiful food constituents' and the waterfrom tiirie to tinie, but on careful examination, soluble vitamins.' The extracted kernel is
it was found that they alrea:dy had the cold thoroughly washed and then transferred to an
due to other cayses and that the feeding, of edge-rUnner rn'Ml where it is groundvtp a coarse
curd and rice fiad no relatiojl to it. Children' •paste. During this pasting^" pure calcium
who had actually developed cold- or any other 'carbbnafe is added.so as to^âke.up the calforni of ailment were advised not to take the • cium level in which the bean is somewhat
curd and rice if they were not inclined to do deficient. The coarse paste which is thus '
so. In this manner, the prejudice and other obtained is passed through a triple roller mill
difficulties were steadily overcome. The which yields a very fine paste., The final paste
scheme has already been carried through is then transferred. to a steam jacketted pan
quite successfully during the wettest months in which about 1\ to 3 times the volume of
of the year and the popularity of curd and the water to the paste is added and the
rice has steadily increased. There is abso- mixture is brought to boil with stirring. The
lutely no wastage and the children consume boiling is continued for 20 to 30 minutes,
after which the suspension is filtered through
each day's production \yith much relish.
The observations by the health- authorities- muslin cloth. The Tesidue which:-still holds
are still continuing.. Although it 'Would be 25 to 30% anilk- is then pressed'between folds
premature to., draw any firia] conclusion after of cloth in a" wooden press' and, the resulting
carrying out. the trial for, only a few ittonths, milk also icbllectedr The-yfeldipf «iilk horn
it can nevertheless be . safely stated that (!) one pound of the' original beafil' would work
' ^
'
there is-no ill-effect attendant On the. feeding out to roughly 5'S'lbs,;'
The milk thus obtained requites* to be supof curd and rice and (ii) for praciical purposes,
'* soya .curd and rice is as good as cow's mil.k- plemented with salt and some fermentable
sugar td'help in.forming the sour- c.urd which
* curd and rice.
•
is-popular Iti South Itidia.^ The previously
' Preparation of Soya Curd
filtered and-pressed out milk'is therefore once
A brief account of the preparation of soya- again transferred to the pan and'with contibean curd will not be out of place. The daily nuous stirring treated with pure salt 50 gm.
production is how between 500 and:600 Ibs^. of and invert sugar 1-5 lbs, to IQO l^s". of milk.
milk which has an average composition of More recently, it has" been fouhd that addition •
total solids 1G%, proteuL 4-2%, fat 3-4%. and of citrate :of soda a:lso hqlpgrin. the formation
carbohydrate 1-8%.' The milk as iiow pre- of the curd' and improvement of ihe flavour.
pared is slightly deficient only in regard to After cooling to about 30° C.; the 'milk is sown,
fermentable sugar and that is being made up with buttermilk i a t h e same'way as in the case
•in the final stages by addition of about I -5 of cow^s milk-curd.. It usually sets ito a thick
to 2% invert sugar. To prepare the milk, solid curd and is ready for use on the followthe bean is soaked overnight in water. During ing morning.
- ' < '
this period, it undergoes incipient germination.
A good deal of experimental work has been
The skin is then removed either in the wet done to determine the best conditions for the
state by using a pulping machine or after souring. Plain soya-bean milk forms a sweet
drying in a decorticating machine. In actual curd but the average South Indian consumer
Edge-runner Mill, used for Preliminary Pasting
T7
r-i
Filled Vessels containing Milk
The cooked rice being mixed with curds untouched by hand
.%
. - " :
• • ' •
,=*\ .T" V -Jife,-
•"ÎJ
^ 4 l
The mixed rice put in vessels of uniform size, sealed and being
loaded into motor-lorry for distribution
The Bangalore
School Peeding
likes the curd to 'be somewhat $duf. In cow's
milk, the acid is produced fey the presence of
liberal amounts of lactose (4 to 5%)'-but as
this is lacking in soya-bean milk, the deficiency has to be made up by incorporation of
dextrose or invert sugar,which produces the
desired amount of acidity in the same way
as lactose does. Invert sugar is cheaper than
dextrose and hence, its use in. preference to
the former.
, .
The whole subject, of vegetable milk is being
discussed in a Separate cbritribution, so^ the
subj ect is not being taken up in greater detail
in the present-.contribution.
Scientific and Practical Value of the Feeding Experiment
As things standi the school feeding scherne
will continue upto end of .the cur.rent school
year, i.e., about the end of April 1947. As
the feeding scheme-has already proved to be
both interesting and Useful, the Government
of Mysore have already been approached for
financial assistance to continue the programme
for another school year. It is earnestly hoped
{Continued-from- page 8)
glass one of imported manufacture, for checking milk sent to the twQ cities. The metal
lactometer is not pf scientific accuracy and
the marks ort it rn;ay inean anything. The
collector, hoWever, has a money value for
them and the producer i s paid accordingly.
In order that the illiterate ryot milk producer may be protected.and the milkxonsuming
public benefit it will be necessarjl' to institute
legislation to define and give a proper ruling
on the standard and-quality of milk to be made
available for public consumption.
Availability of Milk
The-total quantity of-iflilk available^for
public consuptidtt^S abput 2 -5 ozs, for BaTigalore and 2 -2 oz. for Mysore per head of population per day. Tliis is far below the all-India
average of 6-oz. per head of population.
This means that, more inilk ^should be produced and made available.
Better feeding and managernent will br.ing
about an increase of milk by 50%. 'Further
improvement can only be eflS'ected on a longterm basis by grading up the present livestock
'and adopting better breeding practices with
Scheme'
17
that the necessary support will be generously
accorded.
' The present school feeding programme is
the first lar.ge-scale trial with any soya-bean
milk product in India. So far most of the
enquiries have; been conducted with cooked
whole soya-bean which has proved unsatisfacto.ry because of its poor digestibility. The
riiilk is a processed product and scientific
e-vidence ha.g already been- obtained to show
that by conyertihg the protein, fat and other
constituents of the bean into an emulsion, the
digestibility and the f6od value are greatly
increased. In 'this form, the high food value
of soya-bean stands fully -revealed. It also
shows hd.w, .as Conlpared "with other pulses
and oil-seeds, ,it is a' cheap and concentrated
food product. - The success of the experiment
Stands as a deinonstration of the importance
of processing in improving' food values. It
is hoped that,. *'b'efdrelohg,- It will lead to
fiirther and more extensive developments along
similar and allied lines in other parts of the
country.
imported sto'ck from North and North-West
India to improve the present milching strain.
In the naeantime the solution that seems to be
the niost feasible is to organise, the milk trade
on a professional business basis. A Co-operative Milk Supply ijnion may be formed for
each of the .two cities, to take in all milk producers. Each city wiU have a. central dairy
with branches .in the urban area for milk
disposal and collecting units in the mofussil
area for collecting milk and despatching to
the central dairy. All milk business will be
monopolised by the Union.,
Such Co-operative Unions will be able to ,
grant loans to milk producers for purchase of
livestock, erecting proper housing facilities
and purchasing dairy utensils and cattle fodder
and feeding stuffi. .The Unions will, moreover, be able to purchase fodder and feeding
stuff's for supply to member producers of
milk, the cost'being met by the milk supphed.
Government can help by granting interest-free
loans to the Unions and by legislation to
control the prices of fodder and feedi^ng stuffs
and also tê prices of milk and milk products.
[One seer milk = about 3 lbs.; butter,
khova, etc. seer = f lb.]
PROBLEM OF CATTLE FEED
BY THE HON'BLE D R . RAJENDRA PRASAD
Member for Food and Agriculture, Government of India
XKJ^ know that the supply of ghee is very first thing that has to be decided is assuming
^^
short and 5upply of oil also is not that the decision in fa^vour of controls is mainmuch better. It has been calculated that m tained, how best we can make it more effective.
spite of a large increase in production of oil- Various causes have combined to inake it less
seeds uuring recent years the consumption effectTve than it was desired and this has
per head of oil does not come to'more than created many complications. There is great
4 seers a year, which is infinitely less than disparity in prices in different parts of 'the
what is required for hea'tb. We have, on the country. Deficit areas are not able to get
one hand, therefore, to consider how we what they need.
can increase the supply of oil and, on the
" The oil pressing industry in some proother, we have also to consider how this can vinces is suffering because there is not a fair
be done without causing a deficit in cereals , and equitable distribution of the oilseeds all
and dais which are equally, if not, more over. The same causes operate to create
urgently required for subsistence. This, how- the same disparity in regard to oilcakes. We
ever, is a problem with which this Conference have, therefore, to decide how we can improve
is not concerned. Here we' are concerned the control so- as to make it more effective
with the question how best we can distribute and to ensure a fair and equitable distributhe oilseeds and oils that are available.
tion to fair prices of oilseeds and oilcakes.
" Another problem which is not of less
Prices of Oilseeds
importance is the question of cattle feed.
It goes without saying that our cattle, parti" I t has been suggested that if control is
cularly milch cattle, require concentrates like removed the operation of the law of supply
oilcakes as an indispensable element in their and demand will set things right if not immefood. There is a heavy deficit in regard to diately in course of time. It is also said that
this also and if I remember aright, the calcu- control has so far not been successful. We
lation is that our cattle do not get 'more than cannot forget the fact that the prices of oil7 seers of oilcake per head per year. This is seeds and oil is 4 to 5 tinjes of what it was
evidently nothing compared to what they before the war and that this rise is higher
should get. Even taking 8 ounces as their than in the case of cereals and other essential
ration per day 7 seers can cover at the most articles. It has resulted and is bound to
less than a month.
result even more in the diverjjon of land
" The problem of cattle feed is intimately from cereal cultivation,to oilseeds cultivation.
associated with the problem of agriculture. While it is true the shortage in oils is great
J Situated as we are, our agriculture depends it is difficult to see how we can afford any
0 entirely on our cattle and anything that causes reduction in the production of cereals.
deterioration of cattle is bound to react un" The rerhoval of control altogether when
favourably on our agricultural production. there is a general shortage in the country as a
" W e have also to consider whether it is whole is sure to lead to further rise. Partial
possible OR desirable to export oilseeds and or ineffective control having failed to secure
oils. Before the war India used to export the desired objectives, we have to face two
considerable quantities of oilseeds and ground- alternatives, either all control should be renuts.
moved or control should be enforced strictly.
" N o w as I have stated above, export of all Removal it would seem at fhe present moment
oilseeds, except a small quantity of linseed is more or less out of question. A stricter
and some groundnut, is prohibited. With enforcement of control seems to be the only
expanding trade- it may become necessary, alternative available, but in this matter we
though not desirable, to allow some of pur would like to have your considered views. ^*
oil, if not all oilseeds, to be exported to enable
" Another question which arises naturally
us to get goods from foreign countries which is how best to ensure parity of prices. Now
may be considered necessary.
*
,
the price of oil can be determined only after
" The problems, therefore, that you have the price of oilseeds and oilcakes has been
to consider are of a complicated nature. The determined and controlled. We have, there-
'18
Problem
of Cattle
fore, to take a comprehensive view with regard
to all this and then make suggestions.
" As I have said, some provinces are aggrieved
that their milling industry which used to get
plentiful supply of seeds from other provinces
is suffering. The surpluses which the provinces declare are said to be much less than
what they ought to be and even after allocation
of these surpluses, the provinces to which they
are allocated not always get what is allocated
or do not get the better quality of seed which
is reserved by the surplus provinces for themselves.
" W e have therefore to consider and make
suggestions how a fair and equitable distribution of seeds can be secured in case control
is maintained. In the absence of control
no one can complain against the Government.
It becomes the duty of the trade to keep allVthe
provinces well supplied and because the trade
in times, of emergency like this fails to attain
this objective, control becomes necessary.
" I will now take a little time over cattle feed.
There is a heavy deficit in this regard. An
attempt has been made to meet it by prohibiting export of seeds and if any export has
to be made to confine it to oils so that the
oilcake may remain in the country. But all
oilcakes are not used for cattle feed.
"Leaving aside the inedible oilcake like
neem or castor, which can be used mainly as
manure, a great portion of edible oilcake is
also . consumed as manure^ and some provinces a,re vejjy zealous in providing their own
agriculturists,the oilcake they need for manure
depriving deficit provinces of their share of
cattle feed; You have to consider how this
ill-balance can be remedied.
"While I recognise that anything that can
be done to increase the production of foodgrains should not be hampered in the least
I cannot forget that the maintenance of cattle
is an essential contribution towards supply
of foodstuffs. Not only do we need the milk
which cattle give that are fed on the concentrates, but. we must also remember that bullocks
are bound to deteriorate without them and
agriculture, which is so dependent on them,
is bound to suffer. We are therefore on the
horns of dilemma, but I believe it is possible
to solve it.
Valuable Manure
" Let us not forget that oilcake that is used
as cattle feed adds to our food supply. In
Feed
19
the first place we directly get an increase in
milk; indirectly nature has provided a perfect and most complicated machinery in the
shape of the cattle which convert the oilcake
into a manure and which restore it not only
in the form of milk and more energy for work,
but also in the form of a valuable manure.
The loss, therefore, of manure from oilcake
being diverted to cattle feed is after all not as
great as it would appear to be. You have
therefore to strike a balance and make suggestions for reserving a portion and I trust it
will not be a large proportion, of oilcakes
for manure and diverr the rest of it to cattle
feed'.
" Another article that is used for cattle feed,
apart from oilcake which may be any of the
edible oilseeds, is the cotton seed itself, that
has decreased very largely by reason of the
diversion of nearly 9 million acres of land
from cotton to cereal cultivation.' There is
no doubt that cotton seed is very important
item in cattle feed and until the lost" quantity is
replaced by something else or by increase in
cotton production heavy deficit will continue.
" Bran and cb'uni and rice husk are other
items which to a smaller extent serve as cattle
fepd, but these are also getting reduced in
quantity—bran, on account of finer grinding,
rice husk on account of the movement in
favour of the use of unpolished rice.
''One suggestion has been to import oil'cakes and bran from abroad. Argentine
could give us considerable quantities of these,
but the price is so high that it is almost beyond the capacity of our people to pay. The
difference in the case of cotton seed cake
being Rs. 100 per ton and in the case of other
oilcake Rs. 300 per ton, we may therefore
regard that source almost as impracticable
from our point of view. The only alternative
therefore is to divert mor-e and more oilcake
to cattle feed.
" A suggestion has been made that if control on oilseeds is maintained then at' least
in the case of cotton seeds, particularly in
Sind, it should be removed. You have to
consider whether we can do this having regard
to the conditions prevailing in the country
and in particular -provinces."—Extrcct from
Speech (ielivered during the All-India Oilseeds
Conference in Delhi.
MOLASSES AS CATTLE-FEED
BY D R . B . NARASIMHA IYENGAR, B.A.,
PH.D.
Retired Director of Agriculture in Mysore
sypup residue that accumulates in
THEallfinal
sugar factories after the manufacture
of sugar goes by the name of molasses. Besides containing sugar up to about 50%, it
contains a number of salts and organic compounds present in the original cane-juice and
which have accompanied sugar in all stages
of its manufacture and have finally accumulated in the mother-liquor.
On an average
they form about 30% of the molasses. About
f of this quantity consist of organic compounds
which are not sugar and the remaining i is
composed of inorganic salts containing a large
quantity of potash. Molasses contain about
2% nitrogen and 20% water.
In Western countries, molasses are generally
utilised in three ways: firstly as cattle food
either by itself or mixed with other foods
such as various oil-cakes, bran or other
absorbent material; secondly, for the manufacture of alcohol in distilleries and lastly for
recovery of sugar by chemical methods.
Since the establishment of a large-scale
sugar industry in India, considerable quantities
of molasses are being produced annually. Till
quite recently, profitable methods of utilising
the material wer? few. It has been tried
for giving a hard and >dustless surface to
roads and also for manuring land in the hope
that it would help bacteria to enrich soil in
the important plant-food—nitrogen. It ha§
been tried for the reclamation of alkaline
soils as well. The most recent and profitable
way of disposing it has been found to be the
manufacture of alcohol.
In spite of its great potentialities as cattlefeed, attempts have not been made on a large
scale to bring it into general practice. Though
it is not an easy matter to market it as such
for purposes of cattle-feed, it does not seem
to be diflicult to find materials capable of
absorbing it so that it might be put on the
market as a powdery dry material.
In all beet-sugar factories, the residual beet
slices from the diff"usion process are dried and
used as absorbent to convert mOlasses- into
cattle-feed. In our cane-sugar factories, the
only material available is the fine and coarse
begasse powder. Even dried and powdered
stalks of maize seem to be in use in America
as molasses carrier and sold under the
commercial name of "Marsden Food". It
should not be a diflicult proposition to make
a similar use of jo war or cholam stalks in this
country.
The nitrogenous compounds contained in
molasses do not seem to be of the nature of
proteids. When mixed with suitable absorbents, it is. quite Suited to increase easily
digestible carbohydrate material in a cattlefeed ration. Experience in European countries
has shown that molasses absorbed in suitable
material is a very good energy producer when
fed to working animals like horses. Our
working animals being mostly oxen, there \s
no reason why equally good results cannot
be obtained with them in this country. Even
chaff from threshing floors seems to be quite
suited for use aS "molasses carriers" in the
process of absorbing the syrupy material and
putting it in a handy form oh the market.
We trust that some sugar factories at least,
specially those without a distillery attached to
them, will devote their attention to the
work of converting liquid molasses into a dry
and useful cattle-feed.
MILK PROTEINS
foods
A NIMAL
because they
are not only valuable
furnish rich sources of
utilisable protein that quantitatively supplements this deficiency in vegetable foods but
also because they supplement qualitatively the
deficiencies that occur chemically in the aminoacid make up of vegetable protein, so that
these are used more efficiently in meeting the
bodybuilding requirements of the animal
organism.
Milk proteins exceed wheat, oat, barley, pea,
soya bean proteins in points of growth rate
and weight. They conduce to more growth
2JO
and a more efficient utilisation than with any
of the cereal or legume proteins, fully as good
as the muscle or liver protein and only kidney
protein gave better results. „
Milk protein proved superior to others in
points of fertility, success in rearing young,
span of life up to and including the onset of
old age, etc.
'
Only 30 to 40% of legume protein, 50 to
65% of cereal protein and 75 to 100% of milk
protein are utilisable.—Fundamentals of Dairy
Science.
MNDERPEST CONTROL EXPERIMENTS m
BOMBAY
SUMMARY O F RESULTS
HE local goats were susceptible to the
T
artificial infection of goat virus, maintained at the Imperial Veterinary Institute,
Mukteswar. They exhibited typical reaction
to the virus and yielded potent virus during
tê period of febrile reaction.
2. One half c.c. of goat blood virus has
been found to be an adequate dose for vaccination in cattle and buffaloes. One c.c. of
spleen tissue emulsion prepared by triturating
one gramme of the spleen tissue in 100 c.c. of
normal saline or distilled water was also found
to be an adequate dose.
3. Cattle and buffaloes vaccinated with the
blood and spleen virus showed a reaction'
comprising generally of fever, inappetence and
dullness which passed away within about 4 to
5 days from the initial rise of body temperature. Buffaloes reacted rather more severeiy
than cattle. Reduction in milk yield was
common in, a'll milch animals during the
period of reaction and amounted to about
46% of the yield when a fresh potent virus
was used. But this reduction was restored
to normal within a few" weeks gradually.
There were however an appreciable number
of animals in which the milk reduction was
not more than 10% of the milk yield. Abortion
was extremely rare. A small number of vaccinated cattle and buffaloes, especially the latter,
showed soft dung or diarrhoea for one to
three days and recovered. Mortality occurred
only in exceptional cases' generally due to
complication with other systematic disturbance
rather than to, the goat virus infection only.
A small percentage of animals which were
known to have not suffered from rinderpest
previously showed absolutely no rise of temperature,, nor any other signs of reaction. Im-
distribution in the neighbouring areas for the
improvement of the village cattle. In addition to this, there will be about the same
number of males available for bullock work
and 50,000 improved female calves every year.
In my opinion, therefore, the Gaushalas and
Pinjrapoles possess not only great potentialities
as a means of improving the milk supply of
the towns but can also serve as centres for
the preservation and betterment of the cattle
wealth of the country.
Econoinic Emancipation
In the end, I must say that too much empha-
munity test carried out on them showed they
were immune to rinderpest.
4. C-attle and buffaloes of all breeds of
this province have been found capable of being
subjected to the vaccination operation successfully.
5. It has been found by repeated experiments that the infection induced by goat virus
vaccination is not transmissible from vaccinated animals to healthy unvaccinated ones.
6. Goat virus vaccination operations have
been proved to act as an effective instrument
in controlling rinderpest espizootics.
7. The duration of rinderpest outbreak in
an affected village after resorting to goat virus
vaccination has been found to be dependent
upon the extent of the herd immunity established either by vaccination or acquired by an
actual attack of the disease. Outbreaks subsided immediately where vaccinations were
carried out wholes'ale. Where 64% of the
animals had been vaccinated the average
duration of the outbreaks was found to be
about 2-| weeks.
8. Vaccinated animals were sometimes
observed to develop complications with Pixpplasmosis and Theilariasis but they were hot
serious to any extent. As a rule, recovery
occurred in them spontaneously.
'' 9. Vaccinated animals "were tested with
virulent ox-virus along with susceptible healthy
controls at the termination of 1, 2, 3 and
5 years after vaccination. The results showed
that the vaccinated animals in every experiment were found to be solidly immune. The
duration of the immunity conferred by goatblood virus has therefq^ been proved to be
more than five years.—Extracted from The
Indian Veterinary Journal, Vol. XXIII, No. 3.
sis cannot be laid on the fact that in any
scheme envisaged for the improvement of
cattle on country-wide scale, the co-operation
of the general public with the authorities is of
utmost impqjtance. The cultivator has a
great part to play in the evolution of the economic emancipation of India. In any scheme
of successful planning his part is of primary
necessity. I am confident, therefore, that
cultivators in this country will soon realize
their responsibility and will do all in their power
to get rid of their" present ignorance and poverty which are the root cause of their present economic degeneration.
21
STILBOESTROL DIPROPIONATE SOLUTION
BY MESSRS. MAY AND BAKER
•\T5 7HILE other compounds have been used
^* and reported on in veterinary practice,
there is no doubt that the Dipropionate salt
of Stilboestrol in oily solution by intramuscular
injection is the product in substantial routine
use.
In the ancestrus state in cows, where other
deep-seated complications are known not to
exist the ratio of success obtained is sufficiently high to justify the use of the drug. Signs
of oestrus usually are produced within two or
three days and very rarely seven or eight days
later and may or may not be associated with
ovulation, but frequently cause recommencement of the normal oestrus cycle. In heifers
ovulation is unlikely to be produced except
during the natural breeding season.
Results are much more* variable in conditions such as retained placenta and mummified
foetus. There is good evidence, however, of
the value of Stilboestrol Dipropionate therapy
in increasing lactation in the parturient goat
and inducing lactation in the Virgin goat.
Dosage is an important factor in determining
the effects produced in lactation as small
doses stimulate lactation while large doses
inhibit it.
In smill animals, the special strength solution supplied will be found useful. The
treatment of pyometra, misalHance and mammary tumours in the bitch are the chief indications, and more recently malignant prostate
in the dog is reported to have responded
satisfactory.
«•
Stilboestrol D i p r o p i o n a t e solution (M. & B.)
is supplied as follows:
R u b b e r capped bottles of lOc.c. (each c.c.
containing 10 mgm.).
R u b b e r capped bottles of 5 c.c. (each c c.
containing 1 mgm.).
H O W T H E C O W H O L D S U P ' H E R MILK
\ i rHEN the teats of a cow are stimulated (by
* • the preparatory washing of the udder,
by, the sucking of the teats and the butting of
the udder by the calf, or other well-established
routine preparatory to the milking) nervous
impulses pass into the central nervous system,
thence to part of a small gland at the base of
the brain, the posterior lobe of the pituitary
gland. This gland then secretes a chemical
(a hormone) into the blood stream which,
when it reaches .the udder, causes the tiny
muscles surrounding the alveoli and small
ductules to contract, so forcing the milk down.
The substance which causes this reaction is
destroyed in the blood stream, so that unless
the milk is withdrawn as soon as possible
after it has been let down it will once more
be drawn up into the small tubules and alveoli,
from which it cannot be removed by milking
in the ordinary way. A practical lesson is
learnt from this. To get the greatest quantity
of milk from a "cow at any milking she shpuld
be milked as quickly as possible.
If a cow is given an injection of adrenalin
she will' hold up' her milk^-nothing will cause
her to let it down. Adrenalin antagonises the
hormone from the pituitary gland. This happens
when a cow is frightened. Fright releases
adrenalin into the blood. It stops the smooth
muscles such as those in the intestines or in the
udder from acting.—W. G. WHITTLESTON in
New Zealand Journal of Agriculture, May 1946.
CAPITAL FOR DAIRY COMPANIES IN INr lA
of India has given consent
THEforGovernment
the issue of capital to the extent of
Rs. 2 crores for the starting of 12 Dairy con-
cerns in British India and 2 concerns outside
during the period from October 1, 1945 to
June 30, 1946.—Indian Information.
they ate to progress. If worked under proper
supervision and .control they will not only
increase the supply of .milk in any particular
area, but also exercise a healthy inflyence on
the milk-trade in general in the locality. The
success of Co-operative Milk Supply Organisations in recent years ought certainly to
make one confident that Co-operative institutions with necessary state aid will become
ere long the major distributors of milk in all
important urban areas.
ftOOK REVIEW
peveloplng Village India, being the Special
. Number of Indian Farming.
The special number of Indian Farming for
1946 is devoted to developing Village India
and- contains "a long series of articles on
studies in village problems. The entire publication successfully breaks new ground in its
approach to the problems dealt with. All the
niost important aspects of agriculture and its
allied subjects, including organisation, propaganda and education are dealt with in a series
of articles and the author of each may justly
claim to have made a special study of the
subject of his article.
What specially interests us and readers of
this Bulletin is the series of articles on Animal
Husbandry in so far as it relates to cattle.
It is a common complaint that India 'mainrains too many cattle for its purposes and the
reasons for it from the cultivator's point of
view are very well given by Grahme Williamson. He emphasizes that " unless fundamental
social reforms take place, there is no hope of
the cattle in India being developed to the
extent that they have been in other parts of
the world, and that until^that happens India
will be the poorer and must do as best as she
can with what in other conditions would be
an unnecessary large number of cattle".
In the note on "Improving Village Cattle",
Sir Datar Singh deals with present position as
well as future possibilities. Special stress is
laid on increased cultivation of fodder crops,
proper conservation of fodder crops, rationing
of. cattle on balanced basis and introducini
rotational grazing.
.
While dealing with aklali treatment of paddy
straw, it is pointed out that the cost of treatment works out to rupees four and annas
four per maund of untreate'd straw. It is also
reported that a mere washing of rice straw
with water is more economical and that it
will go a long way in making up the deficiency
of the cattle feed in the rice straw area.
In dealing with breeding, the smallness of
the number of bulls fit for breeding is pointed
out. It is said that against a requirement of
250 stud bulls we have only one available for
the purpose. It is suggested to meet this
paucjty by making full use of existing institutions such as Gaushalas and Pinjrapoles. By
proper re-organisation it seems to be quite
possible for these institutions to provide about
25,000 males fit for use as stud bulls every
year and also 50,000 improved female calves.
Those institutions consequently possess " n o t
only great potentialities as a means of improving the milk supply of the towns but can also
serve as centres for the preservation and
betterment of the cattle wealth of the country''.
[Sir Datar Sirigh's article is reproduced in this
number of the Bulletin.—Ed.]
In conclusion, we can safely assert that the
publication brings out a series of very carefully and well-thought-out articles which
deserve a careful study on the part of all
those interested in village problems and improvement of the lot of the cultivator B.N.I.
SCHEME FOR THE DISTRIBUTION OF " RECONSTITUTED MILK "
IN MADRAS CITY
q ^ H E following news item announcing the any loss.
-'• opening o^'^the Madras Government " R e Mr. Scott Brown addressing next said that
constituted Milk " F a c t o r y will be read with people in the City could consume more and
interest:—
more of re-constituted milk so that the cattle
"The Government Milk Factory at Saidapet may, with advantage, be removed to rural
for the production of "re-constituted milk" areas.
was declared open this morning by Mr. W.
Manufacture Explained
Scott Brown, I.G.S., Chief Secretary to the
The separated milk powder or as it is techniGovernment of Madras. Mr. C. H. Master- cally called spray-non-fat-dry milk powder
man, I.C.S., Commissioner of Civil Supplies, which is imported in bulk from America is
presided.
converted to what is called Reconstituted Milk
Mr. C. H. Masterman in his introductory by the following process. The milk powder is
speecji said, that the starting of the Govern- first mixed with water which has been kept
ment Milk Factory to produce re-constituted at 140 degrees F. in the vat and vitamin A
milk will considerably help to ease the situa- and D ingredients are added to this. After
tion created by the scarcity of good milk in remaining there for half an hour this mixture is
the City.
pumped into what is palled a homogeniser
Mr. R. W. Theobald of Messrs. Binny and where it is emulsified by subjecting it to a
Company who were in charge of the installa- pressure of nearly half a ton. This is then ,
tion of the entire plant at the Factory said pumped up to the cooler which is kept at 40 '
that the present output was 75 gallons an hour degrees F. and then from there it flows down
and it was expected to increase the output to as re-constituted milk. This milk is said to be
^ 5 gallons an hour. He said in conclusion equivalent to ordinary milk and to be as
that such milk factories could,be self-maintain- nutritious." (This cannot be so, if the mil^
ing and there was no danger of running into powder was non-fat.—Ed.)
The following Ordinary Members were enrolled in the month:—•
1. Mr. C. E. Suryanarayana Rao, No. 19,
Shankarmutt, Road, Shankarpur, B. City.
2. Mr. B. N. Sreekantiah, Retired Clerk,
No. 32, IV Road, Chamarajpet, Bangalore City.
3. Mr. B. Sreekantiah, Director, The
National Institute of Physical Education,
No. 67, 3rd Cross Road, Basavangudi.
,
VETERINARY AID
30 Animals were treated during December
1946. 3 more injections of Anthyomaline were
given on 2 cows. 13 Cows calved during the
month of which 6 calves were born to the
Scindhi Breeding Bulls.- Frequent visits were
given to the members' houses to see cases
that were showing symptoms of calving.
ANNOUNCEMENT
We are glad to announce that members of
our Society may be able to obtain cows and
buffaloes out of the surplus stock periodically
disposed of by the Indian Dairy "Research
Institute, Bangalore, up to a small limited
number. The animals are selected in the
first instance by the Superintendent of Veterinary and Live-Stock Services, Bangalore, who
will be glad to spare such number as may be
possible to our members. We are very .thankful to him for this very material concession
and we offer it to' our members as a^ New
Year present. Membeirs are advised to apply
to this officer.
OUR CATTLE FEED CO-OPERATIVE
STORES, LTD.^ '
Prices current for tti; mont'n o! Jamiaiy 1947
Rs. A- P.
I. Statement of Prices
1. Wheat bran per bag (100 lbs.) No stock 12 8 0
2. Mixed Bran per bag (95 lbs.) 7 4 0 to 7 -8 0
,3. Buller (Avare) Husk per bag
.. 8 8 0
BREEDING BULL SERVICE
4. Tuerr (Togari) Husk do.
•• 7 8 0
5. Bengal granf husk
do.
.. '8 4 0
(a) Warrior.—Covered 4 cows
during 6. Buller broken bits 3 | seers
.. 1 0 0
December 1946 of which 3 belonged to the 7. Tur broken bits A\ seers
.. 1 0 0
8. Horse gram 2\ seers'
... 1 0 0
members, thus making a total of 57 cows.
9.
do. broken 1\ seers
.. 1 0 0
{b) Bhimasena.—Covered 26 cows during 10.
Cotton Seed cake per maund
.. 4 8 0
December 1946 of which 10 cows belonged to 11. Groundnut oil-cake „
.. 1 3 0
the members, thus making a total of 199 cows., 12. Gingelly oil-cake per maund
.. 5 0 0
13. Ramtil oil take
„
.. 3 0 Q
There were 4 repeat coverings.
14. Salt 9 seers
..
.. 1 0 0
n. Monthly Progress Statement Rs. A. P.
Sales in December 1946
..
.. 4,021 11^6
ANOTHER DRY CATTLE FARM
Total Sales up to end of December 1946
for the year 1946-47
..
.. 31,193 15 6
We are very gratified to note that the idea No.
of Members in December 1946 ..
..
2
of opening Dry Cattle Farms is finding favour Total No. of Members upto the end of Dec. 1946 '282
3
and that the example set by our Society in this No. of Shares applied for during December 1946
matter is beginning to be followed. We are Total No. of Shares upto the end of Dec. 1946 1,085
therefore very glad to announce that
DO YOU KNOW?
Mr. Venkatarama Sarma, Inamdar of Udayagiri, Devanhalli Taluk, has opened a Dry
That Bees can increase the yield of your
Cattle Farm on his extensive estate of Fruit trees ? And that they can better the
Udayagiri situated at the 19th mile on the quality of ypur fruits ? All progressive Modern
Bangalore-Bellary Road, where dry cattle will Fruit Growers in the West find it profitable to
be boarded at moderate charges. For further keep bees in their orchards. Keep bees and
particulars, those interested are requested to be up-to-date.
apply to D. Srinivasiah, Esq., B.A., LL.B.,
Bee-keeping is a fascinating, hobby which
Advocate, No. 491; Chickpet, Bangalore City. gives you honey. The Indian Bee Journal will
•As the stall accommodation available on the tell you all about this extremely fascinating
I,
Society's Farm is found at present insufficient subject.
Yearly Rs. 3
to meet the demand, this new Farm should
INDIAN BEE JOURNAL
prove .a welcome addition to this kind of
RAMGARH, Dist. NAINI TAL, U.P.
facility.
1472.46—Printed at the Bangalore Press, Bangalore City, by G. SHnivasa Rao, Superintendent, and Published by
Hai'asevasakta A. K. Yegna Narayan Aiyer, M.A. (Madrasl. N . D . D . (England), Oip. Agrio. {Cantab.), Editor, "Monthly Bulletin
of the Bangalore Dairy Cattle Society," Bangalore •
^^V, XGRICLLIV
MONTHLY BVLLETMi/^l^,,'
OF
-^
*^ ^
'
The Bangalore Dairy Cattle
Editor:—RAJASEVASAKTA A. K. YEGNA NARAYAN AIYER, M.A.
Vol. VI]
FEBRUARY 1947
[No. 2
PAGE
PAGE
FEEDS AND FODDERS—
M I L K AND M I L K PRODUCTS—
Imoroving the Milk Supply of Towns in India
By Zal R. Kothavalla, B.Ag., B.Sc, N.D.D.
Modern Dairy Farm Equipment
By E. Rea, N.D.A., N.D.D.
..
..
Bacteria and Milk
By K. K. Raju, G.M.V.C., A.I.D.I.
..
25
28
29
CATTLE IN HEALTH AND DISEASE—
Improvement of Gattle
By Dr. Rajendra Prasad
..
..
..
31
Arizona's Wonder Grass • •
32
T H E SECOND ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING OF THE
BANGALORE DAIRY CATTLE FEED CO-OPERATIVE
STORES, L T D .
33
VETERINARY A I D
34
BREEDING B U L L SERVICE
34
OoR CÂTTLE FEED CO-OPERATIVE STORES, L T D .
34
IMPROVING THE MILK SUPPLY OF TOWNS IN INDIA
BY ZAL R . KOTHAVALLA, B . A G . , B . S C , N.D.D.
Dairy Development Adviser to the Government of India
{Continued from Vol. V, No. 11, Page 95)
Conditions governing the selection of a town
for the scheme
HE prerequisites to the successful adoption
of a scheme of this nature will be:—
{a) that the town selected for the supply of
milk is surrounded by milk-producing villages
or centres lying within 15-20 miles of it and
the quantity of milk produced by such centres
should be sufficient to make its collection,
haulage and handling and distribution economic
on a consideration of working costs; in the
light of the experience gained so far it may
be stated that each such village or centre
should on an average be able to supply a
minimum quantity of 2\ maunds of milk a
day;
{b) that the majority of villages to be tapped
should lie as far as possible alongside the
road to be traversed or at a distance not
exceeding 2 to 3 miles from the road, as it
is necessary to collect the milk rapidly for
transporting it to its destination;
(c) that the area is well provided with roads
.which will permit the haulage of milk by
T
motor transport in all seasons of the year;
and
{d) that the producers must be assured of
the market for their milk throughout the year
at a predetermined price and the milk must
be paid for periodically, as ready cash is the
greatest need of every stock owner.
(6) Establishment of Creameries in milk
producing areas in the Provinces
A scheme of the above type may or may
not be found feasible for all towns or urban
areas. The location of some of the towns, which
are generally of a large size like Bombay,
Calcutta, Madras, etc., would permit additional
collection of milk being drawn only from
sources placed far away from them, which would
involve long-distance transport of milk by rail,
after processing it at the collecting end itself.
Such sources of supply generally are to be
found in every province, and which at present
are not fully exploited for the supply of milk
in liquid form. The organisation to be set
up for obtaining milk from these areas would
consist of:—
^6
Monthly hulletin
of the bangalore jbairy Cattle Sociely
fi) establishing a creamery or milk collecting
and processing centre in the milk producing
area itself;
(ii) the transport of milk so processed by
rail and in refrigerating vans over distances
ranging from 50-300 miles; and
(iii) establishing a milk distributing organi- .
sation in the city itself with sufficient cold
storage facilities.
The extra, overhead charges in a system of
milk supply of this kind will be more than
compensated for by the low price at which
milk can be purchased in these milk-producing
tracts. To make the working of such a creamery economically possible it should be in a
position to receive and process at least about
6,000-8,000 lbs. of milk a day, but this quantity would vary from place to place according
to circumstances. The whole of this organisation can be run either by a Government
agency or through private enterprise which
may be subsidised. It will, however, be
possible to build village milk-producing
societies round about such creameries and in
course of time they may be run on co-operative lines.
(C) Establishment of Dairy Farm
Experience has shown that milk obtained
from villages fluctuates widely in quantity
according to seasons and that it is at its
lowest in summer. Since the supply of milk
to the consumers must be constant and
assured throughout the year, in order to
counteract the above drawbacks there should
be another and more dependable source of
supply of milk for the town. Tîis should be
in the form of a dairy farm or farms established as near to the town as possible either
by Government or through private enterprise.
In the latter case a subsidy may be provided
in some form or the other preferably by the
payment of a certain amount per lb. or maund
of "milk of a guaranteed quality delivered to
the town. Such farm or farms should be
producing at least 25% of the quantity of
milk obtained under the village system to
meet the deficit during the scarcity period.
The facilities which may be needed to establish and encourage such a supply would be:—
(i) facilities of land and grazing;
(ii) provision of irrigation water for the
cultivation of fodder crops at a concession
rate;
(iii) concession in railway freight wdth the
facility of refrigerating vans;
(iv) provision of necessary equipment for the
dairy, etc., under priority; and
(v) providing subsidy to enable the farm
produced milk to be sold in the consuming
areas at controlled rates.
2. Reorganisation of the existing
system of control and supervision
of milk supply to the town
No matter how carefully the agencies for
increased supply of milk at. a place are
arranged they will not stand a fair chance of
surviving imless these are effectively protected
against unfair competition from the trade,
both in respect of price as well as quality.
This calls for proper control and supervision
over the supply. One of the greatest hatidicaps in the proper supervision and control of
the milk supply of a town is the existence of
the innumerable agencies or channels through
whicb milk is made to pass during its handling
and distribution in a town. This also hinders
the development of the dairy trada on right
lines. The reorganisation of the present
system of milk supply calls for definite measures
to be taken. They may be summed up as
follows:—
(a) Creation of a Milk Supply Organisation.—Adoption of measures wliich would
ensure adequate milk supply on the lines
indicated above should provide such an organisation for obtaining milk from reliable
sources. Such an organised effort will enable
the milk supplying agencies to be reduced to
a few selected ones and this will call for the
division of the milk-producing areas into
zones, so that a zone may be assigned to a
particular agency to prevent the various
selected agencies from competing with one
another, unfairly.
(b) Creation of Milk Procurement and Distribution Organisation.—This is necessary for
replacing the innumerable individuals employed in distributing milk, by a few selected
agencies. As in the case of (a) above, the
area of trading in the town will also have to.
be zoned out, so that each agency is allotted
a zone to prevent unfair competition.
(c) Removal of Cattle Stables from Urban
areas.—As more and more milk is' imported
in the town from the rural areas through an
organised effort, the city milch cattle stables
will have to be removed. Their removal will
call for (i) the prevention of the return to
the city of cattle salvaged from the stables
when they come into calf again, and (ii) the
absorption or colonisation of the replaced
animals from the city at centres away frota
^ v . ^5fcsl^
Improving
the Milk Supply of Towns
the town from where milk could be easily
obtained for the town.
{d) Adoption of an effective system of licensing and supervision.—The introduction of a
complete and effective system of licensing of
the trade with suitable standards for quality
and an adequate and efBcient staff for enforcing supervision and the standards of quality,
will be a necessary adjunct to such a re-organisation.
(e) Appointment of a Milk Control Board.—
Such a Board may be for the Province or the
State as a whole or for the town in the first
instance, where the improved milk supply
scheme is to be worked. Experience in the
past has shown that efforts made at reorganising the milk supply of a town, were always
too much defused and there was no co-operation between the man in the trade and the
controlling authorities in improving matters.
It is, therefore, felt that there should be a
central independent body which should coordinate the activities coming under the
reorganisation of the milk supply of a town.
It is, therefore, suggested that a Milk Control
Board should be created. Such a Board should
be constituted of-a limited number of members, not exceeding seven, representing Government, Municipality, Producers, Traders and
Consumers. Its primary functions should be:—
(i) to safegruad the interest of the producers,
'traders and consumers;
(ii) to periodically fix the purchase as well
as the sale prices of milk for that area;
(iii) to control the marketing and distribution of milk according to the needs of the
different classes of consumers;
(iv) to control the production of milk and
milk products in a consuming area as well
as in areas adjoining it;
(v) to fix standards of the quality of milk
and milk products sold in that area; and
(vi) to act in an advisory capacity in matters
relating to the policy to be followed and
measures to be adopted for the development
of the milk trade.
Technical Help and Guidance
Whatever be the type of scheme adopted by
the Provinces or States for improving the milk
supply of a town technical help and guidance
will be needed to solve the difficulties which
are bound to arise at every stage with the
commencement of the scheme. The prerequisite for the success of such a venture
will be the provision of adequate technical
»staff. No doubt expert help and guidance
m^l
,< •
will always be
de^ ivailable from the Cantf^
but the Provinci
_ .^nments shall have to
maintain staff of t jrojra to be on the spat.
Strength of the staff'%fiuced4v(?ill-depend'on
the amount of dairy developnteS-work undertaken by the Province concerned. Since this
kind of work will require, qualifications and
experience of a high order, the pay and status
of the posts to be created should be such as
to attract men of the right type who could
command the confidence of the trade. It is
suggested that the following should be the
nucleus technical staff for the developmental
work:—
Technical Staff
1 Dairy Development Officer—Class I post
with high starting salary according to the
qualifications and experience of the candidate.
1 Assistant Dairy Development Officer—
Class II post with initial higher starting salary
according to the qualifications and experience
of the candidate.
1 Dairy Surveyor—Class II post with initial
higher starting salary according to qualifications and experience.
1 Assistant Dairy Surveyor—Pay according
to the higher grade of the Subordinate Service
in the Province.
1 Field Assistant—Pay according to the
higher grade of the Subordinate Service in the
Province.
Scientific Staff
1 Dairy Bio-Chemist—Class II post with
initial higher starting salary according to the
qualifications and experience of the candidate.
1 Assistant Chemist—Pay according to the
higher grade of the Subordinate Service in the
Province.
1 Laboratory Assistant—Pay according to
the higher grade of the Subordinate Service in
the Province.
In addition to the above technical staff the
necessary ministerial and other staff will have
to be provided along with laboratory facilities
for the Dairy Bio-Chemist and his staff. The
above staff will work as a unit by itself under
the Dairy Development .Officer.
How to Begin
This note has been drawn up with the idea
that it will suggest to the Provinces and the
States the various ways and means which are
possible to adopt for improving the milk supply
of a town.
The steps which should be taken tc achieve
this are briefly indicated below;—
28
(a) Appointment of technical staff.
bered firstly that instead of large cities where
(i) Starting of surveys of
the problems are too numerous and complicated'
(i) tlje potential milk-supplying areas to it may be desirable to select a few small towns
determine to what extent each area can be to begin with where a more complete model
depended upon to supply the needs of the scheme on an exp6rimental basis may be
towns and for organising the supply from that tried out. Secondly the town or area where
area whether on co-operative lines or by the the shortage is most acute should be tackled
establishment of creameries or milk processing first, both for production and distribution and
centres;
thirdly the total requirements of a town or
(ii) sites suitable for estabUshing large-scale area selected may not be met afl at once but
dairy farms so that the milk supply from the it may be feasible to mitigate conditions on
rural areas can be supplemented by milk a progressive and limited scale to begin with,
obtained from reliable sources; and
(c) Establishment of a Milk Control Boa.rd
(iii) urban areas or towns where the reorgani- and the creation of an organisation for t}ie
sation of the milk supply is proposed to be production of milk and another for the prointroduced.
curement and distribution of milk based oh
In the latter connection it must be remem- the surveys carried out.
MODERN DAIRY FARM EQUIPMENT
BY E. REA, N.D.A., N.D.D.
N the modern dairy farm the hygienic
From the physical angle, hardness of surface
handling of milk at every Stage is impe- or resistance to abrasion is essential. For
rative. Personal care on the part of the seamless utensil? the steel must be of the
producer is undoubtedly the most important correct tensile strength to withstand cold
factor in achieving this result, but his task pressing into the required shape. Other
can be lightened appreciably by the equipment materials must be suitable for spinning, weldmanufacturer. Dairy utensils must be designed ing or soldering.
for easy cleaning and sterilizing and be made
Some materials in common use may briefly
of suitable materials which will comply with be considered.
the highest standards of hygiene. They must
Stainless Steel is probably the ideal metal
also be strong enough to withstand daily from the dairy farmers' standpoint, but it has
handling and dismantling, and finally, they caused the manufacturer many head-aches.
must be reasonable in price. Britain is a It is both expensive and very difficult to fabricountry of small milk producers; two-thirds cate, its thermal conductivity is inferior to mild
of the dairy herds do not exceed 15 cows, steel, and it is vulnerable to low-temperature
and they produce about one-third of the total brine solutions. Nevertheless its durability
milk supply; one-half of our herds contains and hardness often justify the high cost.
only 10 cows or less.
Mild Steel and Copper have already been
Equipment, therefore, must be designed for mentioned for their desirable physical properthe modest purse, and the manufacturer must ties. They are either vulnerable to corrosion
" keep down his costs by mass production and (rust) or cause taints, and they must accordby some measure of standardization.
ingly be coated heavily with tin by the hot
Materials.—Farmers may not realize the dipping process. Steel pressings are being
extent to which manufacturers and metallurg- used increasingly for dairy utensils because
ists have devoted attention to the selection of crevices can be reduced and the article can be
suitable materials, both from the chemical completely tin-coated after fabrication. Only
and physical standpoints. Chemically, free- soldered utensils, e.g., coolers, are tinned
dom from taint governs the selection of the prior to manufacture.
material; there must be no reaction to milk
Aluminium is good from the manufacturing
and detergents, e.g., copper, although not very angle. It is resistant to milk corrosion but
soluble, readily causes taints, and although reacts with caustic alkalis which are present
desirable for its physical property of conduc- in some soaps and cleansers. Aluminium
tivity, it must have a thick coating of tin. requires the exclusive use of acid detergents,
Tin and nickel, although more soluble than not always practicable on small farms, and
copper, produce no olf-flavoiirs.
further, it is soft and scratches easily, possibly,'
O
Bacteria attd Milk
}jowever, war-time experience with alloys may
overcome this in the future.
Alloys with a copper base are liable to cause
taint, but nickel alloys, e.g., Monel metal, are
reported to be very resistant and suitable.
They are, however, much dearer than stainless
steel.
Plastics possess many desirable qualities,
including in some cases transparency, but so
far they are not sufficiently resistant to
abrasion. They have been used for certain
types of equipment in America—including
cream separators—but have not yet reached
the commercial stage in British dairy engineering. •
Sterilizing Equipment.—The thorough cleansing of utensils followed by steam sterilization
3J^ the eSdeot coaRvg ofjnJlk hsveJojo^ heeo
recognized as the principal factors governing
the keeping of milk.'
The process of sterilization is too well
known to require description, but recent
research on the method of its application in
the farm dairy merits wider publicity. Every
dairy farmer should study the Ministry's
publication No. B 588/TBB, Steam Sterihzation on Dairy Farms. This effectively exposes
the fallacy of the popular idea that efficient
sterilization depends mainly upon high steam
pressure.
The plain fact is that high evaporative
capacity, or the rate of output of steam, is
the factor governing efficiency. As utensils
in a steam chest are sterilized at or about
atrhospheric pressure, there is little object in
exceeding this,
t^-aii_ adequate; ^jteaQy
flow of steam, a ga^
~X9f*2 lb. 't&nhe
square inch should b?*^!mtghlfbr iarmi' dairy
pur})oses. The maximum steammg rate likely
to be required is 100 lb. (10 gal.) of water
evajjorated per hour; on most farms about
half this figure would suffice. High pressures
are unnecessary, uneconomical, and serve only
to ensure delivery of steam at the point
reqijired, for which purpose 15 lb. pressure is
amjile. This means that simpler and less
expepsive outfits can fulfil the farmer's needs.
Bef^jre briefly considering the equipment availably^ the essentials in operation deserve mention.
Steam supply pipes should be of adequate
size (1 inch diameter minimum), as short as
P^^fble and free from sharp bends.
Steam should be admitted gradually, i.e.,
a temperature of 210" F. reached in 20
min.utes and maintained for a further 10
minutes.
T'o avoid rusting and deterioration of
uteiisils it is important to open the chest when
steaming is completed to allow the steam to
escape. The utensils will then be hot enough
to <iry out and rusting will be avoided. The
lid or door may be replaced as a protection
against re-contamination when the contents of
the chest have cooled.
It cannot be too strongly emphasized that
eveî the best quality tinned steel is liable to
rust unless properly dried after steaming or
washing.—The Journal of the Ministry of Agricukure. May 1946.
. BACTERIA ANEi MILK
BY K . K . RAJU, G . M . V . C , A . I . D . I ,
Hosur Cattle Farm
ITH the introduction of food rationing in distance it may have to travel from the time
both the rural and urban areas the it leaves the udder till it reaches the consumer
necessity for inclusion of milk as an important mugt necessarily favour bacterial growth.
article of diet of man need not be over^Bacterial purity of milk is of paramount
emphasised. No doubt attempts for the importance from a public health point of
organised milk supply are being made in many view and the bacterial flora of market milk
places but except in the case of a 'travelling may be classified under two broad groups,
cow' which is milked from house to house, v'^.. Pathogenic and Non-pathogenic.
milk supplied for human consumption is
I'athogenic bacteria are responsible for the
seldom fresh and is rarely delivered so.
caijse of milk-borne and milk transmitting
Its properties as a good food for human beings diseases as diptheria, cholera, typhoid,
render It as the most suitable medium for the scarlet fever, septic sore throat, etc. Nongrov/th and multiplication of bacteria. Un- pathogenic Bacteria are those that are present
hygienic conditions of production, collection m milk to a certain extent and it is impossible
and distribution coupled with the favourable to keep these out, but with care and cleanlitigh temperature of this country and the ness we can cut these down to a minimum and
W
30
Monthly BuUeiin of ike Bangalore Dairy Cattle Society
may again be classified under two groups,
viz.. Desirable types and Undesirable types.
The former group play an important part
in the preparation of dairy products. Souring
of cream for churning in the preparation of
butter and buttermilk, ripening of milk for
rennetting, ripening of curd for vatting,
maturing butter, cheese and curd for the market
are all responsible for these types of bacteria.
They also play an important part in the
preparation of starters and other fermented
milk products. Some of these types of
bacteria suppress the growth of those that
are harmful as putrefying and pathogenic
varieties.
Undesirable types constitute those varieties
of bacteria which are responsible for the
spoiling of milk and make it unfit for human
consumption. Frequent changes in the colour
of milk to blue, red, yellow and milk defects
as sourness,- curdling, greasiness and bitter
taste of milk, cream and butter are mostly
due to these varieties of organisrns.
Partly due to the nature of milk and partly
due to the conditions under which it is produced and handled no other marketed commodity is more liable for deterioration than
milk and it may be safely said that bacteria
which find their way into milk and multiply
there are the most dangerous enemies to consumers and dairymen.
Milk supplied for human consumption in
able. Seed can then be broadcast or drilled
in. Best results can be had with a seed drill
followed by firming the ground with a cultipacker. Very good stands have been obtained,
however, by simply ripping the ground, broadcasting the seed, and then forgetting all about
it.
Where the average annual rainfall is 12 in.
or better, solid seeding is feasible, and even
where the rainfall is less, solid seeding can be
done in flood plains. In case rainfall is
below 12 in. and the planting is \o be on
other than flood plains, it is best to plant in
furrows on the contour. Furrow spacing can
be anywhere from 10 ft. to 50 ft., depending
on soil texture and steepness of slope. If,
later on, it should prove to be that there is
enough moisture between the furrows to
accommodate more grass, the matter will be
taken care of by natural reseeding from the
furrow plantings. Where the problem involves
'slick', bare ground, the process can be
speeded up by breaking out new furrows
b-jtween the old ones.
Under average conditions, however, it should
many of the typical dairy countries is graded
with reference to its chemical corwgosition
and bacterial content and then only released '
for public use. The sanitary conîition of
milk in those countries is subjected to various
tests and those conimonly employed are :
1. Plate count,
2. Methylene Blue Reductase Test, and
3. Presumptive Coliform Test.
!
All these three tests assess the nature and ,
extent of bacterial contamination in milk.
The first and the last require laboratory equipment but the second one, i.e.. Methylene Blue
Reductase Test is simple and the results
obtained are quicker than the other two
methods.
The principle involved in this test is that
majority of organisms present in milk secrete
an enzyme known as 'Reductase' which has
the property of decolourising certain dyes like
methylene blue and in-general the larger the
number of living organisms in milk the shorter
the time required to decolourise the dye.
This method, is useful in the control of milk
supplies where it is desirable that the quality
of the same should be known within a few
hours of its receipt at the collecting centre.
However much milk is rich in its nutritive
value, if its sanitary condition is not satisfactory it does more barm than good and as
such it is worthwhile trying this method in
some of the selected places.
seeding, and £3.00 for solid seeding. The
cost may prohibit solid seeding except in the
very best sites. In alluvial bottoms subject
to natural flooding, it would not be surprising
if 20 acres supported a cow yearlong.
