- Braintree District Council

1
HALSTEAD
HISTORIC TOWN ASSESSMENT REPORT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
3
LOCATION AND TOPOGRAPHY
3
BRIEF HISTORY OF THE TOWN
3
EVIDENCE
4
LISTED BUILDINGS
5
SYNTHESIS
6
SUMMARY OF GENERAL IMPORTANCE OF THE TOWN
12
RESEARCH PRIORITIES
13
BIBLIOGRAPHY
14
APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1: Documentary sources
15
APPENDIX 2: Listed buildings
17
APPENDIX 3: Urban components list
21
FIGURES
ENVIRONS
22
HISTORIC TOWN EXTENT
23
SMR & LISTED BUILDINGS
24
CARTOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE
25
FIELD WORK
26
MEDIEVAL INTERPRETATION
27
POST MEDIEVAL INTERPRETATION - General
28
POST MEDIEVAL INTERPRETATION – Town Centre
29
PLANNING CONSTRAINTS
30
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HALSTEAD
HISTORIC TOWN ASSESSMENT REPORT
INTRODUCTION
This report is an archaeological and historical assessment of Halstead and forms part of
the Essex Historic Towns Survey. This is an extensive urban survey as defined by English
Heritage (1992a) of 32 historic settlements in Essex. This project, funded by English
Heritage, forms part of a nationwide reassessment of the management of the urban
archaeological resource. The project is being carried out by Essex County Council’s
Planning Department and takes as its basis a survey carried out by the County Council in
the early 1980’s. This was published as Historic Towns in Essex (Eddy and Petchey 1983)
and adopted as Supplementary Planning Guidance by the County and District Councils.
This report has been compiled using a number of sources, including the Essex Sites and
Monuments Record (ESMR), the List of Buildings of Architectural and Historical Interest,
records held by the County Planning Department’s Historic Buildings Section, and various
cartographic and documentary records (following an assessment of such records by Dr
Chris Thornton of the Victoria County History, Essex). The preparation of this report has
involved the addition of information to the ESMR database and the digitising of spatial
data onto a Geographic Information System (GIS).
For the purposes of this study the Roman period is the time-span between 43-410, the
Saxon period is 410-1066, the medieval period is 1066-1536, the post-medieval period is
1536-1900 and the modern period is 1900 to the present day. This corresponds to the
period divisions used by the ESMR.
LOCATION AND TOPOGRAPHY
Halstead is in Braintree District, on the north-west slopes of the River Colne valley, where
it is crossed by the road from Braintree to Sudbury. The sub-surface geology consists of
glacial gravels. A stream runs from the vicinity of St Andrew’s Church down to the Colne,
it is now piped.
BRIEF HISTORY OF THE TOWN
There is evidence for prehistoric and Roman activity in and around the town. In the Saxon
period there was a settlement on the site, and by the time of the Domesday Survey there
was a reasonably large population within the Halstead area, with an unusually high
proportion of smallholders and freemen. In 1251 Abel de St Martin, who held one of the
Halstead manors, was granted the right to hold a market, presumably on the site of the
present town, and the settlement grew to be the dominant market-town in the area. The
later post-medieval period saw the introduction of major changes to the town’s
development because of the introduction of the weaving trade in the late eighteenth
century and more significantly, the building of Courtauld’s silk factory in 1828. Courtaulds
was essentially a paternalistic family business, that as the major employer in the town,
played a most significant role in all aspects of urban life. In addition to the houses built for
the employees of the factory, the Courtaulds also organised and funded a school, adult
education classes, a library and institute, nursery, mother’s club, sick fund, amusement
society, lodging house, Jubilee Fountain, Public Park, retirement homes and Cottage
Hospital. In addition to Courtauld’s there were also a number of other significant
employers, including the Tortoise and Portway Iron Foundries and Adams Brewery, and
the town continued to retain a market and retail function.
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EVIDENCE
DOCUMENTARY
Summary assessment of the documentary and cartographic evidence
by Chris Thornton (Victoria County History)
The historical records for Halstead appear to be quite plentiful. There is a very long series
of court rolls for the Clare holdings in the town, known as the manor of Hipworth Hall, from
the early fourteenth to the eighteenth century as well as reasonably frequent postmedieval rentals. In addition, series of manorial records for other estates in Halstead
parish survive from the early seventeenth century onwards. There are also sizeable
collections of deeds for the town in the Essex Record Office (ERO). For the modern town,
the records of Halstead Urban District are available and important business records
survive for the Courtauld’s factories. Among secondary sources see: Agrarian change
and the cloth industry (ERO T/Z 75/19) and a thesis on the Mills of Sam. Courtauld and
Co. Ltd. (ERO T/Z 75/11). Although only one pre-nineteenth century map has been found,
dating to 1625, several of the nineteenth century maps provide good detail on the urban
area. The early editions of the Ordnance Survey maps also contain much useful
information. There is no major secondary work on Halstead.