One good irrigated farm land, yields of from
200 to 400 pounds of seed to the acre can be
expected. Seed can be harvested and cleaned
readily. When one considers that there are
seven million seeds to the pound it readily
can be seen that a small irrigated acreage
devoted to seed production would result in
a tremendously greater amount of range land
being planted. Because of the smallness of
the seed and its high viability, it only takes
about 1 lb. to plant an acre of range land.
As Lehmann lovegrass is a warm-weather
grower, spring and summer are the best times
fpr plantmg. Seed-iqcrease plots should be
established on clean land, free of Bermuda
and Johnson grasses. Although considerably
more production can be obtained from irrigated seed increase plantings, good seed
crops have been produced from range planting
and are often worth harvesting.—Soil Conse'-vation, Washington, May 1945 (from Indian
not cost more than £1-50 per acr? for contour Farming),
Cattle in Health & Disease
IMPROVEMENT OF CATTLE*
BY DR. RAJENDRA PRASAD
Member for Food and Agriculture, Government of India
R. RAJENDRA PRASAD said: "Cattle
D
have an importance of their own in our
economy of life. We need milk and need it
more than other peoples of the world because
there is a very large proportion of our population which does not eat meat or any other
animal product except milk or milk products.
The annual production of milk from cows
and buffaloes is estimated at about 22,000,000
' tons or six crores maunds. This has to be
increased at least threefold to meet the nutritional minimum which at about one pound
a day per head of the population works out
at about 70,000,0()0 tons and allowing for
feeding of calves the total quantity required
would be 80,000,000 tons or nearly twenty-one
crores maunds.
"We need good strong hardy bullocks for
agricultural purposes—for ploughing our land,
for other processes in connection with agriculture, or lifting water for irrigation, for
drawing carts, for transporting goods and
serving as conveyances.
"The problem of cattle husbandry in relation to agriculture and milk supply is a threefold problem: Firstly, the type of cattle best
suited to our requirements with which is
allied the problem of improving the breed;
secondly, the problem of feeding; and thirdly,
the problem of disease of cattle. As regards
the first, 'the present pohcy of the Government
is to increase the number of good dairy cows
and maintain the quality of good work breeds
while developing to the full what potentialities
for milk production these work breeds
possess'."
Referring to the second problem of cattle
feeding, Dr. Rajendra Prasad said, "What is
called mixed farming is the solution. Our
economy is such that land and cattle should
be so organized, as to create a natural balance.
We must understand that the land cannot give
* Extracts from Speech delivered at the Opening of
the Sixth All-India Cattle Show in Delhi.
us more than a certain quantity of grain or
any other produce."
'Proceeding, Dr. Rajendra Prasad observed:
"No schema aiming at an improvement in
the milk yield or better bullocks can be successful unless there is sufficient nutritious food
available for our cattle. The economy of
agriculture requires that while the grain
obtained out of agriculture is used for human
food the leaves and stalks of the plant are
used for cattle feed and I think it is possible
even now to so arrange our agriculture as to
get sufficient cattle feed on the one hand and
sufficient grain on the'other."
Fight against Disease
Dr. Rajendra Prasad referred to the cattle
diseases and said that an "enormous waste
of livestock takes place on account of contagious diseases especially rinderpest. It is
estimated from what figures are available that
some 22,000,000 maunds of milk are lost each
year perhaps as many as three and half lakhs
of bullocks from rinderpest alone. It is satisfactory to note that a reliable vaccine has been
made avitiiaWe by the Indian Veterinary
Research Institute at Izatnagar which can
confer immunity against the disease at a small
cost which comes to less than two a,nnas
per inoculation. The total ehmination of
rinderpest has thus become feasible and it is
really disappointing to note that while the
vaccine prepared at Izatnagar is in demand
in foreign countries it has not reached the
stage of popularity it deserves in our own
country."
Dr. Rajendra Prasad said that the results
of various researches that were being carried
on concerning agricultural development and
animal husbandry, "have to be made known
to our numberless agriculturists all over the
country. They can be of value only if they
are able to suggest methods which are within
the means of those for whom they are
intended."
31
Feeds & Fodders
ARIZONA'S WONDER GRASS
EHMANN LOVEGRASS is an introduc- (5) It stays green over a longer period of time
tion, like filaree, except that filaree got than do the native grasses.
into Arizona by accident, and bringing the
This grass has passed even the field trial
grass in was premeditated. This grass is to stage. Several years ago it was planted on
the hot and semi-arid part of Arizona what 10 or 15 acres of slick bare ground at a windcrested wheatgrass (introduced from Siberia) is mill on the Babacomari grant belonging to
to Utah, Colorado and other States north and Frank Brophy. It is definitely still there,
east of us. As a downright valuable forage doing well, spreading and being eaten. On
grass and as a plant to hold the soil, Lehmann the new highway between Benson and Wilcox,
lovegrass is bound to be recognized more and Lehmann lovegrass is 'taking over' the rightmore in the next few years. For these pur- of-way. On Rancho Sacatal, near Douglas,
poses, the South has Kudzu, Lespedeza, W. E. Hollard had a strip of creosote brush
Rhodes grass, and the well-known Bermuda. ripped up and planted to the 'wonder-grass'.
It is fortunate that Arizona, too, has its The site was sloping, rocky, hot, dry, and
wonder grass.
devoid of all cover except for the brush. In
A small amount of se«d of Lehmantv loVe- a year's, time it looked like a wheat field.
grass was obtained from the Union of South Near Apache, in the south-east corner of
Africa through the Division of Plant Explo- Cochise Country, Lehmann lovegrass has been
ration and Introduction of the Bureau of Plant holding down some abandoned dry farm land
Industry. First plantings were made under for the past several years. These are just a
irrigation on the Soil Conservation Service few examples.
Under what conditions will the planting of
nursery at Tucson in 1934. These initial
trials were so promising that larger seed- Lehmann lovegrass pay off. It does well
increase plantings were established in 1935 practically anywhere that grass is sparse or
and succeeding years, and good crops of seed non-existent and where the terrain is such that
have been harvested each year. Adaptation seeding equipment can be used. There are
trials have been made on representative range millions of acres where there is very little
areas throughout the South-West. It has grass and where the only perennial vegetation
been found that the grass dislikes cold winters is creosote bush, mesquite, black-brush, burro
and thrives only in a mild climate where the brush, and the like. There are also many
thousands of acres which once supported good
temperature seldom gets below 15° F.
It produces a luxuriant growth of leafage stands of grama, but which, for one reason or
and seed. Cattle don't like it quite so well another, now have little, Lehmann lovegrass
as grama when the latter is green. However, seems to be the answer on the semi-desert
it greens up earlier and stays green longer browse areas and on the denuded grasslands.
than does grama, and therefore fits well into Everyone recognizes the importance of having
the picture. When growing along with browse, a well-balanced range; that is, one which
Lehmann lovegrass is relished by cattle and isn't all browse or all grass, but one which
horses. It ranks along with grama and other has both browse and grass. Browse alone
common grasses as far as, nutritive value is does not, as a rule, hold soil erosion in check.
Grass does the trick.
concerned.
Now, while this lovegrass is a tough customer
The chief virtues of Lehmann lovegrass are:
(1) Ease of establishment—it can be planted and can take some hard knocks from the
successfully whera native grasses either fail to weather and from grazing, too, on occasion,
come up or are 'rubbed out' by adverse condi- it is just like any other living plant. It can't
tions. (2) It isn't choosy about soils—it seems be kicked around. Reliable information on,
to do about as well in sandy soil as adobe soil, its proper degree of use is lacking, but it is'
rocky ground as alluvial valley. (3) It is probable that no more than 40 per cent, ofj
drought-resistant—even small seedlings pull its annual growth should be grazed off. " t
To gist best results in'planting, groundj
through dry spells when native grass seedlings
curl up and quit the game. (4) It reproduces preparation, such as ripping or discing, is
well—millions of viable seed are produced necessary. A shallow, firm seed bed is desir{Continued on page 30)
,^
which can and do result in a rapid spread.
L
32
THE SECOND ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING OF THE BANGALORE
DAIRY CATTLE FEED CO-OPERATIVE STORES, LTD.
'T'HE Second Annual General Meeting of the thanked the President and the members of
J- above Stores was held in the National the Managing Committee of the Bangalore
High School and College premises on Sunday, Dairy Cattle Feed Co-operative Stores for
the 26th January 1947, under the Chairmanship inviting him to preside at the General Body
of O. S. N. Sheriff, Esq., B.A., LL.B., Minister Meeting, and observed that though he had
for Law and Supplies. There was a large been unconnected with the C6-operative
attendance of members and the function in- Societies in his public life nor held the portfolio
cluded a tea party and a group photograph. he had still accepted the invitation in the
The Hon. ^Minister was received by the capacity of one who is interested in serving
President of the Stores Mr. A. K. Yegna the cattle interest in the State. It is a wellNarayan Aiyer and was introduced in a known fact that milk is probably the best
welcome speech in which he spoke in very nutritive food and any steps taken to increase
appreciative terms about the manner in which the production of this valuable food will go
the difficult situation as regards shortage of a long way in improving the health of the
food grains and other requisites in the State nation. The development of children who
was being handled by the Minister and are the future citizens of the State depends on
eulogised his ability with which he has been the availability in abundance of this nutritive
pleading the cause of Mysore in the various food and it was therefore very necessary to
All-India Committees and Conferences. He take all possible steps to improve the cattle
also represented the serious difficulties which in the State. Government realise that next
the cattle owning public of Bangalore was to maintaining the basic rations for human
experiencing through scanty supplies and beings cattle come first and he informed the
high prices of cattle feeds of all kinds and audience that all possible steps will be taken
urged the need for a large increase in the to maintain the cattle in good health. The
supply and »for enlisting co-operative societies Hon. Minister then spoke in appreciative
in stocking and selling both these and all terms of the work done by Rajasevasakta
• other controlled commodities.
Mr. A. K. Yegna Narayan Aiyer for this
The Annual Report for the year 1945-46 institution. He had spent his whole life time
was then read by the Honorary Secretary in the study of agriculture in general and
Mr, K. Siddaramappa, B.A., from which the particularly specialized in the development of
following are extracts: The membership rose live-stock. With him at the helm of affairs
from 77 to 257 and the paid-up share capital the Society had done very valuable and useful
from Rs. 2,084-8-0 to Rs. 4,803-4-0. The total work for the community in Bangalore.
value of sales in the year was Rs. 65,879-6-0. Mr. Yegna Narayan Aiyer had raised several
The major items sold were Buller husk 823 points in the course of his speech particularly
bags, Tur husk 729 bags, wheat bran 1,528 regarding the non-availability of cattle feed.
bags, groundnut, oilcake 12,810 maunds, til There was no doubt dearth for these commocake 851 maunds, rice bran 210 bags, salt dities but Government are taking all necessary
45 bags, Bangalgram husk 284 bags besides steps to improve the situation. The Hon.
other feeds. A small attempt was made in Minister assured the audience that the Civil
the sale of grass and straw and Rs. 510 worth Supplies Department would do their best to
was sold. The net profits earned amounted help the Society in securing enough stock of
to Rs. 4,233-0-5; out of this amount Rs. 1,060 cattle feed. Regarding the question of removal
was proposed to be credited to reserve, of controls he opined that the less happily
Rs. 2,000 for a building fund, Rs. 160 for situated persons in society would be very
payment of dividends at the rate of 3i% and severely hit if all the controls were removed
the remainder for bonus to staff, donation to immediately. The same opinion has been
the dry cattle farm building fund, donation to expressed by the high offidals in the GovernH. H. the Yuvaraja's memorial fund. Steps ment of India also. He, therefore, felt that
have' been taken to secure two Nissen huts till the situation is eased it would be necessary
from military surplus stock for being utilised to keep these controls so that all sections of
as godowns for the Stores and also for secur- the community may be given a fair chance of
securing their necessities of life.
ing a site for putting them up.
In conclusion the Hon. Minister again
In his concluding speech the Hon. Minister
33
34
Moitihly Bulletin of the Bangalore Dairy Cattle Society
STORES, LTD.
Prices current for the month of February 1947
congratulated the members and the Chairman
particularly who are responsible for developing the Stores and stated that he would have
further consultations with the Hon'ble
Minister for Agriculture and see that representations made in his speech would be sympathetically considered.
VETERINARY AID
35 • Animals were treated during January
1947. Two final injections of Anthiomaline
were continued on the same two cows and
progress is being watched. 9 Cows were given
2 to 3.:.c. of Stilboes;rol (M. & B.) intramuscular injections after treating them with
alkaline douche of which 5 proved positive
and the rest are under observation. Private
estates of two members were visited and the
necessary help and advice given. Dry Cattle
Farm was visited twice during the month.
16 Cows calved during January 1947 of which
10 calves born to the Society's Scindhi bulls.
Frequent visits were paid to see the cases
that were showing symptoms of calving.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
<s.
12
7
10
S
9
1
4
2
4
1
1
1
1
0
Rs.
A. p.
8
8
8
0
8
3
12
12
8
0
0
0
0
4
A.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P"
Sales in January 1947
..
.. • 3,803 8 0
total Sales up to end of January 1947
for the year 1947^8
...
.. 34,997 7 6
No. of Members irt January 1947
..
..
7
Total No. of Members upto the end of Jan. 1947 289
No. of Shares applied for during January 1947
9
Total No. of Shares upto the end of Jan. 1947
1,094
(a) Warrior.—^Covered 8 cows during January
1947 of which 1 cow belonged to the members,
thus making a total of 65 cov/s. There was
one repeat covering.
(b) Bhimasena.—Covered 23 cows during
January 1947 of which 9 cows belonged to the
members, thus making a total of 221 cows
which includes one repeat covering given a
Serial Number. There were 5 repeat coverings.
DO YOU ENOW ?
Fruit trees? Aand that they can better the
quality of your fruits ? All progressiue Modern
Fruit Growers in the west find it profitable to
keep bees in their orchards. Keep bees and
be up-to-date.
Bee keeping is a fascinating hobby which
gives you honey. The Indian Bee Jou nal will
tell you all about this extremely fascinating
subject.
Yearly Rs. 3
INDIAN BEE JOURNAL
R A M G A R H , Dist. NAINI TAL, U.P.
Wheat bran per bag (100 lbs.) No stock
Mixed Bran per bag (95 lbs.)
..
Buller (Avare) Husk per bag
Tuerr (Togari) Husk do.
Bengal gram husk
do.
Groundnut oil-cake „
Gingeily oil-cake per maund
Ramtil oil cake
„ No Stock
Cotton Seed cake per maund
Horse gram 2^ seers
do. broken 2\ seers
Buller broken bits 3^ seers
Salt 8 seers
Churu brand per lb.
n . Monthly Progress Statement
Monthly BoUetin of
EDITOR •
RAJASEVA«AKTA A. K. Y E G N A N A R A Y A N A I Y E R ,
M.A. ( M A D R A S ) , N.D.D. ( E N S L A N D ^ DIP. AORIC. (CANTAB.)
Retired Director of Aariaulture and
President of the Bangalore Dairy Cattle Society
ASSOCIATE EDITOR •
DR. B. N A R A S I M H A IYENGAR, B.A., PH.D.
Annual Subscription Rs. 3
Single Copy As. 6
N.B.—Ali Subscriptions are payable in
advance.
The BuUetin is supplied free to Members.
For Copies apply
to:
THE EDITOR
Monthly BuUetin of
S 6 - S 7 . Mysore Road
209.47—Printed at the Bangalore Press. Bangalore City, by G. Srinivasa Rao, Superintendent, and Published by
Rajasevasakta A, K. Yegna Namyan Aiyar, M.A. (Madrasli N.O.O. (Englandi, Dip. Agric. (Cantab.j, Sdit^r, "Monthly Bullotin
ef the 8an£a]pre Oajry Cattif $ssi«ty," Ban|al9r9
MONTHLY BULLETIN
OF
Editor.—RMASEVASXKTA A. K. YEGNA NARAYAN AIYER, M.A.
Associate-Editor:~DR. B. NARASIMHA IYENGAR, P H . D .
Vol. VI]
MARCH 1947
[No. 3
PAGE
T H E VANASPATHI OR VEGETABLE G H E E INDUSTRY . .
35
MiLK POWDER INCREASES IN IMPORTANCE
IN ENGLAND
36
M I L K AND M I L K PRODUCTS—
Dairying
By T. M. Paul
..
..
..
. . 37
VARIOUS FACTORS THAT AFFECT M I L K COMPOSITION
By L. A. P. Brito-Babapulle, B.Sc.
43
Feeding of Farm Animals
• By Pandit Lai Chand Dharmani, S. Kartar
Singh Lohara and N. Akbar AH Chohan .
PROGRESS O? THU SOCIETY
..
. . 39
VETERINARY A I D
..
. . 42
O U R CATTLE FEED CO-OPERATIVE STORES, L T D .
Odder Diseases of Dairy Cows
PAGE
DAILY P E R CAPITA CONSUMPTION OF M I L K IN
INDIA AND SOME FOREIGN COUNTRIES
,
44
46
46
46
46
THE VANASPATHI OR VEGETABLE GHEE INDUSTRY
S is well known, during recent years edible oils by 'hydrogenating' them—a process
a most noteworthy industrial develop- in which the oil which is liquid at ordinary
ment in India has been the manufacture on temperatures, is converted into a product
a large scale and in many parts of the country which is solid at these temperatures. They
of what is known as "Vanaspathi" or "Vege- are also made with different melting points
table Ghee". The manufacture has become so as to suit them for tracts and seasons of
so profitable that it bids fair to assume huge different temperatures. The oils it must be
proportions before long. The proposed deve- stated are changed into a different chemical
lopment seems however to be viewed with some product (or mixture of products). It must be
concern and a body of opinion is growing up added also that though vanaspathis are on the
which looks upon it as a danger to health and whole carefully and well made, the process
urges that suitable safeguards should be is not absolutely without risk, as impure
imposed against its use and that further expan- samples may be tainted with nickel. This is
sion should not be permitted. As the question however very exceptional but cannot altogether
is very important from the point of view of be ruled out.
industrial progress in the country, it deserves
Now how do the vanaspathis compare with
to be examined closely an^ dispassionately.
the liquid oils as a food ? We would invite
Started in the first instance as a local manu- attention to the summary of the research on
facture in order to counteract imports of the this subject published in Vol. V, No. 4 of this
article which were steadily growing, it has Bulletin. It will be seen therefrom that as far
brought some serious problems in its wake as growth, fecundity and health of litter were
such as the alleged ill-effect on health, aduUe- concerned, in feeding trials on rats, there was
ration of ghee, high cost of oils, etc. The no significant difference between the vanaspathi
chief point for consideration is whether and the liquid oil from which it was* made.
vanaspathis are harmful to health and what The oils however were absorbed more rapidly
their status as a fat-supplying food may be than the vanaspathi and among the vanaspathis
vis-a-vis the various edible oils, from "which the rate varied inversely as the melting point,
they are made. The vanaspathi, as most i.e., the higher the melting the lower the rate
people are aware, is made from the ordinary of absorption. This slow absorption was
A
35
36
quite significant and striking. It is therefore a question why a readily absorbable
liquid fat should be replaced by a less readily
absorbable one, especially when, as far as
one can see, there is no counter-balancing
advantage.
Xt is also worth mentioning that hydrogenation of oils is extensively in use in foreign
countries where it meets a real need as the
people are accustomed to eat their fat ' smeared' or 'spread' (like butter) and therefore
require it in a solid form, and that as far as
one knows no question of any deleterious effect
on health has been raised.
On the whole therefore there seems to be
no evidence of any danger to health; of course
there are no experiments on human subjects, nor
over any prolonged period to judge cumulative effect, if any. The quality of the vanaspathi
asH oii iti the. hoiltd (frying) condition has not
been examined either. There is also the subject
of the use of the two articles for purposes of
an unguent remaining to be studied.
Beyond this much-qualified statement that
at its best, it is about the same in nutritive
value as the ordinary oil from which it is made,
there is nothing to be said in its favour. The
fact that it is a decolourised and deodourised
product may perhaps be a feature appreciated
by some people.
On the other hand there is much that can be
said against the product. Its low absorbability
has already been referred to. As compared
With the ordinary oils it is a very costly food,
the vanaspathi costing about 25 to 30 per cent,
niore than the oil. The oils are indeed being
made more and more costly and less and less
M'ithin the reach of the poor,'as the factories
are very powerful and wealthy competitors in
the oil market and can corner it. It is a mercy
that some oils like gingelly oil are not much
effected because hydrogenation is rather exPensive with such oils. Otherwise the danger
to the poor man's supply of the fat requireinent in his food will be seriously jeopardised.
One of its most objectionable features is the
Premium it places upon the adulteration of
ghee which is becoming very serious. The
old-fashioned adulterants like the vegetable
oils themselves are easy of detection by mere
appearance and smell, so that the purchaser
Can easily protect himself if he wishes against
the evil With the }>aP2aspathis as adulterants
however, the mixed ghee is indistinguishable
in appearance from real ghee and no known
inethods of chemical analysis, can at present
detect the adulteration without the possibility
of any doubt. It indeed seems so unnecessary
in a country whose people are used to consume the raw liquid oils as such, to replace
them with a processed solid product, especially
When there is so little to be said in its favour.
We are aware in this note that that there may
be aspects which have not occurred to us and
which may put a different complexion on the
question.
MILK POWDER INCREASES IN
OR the first time since the outbreak of the
war statistics are available for the gallonages of milk manufactured into the various
products in England and Wales.
The figures show that milk powder alone
has made progress during the war, the gallonage
of milk used for this purpose in 1944-45
being nearly three times the pre-war average.
At the close of the war the gallonage of milk
manufactured into butter was less than a
quarter of the pre-war avearge; the gallonage
converted into cheese has been halved; for
condensed milk it has fallen by 60%; while
the manufacture of cream, which before the
war abs'orbed more than 56,000,000 gallons
a year, ceased in 1940.
Milk powder was increasing in importance
IMPORTANCE IN ENGLAND
F
before the war, one reason for its popularity
being that the spray-dried product is believed
by many authorities to be the nearest approach
to liquid milk in flavour and food value. In
order to save shipping space the Government
decided during the war to produce spray dried
Whole milk powder for the services. This
explains to a large extent why the quantity of
' milk converted into powder in England and
Wales rose from the pre-war level of 13,000,000
gallons a year to 38,080,000 gallons in 1944-45.
Peace time demand may be for more powder
from skimmed milk and less from full cream,
but the total demand is expected to exceed
the war-time level.—From Food Manufacture,
October 1946.
DAIRYING
How It Improves the Health and Economic Weil-Being of the Agriculturist
BY T . M . PAUL
{Imperial Dairy Research Institute, Bangalore)
all the human occupations, agriculture is
OF the
oldest, the most important and by
far the largest industry of the world. The
importance of agriculture lies in the fact,
that, all the other industries and the people
engaged in them have at one stage or other
got to depend upon agriculture and the agriculturist. Apart from the fact that the source
of all food supplies is agriculture, most of the
raw materials for other industries are products
and by-products of agriculture. Even when
this is not strictly so, all industries have to
depend upon agriculture in some way or other.
In spite of this unique position that agriculture occupied for many years, certain nations
developed an apathy towards this noble occupation and took to other industries as the
short-cut to material advancement. All such
nations, without a single exception, have
realised their folly in not giving the proper
place for agriculture in their national economy.
However rich a nation may be in other fields,
if it is not self-sufficient in agricultural products,
notable among them being food products, it
has to depend upon the good-will of its
neighbours for its day-to-day existence. All
great wars, especially the last one, have made
the industrial nations realise the need for a
self-sufficient agricultural economy, specially
with regard to food products and 'grow more
food' has become a favourite slogan. But
the pity is that food cannot be produced
overnight and a greater pity is, the fact that
human life cannot subsist vidthout food for
any considerable length of time. The net
result of this was, that, such of the nations
who had developed an apathy towards agriculture had to pay very dearly for their folly.
Among the agricultural products, mainly
the cereals form the basic foodstuff of mankind.
They solve the problems relating to the quantitative aspect of food which is quite important
in itself. Although for many millions of the
inhabitants of this world, the problem is one
of getting enough to eat, particularly so in
countries like India, the problem of getting
the right kind of food in^ adequate amounts
is, none-the-less, important. Recent researches
in the field of nutrition h&s made this fact
very clear. Clean food of the right kind goe^
a long way to improve the health and prosperity of a nation. Of the foodstuffs contributing to this qualitative aspect of the human
diet, milk and its products occupy the foremost
position. It is however peculiar to man that
he has chosen to adopt milk as an essential
part of his diet during his whole life; as an
infant his sole means of subsistence is milk,
thereafter during childhood and adolescence
he gets his share of milk and milk products,
and during sickness, convalescence and oldage
milk is one of the few foodstuffs on which
he can fall back. Thus at every stage of human
life milk has coipe to be regarded as one of
the important foodstuffs responsible for the
health and well-being of man, and hence, the
importance of milk and milk products in the
etonomic life of every country is quite evident.
In India, by religious sanction, customs and
habits built up during the course of thousands
of years, a great maJ9rity of the population
is strictly vegetarian, and the animal products
that form part of their diet are derived only
from milk. Resent researches in nutrition have
clearly brought out the suitability of animal
proteins for human diet. Again milk is the
main source of vitamin A, calcium, phosphorus, etc., to the Indian vegetarian and
these are responsible for the growth and wellbeing of the human system. The greatest
nutritional need of India is the production of
more milk, for, it is the most important
foodstuff and the one on which public health '
is the most dependent. India's annual production of milk is 23 -0 million tons. This is
quite inadequate to meet the minimum requirements of a balanced diet for the 400 millions
of the inhabitants. If the food contains enough
milk and milk products it is not necessary
to include any meat in the diet. Enough
milk means a quart if possible or at least a
pint per head per day. But few in India
consume anything approaching to this quantity.
Even the scanty supply of milk available in
India is not properly utilised due to lack of
knowledge and proper facilities for the collection, transport and distribution of milk. Only >
27 pet cent, is consumed as liquid niilk
37
38
Monthly Bulletin of the BaHgaloiê Dairy Cattle Society
wHereas tlie rest 73 per cent, is converted into
the more stable milk products—although they
are less economic and less nutritious.
Further, at present, India is importing large
amounts of milk products. This is a drain
on the national economy which could be
avoided by properly exploiting the cattle
wealth of this country. Thus the reorganisation of the Dairy Industry is of vital
importance for the health and prosperity of
the people of India.
India's problems arc unique in every field
and dairying is not an exception to this.
Ninety per cent, of the population is agrarian
with small holdings. scattered in the countryside. The traditional methods of agriculture
are alone known to these ryots and lack of
education and capita! compel them to be
born in poverty, to live in poverty and die
also in poverty. Even to keep and feed a
pair of bullocks for ploughing his fields is
a problem for the ryot; then how could he
be expected to keep cows to supply himself
and his family with milk and milk products ?
Only when there is plenty of food available
to satisfy his hunger, he will have to choose
the best among them; Thus poverty and lack
of education accounts for such a pitiable state
of affairs. By a country-wide propaganda the
illiterate masses should be educated with
regard to the niitritive value of milk. Keeping of cows and buffaloes should be encouraged
by way of giving loans to pufthase them and
providing free grazing lands for them. Every
village may be supplied with good pedigree
bulls in adequate numbers. This will improve
the milk yield of the cows. Distribution of
concentrates like oil-cakes to the villagers as
well as tile disposal of the surplus milk may
be arranged through a village co-operative
milk union. If enough milk is produced in
the house of each ryot and if he is made to
understand the nutritional 'significance of the
same it can naturally be expected that his
family will certainly consume its share of the
same. By selling the surplus milk the income
of the farmers may also increase considerably.
Again the agriculturist can feed the cows on
the by-products of agriculture, e.g., straw,
oil-cakes, etc. By this way, he can utilise
them to his best advantage and also produce
milk at a very low cost. Thus keeping one or
two heads of milch cattle will considerably
improve the health and wealth of the farmer,
his family and children.
Again, as by-products of dairying which
itself is a side business for him, the farmer
will get plenty of cattle yard manure. At
present this is not put to its pi'oper use, but,
by some propaganda the farmers may be
persuaded to use it only for manurial purposes
when the returns from his fields will certainly
increase. Another by-product of dairy husbandry which finds extensive use in Indian
agriculture is the male calves which later on
develop into bullocks—the sole motive power
for cultivation in India. The fundamental
importance of live-stock to the development
of Indian agriculture was emphasised by the
Royal Commission who made a number of
far reaching recommendations. If any real
and permanent advance is to be made there
must be better protection against epidemic
diseases and other pests, better breeding and
better management. Also the bullocks are the
beasts of burden in India and they are likely
to remain so, for some time to come, just
as they may remain the motive power for
agriculture.
Thus the prospects of the Indian farmer
and Indian agriculture depends to a considerable extent on the development of dairying.
A better supply of milk and milk products
will solve the problem of malnutrition as also
improve the income of. the farmers. The
cattle yard manure will improve the crop
production and a continued supply of strong
bulls will ensure better ploughing of the
fields and easy and cheap transport of the
agricultural and other products. Thus dairying
is the handmaid of Indian agriculture. They
are symbiotic in character one being complementary to the other. TChus the health
and prosperity of the agrarian population of
. India depends to a great extent on the successful introduction of diarying as a side business.
{Continued from page 4\)
mously. The fore milk, or first squirts are discarded because of the high bacterial content
and poor fat. The mid and after milks contain
a fair portion of the butter-fat but it is the
strippings, or last drawn portions that contain
nearly 10% butter-fat, and incomplete milking
naturally loses this fat besides tending to dry
off the cow.
(Jo be continued.)
VARIOUS FACTORS THAT AFFECT MILK COMPOSITION*
BY L . A . P . BRITO-BABAPULLE, B . S C , M.R.C.V.S., D.T.V.M.
{Honorary Veterinary Surgeon to the Ceylon Zoological Gardens)
milk is not an uniform article of
COW'S
commerce. It varies in its composition
from day to day, week to week, and month
to month. Its composition varies with the
environment, inheritance, and management in
the proportion of 33% : 28% : 39%, and the
factors that influence yield and quality will
be dealt with in seriatim later. The mammary
secretion of the cow, after the period of
colostrum has passed, is termed Cow's Milk
and it necessarily follows that it must have
been hygienically produced and drawn from
a perfectly healthy cow living under the most
sanitary conditions. If any one of these
conditions is not satisfied then the nomenclator would be wise to refrain from using the
term "Cow's Milk", unless generically to
typify origin.
The circumstances that affect yield and
quality are:—
1. Breed of Cow.—^Natural breeds of
cattle not bred for production of milk only
usually gtve 600 to 700 bottles of milk per
annual lactation period, i.e., about 2 to 3
bottles per day, yet in the composition of
their milk their percentage of solids are high
when contrasted with the high-yielding strains.
It does not always follow that a high-yielding
animal should be always low in butter-fat
content, but sonae breeds give a high yield
with a low butter-fat content whilst other
breeds yield only a small quantity but with
quality relatively rich in fat. The Jersey (a
low yielder) has 5 -4% butter-fat content
whereas the British Friesian (a high yielder) has
only 3 -6% butter-fat. The popular Ayrshires
(Sires of many of the 'Cape Cows' of Colombo
dairies) has a 4% fat in the cow's milk.
Average figures of many samples of milk
of the following breeds of animals show the
differences in constituents that exist in the
various types:—
Percentages
Breed
Ash Water Fats
o S
Protein
J3
English Cows 13-0 0-75 87-0
Indian
Cows 15-1 0-79 8.1-9
Singhala Cows 1.3-8 0-73 86-2
•ôcal Buffaloes 17-7 0-75 82-3
3-8 4-7
6-0 4-61
.5-1 4-77
7-5 4-8
3-5
3-7
3-2S
4-10
*The Indian Veterinary Journal, Vol. XXII, N o . 6,
The cultivated breeds as in the English
breeds of cows, by a process of selection,
-weeding out of useless types, and grading up
of selected animals, have been gradually raised
to a standard where the average annual lactatiopL yields in those animals approximate
6,500 bottles, and more at tiroes, as a common
feature. As Darlington points out in "Discovery", 1945 November, British breeds of
live-stock fail in different degrees to compete
with native breeds in the tropics, due to
inherent hereditary strength against endemic
diseases. All breeds are fitted by heredity to
their own country or even distinct and part
of their fitness consists of resistance to disease.
So the course of grading up must be selective.
The fact that cows of a particular breed
give a,low fat % content does not mean that
their total yield of fat is low, since the yield
of milk also varies with the breed. According
to Tocher (Analyst, 1925) working with
English breeds, the Friesian cows give a larger
amount of fat per milking than tlie Ayrshires
and other breeds of cows although the average
fat % of Friesian milk is 3 -62, as against the
Ayrshires 4-08, and our Singhalas 5-1.
2. Individuality of Cow.—Suppose individual cows were kept under the same conditions
of care, feeding to fill, and environment there
will always be considerable variations in the
composition of milk, some giving milk that
persistently falls below presumptive standards.
In the absence of pathological conditions such
as diseased udders, ailments, or physiologically
at the end of lactation, etc., one is compelled
to assume that production of such milk is
characteristic of the individual cows in question. Experiments were done by "Kellner on
18 Dutch cows kept under observation for
10 years the differences between the worst '
and best yielders, and yields, as a group, were
noted as follows:—
Total milk yield 490-6 gls. to 590-44 gls. «.,'.100r202
Total amount fat 16-37 lbs. to 32-84 lbs. „ 100:201
Percent of milk 10-56
to 12-80
„ 100:102
solids
Per cent of milk
2-63
to
3-81
,,100:145
fat
Originally cows produced 100 to 200 gallons- •
(1 gallon == 6 bottles) per lactation average of
42 weeks, by selective breeding it has become
common to have a 1,500 to 2,000 gallon
animals in the temperate countries. The
39 .
40
Monthly Bulletin of the Bangalore Dairy Cattle Society •
natural milk yield is 200 gallons per lactation
but in the tropics this may be in fact very
much less. Some of the cross-bred cows in
Ceylon, the so-called Cape animals have had
good yields of 22 to 26 bottles per day, the
record being for an up-country cow that gave
33 bottles per day. In Scotland a cow called
"Killoch Betsy", belonging to the Nether
Craig cattle herd gave 114 pounds or 76
bottles as a record yield in 1 day of 24 hours.
In a Ceylon Daily News of March 1941 mention was made of "Cherry" a non-pedigree
Short-horn owned by Messrs. Wort and Way of
Red House Farm, Amesbury, Wiltshire, which
in a lactation of 365 days gave 4,164 gallons
or 24,984 bottles, i.e., about 67 bottles a day.
Besides individual variations there are
observable variations in the 1^3/7;' yields of the
same cow which may be as much as 4i to
5 bottles, as well as differences in the fat
percentage. The same cow may one day give
milk with a 2 -8% butter-fat and the next day
3 .90/ without any rationed explanation except
that it is the peculiarity or individuality of the
cow concerned.
The individual relations also show themselves in the alterations which a change offood
makes in the quality and quantity of the milk.
In a series of experiments with 4 identical
cows where some of the carbohydrate portion
of the ration was replaced by fat (actually
Rye feeding meal, rich in fat, was used instead
of Rice feeding meal, rich in starch) without
any other changes being made in the food,
it was found that:—
Wolfendhal dairy there are cows (unless
Rinderpest has wiped them oflT) that have
lactated for i i to 2 years or more without
getting into calf. The records in Great Britain
make mention of "Old Jersey" a 20 year old
cow which lactated for 15 years, giving 18
bottles of milk daily, without coming into
calf. "Daphne" a 23 year old cow milked
for 12 years after losing her calf. The composition, of the milk from these animals, were
normal or richer in ash content only, the rest
of the constituents being the same, as average
cow's milk.
With many cows the yield of milk ipcreases
for a few months after calving remaining for
a considerable time at the highest yield and
then falls either quickly or slowly, and remains
for a period at that level. The peak or
maximum is reached, on an average, ip 6 to
8 weeks after calving, in good breeds of cows
which are well managed and husbanded. In
poor breeds and in the Ceylon-scrub cattle
the peak is reached in 4 weeks, and in some
as early as 2 weeks after which there is a
gradual decline atjd subsidence of lactation.
The maximum % of fat occurs 14 to 16 weeks
in milk. The average after calving is about
3 -97% and falls to 3 -85% at about 17 weeks,
after which there is an increase and at 38
weeks the average amount is about 4%. As
a rule the butter-fat content is unaffected in
a lactation period but soon after calving the
solids not fat (S.N.F.) are very high, generally
due to high ash content, and from this high
level it reaches the low level at the 20th week
and then there is a tendency for a slight rise.
Cow (a) gave 3*7-pounds more milk and I oz. more fat
Sometimes when the cow is nearly dry the
Do (jS) do 5-2 do
less
do
2ioz. less fat
Do (c) do 0-02 do
more
do
f oz- more fat
butter-fat may be very high, but the chlorides
Do (d) do 1-4
do
more
do
i oz. more fat
are also very high and the lactose or milkThese observations can be made by anyone sugar, low with the result that the milk is
of you owners of dairies but note how extra- salty to the taste. Mackintosh (Berkshire
ordinarily changeable is the influence of Farmers' Year Book, 1933) found that a cow
individuality upon milk production. Emphasis in good condition before calving with conis also laid on this salient observation of the sistent good management and feeding of
deceptive results of experiments carried out on balanced rations will maintain a higher fat %
a small number of animals and drawing conclu-than under conditions of careless management.
sions therefrom.
4. Intervals of Milking.—^When cows are
3. Period of Lactation.—^Normal cow?
should average a period of 48 weeks. It milked twice daily at equal intervals there is
ranges from 39 to 45 weeks with a rest period little difference in the fat percentage, and
prior to the next parturition. This period of milk yield, *.of the morning's and evening's
rest averages 9 weeks. Many cows however milk, although the morning milk may be
go dry before the normal lactation period of slightly greater and the percentage of fat
43 weeks, others, will m*lk on to the next therein slightly lower. When the night interval
parturition and are very difficult to dry off. exceeds the day interval the fat percentage/
If conception does not occur a cow may go lowered in the morning and increased in/ê
on milking for many years. Vfn many a afternoon milking.
Various Factors That Affect Milk Compostnan
41
Mackintosh {Berkshire Farmers'" Year Book, with profit but in ordinary circumstances
1933) states that in the case of mixed milk twice at most three times is usually enough
from a herd, for each hour that the interval for all practical purposes. Milking twice
exceeds 12 hours, the fat is lowered 0 -lO to daily increases the yield by about ten per cent
0-15%, and for each hour that the interval Against this increased yield ,there are:—(o)
is under 12 hours the fat^ is raised 0 -20 to An accompanying increased labour. - (b) Lack
of rest to cows, (c) Extra food consumption.
0-25%.
There can be no doubt that the passage oi In a case of thrice milking the following results
milk from the milk alveolii to the milk cistern, were obtained in a small herd under test:^
or reservoir, is easiest and most rapid when
".^ C to
the udder is empty. When the udder is filled
O J<i 5
more or less, there is a damming in the small
After an interval in the
r- . /» Yield
IJ ? S
*
in
lbs.
.2?
!! °'
ducts leading from the alveolii and the pressure
« £ a
^ o.acting on the cells of the alveolii hinders the
Nightof
12'5 hours .. 2-59
119-5
3-10
separation of the milk.
Morning of
5-5
„
. . 4-79
83-5
3'94
Afternoon of
5
,.
. . 4-88
63-0
3-08
Table showing variation in fat % due touneven milking
In the case of cows that are left unmilked,
that is cows that are "over-stocked" with the
Dalty Nataher
1 2
3
4
5
6
udder distended, part of the milk is reabsorbed.
After 8 hour interval 6-0 4-5 6-0 5-1 4-6 6-1
After 16
„
3-6 3-5 3-2 3-1 3-6 3-4
If the pressure overcomes the resistance of
The individuality of cows influences the the teat sphincter the milk may leak through,
results because some are affected much more the teat. In the case of cows that are unmilked
by the length of the interval than are others. for longer periods than normal, fat may be
It may be assumed that more frequent milk- considerably reduced thus:—
ings should increase the yield but certain
Milked at
Experiment
Fat % Difference
other factors have to be considered. Many
intervals
circumstances point to the fact that the milk Cow (a)
. . 12 hours 5-30
is formed in the alveolii under the stimulus of
24
„
5-05
— 0-25
. . 12
„
4-00
milking. By measurement of the cubic capacity Cow {b)
36
,,
1-95
— 2-05
of the ducts together with the whole udder
3-30
. . 12
„
cavities it has been computed that the average Cow (c)
48
„
2-60
— 0-80
udder capacity of European breeds is about
5. ElBciency of the Milker.—Milking.
six pints, whereas at a milking twice that whether done by hand or machine should be
quantity is got. So a portion of the milk must carried out gently, quickly and thoroughly
be certainly leaving the cells of the alveolii as possible. It should be done rapidly as the
during the process of milking. When milking erectile tissue of the udder gets tired (Hamis practised three times daily, at intervals of mond). It should be treated gently as there
approximately eight hours, the yields of milk is a continuous action of the milk making
are in fairly close agteement with the average cells of the udder and the resultant distension
and with each other, but the percentages of of the udder afford most cogent reasons why
fat are by no means uniform.
cows should always be treated gently and
quietly and kept, as far as possible, under
Effect of Interval between Milkings
peaceful
and comfortable conditions. Quick01
ness of milking saves time besides the increased
o C
output that it gives. This increase may be as
Fat
Period of experi5£
Fat
6C—i
ment
much as 10% of the butter-fat. Time required
C •!-•
/o
(U J3
for milking a cow varies according to the yield
1-1 a'
a
•a
and the case of milking. Cows giving a large
Hours
Hours
yield may be milked at the rate of 3 to 4 pounds
Fourteen
days
2-87
9
4-26
15
Twenty-eight „
3-18
11-5
3.8
per minute but the average rate is 1 to 2 pounds
12-5
Twenty-one
„
2-94
9
4-4
15
per minute. The number of cows milked per
Fourteen
,,
3>64 12
3.46
12
hour should be from 7 to 9 animals.
Fourteen
„
16
2-33
18
4-4'7.
The composition of the milk drawn off at
With freely milking cows which give good
various
times during a milking varies enoryields and where milk can be sold to advantage
(jOontinued on page 38)
it may be possible to milk four times a day
UDDER DISEASES OF DAIRY COWS
{Continued from Vol. V, No. 11, page 98)
Milk Stone or Calcnlus
The animal should be surrounded with an
ILK STONE, or calculus, is a term environment most conducive to her comfort
loosely applied to concretion in the and complete satisfaction. She should be
udder. Some stones are formed by coagulated supplied with an abundance of fresh, clean,
casein and may be an indirect result of udder drinking water, and have a generous allowance
inflammation, while others are simply accu- • of a ration, preferably in the form of a warm
mulations of lime salts from the milk, which mash, calculated to stimulate milk secretion.
sometimes may be distinguished by the occa- Milk secretion may be assisted by the repeated
sional discovery of gritty particles in the bottom administration of strychnin, one-half gi:ain,
and pilocarpin, I grain in water at five-hour
of the milk pail or on the strainer cloth.
Treatment.—After a prolonged, gentle mass- intervals until six doses have been given.
aging of the teat extremity with an ointment Massaging the udder with lard or an ointcontaining 10 per cent, of the fluid extract of ment containing extract of belladonna leaves
belladonna leaves, the concretions, if not very may assist in bringing her to her milk. Efforts
large, may be passed with the aid of a sterile should be made to milk her twice daily, at
spring teat dilator. The injection of a small regular milking time, even though the efforts
quantity of sterile olive oil into the teat may are unrewarded. If the calf is brought to her
assist materially in the removal of the obstruc- side shortly before milking time, this additions. In case the stones cannot be removed tional appeal to her maternal instinct may
in this way it may be necessary to remove them have the desired effect.
by means of an opening in the side of the teat.
Milk Fever, Puerperal Fever or
This operation should not be undertaken hy
Parturient Apoplexy
the inexperienced layman, as the danger of
Milk
fever
sometimes follows calving in
seriously infecting the udder by insanitary
fleshy
or
heavy-milking
dairy cows. It is
procedure cannot be overestimated, as well as
the extreme likelihood of leaving a fistulous characterised by its sudden appearance and its
leaky teat. Unless the concretions are sufR- acute course. The animal becomes paralyzed
ciently large to constitute an obstruction, their and passes into a semi-conscious or unconsurgical removal, even by a veterinary surgeon, scious condition, but that it is predisposed by
had far better been postponed xmtil the cow such causes as a highly developed milk production, an excessively nourished condition, and
has been dried off.
lack of exercise, is beyond question.
Agalactia or Suppression of Milk
• The symptoms of milk fever are characterThe disease known as agalactia, or suppres- istic and easily recognized. Soon after calving,
sion of myk, is not infectious in cattle, as it the cow may exhibit signs of excitement and ,
is in she6p and goats. Neither is it so anxiety, after which constipation and chocky ]
common. Occurring as it usually does, at symptoms may be manifest. The owner may
calving time, agalactia seems to be unfavour- notice a staggering gait and weakness, especially !
ably influenced by such predisposing causes of the hind quarters. Eventually the cow, no '
as indigestion, loss of appetite, mammitis, longer able to maintain the standing position,
insufficient or unsuitable feed, plant poisoning^ goes down and assumes the posture so characsevere insect stings on the udder, thirst, en- teristic of this disease with the hind legs
forced driving, fear or excitement, or the extended forward and the head thrown back
removal of the calf. Incidentally, agalactia is toward the flank. A comatose condition may
a reliable symptom seen in rabies in the cow. ensue, during which there is danger in attemptTreatment.—The animal, if a heifer, should ing to administer medicine by the mouth, as
first be examined for the possibility of atresia, the throat muscles are temporarily paralyzed
ot iraperformation, of the teats. Eliminating and the material may pass into the windpipe
this possibility, the attention should be directed and lungs. Pulse and respiration are weak and
towards determining, if possible-, the contri- the temperature is more frequently subnormal'
buting cause or causes, which should receive than otherwise. Death or recovery will occur
within two. or three days, or even less.
prompt attention.
M
.42
Cattle in Health
Prevention may be favoured by the following measures: When the cow is dried oif
prior to calving she should be placed on a
light ration of bran and a little oatmeal,
supplemented with suitable hay and possibly
some succulent roots or an occasional feed
of silage or beet pulp. She should be housed
in a dry, comfortable, well-ventilated stable,
and sanitary surroundings, properly bedded,
and given sufficient and regular exercise daily
up to the time of calving. Several days prior
to calving she should receive a full dose of
Epsom salt.
Treatment.—This consists in the inflation of
the quarters of the udder with sterile air and
tying the teats with broad tapes until several
hours after the animal regains its feet. The
operation must be performed with the utmost
regard for cleanliness. A clean cloth should
be laid beneath the udder, which is then washed
clean and sterilized with 5 per cent, carbolic
acid solution.
The apparatus, used in the treatment of milk
fever, for injecting sterile air into the udder,
consists of a rubber-bellows arrangements
attached to a rubber tubing, which in turn
is connected with a hollow metal cylinder
containing sterile cotton, for the filtration of
the air. Another rubber tube is attached to
the other extremity of the metal cylinder, and
at the other end of the rubber tube is the
metal teat catheter. The last tube and metal,
cather should be thoroughly sterilized by
boiling and the hollow metal cylinder should
be loosely packed with sterile cotton.
and
Disease
43
The cather is then inserted into one of the
teats of the previously disinfected udder, and
the rubber bulb is operated by repeated compression until the quarter is well inflated.
Massage of the quarter during inflation will
assist in filling the recess of th^ gland with
sterile air. . The cather is then withdrawn and
the teat tied with broad tape. After the inflation of all four of the quarters the veterinarian
will have opportunity to attend to any complication which may have arisen, or to administer
hypodermic doses of strychnin, caff'ein or other
stimulants which may be indicated. Medicinal
treatment is usually superfluous, however, in
uncomplicated cases of milk fever. Following
the sterile-air treatment alone, it is no uncommon experience to find the cow on her feet
from 30 to 60 minutes later, eating hay as
though there had never been the slightest
disturbance of her normal condition.
Should the first treatment fail to give relief,
the procedure should be repeated, as the air
previously injected may have escaped or
become absorbed. Following recovery, the
tapes may be removed in about 5 hours. The
air should remain in the wdder for 24 hours,
after which time it should be completely
extracted by the manipulation used in milking.
It is then safe to permit the calf to suck.
The milk fever apparatus described above
may now be obtained from many sources, as,
for instance, dairy supply houses and mailorder concerns. Every herd owner should
possess such an outfit as a matter of
insurance.
DAILY PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION OF MILK IN INDIA AND
SOME FOREIGN COUNTRIES
Milk (ounces)
Province or State
4-5
Kashmir
10-2
N. W. F. Province
19-7
Punjab
7-8
Delhi Province
15-6
Rajaputana
11-6
Central India
22-0
Sind
3-3
Bombay Province ..
3-6
Mysore State
3-6
Madras Province ..
3-6
Hyderabad State ,.
1-8
Central Provinces ..
7-8
United Prov-nces ..
6-1
Bihar
2-5
Orissa
2-9
Bengal
1-2
Assam
6t>
India ..
56-8
Canada
40-7
Great Britain
_
35-0
Cjbtmany
40-3
Denmark
44-4
Australia
—From "Report of the Marketing of Milk in India & Borma," 1941.
Feeds & Fodders
FEEDING OF FARM ANIMALS*
BY PANDIT LAL CHAND DHARMANI
{Offg. Agricultural Chemist, Punjab)
S. KARTAR SINGH LOHARA
AND
N. AKBAR A L I CHOHAN
{Research Assistants, Animal
NDERFEEDING impairs the health of
animals, whereas overfeeding strains the
animal system and is wasteful. Therefore in
order to feed the farm animals adequately
and economically it is essential that the ration
of the farm animals should be regulated both
in quality and quantity. This entails the use
of properly balanced rations by which the
animal is supplied in its daily diet with the
proper amount of all the food constituents
necessary to ensure a steady production of
weight in the case of young growing animals,
milk in the case of milch cattle, energy in the
case of working animals, and to ensure a state
of maintenance when happen to be dry or
doing no work.
Constituents of Foodstuffs
The important constituents of foodstuffs are
proteins (meat-like substances), fats (fatty and
oily substances), carbohydrates (starchy and
sugary substances), mineral matter and vitamins. Proteins play a double role and must
necessarily be adequately provided in the
ration. They are essential for growth, for
repairing wear and tear of the tissues and for
the production of milk and, in common with
fats and carbohydrates, on oxidation in the
animal system supply energy for work, keep
the animal'•warm and when fed in excess of
the requirements fatten the animal. Mineral
matter is chiefly concerned in the making of
the skeleton. Vitamins though required in
extremely small quantities are absolutely essential and play a unique role in regulating the
life processes. In their absence animals in spite
of getting other nutrients in adequate quantities suffer from deficieiicy diseases such as poor
growth, rickets, deformed bones and teeth, etc.
U
Digestible Proteins and Nutrients
Foodstuffs rich in proteins are legumes,
oilsegtSs^ând oilcakes, in fats oilseed and oilcakes, in carbohydrates cereals, and in vitamins
green growing parts of plants. The animal
utilizes only such amounts of the food constiFrom Indian Farming, March 1946.
44
Nutrition Centre, Lyallpur)
tuents as it is capable of digesting from a foodstuff. The amounts digested are determined
by conducting digestibility trials and for easy
computation of rations the nutritive value of
a foodstuff is expressed in two terms {a) digestible protein and (Z>) total digestible nutrients.
Total digestible nutrients are calculated by
adding up the digestible protein, the digestible
carbohydrate and 2\ times the digestible fat,
and, as the name implies, this term represents
the value of a foodstuff for all purposes. It
also forms a useful basis for purchasing concentrates as their market price does not necessarily
vary according to their nutritive value on
account of which it may be necessary at times
to choose one foodstuff in preference to another.
The requirements given in this note both for
maintenance and production of different classes
of animals are those computed at Lyallpur and
the figures along with the feeding values of
various feeding stuffs are given in Tables I, II
and III. By the help of these tables one can
TABLE I
Requirements for maintenance and production
Maintenance
For feactx pound
of milk produced
Total
digestible
|nutrients
in lb.
Cow in milk body
weight (800 lb.
or 390 sr.)
Buffalo in milk
body weight
(1,400 lb. or
675 sr.)
Working bullock
body
weight
(1,000 lb. or
488 sr.)
0-066
0»57
For ploughing one
acre a day and
maintenance
9-0-9.5 0-58-0.60
Note:—[\) Approximate body weight can be calculated by the following formula :—
Body weight in _Girth in inches X length in inches
seers
"j
jr—
—(ii) One ijjund should be taken as half a set^
45
Feeds and Fodders
TABLE
TABLE II
Feeding values of some Punjab feeds
(concentrates)
Name of the feed
Digestible
Total digestible nutrients protein per
1001b. of the
per 100 lb. of
the feed in lb. feed in lb.
Oilseed
Cottotv, seed (Desi)
Cotton seed iF
Cotton seed 43F
Cotton seed 28SF
Cotton seed 289F
Unseed
Sarson seed
Soya bean
Oilseed cakes
Cotton seed cake
(Undecorticated)
Gioandnut cake
Linseed cake
Sarson cake
Taramira cake
Til cake
Toria cake
Grains and their by products
Arhar
Bajra
Chari
Barley
.
Gram
Guara
Maize
Matri
Moth
Oats
Ravab
Rice llran
Wheat
Wheat bran
Wheat mamni
73-0
70-6
89-0
82-9
74-2
108-8
104-8
76-7
8-0
10-5
13-7
12-5
U-6
14-8
19-8
34-7
72-5
18-0
79-1
82-6
81-6
85-6
94-0
74-0
31-1
23-6
25-7
29-0
38-3
30-5
67-7
54-3
73-7
70-8
72-6
72-8
70-5
68-7
72-3
66-9
62-3
62-9
84-0
70-8
54-9
13-1
4-9
6-4
6-7
12-4
28-8
5-4
18'4
17-4
4-5
18-6
8-2
5-8
8-9
6-5
27'9
31-6
25-1
29-4
27-1
26-9
Digistible
protein per
100 lb. of the
feed in lb.
0-6 Nonmaintenance
0-7 do
1-4 do
0-6 do
0-4 do
0-8 do
1-8
12-8
14-3
10-0
11-7
0-9
2-3
2-2
0-6
Total digesstible nutrient
per 100 lb. of
the feed in lb.
29-1
Name of the feed
futogh
lll—{Contd.)
grass
Kasauli
do
Lahore
do
Murree
do
Musal
do
Rawalpindi do
Sialkot
do
Green fodders
Bajra
Barley
Berseem
Elephant or Napier
grass
Guinea grass
Jowar or chari
Maize
Oats
Senji
Sudan grass
Sugarcane (khatha)
12-0
12-2
21-0
15-0
10-9
13-2
16-0
23-7
Sugarcane (tops)
Sun
flower
Turnip leaves
19-3
10-7
10-9
Giiara
. . Nonmaintenance
0-4
1-8
1-2
easily compute balanced rations. It should
be kept in mind that the ration should be made
up of feeds of a suitable nature for a particular
class of animals, should be palatable and
should contain sufficient dry matter to satisfy
the appetite of the animals. Further, it should
be as cheap as possible. There should be a
sufficient supply of necessary minerals and
vitamins in the daily diet in order to ensure
normal growth and good production. When
TABLE III
a ration is made from a variety of foodstujffs
containing
sufficient green fodder, there is little
Feeding values of some Punjab feeds {boughages)
chance of vitamins running short.