Assessment of the place-name and documentary evidence
The place-name Halstead is thought to refer to settlement on the valley-slope or heald
(Rumble, 1935, 433). It is first referenced in 1086 in the Domesday Book (Rumble, 1983),
when the main land-holders were William of Warenne, Richard the son of Count Gilbert,
Waleran and Alfred, Richard’s reeve. In 1086 there was a total population of 9 villagers,
78 smallholders, 22 freemen and 8 slaves, with three mills and nineteen ploughs; the high
numbers of freemen and smallholders is unusual. It is not known how many were living
within the later Halstead urban area and how many throughout the rural district.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
Above ground remains
The above ground remains include the Parish Church, the College of Canons, the streetpattern, Townford Mill and a selection of other buildings dating from the medieval to the
post-medieval period. The most significant loss is the demolition of Courtaulds’ Silk
Factory, which played such an important role in the development of the later postmedieval town.
Excavations
There have only been a few small archaeological interventions within Halstead, only one
of which, the watching-brief on the area adjacent to Town Bridge, produced any significant
information.
ESMR
9429
9429
9441
17405
SITE
Adjacent to Town
Bridge
Town Bridge
Old Courtauld Mill
DATE
<1975
ARCHIVE LOCATION
PUBLICATION
Archive and finds: Not known Drury, P.J., 1975, Letter in the ESMR
1978
1987
Rosemary Lane
(Co-Op Yard)
1996
Archive: ESMR; Finds: None Eddy, MR. ECC Int. Rep. W/B 1978
Archive: ESMR; Finds:
Andrews, D. ECC Int. Rep. W/B 1987
Discarded
Archive: Bocking Place;
Clarke, R., 1996, Rosemary Lane (CoFinds: Montrose Rd
Op Yard), Halstead, Essex:
Archaeological Evaluation, ECC
Internal Report
Table 1: Excavated sites and watching-briefs
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Finds
Medieval and post-medieval pottery by Helen Walker (Essex County Council Field
Archaeology Group)
No medieval or post-medieval pottery has been recovered from the urban area and further
excavation will be needed before the pottery evidence can reveal anything about dating,
trade, and socio-economic factors. However there are Hedingham ware production sites
in the area of Halstead at Broak’s Wood (Walker 1992), Blackmore End and Greenstead
Green Attwoods. The pottery needs to be assessed and published for the latter two sites.
LISTED BUILDINGS
in consultation with Brenda Watkin and Dave Stenning (Listed Buildings)
The schedule of listed buildings provided in this report is derived from the List of Buildings
of Special Architectural and Historical Interest. This List has been compiled over many
years through the work of many inspectors and, as a result, the reliability of the List varies
from District to District. Time was extremely limited and very few interiors were looked at,
or even the rear wings of buildings. Where further research has been carried out on
individual buildings, this has often shown the limitations of the List descriptions. The List
for Halstead was originally compiled in 1978, but can be considered to be of fair reliability.
It has been possible to supplement the information provided in the List through the
knowledge and records of the County Historic Buildings and Design Section. There are
102 Listed Buildings in Halstead, of which one, the church, is Grade I, three are Grade II*
and the remainder are Grade II. In date they range from the fourteenth to the nineteenth
centuries, with the majority dating to the post-medieval period (see Table 2).
CENTURY NUMBER
14
2
15
12
16
17
17
27
18
17
19
27
Table 2: Listed Buildings by date of origin
There are a number of buildings worthy of particular mention:• The College of Canons building is probably a later construction than the foundation
date of the College, being probably late fifteenth century in origin. It is in effect an inline house with open hall; later in the early sixteenth century the parlour was
demolished and rebuilt behind the hall. The frontage may well have had a valuable
commercial use, necessitate this movement of the domestic quarters. It is an example
of church-type or high-status non-vernacular carpentry.
• Brick Barn Hall is an especially good example of a seventeenth century house, but with
a cross-wing made out of the re-used thirteenth century timbers of an aisled hall.
• The Courtauld houses built in 1872 were intended for the skilled workers or mechanics.
These had a living room, parlour and four bedrooms, with a scullery, coal house and
W.C. to the ground floor. Town water was laid on to the sculleries and stair landing of
each house. The cost ready for occupation of the fourteen dwellings was £4,895.
• The 1886 Courtauld houses in the Causeway were designed by the Essex architect
George Cambell Sherrin, 1840-1906, whose other commissions for the Courtauld family
included the cottage hospital at Halstead and the working men’s hall in Bocking. The
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perspective view of the cottages was exhibited at the Royal Academy and later
published in the British Architect, March 20 1885. Original plans from the Halstead
Board of Health are deposited in the ERO (D/DUH Pb 2/40).
• Both of the churches in Halstead had Victorian Parsonages designed by William
White, FSA 1825-1900. The parsonage house for Holy Trinity church was one of his
early works, 1853, and warranted mention in Stefan Muthesius’s book The High
Victorian Movement in Architecture, 1850-70. It was demolished in the late 1980’s
(drawings and specifications still survive in the church of England archives). The
parsonage house for St Andrews church was built in 1875 and demolished a
hundred years later.
Other information gained from the Listed Building evidence has been incorporated in
the period syntheses.
SYNTHESIS
PRE-URBAN SYNTHESIS
Prehistoric and Roman
There is some evidence for prehistoric activity in the area, in the form of stray finds of flint
tools. There are a number of finds of Roman date from within the town, largely
concentrated on the south side of the river, and it is though that there was a small
settlement roughly in that area, although there is no evidence that it was urban in nature.
Gestingthorpe villa is located a few miles to the north of the town and there were small
Roman rural settlements scattered along the Colne valley both to the north and south of
the present town.
Saxon
The place-name Halstead refers to a settlement on the valley-slope. However, the only
evidence for Saxon occupation of the area comes from the Domesday Book, which
records the presence of a reasonably large population with an unusually high number of
freemen and smallholders.
URBAN SYNTHESIS
Medieval synthesis and components
In 1086 there was a reasonably large population within the Halstead area, with an
unusually high proportion of smallholders and freemen. It is not known for certain that
there was a settlement on the site of the later town, but as a crossing-place of the River
Colne on the Braintree-Sudbury road it is a reasonable assumption. In 1251 Abel de St
Martin, who held one of the Halstead manors, was granted the right to hold a market,
presumably on the site of the present town. The de Veres made an attempt to suppress
the market at Halstead on the grounds that it was taking trade from their market at Castle
Hedingham, but this attempt failed and Halstead grew to be the dominant market-town in
the area. There was also a thriving woollen industry in the later medieval period, with
references to the presence of Flemish weavers in 1454.
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The built-up area (TL 8133 3065)
The built-up area was located along the main Braintree-Sudbury road. From north to
south the road is sub-divided into Head Street, Market Hill, High Street and Bridge Street.
Head Street is sited on the top of the hill, Manfield forms a back lane to the block of
buildings on the eastern side of Head Street and Boisfield formed a back lane to the west
of Head Street. The Church of St Andrew is located at the southern end of Head Street
overlooking the slope down into the valley. Market Hill is located at the junction of the
main road with Hedingham Road. The High Street drops steeply down to the river at
which point it becomes Bridge Street. It is possible that the market grant of 1251
represents the expansion of an existing small market town, centred on a market area in
Head Street, the expansion taking the form of the shift of the market to the Market Hill and
High Street area and the development of large plots along the High Street and Bridge
Street (Eddy and Petchey, 1983). Originally the river was crossed by a ford, but in the
later medieval period a bridge was erected to the east of the ford and the line of the High
Street shifted in that direction to form the kink at the bottom of the road.
The market (TL 8158 3075)
There is documentary evidence that there was a market before 1251, probably located in
Head Street, to the north of the church, in the area known as Chipping Hill. There is a
reference dating to 1327 referring to the ‘old’ market area (Eddy and Petchey, 1983) to the
north of the church. This area was infilled in the later medieval and post-medieval period.
Parish Church of St Andrew (TL 8152 3069)
The church is located at the north-east end of the town on the crest of the slope. It is
presumed that there was a late Saxon or early medieval predecessor to the present
building, for which there is documentary evidence that it was in existence in 1276. The
chancel, nave, and north and south aisles were entirely rebuilt in the middle of the
fourteenth century. The walls are of flint and pebble rubble with limestone and clunch
dressings. In the fifteenth century the north vestry, and the porches were added. There
was also a west tower, located between the existing aisles.
The College of Canons (TL 8138 3067)
The College of Canons (26-30 High Street) was probably erected in the late fifteenth
century. The original license to found a chantry or college in Halstead for a master and
eight priests had been granted in 1340 to Robert Bouchier, however it was his grandson
who renewed the royal license and arranged for the building to take place. Although the
new license allowed for a master and five chaplains, the documentary evidence suggests
that there was only a master and a single chaplain in residence (Bamburger, 1992). The
College was suppressed in 1545. The building itself is an in-line house with open hall; the
rear of the building seems to have been used as the domestic area and the frontage for
commercial use. The standard of carpentry is that used in the construction of churches or
other high-status buildings.