Total digesDigestible
From data given in Tables I, 11 and III, it
tible nutrients protein per
is
now easy to compute rations for different
Name of the feed
per 100 lb. of 100 lb. of the
types of animals and a few examples of balanced
the feed in lb. feed in lb.
rations are given below as illustrations:
Straw and hay
9-0
50-0
Berseem hay
I. Ration for a cow of 800 lb. body weight and
1-7
43-0
Jowar hay
2-7
giving 16-0 lb. of milk
44-0
Maize hay
52-1
39-0
Oat hay
Rice straw
Wheat hhusa
Dry grasses
Anjan
grass
Ambala
do
Dalhousie do
45-0
34-1
29-4
29-9
Dub
Ferozepur
Janeva
do
do
do
36-4
32-9
25-2
Jhelum
JuUundur
do
do
41-7
27-8.
1-7
- • Nonmaintenance
do
3-0
2-3
0-6 Nonmaintenance
5-5
4-9
•• Nonmaintenance
1-6
do
0-8
do
Total
digestible
nutrients
lb.
6-20
Maintenance
For producing 16-0 lb. of milk 5-76
Wheat iAusa
Berseem green
Bran
Ba ra
Digestible
protein
lb.
•46
•76
Total
8^52 lb.
40«00 lb.
3-0 lb.
3-0 lb.
11-96
3-82
4-90
2-12
2^10
1^22
Total
11 •as
1^28
•88
•27
•13
Monthly Bulletin of the Bangaldre Dairy Cattle Society
46
II Ration for a bullock o/1,000 lb. body weight Cattle Farm was visited three times to examine
and ploughing one acre a day with the desi ploughthe cattle maintained there. Retention of
placenta on 2 cows were attended to and the
Digestible
Total
necessary treatment given. 12 Cows and one
protein
digestible
nutrients
buffalo calved during February 1947 of which
lb.
lb.
7 calves were born to the Society's Breeding
Requirements for work
Bull.
0-58-0-60
lb.
and maintenance
9-0-9-5 lb.
Wiieat 6husa
Maize green
Gram
Cotton seed cake
10 lb.
16 lb.
2 lb.
1-0 lb.
4-S
2-4
1-6
0-7
(a) Warrior.—Covered 5 cows during
February 1947, thus making a total of 69 cows.
There were 3 repeât coverings.
Total
9'2
0-59
III. Ration for a buffalo o/1,400 lb. body weight {b) Bhimasena.—Covered 27 cows during
February 1947 of which 10 cows belonged to
and giving 20 lb. of milk
the members, thus making a total of 246 cows.
Total
Digestible
digestible
protein
nutrients
lb.
Maintenance requirements
12-2
Requirements for 20 lb. of milk 9-6
Wheat Musa
Berseem green
Gram
Toiia cake
Bran
Cotton seed (43F)
Total
20 lb.
60 lb.
2 lb.
1 lb.
1 lb4 lb.
Total
21-8
- ^
0-16
0-25
0-18
lb.
1-06
1-32
STORES, LTD.
Prices current for the mo:it'i of March 1947
9.S8
Rs. A. P.
1. Wheat bran—No stock
(no likelihood of getting any more supply)
2. Mixed (Rice) Bran per bag (95 lbs.) ..
7 0 0
3. Buller (Avare) Husk per bag
.. 10 8 0
4. Tur (Togari) Husk do.
. . 8 0 0
5.
Do.
I Quality
.. 10 0 0
6. Bengal gram husk
do.
. . 9 8 0
7. Groundnut oil-cake per maund
..
1 3 0
8. Gingelly oil-cake
„
. . 5 0 0
9. Ramtil oil-cake
„
. . 3 0 0
10. Cotton Seed cake
.,
. . 5 0 0
11. Buller broken bits 3^^ seers
..
1 0 0
12. Tur broken 4 Srs. and 4i Srs.
..
10 0
13. Churu brand per ]b.
..
..
0 4 0
14. Salt 8 seers
..
..
10 0
n . Monthly Progress Statement Rs. A. P.
Total Sales up to end of February 1947 38,776 .15 0
No. of Members February 1947
..
..
8
Total No. of Members upto the end of Feb. 1947 297
Less no. Withdrawn
..
1
No. of Shares applied for during February 1947
9
Total No. of Shares upto the end of Feb. 1947
1,103
l^ss no. Withdrawn
,
..
5
Balance
. . 1,098
6-0
1-60
0-74
0-70
3-55
1-32
0-25
0-30
0-09
0-55
21-69
25.1
One must not look upon these standards as
a hard and fast rule to be followed at all times
but only as a guide with reference.to the particular feeds available and the kind of animals
to be fed.
Dry matter per cent, in dry roughages and
concentrates should be taken 90 per cent, and
in green fodder 20 to 25 per cent, according to
the stage of the fodder at which it is cut.
Acknowledgment
We are grateful to Dr. P. E. Lander, M.A.,
D.Sc, F.R.I.C., I.A.S., the late Agricultural
Chemist teethe Government of the Punjab,
under whose*- guidance these experiments were
undertaken. Our thanks are due to the
DO YOU KNOW?
Imperial Council of Agricultural Research for
the financial help given for determining the Fruit trees ? And that they can better the
nutritional requirements of milch cows and quality of your fruits ? All progressive Modern
working bullocks.
Fruit Growers in the West find it profitable to
be up-to-date.
New members in the month—nil.
gives you honey. The Indian Bee Journal will
VETERINARY AID
35 Animals were treated during February subject.
Yearly Rs. 3
1947 for different ailments. Alkaline douching
INDIAN BEE JOURNAL
was given on 4 cows continuously for 3 days
R A M G A R H , Dist. NAINI TAL, U.P.
and on the 4th day Stilboestrol injection given.
All the three showed positive reaction. Dry
-iV
299^7—Printed at the Bangalore Press. Bangalore City, by O. Srinivaea Rao. Sup
)pintendeac, and Publianed oy
RaiasBvasakt* A. K. Yegna Narayan Aiyor, M.A. (Madras), N.D.D. (England), Dip. Agria. (Cantab.). Editor, "Moothlv BuUatin
ot the Buigalon Dairy Cattta Sooiatv." Bangaian
MONTHLY BULLETIN
OF
£rfj?o/-.—RAJASEYASAKTA A. K. YEGNA NARAYAN AIYER, M.A.
Associate-Editor:—DR. B . NARASIMHA IYENGAR, PH.D.
A P R I L 1947
Vol VI]
[No. 4
PAQSI
PAGE
. 47
. 47
NEARINQ THE BREAKING POINT
THE INDIAN DAIR/ ASSOCIATION
MILK AND M O K PRODUCTS—
Various Factors that affect Milk Composition
By L, A. P. Brito-Babapulle, B.Sc, M.R.C.V.S.,
D.T.V.M.
48
Detennination of Fat and Total Solids in Milk
51
CATTiE IN HEALTH AND DISEASE—
Preventing Blackquarter in Cattle
By V. R. Rajgopalan
..
FBEDS AND FODDERS—
Conservation of Gr«en Fodder
By MaUk Fazi Hosain
VETERINARY Aip
..
.. 53
OUR CATTLE FEED CO-OPERATIVE STORES, LTD.
..
..
..
..
..
54
56
56
5^
56
NEARING THE BREAKING POINT
HE situation in regard to the supply of not emerge except at black market prices
itnportant cattle feeds like wheat bran which the Stores cannot countenance, under
and oilcakes in the city has become intolerable. any circumstances. But if the alternative is
Wheat bran is unobtainable and has been so for dairy cattle to go without their accustomed
for many months now. The turn has now feed, how shall we face it ? Stocks of other
come for groundnut oilcake which our Cattle oilcakes too are difficult to get; in fact it will
Peed Stores were obtaining in restricted be seen from our statement of prices, that the
quantities at least despite many difficulties stores have no stock of the oilcakes of
and which the Stores were able to sell at gingelli, ramtil and cottonseed. Prices of
controlled prices to the great relief and benefit straw which showed signs of coming down
of the public; but now no efforts of ours are appreciably have again gone up. All in. all
of any use in getting supplies at controlled we are very near breaking point in this matter
prices. Stocks are not non-existent, but will and immediate relief is necessary.
T
THE INDIAN DAIRY ASSOCIATION
virE are glad to welcome the formation of milk-supply schemes and many other equally
'"
an AU-India Association for advancing important ones. Bangalore is the headquarters
the cause of the dairy industry in all its aspects. of the Association. The General Secretary is
The Association which has received the Mr. M. V. Krishnaswami, I.D.D., City Milk
blessings of Mahatma Gandhi and the good Supply, Bangalore. The regional Secretaries
wishes likewise of many eminent public men are (a) North: Mr. Anwar Ahmed, t.D.D.,
in the country, has among its objects the and (b) South: Kul Dev Singh Suri, I.D.D.,
co-ordination of Dairying activities in various to any of whom inquiries may be addressed.
The Editor of this Bulletin has the honour
parts of the country, the raising of the standards
of business morals and dairy practice, the of being the President. We hope the Assoprovision of expert advisory service for the ciation will develop into a useful institution
•starting and management of dairies and dairy and promote the cause of the production and
farjps, the opening of an emplcSyment bureau supply of milk and milk products in the
for persgnnel required for the organisation of country,
47
VARIOUS FACTORS THAT AFFECT MILK COMPOSITION
BY L . A . P . BRITO-BABAPULLE, B.SC,, M.R.C.V.S., D.T.V.M.
'{Honorary Veterinary Surgeon to the Ceylon Zoological Gardens)
(Continued from Vol. VI, No. 3, page 38)
6. Bulking of Milk.-În any herd there are average fat % due to increasing age of cow
cows that usually give a high % butter fat is expressed as the equation:—
and others with low %. So bulking the rnilk
Fat == 3 -9842 - 0 -OOSllx - 0 •0094;c^
tends to even up to an average composition. where the class unit was one year and the
Many Ceylon consumers like the milk of algebraic symbol x = the age of the cow.
particular cows in a dairy because that milk Figures for the Singhala cow have not been
is "richer", and if such milk is bulked then worked satisfactorily.
these consumers are bulked of the high fatted
Diflerent breeds of cows continue to yield
milk. To obtain this privilege good prices a good quantity of milk at various ages:—
have been paid. In evening up a milk by
Years
bulking the composition of the final product
Jerseys
7
varies with (a) Size of herd, (b) Thoroughness
Ayshires
10
of mixing up the milk of the herd. Obviously
Guernseys
9
the bulking of milk of as many cows as posFrieiians
8
Singhalas
6
,sible will lead to a composition being nearest
" Cape cows "
..
8-9
the average. In a statistical analysis of proseVery commonly all heifers with their first
cutions of the sale of milk, Bibbys found
that i of the prosecutions were due to imperfect calf give a high % of fat in their milk. As
mixing or bulking. This is often due to the regards the other constituents of milk, there
simple fact that the heaviest milkers in a herd is a decrease in all constituents, as the age
are sometimes milked first and these as a rule increases, except perhaps in the albumin
]iave a low % butter-fat, so that when churns nitrogen.
or cans are filled ,with this milk they may be
8. Health of Cow,—Milk is usually altered
deficient in fat, as a consequence.
in composition by digestive ailments and by
1. The Age oif the Cow.—The yield from diseases responsible for a fall in yield according
individual cows gradually increases until about to Bergema {Jahrb. Milchwirstschaft, 1916, 30).
the 5th or 6th calf. In the tropics, with excep- Indisposition often causes a decrease in yield
tions, at about the 3rd or 6th calf. Spier (as with an increase in fat %. Febrile conditions
qijoted by Crowther, / . Agric. Sci., 1, 1905) like F & M, Rinderpest, Piroplasmosis, Cowfrom;his observations oo 903 Ayrshires found pox, etc., the yield drops usually, although
there'may be exceptions. Tuberculin testing
the foVowing:—
temporarily reduces yields. In udder diseases
like Mastitis, tuberculosis, etc., there is a
Age of cows
Numbers Average yield Average fat% reduction in the yield besides the pathological
in years
in pound
changes in the quality.
In drying oflT cows the composition of the
2
30
362
3-8
milk varies as noted under section 3,
3
-U7
377
3-8
Exceptional conditions such as are likely to
4
164
403
3-7
alarm or excite cows has the eflFeci of lowering
5
137
3-6
421
the fat content, such as when the animals
6
110
438
S-6
7
88
465
3-6
are in showyards or exhibitions. In 1922,
8
SO
468
3-a
109 cows entered for milking at the Royal
9
50
461
3-6
Agricultural Society of England show, were
10
36
3.6
457
disqualifiesd for having ^ fat content below
11
28
464
3.6
'
12
16
493
3>4
the standard 3%. In 192J, 92 were disqualified,
IS
10
4-4
42S
in 1924, 83 and in 1925, 12.S.
9. Hormoi^s and Drugs on Lactation.—°
According to Tocher ("Composition of Nultiparo'us tf ifers by the subcutaneous injecMUk," H.M.S.O., 1925) the regression Qf the tion'of a drug called P.E.S., dipropioogtc 98n
4S-
Milk and Mttk
Products
49
be made to come into normal milk. In a same diet, both in and out of this stable
personal experiment on 4 cows treated for showed an appreciable increase in the yield,
Rotentio secundinanim ,with this drug, there although the fat was not estimated. Unluckily
was only a slight increase in milk output faults in the air conditioning apparatus obvialthough the milligram dosage was 100 and ated further work on this point.
11. Work of Cows and Lactation.—Work
200 in several of these cases. Graham (5K'chem. Journal, 1934) found that secretion of of any kind means utilisation of energy. The
the thyroid gland causes a marked increase in influence of work done depends largely on the
the production of milk fat. Folley {ProC amount of food at the disposal of the cow.
Roy. Soc, 1936) obtained similar results by If the ration does not suffice for the full supply
of the milk as well as for the work done, then
injection.
Some say that 1/1000 gramme of iodine in all circumstances the milk will suffer. In
increases the yield of milk. There is a populfir an eJiperiment done on a cow made to turn
idea that in cold weather if one rugs an animtil a capstan for drawing up water, for 4 hours
the butter-fat is increased. Lead is supposed in the morning and again for the same period
to increase the fat content probably due to in the evening, the yield was lowered by
an upset in the metabolism caused by the lead 6-J bottles. But this same cow on the same
which is a poison. Recently expepimentally ration as before Tjut doing only light work
tbyroprotein visibliy increased milk yield fOT less fnati two IIDQTS a tmy, the yield was
whereas thiouracil, the metabolic-rate, reducer, increased by three ounces from her normal
average. Moderate exercfse in the open with
depreciated the yield.
10. Climate and Weather.—The effects of the avoidance of unfavourable influences is of
climate and weather conditions on fat % falls considerable influence and benefit to the secretion of milk and therefore ought not to be
under three.headings:—
(a) Season of the year.—Butter-fat is lowest neglected. Cows in India (vide Fernando,
in the summer and highest in the winter in C.V.A. Journal, 1944) have done well with
countries which have such seasonal weather moderate exercise as shown by the Hosurvariations. Under drought conditions the Livestock Research Station experiments. A
yield drops and the butter-fat content is moderate amount of work on a suitable diet
increased, the lowering of the milk composition therefore need not entail a loss or diminution
being due to an insufficient water supply; of production. The quantity of milk may be
irritation by insect pests that predominate, reduced but the quality is better. When the
and the physiological action of secreting a work is fatiguing the milk is poorer in water,
lower calorific liquid to suit the naturally richer in dry matter, particularly fat. Hard
smaller needs of a potential suckling during work and a large milk yield cannot be comthe hot weather. In the Monsoonal rains bined, but the use of a cow for light work
when there is plenty of lush grass the coWS with a compensatory increase in ration, can
give better yields (Fernando, C.V.A. Journal, be carried out with advantage.
1944, p. 26) and are more fecund. The fat
12. Kind and Quality of Food.—In a herd
content is however lowered.
that is properly fed both quantitatively and
(6) Temperature.—Lloyd {Colombo Municipalqualitatively, very little changes can be obtainMfjlc Report, 1939) has shown that a low f^t ed by feeding, in yield and quality. Provided
c^Jntent often follows a sudden fall or rise of the ration is balanced, kind and quality of
temperature. Usually cold weather tends to the food has little or no effect on the butterincrease and warm weather tends to decrease fat content. But the question remains whether
the fat % for every 10 degrees Fahrenheit fall underfeeding affects the composition of the
milk. Workers at the Cornell University
in temperature.
(c) Sudden changes in weather—Should be Experimental Farm, working with the buttertaken to consideration in conjunction with the fat and yield records of neighbouring underother conditions such as temperature, corafoft, nourished herds, took over full control of
water and food supply, and exercise, From such herds, for two years, fed liberally and
recent experiments it ha;s been shown that well, and then returned them to the owners
badly ventilated byres tend to produce a butter who ran it for the fourth year. The results
fat lower than in byres kept cool and well showed that in the second and third years
ventilated. When air-conditioned stables were the yield increased 42% over those of the first
made in Colombo for the purpose of dry- and fourth years, but the differences in the fat
•weating horses, a cow tha'd was given the % was only 6%.
50
Monthly
Bulletin
of the Bangalore
Starvation conditions (Smith et al., J.
Dairy Res., 1938) cause a rapid fall in the
milk yield, accompanied by an increase in fat %,
proteins and chlorides, and a decrease in the
lactose, but the quality was affected only slightly.
The effects of changes of feeding are often
overemphasised probably due to ignorance of
the effects of associated factors and it is easy
to attribute results to the feed. But it must
not be overlooked that:—
(a) Continuous underfeeding produces less
milk with a slightly less fat than cows would
give under adequate feeding.
(b) Continuous overfeeding improves condition and maintains the yield but does not cause
high fat percentages.
(c) Change to pastures, means an increase
in digestible protein, exercise and a moYe
laxative diet, with the result that an increase
in yield is obtained but decrease in the butterfat due to probably: (1) That fresh foods
affect more than artificial foods. (2) Increased
intake of water in fresh luscious grass. (3)
Increased intake of vitamins. (4) Increase in
fresh air, sunlight and exercise. The drop in
fat % is often used as an excuse in cases of
adulteration.
(d) Feeding of oils and fats, such as Soya
Bean, Linseed, Cocoanut, Cottonseed, Palm
nut oil, sometimes causes temporary increases,
but as a rirle the addition of various kinds of
oils to the diets of cows does not increase
the butter-fat %, although recent work (Nutrition Reviews, 1944) by the American workers
is not in agreement with this view. Some fats
decrease the fat %. If Cod Liver Oil is fed in
doses of 6 to 8 ounces daily, Golding (Proc.
World Dairy Congress, 1928) found that the
fat % was depressed for as long as 6 weeks
after the oil was stopped. Cod liver oil
incieases the vitamins A and D of the milk
and should not be fed to Ce5'Ion cows in
quantities over 2 to 3 ounces daily.
(c) Certain foods are said to increase the
yield such as rice conjee (made from country
rice rich in vitamin B), water pumpkin, etc.
in England, Wet Brewers Grains are as good
as our local conjee, probably due to an increased intake of water and the vitamin B
complex of the wet grains. Gingelly cake is
said to increase the yield due probably to the
rich assimilable calcium ions present. Palm
kerncU Cotton seed. Kapok seed cakes are
claimed to increase the fat % but no absolute
proofs are available.
13. Water Supply.—If a herd of cows are
being given insufficient water and then the
Dairy
Cattle
Society
deficiency is corrected, the milk yield invariably
increases. See also drought conditions under
section 10.
14. EfTects of Grooming.—Grooming increases the yield because the skin is kept
cleaned and the metabolism is increased by
the skin circulation of blood.
Flies and stinging insects, ticks, fleas and
lice all tend to decrease the yield because of
the irritation caused. Recent work of spraying
cattle with D.D.T. (Vet. Mag., Dec. 1945) has
resulted in increased yields and better skin
health. To keep flies out of a byre, blue
distempering of the walls and blue glass
windows aid considerably.
15. Handling of Animals.—Quiet handling
of cows ensures good yield whereas rough
handling causes a decrease in yield. The
employment of inexpert milkers will cause a
lowering of the fat. content. There is also
evidence that a change of expert milkers
affects the composition. Some cows do not
let down their milk to strangers. The Singhala
Cow must have a calf to suckle prior to her
letting down her little milk. Some owners
change their milkers round for the cows to
get used to as many people as possible. Some
cows prefer girl milkers (C.V.A. Journal, 1943,
p. 38) probably due to their scented fragrance,
painted lips and scarletted nails. Decrease in
yield has been noted when men milkers took
over herds that had been milked by women.
In America Radio music has been used to
increase milk. In Australia Mr. J. Shepherd
in a New South Wales Farm installed a radio
for his men to hear the test match broadcast
results and found that his cows found the
interval music soothing. Animals as a rule
prefer soothing classics such as Waltzes to
the tempestuous Jazz music and increases in
yields are recorded. One wonders if the Jazz
music affected the composition and even
curdled the milk or churned it into butter.
16. Effects of Spaying;—The operation of
Ovariectomy or Hysterectomy is not practised
here nor in England, but in Australia and in
America this is done to prolong the lactation
period of old cows that will eventually be
destroyed. The lactation period is thereby
prolonged, and the quality is up to standard.
17. Effects of Abortion.—The quality of
milk is up to the usual standards but the
yield is not great, the lactation period soon
falls off and the cows go dry. In the case of
a cow with a contagious abortion that aborted
at the 8th month the writer used a drug of
recent origin by the mouth in doses of 30 rag*
Determinatiowof
Fat and Tbi^l Solids in Milk
daily for -fifty days and the cow was kept going
in full milk up to the time of writing (6 months).
18. Effects of Sexual Excitement.—During
sexual excitement milk may show abnormal
fluctuations of quality and composition. The
fat content is decidedly above average for 2 or
3 days immediately preceding the period of
active sexual excitement but the milk obtained
in the first milking after the commencement
of the awkward manifestations is generally
very low in quantity and poor in fat, whilst
at the next milking the quantity of milk and
fat are very high usually.
Milk from a cow in oestrus causes diarrhoea
in some children, so it is affirmed. But this is
however definitely the case with foals and
piglets. In the case of the foal when the
mare comes on heat 7 to 10 days after, foaling,
vt k custotuatY to obsetve tlve foal wvtb. diarrhoea on those days. The same happens to
piglets when the sow is in false heat, because
the sow does not come into oestrus until after
the piglets are weaned in 6 to 8 weeks.
51
19. Effects of Milking Machines.—An efficient milking machine tends to increase rather
than decrease the yield of milk of an animal.
The stripping must however be done by hand
otherwise the milk will be of poor butter-fat
content due to absence of the high proportioned portion of milk {see zho section 5).
20. Abnormal Conditions.—Exceptional conditions, that is to say conditions, that vary
very much from those to which a cow is
accustomed as to alarm or excite them, may
have a marked effect on the composition of
milk'in relation to fat (Bulletin 16, Ministry
of Agriculture and Fisheries, London).
There is a wide scope for experimentation
and the writer's experiments have been cursory
and rather perfunctory within the limits of a
private practitioner's purview. It is recomniesided that the Cattle Breeders' Associatioa
should try to awaken more enthusiasm for
research work on these and other lines among
our local animals where facts, figures and
statistics of any sort are sadly lacking.
DETERMINATION OF FAT AND TOTAL SOLIDS IN MILK
{Summary kindly furnished by the Indian Institute of Dairy Research, Bangalore)
To carry out the" modified test the reaction
niixture of milk, sulphuric acid (sp.gr. i -82)
tion is now regularly practised and paying for and amyl alcohol are prepared in the usual
milk on the basis of its fat content is a great way. The butyrometers are then kept in a
incentive to the producers to produce better water bath maintained at a known temperature
quality of milk, and indirectly to improve for a specified minimum time as shown
their milch animal. Regular testing of fat below:—
has only been made possible because simple
Temperature ' F .
Time (in minutes)
methods are available for testing fat in milk.
180
30
The method most frequently used in our
185
25
190
20
country is the Gerber method. In spite of the
19S
20
fact that major items, namely, the centrifuge
200
15
and butyrometers, are imported it is a fairly
It has been further found that after preparing
cheap method for every day use. In any
systematic programme of breeding work milk the mixture of milk, sulphuric acid and amyl
testing must form an integral part. Reahsing alcohol it is not necessary to take the reading
this fact studies have been carried out at the at once. The mixture can be kept for as long
Indian Dairy Research Institute (Z. R. Kotha- a period as ten days and still accurate results
valla, D. R. Kashyap and N. N. Dastur, could be obtained. Before taking the reading
Indian J. Vet. Sci. and Anim. Husb., 1944, 14, it is advisable to keep the butyrometers in an
21) to further simplify the method so that use iiiverted position—graduations upwards—for
of the centrifuge, which is the costliest item of about three hours interval and then dip them
equipment for the test, can be dispensed with in the water bath. It is always advisable that
without in any way reducing the accuracy of the fat test be completed as soon as possible
the results. This, it has been possible to but these results only show the possibility of
achieve by keeping the test butyrometers at extending the method under rural conditions.
higher teitiperatures for some time depending Wlien a sample collector has to test only two
pr three samples in a village he can accumulate
f)n the temperature of the b^th,
of milk is very important from a
FATcommercial
point of view. Its determina-
52
a few samples and then carry out the test at
leisure.
It is hoped that this simple modification of
the Gerber method for testing fat in milk
will enable the method to be employed on a
more extensive scale.
Fat percentage of milk does give a fairly
rough idea about the quality of milk. In view
of rather large day to day variations in the
fat percentage of milk from the same animal
it is difficult to judge the quality of milk
especially when it is on the border line of
legal specifications. A better guide is to
determine the solids-not-fat of milk which vary
within much narrower limits. Fortunately it
is possible to get a fairly accurate idea about
the S.N.F. of milk from the determination of
specific gravity or density. It is preferable,
however, to determine the density of milk
instead of the older method wherein the
specific gravity was used. This can be easily
done by selecting the right type of lactometers
which are graduated to read density. From
a knowledge of density and fat percentage the
total solid of milk can be calculated by the
improved Richmond formula:
T.S. = 5 + 1-21 F+0-66,
where D is the Density at 68° F. and F is the
fat percentage.
On comparing the analysis of over 2,000
samples by this method and the gravimetric
determination, it was found that the results
agreed within 0-2 units. Hence this method
is quite accurate for commercial work. Still
it is customary to see a large number of dairies
using the old Richmond formula:
T.S. = ^ + 1-2 F +0-14
where G is the Specific gravity of milk at 60° F.
and F is the fat percentage.
It is strongly recommended that calculations
of solids-not-fat of milk should, be done
according to the improved formula and lactometers graduated to read the density should
always be used.
Immunity
Fortunately enough we have a prophylactic
which can afford a very high grade immunity
against this disease. The blackquarter bacillus
is grown in a suitable culture fluid in the
laboratory in which it produces its toxin.
This culture is then treated with formalin which
kills the bacillus and removes the poisonous
effect of the toxin. The product is then
capable of inducing immunity against the
disease. Bulls vaccinated with the product
have been shown to resist infection with several
fatal doses of living culture. The dose of the
product is 5 c.c, given by injection before
the commencement of the rains. Animals
between the ages of six months and two years
should all be vaccinated. The immunity is
probably established in four to six days and
lasts for several months thereafter, the
natural immunity developing with advancing
age is usually suflficient to ward off the
infection.—Indian Farming, August 1946.
(3) Molassed and lightly-packed silage (pit 2).
(4) Lightly-packed silage (pit 1).
Cooclusions
•«
To obtain the best results in ensiling a green
forage, in the first place the packing should
be sufficiently close. For effective pacjcing,
spread 2001b. of the green material on an
^rea of 25 sq. ft. and pack \vith 700 lb. of
pressure for 20 minutes. Repeat this pressure
for every 2001b. added to the pit.
In the second place, the addition of molasses,
to the extent of roughly 1 per cent, of the
weight of green material, has a distinct advantage in providing good-quality silage. Before
adding the molasses, it should be diluted with
five times its weight of water.
—Indian Farming, April 1945.
\
increase the susceptibility of the animal because
the disease is most frequently met with after
rains. But we should reserve judgment on
the exact mode of infection until definite
evidence becomes available.
PREVENTING
B L A C K Q U A R T E R IN
BY V. R. RAJCJOPALAN
CATTLE
{Imperial Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar)
is one of those cattle permitting the growth and spread of the bacilli
*-* diseases of which the farmers need some through the body. But before they can thus
special knowledge. It does not cause the spread they must become established at a spot
death of as many animals as rinderpest and uilder conditions favourable for their germinahemorrhagic septicaemia, but it usually tion.* It has been shown experimentally that
affects young animals between six months and the spores of certain anaerobic micro-organisms.
two years of age, and it develops so rapidly Washed free of their toxins, can be activated
that the animal is often found dead or lying ainong other things by substances which kill
prostrate with a huge swelling in one of the tissue cells brought in contact with them.
quarters. If discovered earlier it is seen to Certain other micro-organisms can bring about
be dull and lame and with no appetite. The & similar effect through their toxins. In short,
swelling is sometimes seen in other locations i* appears, that anything which brings about
such as the elbow or the shoulder, spreading dfeath or 'necrosis' of tissue cells can establish
to the neck. It pits on pressure and crackles a spot favourable for invasion by anaerobic
when handled due to the presence of gas; organisms. Thus, in black disease of sheep
when cut into, the flesh is found in varying caused by a closely related micro-organism,
shades of darkness, disrupted with gas and tlê organisms lying dormant in the liver are
surcharged with a large quantity of blood- activated by the necrosis produced by invading
tinged fluid that has a peculiar odour remind- liVer flukes. It has also been shown that the
ing one of rancid ghee.
Sbores of tetanus or lockjaw washed free of
The disease is -caused by a rod-shaped their toxin, when injected into an animal,
bacillus called Clostridium chauvoei. In com- ai-e soon taken up by the white cells of the
mon with other members of its group it grows Hood, within which they may remain alive
only in the absence of free oxygen and is fc)r months. If a spot favourable for their
therefore classified as an 'anaerobe'. In the growth is now set up anywhere in the body,
animal body it forms spores or seeds, which siich as by the injection of a chemical like
are very resistant and can remain dormant in luetic acid, tetanus will be set up by the sporesoil for a long time, until suitable conditions l^den white cells reaching the site of inflammafor their reproduction occur.
tion so caused. Idiopathic tetanus, i.e., tetanus
Infection
arising with no apparent surface wound to
We have as yet no direct evidence as regards att as a portal of entry of the organism, has
the exact mode of infection. Spores of this bfeen presumed to arise, sometimes, in this
bacillus, in common with those of certain lAanner.
other similar micro-organisms are found in
Although we have as yet no direct evidence,
the soil and the digestive tract of animals. it is quite possible that blackquarter is also
The spores of some of them have also been s^t up in some similar fashion. The quarter
found in the organs of apparently healthy n\uscles which are mainly concerned in the
animals and it is highly probable that the Propulsion of the entire weight of the animal
spores of the blackquarter bacillus also exist ate the ones to be most frequently involved,
in them at times. The conditions under which tt is possible that in galloping or jumpirfg a
these spores, so widespread in nature, become s&.vere sprain accompanied by inflammation
capable of producing the disease, therefore, ii'iay be set up in an area of muscle where, as
remain to be examined.
a result of muscular activity, the productioti
It is a well-known fact that these organisms Of a chemical substance having an effect like
are harmless when deprived of their armour— that of lactic acid inevitably takes place. If
a tissue poison toxin which is secreted by the blackquarter spores happen to be there or are
bacilli themselves as they grow. This poison carried there by the migration of spore-laden
diffuses into the surrounding parts bringing ^hite cells, they may germinate and bring
about its death and thereby paralyzing the about the disease. It is also likely that adverse
oxygen transport system of the area. This, circumstances, such as cold and rain, may
•perhaps, provides the anaerobic conditions
DLACKQUARTER
S3
Feeds & Fodders
CONSERVATION OF GREEN FODDER
BY MALIK FAZL HOSAIN
(Estate Manager, Imperial Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar)
ALTHOUGH green forage crops are the wood or bricks. If the pit is unlined, it should
•"• natural foods for cattle adequate use of be dug in a place where the water table is not
these excellent sources of nutrition for live- too high. In recent years newer containers have
stock in India has not so far been found been devised, but they are generally expensive.
practicable. In most of the Indian provinces, Lately a simple ensiling by packing in an airfodder-crop production is far below the require- free container has been improved by several
ments. It has been calculated that to bring modifications, which consists mostly in the
the present supply to a level commensurate addition of materials, such as, mineral acids,
with the requirement of the cattle population, molasses, whey, etc., to the green forage for
it will have to be increased by about three times regulating the fermentative reactions during
in the United Provinces, four times in Bihar ensiling. By this technique, not only a
and Orissa, seven times in Central Provinces greater outturn of silage has been ensured but
and Berar, twelve times in Madras, and about its quality is also considerably improved.
fifty times in Bengal. Apart from the general Although silage-making definitely promises to
quantitative insufficiency, the production is improve the nutrition of livestock in India,
not regular throughout the year. In seasons it has not yet gained the popularity it deserves.
when the soil contains sufficient moisture to The reason for this lack of interest is mainly
support plant growth, the fodder can be grown the ignorance of the average stockowner. To
in adundance, but outside this favourable popularize silage-making it is necessary to
period, cultivation is difficult, unless expensive demonstrate simple and easy methods of
methods are adopted. Thus, during most of ensiling.
the winter and summer months, it is almost
Ensilage Production at Izatnagar
impossible to supplement green feed in the diet
of cattle. This scarcity can of course be remeSilage production is a part of the routine
died if the glut of crops grqwn in the favourable activities of the Institute farm at Izatnagar.
season is suitably conserved.
During the past year a few planned experiments have been carried out to study the
Methods of Silage Production
quantity and quality of the silage produced by
There are two methods of conservation: several methods. In this article the important
(1) in dry condition as hay, and (ii) in the wet findings are reported.
stattf as silage. Although the wider applicaEnsiling of Green Oats
tion of the first method is inevitable, owing to
its comparative cheapness and easy manipulaGreen oats were cut at the flowering stage and
tion, an equally large-scale use of the second the requisite quantity chaffed into pieces of
method ha-i a peculiar significance under 1 to lîn. immediately after cutting. This
Indian conditions. If in certain parts of the chaff was then filled in pits 5 ft. x 5 ft. x 5 ft.
year, no green fodder is obtainable, it is iiicum- Four different types of silage were prepared as
bent for proper nutrition that a suitable substi- follows:
tute is available and this substitute is obviously
Pit I: 4,1001b. of green chaffed oats were
silage. Unlike hay, silage retains many of the filled in the pit. After each addition of 410 lb.
essential nutritional attributes of the original of the green material five adult persons of a
forage, such as vitamins and proteins which total approximate weight of 700 lb. pressed it
are Either lost or reduced in quality during for 20 minutes.
hay-making.
Pit 2: The same technique was adopted as
The preservation of green fodder by ensiling in the case of pit 1, but for every 4101b. of the
is an ancient art. Essentially, it is the conserva- green material, 5 lb. of molasses diluted with
tion of green forage in a closed container free five times its weight of water was added.
from air. Tn'order to drive the air out of the
Pit 3 ; Here the green fodder was pressed as
cut fodder it is packed under some pressure. in pits 1 and 2 after filling in every 205 lb.
The usual and the oldest form of container is Apparently, the green fodder was more tightly
a pit dug in the ground, lined, if necessary, with packed in this way.
54
Jêeds and
Pit 4; The filling was done as in pit .3, but
for every 205 lb., 2 -5 lb. of molasses, diluted
with water as in pit 2, was added.'
Before filling, the bottom and the sides of
the pits were covered with a thin layer of dried
kans grass (Saccharum spontaneum). When
filling was complete, the green material reached
a foot above the edges of the pits. Tl],e top
was then covered with 4 in. of dried kans grass
and about 3,280 lb. of earth was placed over
the kans. Finally, the pits were plastered with
a mixture of dung and clay. In pits Nos. 1
and 2 shrinkage of 10 in. was observed after
about a week, and the cracks which occurred
had to be filled by replastering. In pits Nos. 3
and 4 there was practically no shrinkage.
Apart from cutting and chaffing, five men took
six and eleven hours to fill pits Nos. 1 and 2,
and pits Nos.,3 and 4 respectively.
Pits Nos. I'and 2, which were filled on 28
February 1943 were opened on 27 May 1943.
In pit No. 1, a certain amount of spoilage had
taken place on the top layers. When this was
removed, an acid-smelling greenish-yellow
silage was obtained. The total quantity of
silage obtained from this pit was 3,239 lb.
When the dry matter of this silage was compared
with that of the fresh fodder, it was found
that the lo^s in dry matter sustained in ensilage
was about 20 per cent. In pit No. 2, the
spoilage was comparatively less. The smell
of the silage was sweet and the colour goldenyellow. The total quantity of silage obtained
was 3,439 lb. The actual los's of dry matter
sustained in ensilage was 16 per cent.
Pits Nos. 3 and 4 were filled on 1 March 1943
and opened on July 1943. The silage in pit 3
was greenish-yellow with a sharp acid smell.
The total quantity of silage obtained from this
pit was 3,200 lb. and because the moisture
content was comparatively less than the
silages in pits Nos. I and 2 the actual loss of
dry matter in ensilage was 11 per cent. The
silage in pit No. 4 was also greenish-yellow,
and had a sweetish smell. The quantity
obtained from this pit was 3,241 lb. and the
actual loss of dry matter in ensilage was 10 per
cent. .
The losses in ensilage incurred in the various
methods described above show that: (a) The
use of molasses in the conservation of green
fodder gives a higher yield of the ensiled product. This higher yield is quite marked when
the packing is comparatively light, (b) The
degree of packing has a definite eifect on the
losses in ensilage. In the present instance, the
•silages in pits Nos. 1 and 3, to which no molasses
S5
Fodders
was added, the heavier packing of pit No. 3
resulted in reducing the loss in ensilage by
almost half. When the molasses was added
the effect of differential packing was not very
striking, the heavier-packed molasses silage
giving a higher outturn. These results suggest
that the extra cost involved in employing labour
for longer hours for packing and pressing is
compensated for by the larger outturn of the
ensiled product.
The suitability of any method of ensiling
should not however be reckoned only on the
basi's of its quantitative outturn, but it is necessary that the quality of the silage should also
be known. The samples of oat silage prepared
in pits Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4 were accordingly
chemically examined and their digestibilities
and nutritive value were also determined.
The chemical examinations revealed the
following composition as regards the main
nutrient constituents.
Constituents of green oats and of the silages
Particulars
Moisture
Great!
oats
75-05
Single form
Pit 1
Pit. 2
Pit 3
75-05
76-05
72-15 ' 72-25
Pit 4
(Per cent on dry basis)
9-06
Protein
1-94
Fat
C arboliyd rates 76-28
6-68
2-09
75-15
7-D3
2-28
78-72
7-86
1-89
73-04
8-96
1-81
78-22
It is apparent from the table that the loss in
such an essential ingredient as protein was
highest when green oats were ensiled by light
packing in pit 1. With the addition of molasses
in pit 2, this loss was significantly reduced and
a product of superior quality obtained. The
protein content of silage from pit 3 shows
that a still better result can be achieved if the
packing is closer. If close packing can be
combined with treatment with molasses (pit 4),
the ensiled product proves to be of the very
best quality. The digestibility experiments
later carried out with the four silages fully
corroborated the findings of the chemical
examination. Thus both from quantitative
and qualitative standpoints the silage could
be placed in the following order of value.
(1) Molassed and highly-packed silage (pit 4),
(2) Tightly-packed silage (pit 3).
56
Monthly
Bulletin
of the Bangalore
The following members were enrolled during
March 1947:—
Ordinarv Members—
1. Dr. M. A. Rao, M.B.B:S., Medical
Practitioner, 6, Haye's Road, C. & M. Station,
Bangalore.
2. Major G. Brought, I.G.R., fc, Norris
Road, Langford Town, C. & M. Station,
Bangalore.
3. Mir Mira Rama Rao, Esq., No. 32,
V Main Road, Chamarajpet, Bangalore City.
4. V. G. Kothandapani, Esq., c/o Imperial
Dairy Institute, Bangalore.
Members Resigned—
1. Mr. B. N. Sreekantiah, Retd. Clerk,
High Court, No. 32, IV Road, Chamarajpet,
Bangalore City.
2. G. V. Rudrappa, Esq., Mandy Merchant,
No. 75, II Main Road, New Tharagupet,'
Bangalore City.
Dairy
Cattle
Society
(a) Warrior.—CoMQXQd 6 cows during March
1947 of which 2 cows belonged to the members,
thus making a total of 75 cows. There was no
repeat covering.
(Jb) Bhimasena.—Covered 29 cows during
March 1947 of which 9 cows belonged to the
OUR CATTLE FEED CO-OPERAIIVE
ST0RF:S,
LTD.
Prices current for the month of April 1947
Rs. A. p.
I 0 0
1. Wheat bran 7 lbs.
2. Rice bran per bag (95-100 lbs.)
6 8 0
3. Buller (Avare) Husk per bag
.. 10 S 0
4. Tur (Togari) Husk do.
8 8 0 to 10 0 0
5. Bengal gram husk
do. 9 8 0 to 11 0 0
6. Buller broken bits 3^ seers
..
1 0 0
7. TUT broken 4 Srs.
..
1 0 0
8. Grotmdnut oil-cake permaund
..
I 3 0
VETERINARY AID
„
. . No stock
10. Ramtil oil-cake
„
. . DC\.
35 Animals were treated during March 1947 11. Cotton Seed cake
.,
..
Do.
..
1 0 0
for different ailments. Two abscesses were^ 12. Churn brand salt per 4 lbs.
.. 1 0 0
opened on a cow and an heifer at the owner's 13. Salt 9 seers
11. Monthly Progress Statement Rs. A. P.
residence and the necessary treatment given on
alternate days. 3 Cows were given intra- Sales in March 1947
.. 3,328 5 3
42,105 4 3
muscular injection of Stilbdestrol on the 4th Total Sales up to end of March 1947
No. of Members March 1947
..
.,
9
day after douching them continuously for Total
No. of Members upto the end of Mar. 1947 305
three days. All the animals showed a positive No. of Shares applied for during March 1947
20
reaction. Six intra-muscular injections of Total No. of Shares upto the end of Feb. 1947 1,118
Anthiomeline on two cows and 4 injections on
Note.—Procurement of Oil-cakes and Wheat bran at
2 cows (suffering from nasal granuloma) controlled rates has become extremely difflcuH.
were given and the progress is watched. One
cow and 2 local bullocks suffering from Nasal
granuloma were given intra-venous injecDO YOU KNOW ?
tions of Potass Antimon quart one and two
respectively and the animals are thriving
quite nicely. Private estates of two members Fruit trees ? And that they can better the
were visited once and the necessary treatment quality of your fruits ? All progressive Modern
and advice given to the parties. Acetalarsal Fruit Growers in the West find it profitable to
injections given on a dog suffering from keep bees in their orchards. Keep bees and
scabies. Preventive Prophylactic injections of be up-to-date.
Anti-Rabic vaccine on 2 Alsation dogs and 2
spanials were given and the necessary amounts
were realised and sent to the Serum Institute. gives, you honey. The Indian Bee Journal wilt
Frequent visits were paid to see the cases tell you all about this extremely fascinating
»
that were showing symptoms of calving. One subject.
retention of placenta in a cow was visited by
Yearly Rs. 3
me and two Ijy the Salustry. 15 Cows calved
INDIAN BEE JOURNAL
during the month of which 4 calves were born
R
A
M
G
A R H , Dist. NAINI TAL, U.P.
to the Society's Breeding Bull.
SM-iT—Pfinted at the Banjilore Preas. Banâlora City, by O. Srinivasa Rao. Suoepintondent, and Published by
'RaiuavuakU A. K. Veins Nanytn Aiyar, M.A. (Madras), N.D.D. (England), Dip. Airic. (Cantab.), Bditar, "Monthly Bulletin
o( thfr Bangalore Dairy Cattle Society," Bacialore
MONTHLY BULLETIN
OF
£fi?j7or;—RAJASEVASAKTA A. K. YEGNA NARAYAN AIYER, M.A.
Vol. VI]
[No. 5
MAY 1947
PAGE
MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS—
PAGE
THE
A Suggestion to Co-operative Mi!k Unions
By P. K. Bhargava
.
57
.
61
FIFTH ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING OF
.
64
.
67
A LIBERAL DONATION
.
67
NOTICE
.
67
.
67
THE
SOCIETY
..
•
FEETS AND FODDERS—
How Does Berseem Grow ?
By Jai Chand Luthra and Madan Mohan
Lai Sharma
'. 62
A SUGGESTION TO CO-OPERATIVE MILK UNIONS
BY P . K . BHARGAVA, B . S C , B.SC. ( A G . )
{Senior Dairy Surveyor, Delhi Province)
NDIA is a country where the majority of
Imain
population is purely vegetarian and in its
diet the source of first class protein is
from milk and its products. According to
several foreign experts, it lias been declared
that the diet of the bulk of population of this
country is lacking in protein. They have
suggested that the Indian diet should include
at least 15 to 16 ozs. of milk (Wright) and
the price of milk should b"e brought to such
a level that the poor can afford to have the
necessary tninimum quantity of it in the diet.
This can be done only by the increase of production of milk per head of milk producing
cattle. But in the present state of affairs in
our country we are having a supply of only
750,000,000 maunds of milk, out of which
one-third only is used as fluid milk and the
rest is converted into milk products and that
also reserves 75% of it for the manufacture
of ghee which is beyond the reach of an ordinary labourer. The problem before us is
tjierefore how to raise the quantity and the
consumption of more fluid milk. This problem
can be tackled a little by tapping the rural
population where the most of the fluid milk
is converted into ghee or is run into separators
which are fixed up by the middlemen in the
rural areas.
The creation of the few co-operative milk
unions that we have is encouraging as their
duty is to collect the rural milk and make it
available to the urban areas and put thereby
in the pocket of cultivators a little more money
than what they would have got by converting'
the same into ghee. But this system of co
operation in the collection of milk is not
perfect and has several serious defects of its
own.
If the co-operative milk unions are compared to the middlemen, we find not much
difference between the two, except that one is
a joint association while the other is an individual concern. The main object of the
Co-operative Unions is to get the milk from
the cultivators on a cheaper price and sell it
to the consumers in the urban area in a
reasonable price,and then to assist the members
58
of the society they give some facilities to them
in terms of loan, and the supply of feed (only
cake) and sometimes of animals. But these
facilities are not much in favour of the cattle
of the village though they are to some extent
to the gain of the cultivators. The reason is
obvious. Cultivators are not given encouragement to pay enough attention tovi'ards the
feeding, the breeding and the management of
cattle. These concerns are neglected this side
which results in the deterioration of village
cattle in health and performance. Our cultivators take a hereditary right to follow blindly
their ancesters' rules and do what they did.
They pay more attention to their bullocks
than cows. The cows in the villages are
reared more for the bullocks than for the
yield of milk. The yield of milk is a secondary
factor with. them. To bring about a radical
change in the view of the cultivators so that
they may look upon the yield of milk as their
primary concern is the call of the day and it
is high time that the Co-operative Milk Unions
responded to it.
These unions should play a greater role in
the improvement of village cattle in health
and performance, and for this they should
pay attention to the principle which is accepted
all over the world that feeding, breeding and
management are the three most important
factors which go to improve any breed in any
country.
Feeding.—It is a glaring fact that the majority
of our village cattle are seriously underfed.
This is apparent from their outward appearance, slow rate of growth, the late maturity
and long dry period. The village cow drops
her first calf when she is of 4 to 5 years of age
and the life of a cow is only 10 to 12 years
so we can êasily see that she would hardly
produce 2 to 3 calves in her life time and thus
the productions of milk would also be down.
But it has been proved experimentally that
our Indian dairy cattle in village conditions
are not very poor in milk genes as they appear
to be. It is quite significant that a village
cow would produce 60% more milk if she is
better fed. The better feeding itself would
bring about the increased yield of milk from
the same number of cattle by 60% more than
what is produced now. The problem is how
to start with. The fodder situation of our
country is alô not encouraging as the supply
is not able to provide the required amount of
digestible nutrients. In the villages the cattle
are fed with "Bhusa" with the addition of
a little cake which sonietimes is also not
available. In other words the cattle are fed
in poor rations which are lacking mostly one "
or other nutrients. Co-operative milk unions
have attempted to solve this problem by
supplying a little quantity of cakes. The
supply of cakes alone will not altogether solve
the problem and there are reasons for it.
Firstly the cows will not get the cake which
have been supplied to the cultivator because
the cultivator is more interested in his bullocks
than cows and young stock. So there is every
possibility that all of the cakes may go to the
biillocks leaving the cow and particularly the
growing stock starved. Secondly the cake
alone does not supply all the protein and other
required amino acids conducive to the growth
arid the production of milk. It is always wise
to give the animal a variety of feed for the
c,\ipi?ly of ptoteio..
The suggestion I would make for th^ better
feeding of the village cattle is to feed the
cattle with a balanced ration. This ration
should be given to the milking cows at the time
of milking. The milking of the animals
should be done jointly at the societies' milking
sheds. The supervisor in charge should see
that the required amount of ration is fed
the cows before milking. The quantity to be
supplied to the cows will be decided by experience but I think that a ration having a N.R.
of 1 : 4 can be supplied to the cow and this
should be half the quantity of the total milk
she produces in a day. This balanced ration
would also take care of the poor quality of
roughages which are generally fed in the
village. For the growing stock the cultivator
may be persuaded to purchase the fixed amount
every day from the store. By this method the
cultivator will not have to be worried for the
concentrates and moreover it would not also
be waste in certain cases where the irioney is
the limiting factor, i.e., on the one hand cows
are given in adequate quantities of food while
o(i the other those who can afford to purchase
can feed their animals frequently as much as
50% in excess of requirements.
Again the animals should also be rationed
according to their capacities of performance
aiid for this the Government should help the
poor cultivators in providing the food right
in quantity and in quality, which so far our
cattle are not getting. The cost of the feed
can be realised from the cost of the milk
which they have supplied to the union. The
cost of the concentrates will be depending on
the availability of the feed and the efficiency,
of the person who balances it. Let us assum?
Milk
and Milk
that a certain union is collecting 30 maunds
of milk per day. The amount of feed according to recommendations would be about
15 maunds of concentrate. The union is
purchasing milk at 4 seers per rupee and
therefore the total cost of the milk would be
Rs. 300 whereas the cost of 15 maunds of feed
would be Rs. 75 at Rs. 5 per maund (on
dairy farm) which may be considered rather
a little high figure but it can be made less
also. The cultivators would be getting (Rs. 300
—75 Rs. 225 as the cost of milk after deducting the cost of feed which I think, is a fair
price.
From the nutrition point of view the quality
of the concentrate (feed) will be raised to a
greater extent in comparison to the cakes
alone as the source of protein.
Now comes the question as to how to get
the feed stuff in such a bulk for distribution.
It can be suggested that the Government
should help the unions in getting their required
quota on control prices, as it is done in the
case of cakes. The financing can be done by
the co-operative banks which can charge a
reasonable interest on the sum invested. This
all together would take care of the purchase
of the feed.
Another solution for this problem is that
the Government should subsidize the unions
by meeting 30% of the total cost of feed and
the remaining 70% of the cost may be met
by the producers themselves. This would
bring a relief to the cultivators producers and
it would help the union to get more milk from
them. For this the Dairy Development Officer
of the Province may be asked to submit a
suitable scheme for the purpose.
Breeding.^The next stage in the improvement of village cattle is the breeding. Next
to feeding breeding plays an important part,
because feeding can take care of the present
animals but the breeding will be affecting the
future generation. The U.P. Government has
been distributing the "good bulls" to the
villages for the improvement of cattle in the
villages. The Government has been purchasing large number of bulls from the reliable
dairy or breeding farm on high prices and
selling them to the villages on Rs. 30 each
with a bond of guarantee. By this method
I do not- know how much improvement has
been attained in the uplift of the village cattle,
but to me it seems that very little good has
been done to the village cattle. There are
reasons behind it. Firstly the Government is
not able to distribute the bulls according to
Products
59
the demand. Secondly the bulls purchased
are of inferior quality and thus some of them
are having no pedigree at all if they have any,
that is from the poor pedigree. Thirdly the
bulls supplied in the villages are not properly
cared for. All these three factors together
give us a very gloomy picture of the method
adopted by the Government. This is simply
an eye wash to gain the favour of cultivators
or to keep the people of the department busy
about something.
The âme process is also followed 'by the
co-operative societies because they have to
depend upon the mutual help of the Animal
Husbandry Department. But I am fully convinced that the breeding problem can be
solved better by the introduction of artificial
insemination. The Co-operative Milk Unions
should purchase bulls from the renowned and
reliable farms where the record of detailed
pedigree may be available. They should not
depend much on the pedigree but should
combine the pedigree with its type. If possible,
thfe aim should be to get the proved sire.
The price of these bulls may be tremendously
high. But it is also clear unless and until
you would not pay the better price to the
breeders you cannot get the genuine stuff.
This would be rather a kind of encouragement
for the breeders and they would try to breed
the best for the sake of price and demand.
The Union will have to maintain the bull
at its own responsibility. The feeding and
breeding will be done by the Union on the
nominal payment. If it is left with the members of the society it would also have the
same fate as the other bulls have at present.
The Union centre should be equipped with
all the possible equipment for collection and
insemination of semen.
The selection of the breed of the bull, the
breed of the cows in the villages, and -the
number of the cows in the locality, will be
depending on the discretion of the expert.
I would suggest that three bulls will be the
suitable number in 400 to 600 cows. These
bulls should be installed in different centres and
thus after every three years these should be
moved from one to the other centre. In this
way we would be able to save our animals
from too much inbreeding. As Lush suggests
i M + 1^ F = % of inbreeding. If the number
of males which is indicated by M is more
than one then the percentage of inbreeding
in the population of the breed is reduced.
The artificial insemination can be carried
out by the Supervisor-in-charge at the centre
60
Monthly
Bulletin
of the Bangalore
who can be SQni For sRort training at the
Allahabad Agricultural Institute or at Izatnagar.
'This procedure would save the Government
from spending more money on the distribution of bulls majority of which are not worth
using. Besides the Government would be able
to prove the bull in short time and thus can
see the results in quicker time. But this type
of procedure can only be successful when all
the scrub bulls in the villages are castrated.
To make our idea clear, let us take an
example. Suppose we have purchased a proved
bull who has 4,000 lbs. of milk and mate
this bull to the village cows who on the
average produce 600 to 800 lbs. of milk in
a year. The progeny of these would be ranging in the half way of parents, i.e., having
about 2,300 to 2,400 lbs. of milk. Then we
see that in the next generation the milk has
increased from 600 to 2,300 lbs. By this the
Union and the villagers both would be benefited.
The increase in the milk from the
same centre would reduce the cost of handhng
the milk and thus it would enable them to
sell milk at cheap prices to the customejs
so that a person of little means would be able
to purchase it. On the other hand, the cultivator who till now get only Rs. 30 from the
cows would be getting about Rs. 120 per year
from the progeny of his cows. Thus there
would be 400% increase in his income. This
would encourage others to maintain animals
of heavy yield and finally the collection of
milk from the different villages would yield
a place to the collection from different houses
in the villages and thus save more of labour
and organisation.
The last but not the least important factor
is the maimgement. To make the villagers
accustomed to this a difficult task, and would
take time. For this the Government should
help the villager through co-operative unions
for the installation of tube wells. Because
water is the main factor of sanitation. Most
of the cattle in the village die of thirst and
when they do not get clean water, drink from
the dirty ponds abounding pathogenic bacteria
which affect the cattle and cause their death.
The cultivators should be given regular
Dairy
Cattle
Society
demonstrations at (heir doors for developing
the knowledge of sanitary conditions. Qualified
persons in the villages should tell them of
the advantages of cleanliness of cattle. The
cattle should be tied in neat and open places
instead of inside of the house where the
cultivator himself lives. Pepirall has given in
his report "Dairy Industry in India" a very
gloomy picture of such conditions at Bombay
Goshala.
To make the whole problem practicable it"*
is imperative that the union should select a
centre in the population of iOO houses in a
village where majority of the people are maintaining cattle.. On that basis they should
construct the building of the centre and the
milking sheds. At the same place they should
install a tube weli. Then they should persuade villagers to bring their animals in the
paddocks where the animals will be tied by
the individual owner jointly at one place.
The care of these animals will be taken by the
owners under the instructions of the supervisor. Besides, that they should be sure of
the health of the animals. A veterinary
surgeon should be employed by the union to
pay regular attention to the animals. Otherwise in the villages it is very difficult to get the
veterinary help. There are not enough
trained veterinarians as to extend veterinary
help to the villagers. But the Veterinary
Surgeon of the union will not make the cultivators move for individual help but would
bear the union's responsibiHty to see that the
animals are properly cared for.
There is also some responsibility .of the
Government to help the cultivators through
unions for the growing of crops and fodder
in particular and preserve the same in silo
pits to be used at the time of scarcity. Or in
other words it should encourage co-operative
farming through the Union.
Thus the task of collection of milk from door
to door in villages which would otherwise be
an expensive means becomes an easy job by
developing the villages on co-operative basis
for dairy industry, and the Co-operative Milk
Unions thereby will do great service to the
cultivators and to the country.
PENICILLIN AND MASTITIS
ENICILLIN was released recently to and in more severe cases up to about 50,000
veterinary surgeons for general use units.
The questions of repetition of dose and the
without restriction. It is expected to have
a significant effect upon the treatment of animal best time to administer the drug have been
disease in Britain, and in particular upon given considerable attention. It would seem
tJiat the best time to use penicillin is after
treatment of bovine mastitis.
The drug became available to American the cow has been milked, and that the most
veterinary surgeons however, two years ago, successful results follow five treatments after
and there is evidence of its usefulness in cases five'consecutive milfcings.
of mastitis. It is true that penicillin has
Results Achieved
previously been used on a limited scale in this
Using these methods, what results have
connection in Britain, but cojnparatively little been achieved? Here again it is diflicult as
has been published about this work. The yet to give a definite reply because the findings
evidence at present available is that penicillin of research workers have been reported in so
is non-irritant to the udder and causes no upset ipany different ways and have been used on
either locally or generally. It is highly effective in many cases of streptococcal mastitis seems that in cases of mastitis due to Strepto(by far the most common type), and is effective coccus Agalactia^, cures (determined by bacferioalso in some cases of staphylococcal mastitis. logical, not merely clinical, examination) have
The best way to use penicillin is by direct been obtained in 70 to 80 per cent, of cases.
infusion into the udder. If the drug is given
Treatment of cases of staphylococcal mastitis
by mouth it is largely destroyed before it has has been less successful. In fact it appears
a chance to act. If it is inoculated intra- certain now—despite such bright hopes to the
venously, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously contrary—that some cases of mastitis, both
it reaches a high concentration in the blood streptoccocal and staphylococcal, will never be
in a very short time, and is thereafter rapidly cured by penicillin.
lost through the kidneys and urine. But
A paper published very recently in Britain
when inoculated directly up the teat canal, by research workers attached to a well-known
a high concentration is obtained almost imme- commercial drug firm iricludes a brief report
diately in the milk, and this concentration c^n the treatment with penicillin of that highly
falls only gradually over a period of hours. dangerous form of disease known as "summer"
Suitable Dosage
ijiastitis. It could not be checked, and no
There is, to date, no general agreement as improvement was noted even when large doses
to the most suitable dosage of penicillin for of penicillin were used.
The position to-day, then, is that penicillin
mastitis, nor is it established how often
treatment should be repeated. Dosage of the has been given a preliminary trial against
drug is usually expressed in terms of the bovine mastitis. It has been found to be very
international unit, which represents only a safe to use, and has been highly effective in"
very small quantity. It is more simple, there- certain types of cases. Its effectiveness is, as
fore, in many cases, to deal with the mega yet, rather a matter of guesswork, but 'the
unit of one million units. Thus, published ifldications are that a number of cases of
recommendations as to dosage in cases of ijiastitis hithdrto incurable may be successmastitis vary from 10,000 to 200,000 units fully treated with the drug, which is easy to
per quarter, and this may be repeated up to ijse and keeps fairly well in a cool, dry place,
]p.elatively, it is not expensive.
a maximum of eight times.
But peniciUin is no more of a universal
The general principle followed has been to
give either a large dose once, or a smaller dose remedy for animal illnesses than it is in
repeated several times. It is a little difficult, human medicine. Used with discrimination it
therefore, to compare results reported by one vvill undoubtedly save the milk of many a
research worker with those claimed by another, fine cow, and it is likely that as its special
but from data so far published it appears peculiarities become more thoroughly underthat the most useful dose in mild cases of stood so will its efficiency increase.—"Dairv•*Iiiastitis is about 20,000 units per quarter. rrian," March 1947,
P
6*J
Feeds & Fodders
HOW DOES BERSEEM GROW ?
R.B., I.A.S.
{Professor of Agricultural Botany)
BY JAI CHAND LUTHRA,
AND
MADAN MOHAN LAL SHARMA, M . S C . (AGRI.)
{Research Assistant, Punjab Agricultural College and Research Institute, Lyallpur)
an article published in Indian Farming of
IN April
1943, by the senior author, informa-
tion was given on (I) judging of the seed of
berseem {Trifolium • alexandrinum) for its
quality, purity and germination capacity and
(2) raising its best seed and obtaining high
yield. Subsequent to the investigation reported
in that article, work has been undertaken to
study the process of growth of berseem with
a view to explain how the berseem plant
develops within a fortnight to one month to
become ready for yielding a cutting. The
crop is usually cut five to six times during
its growing period from September to May and
the total yield of fodder amounts to about
800 to 1,000 md. Information on the rapid
growth of the plant has been lacking. The
data obtained from these studies which have
helped to throw light on this problem and also
results of other experiments relating to most
advantageous height at which berseem plant
should be cut to get high yield at every stage
of reaping are reported in this article.
Regeneration process in berseem
At the early stage the plant consists of a
single erect shoot with alternate leaves and
short basal internodes. The nodes on the
upper part of the stem are wide apart but those
near the ground are close together and are
two to three in number. On each node a single
bud is formed in the axil of the leaf and
consequetifty branches arise very close to one
another at the base of the stem.
On first cutting, only the upper part of the
stem is cut. The basal small branches at the
ground level escape the sickle and are left
intact. These grow rapidly around the stump,
a n J become ready for second cutting after
30 or 40 days. From the study of the
development of branches, the same fact is
brought out, i.e., the basal internodes of each
branch are short and so the lea-ves lie close to
one another while the leaves on the upper part
of the branch are wide apart as usual. So
here also the_ branches which arise at the base
of each branch are situated very close to one
another while the apex of each branch goes
on growing.
When the second cutting is taken, it is only
the upper part of each branch which is cut off,
while one or two branches arising at the base
of each branch are left alone. Once again the
plant is in a position to survive and resumes
further growth. The same thing happens jn
the third cutting.
It may be pointed out that at the time of
the second cutting, the number of branches is
two to four, while at the time of third cutting
it is five to eight. As the number of cuttings
increases, the number of branches also increases. This statement is based on the fact
that as each branch bears two or three buds,
th'e plant becomes more bushy with the increase
of cuttings. This observation explains the
popular view that each successive cutting gives
more fodder than the previous one. It is
substantiated by the study and description of
branching system given in the above paragraphs. The number of cuttings and the
number of branches per plant, however, are
correlated positively up to third cutting.
Afterwards a decline in yield is witnessed. It
is attributed to high temperature prevailing
during the later part of the growing season in
March-April. As a result of this, the branches
also begin to wither and die.
Cutting berseem at different heights
The study of the mode of regeneration of
berseem plant has shown that the bulk of the*
plant is increased after every cutting. The
yield of fodder would, therefore, depend on
the number of new branches produced. This
will again rest on the number of buds which
are left on the stump after the cuttings are
taken. The mode of cutting has, therefore,
to be planned out in regard to the height of
the stump which should be left. This aspect
has been investigated. The problem is whether
berseem plant should be cut close to the
ground or at a higher level. An experiment
was carried out for this purpose. Four plots
of berseem were selected. The heights of
stumps kept were 0 -7, 1 -7, 2 -7 and 4 -7 in.
Results given in Table I show that the stumps
at the height of 2 -7 and 4 -7 in. produced
more bulky plants as compared to 0-7 an(J,
63
Feeda and Fodders
1 -7 in. The stumps of 0 -7 in. height produced three branches only and the average
height of the branches was 15-8 in., while
stumps of 2 -7 in. height produced six branches
with average heights of 23 in.
TABLE I
Mean of 40 observations (1945-46)
Second cutting Third cutting
11
•*- § ^
^ J : J3
Fourth cutting
. u
o c
6/' O-
1-7
2-7
4-7
2-8
±•081
3-8
±•180
6-2
±•125
9^2
±•206
15 •S
I8^7
23^0
26^5
4^0
±•121
5-1
±•177
7-7
±•194
12-5
±•156
24-9
29^0
31^8
35-2
1
173
4
155
7
168
2
±•382
Third
cutting
Second
cutting
"
as"
0-7
green fodder of the plots under different treatments are tabulated below (Table II). The
weights of the green fodder per square foot
under different treatments were also recorded.
Table II
Showing yields of the plots and weights of green
fodder in one square foot
23-7
30^0
34-2
38-0
It is quite obvious from Table I that the
stumps of 4 -7 in. produced the maximum
number of branches as compared with other
treatments but the loss of fodder on leaving
high stumps is great, hence it is not economical
to cut so high. The differences in the number
of branches produced by stumps of 4 -7 and
2 -7 in. and those of 1 -7 and 0 -7 in. were
statistically significant. In view of these
definite results, it is recommended that berseem
should be cut at the height of not less than
about 3 in. above the ground with a view to
obtain higher yield of fodder. Scraping of
the plants close to the ground level, as is obvious from Table I, reduces growth of the plant
as the basal buds are thus removed and new
shoots are not formed. The yield is therefore
definitely loweited. The results of 1945-46
corroborate last year's findings.
Comparative yields of green fodder
at different heights of stumps
Results show that cutting of berseem plants
at a higher level from the ground causes an
increase in the number of branches and height
per plant. It was further planned to compare
the yields of bulk fodder under different treatments. Three plots of berseem of equal area
measuring (5-§ ft. x 57 ft.) were selected at
random. In the first plot a labourer was put
to cut the crop in his usual way without consideration of height; while in the second plot
he was directed to cut the plants close to the
ground. In the third plot the height of
, stumps kept was about 3 in. The yields of
Pl,ot Nos.
and treatments
,
*j
as
f
D.
in
•Vji
t-i
<" Z "^ A:
ac-a '
(P O
S
-4J
-hJ
-i-t
-^
'^
ô
Fourth
cutting
_
2. S
-2 H 0.
>
4J
)M
>
c ^- -o^ "•
s
!>
V4 U
.
2H sa. 2 ^ ° «
s
lb. oz.
l b . oz.
l b . oz.
Plot No. 1 95 0 5-8 205 0 11^8 204 0 13>^
cut in the
usual way
('average
height
of
j
stumps 1^5
1
1
inch)
PI ot No. 2 •82 1 0 3^9 184 0 9-1 161 0 10^9
It was cut
close to the
ground
(average
height
of
stumps 0^6
inch)
Plot No. 3 107 0 8^8 230 1
3 217 1
4
It was cut
leaving the
stumps of
about three
inches)
It is quite obvious from the data in Table II
that the stumps of 3 in. gave the maximum
yield of green fodder (107 lb.), while the plot
which was cut near the ground with average
height of stumps of 0 -6 in. yielded 82 lb. and
the treatment in plot No. 1 with average
height of stumps 1 -5 in. gave 95 lb. of grefen
fodder. Similar results were obtained in thd.
third and fourth cuttings. Striking differences
in yields under different treatments are noticeable. Similar differences are found in the
weights of green fodder in one square foot
under different treatments as is obvious from
Table II. In view of the definite results it is
recommended that berseem should be cut at
not less than 3 in. from the ground level.
Conclusions
After first cutting the plant grows from buds
on internodes at the base. These buds produce
THE FIFTH ANNUAL GENERAL xMEETING OF THE SOCIETY
Fifth Annual General Meeting of the
THEBangalore
Dairy Cattle Society was held
on 20th April 1947 in the Land Mortgage
Bank premises, Bangalore City, with Rajasevaprasakta M, Seshadri, Home Minister, Government of Mysore, in the Chair.
Addressing the gathering, Rajasevasakta
A. K. Yegna Narayan Aiyer, Retired Director
of Agriculture in Mysore, and President of the
Association, explained the activities of the
Society and the progress made in the past
year. As the activities of the Society were
increasing year by year, they had a proposal
to put up a suitable building at a central
place, where the various activities could be
concentrated. There would be a veterinary
dispensary, a milk supply depot, a cattle feed
store and bull houses located in this building.
After pointing out the urgent need for solving
the difficulty of existing acute shortage of
cattle feeds, the speaker emphasised the need
for a permanent Government Organisation to
look after the milk position in the City. This
was an important aspect of life, towards
which sufficient attention was not paid in the
past by the Government, he said.
Minister's Address
In the course of his presidential address,
the Minister at the outset congratulated the
Society for its good work and service and
appealed to public to give more support to
the Society. He also complimented the efforts
taken by the Society to have their own buildings and hoped philanthropic persons would
come forward with donations for this scheme.
Regarding the suggestion made by Mr. Yegna
Narayan Aiyer that an official agency should
be established to be in touch with milk problem,
the Minister said that Government had conducted a survey in this direction and a report
too had been submitted. He was not in a
position at the moment to say in what stage
the matter stood and promised to persuade
his colleague, the Minister for Agriculture, to
pursue the matter. The Minister, while assurring that Government would do everything
possible to foster the growth of the Society
said that professional cowbreeders should be
made to take more interest in the Society's
activities.
Extracts from the Annual Report
MEMBERSHIP
T h a number of new members enrolled in
the year was 35, bringing up the total to 202
members at the end of the year. Of the new
members enrolled five are Life-Members and
the others Ordinary Members.
GOVERNMENT SUBVENTION
We are glad to say that our application for
an enhanced subvention was considered
favourably by Government and that an annual
subvention of Rs. 1,500 has been sanctioned
for a period of three years commencing from
the year under report. The Society begs to
express its deep thankfulness to the Government for this substantial encouragement.
WORK DURING THE YEAR
1. Veterinary Service.—The two Veterinary
Officers of the Society continued to pay their
weekly visits to the houses and estates of
members for veterinary assistance and advice.
Both of them have also paid additional daily
visits in all cases where such visits were found
necessary for the treatment of sick animals.
As the number of members has increased
very largely and as it has been found that the
work is too great for these two Officers, the
Society decided to have additional staff and
have corresponded with the Veterinary Department in the matter with the object of securing
the services of the Government Veterinary
Officer in Malleswaram for the members
resident in that part of the town.
A second Salustry was appointed in the year
to be in charge of the Dry Cattle Farm but
this Officer resigned after a few months service.
The Society then appointed another Salustry
for the same work who also left after some
time. Efforts are being made to appoint as
a suitable official for this purpose who may be *
expected to remain on the Farm permanently.
The two Veterinary Officers paid regular
visits to the Dry Cattle Farm also, for looking
after the health of the animals.
2. Breeding Bull Service.—Three breeding
bulls continued to stand for service as in the
previous year and the number of services by
each during the year were as belov/:—
Warrior—216.
Bhimasena—552.
Murrah Buffalo Bull—127.
The fact that these bulls were being overworked and that the service became so popular
as to need a few more bulls for the use of the
public was brought to the notice of the
Govermnent with a request that more bulls
with proper stall accommodation should be
arranged for in convenient centres in the city. •*
The Fifth
Annual
General Meeting
3. Information Service.—The M o n t h l y
Bulletin of the Society continued to issue
regularly during the year. The President
continued as Editor with Dr. Narasimha
Iyengar, Ph.D., as Associate Editor. The
Bulletin continued to be popular.
4. Dry Cattle Farm.—The Opening of the
Dry Cattle Farm formally was performed by
Pradhanasiromani" N. Madhava Rau, Esq.,
B.A., B.L., CLE., Dewan of Mysore, on the
15th August 1945, and a long cherished object
of the Society was thus accomplished in the
year. The necessary staff was also appointed
and the boarding of am'mals began soon after.
During the year the average number boarded
per month has been 22.
With the kind assistance of Col. Sir
Philip Gaisford, CLE., the Hon. British
Resident, military tractors and bull-dozers
were secured and some four acres of the jungle
were got cleared. The Society is deeply indebted to Col. Gaisford and the Officer in
charge Major Partridge and also to his
Lieutenants
for this
very substantial
assistance.
Another two acres were cleared by manual
labour and both areas were got ready for
sowing fodder crops in the following season.
There was great difficulty for getting ragi
straw and paddy straw was brought from as
long a distance as Mandya during part of the
year.
All concentrated feeds were bought from the
Society's Cattle Feed Co-operative Stores.
The Farm attracted a large number of visitors
especially at the working of the bull-dozers.
5. Cattle Shows.—A special Show was
held in the year on Gokulashtami day, for the
of the
Society
65
exhibition of calves. The Show was intended
principally for the .calves born to the two
pedigree Sindhi bulls. Warrior and Bhimasena,
and for the purpose of stimulating public
interest in this line of improvement. Calves
were divided into two age groups and Prizes
were awarded to both bull calves and heifer
calves, each class being divided into two age
groups. Altogether ten prizes were awarded
in the two classes. The Show was well attended and the prizes were given away by
Mrs. ârasimhan, the wife of the Director of
Agriculture.
6. The Society's Cattle Feed Co-operative
Stores.—The above Institution has worked
during the year with great advantage to the
members of the Society and the public. The
number of Shareholders rose to 257 in the jêar
and the share capital to Rs. 4,803-4-0. The
value of the sales in the year amounted to
Rs. 65,879-6-0.
One of the greatest difficulties in the year
was the scarcity and high prices of straw.
The Society waited upon the Minister for
Agriculture in deputation, interviewed the
Revenue Commissioner, and had a joint
meeting with the Local Officers of the Revenue
and Co-operative Departments and the Rationing Officers in connection with procuring and
sale of straw to the public of the City. Arrangements were also made to purchase straw from
the Mandya area and the necessary staff
deputed. Only a small consignment was
possible as the difficulties of transport together
with the formalities of tim control measures
were found inseperable for a small private
organisation like this Society.
ACCOUNTS
DO YOU KNOW ?
Fruit trees ? And that they can better the
quality of your fruits ? AH progressive Modern
be up-to-date.
subject.
Yearly Rs. 3
I N E J I A N B E E JOURNAL
The accounts of the Society were audited
by Mr. Y. B. Bhatt, who has been good enough
to make many useful suggestions for improving
the methods. The grateful thanks of the
Society are due to Mr. V. B. Bhatt for this
great assistance.
The audited statement of Receipts and
Expenditure for the year are appended.
Donations.—The Society received donations
to its building fund from the following gentlejpien in the year:—
Mr. M. V. Krishnaswami, I.D.D., Hon.
Secretary of the Society, Rs. 250. .
Mr. M. L. Manjanatha Chetty, Coffee
Planter, Chickmagalur, Rs. 500.
Mr. S. Puttasiddappa of Messrs. Sidharamappa & Sons, Rs. 70.
66
Monikly
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of the Bangalore
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67
Progress of the Society
two or three shoots. In this way, in each
cutting the lowermost internodes of each
branch are saved and the plant continues to
grow.
The effects of varying heights of stumps,
namely 0-7, 1-7, 2-7 and 4-7 in., on the
number of branches, height of the plants and
bulk of fodder have been studied. In case of
stumps of 4 -7 in., loss of fodder in the form of
stumps is great, hence it is not recommended.
The stumps of 2 -7 in. height produced the
maximum number of branches per plant and
gave the maximum fodder bulk as compared
with other treatments. A recommendation
can, therefore, be made to farmers that a
stump of not less than 3 in. should be left
when making cuttings in order to have higher
yield of fodder. The plant should not be cut
cloê to the ^touad either at th.e fttst cutting,
or subsequent cuttings.
inembers, thus making a total of 306 cows.
A LIBERAL DONATION
We are glad to announce that a liberal
donation of Rs. 400 towards the building fund
for the Dry Cattle Farm has been received
from Sir H. C. Dinshaw, well-known in
Bangalore as one of the pioneers of largescale dairying. We beg to express our very
gratpful thanks to him for this generous
assistance.
NOTICE
A large stock of cotton seed is available in
the Stores. Members who need it are required
to purchase their requirements to last for
six months since it is feared that further stock
inay not bg available at the present rate. For
•>«3Jit "if 3XXi3OTjmKyi9.ti.cjt>. b\ t h - i Stoi:i'5, gQ/iiiKti.,
Veterinary Aid
40 Animals were treated during April 1947
for different ailments. Four more injections
of Anthiomeline on a heifer and cow suffering
from Nasal Granuloma at the owner's residence. Stllhoestrol injection was given intramuscularly on 3 cows after douching continuously with alkaline and 2 buffaloes and 3
heifers. 3 Cows and 1 buffalo proved positive
and took the bull and the rest are under
observation. Two cows had a big absess on
the thigh and the same were opened and
daily dressings were done and the cases are
improving. Two retention of placenta were
attended to and the necessary douching and
medicine were administered. Two samples of
blood smears were sent to the Research Officer,
Serum Institute, for examination. One proved
positive for "Tick-fever" and the result for
the other sample has not yet been received.
I was called in to attend to an urgent case in
a cow and the same was treated successfully
by giving daily visits to his house. 15 Cows
and 2 buffaloes calved during April 1947 of
which 5 calves born to the Society's Breeding
Bull. Frequent vssits were paid to the calving
cows.
Breeding Bu I Service
(a) Warrior.—Covered one cow during April
1947, thus making a total of 76. This cow
belongs to one of the members of the Society.
' (b) Bhimasena.—Covered 31 cows during
April 1947 of which 10 cows belonged to the
it will not be possible to stock this large
Quantity. So members are requested to buy
their requirements without delay.
By Order,
K . SiDDARAMAPPA,
Secretary,
The Bangalore Dairy Cattle Feed
Co-operative Stores, Ltd.
STORES, LTD.
Prices current for the month of May 1947
1. Wheat bran 7 lbs.
2. Rice bran per bag (95 lbs.)
3. Buller (Avare) Husk I per bag
Rs. A. p.
1 0 0
6 0 0
8 8 0
n „
10 0 0
4. Tur (Togari) Husk
do.
8 8 0
5. Bengal gram husk (Fried) do.
11 0 0
6. Buller broken bits 3J seers
1 0 0
7. Tur broken 4 Srs. ;
1 0 0
2 0 0
„
5 8 0
10. Ramtil oil-cake
„
3 4 0
11. Cotton Seed cake
.,
4 8 0
12. Horsegram 3 seers
1 0 0
13.
Do. broken 3i seers
1 0 0
14. Churn brand per lb.
0 4 0
15. Salt
No stock
on account of stockists demanding blackmaiket rate.
II. Monthly Progress Statement Rs. A. P.
Sales in April 1947
, .. 3,460 9 6
Total Sales up to end of April 1947
45,565 13 9
No. of Members April 1947
..
..
6
Total No. of Members upto the end of April 1947 311
less no. Withdrawn
1
Balance
310
No. of Shares applied for during April 1947
15
Total No. of Shares upto the end of April 1947 1,138
less no. Withdrawn
5
Balance
1,133
633-!7—Printed at tho Bangalore Prass, Bangalore City, by ^' Srinivasa Rap, Superintendent, and Published by
Bajassyatakts A, K. Yojna Narayan Aivar, M.A. (Madraal. N.D.P- (Enilandl. Dio. A4si<5. Wo,nt*\}.), e4'rtijv.^"M()i»thl-» BviUetiB
0* the Banjalere Dairy Cattl" Sooiety." BanjalorS
Use Mysore Paints
SHELLAC A N D OIL PAINTS
/
TRADE
MARK
t. tft'aiaiwnHWMHB
Manufactured
by
Mysore Government Lac and Paint Works
EASE OF APPLICATION
For particulars,
DURABILITY
FINISH
please refer to :
T H E O F F I C E R IN C H A R G E
MYSORE GOVERNMENT LAC AND PAINT WORKS
Ediga, MYSORE
MONTHLY BULLETIN
OF
'
The Bangalore Dairy Cattle
Editor:—RMASEVASAKTA
A. K. YEGNA NARAYAN AIYER, M.A.
Vol. VI]
JUNE 1947
PAGE
PAGE
F K D S AND FODDERS—
THE COMMERCIAL DAIRY COW—
ByT.W.Millen
[No. 6
..
..
..69
Feeding Experiments with Milch Cows
..
..
75
INDIA'S MILK PRODUCTION—
MILK AND MILE PRODUCTS—
The Bacterial Content of the Calcutta Milk
Supply. Suggested Milk Bacteriolcgical
Standards
By R. Benerjea and A. K. Sen
..
..
Thirteen Evils of Present System and Their Cure 76
72
Mineral Poisons Affecting Stock
By D. H. Le Souef
73
pAiRY FARMING IN GERMANY AND DENMARK . .
77
MEW MILK SUPPLY SCHEME FOR HYDERABAD CITY 78
..
..
..
79
VETERINARY AID
..
..
..
..
79
..
..
..79
IMPROVEMHNT OF MILK STRAINS BY ARTIFICIAL
INSEMINATION
..
..
..
..79
OUR CATTLE FEED CO-OPERATIVE STORES, LTD. . .
79
T H E C O M M E R C I A t DAIRY C O W *
BY T . W . MILLEN, M . S C , D . V . M .
Head of the Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying at the
Agricultural Institute, Allahabad
ANY dairies are being started all over to run commercial dairy with many buffaloes
India to increase the inadequate supply, in the herd.
of milk. Most of these are sponsored by men
What cows to keep
who hope to secure financial benefit from
There are several breeds of Zebu cattle that
their venture. Also people who have never
kept cattle before are now maintaining enough have produced individuals yielding adequate
cows and buffaloes to supply the milk needed quantities of milk. The Imperial Council of
Agricultural Research maintains herd registers
in their own households. In this article an
for the Sahiwal, Red Sindhi, Hariana, Gir,
attempt is made to point out some of the and Kankrej breeds. Herd books are proposed
factors which will determine wMtether the for the Ongole and Tharparkar also. We
venture is economically sound or not.
have chosen the Red Sindhi but recognize the
Buffaloes versus Cows
possibilities of the other breeds. We feel that
We cannot recommend the keeping of the foundation stock for a commercial dairy
buffaloes from our experience at the Agricul- should be of the best individuals available in
tural Institute.
Although we have good one of these breeds.
registered Murrah buffaloes from a fine stock,
We cannot advise anyone to keep desi cows,
and lactations of 5,000 pounds or more of milk no matter how cheaply they are purchased for
are not uncommon, still the buffalo is a large sooner or later they vrill become a burden.
animal and takes a rest for several months The prevalent method of buying fresh cows,
on alternate years. Our buffalo herd just milking them till they no longer pay for their
pays for its feed. We admit that 95 per cent, feed and then disposing them'of it not a good
of the milk sold in some of the cities of India practice. The stock in the country becomes
is buffalo milk and few productive cows are depleted, and when restrictions are enforced
found in the villages yet we would not attempt in the producing areas, great hardship is
experienced. The best way to maintain a good
herd is to start with the b e s t animals
Indian Farming, VPI. YllI, Iô. l, January 1947,
M
69
70
Monthly
Bulletin
of the Bangalore
obtainable and to improve it by selective
breeding raising mostv if not all of the
neede replacements.
The herd sire
Unless the breeding bull is better than the
a v e r a g e of the cows,the herd will deteriorate
rather than improve. If possible his female
ancestors should yield at least \\ times the
herd average. A bull that has sired productive
daughters should be kept when obtainable.
Cross-breeding
The present Zebu breeds are not uniform in
conformity or performance. The best yielding
cows may have useless daughters. It will take
decades to develop a herd in which all the
females produced will be economical yielders.
For quick results foreign dairy bulls may be
used on Zebu stock. The crossbred females
will usually be the money makers. There is at
present in India an almost universal prejudice
against cross-breeding. Careful enquiry reveals
that this prejudice is not based on practical
experience but hearsay.
The military dairies have used HolsteinFriesian crosses in their dairies and have often
graded up Zebu stock to 31/32 or more
Holstein-Friesian. These military dairies also
maintain a high proportion of buffaloes in their
herds so that the mixed milk is acceptable to
the army personnel after 'toning' it to the
legal butter fat content. For large milk yields
the Holstein-Friesian crossed on the Sahiwal
would be a good combination. We, however,
are interested in keeping a smaller cow giving
richer milk. The Jersey-Sindhi gives us an
animal, about three-fourths the' size of the
Holstein-Friesian X Sahiwal, which yields rich
milk in profitable amounts.
Another advantage of the Jersey X Sindhi
cross is that a herd of uniform colour can be
maintained if the Jersey sire is dark fawn and
the Red Sindhi cows are homozygous red
Both breeds have black muzzles, switches and
eyelids and the dark fawn blends well with
the Sindhi red.
The long-time policy
Many worry about the next generation and
ask about the Fj. We do not recommend
the interbreeding of crossbreds. We would
use only purebred sires except for the first
cross when a crossbred bull could be used on
pure Zebu cows. We have been able to fix
increased milk production in cows graded back
to the Red Sindhi until only ^^ of the Jersey
blood remained, We do cull out some of the
Dairy
Cattle
Society
\ and \ Jerseys but fewer of these were
unprofitable than were their Sindhi mothers. *"
We used the Jersey bull on only Sindhi cows
giving less than 2,000 pounds per lactation,
and produced daughters yielding 1\ to 3 times
this amount.
What is a profitable yield
A number of factors enter irito the calculation of profits and losses in the dairy business.
Twenty years ago a committee at the Institute
agreed that a cow should produce 2,050 pounds
of milk to pay for her feed. Figures are not
available to show how this was determined
but under present conditions a cow giving
2,000 pounds of milk per year would just pay
her expenses.
The following figures are based on the actual
feed costs and production records of the cows
in our herd during the year 1945. We credited
the cows with 2 as. for each pound of milk
produced. This is considered a wholesale rate
allowing a margin for retail costs. The cows,
were fed roughage at the rate of 10 lb. green
basis per 100 pounds of body weight and the
average cow weighed about 750 lb. They
were given concentrate mixture according to
their age, condition and production. This
amounted to \\ to 1\ lb. per cow for maintenance and 1 lb. for every three pounds of
milk produced. The fodder changed in type
as did also the concentrate mixture as the
season changed or certain feed stuffs became
unavailable. Dry fodder was fed at the rate
of one pound for three pounds of green feed
and silage at the rate of two pounds for three
pounds of green feed.
Chaffed green feed was gievn daily along
withyoii'a/" and bajra silage, chopped stover or
wheat straw. This green roughage consisted
primarily of napier grass, cowpeas, lucerne,
guinea grass, sunflower, fodder raddish and
mixed field grasses. Green fodder cost approximately 12 as. per maund, the silage 9 as. per
maund and the concentrate mixture Rs. 4-8-4
per maund.* All the cows were stall-fed or,
if dry, fed in mangers in the paddock. The
concentrate mixture contained minerals and
plenty of fresh water was provided.
Our labour, water, veterinary and miscellaneous charges for our herd of 170 dairy animals
averaged about Rs. 44 per cow in addition
to the feed charges. We kept a herd book in
which the monthly feed cost and production
records were recorded. We found that a cow .
• Present concentrate rates are about 50% higher.
The Commercial Dairy Cow
yielding 1,4651b. of milk just paid for her
feed. One giving 2,0001b. would pay for her
feed and other expenses but give us no profit.
'Table I shows the average values for cows
in our herd last year.
71
Rs. 270 each over feed, labour and miscellaneous costs. It would take 27 of the Red Sindhis
to give the same profit over feed cost as one
cross-bred.
The comparative investment
Value of milk overfeed cost and annual lactation In these calculations we have not taken into
Value of milk over
Annual lactation in account interest on the investment or replacement charges. The cows will average possibly
feed cost in Rupees
pounds
six lactations if well cared for, so one-sixth of
Nil
1,465
her purchase price must be deducted from the
100
2,700
profit earned by each cow per year for the first
200
3,375
six years. On the other hSnd, we must credit
300
4,200
the cow with about Rs. 60 for the manure
400
5,270
produced during the year if it is used efficiently
500
6,400
These figures -almost make a straight line as fertilizer or sold as fuel cakes in a good
when plotted on a graph. From this graph market.
profits for other yields can be easily deterWhat does a cow cost
mined.
Cattle prices are determined by supply and
During our financial year (April 1, 1945 to
March 31,1946), 18 Red Sindhi cows completed demand. Individual quality is an important
their lactations averaging 3,0051b. of milk in factor. We sold two cows during the past
308 days with 214 -8 days dry preceding this year for Rs. 900 each and a number at Rs. 850
lactation for 14 of them, four being first each. Cows purchased by us' cost a little over
lactation heifers. This 5 -75 lb. overall daily Rs. 750 each when we allowed credit for the
average would give an annual yield of 2,096 lb. accompanying calves. Home-raised heifers
and an average of about ten rupees per cow were a little cheaper, 67 first lactation heifers
over her feed and other costs. The 14 Jersey- taken into the herd last year costing about
Sindhi cows completing their lactations yielded Rs. 64p each.
an average of 5,160-6 lb. in 377-8 days with
Calves now being raised will be more
60 -4 days dry for 13 cows. One was a first expensive owing to increased labour and feed
lactation heifer.
prices. In all our calculations we have conOVER
FEED COST
RUPEES PROFIT
TABLE I
a
It*
<««
3«>
«5«0
A
69*0 _ —
Wfje
ijso
$<•«
4S0»
^*»»
iiOO
3099
—
istQ
ifto
me
leao,
In this case the overall average is 11 -78 lb. sidered the cow's feed only and her full producdaily with an annual yield of 4,299 -7 lb. Here tion. The calf S weaned at birth and raised
both the higher lactation yield and the shorter separately as a capital item or discarded.
• {Continued on page 74)
,dry period count. These cows gave about
Milk and Milk Produds
THE BACTERIAL CONTENT OF THE CALCUTTA MILK SUPPLY.*
SUGGESTED MILK BACTERIOLOGICAL STANDARDS.
B Y R . BANERJEA, M.B., D.T.M., D.P.H. AND A. K. SEN, B . S C , M.B., M.R.C.P., D.P.H.
Summary and Conclusions
(Extracted)
ND'IA undoubtedly should have her own
The writers feel able to recommend the
milk bacteriological standards, and the following provisional standards for India ;regulations should be made and so enforced
A raw milk (1) should contain not more
that milk conforms to these standards. What than 200,000 bacteria per c.cm., (2) should not
the standards for India should be it is difficult reduce methylene blue in less than 5 hours,
to settle at present moment when milk through- and (3) should show no coliform organisms
out the country is produced in far from ideal in 1 c.cm. or less.
conditions. For a transition period not longej
A pasteurized milk (1) should contain not
than 5 years, standards may be framed and more than 10,000 bacteria per c.cm., (2) should
made informative but not imperative. During not reduce methylene blue in 5 hours or less,
this period in every important city in India, and (3) should show no coliform organisms
the Government or the Municipality should in 1 c. cm. or less.
establish its own dairy farms, where milk,
A total of 202 samples of liquid milk were
both raw and pasteurized, will be produced collected in Calcutta, from milk shops, milk
under controlled conditions. These Farms markets, milk-hawkers and goalas to ascertain
will prove that the prescribed standards of milk the bacteriological quality.
are capable of attainment, and demonstrate
The average bacterial count was found to
all the stages of clean milk production and be about 22 millions per c.cm. The average
transport. Regular demonstration classes may count of 137 samples examined in summer
be held in these model dairies. The public was about 30 millions per c.cm. and the
should also be educated and should be taught average count of 65 samples in winter was
to demand a bacteriologically pure milk by about 7 millions per c.cm. Only 4 -4 per cent,
the propaganda departments of the govern- of the milk samples in summer and about
ment and the municipality. When the farmers 26 per cent, in winter showed 0-2 million
and the public have thus been educated, and bacteria and less per c.cm.
milk has actually been produced according to
Testing for methylene blue reduction, 6 per
standards for some time in the municipal and cent, of the milk samples in summer and
government dairy farms, the strict enforcement 40 per cent, in winter reduced methylene blue
of the milk regulations and standards can at the end of 5 hours and beyond, and thus
follow.
were classed as good.
In England at present there are no standards
The 'Coliform' test was done mainly in
in terms of bacterial content for raw milk. summer, and only 3 -2 per cent, of the samples
For pasteurized milk, not more tTian 30,000 were satisfactory, showing the presence of
bacteria p^r c.cm. if tuberculin-tested, other- coliform organisms in up to 0-1 c.cm. and
wise not nii^re than 100,000 bacteria per c.cm. their absence in 0 -01 c.cm. as allowed in
are allowed. In the U.S.A. standards vary England for tuberculin tested milk.
in different states. But according to the
If the normal variation in the leucocyte
standard that is frequently adopted. Grade A count is regarded as ranging between 50,000
certified milk should not show more than and 1,000,000 per c.cm., then 91 -8 per cent,
10,000 bacteria per c.cm. Grade A pasteurized of milk samples were satisfactory and only
not more than: 200,000 per c.cm. before 7-1 per cent, of the milk samples suspicious,
pasteurization and not more than 10,000 per the count being above one million per
c.cm. after pasteurization ; Grade B not above c.cm.
1 million per c.cm. before and not more than
The contamination of milk by bacteria
50,000 after pasteurization. Grade C may takes place during the v.irious stages of its
have more than 1 million per c.cm. before production, transit and sale, due to dirty
pasteurization but should not contain more handling, adulteration witi' dirty water, transit
than 50,000 per c.cm. after pasteurization.
under insanitary conditions, in vessels not
I
• Taken from Indian Medical Gazatte, Jan. 1946.
72
MINERAL POISONS AFFECTING STOCK
BY D .
H . LE SOUEF
T ^ H E following is as general a treatment as
••• possible of the manner in which stock
may gain access to poisons, the symptoms
which follow, and the common antidotes and
general preventive measures necessary to avoid
a recurrence.
Lead
The poisonous forms of lead are litharge,
red lead (used in paint and for plumbing),
white lead (the common pigment, also used in
the manufacture of linoleum and oil-cloth),
lead arsenate (for spraying fruit trees), and the
common metallic lead.
Most common source of lead poison is paint.
Victims are usually cattle which have an
apparent liking for the sweet taste and several
cases of poisoning in this way have been
reported.
Another known case is where two cows died
suddenly with acute symptoms arising from
arsenate of lead spray.
The acute symptoms are colic, convulsions,
coma, blindness, coldness of extremities, and
passing of hard black faeces. Symptoms may
appear after the first day and up to a week
from the time of taking the poison.
Horses are less susceptible than cattle, pigs,
or sheep. Birds, however, are most susceptible
to this poison and care must be taken when
painting a fowl run or, more particularly, a
cage for members of the parrot family which
cling to the wire. Treatment, which is likely
to be successful if started in good time, consists of a drench of Epsom salts (6 oz. to
cattle) followed by raw milk and tea or coffee,
brewed strong and allowed to cool.
Arsenic
Arsenic occurs in a poisonous or toxic form
in weed-killers, wheat-dressings, and sheep-dip.
As an oxide (white arsenic) it is almost insoluble and not dangerous, but the alkaline salts
of. sodium and potassium are readily soluble.
These salts which are mixed with sulphur, soap,
and so on to form sheep dip contain about
20 per cent, of soluble arsenic, and 3 per cent.,
insoluble arsenious sulphide for protection
between dippings.
Most danger comes from dips. Dipping
rams while hot after droving and allowing
stock to graze over pasture contaminated by
the overflow from dip and draining pens are
known to have been factors contributing to
arsenic poisoning.
When poisoning occurs, symptoms of acute
gastritis with colic, thirst and great weakness,
staggering, straining, and so on are quickly
apparent. Death usually occurs within a day
or two, but stock sometimes die so quickly
that symptoms are not noticed. »
Cattle and dogs should not be dipped or
sprayed in a dip prepared for sheep as the
poison may be taken by the mouth or through
broken skin.
Directions for mixing dip should be followed carefully. When practicable, administer
emetics and purgatives, then, with small
animals, milk or egg white. Antidotes are
calcined magnesia or ferric hydroxide, but oil
with limewater and linseed tea, which are more
likely to be readily available, are effective. The
dip, of course, should be washed off the skin.
Zinc
Zinc has caused losses mainly of pigs. Main
source of the poison is now galvanized piping
from which the lining has been dissolved by
the acids of stale milk. The zinc passes into
the milk in a soluble form.
Pigs have been
affected on several farms, the symptoms being
swelling and tenderness of the joints, with
consequent lameness, loss of condition and
death. The antidote for zinc poisoning is
carbonate or bicarbonate of soda with demulcents such as raw milk or white of egg. Usually, however, the symptoms are noticed after
the trouble has gone too far for effective
treatment. Prevention should be the aim.
The pipes should be washed out with water.
The water must be discarded before pumping
the milk through to the pig troughs or holding
barrel. These precautions are necessary only
while the pipes are new. Once the surface
has corroded the danger is past.
Carbolic acid
Carbolic acid, a coal tar derivative, has
frequently caused coal poisoning, mainly in
small animals. Dogs and cats are highly
susceptible to this drug in its various compounds—creosote, phenol, and so on—which
are used as disinfectants in skin dressings and
for baths. Symptoms are muscular twitchings
followed by paralysis, vomiting, and weakness.
Death or slow recovery results. The poison
can be absorbed through skin broken by
scratching or biting, ag with dogs suffering
from eczema. Trouble is known to have
pccyrrgd when carbolic soap was used in giving
73
74
an enema and again when a disinfectant was
put in a bath to kill fleas. The lethal dose
through the alimentary tract is 1 oz. for a
horse and 1 to 2 drachms for a dog. The
amount absorbed through the skin cannot be
measured. Flesh after death by poisoning will
give the characteristic smell. The antidote is
Glauber salts (sodium sulphate) administered
in solution by the mouth, and, of course, any
carbolic of the skin should be washed off
with plenty of water.
Strychnine
Strychnine, as a common rabbit poison, is
used by many stock owners. Care should be
exercised in handling this poison because of
the rapid and serious effect it has on farm
animals and, indeed, on the careless rabbiter
who does not wash his hands before handling
food.
At least one farmer is said to have reported
his kill after a rabbit drive as 'two hundred
rabbits, two dogs, and three pigs'! He had
neglected to tie his dogs up until all the rabbits
had been collected. He had mixed up the
strychnine in a shearing shed also and the pigs
had had access to the shed.
Strychnine is present in the seeds of plants
such as nux vomica and is used as a tonic and
stimulant in medicine. Used for rabbiting,
however, it is a white crystalline' powder,
coloured pink artificially for safety, &nd in
this form is a much more powerful poison.
Symptoms are shown in a powerful stimulus
to the nervous system, especially the spinal
cord, and tetanic spasms, with curvature of the
back, tenseness and quivering of the muscles,
are evident. Respiration is arrested and death
occurs from asphyxiation. The antidote which
must be printed on the poison container is a
strong mixture of mustard and water or a
strong salt solution to induce vomiting and
so get rid of £he poison. This should be
followed by strong tea or coffee brewed and
allowed to stand. Care must be taken that the
fluid does not enter the lungs during a spasm.
The remedy must be quickly administered.
Tobacco and chlorodyne have been found
effective as cures.
Caustic soda
Caustic soda has been known to cause poisoning of pigs and calves. Used in and about
cow sheds for cleaning machines and so on it
is liable to get into utensils for feeding milk.
It is a strong alkali and has a corrosive action,
burning the tissues of the mouth and stomach.
The antidote is a weak acid solution such a§
vinegar or lemon which should be given at
once, although after burning has occurred
healing will be slow.
Common salt
Poisoning by sodium chloride or commpn
salt has been reported among cattle, sheep,
pigs, dogs, and poultry, the symptoms varying
in the different species, but showing mostly in
intense pain, dullness, diarrhoea, vomiting,
collapse, and death. Sometimes the salt has
been fed by mistake or has heen added to food
for medicinal purposes in excess of a safe
amount. Trouble has occurred through rock
salt becoming dissolved in rain water caught
in troughs, and the strong solution drunk by
stock. Water or food containing 1 -5 per cent,
and upwards of sodium chloride have caused
symptoms in stock and poultry and should be
regarded as dangerous. Treatment consists of
giving emetics such as mustard and water,
followed by stimulants such as strong tea and
demulcents such as milk and white of egg.—
Reproduced from "New Zealand Journal of
Agriculture'", January 1946.
The commercial dairy cow
• A cow to be commercially profitable in our
dairy should yield a minimum of 3,250 lb. of
milk per year.
Cost of cow Rs. 750
ASSETS—1. Profit of milk (8 lb. per rupee) Rs.
over feed cost ..
.. 184
2. Manure value
..
.. 60
Total
244
DEBIT— 1. Annual replacement deprecia- Rs.
tion
..
..
.. 125
2. 10 per cent, profit on investment
..
..
.. 75
3. Labour and miscellaneous
charges
..
..
..
44
Total
244
Our best cow last year gave an annual yield
of 6,870 -8 lb. leaving Rs. 433 for our profit
on our investment. The best registered Red
Sindhi (Birquee Registration No. 0407 in her
first lactation) gave an annual yield of 5,448 -3
lb., with Rs. 335 profit on the investment.
In our herd 65 cows gave from 10 to 58 per
cent, on our investment last year. Commercial
dairies are possible in India, We have one.
Feeds & Fodders
FEEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH MILCH COWS
BY DR. B. NARASIMHA IYENGAR, B.A.,
Retired Director of Agriculture
•pEEDING Experiments with milch cows to
•*• find out the influence of wheat bran and
rice bran on the quantity &nd quality of milk
were conducted on The Palace Dairy Farm
at Rayanakere, Mysore, in 1923. 24 Scindhi
tows were selected for the purpose and divided
into 3 groups of 8 animals each after taking
into consideration the previous history of each
animal with regard to date of calving, period of
lactation and daily yield of milk. The selected
animals were kept under observation for 17
days from 26th June 1923 and the actual
experimental feeding began on 13th July 1923.
A general idea of each group of animals
selected for experimental work is gained by
figures given below.—
1
Group number
2
3
101
Average number of days in milk 101
100
from date of calving to end of
June 1923
Average daily milk yield per head
13-7 13-7 14.2
in lbs. from date of calving to
June end
During month of June • •
12-7 12-8 13-4
During observation period
., 11-3 12-4 12-2
Average production of batter-fat
3-8
3-9
4-0
in lbs. per head, per week during observation period
1
Tlje rations selected for trial were the following:—Check ration consisting of groundnut
cake, wheat bran, and rice bran in the ratio of
6 : 2 : 1 and fed at the rate of 8 lbs. per head
per day. Ration 1, consisting of 5 lbs. cake
and 3 lbs. wheat bran per head per day.
Ration 2, consisting of 5 lbs. cake and 4 lbs.
rice bran per head per day.
The average weight of each animal was
about 800 lbs., and the amount of digestive
nutrients provided per head per day in fodder
and concentrated feed was sa follows:—
,
In fodder
In concentrated feed
Total lbs.
..
Pioteins
Carbohydrates
fat
1-24
2-48
7-5
1-84
0-08
0-40
3-72
9-34
0-52
PH.D.
in Mysore and Assistant Editor
During the period of experiment lasting for
12 weeks, the various groups were fed as
follows:—
Group 1, on check ration throughout;
Group 2, on ration 2 for 4 weeks, on
ration I for 4 weeks and on check ration for
4 w'eeks; Group 3, on ration 1 for 4 weeks,
on ration 2 for 4 weeks, and on check ration
for 4 weeks.
The animals in each group being in various
stages of lactation, some went dry or showed
a tendency to go dry durirfg the period of
experiment. In calculating the average performance of each group during the various
periods of experiment, the milk yields from
such animals have been discarded from the
stage at which their milk yield went down
suddenly. The average yields of milk for each
group during the experimental period with the
percentage of decrease in milk yield at the end
of various weeks calculated on the yield during
observation period are given below:—
Groups
Average milk
yield in lbs. % of decrease
per head per at end of different weeks
day
I
2
3
1
2
3
Observation period
11-3 12-4 12-2
1st week of experiment . . 10-2 11-1 11-0 9-7 10-5 9-8
2nd
do
10'C 11-2 10-7 5-3 9-7 12-3
3rd
do
10-2 10-9 10'9 9-7 12.1 10-7
4th
do
10-1 11-1 10-9 10-6 10-5 10-7
5th
do
9-7 9-2 9-8 14-1 25-8 20-0
6Vh
do
9-7 9-2 9-8 14-1 25-8 20-0
7th
do
9-9 9-0 9-8 12-4 27-4 20-0
8th
do
9-2 8-5 9-3 18-6 31-4 19-0
9th
do
9-5 8-3 8-8 16-0 33-0 28-0
10th
do
8-4 7-8 8-5 25-7 37-0 30-3
Ilth
do
8.3 8.1 8-fl 26-6 34-7 34-4
12th
do
8.0 8-0 7.8 ,29-2 35-4 36-0
As the rations were changed at the end of
every 4 weeks, the figures that are likely to
give us some idea of the effect of rations are
those during the second week after each change
of rations, that is, dufing the 2nd, 6th and ,
10th weeks of experiment and they are given'
below together with milk yields during the
period of observation;—
75
76
Monthly Bulletin of the ângalore
Groups
Average milk
% of decrease
yield in lbs.
at end of diffper head per erent weeks
day
1
Observation period
2nd week of experiment
6th
do
lOrh
"do
12th
do
2 j 8] 1
2 i 3
n-3 12-4 12-2
10-7 11-2 10-7 5-3 9-7 12-3
9-7 9-2 9-8 14-1 25-8 20-0
8-4 7-8 8-5 25-7 37-0 30-3
H-a 8-0 7-S 2Q-%Z5-4:Z6-Q
The percentage of decrease in yield at the
end of the experimental period has been the
lowest in group I which was fed on check
ration throughout. The ultimate t^&zt of the
Dairy Cattle Society
periodical change of rations has been almost
the same in the other 2 groups.
Figures relating to groups 2 and 3 during
the 2nd week of experiment give us some idea
as to the relative value of rice bran and wheat
bran. Group 2 fed on rice bran ration has
shown a decrease of 9 -7% whereas group 3
fed on wheat bran has shown a decrease of
12 -3% in milk yield.' The effect of feeds during
the second change of rations is seen from
figures for the 6th week. Group 2 which was
fed on wheat bran showed a further decrease of
16-1% in milk yield whereas group 3 fed on
rice bran showed a decrease of only 7 -7%.
Results obtained seem to indicate that milk
yield is depressed more by wheat bran than
by rice bran, and that a feed containing both
produces the minimum amount of decrease.
INDIA'S MILK PRODUCTION
THIRTEEN EVILS OF PRESENT SYSTEM AND THEIR CURE
(13) Dairy equipment is almost nonHE 13 evils confronting India, according
existent.
to Mr. Prepperall, are:
Mr. Pepperall's report to the Government of
(1) Live-stock is in a state of semi-starvation
India gives a clear policy by which these evils
(2) Animal management is very poor;
can be cured. They are summarised under six
(3) Milk production is steadily decreasing;
(4) The human population is increasing principal headings:
(1) The better management of cattle by the
rapidly;
(5) Producers are mostly illiterate, indebted provision of adequate fodder;
(2) The fixation of a reasonabfe price for
an<i poverty-stricken;
(6) The price of milk is the highest in the the producer, which will be as low as possible
for the consumer;
world;
(3) A considerable improvement in hygienic
(7) The average income of the population is
standards;
amongst the lowest in the world;
(4) A ban on the export of oil seeds to
(8) There is a widespread adulteration of provide
more food for Indian cattle;
milk;
(5) The immediate provision of administra(9) There is a total ignorance of sanitation tive machinery under a Director of Milk in
and ?L. complete indifference to hygienic stand- each Province with a central body makmg
ards;"*
decifiions for India as a whole; and
(10) Corruption and a low standard of
(6) The concentration of milk production in
integrity is very common in India;
the fertile areas of India and those scheduled
(11) The general public is apathetic;
for irrigation schemes.
(12) There is a serious neglect of their
duties by the public bodies; and
T
DAIRY FARMING IN GERMANY AND DENMARK
Observations of Mr. Clyde Higgs in the " Agricultural Engineering Record "
URING a recent tour of Germany to we could learn from them, however, is to
examine agricultural conditions in general carry out our cultivations slowly.
Machinery in the farm buildings is an
I saw most phases of farming in the British,
American, and French areas. The large entirely diff"erent matter. Electricity is common
estates are mainly in the Russian zone, into and well used, and the farmers have a partiwhich entrance was restricted, and possibly cular liking for portable electric motors.
may be more mechanized than those in the Many farms, even very small ones, have a
other zones. German farming is, of course, stationary threshing drum, so arranged that
^predominantly of the peasant type; Britain the corn, chaff, and carvings are deposited in
discarded peasant farming some hundreds of thejr proper places without any man-handling.
years ago and is now so highly mechanized The small-holder's house will have electric
that our problem is entirely different from lighting, cooking, heating, and refrigeration—
that of Germany, where very nearly half the all used to the full.
The larger farms are very much the same.
population works on the land, and where, in
1938, the country was 95 per cent, self support- At one of 400 acres, in one piece without
hedge or ditch, no fewer than 70 people sat
ing.
The main tractive power is the triple purpose down to midday dinner. Most of the work
cow, either the red-and-white indigenous or was done by Percheron horses of a fine type,
the black-and-white imported at some time and even the stallion did his share of pulling
from Holland. The cow fits in with the the small implements. In contrast to the
economy of peasant farming and, strong primitive methods on the land, the buildings
supporter of machinery as I am, I cannot see belonging to this farm were very up-to-date,
how she can be replaced. Before doing a and contained an excellent machine for mixing
day's work on the land she produces the artificial fertilizers, the shortage of which is
milk for the household, she bears a calf every the German farmers' chief handicap.
The dairy machinery is very modern, and
year and, when too old to work, she finishes
as either prime steak or sausages. A. pair of pasteurizing plants are common at the larger
steers seen drawing a brewer's dray could farms, most of which have a very complete
easily have taken a first at the Royal show in machinery repair shop. Taking things all
the Shire class. The driver told me that they round, however, I think we know as much
would last for 10 or 15 years and would as, and, possibly, a great deal more than, the
Germans about agricultural machinery.
finish up in the same way as the cow.
Conditions in Denmark
Farms are Small
Denmark has, of course, a different atmosThe ordinary peasant holding is of about
20 acres and usually divided into four or five phere. The Danes have been building up
lots. The house is in the village, so that a their present system for the past 150 years,
good proportion of the farmer's time is occu- and three-quarters of the agriculture is now
pied in travelling. There were tractors of a in the hands of the small owner-occupier.
sort on small-holdings, but they were usually The farming community, that is 30 per cent,
more or less decrepit and remained in build- of the population of Denmark, produce 80 per
ings while the animals did the work. This cent, of her exports. The farming is not of
was not from a shortage of fuel but froin the peasant type; the houses stand on the
land, which is in one piece, and when an
the farmers' choice.
The implements used on the peasant farms estate i s on the market it is bought by the
are toy aS'airs and the one-way (two-way in Government and divided into small lots.
(U.S.) plough is particularly favoured. The • Most of the work is done by horses and
amount of labour available is very striking, there would be a tremendous demand for a
the idea evidently being never to let one man well-designed, light-weight, general purpose
do the job if you can possibly send three, tractor. As in Germany, the equipment on
and it is a common sight to see one man the land is behindhand while that in the
leading the horse, another walking behind the buildings is very good. I did not find a single
drill, and a third at the side, his only job farm without electricity. The electric fence
appearing to be that of umpire. One thing has solved one of Denmark's chief problems;
D
77
7%
previously most of the animals were tethered,
now the countryside is festooned with wire
connected to electric fences and then directly
to the electric main.
Dairy Machinery Advanced
In contrast to this the dairy machinery is
wonderfully up-to-date, and the station for
testing it could be taken as a model. This
station not only tests machines very extensively, but runs as a commercial proposition
and makes a substantial profit. The milk of
the district comes in on a co-operative basis
and is. either used as liquid milk or converted
into butter or cheese. Milking machines are
fairly common but cannot be used on farms
producing milk for children, where milking
must be done by workers who pass a doctor's
inspection every month. The cow-sheds are
up-to-date, and every animal is usually tied
up; it is an amusing sight to see the old bulls
at one end of the line and the baby calves,
three days old, at the other. Every farm has
a liquid manure pump, and great efforts are
made to site the manure bury so as to reduce
the .amount of handling, which is done by
forks and not by machines.
There is considerable labour trouble on the
land. The young people wish to get into the
towns in spite of being offered high wages and
comfortable quarters, and it seems that the
farmers' solution will be full mechanization
with a reduction in labour.
NEW MILK SUPPLY SCHEME FOR HYDERABAD CITY
HE formation of Co-operative Credit, production estimated at 3,600 lbs. per day for
Societies or "Gowlies", the extension of" distribution under hygienic conditions to the
the Cattle-Breeding Farm in Himayatsagar, consumers. The scheme envisages the establishthe opening of dry cattle farms and the giving ment of 20 Co-operative Credit Societies.
of subsidies to private dairy enterprises are
The second scheme comprises the extension
the four schemes which the Nizam's Govern- of the existing cattle breeding farm at Himament have drawn up with a view to augmenting yatsagar and aims at maintaining 1,100 head
milk supply in the city of Hyderabad.
of cattle to supply approximately 6,000 lbs. of
It is hoped that by these schemes the present milk daily to the City. The third scheme
supply of milk to the City will be increased contemplates the maintaining of milch cattle
by about 18,000 lbs. a day. The proposed during the 'dry' period. For 'this purpose,
co-operative organisations and the subsidised salvage farms will be opened in the reserved
private farms will be the chief feeder agencies forest.
to a Central Milk Supply Union which will
The fourth scheme is based upon the granting
be established in the City proper. The various of subsidies in the shape of interest-free loans
grants under all the above-mentioned schemes, to the owners of private dairy farms to enable
will be included in the budget of the Veterinary them to expand their business on improved
Department.
lines under the technical advice and 'superThefi^rstscheme contemplates the supply of vision of the Veterinary Department. This
good milcb cattle to "Gowlies" at concession scheme is estimated to produce, an additional
rates and collection of a part of their daily supply of 8,000 lbs. of milk per day.
T
covered or not properly covered, and due to
the dipping into it of extraneous substances
such as date leaves and straw, and of hands
of customers and sellers in the market place.
Pasteurization of milk in Calcutta is not
under proper control, and it gave a total
bacterial count sometimes similar to that of
raw milk, the average counts varying between
375,000 per c.cm. to 33 million per c.cm.,
and coliform organisms being present in
1 c.cm. or less in 20 out of 21 samples.
In India, the milk regulations are defective
sterilization of milk vesssels is not imperative;
there are no provisions for bacterial examina-
tion of milk for control of bacterial content,
nor is there any provision for pasteurization
of milk. There are no milk bacteriological
standards in India. It is suggested that'the
defects in the regulation be amended forthwith
and milk bacteriological standards set up.
Milk bacteriological standards for India
should be fixed after say three to four years
running of model dairy farms by government
or municipality and based on the results of
bacteriological examinations done during this
period on milk produced under proper
hygienic conditions in those dairies. Provisional standards are s\x%g%tQi.—Extracted from
"A Provisional Milk Standard for India".
j
Bull. Visited the Dry Cattle Farm once during
"The following members were enrolled during the month.
the month:—
Ordinary Members—
1. A. C. Das, Esq., B.P.E., M.Ed., General
(a) Warrior.—Covered one cow during May
Secretary, Y.M.C.A., Cenotaph Road, Banga- 1947, thus making a total of 77 cows.
lore City.
2. H. Kapoor, Esq., No. 1, Union Street, May 1947 of which 16 cows belonged to the
Bangalore, C.M.S.
The following member resigned:—
B. V. Subba Rao, Esq., Chamarajpet, Bangalore City.
IMPROVEMENT OF MILK STRAINS
BY ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION
VETERINARY AID
The Bangalore Dairy Cattle Society have
40 Animals were treated during May 1947
for different ailments. Six retention of pla- arranged with the Special Ofiicer of the Indian
centa cases were attended to. Four Calcium Dairy Research Institute to offer to the members
Gluconate injections were given to a cow a free artificial insemination to cows of membi-weekly. Alkaline douchings were given on bers of the Society. We have been assured
two cows which were coming very often to that the semen is being obtained from highly
cestrum even though they Were given the pedigreed animals.
Will members interested in this scheme kindly
bull, and then they were sent to the bull for
service. One cow which was going down contact the Hon. Secretary ('phone 85) or
All
day by day was sent to the hospital for rasp- write to him at No. 2, Sydney Road.
ing the molass. Stilboestrol injections were requisition to be received at the above address
given on 3 heifers and a cow for bringing before 12 noon and arrangements will be made
about oestrum but none came to oestrum, for injection between 4 to 5 p.m. The animals
and again another dose was given after to be brought to No. 2, Sydney Road by 12
10 days to the three heifers.
Stilboestrol noon with the current membership card.
iijjections were given on 3 cows to stimuM. V, KRISHNfASWAMI,
late the mammary glands to increase the
Hon. Secretary,
milk yield but found no improvement; the
The Bangalore Dairy Cattle Society.
same injection was given on three cows to
remove the placenta. Two injections of
Potass. Antimon. Tart was given intraSTORES, LTD.
venously on an heifer suffering from Nasal
Granuloma with an interval of 10 days and the
Prices current for the month of June 1947
animal improved and is progressing well.
Stetement of Prices
Rs. A. p.
Frequent visits were paid almost every day
Wheat bran
per bag
12 8 0
to inspect and to give necessary instructions
(Snpply expected)
Rice
bran
2.
to the calving animals.
6 0 0
3. Buller (Avare) Husk
9 0 0
, 15 Cows calved during the month, of which
Tur
(Togari)
Husk
4.
8 0 0
5 calves were born to the Society's Breeding 5. Bengal gram husk
10 0 0
DO YOU KNOW ?
•Fruit trees? And that they can better the
quality of your fruits ? All progressive Modern
be up-to-date.
subject.
Yearly Rs. 3
INDIAN BEE JOURNAL
6. Buller broken bits 4 .seers
(Supply expected)
„
„
9. Ramtil oil-cake
.,
10. Cotton Seed
II.
„
„
per bag of 140 lbs.
12. Horsegram 2 i seers
Do. broken 2f seers
13.
14. Churu brand per lb.
15. Salt (white) ' 9 s r s .
11 0 0
1 0 0
2 0 0
5 8 0
3 0 Q
4 0 0
22 0 0
1 0 0
1 0 0
0 4 0
1 0 0
n . Monthly Progress Statement Rs, A, P.
No, of Members during May 1947 ..
..
4
Total No. of Members upto the end of May 1947 314
No. of Shares alloted during May 1947
..
14
Total No. of Shares upto the end of May 1947
1,147
(exclusive of 5 shares withdrawn)
Total Sales up to the end of May 1947 49,054 6 2
710.47—Printed ett tha Bandore Press, Bangalore City, by O. Srinivasa Rao, Superintendent, and Published by
Raj«l«T»skt!i A, K. Yaina Naravan Aiyer, M.A. (Madras), N.D.D. (England), Dip. A|rie. (Cantab-). Editor, "Monthly Ballttin
of the Baagalsre Dairy Cattle Soeiety," Banjalon
Use Mysore Paints
SHELLAC AND OIL PAINTS
.^^x
%
TRADE
MARK
Manufactured by
Mysore Government Lac and Paint Works
DURABIUTY
EASE OF APPLICATION
FINISH
For particulars, please refer to:
THE OFFICER IN CHARGE
MYSORE GOVERNMENT LAC AND PAINT WORKS
Ediga, MYSORE
MONTHLY BULLETIN
OF
£t/jfor;—RAJASEVASAKTA A. K. YEGNA NARAYAN AIYER, M.A.
-
Associate-Editor:—DR. B. NARASIMHA IYENGAR, PH.D.
Vol. VI]
JULY 1947
[No. 7
PAOE
PAGE
MILK AND M O K PRODUCTS—
Milk in the Tropics and Sub-Tropics
By Dr. Norman C. might, M.A., D.Sc, Ph.D. 8.1
VANASPATI
By G. Ford, B.Sc. (Land.), A.R.I.C.
^-* TUB îsrrOR.
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OBITUARY
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FROM FAR & NEAR . .
FEEDS AND FODDIRS—
Groundnut Cake as Feed for Young Stock
By Dr. B. Narasimha Iyengar, B.A., PhD.
SAVE YOUR SOIL
VETERINARY AID
. 86
87
89
90
90
90
MILK IN THE TROPICS AND SUB-TROPICS*
BY DR. NORMAN C . WRIGHT, M . A., D.Sc, P H . D .
Director of the Hannah Dairy Research Institute
Low Rate of Milk- Consumption
Tropical Temperatures
kR. WRIGHT made it clear that he would
Continuing, Dr. Wright said that there
not be dealing with what, in his view, were two main factors to consider—the natural
was the most important of all problems of and social aspects. In regard to the former,
tropical and sub-tropical dairying, namely, the temperature was by far the most important,
production of a total milk output which was since this affected the handling and treatment
more consistent with the nutritional needs of of milk and milk products at all stages.
the human population. The per capita milk
Even in the relatively moderate temperature
consumption in these primitive areas was, in levels of the northern Mediterranean countries
most instances, pitifully small in comparison peak figures of 90° to 100° F. were not unusual
with human requirements. In Ceylon it was in the hottest summer months. Thus even
less than \\ oz. per head of population per if milk were produced under reasonably clean
day; in India it varied from less than 1 oz. conditions its life must necessarily be short
to as high as 10 oz. in different areas, but while the keeping quality of contaminated
aveyiged no higher than 7oz., and in most milk would be measured in terms almost of
Middle East territories thefigureswere of the minutes rather than hours.
A mountainous terrain such as that of
same order. And these figures included milk
consumed both as liquid and as milk products. Greece involved special problems of transport.
In comparison, and taking into account the The nomadic methods of stock husbandry
liquid milk equivalent of our imported dairy which were inseparable from the vast semiproducts, our own iigure reached nearly 40 oz. desert areas of the Middle East effectively
per head per day, in the immediate pre-war prevented the removal of milk from the producing areas to urban centres except in an
years.
exceptionally stable manufactured foriB^ while
the existence in India of vast numbers of iso* Extracted from a lecture, published in Dairyman,
lated
villages, made the collection of milk and
March 1947.
D'
81
82
its despatch to consuming areas exceptionally
difficult.
Class of Livestock
Climate and topography were together
responsible for the class of livestock from which
the milk; was derived, continued the lecturer.
In Mediterranean and Near-East countries,
the sheep and goat frequently predominated,
and in the southern areas of the Middle East,
in India, in Ceylon and most other tropical
territories either the zebu cow or the buffalo
was the premier milking animal. The composition of the milk of these various classes
of stock differed markedly from that of the
British dairy cow. Sheep, goats and zebu
cattle produced milk of four to six per cent,
fat content, while the buffalo might give the
phenomenal figure of from six to nine or even
ten per cent.
It had been estimated that in the pre-war
years the average per capita income in India
was in the neighbourhood of £5 per year, and
the figures for other areas were probably
similar. As a result, the producer was unable
to purchase even what we considered to be
the bare essentials for clean milk production.
There was a marked difference in the ratio
of rural to urban populations between the
western industriaUsed countries and the more
backward eastern countries. In Britain 80 per
cent, of the population resided in urban areas,
whereas in India the position was reversed—
some 90 per cent, lived in rural areas. This
involved a fundamental difference in marketing. In India (and the same applied to practically all tropical and sub-tropical territories)
most consumers were either themselyes producers or else lived in close proximity to
producers in a single village community.
Soured milk was held by the Indian villager
to be a "cooling" drink, more suited to the
hot climate of the country than unsoured
milk. Without definite evidence to the contrary, should we be justified in overruling what
was clearly a centuries-old custom which might
well have been founded on an empirical but
nevertheless sound physiological basis ?
Re-contamination Problem
Turning to the handling of liquid milk.
Dr. Wright observed that it was of primary
importance to realise that in practically every
territory, from the Mediterranean to the
equator, milk, unless it was consumed warm
from the animal, was invariably boiled at the
site of production and in the house, while in
the bazaars it was even kept simmering by the
vendor. This custom went far towards removing the very great dangers of the spread
of milk-borne disease.
The real problem was not the safety of the
milk so much as its keeping quaUty during
transport, owing to the inadequate containers
in which it was carried. It was therefore
frequently subject to re-contamination as dustproof lids were not used. The containers were
not usually dirty—they were generally brilliantly burnished by means of fine mud and
wood ashes and thereafter generously exposed
to the intense heat and light of the tropical
sun.
The tendency had been to locate production
as near as possible to the site of consumption.
In its most primitive form this involved the
use of the so-called "itinerant cow," which
was walked from door to door and milked
into the purchaser's own container.
Next in order of evolution was the so-called
"town dairy" in which complete herds of
milking stock were kept within the city
boundaries. This was, however, recognised as
being an insanitary practice, rightly deprecated
by Health Authorities. The banning of the
"town dairy" had resulted in the establishment at many city boundaries of "suburban
dairies".
Milk Products
When considering the products of milk it
might justly be said, Dr. Wright pointed out,
that these, though primitively manufactured,
were ideally adapted to meet the local environmental conditions and social needs.
Ghee Was essentially a form of dehydrated
or "clarified" butterfat. Butter, as we knew
it, contained a relatively high proportion of
water. While this conferred on the butter
certain desirable physical characteristics, it also
rendered it specially liable to deterioration
when stored for long periods or at high temperatures. This disadvantage had been overcome in sub-tropical and tropical countries by
effecting the removal of the whole of the
moisture by boiling over a slow fire.
The actual technique of ghee-making was
roughly as follows. The original milk, usually
in quantities of one to five gallons, was boiled
and then inoculated with a portion of the
previous day's soured milk. After acid development had coagulated the mass it was
churned in situ without separation, the milk
fat separating ou,t in the form of grains which,
by over-churning, were collected into lumps^
"
VANASPATI
BY G . FORD, B.SC. (LOND.), A . R . I . C .
Factory Manager, The Hindustan Vanaspati Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Bombay
read with interest the article entitled
I HAVE
"The Vanaspati or Vegetable Ghee Indus-
t r y " in the March 1947 issue of your excellent
Bulletin, and I should be grateful if you would
grant me space in the Bulletin to make the
following additional comments. (We do so
with great pleasure.—Ed.)
The author of the article referred to is
satisfied that Vanaspati has the same nutritive
value as the liquid oil from which it is made;
but he expresses concern about the danger of
nickel being present in Vanaspati, at its
slightly reduced rate of absorption, about the
expense and lack of advantages of hydrogenation, and at the danger of adulteration of
ghee.
With regard to nickel, modern refining
methods ensure that nickel is completely
removed from Vanaspati. Even so, the danger
which is popularly attributed to nickel is nonexistent. Most of the common edible vegetables contain small quantities of nickel.
Research work in Europe has demonstrated
that nickel is harmless to human beings, and
upto half a gram can be ingested daily without
ill effects. Bertrand and co-workers in Science
(1926), Volume 64, page 629, adduce evidence
that small quantities of nickel are essential for*
the efficient functioning of the human pancreas.
The slightly reduced rate of absorption of
hydrogenated oils as compared with unhydrogenated oils is not of very great significance, because the values for hydrogenated
oils of melting point below 40° C. are within
the limits for popular natural oils such as
mustard oil. The slight reduction in the rate
of absorption of oils after hydrogenation does
not mean that they are absorbed quantitatively
to a lesser extent. The very thorough experiments of Langworthy in the U.S.A. on human
sybjects have proved conclusively that the
digestibility of hydrogenated oils with melting
points upto about 40° C. is substantially the
same as that of butter-fat or natural oils.
The Government of India have specified that
the melting point of Vanaspati must not
exceed 37° C. in order to ensure its digestibility. It may be mentioned that Professor
Godbole of Benares Hindu University has
determined the melting point of many samples
of ghee and has found that it may rise as high
as 42° C.
Hydrogenation and refining confer the
following positive advantages on vegetable
oils: Firstly, existing products of rancidity
are removed and the tendency of the oils to
become again rancid and eventually unfit for
human consumption is greatly reduced; this
is economically and hygienically important in
our country, where the climate makes it
difficult to store food in a fresh condition
from one harvest to the next, because it has
now been demonstrated that consumption of
rancid fat may cause pathological conditions
such as anaemia, dermatitis, and reproductive
failure [Quackenbush, "Oil and Soap" (1945),
Volume 22, page 336]. Secondly, hydrogenation changes crude liquid oil into a freshtasting and palatable plastic fat with improved
cooking properties. Thirdly, hydrogenated oils
leak out of the vessels in which they are
contained to a much smaller extent than liquid
oils, so that the consumer (and the country
as a whole) does not lose a proportion of
a valuable foodstuff. Hydrogenation is not
^n expensive process, and its cost amounts to
only about 3 to 4% of the total price of
Vanaspati, which includes the cost of the
crude oil, refining, flavouring, hygienic packing,
etc., as well as hydrogenation.
The question of adulteration of ghee, while
admittedly real, need not be a source of
worry. Vana spati is probably the least of many
other more readily available materials used for
adulteration. By order of the Government of
India, Vanaspati must now contain 5% Sesame
oil so that it can be readily detected when
used as an adulterant for ghee. If a proper
analytical control, backed up by the processes
of law, is maintained over the sale of ghee,
the adulteration of ghee with Vanaspati will'
soon be eliminated.
Finally, it may be said that the reason why
people buy Vanaspati is because it furnishes
a palatable, hygienic, and health-promoting
addition to an otherwise restricted diet. The
quantity of real ghee available in the country
is so small that Vanaspati cannot adversely
affect its consumption, rather would it help
consumers to utilise the small quantities of
ghee available to better advantage. By stimulating agriculture, the Vanaspati industry
makes a valuable contribution to the basic
economy of the country.
83
84
Monthly Bulletin of the Bangalore Dairy Cattle Sociely
BY THE EDITOR
'T'HE following A.P.I, message which appeared
•*• in the newspapers may be of interest
in this connection:—"The Indian Institute of
Science has taken up a major programme of
animal feeding experiments, human metabolism studies as also institutional feeding to
elucidate the nutritive value of Yanaspati
when fed to people receiving the South Indian
diet.
The work will be done both in Bangalore
and Mysore. The Dairy Research Institute of
Bangalore will also be conducting experiments on the same subject (Bangalore, June
18)."
It would thus appear that one has to reserve
any definite opinion regarding the suitability
of Vanaspati.
Science however can work
wonders and it is quite possible that perfection
in safety and suitability as a human food may
be attained in its manufacture. Our point
however was among others that in a country
where both custom and chmatic conditions
favour the use of the hquid oils as such for
direct consumption, the need for converting
them into solid products hardly exists. It may
be interesting to recall that during the last
War, it was suggested that for the use of the
troops in the tropics melted butter or "butter
oil" should be sent instead of butter, as under
the tropical temparature the butter in the tins
was found to melt and separate out into water,
fat and cmd..—{Reported in "Îndian Farming,"
April 1943.)
These were removed by hand, the excess
soured milk being squeezed out. Daily outputs
of this so-called "country butter" were collected
for a period of several days and were then
boiled over a medium but steady fire. The
scum was skimmed off, and when effervescence had ceased—îndicating thp complete
elimination of all moisture—the mass was
allowed to settle and the clear fat was then
removed to separate containers for storage or
sale.
The advantage of this process from the
point of view of the preservation of the butter
fat in a hot tropical climate was obvious
while the fact that the product could be made
on a household basis and with a minimum
of expensive mechanical equipment indicated
its valuable adaptation to the social condi-
tions of the small peasant producer. But
perhaps its most significant advantage was
that it left the greater and more valuable part
of the milk—the nonrfatty soHds contained in
the soured milk—for the use of the peasant
and his family. Thus there was no question
of the disposal of surplus by-products—a
problem which would be virtually insoluble
if manufacture were to be centralised at large
processing factories. ^
Ghee might truly be taken as an example
of a product which was almost perfectly
adapted to both the natural and the social
environmental factors of the tropics. Indeed,
the introduction of modern methods of production involving the use of mechanical separators had resulted in a loss of flavour which
—to many—made the product insipid and
unattractive.
OBITUARY
We regret to announce the sad demise of
Rao Bahadur Dr. C. B. Rama Rao', B.A.,
M.D., on 13th July 1947. We offer our
sincere condolences to the members of the
bereaved family.
PENICILLIN AND MASTITIS
ENICILLIN was released recently to quarter, and in more severe cases up to about
veterinary surgeons for general use with- 50,000 units.
The questions of repetition of dose and the
out restriction. It is expected to have a significant effect upon the treatment of animal best time to administer the drug have been
disease in Britain, and in particular upon given considerable attention. It would seem
that the best time to use penicillin is after
treatment of bovine mastitis.
The drug became available to American the cow has been milked, and that the most
veterinary surgeons, however, two years ago, successful results follow five treatments after
and there is evidence of its usefulness in cases five consecutive milkings.
of mastitis. It is true that penicillin has
'
Results Achieved
previously been used on a limited scale in this
Using
these
methods,
what results have been
connexion in Britain, but comparatively little
achieved
?
Here
again
it is difficult as yet
has been published about this work.
to
give
a
definite
reply
because the findings
The evidence at present available is that
of
research
workers
have
been reported in so
penicillin is non-irritant to the udder and
many
different
ways
and
have been used on
causes no upset either locally or generally.
It is highly effective in many cases of strepto- such widely different kinds of cases. But it
coccal mastitis (by far the most common type), seems that in cases of mastitis due to Streptoand is. effective also in some cases of staphylococcus agalactiae, cures (determined by bacteriological, not merely clinical, examination)
coccal mastitis.
been obtained in 70 to 80 per cent, of
The best way to use penicillin is by direct have
cases.
infusion into the udder. If the drug is given
Treatment of cases of staphylococcal mastitis
by mouth it is largely destroyed before it has
has
been less successful. In fact it appears
a chance to act. If it is inoculated intravenously, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously, certain now—despite such bright hopes to the
it reaches a high concentration in the blood contrary-- that some cases of mastitis, both
in a very short time, and is thereafter rapidly streptococcal and staphylococcal, will never be
lost through the kidneys and urine. But when cured by penicillin.
A paper pubhshed very recently in Britain
inoculated directiy up the teat canal, a high
by
research workers attached to a well-known
concentration is obtained almost immediately
commercial
drug firm includes a brief report
in the milk, and this concentration falls only
on
the
treatment
with penicillin of that highly
gradually over a period of hours.
dangerous form of disease known as "summer"
Suitable Dosage
mastitis. It could not be checked, and no
There is, to date, no general agreement as improvement was noted even when large
to the most suitable dosage of penicillin for doses of penicillin were used.
The position to-day, then, is that peniciUin
mastitis, nor is it established how often treatment should be repeated. Dosage of the drug has been given a preliminary trial against
is usually expressed in terms of the international bovine mastitis. It has been found to be very
unit, which represents only a very small safe to use, and has been highly effective in
quantity. It is more simple, therefore, in many certain types of cases. Its effectiveness is, as.
cases, to deal with the mega unit of one million yet, rather a matter of guesswork, but the
units. Thus, published recommendations as indications are that a number of cases of
Jo dosage in cases of mastitis vary from mastitis hitherto incurable may be successfully
10,000 to 200,000 units per quarter, and this treated with the drug, which is easy to use and
may be repeated up to a maximum of eight keeps fairly well in a cool, dry place. Relatively, it is not expensive.
times.
But penicillin is no more of a universal
The general principle followed has been to
give either a large dose once, or a smaller remedy for animal illnesses than it is in human
dose repeated several times. It is a little medicine. Used with discrimination it will
difficult, therefore, to compare results reported undoubtedly save the milk of many a fine
by one research worker with those claimed cow, and it is likely that as its special pecuby another, but from data so far published liarities become more thoroughly understood
it appears that the most useful dose in mild so will its efficiency increase.—" Dairyman,"
cases of mastitis is about 20,000 units per March 194?,
P
85
From Far & Near
Milk Supply Scheme in Hyderabad
HE Nizam's Government have agreed to
help those persons who wish to establish
dairy farms on hygienic lines and supply good
milk at a cheap rate to the public of Hyderabad
City, says a Government Press Note issued
recently. The Government will also render
assistance to dairy farms and centres established by the Government, by giving interestfree loans.
Loans will" be given on instalment basis,
but no instalment will exceed Rs. 10,000.
The borrower should repay the loan in equal
instalments spread over a period of 5 to 10
years.
For getting the first instalment of Rs. 10,000,
some immovable property as security will have
to be mortgaged with the Government.
Further security will be needed for the second
instalment. But in this case, the cattle owned
will be accepted at 50 per cent, of their cost
as security if the Director of the Veterinary
Department certifies to that effect. Alternatively, certification by an officer duly authorised for the purpose will be necessary to the
effect that the borrower had utilised 75 per
cent, of the first loan in purchasing cattle and
had kept them in good condition.
The Supply Department will afford all
facilities to the borrower for the purchase of
fodder at controlled rates. The Government
will locate pasture lands nearest to the dairy
farms, and will also make available medical
advice for the proper 'upkeep of the cattle.
The Government will also provide machinery
and plants at their own cost for the efficient
running of the farms.
The borrower will have to supply milk
from his Dairy Farm to the Government at
a prescribed rate. In case the latter refused
to buy this milk, the former would be at
liberty to sell it as he liked.
*
*
*
Madras Cattle Breeding and Milk Supply
"In order to promote the cattle wealth of
the province, Government feel that Co-operative Milk Supply Unions and selected
Societies should be encouraged through
their members to improve the breed of their
cattle and for this purpose a scheme for
the supply of breeding bulls to such societies
is under, the consideration of Government.
The supply of these bulls to Land Colonisation Co-operative Societies is also under
their consideration. The Government are
sanctioning interest-free loans to members
of Milk Supply Unions for the purchase
T
" 86
of milch animals. During the year 1947-48,
the Government have placed Rs. 4-30 lakhs
at the disposal of the Registrar of Cooperative Societies for this purpose.
"A three-year plan for the development of
urban milk supply drawn up by the Registrar
of Co-operative Societies has been recommended by Government to the Government
of India. The scheme provides for wide
expansion of Co-operative Milk Supply Organisations with adequate provision for technical
administrative and supervising staff. Government hoped to ensure through this system
unadulterated, pure and effective supply of
milk by setting up electrical machinery for
bottling milk untouched by hand on modern
lines. It is also our object to open a large
Dairy and manufacture all dairy products.
"There is a proposal to organise a Milk
Supply Union at Ambur in the North Arcot
District with six feeder societies around the
town to provide employment to ex-tappers. It
is proposed to sanction a subsidy at the rate
of Rs. 100 per mensem to each of the six
feeder societies for six months and to sanction
the free services of a Co-operative Senior
Inspector to attend to the work of the Union
for six months. Such provision of work for
ex-tappers, if successful, can be extended to
other prohibition areas also and so help to
relieve not only unemployment but milk
shortage also."
Ik
«
*
Dairying in London—1800 A.D.
Some 4,550 cows were kept within the city,
in parts like Tottenham Court Road, Paddington, Grays Inn Lane and Islington. Many of
these cows never breathed the air of a field.
They were kept in stalls built in backyards to
some of which the only approach was through
the house itself. Some cows were even kept
in cellars. The more fortunate were brought
out of the stalls after milking and given the
freedom of a yard, the floor of which was
recommended to be made of Hme-rubbish,
chalk, etc., to prevent poaching and for easy
cleaning.
The favourite breed was the large Shorthorn
bred in Holderness, Yorkshire. The animals
were heavily fed and, if contemporary reports
can be accepted, gave an annual yield of about
800 gallons which is well above the estimated
annual yield of all breeds to-day.
Meadow hay, cut young several times
during the season and cured to a nice green
was sold in large quantities but the great
Feeds & Fodders
GROUNDNUT CAKE AS FEED FOR YOUNG STOCK
By D R . B. NARASIMHA IYENGAR, B.A.,
PH.D.
Retired Director of Agriculture and Associate Editor
HE experiments described Jbelow jvere and October 1921 in the case of animals fed
carried out on the Mysore Palace Dairy on bran and cake, and between July and
Farm.atRayanakere, and the first of the series October 1922, i.e., exactly one year later, in
was started in July 1921. 20 Calves were case of animals fed on bran alone. In fact,
selected for the purpose and divided into during the first quarter of the experiment'
2 lots of 10 animals each. One lot was fed animals in the bran and cake series have put
on wheat bran, and the other lot on bran and on 35% more in weight than those fed on
groundnut oilcake, coarse fodder such as bran alone. This difference in gain in favour
straw, green grass or silage being the same for of animals of the bran and cake series went
all the animals. The work was closed in on fluctuating during succeeding quarters till
January 1923. During this period, the animals 29-7-1922 when animals in both series
were weighed on 3 consecutive days every weighed almost the same—animals of bran
fortnight and the table below gives the weights and cake series weighing 4,358 lbs. and those
of the various groups of animals at the end of in bran series weighing 4,361 lbs.
each quarter and the increase in weight during
A few days after the first year of experiment
tl}e same period:
was over, on 29-7-1922 it was found that
animals in both the series had attained almost
Weight in pounds
the same weight and it was decided to increase
.—I
the concentrated feeds gradually and see the
IN
SM
CO
Oi
1—1
effect on the further development of the
IN
1
05
Dates
T
animals. Ever since the experiment was
o
1
1
started on 13-7-1921, the animals had been
receiving either 1^ lbs. of bran per head per
day or the same amount of bran and 1 lb. of
Bran and cake series
5 heifers
1099 1444 1595 1808 2106 2404 2696 cake in addition. At the beginning of the
Increase
345 151 213 298 298 292 second year it was decided to increase the
5 bulls
1195 1577 1730 1904 2214 2574 2838 bran ration by 3 ozs. per head per day every
Increase
382 153 174 310 360 264 fortnight till a maximum of 3 lbs. was reached
Total 10 animals . , 2294 3021 3325 3712 4320 4978 5534
Increase
727 304 387 608 658 SS6 and the cake ration by 2 ozs. till a maximum
of 2 lbs. was reached. Feeding according to
Bran series
Slieifers
1124 1382 1540 1701 2008 2353 2576
new rations was started on 5-8-1922 and the
Increase
258 158 101 307 345 223 maximum was reached on 25-11-1922. and
5 bulls
i m 1455 1648:1875 2234 2599 2757 the whole experiment was closed on 6-1-1923.
Increase
278 193) 227 359 365 158
During the period of increased rations,
Total 10 animals . 2301 2837 3188 35164242 4953 5333
Increase
536 351 388 666 710 .381
animals in the bran and cake series have
,
increased from 4,358 lbs. to 5,534 lbs., i.e..
Taking the whole period of experiment into by 1,176 lbs. while those in the bran series
consideration, it will be seen that the weight have increased from 4,361 lbs. to 5,333 lbs.,
of animals in the bran and cake series has i.e., by 972 lbs. In other words, animals in
increased from 2,294 lbs. to 5,534 lbs. or by the bran and cake series have put on 204 lbs.
3,240 lbs. whereas that of those in the bran more weight than those in the bran series
series from 2,301 lbs. to 5,333 lbs. or by which works out to an extra increase of
3,032 lbs. This means that the animals fed nearly 21%.
on bran and cake have put on 2Q8 lbs. more
This increase in weight may not entirely be
weight than those fed on bran alone. This due to feeding alone, for, of the 5 heifers in
works out to an extra gain of nearly 7% in each series all of them in the bran and cake
weight in favour of animals fed on bran and series had been covered between 15-8-1922
cake.
and 19-11-1922 whereas only 2 animals of
Looking at figures showing increase in weight the bran series had been covered during the
during each quarter, it is seen that the maxi- same period. One of the objects of continuing
nyim increase has taken place between July these experiments for more than one year
T
.-1
1
l-H
1
CO
87
88
was to ascertain if feeding with oilcake has
any special influence on the maturity of heifers
and in hastening them in breeding. The fact
that all heifers in the bran and cake series
were covered earlier than those in the bran
series seems to indicate an earlier maturing
tendency in the cake fed animals.
It may here be stated that nothing really
definite was known as to the breed and age
of these animals. A new series of experiments
on a similar plan was started with Sindhi and
half-bred Holstein calves on 17-12-1921 and
closed on 15-7-1922. There were 16 animals
in each lot and it was subdivided into 5 groups.
As far as possible, corresponding groups in
each series contained animals of the same age,
breed and sex. Whenever it was not found
possible to group them as above, a variation
either in sex or breed of the animal was introduced. This enables us to compare not only
the 2 series and various groups separately,
but also animals of the same breed and age
but of opposite sexes, as well as animals of
the same age and sex but of different breeds.
With regard to amount of concentrated feeds
given to the animals, groups 1 to 3 in the bran
series received l^lbs. bran per head per day
and groups 4 and 5 containing younger
animals, \Vo. of bran. Of those in the bran
and cake series, groups 1 to 3 received 1-^ lbs.
cake and groups 4 and 5 received fib. cake
in addition to bran. Besides, the heifer calves
in both series were given a small quantity of
milk during the early stages. The table below
Weight in lbs. of each Group of Bran and Cake
Series
•
CM
IN
IN
Dalfe
05
1
t—t
l-H
t>
t'
•v
«
lO
A
IN
03
f-H
•?
lO
<D
lO
I>
1
i>
1
Group 1 —
4 animals . . 547 626 684 731 845 937 1002 1109
Increase
78 39 67 114 92 as 107
Group 2—
500 559 605 615 683 743 787 873
3 animals
Increase
59 46 10 68 60 44 86
1
Group 3—
2 animals
299 325 339 379 431 460 493 547
Increase
26 14 40 52 29 33 54
Group 4—
5 animals . . 322 389 455 553 624 714 736 833
Increase
67 66 98 71 90 22 87
Group 5—
120 151 173 221 246 288 313 354
2 animals
Increase
31 22 48 25 42 25 41
All grosps—
1788 2049 2236 2499 2829 3142 3331 3706
16 animals
Increase
261 187 263 330 313 189 375
Weight in lbs. of each Group bf Calves in Bran
Series
IN
7
Group 1—
4 animals
Increase
Group 2—
3 animals
Increase
Group 3—
2 animals
Increase
Group 4—
5 animals
Increase
Group 5 —
2 animals
Increase
All groups —
16 animals
Increase
i
55^ 638 679 735 778 859 928 1015
85
41
56
43
81
69
87
610 554 576 592 628 680 695 758
44
22
16
36
52
15
63
319 347 359 366 393 409 445 469
28
12
7
27
16
36
24
344 442 521 600 677 735 775 872
98
79
79
77
58
40
97
133 170 210 258 297 325 346 397
37
40
48
39
28
21
51
1859 2151 2345 2051 2773 30083189 35JI
292 194 206 2221 235 18l| 322
gives the weights of animals in each group of
the 2 series on different dates.
Comparing the 2 series with each other,
it is seen from the tables that animals in the
bran series have increased in weight from
1,859 lbs. to 3,511 lbs., i.e., have put on
1,652 lbs. in weight which works out to an
increase of 88%. During the same period of
about 7 months, animals in the bran and cake
series have increased in weight from 1,788 lbs.
to 3,706 lbs., i.e., have put on 1,918 lbs. in
weight and .this works out to an increase of
107%. Thus animals fed with cake in addition to bran were able to put on nearly 21%
more weight than they would have done on
a pure bran ration. Looking at the periodical
increase in weight, it is seen that except during
the periods January-February and May-June,
there has been a continuous improvement,
and maximum increase in both the series has
been reached in June-July.
Coming now to various groups in each series,
it is seen that animals in groups 4 and 5,
i.e., the youngest of the lot, do not show any
appreciable difference in weight put on due
to cake feeding. Animals in groups 1 to 3
were all more than 3 months old when the
experiment was started. During a period of
7 months, those animals in the bran series
have increased from 1,372 lbs. to 2,232 lbs. or
by 860 lbs. whereas those in the cake series
by 1,183 lbs. This goes to show that cake
feeding has enabled the animals to put on
88
was to ascertain if feeding with oilcake has
any special influence on the maturity of heifers
and in hastening them in breeding. The fact
that all heifers in the bran and cake series
were covered earlier than those in the bran
series seems to indicate an earlier maturing
tendency in the cake fed animals.
It may here be stated that nothing really
definite was known as to the breed and age
of these animals. A new series of experiments
on a similar plan was started with Sindhi and
half-bred Holstein calves on 17-12-1921 and
closed on 15-7-1922. There ^^trt 16 animals
in each lot and it was subdivided into 5 groups.
As far as possible, corresponding groups in
each series contained animals of the same age,
breed and sex. Whenever it was not found
possible to group them as above, a variation
either in sex or breed of the animal was introduced. This enables us to compare not only
the 2 series and various groups separately,
but also animals of the same breed and age
but of opposite sexes, as well as animals of
the same age and sex but of different breeds.
With regard to amount of concentrated feeds
given to the animals, groups 1 to 3 in the bran
series received I'Jlbs. bran per head per day
and groups 4 and 5 containing younger
animals, fib. of bran. Of those in the bran
and cake series, groups 1 to 3 received 1-^ lbs.
cake and groups 4 ^nd 5 received fib. cake
in addition to bran. Besides, the heifer calves
in both series were given a small quantity of
milk during the early stages. The table below
Weight in lbs. of each Group of Bran and Cake
Series
<M
a>
Daje
1
en
C4
IN
1—1
1
1
t'
lO
a
1
IM
O)
1
CO
t-
J.
lO
IM
IM
o>
1
to
t-
IM
1
1
CD
lO
«
Group 1—
4 animals . • 547 625 664 731 845 937 1002 1109
Increase
78 39 67 114 92 65 107
Group 2—
3 animals . . . 500 559 605 615 683 743 787 873
Increase
59 46 10 68 60 44 86
Group 3—
299 325 339 379 431 460 493 547
2 animals
Increase
26 14 40 52 29 33 64
Group 4—
5 animals . . 322 389 455 553 624 714 736 833
Increase
67 66 98 71 90 22 87
Group 5—
120 151 173 221 246 288 313 354
2 animals
Increase
31 22 48 25 42 25 41
All groups—
1788 2049 2236 2499 2829 3142 3331 3706
16 animals
261 1871 263 330 313 189 375
Increase
Weight in lbs. of each Group bf Calves in Bran
Series
^
Oi
IN
<N
eq
IM
Oi
f-H
1
1—t
l-H
IN
t!-
t-
lO
M
IN
O
M
IN
o>
1
CO
VO
41
t
*9
ri-
t^
''
1-^
<i
.^
1—(
M
IN
9>
1
>A
•
Group 1—
4 animals
Increase
Group 2—
3 animals
Increase
Group 3—
2 animals
Increase
Group 4—
5 animals
Increase
Group 5—
2 animals
Increase
All groups —
16 animals
Increase
553 638 679 735 778 859 928 1015
85 41 56 43 81 69 87
..
510 654 576 592 628 680 695 758
44 22 16 36 52 15 63
319 347 359 366 393 409 445 469
28 12
7 27 16 36 24
..
344 442 621 600 677 735 775 872
98 79 79 77 58 40 97
..
133 170 210 238 297 325 346 397
37 40 48 39 28 21 51
. . 1859 2151 2345 2551 2773 3008 3189 3 5 J I
292 194 206 2221 235 1 8 l | 322
gives the weights of animals in each group of
the 2 series on different dates.
Comparing the 2 series with each other,
it is seen from the tables that animals in the
bran series have increased in weight from
1,859 lbs. to 3,511 lbs., i.e., have put on
1,652 lbs. in weight which works out to an
increase of 88%. During the same period of
about 7 months, animals in the bran and cake
series have increased in weight from 1,788 lbs.
to 3,706 lbs., i.e., have put on 1,918 lbs. in
weight and this works out to an increase of
107%. Thus animals fed with cake in addition to bran were able to put on nearly 21%
more weight than they would have done on
a pure bran ration. Looking at the periodical
increase in weight, it is seen that except during
the periods January-February and May-June,
there has been a continuous improvement,
and maximum increase in both the series has
been reached in June-July.
Coming now to various groups in each s-jries,
it is seen that animals in groups 4 and 5,
i.e., the youngest of the lot, do not show any
appreciable difference in weijht put on due
to cake feeding. Animals in groups 1 to 3
were all more than 3 months old when the
experiment was started. During a period of
7 months, those animals in the bran series
by 860 lbs. whereas those in the cake series
by 1,183 lbs. This goes to show that cake
feeding has enabled the animals to put on
Peeds and p'odders
323 lbs. or 37% more weight than under bran
feeding alone. As already mentioned, animals
more than 6 months old when the previous
experiment was started have also shown almost
the same increase in weight, 35%, due to cake
feeding in addition to bran during the first
3 months of feeding.
Owing to certain economic reasons it was
decided to sell away all the bull calves and so
the heifers remaining were re-grouped and a
new series of experiments was started on
5-8-1922. The amount of concentrated ration^
was based on total protein content and each
animal was given at the start either l-Jlbs.
bran together with 1 lb. cake per day or only
IJlbs. cake, which is equivalent to fib. of
total protein in each case. The bran ration
in the bran and cake series was increased by
3 ozs. every fortnight and the cake ration in
the other series by 1 oz. till a maximum ration
of 3 lbs. bran and 1 lb. cake or 2 lbs. of cake
was reached on 25-11-1922.
It w^s found that during a period of a little
over 4 months ending with 9-12-1922, i.e.,
a fortnight after the maximum of the rations
was reached the 11 animals fed on bran and
cake had increased from 2,315 lbs. to 3,766 lbs.,
i.e., by 1,415 lbs. or 63% whereas the 11 animals
fed on cake alone containing the same amount
of protein had increased from 2,311 lbs. to
3,404 lbs., i.e., by 1,093 lbs. or 47%. This
shows that feeding with bran and cake enables
animals to put on nearly 35% more weight
than it would have been possible for them
with a pure cake ration.
Results of all these experiments indicated
that a mixed ration of bran and cake was
better than one either of pure bran or pure
cake. Bran by itself is too bulky to be fed
in quantities enough to supply the needed
amount of protein and cake by itself seems to
be too concentrated and does not provide
the necessary bulk or suitable mechanical
condition.
Increase in weight of individual animals
under the same system of feeding was not
80
uniform. For instance, one animal in the
bran and cake series increased from 102 lbs. to
175 lbs., i.e., by nearly 75% whereas another
increased from 272 lbs. to 408 lbs. or only by
50%. Such variations are to be found in all
the series' of experiments conducted and may
be attributed to varying individual ability to
digest and give returns from the rations fed.
A similar series of experiments was started
with younger animals born in 1922 with a
concentrated feed ration pf 12 ozs. bran and
8 ozs. cake or only 12 ozs. of cake, the rations
being' gradually increased till the bran and
cake series reached a maximum of- 3 lbs.
bran and 1 lb. cake and the cake series a
maximum of 2 lbs. cake. The feeding was
started on 5-8-1922 and maximum rations
were reached on 20-1-1923.
During the period ending with 3-2-1923 the
four animals in the bran and cake series rose
from 527 lbs. to 1,149 lbs. or by 622 lbs.
which works out to about 118%. During the
same period the four animals in the cake
series increased from 527 lbs. to 1,106 lbs. or
by 589 lbs. which works out to 111%. The
difference between the two is not much and
results are very similar to the obtained with
calves in groups 4 and 5 of previous experiment. All these results seem to indicate that
in the early stages, the nature of the concentrated feed is not of such serious consequence
as later on. Whether this is due to the more
complete digestive ability of the younger
animals or to the fact that the ration fed was
more than the animals' requirements at the
time cannot be determined from these results.
The indications from results obtained in the
experiments described above are that feeding
of cake to heifers brings on an earlier maturing tendency in them. So far as putting on
weight by animals is concerned a mixed ration
of bran and cake is better than one of pure
bran or pure cake and that in the early stages
of the growth of an animal the nature of
concentrated feed is not of such serious consequence as later on.
SAVE YOUR SOIL
Hordes of gullies all remind us
We should build our lands to stay,
And, departing, leave behind us
Fields that have not washed away,
And when our sons assume the mortgage
On the farm that's had our toil.
They'll not say on looking 'round them:—
Yes, here's the land, but where's the soil ?
-The Psalm of Life'' modernised by Verne Immer in "F.I.N.'
$0
{Continued from page %(i)
reliance was on the vast quantities of brewers
grains then available, the ration being 45
quarters per week (at \s.- 10^. a quarter) to
a dairy of 25 cows.
The milk it was said was always delivered in
its genuine state to the retail dealers but they
were a venal crowd and no legislation had yet
been devised to curtail their mal-practices.
The cow keepers indeed rather made provision for one of them. The milk was measured
in a milk room and served out by the cowkeeper in its natural state but most of these
rooms contained a pump which was used by
retail dealers at their discretion. Such a pump
was put in for just that purpose and rarely
used for any other. It was known as the
famous black cow. If there was no black cow
a neighbouring horse trough was made to
serve and when the fashionable families of the
nobility and gentry were in town for the season,
the black cow was said to yield the most
milk.—Extracted from ''^Dairyman", April 1947.
*
*
*
Supply of Cattle Feeds at" Concession Rates
in Madras City
During a deputation of the representatives
of Madras City milkmen who waited upon the
Minister for Food, Dr. T. S. S. Rajan, and
urged financial and other relief on account of
the high cost and scarcity of cattle feeds, the
Minister is understood to have assured milkmen that he would try to procure four items
of cattle feed, viz., oilcake, wheat bran, broken
dhall, and dhall husk and supply them at
concession rates, Government undertaking
transport and other incidental charges. After
working the scheme for about three months
Government would review the situation and do
the needful in the light of experience gained
during'Ihe period.
VETERINARY AID
60 Aninials were treated during June 1947
for different ailments. Four retention of
placenta cases were treated and attended
to till they become normal. Stilboestrol
(M. & B.) injections were given on 3 cows
and 1 buffalo. Applied nose string on two
heifers. Advised the owners to send their
heifers and a cow to the Hospital for getting
their molars rasped. One dog was attended
to by me at the owner's residence as the
animal chased a cobra and killed the reptile
and was itself poisoned by the venom. The
dog however died on the 3rd day. 8 Cows
calved during the month of which one belonged
to the Society's Breeding Bull. Frequent
visits were paid to the owners' residence to
inspect and to give necessary instructions to
the owners to the calving animals. Visited
the Dry Cattle Farm once during the month.
{a) Warrior.—Covered 5 cows during June
1947 of which 2 belonged to the members,
thus making a total of 82 from July 1946.
{b) Bhimasena.—Covered 28 cows during
June 1947 of which 6 cows belonged to the
members, thus making a total of 369 since
July 1946. There were 12 repeat coverings.
STORES, LTD.
Prices curjent for the month of July 1947
Rs. A. p.
Wheat bran
No Stock
Rice bran
per bag
..
6 0 0
Buller (Avare) Husk
„ 6 8 0 to 9 0 0
Tur (Togari) Husk
!>
..
8 0 0
Bengal gram husk
.. 10 0 0
Buller broken bits
.. 20 0 0
Tur broken bits
. . 18 0 0
Groundnut oil-cake 'per maund
..
2 2 0
Gingelly oil-cake
. . 5 8 0
Ramtil oil-cake
..
3 0 0
Cotton Seed
..
4 0 0
per bag of 140 lbs. .. 22 0 0
Horsegram 2^ seers
..
1 0 0
Do. broken 2J seers
. . 1 0 0
Salt 9 srs.
..
10 0
No. of Members enrolled during June 1947 .. Nil
Total No. of Members upto the end of June 1947 314
Sales for the month of June 1947.. Rs. 2,799 9 0
Total Sales up to^the end of June 1947 „ 51,853 15 0
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
DO YOU KNOW ?
quality of your fruits ? All progressive Modem
keep bees in their orchards. Keep bees"and
be up-to-date.
subject.
Yearly Rs. 3
INDIAN BEE JOURNAL
RAiWGARH, Dist. NAINI TAL, U.P.
818-47—Printed at the Bangalore Press. Bangalore City, by O. Srinivasa Rao, Superintendent, and Published by
Rajagevasakta A. K. Yejna Naravan Aiyer, M.A. (Madras). N.D.D. (England), Dip. Agpic. (Cancab.), Editor, "Monthly Bullotin
c^ the Bangalore Dairy Cattle Socifity."' Bangalore
J
MONTHLY BULLETIN
OF
JFrfj/or.—RAJASEVASAKTA A. K. YEGNA NARAYAN AIYER, M.A.
Vol. VI]
AUGUST 194;
PAGE
PAGE
MILK AND MUX. PRODUCTS—
Heat Resistant Bacteria
By E. Jones-Evans, B.Sc., N.D.D. ..
Control of Cattle Ticks with D.D.T.
D. D, T. Bief and Milk
[No. 8
FROM FAR & NEAR . .
. 98
"'
. 99
95
95
VETERINARY AID
. 99
,. 99
A Note on the Pasture Value of the Giant
Star Grass
By H. Shiva Rau andS. N. Chandrasekaran 96OUR CATTLE FEED CO-OPERATIVE STORES, LTD. ,. 99
HEAT RESISTANT BACTERIA
BY E . JONES-EVANS, B S C , N.D.D.
National Milk Testing Scheme, Brynawel, Aberystwyth
There are bacteria in raw milk which grow rapidly at pasteurisation temperatures. Some other
types do not grow but can survive. This article explains the important relation of these groups
of organisms to methods of production.
r
HE numbers and types of bacteria that thermophilic bacteria are spore formers but
survive pasteurisation will depend mainly a few non-sporing organisms, notably Lactoon the conditions under which milk is pro- bacillus thermophilus are also thermophilic.
duced and the treatment it receives prior to This organism is capable of rapid acid producand during pasteurisation. Bacteria in raw tion at pasteurisation temperatures. Certain
milk can be divided into two main groups actinomycetes are also thermophilic. Some
according to their susceptibility or otherwise thermophiles have a wide range of growth
to heat.
temperatures ranging from 20 deg. to 65
(a) Bacteria capable of growth at ordinary deg.C. Such facultative thermophiles will grow
temperatures and destroyed by pasteurisation. slowly at room temperatures and their pre(b) Heat resistant bacteria.
This latter sence in milk in large numbers will lead to
group can be further subdivided into:
deterioration.
(i) thermophilic bacteria,
Thermophilic organisms are mainly the
(ii) thermoduric bacteria.
problem of the pasteurising depot and their
growth in the holder pasteurising plant is due
Thermophilic Bacteria
to the following factors:
Thermophilic, or heat-loving bacteria grow
(i) Re-pasteurisation.
rapidly at pasteurisation temperatures, parti(ii) Prolonged holding of milk in the holders
cularly when the holder method is used (i.e. or in dead ends of pipes at pasteurising tempeholding the milk at 145deg. to I50 deg. F. ratures.
for 30 minutes). Their optimum temperature
(iii) Continuous use of holders for more
is in the region of 130 deg. to 150 deg. F. and than about five hours without flushing out the
• when milk is held at that temperature they have plant with hot water.
ai? oppprtunit)' fpr multiplying. J4ost of thf
(iv) Presence of foam on milk which does
T
91
92
not pass on when the holders are emptied at necessary for their development. On yeastrel '
milk agar the colonies are usually small, lemon,
the end of the 30 minute period.
(v) Growth of organisms in milk deposits yellow or white, the surface colonies round '
on equipment that is not thoroughly washed and the sub-surface ones lens shaped. Morphologically they resemble diphtheria organisms
and sterilised.
They are
When milk is pasteurised by the H.T.S.T. but they are not pathogenic.
method trouble from thermophilic organisms Gram positive, short rods and have characteris to a large extent eliminated. The milk is istic pallisade arrangements "with some Y and
heated to 162 deg. F. for a short time and V shaped formations. They produce acid in
very few of these organisms can grow actively milk and in this respect resemble lactic acid
streptococci. The majority are slow acid
at that temperature.
The thermophilic bacterial content of raw producers but some will produce sufficient
milk is usually very low; the colony count at acid in six days to curdle milk. In some
63 deg. C. rarely exceeds 100 per ml. Milk instances acid production is followed by
produced under unhygienic conditions may proteolysis. These organisms are very heat
contain thermophilic organisms derived from resistant and have been found to form a large
such foodstuffs as hay, straw and silage, or proportion of the thermoduric flora of unsterile
from ma:nure, soil and surface water supplies. dairy utensils.
{d) Coliform organisms: A number of
It is thus an»easy matter for milk to be seeded
with thermophilic organisms, and when such workers have reported the survival of coliform
milk is pasteurised under careless conditions organisms during laboratory and commercial
rapid multiplication in the plant may take pasteurisation. It appears that occasionally
raw and pasteurised milk supplies contain
place.
heat resistant strains of cohforms, but this
Thermoduric Bacteria
resistance is not generally transmitted to the
Thermoduric bacteria survive, but do not next generation. The age of the cells at the
grow at pasteurisation temperatures. The time of pasteurisation may have a significant
numbers of thermoduric organisms will depend effect of their heat resistance. There is a
mainly on the methods of production employed marked increase in the heat resistance of young
^ on the farm and their control is in the hands cells just before the period of active growth.
of the producer.
During the logarithmic phase this resistance
Certain bacteria form spores capable of declines but increases again in old cells.
withstanding adverse conditions, e.g. heating From the evidence available heat resistant
to 150 deg. F. for 30 minutes and even boiling. strains of coliform organisms are only rarely
Under favourable conditions the spores found in raw and efficiently pasteurised milk.
germinate into vegetative cells which grow and
(e) Actinomycetes: A number of species will
multiply. All such bacteria are thermoduric.
Apart from these a number of non-sporing survive pasteurisation. Morphologically they
differ from other bacteria in that they produce
organisms are also thermoduric.
(a) Streptococci; e.g. Streptococcus thermo- characteristic branching hyphae, the ends of
philiis and the faecal group of streptococci, which break up into conidia giving the colony
S. f^calis, S. liquifaciens and S. bovis. Other a powdery appearance. They are proteolytic
streptococci, such as S. lactis and S. cremoris and bring about casein decomposition in milk
causing the normal souring of milk, S. agalac- with a characteristic earthy smell. Their
tiae causing mastitis in cattle and S. pyogenes growth in milk is slow; they gain entrance
pathogenic to- man, do not survive pasteu- from manure, soil, dust and water.
Sources of Organisms in Raw Milk
risation.
(b) Micrgcocci; e.g. Micrococcus luteus, and
Workers in America isolated different species
certain species of the genus sarcina, e.g. Sarcina of micrococci from the udder. Later they
lutea. These are mainly responsible for the found some of these species in pasteurised milk
orange or yellow colonies found on agar and concluded from indirect evidence that the
udder was the chief source of heat resistant
plates made from pasteurised milk.
(c) Microbacteria: During the past few micrococci. On the other hand, investigators
years it has become evident that these organ- in this country have recently found that
isms are fairly common in pasteurised milk. micrococci in uncontaminated milk were
They were probably overlooked in the past destroyed by pasteurisation, i.e. the udder
because after only two days' incubation at was not a source of heat resistant micrococci, •
37 deg. C. the colonies may not be visible; and that they gained entrance to the mi^l^
four to five days' incubation at 30 deg. C, is ^fter it left tlie udder,
Milk and
The chief sources of thermoduric organisms
in raw milk are unsterile farm dairy utensils,
milk-stone, unsterile milk churns, dust, fodder,
manure, soil and contaminated water supplies.
The thermoduric bacterial content of some
farm dairy utensils sterilised by steam or
hypochlorite or only washed in warm water
is given below:
Mean
Sterilisation
Rinsings
thermoduric
count
3,460
Steam
112
2,800
Hypochlorite
133,000
Warm water
84
The results show that utensils efficiently
sterilised by steam or hypochlorite contained
relatively few thermoduric organisms as compared with the large numbers harboured by
unsterile utensils. The predorrtinant types
surviving steam and hypochlorite sterilisation
were found to be microbacteria, aerobic spore
b.earing rods and micrococci. The majority of
the thermoduric organisms from badly washed
utensils were microbacteria. There is evidence
to show that badly cleansed milking machines
may be a prolific source of heat resistant
organisms. They are more difficult to clean
than hand milking utensils and unless particular care is taken in the cleansing operation
they will invariably become a source of
trouble. Where milking machines are efficiently sterilised daily the milk compares very
favourably with hand milked supplies from the
point of view of keeping quahty and thermoduric bacterial content.
Thermoduric
Sterilisation
Milking
count
per ml.
Boiling water
Boiling water
Warm water
.. Hand
.. Machine
. Machine
100
300
1,160,000
Milk-stone from unsterile dairy utensils
harbours excessive numbers of heat resistant
organisms. Thermoduric colony counts per
grato of moist milk-stone have been found to
range from 26,000 to over 5,000,000: the
cMef organisms being micrococci, microbacteria
and spore bearing rods.
Examination of washed milk churns showed
that badly washed churns-generally had a high
thermoduric content clean dry chruns having
a much lower count than wet or moist
churns, particularly those containing milky
residues. The mean thermoduric counts and
the visual condition of 145 churns examined
are given below:
MilkProducts
9Z
Mean
thermoduric count
Dry
..
•
..
3,370
69
Moist
57,760
30
Wet
1,320
46
The results of an investigation carried out
in Mid-Wales during 1945-46 show that surface
water supphes used in farm dairies may act
as a persistent carrier of thermoduric and
thermophilic organisms derived from soil and
sewage. Thermoduric colony counts exceeding
100 per ml. of water were found in about
20 per cent, of the 116 samples examined.
A series of 342 cultures of the thermoduric
organisms were examined and it was found
that 74 per cent, were aerobic spore bearing
rods. Micrococci, actinomycetus and Gram
negative rods were less frequently found.
Most of the thermoduric water bacteria produced a proteolytic fermentation of milk
while some cultures developed acid and sometimes acid coagulation within 10 days at 22
deg. C. Eleven cultures of the Bacillus circulans group produced quite a marked ropiness
in two days at 22 deg. C. Thermophilic
bacteria were entirely absent in 79 per cent,
of^ the water supplies examined, and only
2 -5 per cent, contained more than 10 colonies
per ml. The thermophilic organisms were
actinomycetes and aerobic spore bearing rods.
The temperature at which milk is kept
prior to pasteurisation may have a considerable effect on the numbers of thermoduric
bacteria that survive. In uncooled milk the
organisms multiply rapidly and an initial
contamination of a few hundred may become
several thousands before the milk is pasteurised. The immediate cooling of milk and
storage at temperatures below 55 deg. F. helps
to check the growth of organisms. Holding
the milk over until the following day before
sending it to the creamery is another contributory factor to a high thermoduric bacterial
content.
How to Determine the Thermoduric
Bacterial Content of Milk
It has been found that the plate count on
raw milk gives little indication of the number
of thermoduric organisms present. If a high
count on raw milk is due to rapid souring
organisms like Streptococcus lactis and other
thermolabile bacteria they will be destroyed
by pasteurisation and the post-pa teurifation
count will be low. If, on the other hand,
the raw milk has a high colony count due to
Visual condition
Churns
94
heat resistant organisms the post-pasteurisation
count will be high. Since it is impossible to
distinguish between the two groups, by visual
examination of the colonies, the plate count
on raw milk can be ruled out as a method of
detecting thermoduric organisms.
The dye reduction tests, methylene blue and
resazurin, on raw milk have also been found
to be of little use in detecting thermoduric
organisms. Samples reducing methylene blue
within half an hour or giving resazurin disc
0 in one hour may have post-pasteurisation
counts ranging from under 1,000 to over
100,000 per ml.
The most satisfactory test for detecting
thermoduric organisms is the laboratory
pasteurisation test. The milk is, pasteurised by
placing in a water bath at 63 deg. C. for
30 minutes after the temperature o f the milk
in a control tube has reached this temperature.
It is then cooled immediately in iced water
to 10 deg. C , plated on yeastrel milk agar,
and incubated at 30 deg. C. for five days.
The temperature at which milk is pasteurised
for this test, and other details of technique
varies with different workers and there is a
very definite need for standardisation of the
test. It has not yet been possible to design
a quick routine test that will give a true
indication of the thermoduric bacterial content
of milk and the rather laborious plating method
is the only one in use in this country. Test
tube slopes of laboratory pasteurised swabbings
or rinsings of dairy utensils might be investigated for use as a general guide to sterility.
Significance of The moduric Bacteria
There is no evidence to indicate that these
bacteria are pathogenic, so from a public
health point of view they are not important.'
The majoSity have little effect on the keeping
quality of pasteurised milk at least for about
48 hours or so. Milk samples with thermoduric colony counts ranging from 1,000 to
100,000 per ml. have been found to have
keeping qualities at 22 deg. C. ranging from
8 hours to 72 hours. Streptococcus thermophilus if present in sufficient numbers will
produce acid and sour milk fairly rapidly at
high atmospheric temperatures. The proteolytic types, particularly 5'. liquifaciens and some
of the aerobic spore formers, will digest casein
leaving the milk slightly watery and possibly
with a bitter taste. In practice this rarely
happens as there are sufficient acid producers
present to check this reactioii. In pure
cultures some of the thermoduric organisms
will produce reactions in litmus milk in 48
hours, e.g. some of the microbacteria will
produce acid in litmus milk in two days and
acid coagulation in six days at 30 deg. C.
Apart Irom their possible effect on keeping
quality, the presence of large numbers of
thermoduric organisms is undesirable as they
indicate that the milk has been produced under
unhygienic conditions.
The thermoduric
bacterial content of milk will give a fain
indication of the methods of production on
the farm. If routine tests on raw milk were
designed to evaluate the methods of production and the sterility of farm dairy utensils
the presence of thermoduric organisms might
become of the first importance.
The use of the plate count as an official test
for pasteurised milk ceased as from March
1, 1946. The reason, as stated in a Ministry
of Health Circular, was that it took account
of thermoduric organisms which had no effect
on the keeping quality of pasteurised milk; but
milk processing depots will still be interested in
the pasteurisability of their raw milk supplies.
Control at Farm and Creamery
Thorough cleansing and sterilisation of
dairy utensils and milk plant at both farm and
creamery is of the first importance. The
cleansing operation is at least equal in importance to the actual process of sterilisation.
Utensils covered with milk-stone cannot be
efficiently sterilised by either steam or hypochlorite and will contain excessive numbers of
thermoduric bacteria. Milk produced under
hygienic conditions with sterile utensils contains very few'heat resistant organisms, but
where the methods of production are poor
and utensils not properly washed and sterilised
the milk may contain large numbers of heat
resistant organisms. By the simple process of
washing and sterilising very high counts can
be reduced to under a 100 per ml. Thermoduric colony counts of milk samples taken at
weekly intervals from two farms, one sterilising
efficiently by means of hypochlorite and the
other using warm water only, are given below:
Thermoduric colony counts per ml.
'
Hypochlorite
Warm
sterilisation
water
30
60,000
60
138,000
30
54,000
20
15,000
130
220,000
20
37,000
10
32,800
10
14,000
CONTROL OF CATTLE TICKS WITH D D T .
HE experiments carried out at the Indian could really make large scale tests of the
Veterinary Research Institute under the effectiveness of D.D.T. in protecting beef and
I.C.A.R. Scheme indicate that the application dairy cattle from the fly nuisance. Some of
of a soapy emulsion of D.D.T. killed larvae the results reported seem fantastic and hard
nymphs and male adult ticks {Boophilus to believe.
On a Kansas cattle ranch 601 animals were
australis) but not the engorged female ticks—
though partly engorged ticks were affected. sprayed three times during a 60-day test
D.D.T. did not have any effect on the engorged period at the height of a bad fly season. They
females even when placed directly in contact were compared with unsprayed animals that
with them^ in fact, the females laid their eggs had to fight the flies. The D.D.T.-sprayed
normally after being exposed to the drug. anirpals gained 18,030 pounds more than the
The engorged ticks which dropped off from the unsprayed animals. It took 15 pounds of
animals after spraying with 1 per cent. D.D.T. D.D.T. powder in 900 gallons of spray to do
emulsion in turpentine, however, failed to lay the job. The gain was 1,202 pounds of beef
eggs when placed at room temperature or in for each pound of D.D.T. A second ranch
an incubator at a temperature of 22° C. and netted 1,285 additional pounds of beef for
they died after six days. The concentrations each pound of D.D.T. in the sprays. A third
of 0 -2 per cent, and 0 -5 per cent, were effective; ranch did far better and registered more than
a concentration of over 1 per cent, of the drug a ton of additional beef—2,306 pounds—to
in turpentine, however, had an irritating effect each pound of D.D.T. These were good
trades and meant money in the bank for the
op the skin of the cattle.
Care is to be taken in preparation of D.D.T. owners of the herds.
Dairymen from several states reported that
solution in kerosine oil or turpentine to which
liquid soap has to be added to avoid burning milk production held up during the fiy season
and scruffing of the skin of animals due to where a drop of from 5 to 15 per cent, was
the rule before D.D.T. controlled the flies.
actions of kerosine or turpentine.
Feeders in the Corn Belt find it is practical
A 4 per cent, stock solution is prepared by
dissolving 4 gm. of D.D.T. in 100 c.c. of kero- t6 fatten cattle right through the summer,
sine oil at room temperature. To ensure because the cattle remain comfortable and turn
complete solution of D.D.T. powder, it is left feed into beef. Summer feeders no longer
overnight in the container. From the stock contribute primarily to the support and multisolution, a known quantity, say 20 c.c. is taken plication of blood-sucking flies. Of course,
and made up to 160 c.c. by adding liquid soap. say the entomologists, such gains occur only
Thus the percentage of solution is reduced to where the fly problem is severe. No fly spray
the desired strength of 0 -5 per cent, before use. can cause such gains where there are few flies
Solution is applied by soaking a piece of rag to pester the cattle.—From '.'Farm Implement
cloth in the solution and rubbed with hand News".
on the body of the infested livestock.—"/nf/foAj
Farming'', Vol. VUI, No. 3, p. 144; vide also
this Bulletin, Vol. HI, No. 2, p. 52.
Immediate and adequate cooling' of milk at
the farm should be practised at all seasons of
the year. Where milk is produced under
D.D.T. BEEF AND MILK
unhygienic conditions and left uncooled the
OW would you like to trade a pound of pasteurised product may contain excessive
D.D.T. costing 45 cents for a ton of numbers of heat resistant organisms.
beef?
Milk churns returned from the creamery in
That happened in one of the large scale field a moist or wet condition, particularly those
.tests in which the Bureau of Entomology and with milky residues have often been found to
Plant Quarantine co-operated with several State be a fruitful source of thermoduric organisms.
agencies during the bad fly season of 1945. Every effort should be made by creameries to
D.D.T. had what seemed a big year in 1946, return sterile churns to producers.
but from reports reaching the U.S. DepartMilk should not be exposed to a dusty
ment of Agriculture D.D.T. is really going atmosphere at any time during production.
into the cattle business in 1947.
Hay, straw and other cattle foods are a prolific
Last season was the first in whiph civilians source of thermoduric bacteria,
T
H
9^
Feeds & Fodders
A NOTE ON THE PASTURE VALUE OF THE GIANT STAR GRASS*
Cynodon plectostachyum Pilge
BY H . SHIVA RAU AND S. N . CHANDRASEKARAN
TNDIA is essentially an agricultural country
•*• with no less than 75 per cent, of her vast
population depending on the tillage of the
soil for their sustenance. To feed the growing
population it has become necessary not only
to realize more out of the existing area under
cultivation, but also to extsnd it to utmost
possible limit. The development of agriculture
would mean the maintenance of more cattle
which supply the entire motive power for
agricultural operations in this country besides
contributing in no small me-^sure to enrich the
soil. To maintain working and milch animals
in good health green fodder should form an
essential adjunct to the daily feed. Hence the
need for maintaining pastures to meet the food
requirements of our increasing cattle population. The importance of pastures has been
realized in other countries and it is well-known
that the grazing regions like the Steppes of
Russia, the Pampas of Brazil, the plains of
Argentina and the vast pasture lands of Australia and New Zealand have contributed not a
little to maintain the cattle of these areas in
an ideal state to health, thereby adding to the
quality and quantity of beef, wool and other
animal products that find a prominent place
in the world's markets. On the other hand,
India as a whole and Madras Presidency in
particular, is poor in pasture lands and constant
attempts to increase the area under food and
money crops for man has led to serious encroachments on the already limited ajea under
pasture, much to the detriment of cattle wealth
of our country. Every attempt has therefore
to be maa'^ to increase the output of green
fodder by improved cultural and manurial
treatments and the introduction of heavy
yielding varieties. A search is being made
from among indigenous and exotic species of
grasses with a view to select those that are
suitable from the points of view of yield and
quality.
Among exotic species, Panicum
antidotale Retz., the Australian drought-resistant-grass has been found to be a good yielder.
Another such exbtic species that forms the
subject of this note is Cynodon plectostachyum
Pilger,—'the Giant Star Grass'—an East
* Reference has been made to Giant Star Grass in
this Bulletin, Vol, III, No, 2, p. 23.
96
African species closely allied to Cynodon
dactylon, Pers, the Hariali or the Douh grass.
Investigation on tliis grass at Coimbatore
Botanical: A perusal of an article published
in the July 1939 issue of Nature dealing with
the salient features of this grass under the
caption 'A Grass Leviathan from East Africa'^
at once indicated that this grass was likely to
grow well underfhe climatic conditions obtaining in this Presidency and offers possibilities of
meeting the enhanced requirements of fodder.
A requisition was sent to the Officer in charge
of the Rietondale Pasture Research Station,
Pretoria, South Africa and trials were started
in Coimbatore in 1940 with a small quantity
of seed obtained through his courtesy.
The seeds were sown in nursery pots and
when the seedlings grew to about nine inches
they were transplanted into a two-and-half
cent plot. The grass estabhshed itself very
quickly and its rapid spread mani fested vigorous
habits of growth. Subsequent multiplications
in larger areas were made with 'setts' planted
in lines a foot and a half apart. Trial plantings
were done both under dry and irrigated conditions. In the latter case it was observed that
two or three irrigations in the initial stages of
growth were sufficient for permanent establishment. Under dry conditions, the 'setts'
planted established within a week in the"
monsoon season.
The grass showed remarkable spreading and
vigorous growth habits with the result that it
was possible to take the first cut within four
months after planting and the subsequent ones
at an interval of 60 to 75 days except in the
four summer months (15 February to 15 June).
An area of 50 cents planted with this grass has
given acre yields of 8,500 to 15,0001b. per cut.
When both the monsoons are favourable it is
possible to take three or four cuts per year.
The growth habits of the individual plants
were also studied at the same time. It was
observed that a 'sett' planted under irrigated
conditions ^tablished itself on the fifth day
and after a fortnight had put forth branching
shoots. In all only three irrigations were
given, but there was a well-distributed rainfall
Poje Evans, I. B., Nqtuve^ July 1939, 144, 34-35.
Feeds and
Fodders
97
during the year under study. Two and a half first trial lasted for fifteen days while each of
months after planting it was noted to have the others lasted for one week. In the first
produced a number of erect shoots and five week of the first trial this grass supplied 25
trailing shoots each measuring more than per cent, of the dry matter of the roughage and
twenty feet in length. A single runner was in the succeeding week it supphed 75 per cent.
found to be 21 -4 ft. in length with 37 nodes In the rest of the trials each of which lasted
of which 33 had produced roots, and 28 for only one week the latter procedure, viz.,
axillary shoots, some measuring even 8 ft. that of supplying 75 per cent, of the dry matter
The grass planted in a plot 6 ft. X 6 ft. had in the form of grass was adopted.
spread to 18 ft. X 16 ft. {i.e., 288 sq.ft.) within
Conclusion
75 days. Its vigorous growth with rooting habit
at practically every node and the formation
It can therefore be stated that the Giant
of the net-work by the main and the axillary Star,Grass (Cynodon plectostachyum) is wellrunners will go a long way to bind the soil adapted to the climatic conditions prevailing
and in checking erosion. There is a demand in this Presidency and it yields profusely both
for this grass as it has shown great promise under irrigated and dry conditions and possesses
of being an effective check on soil erosion and high nutritive value. The cattle consume it with
already a good number of 'setts' have been a reUsh and thought it contains hydrocyanic
supplied to the Pubhc Works Department for acid at all stages of its growth the quantities
covering tha tank bunds in and around are well below the toxic limit. Further when
Coimbatore.
actually fed to the animals at all the stages,
Chemical: The comparatively easy propaga- it has not proved to be detrimental to the health
tion and high yield of this grass were points of cattle. It can therefore be safely recomin favour of its being adopted as a fodder mended as a pasture grass. It may moreover
grass. But before doing so it was thought be briefly stated that:
necessary to ascertain its feeding value.
1. The Giant Star Grass is capable of being
The next step in the sequence should have easily cultivated both under irrigated and dry
been the conduct of actual feeding trials with conditions.
this grass. But as there were fears in certain
2. The Grass is found to be a quick grower
quarters that its high content of hydrocyanic and p];ofuse yielder under the conditions preacid at certain stages of growth would detract vailing at Coimbatore.
its value as a fodder grass, experiments were
3. Apart from the luxuriant growth of the
conducted to determine the hydrocyanic acid Grass it is found, on chemical analysis, to
content at the various stages of its growth have a good pasture value.
namely, tender, prior to shot blade, full bloom
^. The Grass is found to contain hydroand advanced stages.
cyanic acid at all its different stages of growth.
5. The quantities, however, are far below
Feeding Trials
the theoretically accepted lethal dose of 0 -02
Two old animals of the most common and
per cent. Actual feeding trials conducted at
popular breeds, viz., Allambadi and Kangayam,
the various stages of its growth confirm that it
were chosen for these trials. Animals of
can be safely fed to cattle.
different breeds were selected with a view to
6. As a pasture grass it is relished by cattle.
get an idea of the degree of susceptibility of
7. In wilted state its palatabiHty is neither
these two familiar breeds of this tract to
impaired
nor the toxicity increased.
hydrocyanic acid poisoning. The reason for
8.
The
method of cultivation, irrigated or
having old animals for experimentation was
dry,
appears
to have no influence on palatability
that they were expected to show the greatest
or
toxicity.
susceptibility to this poisoning by reason of
[The additional details of the experiment and the
their low vitality and feeble resistance.
Tabular Statements which follow have been omitted
In all five feeding trials were conducted. and only the 'Conclusions' reproduced.—Ed.]
The first four trials were with the grass grown
[The results are interesting but we would much
under irrigation and the last trial was with rather carry on with grasses that do not contain this
the one raised under dry conditions. The Prussic acid poison.—Ed.]
From Far & Near
Good Times are Coming
Hereford couldn't stand without an electricOMPLETE mechanisation on the farm with fan.
no horses or cows, was forecast by
*
*
*
Dr. Gregory in a recent address to the PeterScience is Measurement !
borough Rotary Club. Dr. Gregory visualised
An American student scientist at Cornell
a futuristic mechanical cow into one end of University watched a cow at pasture for 24
which chunks of wood, soya beans, and other hours just to see the order of its life. This is
vegetable matter would be placed, receiving what the cow did: Took 60-70 bites a minute,
from the other end perfectly good milk, butter sometimes 90. Preferred herbage 4-5 inches
and cheese.—From the "Dairyman", June 1947. high. Ate 1501b. of it. Walked 2^ miles in
«
«
4:
24 hours to find it. Grazed 8 hours, both day
and night. Lay down 12 hours. Walked or
•Artificial Milk' from Malt
4 hours. Drank water once and suckled
Some newspapers in the north country have stood
her
calf
for 15 minutes three times.—From
been discussing a certain 'Malt milk' product the "Dairyman",
1947. Out of sucK
made by a brewery at Dortmund in Germany— stock do Newtons January
and
Einsteins
spring.
an artificial milk for feeding infants. The
*
*
*
product is made from malted wheat and soya
"Barren" Cow Yields Milk
beans and adopts the formula of^n Italian
A successful experiment at milking without
chemist. Dr. G. Japrino. Now I learn that
experiments have been made in London as calving has been conducted by a veterinary
well as in Germany. It is said that t)r. Harriet doctor in Mysore State. -A six-year old cow,
Chick, at Lister Institute, has fed young rats which was barren, has now begun to yield two
on it and that the rats like it and thrive on it. seers of milk a day. The milk is quite normal
The Control Commission for Germany has and it is expected the yield will continue for
/
promised to supply reports about it. But we one full lactation period.
Dr. Vasudeva Mudaliar, a veterinary doctor
don't want artificial milk of any kind for
British babies. The natural product is good of Mandya, sixty miles from Bangalore, had
enough.—From the "-Dairyman", May 1947. been a keen student of literature on this
(The soya milk fraternity in India will receive subject and began his practical experiments on .
a six-year old barren heifer which never came
the news with mixed feelings.)
to heat. He gave his first injection of synthetic
*
*
*
oestrogenic harmone on May 10, 1947, and
Indian Cattle in the U.S.A.
repeated the injection every three days. 'On
A couple of pictures appear in the Farm the twenty-first day the cow yielded half a
and Implement News, June 5, 1947 with the seer of milk. The yield increased gradually
following caption, which will be read with and in another twenty days, the cow began
interest. We are sorry we are not able to to give two seers of milk a day.
reproduce the pictures, which speak volumes
The doctor is of the opinion that the same
about the herds of zebu cattle in the Rio treatment can be made use of to increase the
Granda Valley in Texas State, U.S.A.:—
yield of cow, and expects to pursue his investiIn thsvcenter is a picture of Leon 35, prize gations.
Guzerat Brahman bull, and his owner, R. P.
The owner of the cow is using the m i l k Guerra of D. Guerra & Sons' Brahman ranch, makes curd and butter, and says the taste and
Lower Rio Grande Valley. The animal weighs qualities are quite normal.—"Hindu", Aumst
2,200 pounds. He and his type bred to the 8, 1947.
breeds of British origin produce an abundance
*
*
*
of beef. Mr., Guerra flies to South America
Plan td^relieve Fodder Shortage in Madras
now and then tp check up on Brahman experiIn order to reheve fodder distress in Madras
mentation in that quarter. He is a leading City, the Agricultural Department is now
citizen of McAllen. He is also a wholesale evolving a scheme for supplying fodder in the
grocer. Bottom photo shows Brahman cattle form of cholam, green grass and Napier grass,
on the Arrowhead Ranch, owned by Bentsen at the rate of three pies per pound. The
Bros., 35 miles northwest of Mission, Lower City's requirements in this direction are proRio Grande Valley. Many regard it as the posed to be estimated shortly and arrangements
coming breed for this part of Texas. It is made for distribution through private contracthe zebu of India and can t?ike h?at that ^ tors.—«/f?WM", July 18, 1947,
C
98
Progress
99
of the Society
School Milk Scheme bears Fruit
A milk-drinking competition took place at
a school, and it was won by a 15 year old boy
5 ft. 10 in. in height and 11 stones in weight,
who drank 12 full bottles. Several runners up
failed to manage the 12th.—Mr. D. L. Lipton,
M.P., in "Dairyman", January 1947. Milk
maketh the giant.
'' *
*
*
*
Fat Content of Milk
The results of an experiment on twelve
cows for three 28-day reversal periods to
study the effect of feeding cotton-seed on the
fat and serum solids content of milk appear
in the Journal of Dairy Science, 29-12-1946.
From these it appeared that the replacement
of 2 lb. of the concentrates in the ration with
2 lb. of cotton-seed produced an increase in
the fat content for the first 20 days. The fat
test for the last 8 days of the experiment was
slightly lower than that of the control, but the
fat test of the cotton-seed feeding periods was
higher for the combined control periods. No
significant difference in the milk production
for the two periods was noted, neither did
the cotton-seed produce a corresponding increase in serum solids. A further conclusion
is that the palatability of cotton-seed is a
limiting factor in its use when mixed with
rolled barley, wheat bran and cotton-seed
meal.—"Dairyman'", March 1947.
The following member was enrolled during
the month:—
Ordinary Member—
Dr. C. S. Pichamuthu, B.Sc, Ph.D., F.R.S.E.,
F.G.S., F.N.I., "Chistle Hurst", Mission Road,
Bangalore.
VETERINARY AID
30 Animals were treated during August 1947
for different ailments. Stilboestrol (M. & B.)
injections of 3 c.c. were repeated after a lapse
of 2 months on a cow heifer and a buffalo
heifer and the results awaited. Nose strings
were applied on 2 cow heifers. Two Alsation
dogs were given curative dose of "Anti-rabic
Vaccine" of the Serum Institute continuously
for 3 days. Frequent visits were paid wherever
possible to inspect and to give timely help to
the owners to the calving animals. Visited
the Dry Cattle Farm once with the Secretary.
(a) Warrior.—Covered one cow during July
1947.
July 1947 of which 10 belonged to the members.
OUR CATTLE FEED CO-OFERAIIVE
STORES, LTD.
Prices current for the month of August 1947
Statement of Prices
Rs.
Wheat bran
per bag
.. 13
Rice bran
„
0
Buller (Avare) Husk
Tur (Togari) Husk
4
Bengal gram husk
.,
0
Buller broken bits 5 srs.
0
Tur broken bits
,,
0
Do. I quality 3 srs.
0
Groundnut oil-cake per maund
3
Gingelly oil-cake
„
No stock
Ramtil oil-cake
„
3 4 0
Cotton Seed
„
. . 4
Charu Brand per lb.
.. 0
Salt 9 srs.
.. l
No. of Members enrolled during July 1947
.. 4
Total No. of Members upto the end of July 1947 318
No. of Shars applied for in July 1947
.^ 14
Total no. Shars up to the end of July 1947
1,161
Sales for the month of July 1947 .. Rs. 2,456 7 0
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
DO YOU KNOW ?
keep bees in their orchards. Keep -bees and
be up-to-date.
subject.
Yearly Rs. 3
INDIAN BEE JOURNAL
920-47—Printed at the Bangalore Press, Bangalore City, by Q. Srinivasa Rao, Superintendent, and Published by
RajaBsvasakta A. K. Yejna Narayan Aiyer, M.A. (Madras), N.D.D. (Enjland), Dip. Ajrio. (Cantab.), Editor, "Monthly Bulletin.
of the Bangalore Dairy Cattle Society," Bangalore
MEMBERS, PLEASE NOTE!
Society's OfficeCentral Co-operative Bank Buildings, Hardinge Road, Chamarajapet, Bangalore City.
2. Breeding Bulls—
Stationed in the Government Veterinary Hospital, Mysore Road, Bangalore City.
Membership ticket to be shown for free service.
3. Dry Cattle Farm (Nagarbavi Plantation)—
Please drive along the Bangalore-Mysore Road and turn to the right at the
railway crossing beyond the 6th mile; the entrance to the Farm is about
f mile to the right on this branch road.
4. Our Cattle Feed Co-operative Stores—
Located in the Hand-Pounded Rice Factory of Messrs. Siddaramappa & Sons,
on Avenue Road, a little beyond the Fort and near the Parvati-Chandrasekhara
Boulevard. Shareholder ticket to be shown when purchasing feeds.
5. Veterinary Officers' Addresses—
(fl) N . R. Srinivasa Iyengar, Esq., G.B.V.S., No. 47, Sripufam, Seshadripuram,
Malleswaram P.O., Bangalore City—Society's Chief Veterinary Officer.
(b) The Veterinary Officer in charge of Malleswaram Veterinary Dispensary—/or
Malleswaram members only.
(c) B. Abdul RaWm, Esq., 174, Albert Victor Road, Chamarajapet, Bangalore
City—Society's Salustry.
6. Monthly Bulletin of the SocietyObtainable at the Society's Office and at the Bangalore Press, Bangalore City.
7. Our Artificial Insemination Service—
The Society has arranged with the Special Officer of the Indian Dairy Research
Institute to offer to the members a free artificial insemination to cows of
members of the Society. We have been assured that the semen is being
obtained from highly pedigreed animals.
1.
Monthly Bulletin of
BANGALORE DAIRY CATTLE SOCIETY
EDITOR I
R A J A S E V A S A K T A A. K. Y E G N A N A R A Y A N A I Y E B .
SUBSCRIPTIONS FOR MEMBERSHIP
M.A. ( M A D R A S ) , N.D.D. (ENGLAND*), DEP. AGRIC. ( C A N T A B . )
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MONTHLY BULLETIN
OF
Editor:—RAJASEVASAKTA A. K. YEGNA NARAYAN AIYER, M.A.
Associate-Editor:—DR. B. NARASIMHA IYENGAR, PH.D.
Vol. VI]
SEPTEMBER 1947
[No. 9
PAGE
"BARREN" COW YIELDS MILK
THE SO'CIETY'S DRY CATTLE FARM
TRAINING COURSES IN DAIRYING
Persistent Milking in a Virgin Cow
By Ikram Vllah Khan, L.V.P.
MILK OUTPUT IN AMERICA . .
"Milk Fever" or ''Post Partum Paresis"
By N. R. Srinivasa Iyengar, G.B.V.C.
101
. 101
101
102
104
105
PAGE
The Comparative Value of Some Concentrates
in tfie Feed of Growing Cattle
By N. C. Das Gupta . .
106
NOTE ON THE DIFFERENT COURSES OF DAIRY
TRAINING GIVEN AT THE INDIAN DAIRY
RESEARCH INSTTTUTE, BANGALORE . .
VETERINARY AID
109
110
no
110
110
BARREN " c o w YIELDS MILK
ITH reference to the note published last whole question in a scientific manner, includ
mdnth under the above heading in the ing the possible physiological causes of the
Bulletin, we are publishing a detailed account phenomenon. The article appeared in Indian
of another such "barren" cow in this number, Farming quite two years ago, but that does
which we are sure will be read with interest. not make it any less interesting.
It may be added that the author goes into the
W
THE SOCIETY'S DRY CATTLE FARM
EMBERS will be interested to note in have cleared a further area this year and have
connection with our t)ry Cattle Farm now sown fodder jola on about ten acres,
(1) that a qualified Stockman has been posted which will be ready for cutting and feeding
by the Government Veterinary Department to from the middle of October; and (4) that the
the Farm, who has now taken charge; (2) that boarding charges have been reduced* for the
green grass has come up in plenty on account time being and the charges now levied are
of the recent very good rains and grazing is Rs. 10 per adult animal and Rs. 6 per young
therefore available in abundance; (3) that we animal.
M
t
TRAINING COURSES IN DAIRYING
are receiving every now and then
W E enquiries
from persons wishing to
undergo a course of studies in Dairying,
regarding particulars about the Institution,
duration" of courses, conditions, qualifications
for admission, etc, FQr the benefit gf these
subscribers and for others who may be interested, we publish elsewhere in this Number
a note on the training courses in the Indian
Dairy Research Institute, Bangalore, which the
Director has kindly furnished at our request
m
PERSISTENT MILKING IN A VIRGIN COW*
BY IKRAM ULLAH KHAN, L.V.P.
Veterinary Assistant Surgeon, In charge Civil Veterinary Hospital, Sialkot City
T N the course of execution of duties, the increasing until at the age of four they seemed
•'• writer observed that there was a cow in the to be full and pendulous. During this period
village Sangial Telian {tehsil Narowal, District neither any discharge from her vulva nor ajiy
Sialkot), which was persistently yielding milk swelling^ over the labia was observed. The
for a number of years without ever having Hindu community began to worship the cow
been served by a bull.
and the owner was asked to draw out her milk
but he did not agree until a day when she was
Description and History of the Cow
restless, off" food and followed him wherever he
Hissar breed, age 12 years, white, horns went, indicating that she wanted to be milked.
upright and curved, some pinkish spots on the No labour or colicky pains were observed when
muffle, external ear pinkish from within, large her milk was drawn out. She felt ease. The
and bright eyes, shining coat, dewlap, udder first milk drawn out was colostrum and was
and teats well developed, vulva proportionately about 2 srs. From that day onwards she was
very small. There is an oval hernial tumour milked once every day for two months and her
about 24 in. in circumference, markedly pro- milk yield did not fluctuate. The owner
truding out about 4 in. from the body level at a started milking her twice a day after 2 months
distance of about 5 in. from the stifle joint and and the milk yield gradually increased to 12 lb.
2\ in. from the apex of the flank triangle behind Since that day the cow is persistently yielding
and slightly above the last two ribs, well above milk for the last eight years. The quantity of
the udder on the left side of the cow. This her milk fluctuates with seasonal changes. The
hernial tumour gets in with every expiratory milk yield gradually increases upto the limit of
movement and protrudes out with every inspi- 16 lb. a day from the middle of July to the end
ratory movement. On palpation it seemed of March while it decreases upto the limit of
a firm, elastic and not well-defined hernial 6 lb. a day from April to the middle of July
, tumour.
every year.
The mother of this cow with a heifer at foot
Phenomenon Explained
was of Hissar breed and was purchased by the
owner, about 18 years ago, from a man who
Before taking into account the scientific
brought it from the Lyallpur district. The heifer side of this physiological abnormality it seems
was the progeny of some unknown bull. The necessary to impress upon the readers' mind
mother of this cow was served a second time that the idea about the existence of such a
by the District Board Hissar bull No. 35/17 cow exists in India from times immemorial.
and gavf birth to this remarkable heifer which In Hindu mythology such a cow is known as
later tur^ffid out to be a virgin cow of excep- Kamdhenu, while"in this tract it is called as
tionally unique qualities. This was brought up Saraion which proves that the cows with qualiby tue owner himself under his direct and ties analogous to this particular cow must have
strict supervision. She was so much attached been existing in India, but no particular case
to the owner that she used to follow him in referred to by any other veterinarian has been
the event of his going out in the fields. She noticed by the writer so far.
has been stall-fed during the major portion of
Various scientists, who conducted experiher life. The two facts that she never came ments to find out the,exact stimuli responsible
to heat and was never served by a bull were for all such changes, came to the conclusions
particularly verified.
briefly mentioned below:
1. Milk secretion has been stimulated in
Performance of the Cow
young animals by the constant manipulation of
At the age of 3|- years her teats and udder the udder, for example, sucking, milking, etc.,
were suddenly noticed by the owner and the showing thereby that the mechanical stimulus
villagers to have increased in size and continued is the only cause; for example, virgin heifers to
which voracious calves have access at pasture,
SQOietinies give considerable quantity of milW
• Indian Farming Vol. VI No. 7, pp. 319-2J,
102
Milk and Milk
2. Reuben L. Hill described a case of doekid which began secreting milk before reaching
the age of maturity and without any of the
known stimuli mentioned above. There is
some evidence in favour of the theory that the
pituitary body may function in this way, since
the administration of a crude extract of
anterior pituitary glands of an ox strikingly
stimulates the milk production of a cow during
the normal dechne of lactation.
3. It has also been noticed by some workers
that lactation often occurs spontaneously in the
non-pregnant goats and in two per cent, of hegoats.
4. Even the rudimentary mammae of males
have been known to yield a limited quantity
of milk under local stimulus. A Malvi bullock
was observed by Idnani yielding milk throughout the year from all the four teats to the
extent of 1 to 4 ounces at the Bombay Veterinary College.
5. The discovery by FoIIey and his coworkers that treatment with diethylstilboestrol
alone will induce copious lactation in virgin
goats and heifers has recently been confirmed
by Lewis and Turner.
6. Further experiments which are being
continued by S. J. Folley and F. G. Young
indicate that in the goats combined treatment
with diethylstilboestrol and anterior pituitary
extract can produce a much more intense
lactation than with the former alone. It seems
likely that under suitable conditions the artificial lactation so evoked may rival that normally
following parturition, which is not surprising
in view of the fact that its genesis presumably
stimulates the mechanism whereby normal
lactation is induced. Further chemical
analysis of such milk shows that the composition of the milk so secreted was normal.
7. Oestrum is succeeded by a period of
calm even in an un-impregnated animal. In
non-pregnant bitches at the end of 40th to the
60th day, there sometimes appears (false conception) tumefaction of the mammary glands
followed by swelling of vulva with reddening of
vaginal mucous membrane and the escape of
viscid fluid. The animal acts as if about to
bring forth making a bed for her young moving
about uneasily, neglecting her food for three
or four'days during which the mammae become
still more developed, the teats elongated and
lactiferous, sinusesfilledup with an abundance
of good milk which is easily obtained by slight
pressure. If a bitch at this state is presented
with a young puppy she would take to it as if
it was her own, and rear it affectionately. This
Products
103
strange condition has also been noticed but
very rarely in the cat and once by Chauvaen in
a mare.
From the foregoing paragraphs it is evident
that the milk secretion in a virgin female is
not an unknown phenomenon. Many instances
have also been recorded of virgin heifers giving
milk by Hammond in January 1927, Turner in
1931, Johnson and Knudsen in 1933, Krestin
and David in 1932 and Spaun in 1929. The
disputable point remains whether such an
animâl ever continued to yield milk continuously for a number of years like the cow
referred to in this article.
The present case is physiologically an
abnormal one. There is no known stimulus
in this case which can be held responsible for
the continuous secretion of milk for such a
long period. If the virginity of the cow and the
presence of hernial tumour at birth are not
iielieved to be true then of course the suspicion
may arise that the cow mifst have conceived
and after conception either of the following
anomalies of pregnancy might have occurred:
1. Abdominal or ventral fetation.—^This is
a condition in which the ovum might have
grafted itself after escaping from the ovary
directly into the cavity of the abdomen. The
development might have taken place upto a
certain extent and there the foetus might have
perished, become encysted and mummified, and
fluid and soft parts absorbed, while the process
of calcification might have taken place later on.
In this condition the foetus may remain for
a long time in the abdomen of the mother
without causing much, if any, inconvenience;
indeed a most perfe'ct state of health may exist,
and the animal may become remarkably fat or
it may conceive or bring forth as favourably as
if nothing abnormal existed. Such an anomaly
can only be discovered on post-mortem examination. A mummified and calcified foetus in
the abdomen of a she-goat was actually seen
by the writer at the Sialkot City abbatoir in the
year 1933. This she-goat gave birth to two kids
about three months before it was slaughtered
and was in perfect health.
2. Hernia of the uterus.—^The gravid uterus
in the form of hernial tumour may appear
towards the lower part of the abdomen, though
always a little to one side, usually the left in
the mare and the right in the cow and not
infrequently in front of the pubis in the region
of the mammary glands. Rarely it may appear
towards the left in the cow. If the present
cas^ is considered to be very rare in this respect
also then the foetus might have encysted,
104
Monthly Bulledn of the Bangalore Dairy Cattle Society
mummified and calcified in the uterus and be the cause for the constant flow of milk for
protruded out in the form of a hernial tumour. such along period, but the virginity of the cow,
This anomaly, if present, can definitely be so important an aspect, shall have to be set
ascertained by post-mortem examination.
aside.
If either of the above described anomalies is
It is expected that some readers having
taken to be a fact in this case, then the constant similar experience through study or observapresence of unborn foetus, the placental extracts tion will throw more light on the subject. ^
and the resultant changes in the ovaries might
MILK OUTPUT IN AMERICA
HE United States has grown to be the and pasteurisation and other safeguards have
greatest of dairy nations, according to made the system of supply and distribution a
a new Milk Industry Foundation survey con- world standard.
Milk as a source of cash farm income was
taining figures and charts on the production
and utilisation of the country's annual milk 14 per cent, of all farm income in 1945—
larger than hogs^ over twice wheat or eggs,
supply.
In addition to fresh milk, now much more and three times cotton' or tobacco. One out
widely used than in pre-war days, the country's of every 15 U.S. families is dependent on milk
58 billion-quart yearly supply goes into butter, for a livelihood. More than 26 miUion cows
cheese, ice cream, and a wide variety of other on three-fourths of the nation's 5,877,000
foods. Milk and the other dairy products farms produce milk.
create an output valued at approximately
A quart of milk supplies approximately the
seven billion dollars;
following percentages of the dairy nutritive
More milk is distributed to more people requirements of an average adult: calcium
than ever before, the average American con- 100 per cent, plus; riboflavin (vitamin G)
suming 200 quarts a year in the form of fresh 79 per cent.; phosphorus 69 per cent; protein
milk and cream in 1945 compared with 49 per cent.; vitamin A 37 per cent.; niacin
160 quarts a decade ago. Milk and its pro- 30 per cent,; vitamin Bj 28 per cent.; iron
ducts comprise around 25 per cent, of the 16 per cent.; vitamin (J 16 per cent.
foods estimated to be consumed annually by
Figures quoted indicate that more motor
the average American.
vehicles are used in the dairy industry than
New methods of efficiency in service to any other. Reference is .also made to the
consumers have been developed by the industry wide usage of milk by-products in films,
to help keep milk an economical food in a plastics, paper, insulation, textile?, penicillin,
period of rising costs. Americans enjoy the and a wide range of medicinal products.—
best milk in the world, says the Foundation, "Dairyman," March 1947.
T
order by linseed cake, rape cake and decorticated groundnut cake. The difference in the
growth rates with linseed cake,and rape cake
was not significant. In the third set, the
growth rates were in the decreasing order of
guar, linseed cake and til cake.
On camparing the data for all the concentrates, it was found that under the conditions
of these experiments groundnut cakes, both
decorticated and undecorticated, resulted in
the least favourable rate of growth. Til cake
and rape cake come next in order of increasing value, followed by linseed cake. Linseed
cake was of about the same value as guar and
was inferior only to gram, arhar chuni and
mung chuni which ^ v e the best results,
The digestibility of organic matter and total
carbohydrate was higher when pulse or pulse
chuni was present in the ration, while that of
of protein was superior when the concentrates
richer in protein were fed. jThis variation
appears to be due to the concentration of
the nutrient in the total ration.
Protein of gram, arhar chuni, mung chuni,
and guar appears to be of superior quality
as compared to that of the oilcakes of growing Hissar cattle. Mung chuni and guar
produced the best rates of growth per unit of
total digestible nutrients as well. For the
production of the same liveweight rape cake
has been found to be the cheapest. Next in
prder come decorticated groundnut cake, ,
{Continued on page UQ)
"MILK FEVER" OR "pfOST PARTUM
PARESIS*'
BY N . R . SRINIVASA IYENGAR, G . B . V . C .
Chief Veterinary Officer of the Society
FEVER is regarded as an infective
MILKdisease,
resulting from the introduction
into the uterus of micro-organisms such as
Staphylococcus and Streptococci micro-organisms. This led to the formation of toxins
of which the absorption is said to give rise
to the milk fever.
Occurrence.—Milk fever occurs most frequently in cows. Cows which are good milkers
are most liable to this disease and also fat and
well nourished animals that have been highly
fed before calving. The greater number of
cases occur either in summer or when the
weather changes suddenly. The condition
usually makes its appearance 36 to 48 hours
after calving or the latest at the end of 3 days.
It rarely occurs during delivery but never
before the appearance of milk. It is also due
to keeping the animals too long without
water.
Symptoms.^The ailment begins with signs
of restlessness. The animal moves with a
slovenly gait, strain to evacuate and strike
their feet up against their body. In some
cases brain symptoms appear and the animals
become excited and bellow. In some cases
we notice spasms, twitching of the muscles
of the face, grinding of the teeth and spasmodic
twisting of the neck. There will be hard
swelling of the udders at the commencement
of the malady. After these initial stages are
often overlooked and may, indeed be absent,
the essentially characteristic symptoms of
depression and paralysis appear. The animal
primarily reveals weakness in the use of its
extremities especially the hind ones, staggers
when walking, appears dull or powerless,
sometimes falls and struggles to rise again.
The partial paralysis extends from the hind
quarters to the whole body. The animal can
no longer stand, but lies helplessly on the
ground with all the four legs stretched. The
upper eyelid droops over the eyeball, the
ey«s are shut and on raising the eyelid, the
cornea is found to be dull and glazed, dry and
insensible. The pupil is amaurotic and
enlarged. Secreted tears are collected under
the eyelid and the eyeball is considerably
sunken. The tongue,hangs loosely from the
mouth owing to the paralysis of its muscles
and the saliva flows out in long strings but
it can no longer be swallowed. When swallowing fluids we hear a strange gurgling sound
all along the throat. Breathing is performed
with groaning, rattling and even whistling
noises, accompanied by much distension of
the nostrils. On examining the digestive
organs we find continuous constipation,
caused by the partial paralysis of the involuntary muscles of the bowels. It is soon followed
by tympany and suppression of all the intestinal sounds accompanied by the cessation of
urination, caused by the partial paralysis of
the bladder.
Treatment.—Daily exercise of the pregnant
animal and decrease of her rations. A gentle
laxative, i.e., Sodii Sulph. 4 ounces is often
recommended before delivery. Care must be
taken to ensure good ventilation, temperate
warmth and prevent cold. It is best to briiig
the animal into a separate stable before
calving. In stables where this disease has
frequently caused loss it is advisable to wash
out the uterus with one per cent, creoline as
a precautionary measure to prevent development of toxic matter. The best method of
combating the disease is undoubtedly by the
use of Potassium Iodide treatment. This disease occurs as an auto-intoxication caused by
the agency of a toxin which forms in the
udder during the development of the colostrum.
Recommend that an introduction of Potassium Iodide solution (§ oz. to IJ pints of
distilled water) under pressure and distribute
the injection by means of massage to every
part of the udder.
For general treatment, it should be borne
in mind that the administration of drugs by
the mouth is attended to by grave danger.
The drugs should if absolutely essential be
given with caution as they are liable to get
into the air passages and thus set up pneumonia and whenever possible subcutaneous
method must be employed.
105
Feeds & Fodders
THE COMPARATIVE VALUE OF SOME CONCENTRATES IN THE FEED
OF GROWING CATTLE*
BY N . C .
DAS GUPTA
Research Officer, Cattle Feeding Research Station, Bharari, Jhansi '
can be broadly classified
CONCENTRATES
into three groups according to the composition. Linseed cake, decorticated and
undecorticated groundnut cakes, til (Sesamum
indicum) cake, rape cake, cottonseed cake and
guar (Cyamopsis psoralioides) are the common
concentrates of India, having a protein content
of over 30 per cent. Coconut cake, cotton
seed, pulses (legume seeds) and pulse byproducts are moderately rich in protein and
have nutritive ratios similar to the standard
required for production. Cereal grains make
the third group of concentrates which are
comparatively rich in carbohydrates but low
in protein content.
This paper deals with the feeding value,
for the production of growth, of five oil-cakes,
viz., linseed cake, decorticated and undecorticated groundnut cakes, rape cake and Ul cake
and four legume seeds or their by-products,
viz., guar, gram (Cicer arietinum), arhar
(Cajanus indicus) chuni and mung {Phaseolus
mungo) chuni. The chuni is the by-product
from the manufacture of split pulse {dal) for
human consumption. It contains chiefly the
hullsi^ along with the germs and broken particles of the seed. In all the tests of this series,
linseed cake was used as the control, because
it is one of the most popular protein supplements for cattle and produces good results
even when used as the only concentrate.
Feieding Trial with Linseed Cake,
Undecorticated Groundnut Cake,
Gram and Arhar Chuni (1940)
In August 1940, tests to find out the comparative feeding values of linseed cake, undecorticated groundnut cake, gram and arhar
chuni for growth'were started with 20 Hissar
heifers. The basal ration, which consisted of
wheat straw ad lib., 111b. jowar {Sorghum
vulgare) silage, 1 -55 lb. wheat bran and linseed
cake for protein supplement, was fed to all
the animals for a period of'eight weeks and
thereafter they were distributed into four
Comparable groups according to age, liveweight and rate of growth during the basal
period. For the experimental feeding, group
I was allowed to continue the basal ration and
groups II, III and IV received groundnut
Cake, gram and arhar chuni respectively in
place of linseed cake, the quantity being regulated to maintain the same level of protein
for different groups. Records of daily liveweight and food consumption for each animal
were .maintained during the test which lasted
for a period of 21 weeks.
Rate of growth with the different rations.—
The rate of growth by the different treatments
has been statistically analysed. Undecorticated
groundnut cake producec^ the lowest average
growth rate. Linseed cake came next and,
though the average growth rate is very significantly higher than that with groundnut cake,
it is lower than that with gram and arhar
chuni. The diflference between gram and
^rhar chuni is not significant. The fall in the
growth rate from gram to linseed cake is
19 -48 per cent., from gram to groundnut
cake is 53 -60 per cent., and from linseed cake
to groundnut cake 34-12 per cent., the critical
difference at 5 per cent, level being 12-97 per
cent.
Similarly, between arhar chuni and
linseed cake and between arhar chuni and
undecorticated groundnut cake the differences
in the average growth rates are 23 -35 and
57 -47 per cent, respectively, the critical difference being 14-50 per cent. The variations
due to treatments in the case of average rate
of change of growth rate is also significant.
Feeding Trial with Linseed Cake,
Decorticated Groundnut Cake,
Rape Cake and Mung Chuni (1941)
Sixteen Hissar heifers were selected for this
test in September, 1941. The basal ration was
the same as in the previous test, except that
rape cake was fed instead of linseed cake
during this period as it was found that animals
do not relish a change from linseed cake to
rape cake. The basal feeding lasted for three
* Indian Journal of Veterinary Sceince and A nimal weeks, after which the animals were distriHusbandary, Vo. XV, Part II.
One
* Indian Veterinary Journal, Vol. XXIV, No. 1 buted into four comparable groups.
group was allowed to continue the rape cake
pp. 30-48.
106
Feeds and
ration, and for the other three groups rape
cake was replaced by either linseed cake,
groundnut cake or mung chuni. The procedure
was the same as in the previous test.
Rate of growth.—Decorticated groundnut
cake has produced significantly the lowest
average growth rate. Rape cake and linseed
cake come next in order, the difference between
them is not significant, but both produced
significantly lower growth rate than mung
chuni, the average growth rates per week with
these feeds being 4 -96, 6 -30, 6 -84 and 8 -72 lb.
respectively. •'The fall in the growth rate from
niung chuni to rape cake is 36 -03 per cent.,
from mung chuni to groundnut cake is 56 -04
per cent., and from rape cake to groundnut
cake 20 -01 per cent., the critical difference at
5 per cent, level being 19 -64 per cent. Similarly from mung chuni to Unseed cake and
from linseed cake • to groundnut cake, the
average growth rate is 27 -90 and 28 -14 per
cent, respectively. The variation due to
treatments in the average rate of change of
growth rate is also significant.
Feeding Test with Linseed Cake, Tif Cake
and Guar (1942)
The experiment to study the comparative
feeding values of linseed cake, guar and til
cake was started in April, 1942 with 15 Hissar
heifers. The constituents of the basal ration
were the same as those during the first test
of the series. The experiment was conducted
for 16 weeks after a preliminary feeding for
fo^T -weeks. There were five replications for
each treatment.
Rate of growth.—It is observed that the rate
of growth with til cake is significantly lower
than that with linseed cake or guar. The fall
in the rate of growth from linseed cake to
til cake is 25 -49 per cent, and from guar to
til cake 43-18 per cent. Guar has produced
the highest rate of growth and the fall in the
rate of growth from guar to linseed cake is
17 -69 per cent., but it is not significant being
less than the critical difference of 24 -59 per
cent.«
Comparative Rate of Growth with the
Different Concentrates
The differences in the rates of growth
obtained with linseed cake during the three
experiments are not significant, yet they are
not the same which may be due to seasonal
variations or other factors during the three
different years. It is observed that the average
âtes of growth with undecorticated and
Fodders
i07
decorticated groundnut cakes are not significantly different from that with til cake but
are significantly lower than that with the
remaining concentrates. The growth rate with
til cake is not significantly different from that
with rape cake, but is lower than those with
linseed cake, guar, gram, arhar chuni and
mung chuni. The growth with rape cake is
not significantly lower than that with linseed
cake, but is lower than the figures obtained
for guar, gram, arhar chuni and mung chuni.
The rate of growth with linseed cakes is not
significantly different from that with guar, but
is lower than those with gram, arhar chuni
and mung chuni. The differences obtained
among guar, gram, arhar chuni and mung
chuni are not significant. The results can be
symbolically represented as follows;
Groundnut cake (undecorticated) . . 4-58
Groundnut cake (decorticated)
.. 4-96
racake
..
..
..5-15
Rape cake
..
..
.. 6 -30
Linseed cake (1942)
..
..6-83
Linseed cake (1941)
..
..6-87
Linseed cake (1940) • . .
..7-13
Guar ..
..
..
..8-03
Gram ..
..
..
..8-77
Arhar chuni
..
..
.. 8 -79
. Mung chuni
..
..
.. 8 -83
The variations observed in the growth rate
may be due to higher consumption, better
digestibility of the total ration on account of
the presence of certain concentrates or superior
value of the nutrients of some concentrates.
CoBsaraption of total tation as inflatJiced by
the different concentrates.—Smaller quantities
of concentrates richer in protein were fed to
maintain the same level of protein for all the
treatments, and it is noted that the consumption of total dry matter was also lower in
these groups. Concentrates and coarse fodders
were fed separately. Where the quantity of
concentrate was comparatively higher, as with
arhar chuni and mung chuni the intake of
wheat straw was slightly lower, but in most
of the treatments^ its intake, though fed ad lib,
did not appreciably increase with the lower
amount of concentrates, which indicates that
the animals were usually satiated with the
average total dry matter consumed in the oilcake treatments. Thus it appears that on an
average 2 -22 lb. total dry matter per 100 lb.
liveweight is necessary for Hissar heifers
between one and two years of age and weighing between 400 and 5001b., but the rate of
consumption may be higher if the ration
consists mostly of palatable feeds. In the
log
Monthly Bulletin of the Bangalore Dairy Cattle Sociei'^
tnung chuni treatment, the average consumption
per 100 lb. liveweight was as high as 2 -60 lb.
The higher intake of dry matter must have
influenced, to some extent, the better growth
rate with guar, gram, arhar chuni and mung
chuni.
Effect of the concentrate on the digestibility
of the total ration.—Digestibility trials were
conducted with three animals under each
treatment during 1940 and 1941 and with two
animals in 1942.
When gram, guar or pulse by-products are
present in tlie ration both organic matter and
total carbohydrates are better digested, whereas
the digestibility of protein is superior when
concentrates richer in protein are fed.
This indicates that the concentration of a
nutrient in the total ration plays an important
role in its digestibility. The level of protein
was the same in all the treatments, but due
to a lower intake of total dry matter the
concentration of protein was higher in the
treatments with feeds richer in protein, resulting
in its better digestibility. The same tendency is
noticed with the digestibility of ether extract.
Similar observations were made by the author
(1943) on a previous occasion. The lower
digestibility of protein of the total ration with
gram, arhar chuni and mung chuni might also
have been influenced by the presence of more
easily digestible carbohydrates.
Gain in liveweight in relation to the intake
of digestible nutrients.—^The increases in liveweight per unit of digestible protein and total
digestible nutrients have been calculated to
compare the feeding value of the nutrients
from the different concentrates. The pulses
and pulse by-products have always given
higher increase in liveweight per unit of
digestible protein. This greater increase cannot be attributed only to the quality of protein,
as more carbohydrates also had to be ingested
as a result of maintaining the same level of
protein in these treatments. Balancing of both
protein and carbohydrates, which is necessary
for such experiments, is only possible by
supplementing purified diets, but this is not
practicable specially with dairy cattle, in long
period feeding trials. In the experiment during
1940, the actual amount of protein digested
was lower than the calculated quantity given
to the animals of gram and arhar chuni
groups, and hence, the level of protein supplement was lower for these two treatments.
But the increase in liveweight per unit of
total digestible nutrients was the same even
with this lower protein supplement. Mung
chuni and guar in 1941 and 1942 respectively have produced decidedly better rate of
grovrth per unit both of digestible protein and
total digestible nutrients. Thus it appears
that for growing animals protein from gram,
arhar chuni, mung chuni or guar is superior
to that from the oilcakes.
Relative economy of the concentrates
The tests were carried out for three consecutive years and the prices of feeds varied
from year to year. Hence, to compare the
cost of production with the different concentrates, the prices of all the roughages and bran
have been taken as the same as in 1941 and
those of the concentrates have been modified
and brought to the 1941 level on the basis
of variation of the price of linseed cake from
year to year. The comparative cost of the
total ration for the production of 100 lb.
liveweight show that for production of the
same hveweight rape cake is the cheapest
amougest all the concentrates, next in order
come groundnut cake (decorticated), guar,
mung chuni, linseed cake, til cake, arhar
chuni, groundnut cake (undecorticated) and
gram.
The comparative economic value of a feed
cannot be assessed only by the market prices
which always vary. But for true economy
the time factor should also be taken into
account as with better rate of growth, the
period of unproductiveness is shortened. It
appears that when the rate of growth is taken
into account guar is definitely more economical than the oilcakes, and both arhar chuni
and mung chuni may also prove cheaper in
the long run.
Summary
Trials were conducted to study the comparative feeding values of linseed cake,
decorticated and undecorticated groundnut
cakes, rape cake, til cake, guar, gram, arhar
chuni and mung chuni, with Hissar heifers.
The tests were carried out in three sets during
1940, 1941 and 1942. Linseed cake was ussd
as control in all the sets. Varying quantities
of the different concentrates were fed to
maintain the same level of protein in all the
treatments.
In the first test, it was found that gram and
arhar chuni produced better growth than' linseed cake, while undecorticated groundnut
cake proved inferior. Among the concentrates tested in the second year, mung chuni
gave the highest rate of growth, followed in
NOTE ON THE DIFFERENT COURSES OF DAIRY TRAINING GIVEN AT THE
INDIAN DAIRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE, BANGALORE
' y H E following are the courses of train•'• ing given:—
1. The Indian Dairy Diploma Course:—It
is of two year's duration and it gives comprehensive training in the theory and practice
of Dairy Husbandry and Dairying. This is
essentially a training for the management
of a dairy farm, a dairy and a dairy factory.
Students must be over 17 years of age and the
minimum education qualification required for
it is S.S.L.C. or its equivalent examination.
Preference will be given to candidates with
higher academic qualifications, specially in
Science subjects, such as Intermediate in Science
or B.Sc. Tuition fee is Rs. 15 per mensem
payable for 20 months only in advance every
month. The sports fee of Rs. 24 for the
course is payable in advance in four instalments of Rs. 6 each at the beginning of
term: November to May and June to
November. It is compulsory for all students
to take part in the social and sports activities
of the Institute and no exemption is given.
The course commences in November every
year or as may be decided later. Application
forms can be obtained in July. The final
examination for the Indian Dairy Diploma
takes place by the end of October and successful candidates are awarded the I.D.D. Diploma.
2. Short Course.—^This course is of three
months' duration starting every year from
the months of January, July and October.
Applications should reach the Institute by the
1st of Dscember/June/September every year.
The medium of instruction is English. The
course is intended for men in the trade or
officers deputed by Provincial Governments,
who are desirous of obtaining up-to-date
practical knowledge in different branches of
dairy practice. On the successful completion
of "the training, a certificate is granted by the
Institute.
The tuition fee of Rs. 15 monthly or for the
part of a month is payable in one instalment (Rs. 45) at the beginning of the term.
A sports fee of Rs. 3 is payable in advance
for the complete course. No exemption from
the payment of sports fee will be made and
all the candidates should take part in sports
and social activities. Application forms can
be obtained in October, April and July. Only
ten candidates are admitted at each session of
the course.
3. Honorary Research Workers' Course.
This 'Institute also entertains graduates of
Indian or European Universities, with a First
Class M.Sc. or B.Sc. (Hons.) degree, as
Honorary Research Workers for carrying out
advanced research work. Only four such
workers are admitted every year. Graduates
who have had some experience in research
work will only be admitted. The problem
for research work can be selected from any
one of the following branches of Dairy
Science:—
(1) Dairy Chemistry,
(2) Dairy Bacteriology,
(3) Dairy Technology, and
(4) Diairy Husbandry.
Hostel accommodation is available for men
(on payment of water aifd light charges of
Rs. 2-4-0) for the first two courses. The
average monthly expenses includingtuition fee
may come to Rs. 75 for the first two courses
and Rs. 50 for Honorary Research Workers'
course. Every student is to provide himself
with the prescribed uniform for the first two
courses, and to deposit a sum of Rs. 15 for
the I.D.D. Course, Rs. 10 for the Short Course
and Rs. 100 for the Honorary Research
Workers' Course as Caution Money.
No tuition fees are charged for the Honorary
Research Workers' Course.
No stipends are given to any candidate by
this Institute.
Th6 Government do not guarantee any
employment to the successful candidates.
The training in the I.D.D. course is also
imparted at Allahabad Agricultural Institute,
particulars of which can be had from the
Principal of that Institute.
Lady students have to make their own
arrangements for boarding and lodging.
109
no
Veterinary Aid
50 animals were treated during August, 47
for different ailments. Four "Anthiorateve"
injections were given to a cross-bred cow for
"Naiol granuloma" and the cow is gradually
improving. '•Stilboestrot" injections were given
on a cow and an heifer once in 3 days to
promote '•astrum-" of these one cow
showed the development of pregnancy and
the other did not show any symptoms of
oestrum. The former had taken the bull
about 4 months back previous to giving
injection. Nose strings were applied on 2
heifers and a cow. Frequent visits were
paid to half a dozen homes to give necessary instructions and help to the calving
animals. 13 cows and one buffalo calved
^during August 1947 of which 7 cows were
born to the Society's Sindi Breeding Bull.
NOTICE
Members in Malleswaram, Seshadripuram
and that neighbourhood are informed that the
Honorary Joint Secretary of the Society
resides in Malleswaram and that his address is:
Sri. P. Nagesha Rao,
130, 17th Cross Road,
•
Malleswaram.
It may be convenient to them to contact
him when required.
guar, mung chuni, linseed cake, til cake, arhar
chuni, undecorticated groundnut cake and
gram. But when the rate of growth is taken
into account, which determines the period of
unproductiveness, the feeding of guar is definitely more economical than the oilcakes and
both arhar chuni and mung chuni may also
prove cheaper in the long run.
With normal feeds the consumption of dry
matter for Hissar heifers weighing between
400 and 500 lb. is, on an average, 2-2 lb.
Breeding Bull Service
1. "Warrior"—Four cows were covered per 100 lb. liveweight.
fWe apologise to the author for having
during August 1947 of which one belonged
omitted
the several tables and graphs.—Ed.]
to a member, thus making a total number
of 5 animals from July 1947.
2. "Bheemasena" covered 25 cows during
August 1947 of which 8 cows belonged to
STORES, LTD.
the members of the Society, thus making a
Prices Current for the month of September 1947
total of 51 cows from July 1947.
DO YOU KNOW ?
quality ofôur fruits ? All progressive Modem
Fruit Grdjvers in the West find it profitable to
be up-to-date.
subject.
Yearly Rs. 3
INDIAN BEE JOURNAL
R A M G A R H , Dlst. NAINI TAL, U.P.
Rs. A. P.
Wheat bran
Per Rupee
6 lbs.
Rice bran
per bag
6 0 0
Buller (Avare) Husk
„
6 8 0
Tur (Togari) Husk
8 4 0
Bengal gram husk
,,
9 0 0
Buller broken bits 5 srs.
1 0 0
Tur broken bits
,,
1 0 0
Groundnut oil-cake per maund
2 3 0
Gingelly oil-cake
„
5 12 0
Ramtil oil-cake
„
3 4 0
Cotton Seed
„
4 0 0
Do.
per bag 5^ mds.
20 0 0
Cham Brand per lb.
0 4 0
Horsegram 3 Seers
1 0 0
Do. Broken 3i Seers
1 0 0
Salt 9 srs.
1 0 0
n. Monthly Progress Statement
No. of Members enrolled during August 1947
Nil.
Total No. of Members upto the end of Aug. 1947 318
No. of Shares applied for in August 1947
Total no. Shares up to the end of August 1947 1,161
Total sales for the month of Aug. 1947-48 5,031 4 0
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
102S'47—Printed at the Bangalore Press, Bangalore City, by G- Srinivasa Rao, Superintendent, and Published by
RaiasayassHtS A- K. Ye|na Narayan Aiyor, M.A. (Madras), N.D.D. (England), Dip. Agrie. (Cantab.). Editor, "Mijnthjy Birflstin
of the bangalore Dairy Cattle Society," Bangaloro
MONTHLY BULLETIN
OF
>
^(///o/-;—RAJASEVASAKTA A. K. YEGNA NARAYAN AIYER, M.A.
OCTOBER 1947
Vol. VI]
-[No. 10
PAGE
PAGE
Keeping Quality of Milk under the Indian
Household Conditions
By Kerala Verma and H. Laxminarayana.. I l l
Livestock Development
By Hon'ble Dr. Rajendra Prasad ..
114
Fluorosis of Cattle in the Madras Presidency
By G. R. Viswanathan, G.M.V.C. .. ' ..
117
..
..
..118
VETERINARY AID
..
..
..
..118
BREEDING Bum SERVICE
..
> ..
..
118
OUR CATTLE FEED CO-OPERATIVE STORES, LTD. . .
118
KEEPING QUALITY OF MILK UNDER INDIAN HOUSEHOLD CONDITIONS
BY KERALA VERMA AND H . LAXMINARAYANA
Indian Dairy Research Institute, Bangalore
is well kno^vn that several factors namely,
IT initial
quality, cleanliness of utensils and
which survive the heat treatment.
Quite
frequently milk curdles at the mere applitemperature and time of storage, influence the cation of heat either due to high acid developkeeping quality of milk in the consumer's ment or protein degradation brought about by
house. With the advent of modern conditions bacterial action prior to its receipt or during
of living in this country the bulk of the its storage in a raw condition.
population has to depend on outside supplies
Some of the above phenomena can no doubt
of milk from either producer-retailers, street be explained on theoretical considerations but
vendors, or commercial dairies. Due to lack there is no precise information regarding
of ahy hygienic standard in the methods of (i) the relative importance of the different
milk production and handling and the unscru- factors contributing to the spoilage of milk,
pulous practice of adulterating it, the house- (ii) the maximum period up to which raw
holder seldom receives a milk supply that is milk can be kept before boiling, and (iii) how
not highly contaminated with numerous species long boiled milk can be expected to remain
of bacteria and that can remain in a whole- wholesome. Apart from their scientific signisome condition for a reasonable period of time ficance these points are of great practical
under the rigorous climatic conditions prevail- value to' the householders interested in preing here. The domestic methods of handling serving milk in a good condition for utilisation
milk provide further scope for bacterial growth according to their requirements. With a view
leading to the premature deterioration of the to obtaining concrete data on the above
article as a human food. Although milk is aspects some of the common domestic practices
generally boiled before use as a mâns of of handling milk (generally prevalent in this
ensuring its safety and enhancing its keeping country but particularly in South India) were
quality, the life of boiled milk is also limited imitated in the laboratory as far as possible
due to the activity of spore-forming organisms and the keeping quality of milk determined,
m
11:2
Monthly
bulletin
of the Bangalore
using samples obtained from the usual sources
of milk supply to private houses. The work
was carried out in summer and a uniform
storage temperature of 30° C , which approximately corresponds to the average temperatures prevailing in the kitchen where milk is
generally stored, was adopted for the study.
The results of the experiment could be confidently applied during winter when the conditions are more favourable for the preservation
of milk.
After ex"amining the samples for. colony
counts on milk agar, titratable acidity and
microscopic appearance, one portion was
stored in a raw condition and another after
heating it to first boil employing two tinned
brass containers for the purpose. One of the
vessels was cleaned in the usual manner by
scrubbing with mud and ash, smearing with
tamarind water and rinsing with cold well
water followed by air drying before use. The
other was similarly treated except that it was
finally scalded with boiling water. A portion
of the raw milk was also held in a sterile flask.
The keeping quality of each experimental
sample was determined by .means of clot-onboiling test taken at intervals of 4, 8, 12 and
24 hours and at the end of the keeping quality
[i.e., when C.O.B. test was positive) the acidity
and microscopic appearance of each sample
was found out.
A few trials were made with earthenware
utensils for storing the milk but the results
Dairy
Cattle
Society
were not satisfactory. Both raw ^nd boiled
samples showed signs of deterioration within
8 or 9 hours. The main dilBculty seems to be
in cleaning them efficiently since it was not
possible to reduce- the contamination (particularly spore-formers) settled in the pores of
the vessels even by smoking them or boiling
water in them.
The results of the different experiments are
summarised in Table I. The average variations
in the bacteriological quality of milk supply
available for domestic use and their keeping
qualities under different conditions are clearly
brought out.
It is evident that the initial quality of the
milk and the temperature of its storage are
the most important factors in deciding the
keeping quality of raw milk under household
conditions. The best samples (farm produced
and pasteurised milks) possess a keeping
quality of 10 to 13 hours, irrespective of the
types of containers, while the village and
private dairy milks show signs of deterioration
in 8 to . 11 hours and within 3 hours respectively. The data also indicate that farm
produced and village milks should not be
maintained in a raw condition for more than
10 and 8 hours respectively if the milk is to
withstand boiling and retain its wholesome
value. A safe limit of 6 hours may be adopted
in both the cases. As regards the milk from •
commercial dairies, it should be boiled either
immediately or invariably within an hour of
TABLE I
Keeping quality of raw and boiled milks under Indian household conditions {Average values}
Titratable acidity % lactic
acid)
Source of samples*
Plate
counts
(per ml.)
Initial
Keeping quality of milk at 30° C. in hours
and minutes
Finalt
•
Pasteurised milk . . 89 000
Farm milk I
231,000
II
323,000
Village milk I
504,000
II
. . 881,000
Commercial dairy
32 million
milk
Raw
Raw
0-16
0-15
0-16
O-II
0-12
0-10
0-23
0-21
0-23
0-20
0-18
0-16
Raw milk
in sterile
flask
Boiled
0-20
..
0-15
0-18
,.
12-35
10-28
11-10
10-40
8-10
2-40
Raw milk in
tinned brass
container
Boiled milk in
tinned brass
container
Cleaned
on.y
Cleaned
and
scalded
Cleaned
only
Cleaned
and
scalded
11-50
10-8
10-10
9-30
8-33
2-40
12-50
11-5
10-17
10-3'S-30
2-40
18-00
l'-50
Ib-OO
14-50
14-45
13-14
18-00
]5-50
16-00
14-50
14-45
13-14
* Twenty-foiir samples of farm mil'c (I) and 12 each of the other groups were tested.
f Values of acidity for samples both in c'.eansd and scalde4 vessels were identical, Acidities for boiled
saiiples,-curdling between 12 and 24 hours', were not taken.
Milk and Milk
Products
113
its receipt to be on the safe side. The above 3 or 4 hours more under the conditions of
limits could naturally be extended by holding storage described in this experiment.
Trials were made to find out whether the
the milk at a lower temperature than 30° C.
The initial titratable acidity does not bear keeping quality of milk could be enhanced by
any appreciable relation with the keeping prolonging the time of boiling initially or by
quality and the final acidity figures are generally means of intermittent heating. Boiling the
low. In almost all cases a mixed type of milk for 5 or 10 minutes had no advantage
fermentation was observed dve to the com- over heating it to first boil only and re-boiling
bined action of coliform bacteria, acido- (to first boil) of the milk'held in tinned brass
proteolytic cocci, lactic streptococci, coryne- vessels (cleaned and scaled) for 8 hours at
bacteria and aerobic Spore-Formers. The 30° C. did not result in any improvement
low initial acidity figures seen in the case of since all the samples curdled in 24 hours.
village and commercial dairy samples are When the samples were however kept in
due to their high degree of dilution with sterile flasks and subjected to re-boiling after
8 hours, they did not curdle till 36 hours.
water.
As regards boiled milk, the keeping quality Re-boiling of the milk after storage for
varies from 16 to 18 hours in the case of 12 hours was effective in increasing the keepfarm and pasteurised milks and from 13 to ing quality up to 30 hours in tinned brass
15 hours in other cases.
Most of them vessels and 36 hours in sterile flask. Thus the
curdled within 24 hours, a few giving a posi- type of container assumes some significance
tive boiling test at the end of that period. in this case either due to the contamination
Some 30 per cent, of them, showing a solid from it becoming relatively more important in
curd formation with very little whey separa- the re-boiled milk or some other cause.
tion were found to be associated with a lactose Further, re-boiling after an interval of 12
fermenting spore-former. This was found to hours from the time of the first heating is
be a highly resistant strain which curdled more effective then after 8 hours in prolonging
milk in 24 hours and thereafter slowly pepton- the life of the heated milk presumably because
ised it. In other samples the milk was highly the longer intervals offer scope for a greater
peptonised due to the combined action of proportion of the spore-forming types present
more than one type of spore-former. The in the boiled milk to develop into the less
low keeping quality of boiled milk in the case resistant vegetative forms. There may be
of the samples from villages and commercial some objection to the re-boiling of milk on the
dairies must be due to the preponderance of score of its effects on the nutritive value of
spore-forming organisms in them. It is clear the article, but this appears to be the easiest
. that it is unsafe to keep such milk for more solution to the householder's problem of
than 12 hours after boiling while farm pro- preserving liquid milk over long periods in
duced milk may be able to stand for another the absence of cold storage facilities.
In young stock, growth remains poor in
spite of good feeding.
Other symptoms include lowered fertility,
delayed oestrum, sterility, reduction in milk
yield and in some instances photo-phobia.
The course of this disease runs from a few
months to a few years, but in buffaloes the
duration is shorter.
Post-Mortem Findings
Due to religious sentiments of the people
the writer had some difficulty in getting' affected
animals for destruction and post-mortem
examination. An opportunity was, however,
availed of for examining post-mortem of two
animals destroyed in extremis in a very badly
affected village. In both, the internal organs
appeared to "be normal and the lesions were
confined to the skeleton only.
(To be continued)
LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT*
BY HON'BLE D R . RAJENDRA PRASAD
Food and Agriculture Member to the Government of India
have an importance of their own
CATTLE
in our economy of life. We need milk
and need it more than other peoples of the
world because there is a verv large proportion
of our population which does not eat meat
or any other animal product except milk or
milk products. We need good strong hardy
bullocks for agricultural purposes, for ploughing our land, for other processes in connection
with agriculture, for lifting water for irrigation, for drawing carts, for transporting goods
and serving as conveyances. The problem of
niaintaining cattle of the requisite quality both
for supplying milk and for supplying power
is one which ought to occupy our attention.
Its tremendousness will be apparent when we
remember that India has the largest cattle
population of the world. According to the
last census, the total bovine population (cattle
and buffaloes) in 1941 was 208-2 millions
including (a) 74-4 miUion adult females, {b) 68-5
million adult males and (c) 65-2 millioii
young stock of both sexes below three years
of age. Of the adult females, about 5 millions
are not used for milk production thus leaving
about 69-5 millions for milk supply, and the
number pf animals in milk and dry are about
35 millions and 34-5 millions respectively.
Amongst the male population about 3 millions
are not used for any work. The number of
bulls is about 1 million and that of bullocks
about 64- 5 millions. The annual 'production
of milk from cows and buffaloes is estimated
at about 2^ million tons or 6 crore maunds.
This has to'' be increased 'at least three-fold
to meet the nutritional minimum which at
about one pound a day per head of the population (8 oz. fluid milk and 8 oz. in the form of
products like ghee, butter, etc.) works out at
about 70 million ,tons and allowing for feeding
of calves the total quantity required would be
80 million tons or nearly 21 crore maunds.
Dr. Norman C. Wright calculated in 1937 the
income from cattle as follows:
Milk and milk products
Rs. 300 crores
Hides and skins
.. Rs. 40 „
Value of cattle labour .. Rs. 300 to 400 crores
•Speech delivered at the openirg of the S'xth AllIndia Cattle Show held in Delhi on 13th February 1947.
114
The cost or value of cattle manure is difficult
to calculate but a provisional figure of 270
crores of rupees has been suggested. We get
a correct perspective of these figures if we
remember that the value of milk and milk
products alone is roughly equivalent to the
value of India's total output of rice and three
to four times that of wheat. Dr. Norman
Wright concludes that 'in actual value the
cattle industry contributes at a very rough
estimate about 1000 crores of rupees to the
agricultural income of the country which has
been assessed at a total of 2000 crores of
rupees. The potential value of cattle as a
means of raising the level of fertility of the soil
and of thus increasing the output of both cash
and food crops is incalculable'.
The problem has thus a two-fold aspect each
of which has to be fully kept in view. We
need milk and milk products and we need cattle
for draught purposes. In towns and other
places where human population is concentrated
and agricultural and draught purpose of less
importance, milk supply is the more important,
while in rural areas both aspects are equally
important. As the' population is becoming
concentrated in towns and industrial areas
which are growing up, the question of supply
of milk to them is assuming an ever-increasing
iniportance. On the other hand, in rural
areas, while the question of increasing the
supply of milk is not less pressing than in
towns, there is no appreciable chance of
mechanization replacing the bullock as the
chief source of power for agricultural and
other purposes.
'India' in the words of Mr. R. A. Pepperall
'is not now in the position, nor is there any
immediate likelihood of conditions changing,
to admit of the luxury of maintaining separate
types of animals for milk and for draught.
Therefore, dependence must co»"tinue to be
placed- on a dual purposes kind of animal,
the males of which are capable of meeting the
agricultural and transport needs of the country
whilst at the sa-me time, the females can be
expected to yield reasonable quantities of
milk'. To support her dense population, India
needs, that output of agricultural produce per
acre which is lower than what it is in most
Cattle in Health
•other agricultural countries, should be raised
and for this purpose^ the fertility of the soil
must be maintained. 'The development of
agriculture' says Dr. Wright, 'urgently requires
the dovetailing of the arable and animal
husbandries into one mixed farming system.'
'Bulk mixed farming system,' he continues,
'would utilize not only the utilization of all
available manure but the cultivation of leguminous fodder crops which contribute so markedly to soil fertility.
The fodder crops so
grown would, in turn, provide an ideal source
of food for cattle and particularly for milking
purposes'.
We have thus to consider the problem of
cattle husbandry in relation to agriculture and
milk supply and it is necessary to divide
into three parts:
• (c) The type of cattle best suited to our
requirements with which is allied the problem
of improving the breed,
(6) the problem of feeding, and
(c) the problem of disease of cattle.
As regards the cattle best suited to our
purpose, there are some breeds which yield
much milk but not sturdy bullocks for draught
purposes. It is these which have received
much attention in our dairy farms, particularly
the military dairy farms, where milk supply is
naturally the dominant consideration. The
present policy of the Government is to increase
the number of good dairy cows and to maintain the quality of good work breeds while
developing to the full what potentialities for
milk production these work breeds possess.
That they do possess these potentialities has
been proved in the case of Kankrej, Bachur,
Gaolao and Hallikar breeds. The dairy breeds
will be developed in the fresh milk zones
around towns, but that must be done without
endangering the quality of the country's work
bullocks, which, it must be kept in mind, form
the overwhelmingly most important livestock
of the country.
For this purpose it is necessary to aim at
in»proving the best of the established breeds
where they exist and the grading up of nondescript stock with them. It has been found
by experience that cattle which have flourished
in a particular locality have developed qualities
which are best suited to that locality and
therefore as far as possible the merits of local
cattle should be discovered and they should be
developed.
Imported cattle, although of
superior type, may, it is just possible, not
flourish in new environments and on account
,of their supenlbr quality the local cattle, which
and
Disease
115
will necessarily suffer in comparison, may be
neglected with the result that the imported
cattle do not flourish and the local cattle get
neglected. It is, therefore, necessary to fird
out the potentialities both in regard to milk
yield and draught purposes of local cattle and
encourage them. I may note, however, that
some varieties have proved very successful in
some cases even after being taken to environments which are very different from their
original homes. For example, the Sindhi has
been found to flourish on the west coast in
the South. I am mentioning this as an exception to* prove the rule which is that it is the
local breeds which should be patronized and
improved.
In order to eliminate the perpetuation of the
inferior stock it is necessary to take steps
which, while not hurting the wide-spread
susceptibilities of some communities, may still
prove eff"ective. That the value of bulls of
good quality was understood and that our
people in the past were able to develop difi"erent
kinds of cattle with varying qualities can be
gathered from books as also from the various
types which were developed and which are
still existent. A young calf which was to be
dedicated as a Brahmini bull is described with
meticulous care and its qualities which are
mentioned are such as insured a bull of a very
high quality. In course of time the principle
underlying the dedication of Brahmani bulls
has lost its meaning and only the form now
remains. The result is that one just fulfils
what is considered a religious obligation. Any
kind of bull is dedicated which is certainly not
what was intended by those who introduced
this system. While on the one hand, dedication of high quality bull was considered an
obligatory duty by a pious Hindu at the time
of the Shradh of his father, the Hindus also
developed the system of sterilizing the greater
njumber bf male calves and this was done in
spite of the great prejudice which the Hindus
have in favour of the cow and its progeny.
Diff'erent systems of sterilization prevail in
different parts of the country even now and it
is in a scientific development of activity on
this like that the true remedy for elimination
of low quality cattle can be found. .There is
no serious religious prejudice against castration and modern method has indeed this to
recommend it, that it is certainly less painful
and less cruel than some of the methods which
are widely prevalent in different parts of the
country. It is, therefore, necessary to take
action in two directions. In the first place the
116
Monthly
Bulletin
of the Bangalore
best quality bulls should be preserved and bred
for breeding purposes and at the same time all
other bulls should be sterilized by adopting
castration.
As to what quality of cattle is
considered the best in particular, parts of the
country is a question which can be answered
only by specialists and I believe the experiments which have so far been made and which
are now being made will enable particular
breeds to be developed in particular areas of
the country. Improving breed is necessarily
a long-term project and it sometimes so happens
that while improvement may be introduced as
a result of cross breeding in the first and* second
or third generation there is gradual deterioration thereafter. Care has, therefore, to be
taken that permanent improvement is achieved.
We know from experience that breeds have
been developed for various purposes in the past.
Thus there are some breeds which are good
milkers but whose males are not efficient
workers. Even amongst those that are good
for work different varieties have been developed
in the past. Thus there is a variety which can
do hard work, drag heavy ploughs and carts
with heavy loads but cannot go fast. On the
other hand there are breeds which run fast but
cannot work hard or carry heavy loads. These
qualities were developed centuries ago as a
result of judicious and selective breeding and
perhaps feeding and there is no reason why we
should not be able to develop breeds to suit
our purpose, viz., the dual purpose of giving
reasonable supply of milk and good bullocks
for work purposes.
I believe it is possible within a reasonably
short time to eliminate the inferior quality of
cattle without having to destroy them if only
care is taken to prevent their multiplying which,
as I have ^ i d aljove, can be done by sterilizing
the males." >The poorer quality cows also have
somehow to be sterilized. I do not know if
any method has been discovered for doing that
but we have to give up the temptation of
getting what little milk we get of them and
the poor bullock that they produce. If the
gowshalas that dre in existence or other organizations which may be created could take
charge of all the poor quality cattle their
elimination without having to destroy them
could be effjcted in a few years and I do not
consider this to be an impossible task.
We know that a very large number of oiir
best quality cattle is destroyed every year.
Dairy
Cattle
Society
This is particularly true of the best milk yi elders.
They are purchased by private individuals
also by those who carry on milk business frcm
the country side and are removed to big cities
when they are in milk. When they go dry it
becomes burdensome for the private individual
and even more so for the businessman to maintain dry cattle in cities. The so-called milkmen
try to get the utmost out of the cow while she
is in milk and for this purpose they not only
remove the calf which takes his share of the
milk but they also use various cruel and
inhuman methods like the Phooka for getting
the utmost of the milk out of the cow. This
has the effect of rendering her less and less
fertile, if she is allowed to survive after the
first lactation; and by the time she goes dry
the milkman has taken enough out of the cow
to cover not only the cost of her mainterance
but also the capital invested in purchasing her.
He can afford to sell her away to a butcher at
a price which is more or less equivalent to the
price of beef and the hide. In this way he
makes a profit on his investment by selling the
calf, by selling the milk and lastly by selling
the cow and saves by not having to maintain
her during the dry period. It has been calculated that the milkman in this way finds it
more profitable to purchase a cow in the early
period of lactation and to dispose it of as soon
as she goes dry. It is profitable to the individual but it is obviously a very serious loss to
country at large which is in this way denuded
of the best quality cattle in the country. To
prevent this waste it is necessary to make it
worthwhile for the milkman to save the calf as
also the cow when she goes dry. The calf can
be saved if arrangement is made for acquiring
it from him by some organization which may
be a private concern or a public institution,
and bringing it up until it becomes either a
cow or a bullock. The cow can be saved by
making arrangements for maintaining her
during the dry period cheaply at some distance
from the city where she can be looked after
without deteriorating her quality. It world
be necessary to establish farms for dry cattle
where they can be fed cheaply and arrangement
could be made with railways or other transport
organizations for taking them to and back to
such farms at a small cost. I am glad that this
is being taken up in some places and such farms
are being started and the Government is helping them.
Feeds' & Fodders
FLUOROSIS OF CATILE IN THE MADRAS P R E S I D N E C Y *
BY G . R . VISWANATHAN, G . M . V . C .
Veterinary Investigation Officer, Madras
T N 1934-35 the writer recorded the existence more marked during the ploughing season
•*• of a disease which on clinical ground
grour he and at the commencement of rains.
The history given by the owners is that the
described as chronic rheumatic arthritis in
cattle in certain yillages of Kurnool district. animals purchased when young, get the affecSince then the condition has been reported tion one or two years after their arrival in the
from other districts and the present article endemic area.
The first indication of this condition is
includes an account of the disease as observed
lamtness in one or more limbs, more often
in cattle in the Madras Presidency.
The disease is locally known in Telugu the forelimbs, and more particularly in the
districts as Voyupotlu or Voyunoppulu (Voyu shoulders, which appear to be thrown forward.
= Rheumatism, Potlu or Noppulu =• pains) The lameness is usually a constant feature,
and in Tamil as Keel voyu (Keel = joint and generally obscure and progressive in nature
and metastatic in character.
Voyu == Rheumatism).
In about six months to a year from the
Occurrence and Symptoms
onset of lameness, the animal shows stiffness
This disease occurs in several villages of of gait, evinces pain while walking, and finds
various taluks in Kurnool, Anantapur, difficulty in arching its back.
Later on the animal shows extreme emaciaCuddapah and Nellore Districts, the endemic
regions being adjacent to Hyderabad State tion due to atrophy of muscles all over the
where this disease is also prevalent. The body, experiences difficulty in lying down and
endemic areas of the Madras Presidency lie getting up and finally remains recumbent.
The hoofs are found twisted, distorted and
on the borders of the Nallamalais range,
situated on one side of the Kurnool district over-grown, the digits having a tendency to
and divided by the Thungabhadra and Kistna separate, and the points of the toes frequently
curving inwards.
rivers.
Skeletal abnormalities are manifested by
The disease generally affects breeding bulls,
working bullocks and cows. Calves and wollen joints and exostoses over the long
buffaloes suffer only occasionally. Few cases bones and the jaw. These appear as hard,
have been observed in sheep, but none in other bony enlargements on the medial and lateral
aspects of the joints and the bones giving
domestic animals.
Amongst cattle the condition has been them a thickened or deformed appearance.
observed more frequently in Ongole breed of In very severe cases, the pastern becomes
cows in milk and bullocks at work kept under affected with even ankylosis of the joints so
stall feeding condition. Number of cases have that the limbs present a club-shaped appearbeen observed in cows during lactation period ance, causing marked lameness and a pecuand after their first calving. Only two cases liarly stiff gait.
have been observed in sheep, both of which
Calluses are noticed on the prominent bones
were hand-fed.
and the ribs. These occur in the form of
Animals of the Ongole breed appear to be nodular elevations on the middle of the ribs
more susceptible than others; Mysore, in a lengthwise manner on one or both sides
iWambadi, and in certain villages 5 to 10 per and range in size from a walnut to a hen's egg.
cent, of cattle of this breed might be found
The animal feels pain over the exostosis.
affected.
In certain endemic areas the affected animals
The condition is rare in young animals and show discoloration of teeth, with brownish
a few cases only have been recorded in suckling pigmentation and mottling, and even chipping
calves.
off at places.
Cases of the disease may be observed throughIn the early stage of the disease animals
out the year, but the symptoms appear to be feed normally but later the appetite becomes
impaired, coat becomes harsh and rugged,
* The Indian Journal of Veterinary Science and emaciation advances and death ensues.
Animal Husban^, Dec. 1944.
117
118
Monthly
Builetin
of the Bangalore
The following members were enrolled during
the month:—
Ordinary Members—
1. B. Puttasamiah, Esq., 10, Park Road,
Kottigai Lane, Bangalore City (from September
1947).
2. M. S. H. Asari, Esq., Union Street,
Bangalore C. & M. S,
3. M. N. Narasimhachar, Esq., No. 8,
New Tharagupet, IV Main Road, Bangalore
City.
Dairy
Cattle
Society
Breeding Bull Service o^
{a) Warrior.—Sent away to the Hessarghatta Grass Farm.
September 1947, of which 7 cows belonged
to the members of the Society. There were
two repeat coverings.
Announcement
For the conveninece of members residing
in Malleswaram and that neighbourhood, the
Bangalore Dairy Cattle Feed Co-opeialWe
Stores, Ltd , has opened a branch
in
Veterinary Aid
Malleswaram
for
the
sale
of
Cattle
Feeds,
40 Animals were treated during September
1947 for different ailmens. Foot and mouth commencing from Vijayadasami day—the 24th
was prevailing among cattle and about 2 dozen October 1947. The brach is located in the
cases were treated. Six injections of Anthio- HANUMAN STATIONERY AND PROVISTORES,
SAMPANGI
ROAD,
naline w&te given to a cow suffering from SION
Nasai granuloma and the animal is gradually MALLESWARAM.
improving. The same will be given from the
beginning of next month. Two cows were given
10 c.c. of Acetalarsan each. Frequent visits
were paid to inspect and to give timely help
STORES, LTD.
to the calving animals.- 15 Cows calved during
the month, of which 1 calf was born to the
Price.s Current for the month of October 1947
Society's Breeding Bull.
DO YOU KNOW ?
Fruit trees? And that they can better the
be up-to-date.
Bee keegjng is a fascinating hobby which
gives you h|pey. The Indian Bee Journal will
subject.
Yearly Rs. 3
INDIAN BEE JOURNAL
T. Statement of Prices
Rs. A. p.
Wheat bran
Per bag of 80 lbs. . . 12 8 0
Rice bran
Do.
90 lbs. .
5 0 0
Bu/ler (Avare) Husk
per bag
6 8 0
Tur (Togari) Husk
. 8 4 q
Bengal gram husk '
.,
9 0 0
BuUer broken bits
„
20 0 0
Tur broken bits II
,,
20 0 0
Do.
I
30 0 0
8. Groundnut oil-cake No Stock
9. Gingelly oil-cake per maund
5 8 0
10. Ramtil oil-cake •
„
3 8 0
11. Cotton Seed
„
.
4 0 0
12.
Do.
per bag 51 mds. . 19 0 0
13. Churn Brand 4 lbs.
. 1 0 0
14. Horsegram 3 Seers
. 1 0 0
15.
Do. Broken 3^ Seers
1 0 0
16. Salt 10 srs.
1 0 0
II. Monthly Progress Statement
Total No. of Members upto the end of Sep. 1947 318
Total no. Shares up to the end of Sep.
1947 1,1 elx
Total sales for the month of Sep. 1947-48 Rs. 7,330 9 0
L
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1124-47—Printed at the Bangalore Press, Bangalore City, by G. Srinivasa Rao, Supenntendent, and Publishoôv
Rajasevasakta A. K. Yejna Narayan Aivor, M.A. (Madras), N . D . O . (England), Dip. A | n a . (Cantab.). Editor, " M o n V y Bulletin
of the Banjalora Dairy Cattle Sooiaty," Banjalore
•»
MONtHLY BULLEtlH
OF
£^J7O/-.-—RAJASEVASAKTA
A. K. YEGNA NARAYAN AIYER, M.A.
Associate-Editor:—DR. B . NARASIMHA IYENGAR, P H . D .
Vol. VI]
NOVEMBER' 1947
[No. 11
PAGE
O U R BULLETIN TRAVELS AFAR
LACTATION WITHOUT PARTURITION
BUTTER IS A UNIQUE F O O D . .
M I L K AND M I L K P R O D U C T S —
Mammary Activity and !Milk Secretion
By Prof. H. D. Kay, F.R.S.
N E W NUTRIENT F O U N D I N BUTTER . .
CATTLE IN HEALTH, AND DISEASE—
"Stilboestrol" in the Treatment of Anoestrus
in Cows, Buffaloes, etc.
By N. Srinivasa Iyengar, G.B.V.C.
. 119
. 119
, 119
PAOE
JOHNE'S DISEASE I N CATTLE
. 123
By G. L. Sharma
FEEDS AND F O D D E R S —
Feeding of Rice Straw t o Cattle
120
121
..
OBITUARY
PROGRESS OF THE SOCIETY :
VETERINARY A I D . .
122
. 125
. 126
..
O U R CATTLE FEED CO-OPERATIVE STORES,
. 127
. 127
L T D . . . 127
OUR BULLETIN TRAVELS AFAR
XTtrE are rather flattered to find that our little Journal "Criagdo e Veterinaria'" for exchange
* * Bulletin has travelled to far off Brazil, We hope to publish some selections therefrom
for we were honoured a few days ago by the in our next issue.
receipt of several numbers of the Brazilian
LACTATION WITHOUT PARTURITION
ORE instances are being brought to notice which may come to their knowledge of this
of cows or heifers coming into milk with- interesting phenomenon. It is of course not
out calving and one more case is reported new, as there are many recorded instances in
by the Society's Chief Veterinary Officer, foreign countries, 'but records of Indian cases
which we publish in this number. We shall are rare, and we should therefore welcome
be glad if readers will report to us any cases such reports.
M
BUTTER IS A UNIQUE FOOD
\ i r E publish in this number a note on a new fats from other sources. Nature seems to
•* nutrient substance in butter, which tuck away in all her particular products
marks it off as a food of unique character, little hidden traces of substances which give
^Tiis shows incidentally the unwisdom of re- them their special value and which are coming
garding butter merely as a mixture of certain to light gradually with the progress of science.
. particular fats »id which can be therefore We are sure the note will be read With
substituted byyTrtificial mixtures of similar interest.
Milk and Milk Produch
MAMMARY ACTIVITY AND MILK SECRETION*
BY PROF. H . D . KAY, F . R . S .
Director, National Institute for Research in Dairying, Reading, England
The ultimate source of all the nlilk conROF. KAY explained with the help of
illustrations, the structure of the mam- stituents was the circulating blood. Our
mary gland. The number of glands as well present knowledge of the precursors of various
as the composition of the milk, varied greatly milk constituents was mainly derived from
in different mammals but the essential struc- the analysis of simultaneous arterial and
tural elements of the gland were the same. mammary venous blood samples. Whilst this
In the cow the udder was divided into four was the direct approach, one had to be very
quarters each of which was separated from the careful when taking the samples not to disturb
rest by a membrane. Each quarter worked the animal unduly as this would change the
independently, so much so that even if one composition of her arterial blood. Methods
of them was injured or diseased, the others developed in Great Britain and U.S.A. for
would usually continue to secrete normal milk. taking arterial blood samples were outlined.
The milk collecting system of the gland con- Recently, a new approach in the study of this
sisted of a small teat-cistern, which in turn problem had been made by administering
was connected to a much larger cistern in the artificially prepared radio-active elements either
gland. This gland cistern was fed by several along with the feed or injected into the blood
large milk collecting ducts, which ultimately stream. Their course into the milk was
derived their supply of milk from a very large followed by delicate physical means. In cows,
number of groups of cells arranged in alveoli. the venous blood leaving the udder could flow
It was in the large cells of the alveoli that along three alternative paths. By this arrangeblood constituents were utilised for the manu- ment the drainage of venous blood was ensured,
facture of the various components of milk. whether the animal was standing or lying
When the animal was lactating. milk was down.
steadily secreted into the alveoli and then
Relation between Cow's blood constituents
periodically discharged into the collecting ducts.
and the constituents of Cow's Milk
At the beginning of the cycle, these cells were
(Quantities shown inrngm.per 100 ml.)
short and cuboidal in form. They gradually
lengthened, as milk was formed inside them
Blood
Ratio (Approx.)
Constituent
Milk
Plasma
Blood: Milk
and ultimately they extruded their contents
into the lumen of the alveolis. All the different
components of milk like lactose, casein, fat, Casein
Nil
2800-3000
Nil
350-450
etc., were synthesised simultaneously in each Lactalbumin ..
,,
1200-2000
50-150
1 :0-l
alveolar cell and not separately by a group of Globulin
Nil
4600-4900 (Blood gluspecial 'cells. Nor were these components of Lactose
cose :lactose)
milk dejrived from the breakdown of cellular Glucose
46-60
Traces
(as I : 80)
150-300 3000-4000
1 : 15
tissues as was believed once. In course of Fat (as fatty
aci(3s)
twenty-four hours, in a normal healthy lacta(total)
10-12
120-140
1 : 12
ting cow this cycle of gradual enlargement of Ca
K
16-20
120-180
1 :9
the epithelial cells and discharge of the contents CI
270-300
90-120
1 : 0-4
was repeated probably three to five times. Inorganic P
4-6
1 : 16
60-80
65-90
1- 15 ' ^
The udder of a really good cow was capable Total acid solu- 4-2-6-5
ble P
of holding four to five gallons of milk.
Lipid P
5-7.
4-12
1 :15
In the upper portion of the udder were Urea
30-40
30-40
1 :1
situated two large lymph glands. The amount
of lymph passing through these glands during
In the above table is shown in round
a given secretory period was not yet certainly figures, in relation between cow's blood c o n s ^
known.
tuents and the composition of cow's milk.
The lecturer summarised Ihe broad conclu* Adapted from the lecture delivered under tlie sions
of the various recent ^ d i e s as follows:.
auspices of the Society of Biological Chemists,
The blood sugar level u s u a l \ falls by about
Bangalore Branch.
P
120
Milk and Milk
20- %
, . ateing its passage through the active
udder.. Th>
Th^ amount of sugar taken out of
unit volume of blood during its passage
through the gland appears to be related to the
level of sugar in the arterial blood, and also
to the volume of milk secreted. There was
a drop of about 2-3% in the fatty acids.
There was no doubt that it was only the nonphospholipin fatty acids which contributed as
precursors of milk fat. Lactic acid and
betahydroxybutyric acid were both oxidised in
the gland and this may account for a large
part of the energy required for the" synthesis
of milk. Blood plasma globulin and plasma
amino acids were the main precursors of
casein. The inorganic P or the blood
decreased by 5-7% and calcium by about
2-5%, as it passed through the udder.
The estimatioa of the quantities of various
precursors taken out of blood by the udder
gives a method for calculating the number of
Mammary Gland Balance—Summary
(Shaw, Powell and Knodt, 1942)
Blood
precursor
m
0-0021
Calcium
Phosphorus 0-0021
0-0042
Ca+P
Neutral fat 0-0684
Glucose . . 0-1122
o o S
" " S S» g
-a
"
•5 N T )
W
Calcium 22-52 10931
P
17-61 8246
Ca + P 40-13 9588
Fat
707-5 10317
Lactose 985-5 9070
(U O
a"
3 M
19-40 563 •. 1
425: 1
494: 1
532: 1
488 : 1
Products
121
volumes of blood required to produce one
volume of milk. This is shown in the above
results.
A surprisingly close agreement between the
ratio of Wood volume to milk volume is
noticed for the various milk constituents and
may roughly be stated to be of the order of
400-500 volumes of blood for each volume
of milk secreted. Other recent data which
have been obtained both in the U.S.A. and
G.B. go to substantiate this conclusion.
The lecturer pointed out that in any discussion on milk secretion, the part played by
hormones cannot be left out, though at this
stage in his lecture only a brief reference was
possible. One of the most promising lines of
future development was the relationship of
hormones to the actual mechanism of milk
secretion, by the ahmlar cells. The study of
the process of milk secretion can by no means
be said to be of only theoretical interest.
Were it not for such studies we should still
be in the dark about many of the factors
which control the quality and quantity of milk
produced. Recent experimental findings are
now beginning to be applied under practical
conditions not only in obtaining increased
quantities of milk but also milk of increased
nutritional quality and even milk from animals
that had never had a calf.
In closing his lecture Prof. Kay emphasised
the value of such studies in their relation to
conditions in India, where more milk was
urgently needed to balance the preponderance
of cereals in the national dietary.
NEW NUTRIENT FOUND IN BUTTER
(D.P.M.A. News, June 1947)
MONG the mass of consumers, butter is proved to the Dutch workers. Beer and Jansen
butter. Dairy science workers in Holland that rats fed summer butter gained almost
and this country are of a different opinion, 10 per cent, more weight than rats fed winter
however. They have found that butter pro- butter for the same trial period. The differduced by cows on summer-green pastures has ence between the two butters was conclusive
an increased growth promoting power that its even to the conservative minded investigators.
Now, the fact that this summer growth
v^fiiter produced counterpart doesn't have.
For years research workers had noted influence may have only a seasonal effect had
superiority of summer over winter butter. to be ruled out. Tests were repeated. Summer
Especially had they wondered at the "seasonal" stored butter was fed during the winter months.
appearance of an unknown growth promoting Results were identical, in the main, with tests
bstance. A substance which has now been made during the summer. The growth factor
)lated and identified as a nutrient called retained its potency under normal storage
conditions.
vaccenic acid, y
E. B. Hart and his co-workers at the
The descriptiv* term "growth promoting"
is an apt o n ^ o r the new summer butter University of Wisconsin corroborated the work
nutrient. T ^ s over a three year period
A
J
" STILBOESTROL " IN THE TREATMENT OF ANOESTRUS IN
COWS, BUFFALOES, ETC.
(A case of lactation without parturition)
BY N . SRINIVASA IYENGAR, G.B.V.C.
Societys Chief Veterinary Officer
N the course of execution of my duties, 3 days. He allowed the bull. The heifer was
i.e., attending to members' houses of the being washed in cold water early in the
Bangalore Dairy Cattle Society for the last mornings. The owner was very much dis2 or 3 years, I observed many cases in cows, satisfied and then exchanged this heifer with
heifers and buffaloes were not at all coming a cow. The man who took the heifer observed
into oestrum even though the cows were the abnormality and began to milk the animal.
given sprouted bengalgram, cottonseed, etc., The heifer was giving -J a seer in the morning
with ramtil cake for a fortnight as advised. and \ a seer in the evening. Milk was graduI found that this procedure became futile and ally increasing and then the owner got the
then T resorted to the administration of Stil- information and aske;l the man who took the
boestrol (Glaxo Laboratories) intra-muscularly. heifer to take back his cow and return the
After some time I came to understand that heifer. He accepted and returned the heifer.
the same material prepared by May & Baker The heifer is now giving 24f seers per time.
(Veterinary) was available at the market. During the period the heifer came to oestrum
During the period I attended to about a a second time the same was served.
hundred animals. Some animals showed a
2. I noticed in another member's house in
reaction within 24 to 48 hours, some showed the High Ground that his heifer was coming
after a week and some others showed a into oestrum and was sending her to the bull
negative phase.
for service. I suggested the alkaline douche.
During the period I observed the following: He agreed. T took up the cases and gave her
1. One heifer cow belonging to one continuous douching for 5 days and then on
member of the Society, was coming into the 8th day she was given the Society's Breedoestrum quite often and the owner was sending ing Bull No. II on 26-12-1946. I was going
her to the bull about 4 or 5 times. I suggested every week to his house and was observing
him that I would give her alkaline douche the case closely. She did not come to oestrum
continuously for 5 days and then I would give but after 3 months of the bull service I found
an injection of Stilboestrol (M. & B.). He that she was very suspicious and then again
agreed. As advised I began giving, her alkaline resorted to the alkaline douching treatment.
douching and then on the 6th day gave her I gave her 3 douchings and then gave her
2Jc.c. Stilboestrol (10 mg.) and was watching the injection of Stilboestrol and was watching
closely for a week. There was no change on closely. She did not show any signs of
the external genitals* and then again on the oestrum and after a fortnight I gave another
10th day gave her a second dose of Stilboestrol dose of Stilboestrol. She did not come to
2\ c.c. There was a sudden change of the mam- oestrum but showing the development of the
mary gland and the 4 teats became elongated abdomen, etc., and finally she gave a beautiful
and then the animal came to oestrum after she-calf on 1-10-1947.
I
{ContinuedJrom page 124)
free from the disease, or the newly purchased
animals should prove non-reactors to Johnin
test.
(7) The general resistance of the healthy herd
122
should be sustained by (a) getting rid of intestinal parasites, {b) by providing them with
hygienic housing, and (c) by feeding them OE
adequate diet.
^
JOHNE'S DISEASE IN CATTLE*
BY G. L. SHARMA
Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar
OHNE'S DISEASE is a chronic inflamma- circumstances which may favour infection or
tion of the bowels caused by a specific the flaring-up of a latent infection are noted
bacterial infection. It is characterized by below:
intermittent or persistent diarrhoea accomCalving.—Althovgh the infection is usually
panied by gradual emaciation. In most cases acquired in calfhood, the actual symptoms
the infection ends in death. It mostly occurs often appear later in life after the second or
in cattle and buffaloes and sometime among the third calving. This has been ascribed as
sheep and^goats as well. First recognized about due to (a) the drain on an already infected
half a century ago, thedisease to-day is prevalent system to provide for the growing foetus
throughout the world. It is known to occur (i) the strain of narturition, and (c) the sudden
almost throughout this country, the incidence activity of milk gland.
varying from place to place and when compared
Debilitating', factors.~Tacion< such as infestato that of other infectious diseases of stock, the tion of parasites, particularly of the bowei
disease is rather rare, scattered and sporadic. housing of animals in dark, ill-ventilated sheds
Owing to its comparatively rare and insidious and deficient feeding, specially in minerals
appearance, the stockowners are apt to view lower the natural resistance against the infection
this infection with complacency. But its and predispose to a rapid spread of the disease.
subtle methods of spread, the havoc it causes
Symptoms
in the heird, and the extreme diflSculty of its
Once
animals
(usually
calves) have become
eradication in the absence of a known cure,
render an outbreak an enduring calamity. infected, it is uncommon for the symptoms to
On account of the mildness of the symptoms in appear before a lapse of one or two vears
the early stages, the disease is rarely recognized The cases are, however, known where year-old
until it has attacked a number of animals, animals have shown the symptoms.
With the onset of the disease the affected
when it manifests itself at the first instance
by reducing the milk yield of valuable cows animal starts losing the gloss of its coat. In
and by seriously impairing the working capacity due course it voids loose dune which later
of draught animals and later by mortalities. turns to profuse fluid diarrhoea often containSo that, while the infection jof a virulent disease ing, in severe cases, gas bubbles and flakes of
like rinderpest, which can be avoided by mucous membrane or a tinge of blood. If
immunization, constitutes a grave but quickly the affected animal happens to be a milking
passing menace, that of Johne's disease, against one its milk yield at this stage would start to
which there is no satisfactory method of decline and its general condition would show
immunization, when once established, is bound gradual deterioration. The animal becomes
to cause a steady drain on the owner's resources. thirsty but does not show any sign of fever
Further, the more the disease is allowed to Under these adverse conditions, even up to the
spread the greater will be the eventual loss to time of death, it retains its appetite. The symptoms once commenced usually go on progressthe Indian agriculture as a whole.
ing, but there are cases in which symptoms
Cause and Method of Infection
often disappear to recur anew. Many infected
A microscopic germ called Johne's bacillus, animals go through their lives without showing
is the cause of the disease. The germ multiplies pronounced symptoms, while others run the
yp the bowel and is voided by the infected full course of the disease and die in a state of
Animals in their dung, where it may survive extreme emaciation.
for months. Pastures, water supplies, and
Diagnosis
wallows become contaminated by this dung
It is of paramount importance that animals
and become sources of infection. Calves often infected with Johne's disease are identified
et infected by licking the soiled hind parts of before the symptoms appear, because with the
heir dams. The infection is contacted by onset of diarrhoea pastures become contamimouth. The most susceptible animals are nated and other healthy animals fall victim to
calves of less t/an six months of age. The the infection. To detect the infected but
apparently healthy animals, use is made of a
' Indian Farr^g,îm, Vol. Vm, No.l.pp. 19-21.test which is somewhat similar to that used in
J
J
123
124
diagnosing tuberculosis. A small quantity
of a preparation known as Johnin is injected
into the skin of the neck of suspected animals
twice on the same site at 48 hours' interval. In
diseased animals, the skin about the point of
injection shows a gross swelling, whereas in
healthy animals there is slight or no swelling.
The test, however, is not entirely successful
because s'ome animals do not fully respond to
it and as such it is difficult to state whether
they are infected or knot. These so-called
suspicious non-reactors should be retested after
suitable interval. The alternative method of
diagnosis consists in actually identifying the
causal organisms when the symptoms are at
their height. The identification is carried
out by microscopical examination of the dung,
or of the bowel washings, or of small portions
of the bowel wall pinched off with the fingernail- 1^'s diagnosis i5 actuary ths work ot a
veterinarian but even owners, by a careful
watchfulness for cases of intractable diarrhoea
with persistent loss of condition and by an early
appeal to the veterinarian, can do much towards avoiding a threat of this formidable
disease.
Treatment
While many methods have been advocated
for curing Johne's disease, none can really help
except protracting the illness and thereby
keeping alive the dangerously infective animals.
AH these methods are therefore to be condemned. Besides, it is an economic waste to keep
these diseased and unproductive animals alive
by providing feeds which can be more usefully
utilized for the healthy animals. However,
in certain circumstances, such as in an attempt
to fatten for beef or to obtain a last valuable
calf it max be desirable to prolong the life of
the infected animal. The means adopted to
do this are given below:
Animals suffering from the disease should be
segregated under hygienic conditions and fed
on easily digestible nutritious food.
To check the diarrhoea one of the following
mixtures may be administered:
(1) Ferrous sulphate
.. 5 ounces
Dilute sulphuric acid
.. 5 ounces
Water sufficient to make 1 pint.
One ounce of this mixture in one point of water
should be given daily for five to six weeks.
(2) Opium
..
\ drachm
Catechu
' .. 2-4 drachms
Prepared chalk
..
i to 1 ounce
Mixed in flour or rice gruel, this can be given
twice a day in case of profuse diarrhoea.
Intestinal antiseptics such as*'salol (2
drachms), once or twice a day, may be tried.
Prevention and Control
In the absence of any satisfactory curative
treatment suppression of infection is the only
course open to the stockowner. All animals
showing the symptoms of persistent or intermittent diarrhoea, with gradual weakness
in spite of good appetite, should be segregated
and examined for the cause of the abnormality.
K Johne's disease is discovered, then a plan
based on the following lines should be launched
to control and prevent the spread of the
disease:
(1) The clinical cases should be identified
either by the symptoms shown or by actually
finding out the causal bacteria in faeces. These
animals should preferably be slaughtered, failing which, they should be rigorously iso/ated
until death. The sheds occupied by diseased
animals should be thoroughly cleaned of the
soiled litters, the floor being washed and
scrubbed with phenyle solution. The soiled
litter is preferably burnt or spread on cultivated
land to which cattle have no access. The
pastures on which the infected animals graze
should be ploughed up and left vacant for at
least a year.
(2) The rest of the herd should be examined
by the double intradermal Johnin test and
divided into two groups, namely (a) reactors
and (6) non-reactors or healthy animals. These
groups should be kept in separate yards and
should be allotted separa;te pastures.
(3) Reactors should be carefully watched
and any animal developing clinical symptoms
should be slaughtered or isolated with the
previously segregated lot.
(4) After the first test, the healthy herd
should be retested every six months to discover
any fresh reactors^ which should then be
removed to the reactors' group.
(5) Calves born of reactors should, if possible,
be weaned immediately after birth, otherwise
they may be allowed to come in contact with
their dams only at the time of suckling. ThesX
calves should be tested with Johnin at the age
of .six months and again at one year. Those
passing the tests and looking apparently healthy
may be transferred to the healthy herd.
(6) Fresh clean water should be arranged for^
the animals, and ponds and stagnant pools^
should be fenced off. If JohnrCs disease is prevalent in a district, new purchases should be
made either from an area whicnlis known to be
{Continued on page Izj^)
teea^&
Fodders
FEEDING OF RICE STRAW TO CATTLE*
•i^HEAT and rice straws form the staple feed predominantly soluble, potassium oxalate,
** of a majority of the cattle in India. interfered in the assimilation of calcium by
Because of their widescale use, these two reacting with this mineral to produce insoluble
straws have drawn early attention of the and unabsorbable calcium oxalate in the gut
animal nutrition workers of this country and which is eventually excreted out in the faeces.
considerable information has been gathered in
Drawing the same analogy for ruminants as
regard to their chemical composition and observed in one-stomached subjects, it was
digestibility. These investigations have shown thought that oxalate in rice straw was the
that in chemical make up and in the digestion incriminating factor responsible for the poor
of major nutrients, such as protein, fat and assipiilation of calcium. A detailed investigacarbohydrates, the two straws closely resemble tion was, therefore, undertaken to study the
each other. In spite of this seemingly similar role played by oxalates in rice straw in the
nutritive character, the cattle in rice and wheat assimilation of calcium in cattle. This investigazones markedly differ from each other in their tion has now revealed that calcium present as
nutritional state. Why the cattle in rice zone preformed calcium oxalate is unavailable. But
are stunted in growth, unthrifty in appearance this quantity of calcium is relatively insigniand poor in production when the availability ficant to account for the chronic negative
of major nutrients in rice straw is about the balance under rice straw feeding. Unlike the
same as in wheat straw remained to be solved. one-stomached animals, potassium oxalate,
In early feeding experiments, an interesting before it enters the true stomach of cattle and
clinical symptom of excessive diuresis was mobilize calcium of tiie feeds from the sphere
noticed in experimental animals fed on rice of absorption, is assumed to be decomposed in
straw. A few years later, it was shown from the fore-.stomach into potassium carbonate and
a series of investigations carried out in Bengal bicarbonates. These decomposed products,
under the asgis of the Imperial Council of although they themselves do not directly act
Agricultural Research that cattle kept on a deleteriously in the assimilation of calcium
maintenance ration which included rice straw cause severe alkaline symptoms or alkalosis.
as the rougliage, more often than not, showed The alkalosis thus produced either inhibits the
a larger outgo of calcium than what is received flow of gastric acid or neutralizes its effective
from the feeds. This negative balance indica- acidity as a result of which the solubility of
tive of calcium loss from the body was ascribed calcium in the feeds preparatory to its absorpto large amount of potash present in paddy tion i s adversely affected. Much of the calcium,
straw. The excessive diuresis was also thought therefore, passes out in the fjeces unabsorbed,
and the animals run in deficit calcium balance.
to be linked with the same factor.
While the above investigation was in proFor the first time, by an accurate quantitative estimation the workers of the Animal gress, another parallel investigation was taken
Nutrition Section of the Imperial Veterinary up at Izatnagar to study the effect of soaking
Research Institute have been able to show the paddy straw for 24 hours i n a dilute caustic soda
presence of a rather large quantity of oxalates solution (about 1 per cent.) and subsequent
in.rice straw. By far the major portion of this washing, on its nutritive value. The results
oxalate was found to be in Combination with showed that this alkali treatment increased the
potassium and a much lower though significant digestibility of carbohydrate moiety in rice
amount in combination with calcium. Re- straw from 57 to 76 in consequence of which
ârches carried out on humans and one- its nutritive value, as indicated by its total
stomached animals have shown that certain digestible nutrients, was increased from 43 to
vegetables, such as spinach, containing oxalates 62.
seriously interfere with the assimilation of
The alkali treatment of the straw brought
calcium. The calcium in the preformed calcium about two additional significant results. It
oxalate (a salt which is not dissolved by the effected almost 90 per cent, removal of
gastric acid) of the vegetable is almost entirely deleteriou spotassium oxalate and thereby signiunavailable.. Tbfc
TJft other oxalate salt which is ficantly improved the assimilation of calcium
from a ration which included alkali-treated rice
* Indian Fartîg, 1947, Vol, VIII, No. 1, pp. 33-34. straw as the roughage. The enhanced avail-
125
126
ability of carbohydrates from the treated straw
was responsible for the other beneficial
result, inasmuch as 25 per cent, saving in
protein feeding was possible by the proteinsparing action of the carbohydrates. These
results prompted the Imperial Council of Agricultural Research to undertake field experiments to explore the possibility of large-scale
use of alkali-treated paddy straw under the
feeding conditions actually practised by the
private stockowners of this country. This
investigation is now in progress for sometime
past and already certain evidences of far-reaching importance have been gathered. Thus it
has been found from the information gathered
so far that young stock between 7 and 15
months of age maintained on a diet of rice
straw and a limited allowance of concentrate
grew at an accelerated rate of 67 to 74 per cent,
when the straw was fed after alkali treatment.
As a result of the accelerated growth, for
1001b. gain in weight, in one centre where the
animals in untreated straw-fed (control) group
took 208 days, those in treated straw-fed (experimental) group had taken only 125 days.
Similarly in another centre, where the animals
i n control group took 435 days, the experimental
group had taken 250 days only. After reckoning all necessary expenditure involved in the
alkali treatment of rice straw, it has been found
that treated straw feeding to young stock is
economical, primarily becauseof the accelerated
rate of growth. The experimental group of
animals, moreover, looked more healthy and
this, together with the fact that they would
naturally enter into productive life earlier, add
additional economic influence in the use of
alkali-treated straw.
Although, alkali treatment of the staple dry
fodders of India IXold a greater promise, it is
yet doubtful how easily the general run of
stockowners would take it. The cost of
treatment, the lack of mental equipment o^
the village stockowners to fo'reseeê benefit
derived in the long run and the innerent organizational defect in using the method individually are bound to stand in the way of its
general adoption. The success of the findings
in a practical way thus will have to wait until
some form of state organization of large-scale
treatment could be ushered in.
The realization of the possible difficulty in
the immediate general adoption of alkali-treatment method suggested exploration of a simple
processing of paddy straw which would remove
the deleterious factor. In the course of their
investigation on oxalates in rice straw it was
discovered by Izatnagar workers that simple
soaking and washing in water removes considerble portion of potassium oxalate. The water
washed straw when fed to cattle was found to
use no diuresis nor any symptoms of alkalosis.
Of late a detailed laboratory experiment has
been completed which shows that water-washed
straw is relatively more palatable. Because of
its higher consumption the digestibility of its
total carbohydrate is slightly depressed but
this depression does not materially affect the
value of total digestible nutrients. The elimination of alkalosis improves calcium assimilation
to the extent that its almost chronic negative
balance in rice straw-feeding is fully overcome if the straw is not very poorly provided
with this nutrient. The disappearance of
alkalosis is also perhaps responsible in augmenting the utilization of absorbed protein
from 27 to 40 per cent. It can, therefore, be
concluded that water-washing, although it
does not produce the spectacular results of
alkali treatment, its use nevertheless brings
rice straw at par with wheat straw, in so far as
the exertion of sum total nutritive effect is
concerned.
OBITUARY
We regret to record the sad news of'the
passing away of Dewan Bahadur Dr. T. C. M.
Royan, M.D., late Minister for Education and
Public Health, on the 13th inst. We offer our
condolences to the bereaved members of the
family.
Progress of eke Society
\Contimied from page 121)
of the Holfp^ders and found that the highest
o concentration of vaccenic acid existed in
September butter. Also, Hart found that the
growth factor is found only in the liquid
fraction of butterfat. The solid fraction which
contains the more familiar vitamin A was
found to be free of the new nutrient.
The fact that edible vegetable oils also
contain a solid and a liquid fraction prompted
Hart and his workers to investigate possible
other sources of the growth to be devoid of
this nutrient,- cottonseed oil, and other oils
were tested and found to be devoid of this
nutrient, vaccenic acid.
It seems to be apparent then that the growth
factor is found only in foods of animal origin.
Ijjxd hzs. j t So does beef and muttox) fat.
But butter ranks highest with almost seven
times as much of the nutrient as any other
animal fat.
How stable is this new factor? As mentioned previously, summer butter can be
stored without losing its growth promoting
potency. Recent tests prove also that vaccenic
acid is not aifected by temperatures as high
as 150 degrees Centigrade-way above the
comparatively mild pasturizing temperatures of
62-71 degrees Centigrade. It will not stand
conversion from a liquid to a solid, however.,
Tests made with hygrogenated and untreated
samples of butter showed weight gains in
favour of the untreated samples.
This, as well as other butter research, has
more than just an interesting signifcance. It
helps to give prominence to the fact that
vaccenic acid and other vital substances give
butter its special nutritional value. Judged
on true food standards butter holds a unique
and indispensable place in the diet.—Selection
kindly supplied by Zal R. Kothavala, Esq.
127
Bhimasena.—Covered 24 cows during October
1947, of which 12 cows belonged to the
members of the Socielv.
OUR CATTLE FEED CO-OPERAllVE
STORES, LTD.
Pi-ices Current for the month of November 1947
,
Rs. A. P
Wheat bran
Per bag of 80 lbs.
12 8 0
Rice bran
No Stock
Duller (Avare) Husk
per bag
6 0 0
Tur (Togari) Husk'
8 4 0
Bengal gram husk
,,
No Stock
Bullet broken bits
„
18 0 0
Tur broken bits
,,
20 0 0
Groundnut oil-cake
No Stock
Gingelly oil-cake per maund
..
4 8 0
Ramtil oil-cake
„
. . 3 4 0
Cotton Seed
„
. . 4 0 0
Churn Brand 4 lbs.
,.
1 0 0
Horsegram 3 Seers
..
10 0
Do. Broken 3i Seers
..
1 0 0
Salt lOsrs.
'
. . 1 0 0
No. of Members admitted during Oct. 1947
Nil
Total No. of Members upto the end of Oct. 1947 318
Total no. Shares up to the end of Oct. 1947
1,161
Total sales for the month of Oct. 1947 Rs. 8,760 0 6
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7,
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
DO YOU KNOW ?
Veterinary Aid
ktep bees in their orchards. Keep bees and
42 Animals were treated during October 1947 b^ up-to-date.
fpr different ailments. Foot and mouth disease
^was prevailing among cattle and the same
were attended to. Retention of placenta cases gives you honey. The Indian Bee Journal will
were attended to and the necessary treatment
given. Stilboestrol injections were given on tell you all about this extremely fascinating
4 heifers and 2 buffaloes to bring about subject.
^strum of which 4 showed a reaction and the
Yearly Rs. 3
same were sent to the bull for service. 13 Cows
INDIAN BEE JOURNAL
and 2 buffaloes êre calved during the month.
Frequent visitswere paid to inspect the cows
and to give Wf'iQly help to the calving animals.
123e47./Printod at the Bangaloro Press, Banjaloro City, by G. Srinivaaa Rao, Sunerintondant, and Published hyl
RaiaaovasakjJi^'A. K. Yedna Naravan Aivor. M.A. (Madras). N.D.b. ten^land). Dip. A^pic. (Cantab.). Editor. "Monthly Buliatio
of the Bansalora Dairy Cattje Society," Banjalor*
MEMBERS, PLEASE NOTE!
1. Society's OfficeCentral Co-operative Bank Buildings, Hardinge Road, Chamarajapet, BangaM'e City.
2. Breeding Bulls—
Stationed in the Government Veterinary Hospital, Mysore Road, Bangalore City.
Membership ticket to be shown for free service.
3. Dry Cattle Farm (Nagarbavi Plantation)—
Please drive along the Bangalore-Mysore Road and turn to the right at the
railway crossing beyond the 6th mile; the Entrance to the Farm is about
J mile to the right on this branch road.
4. Our Cattle Feed Co-operative Stores—
Located in the Hand-Pounded Rice Factory of Messrs. Siddaramappa & Sons,
on Avenue Road, a little beyond the Fort and near the Parvati-Chandrasekhara
Boulevard. Shareholder ticket to be shown when purchasing feeds.
5. Yeterinary Officers' Addresses—
(a) N. R. Srinivasa Iyengar, Esq., G.B.V.S., No. 47, Sripuram, Seshadripuram,
Malleswaram P.O., Bangalore City—Society's Chief Veterinary Officer.
(b) The Veterinary Officer in charge of Malleswaram Veterinary Dispensary—/or
Malleswaram members only.
(c) B. Abdul Rahim, Esq., '174, Albert Victor Road, Chamarajapet, Bangalore
City—Society's Salustry.
6. .Monthly Bulletin of the Society—
Obtainable at the Society's Office and at the Bangalore Press, Bangalore City.
7. Our Artificial Insemination Service—
The Society has arranged with the Special Officer of the Indian Dairy Research
Institute to offer to the members a free' artificial insemination to cows of
members of the Society. We have been assured that the semen is being
obtained from highly pedigreed animals.
Monthly Bulletin of
BANGALORE DAIRY CATTLE SOCIETY
EDITOR »
R A J A S E V A J A K T A A. K. Y E Q N A
NARAYAN
AIYER
SUBSCRIPTIONS FOR MEMBERSHIP
M.A. ( M A D R A S ) . N . D . D . ( E N G U A N D ) . DIP. AGRIC ( C A N T A B . )
Retired Difeaior of A^meulture and
President of the Sanaaiore Dairy Cuttle Soeiety
ASSOCIATE E D I T O R I
DR. B. N A R A S I M H A IYENGAR, B.A.. PM.D
Single Copy As, 6
N.B.—A.U Subscriptions are payable in
advance.
The Bulletin is supplied free to Members.
Por Copies apply to :
THE EDITOR
- Monthly Builelin of
The Bangilore Dairy Cattle Society
8 6 - 8 7 , M y s o r e Road
BANGALORE CITY
Rs.
Patron Members
.. 250 payable in a
lump sum
Life-Members » .. 100
do.
Ordinary Members . . 1 2 per year payable in advance
Millcmen Members .. 6
do.
Appliccdion Forms for MemhersMp can
be obtained from :
The Secretary
r
Central Bank Buildingt, Hat '^ge Road
BANGALORE CIT V
MONTHLY BULLETIN
OF
Editor:-^RKJASEVASAKTA A. K. YEGNA NARAYAN AIYER, M.A.
Vol. VI]
[No. 12
DECEMBER' 1947
PAGE
Long Distance Collection of Milk for City
Supplies
By S. C. Ray, M.Sc, Ph.D.
Feed Scarcity Affects Fat Content in Milk ,
129
133
AN OUTSTANDING BULL AT THE IMPERIAL DAIRY
RESEARCH INSTITUTE, BANGALORE
By A. J. Lazarus
133
Foot and Mouth Disease
By N. R.Srinivasa Iyengar, G.B.V.C.
PAGE
Fluorosis of Cattle in the Madras Presidency
By G. R. Viswanathan, G.M.V.C. ..
NEW INSECTICIDE STRONGER THAN D . D . T .
PROGRESS OF THE SOCIETY :
137
.
138
.
138
138
VETERINARY AID
..
134
135
..
..
=^fTuCff5SS=^^
BapaT.l8..
LONG DISTANCE COLLECTION OF MILK FOR CITY SUPPLIES
B Y S. C. RAY, M . S C , P H . D .
Dairy Technologist, Indian Dairy Research Institute, Bangalore
in milk supply is a long•*• standing problem for Indian cities. The
availability of this nature's most nourishing
food has, therefore, been within the reach of
more fortunate city dwellers who can afford
to pay its high price. The situation has been
further complicated in recent years by the
large influx of population following in the
wake of a world war. - Although the war is
now over, there is no sign of the population
pressure being relieved, as with the war has
grown up many newer industries and commercial enterprises which are likely to stay on.
To crown this, yet another problem has lately
9nad3 its appearance; refugees in large numbers
are seeking sanctuaries in the cities and the
circumUances are so developing that ere long,
they m\y become permanent residents. Thus
the population in the larger Union cities at
the moment have increased by a significant
percentage over the pre-war figure and the
problem of adedaate milk supply which was
already diffieuWin 1939 has become more
complicated t f ^ a y .
TNADEQUACY
When the question of post-war planning
and improvement of the cities are weighing
in our mind, another aspect of.city milk supply
must soon demand our attention.
Short
consumable life of milk, lack of good roads,
limited use of modern transport and the
absence of any organised enterprise have
necessitated the keeping of large number of
milch cattle within the city precints. The
bane of the presence of city stables has long
been realised and, from time to time, schemes
and plans have been put forward to evacuate
city cattle to suitable, not far off country-side.
With the advent of the national government,
the early evacuation of city cattle may form
a part of the programme towards the improvement of civic sanitation and health.
In view of the sharp increase in the present
demand for milk and the possible elimination
of city stables, the attention of the administrators and milk technologists is already
focussed towards evolving the necessary ways
and means for long distance collection of milk
from the rural areas and milk pockets for
129
130
Monthly Suiletm
of the bangalore Dairy Cattle Society
city supplies. The purpose of the present
article is to discuss briefly how the project
can best be carried out.
The successful working requires that efforts
be canalised into two main directions, namely,
(i) setting up of a suitable organisation and
(ii) evolving the necessary technological
methods which are workable under local
conditions.
Organisational set up.—Âny large-scale
undertaking which involves the interests of
people belonging to different stations of life
requires a properly thought-out organisation.
For this milk business, a well-founded organisation is all the more important when one
has to consider milk in relation to public
health. A plan of the organisational set up
for long distance milk collection and supply
scheme can tentatively be suggested as follows:
(n) At the apex of the organisation should
be established a Board of Control consisting
of members representing the major interests,
such as, producers, consumers, city milk
supply agencies, provincial or municipal legislators, dirtrict and city administrators and
public health authorities. To this Board will
be attached, in advisory capacities, government
experts in dairy science and economics.
(Z>) There should be two main operative
units, v/V., (i) the rural unit, to produce milk
and haul it to the collection depot and (ii) the
urban unit, to collect and transport milk to
city.
(c) The rural unit will comprise of all
producers in the villages who wish to supply
milk. Producers of one, or more adjoining
villages will form a 'Producer's Society' with
| n elected executive of their own to look
ifter the interests and working of the society
The rules and by-laws of the society will be
framed by the Board, but must receive prior
acceptance by the prospective members before
the society is formed.
( ^ The urban unit, which will ultimately be
the milk selling agency in the city, may comprise of person or persons who will function
as a private or limited company, or, a supply
corporation or a co-operative union. Besides
city distribution, this unit will have to establish and maintain rural collection depot where
the primary producers will deliver the milk.
The receipt of the milk at the depot should
mean the closure of the sale transaction
between the rural and urban units. In order
to ensure a regular supply of milk to the
urban unit, the Board will see that the milk
produced within a particular region is only
sold to this urban unit. From this ;t'age, it'
will be the latter's responsibility to use suitable
expedients to process and transport milk
so that it can arrive at the city dairy for distribution with quality unimpaired. The urban
unit will also be responsible for the supply of
clean cans required for the haulage of milk
from the producer's end to the collection
depot. Administration and working of the
urban units will entirely be their own.
(c) The working policy of the two units
will be under the guidance of the Board,
For this purpose, the Board will (i) appoint
one or more supervisors for each rural unit
to inspect and tender technical advice and*
help in the work of the producers according
to the principles and instructions laid down
by the Board from time to time, (ii) arrange,
on behalf of the producers, the purchase of
milch cattle, breeding bull, feeds and fodders,
seeds, implements and other equipments connected with production, (iii) secure the assistance of appropriate State Departments for
veterinary aid, drawing up of ration schedule
and laying down the breeding poHcy of the
producer's stock, (iv) with State assistance, the
Board should render similar practical and .
advisory services to the urban units at least
at the early stage of working the scheme.
( / ) The Board should establish a control
laboratory for the constant check in the
quality of the milk supplied by the producers
to the urban units and by the latter in turn,
to the consumers.
(g) The price of milk both at producer's
and consumer's end will be fixed by the Board
from time to time after due consideration of
the costs of production and distribution.
Qi) The Board will issue the necessary
licences to the units to work the scheme and
levy a cess which will be utilised solely for
the maintenance of the Board's office, control
laboratory, advisory services and the general
promotion of the object of the scheme.
(0 The Board must align itself to an appropriate State Department to fall in with the
current policies of the Government.
v
Technological methods recommended.—To
make long distance milk supply a success, the
primary requisite will be to evolve a techniqtie
which will allow the consumable life of milk
to be longer than what is hitherto obtained..
During the past few years data have been
collected which go to show th\t the life of raw
milk produced at present in th> villages is on
^n average 5 to 6 hours. In s.^mmer and in
hot humid periods, the life may be as low as
Milk and Milk
2 to 3 Ifours whereas during winter months,
the life may be as long as 10 hours or even
more. For the successful working of long
distance supply, it may be necessary to ensure
»a maximum life of 20 hours for milk irrespective of seasons, assuming that longest distance
of collection will not normally exceed 60 miles.
Bulked supply, situated further afield in milk
pockets, will require special considerations.
The increase in consumable life of milk by two
to almost six times can be brought about by
following scientific methods at every stage
between "production and final distribution of
milk from the city dairies.
As the active growth of micro-organism is
the factor which decides the life of milk, every
endeavour should be made, right from the
moment milk is drawn from the animal,, to
safeguard it against all possible microbial
contamniation. Hence, certain strict measures
are required to be observed at the village
centres for the clean and'hygienic production.
The meûres, in broad lines, may be laid
down as follows:
(a) Each producer's society should be provided with suitably constructed community
milking byre with attached milk room, cattle
assembly yard and clean well-water supply.
It will be the responsibility of the society to
keep the byre and its surroundings in perfectly sound condition.
(fc) In the yard, before milking is started,
each member producer should prepare his
animals according to prescribed hygienic
practices. Similarly in the milking byre the
milkers should adopt the necessary asceptic
principles.
(c) The calf may be allowed to suckle to
initiate the flow; thereafter the udder should
be washed and disinfected with dilute permanganate solution. It is desirable to avoid
wet milking: to facilitate easy drawing of the
milk, odourless vaseUne should be introduced.
{di) The milk should be drawn into sanitary
milking pail specified by the Board. As soon
as the milking of one animal is over, its milk
should be taken to the milk room for weighment and record and then emptied into
society's bulking can of requisite capacity and
fitted with quick delivery faucet.
(e) When all milking is over, the bulked
milk should immediately be transferred to
clean standard haulage cans specified by the
Board. To pjfeventthe entrance of dust during
the transit, t? thick canvas cap is pulled over
the locked )|u and neck of the haulage can and
securely tî^. The haulage can is then quickly
Products
131
despatched to the collection depot either on
head loads or by any other means that the
society will devise. On the return journey
the carrier will bring clean sterilized empty
haulage cans for use on the next turn.
( / ) After the despatch of society's milk, it
will be the duty of the member producers to
clean, scrub and wash thoroughly the byre
and milk room, and finally disinfect the floor
with 0-1 per cent, bleaching powder solution.
Similarly all utensils maintained by the society,
such as, bulking can, milk pails, etc., should
thoroughly be cleaned by using a suitable hot
detergent solution and after flushing with cold
water, disinfected with 0-05 per cent, solution
of bleaching powder. The utensils are finally
left inverted on racks for draining and drying
until required for use again. Doors and
windows of the byre and milk room should be
kept closed after all operations are over.
{£) The hours of milking in different societies
should be adjusted according to the time-table
for collection and transport to be fixed by the
urban unit.
As the production points have to be several
miles away from the city, the direct haulage
,fsi milk to the urban dairy by the producermembers themselves cannot be a practicable
proposition. It will be necessary for the urban
units to open village milk receiving stations
or collection depot where the milk from
several societies will be assembled, weighed,
sampled for testing, bulked and given some
form of processing before being transported
to the city. The essential features of a collection depot should be that:
(a) It must be located within the easy reach
of the highway to city and connected by
suitable all-season road.
(Z») There should be one collection depot
within three hours of haulage time from the
rural production centres. •
(c) In selecting the site for a collection depot,
two important factors to be considered are:
(i) plentiful supply of clean water and (ii)
suitable _ût!ets for the disposal of sewage
from the depot.
(d) The design for the construction and
floor arrangement of a depot will depend on
the type of operations to be carried out.
Essentially it should comprise of (i) milk
receiving platform, (ii) a niche for weighing
milk which will open out to a wider floor
space for bulking, cooling and filling the
transport cans, (iii) another platform for
loading and unloading transport cans, (iv)
room for washing, cleaning and sterilizing
132
Monthly
Bulletin
of the Bangalore
haulage cans and (v) other auxiliary rooms
for office and store.
{e) The doors and windows of the collection dspot should be covered against dust
and fly by wire netting and provided with
suitable ventilation and drainage system.
The equipments required for the collection
depot will largely depend upon the principles
to be adopted for processing the collected milk.
Results of experiments carried out in this
Institute on the life of raw milk of different
degrees of contamination, when cooled to
50° F. and stored at different temperatures,
showed that at storage temperatures of 80° F.
and 86° F-, the effective life is slightly over
18 and 13J hours respectively. Under normal
working condition, the road transit of the
loaded cans before arrival at the city should
not exceed 6 hours. ,A.s such, a simple process
of cooling the milk to 50° F. at the collection
depot will ensure the life if provision is made
for some form of insulation of the body of
the transporting truck so as to maintain the
storage temperature during transport below
86° F. Based on the foregoing considerations,
the essential major equipments in the collection
depot will consist of (i) receiving tank fitted
to a weighing machine, (ii) bulking-cum-cooling
tank provided with insulated jacket and
stirring arrangement, (iii) milk drip base,
(iv) overhead fresh water tank, intermediate
cooling tank and a ground receiving tank
fitted with a hand pump for circulating cold
water, (v) ice-chest, (vi) hand pump to lift
water fTom the well, and'(vii) wash up tank
ând combined hot water and sterilizing
•(Cabinet.
>
The operation at the collection depot shall
begin by weighing the milk received from
individual producer societies which will simultaneously be judged for odour, sediment and
temperature. Samples representing the supply
of individual societies should separately be
taken and forwarded to the laboratory for
quality control tests. The weighed milk shall
then pass through a strainer to the bulking
tank. After all supplies are bulked, the milk
is cooled to SC^ F. by circulating iced-water
through the jacket. The ice will have to be
sent from the city to the co'lecting centre
daily. The chilled milk is then put in the
transport cans for despatch to the city dairy.
As soon as milk hand'ing operations are over,
the haulage cans received from the producers
should be cleaned, washed and sterilized.
Similarly other dairy equipments, floorings,
drain pipes, etc., are thoroughly scrubbed,
Dairy
Cattle
Society
cleaned, flushed wiih cold water -Und finally
disinfected with bleachine powdef solution.
The transport of milk from the collection
depot to the city dairy will be carried out in
approved transport cans of suitable size. It
will be the responsibihty of the city dairy to
supply and maintain the cans in clean and
asceptic conditions. For con\eyance motor
trucks should be employed. The body of
these trucks, as has already be mentioned,
should be constructed with some insulating
material and the joints and hinges should be
as far as possible dust proof. The capacity
and shape of the trucks shall be such as to
allow maximum utiUzation of the space.
The arrangements for collection and transport as described above are applicable only
in cases where the supply is to be effected
from distances not over 60 miles. Whenever
the milk supply has to be made from pockets
of longer distances some form of heat treat-.
ment followed by coUoing of the milk will be
essential at the collection centre.* The processed milk may be transported in refrigerated
van wherever facilities exist for railway transport. In view of the probable uncertainties
in railway timings, this form of transport
may not always be feasible and alternative
methods need have to be evolved for transport by road. For sometime past, investigations are being carried out here to study the
possibility of long distance transport in motor
trucks specially built in a way that it may
serve as a self-contained milk collecting,
processing and transport unit. The prehminary results already obtained seem to offer
a promise in the use of this technique, A
final recommendation has to wait until data
are secured of large-scale field trials.
Before the article is concluded, mention
may be made about a technological principle
on which the city dairies need to function.
This principle is based on two main considerations, one, the age-old, almost universal habit
of boiling the milk by the Indian consumers
soon after its delivery, and the other, the
rigid practice of tht methods of production, >,
collection and transport as outlined above.
If milk is received in the city dairy under
controlled conditions, its life can safely be
stretched to 20 hours by immediate cold
storage on arrival. The interval of 20 hours ^
should be long enough to complete the entire
operation of production to%istribution for
both morning and evening m i % In that case,
arrangements for pasteurisation*.pr any other
heat-treatment of milk in the c % dairy may
not be necessary.
'^
'
Milk and Milk
133
Products
FEED SCARCITY AFFECTS FAT CONTENT IN Mil K
N defending a milk retailer who was accused three per cent, fat and 8-5 per cent, milk
of selling milk deficient in fat content, solids-not-fat. The effects of such a reduction
counsel commented: "Austerity in this country in quality, if general, would have a serious
has affected even the poor cows." It was effect on national nutrition. Professor Kay's
claimed that last year's poor harvest and the authoritative statement calls for serious attenlate spring grass crop had adversely affected tion from the food bosses.
The Government would and should save
the quality of milk. There was no suggestion
in this case of water having been added to the dollars by importing feedingstuffs for our
milk, which was delivered by rail, and a fresh dairy farmers instead of importing dairy
churn was opened to supply the analyst with produce from foreign cows. The dairy farmers
a sample. Nevertheless the milk retailer was are doing everything they possibly can to
fined. Whatever the circumstances the retailer supplement their cattle foods with what they
has to pay. Sometimes he deserves the penalty. can grow themselves. Home produced silage
and dried grass are being used, but the
Very often he does not.
This matter of the fat content of milk calls quantity is much below what is needed. It
for speedy and very special attention, for poor is unfortunately true that there is a world
quality is the result of poor feeding stuffs for shortage of concentrated cattle foods, and the
the cattle. Professor H. D. Kay, of the increased importation of these would therefore
National Institute for Research in Dairying, be at a high cost. But their purchase at a high
has expressed the view that lack of adequate figure would be a real economy in the end,
supplies of feeding concentrates is bringing and would save dollars. For generations we
about a gradual reduction in the total solids have heard of the almighty dollar, but there
content of milk. If this reduction is allowed never was a time when the dollar was the
to continue large quantities of milk will fail mighty force it is now.
to attain the statutory minimum standard of
—"The Dairyman", September 1947.
I
AN OUTSTANDING BULL AT THE IMPERIAL DAIRY RESEARCB
INSTITUTE, BANGALORE
BY A. J. LAZARUS
A S mentioned in a previous note relating to
cows, the Sindhi herd has been longer
in the Institute and has had the advantage
of selective breeding through several generations. One of the outstanding Sindhi bulls,
who is still active in the herd, is 'Ziman'.
His pedigree and performance form an interesting account and are given below.
Ziman was born on 3 September 1933. He
is by 'Suliman' from Dam No. 213. Suliman
was one of the oldest of the farm bulls; his
dam gave 6,395 lb. of milk in her best lactation.
Ziman's dam was also a high yielder, her highest output being 5,633 lb.
Ziman has been in service since April 1937
and has now several daughters in the farm.
But only five of them have as yet completed at
least one normal lactation. The records of
these five animals along with those of their
dams (ftrst lactation) are given below:
It will be obseêd that the daughters have
produced on an Average 3,889 lb. of milk in a
lactation as against 3,223 lb. of their dams.
As only five /Jam-daughter comparisons are
available, it is premature to pronounce any
iudgement on the transmitting ability of the
bulls but the limited evidence available is very
Sire—^Ziman
First lactation
Daughter
No.
1
2
3
Lacta- Days
tion
in
yield milk
Dams
Days , Lacta- Days
tion
in
dry
yield milk
352
332
319
426
445
140
170
42
98
5
3229
3878
2880
4479
4982
Average
3889
369
112
0
Days
dry
2095
4268
3572
2276
3904
245
348
341
232
321
104
43
59
169
84
3223
301
02
encouraging. Further details about this bull
will be published when more lactations are
completed.
FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE
BY N . R. SRINIVASA IYENGAR, G.B.Y.C.
Society's Chief Veterinary Officer
OOT and mouth disease is a very chased cattle for 2 or 3 weeks and disinfection
contageous disease, chiefly of ruminants of their feet.
but horses are susceptible to it. Many cases
2. Avoiding purchasing of cattle from the
are so mild as to be djffi,ciilt to recognize, affected localities.
but wether they are virulent or mild they are
3. Use of Stockholm tar as a foot-dressing
always a serious matter. For the owners when towns and villages known to be infected,
even though there is no mortality, but because have unavoidably to be passed through.
of the extreme ease and rapidity of the spread,
If an aff"ected animal is duly cared for, all
the great difficulty and expence of eradication symptoms of fever will disappear in a week,
and actual money losses incurred.
but if care is not given upon the animal, the
Symptoms.—^This disease develops in 3 or febrile symptoms, etc., will become severe.
4 days. There is marked fever highest just In severe cases the hoofs may drop off.
before the eruption appears. Profuse flow of
Treatment.—^The animal must be kept in a
saliva with frequent swallowing motions and clean well ventilated stable. Wash the mouth
smackling of the lips. The peculiar lesions of 3 or 4 times a day with tepid alum lotion and
this disease are fesictes or small blisters affect- smear the ulcers with alum (powdered) 2
ing the mouth and the skin above and between drachms and honey one ounce. Wash and
the hoofs and over the udder and teats. The foment the feet with hot water twice a day by
vesicles soon break, leaving raw surfaces removing all the accumulated dirt between the
which, as a rule, heal, but sometimes remain digits and dress the sores with the following
as chronic ulcers. The skin and superficial dressing:
tissues around the hoofs become inflamed
R Powdered Camphor
.. 2 drachms
and swollen. The stomach may also be iti„
Chalk
..
.. 1 ounce
flamed, weight is lost and the milk flow is
Alum
..
.. i
reduced to a very great extent. The disease„
Copper Sulgjjate .. 1 drachm
is not ordinarily fatal, but it causes very
ft. powder (for external use only)
serious losses in the flow of milk and a
Apply the powder after dressing the ulcer
prolonged unthrifty condition and seriously and put on a bandage. The ulcers on the
aflfecting the feet. Active symptoms of the teats and udder should be kept clean by washdisease last from eight to fourteen days.
ing them in hot water and then apply pulvis
There are several diseases that are easily sulphanilamide dissolved i-n coconut oil.
The diet must be only soft green grass,
mistaken for this disease and these are:—(I)
Foot-rot, (2) Vesicular stomatitis, (3) Cow- lucerne and an abundance of thin rice or ragi
gruel in which jaggery water and salt may be
pox, etc.
The infecting veirus maybe present in yards added and given 2 or 3 times a day.
Attendants on sick animals should be most
and on the feeding vessels, etc., on infected
faT:ms. Even a road over which diseased careful about their clothing particularly shorts
have passed may be infectious. The infectious and shoes. It is well to use special overalls
material is apparently present in the discharge and shoes and leave them in the infected stall
from the vesicles, in the saliva, milk, urine, or building. They should, when leaving the
stall, clean the hands and legs with carbdilc
maniire, perspiration, etc.
Preventions.—1. Isolation of newly pur- lotion thoroughly.
F
134
Feeds h'Fodders
FLUOROSIS OF CATTLE IN THE MADRAS PRESIDNECY
BY G . R. VISWANATHAN, G . M . V . C .
Veterinary Investigation Officer, Madras
(Concluded from the October number)
The deficiency of P in the pasture leads to
HE following is the protocol of postlowering of inorganic P value of blood, and in
mortem findings:—
Case No. 1.—The hip and shoulder joints order to obtain further evidence regarding the
were severely inflammed, metatarsal bone and etiological significance of this factor, blood
the knee joints showed bony exostosis and samples from afl!"ected and normal animals
diffuse periostitis and the nodular prominences were analysed by the Government Agricultural
present on the ribs were porous in character. Chemist, Coimbatore, with the result that
The median suture in the skull showed a whereas in the latter Ca and P both showed
tendency to give way and the mandibles of a normal value, in the former, P content was
the lower jaw were disunited at the symphysis, found to be low. In certain number of cases
The epiphysis of the left humerus had the the P value was found to be below 1 mg. per
tendency to separate from the proximal end 100 c.c. of blood. Blood samples sent from
and those of the radius and ulna at their Madras cases for analysis at the Imperial
distal ends. The cancellated tissue in the Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar,
interior of the long bones was found infil- showed no variation from normal; but those
trated with a lardacious material.
sent from Hyderabad, where a similar disease
Case No. 2.—Of the ribs examined, one occurs, proved deficient in P.
showed partial fracture about its middle at
Vitamin A deficiency was suspected to play
two places and another showed the two frac- a part in causation of this disease as the number
tured ends, one riding over the other with of cases are less in the rainy season when the
callus formation around them. None of the animals usually ingest plenty of green fodder.
long bone's showed any exostosis, but numerAnalysis of well water and soil samples
ous obsteophytes were found on the non- from certain affected localities have revealed
articular" surface of one of the ospedis bones. the presence of fluorine in a concentration
The cancellated tissue of the long bones showed higher than the amount present in those of
infiltration with lardacious material.
healthy areas. Representative rocks and soils
of an area stretching from Kurnool division
Etiology and Epizootiology
to Markapur revealed on analysis a high
In this rheumatic afi"ection of cattle, the content of fluorine. According to the Governetiological factors likely to be considered are ment Agricultural Chemist Coimbatore,
(I) in balance of diet with regard to its mineral (Ramiah, 1938-39), the Cuddappah-Kurnool
contents, (2) deficiency of phosphorus, (3) defi- system of sedimentary rocks shows a high
ciency of vitamins, and (4) fluoride poisoning. fluorine content ranging up to 960 part per
From investigations carried out by the million or about 500 times that of well water.
Government Agricultural Chemists, Coim- Work carried out at the King Institute of
batore, on samples of pasture grass from preventive Medicine, Guindy, shows that the
affected and healthy areas, it has been shown highest fluorine concentration is to be found
(Ramiah, 1941), that the former contains a to lie in the narrow belt of granitoid rocks
high Ca and low P and "the latter normal stretching north, north-east from south of
values for these minerals. Similarly, 14 samples Kanigiri Nellore and to the Krishna river
of other fodders sent to the same worker for near Amravati in Guntur. The presence of
analysis revealed a striking unbalance with fluorides in high toxic quantities in certain
regard to these minerals. Again, a survey of areas, especially North Nellore and isolated
pastures of Malabar and Kurnool districts places in Cuddapah and Anantapnr has also
carried out by the Government Agricultural 'tjeen noticed.
Chemist showed a shortage, if not the actual
Analysis of well water samples by the
deficiency of thesjj minerals. In the former Government Agricu'itural Chemist (Ramiah,
district both CaOând PgOg were low, whereas 1938-39) reveals a fluorine content ranging
in the latter a shortage of PjOg only was from 0-5 to 2 parts per million in samples
revealed.
from the affected areips, and a little or more
T
Monthly Bulletiit of the Bangalore Dairy Cattle Society
136
from those of healthy ones. Table I shows
the fluorine content of water samples collected
from various Taluks in four endemic areas of
the Presidency.
TABLE I
The Fluorine Content of Water Samples
Fluoride content in sample
No.
Taluks
3
— ^ = d|
;;d 1 5 d
0
I.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Koilkuntla
Sirve!
Cumbum
Markapur
Dhone
Kurnool
Nandyal
1
2
3
4
Podili
Darsi
Kanigiri
Gudar
1
2
Anantapur
Kalyandrug
6
i
Kurnool District
23
25
1
55
10
8
1
19
7
7
14
2
4
7
1
1
2
8
1
9
2
2
..
11. Nellore District
2
12
3
17
1
8
7
16
1
1
1
1
I I I . Anantapur District
•• !
11
1 1 1 I •• 1 2
1 1 .. 1 .. 1 2
IV.
1
Vinukonda
Total
1
8
59
Guntur District
1 , ..
70
12
2
149
The table shows that nearly 58 per cent, of
the affected villages contain one to three parts
or more of fluorine per million. In one village
of Nellore district the stream water was found
to contain 13-85 p.p.m. of fluorine. The
analysis of water from' certain 'curative'
^villages has revealed a fluorine content less
.than 0-5 p.p.m.
Increased diuresis and pronounced pathological changes in kidney suggested that the
high concentration of fluorine ingested with
water had some deliterious effect on this organ
when passed through urine, but twelve samples
of urine sent for the detection of fluorine at
the Imperial Veterinary Research Institute,
Izatnagar, revealed nothing of significance.
Samples of teeth from the affected animals
were analysed at this Institute with the results
quoted below.
The materials forwarded by you has been
analysed for their fluorine content which
appears to be somewhat higher than that in
normal calves as reported by some Western
workers....
Field investigations reveal that there might
be several factors, all exercising their eifects
Oh the etiology, occurrence and the progress
of the disease. The endemic areas-^re known
to be related to certain type of reck formation
imparting to the soil, water and the herbage
a higher concentration of fluorine and a state
of unbalance with regard to Ca and P. When
the affected animals are removed to certain
"curative" villages where these soil and
herbage abnormalities do not exist, they
develop freedom from the disease.
Although it is not unlikely that the animals
in these localifies suffer from a mild form of
hypophospherosis, certain
epizootological
factors suggest that the condition described in
this paper may be looked upon as fluorine
intoxication. These are (1) spontaneous cure
of clinical cases when removed to certain
"curative" villages, where the soil, herbage
and water contains a normal amount of
fluorine, (2) the presence of mottling and
brown pigmentation together with the chipping tendency of enamel of teeth. This feature
is characteristic of human fluorosis, (3) in
cattle enzootic areas of this disease in the
Presidency human beings are also known to
suffer from skeletal and dental abnoi;aialities
as described by Shrott et al. (1937).
Treatment
So far any form of treatment has not been
found effective in advanced cases of the disease
although cases in early stage are amenable to
treatment. Mention has already been made
of certain "curative" villages where the
general practices are paddy cultivation, irrigation from tanks and less groundnut cultivation. Animals, when taken to these villages
during early stape of the diesase, show gradual
improvement without any treatment. This is
attributed to a change over from a brackish
water to rain or soft water of these villages.
(a) Curative.—During the year 1934-35,
Mahajan, in Hyderabad, treated some cases
with sterilized bone meals and reported
encouraging results as no further cases occurred
when he visited the same tract again after five
months. He advocated this treatment both as
curative and preventive. In this Presidency^
bone-meal was first tried in Joladarsi village'
of Koilkuntla Taluk in Kurnool District in the
years 1934-35. The affected animals were given
each one ounce of bone-meal per day for six
months and complete recovery was observed
in two animals thus treated. On another
occasion, seven animals ik Cuddapah and
thirteen in Kurnool district were treated with
bone-meal given in doses of two ounces daily
to each animal. As a result of this treatment
Feeds and
i n- about twiQ months from the administration
of bone-meal the animals in the early stage of
the disease showed rapid improvement. In
well advanced cases with marked anatomical
abnormalities such as bony exostoses, etc.,
the bone-meal feeding relieved them of acute
symptoms like lameness and painful joints,
but had a very little effect in reducing the
exostoses. The duration of the treatment is
long and marked improvement is noticed
after a course of treatment lasting from six
months to one or two years. When the treatment with bone-meal is discontinued on
flnding improvement in condition, there is a
pbssibility of relapse hence affected animal
in enzootic areas require treatment as long
as they live.
ih) Preventive.—^Prophylacticaliy the bonemeal may be recommended for supplementing
the diet of cattle grazing on deficient pasture,
as it would not only prevent the disease, but
alô improve the rate of growth of young
stock. Moreover the bone-meal fed animals
haye got a tendency to maintain the advantage
dîringthe seasons when the grazing is generally
poor. The Government Agricultural Chemist
recommends the addition of lime to the water
of,the wellf in affected localities, as this process
reduces the fluorine content of the water.
137
Fodders
SUMMARY
1. This disease in cattle known Voyopotlu
locally, was first observed in Madras Presidency in 1934-35 in Kurnool district. Since
then its incidence has been known in certain
villages of Nellore and Cuddapah districts
around the hills, being related to the condition
of the soil, pasture, food-stuffs and water and
the nature of the prevailing agricultural
practices.
2. There is no seasonal incidence. The
disease ^-uns a chronic course affecting 5 to
10 per cent, of cattle population in an enzootic
area. One peculiarity about the disease is
that while its incidence is heavy in one village,
the neighbouring village may be free froin it.
3. The main etiological factor is the presence of fluorine in an abnormal amount in
soil, pastures, in the water followed by aphosphorosis and vitamin deficiency.
4. The main feature of the disease is the
presence of exostosis on the ribs and the joints
and over-growth and deformity of hoofs.
Fractures and ulcerations of articular heads
and a few bony prominences are the characteristic lesions on post-mortem examination.
5. There is no complete or successful
treatment in advanced cases; In early stages
treatment is only palliative.
NEW INSECTICIDE STRONGER THAN D.D.T.
ORE effective control of many truck crop, example, one pound of the material per acre
forage, cotton and livestock insects may is recommended.
Although field trials will continue this year,
be a big step nearer realisation with the development of a new i nsecticide, which is reported observations thus far indicate the material is
tQ be ten times more powerful than the famous safe to use on the foliage of many crops,
Fletcher states. A spray containing 0-2%
6 D T against certain pests.
chlordane or a dust with 3 to 5% chlordane
fioth spray and dust forms of this lethal content gives unusually good control of livematerial are being now made available by the stock pests, he says. Two or three applications
Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich., under of a residual spray containing 2% of the
the name of Dowclor. F. W. Fletcher, Dow compound will provide summer protection
Entomologist, announces in a report on the against flies and other pests in barns and
uses of chlordane. Tests have shown that it similar structures, trials show^.
is particularly effective against grasshoppers,
Chlordane is deadly to cockroaches and
squash bugs, lygus bugs, chinch bugs, aphids,
ants, and the best method of eliminating these
Colorado potato beetles, armyworms and most
pests is to direct a coarse spray into spots
cotton insects as well as mosquitoes, flies, lice,
where they multiply and travel, or place a
bed bugs, fleas, and livestock pests including
dust barrier across their paths. The commites and ticks, he reports.
pound kills insects by direct contact and
^ Tests further show that a spray containing stomach action and as a vapour rising from
1 to 14- lb. actual chlordane mixed with treated surfaces but is not hazardous to man
100 gallons of water, or a dust including 3 to and domestic animals when used as recom5% chlordane, is Suitable for combating many mended, according to Fletcher.—From "Farm
crop pests.
In grasshopper control, for Implement News," Chicago, October 9, 1947.
M
138
Progress of the Society
Veterinary Aid
40 Animals ware treated during November
1947 for diifferent ailments. Foot and mouth
affected animal numbering 8 were treated and
daily dressings for about a week were continued in the members' houses. 3 Retention
of placenta among cows were attended to.
12 Cows and 2 buffaloes calved during the
month. Frequent visits were paid to inspect
the cows and timely help rendered to the
calving animals. Attended to a very bad case
of DytoUia in a local cow in an estate of
about 6 miles from Bangalore belonging to
one of the members. Removed the calf with
the help of local villagers by bringing the calf
into the normal position. The calf was alive
for about 5 minutes. The cow was given
necessary medicine, etc., and instructed the
owner to give 20 pills Sulphanalamido (Vety.)
twice a day as directed. Further instructions
were given to inform me every day as the
cow was very much exhausted. The man
DO YOU KNOW?
keep hees in their orchards. Keep bees and
be up-to-date.
subject.
Yearly Rs. 3
INDIAN BEE JOURNAL
came to me and told me the next ev^îing that
the cow died the following day. '
Bhimasena.—Covered 35 cows during
November 1947, of which 14 cows belonged
to the members of the Society, thus making
a total of 127 cows. There were 5 repeat
coverings.
STORES, LTD.
Prices Current for the month of December 1947
Rs. A. p.
1. Wheat bran
Per bag of 100 lbs. ... 13 8 0
2. Rice bran
do.
95 lbs. . . 5 8 0
3. Buller (Avare) Husk
per bag
.
6 0 0
„
4. TUT (Togari) Husk
. 7 8 0
5. Bengal gram husk
„ 7 8 0 to 9 0 0
5i Seers
6. Buller broken bits
1 0 0
,,
7. Tur broken bits
1 0 0
8. * Groundnut oil-cake per maund
. No Stock
„
5 0 0
„
10. Ramtil oil-cake
3 0 0
„
11. Cotton Seed
.
4 0 0
per 1 lb.
12. Churn Brand
0 4 0
13. Horsegram 3 Seers
.
1 0 0
14.
Do. Broken 4 Seers
.
1 0 0
15. Salt 10 srs.
1 0 0
* Despite orders received for the supply of 20 tons
of this commodity more than ten days ago, the Stores
has not been able to secure even a tinv portion of
the allotment from the local stockists.
No. of Members admitted during Nov. 1947
I
Total No. of Members upto the end of Nov. 1947 317
Total no. Shares up to the end of Nov. 1947
1,163
Sales in November 1947
Rs. 2,698 9 6
Total sales for the month of Nov. 1947 Rs. 11,458 10 0
iS30.4?—Printed at the, Bangalore Press, Bangalore City, by G. Srinivasft Hao, Superintendent, and PubHshed by
Raiasovasakta A. K. Yegna Narayan Aiyor, M.A. (Madras). N . D . D . (England), Dip. Agi-io, (Cantab,). Editor, "Montlily Bulletin
i
of the Bangalore Dairy Cattle Soeioty,'* Bangalore
^
^ .^s
\
V?

Milk and Milk Products

Transcription

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