Holy Trinity Chapel (TL 8085 3043)
The place-name Chapel Hill refers to a chapel, dedicated to the Holy Trinity, which stood
at the foot of the hill at the meeting of the Braintree and Gosfield Roads. The earliest
reference to this structure is in a deed dating to 1413. Morant wrote in 1768 that the
foundations were still visible shortly before his time. A shallow burial was found on the
presumed site in 1931.
Abels Manor House (TL 8141 3081)
The demolition of three cottages (29-31 Hedingham Road) in the 1920’s revealed that
they had originally formed a single timber-framed building This was identified at the time
as the manor house for the Manor of Abels, and a reconstruction drawing was made by
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Morton Matthew in 1930 based on on-site measurements (Potts, 1989). Dave Stenning
(pers. comm.), having examined the drawing, has suggested that the reconstruction is not
entirely accurate in the positioning of doors and windows, although a late medieval date is
probable for the building as a whole. The building was demolished and two of the
Courtauld houses erected in its place.
Bois Hall Manor House (TL 8175 3090)
Bois Hall manor-house was located to the north of the old market-place on Head Street.
Originally it was subservient to Abels Manor, but the positions were reversed in the
eighteenth century. Demolition in the 1960’s of the post-medieval house that stood on the
site revealed that it had an earlier predecessor.
The Guildhall (Approx. TL 8123 3052)
The guildhall was located at the southern end of the High Street, close to the bridge.
There is some dispute over which building it actually was (Bamburger, 1992). One
possible fifteenth century candidate was demolished in the mid-1970s.
Mills
The Domesday Book records the presence of three mills in the Halstead area. It is
probable that one of these was located on the approximate site of Townsford Mill (TL
8130 3039) and the second was at the end of Box Mill Lane (TL 8093 3108). The third
may have been Langleys Mill which was sited outside the urban area.
Post-medieval and modern synthesis and components
Halstead remained a small market-town throughout the early post-medieval period.
However the later post-medieval period saw the introduction of major changes to the town
development because of the introduction of the silk weaving trade in the eighteenth
century and in particular, the building of Courtauld’s silk factory in 1828. Courtaulds was
essentially a paternalistic family business and as the major employer in the town it played
a most significant role in all aspects of urban life. In addition to the houses built for the
employees of the factory, the Courtaulds also organised and funded a school, adult
education classes, a library and institute, nursery, mother’s club, sick fund, amusement
society, lodging house, Jubilee Fountain, Public Park, retirement homes and Cottage
Hospital. In addition to Courtauld’s there were also a number of other significant
employers, including the Tortoise and Portway Iron Foundries and Adams Brewery, and
the town continued to retain a market and retail function.
The built-up area (TL 8133 3065)
In the earlier post-medieval period the size of the town grew slowly but steadily as a small
market town.
A watching-brief on land adjacent to the Town Bridge (ESMR 9429)
revealed that in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the land was raised and the first
buildings erected on that area, suggesting that there was a pressure for space in the
higher areas of the town. The end of the eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth
centuries saw the establishment of a cottage industry producing woollen cloth in the town.
The older weavers’ houses, which were three storeyed brick structures, with the middle
floor extending along the whole length of the row for use as a weavers workshop, date to
this period. The nature of the built environment for the nineteenth and early twentieth
century was heavily influenced by the presence of the Courtauld Factory. In the years
between 1801 and 1861 the population of Halstead doubled, largely due to the
employment opportunities for women in the new factory. Samuel Courtauld built some
housing to encourage a workforce to settle. The earlier versions built before the
construction of the factory also incorporated a weavers workshop on the second floor.
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The larger and more imposing houses near the mill on the bank of the river were built for
the mechanics and overseers. Examples of these include the houses on Factory Lane
East built in 1872. The Mill Managers house was next to the mill and linked to the factory
by a connecting door. The houses intended for the spinners and weavers were smaller
and were scattered throughout the town.
In addition numerous small cottages and
houses were constructed in what had been the backyard area of the older buildings
fronting on to the main roads. The Causeway had three rows of densely packed weavers’
cottages along its length, until 1886 when they were replaced by Courtauld houses. The
Bridge Street area had been sparsely settled during the early medieval period due to the
marshiness of the ground. However, in the nineteenth century a densely packed
agglomeration of weaver’s dwellings grew up between Bridge Street and the river. These
were demolished in the early 1970’s.
The Parish Church of St Andrew (TL 8152 3069)
In the nineteenth century the west tower collapsed, the nave was then extended to infill
the gap and a new tower was built to the west of this. The organ chamber is also
nineteenth century. The church has been extensively restored.
Holy Trinity Church (TL 8087 3047)
Holy Trinity Church was erected in 1843/4 to the design of Sir George Gilbert Scott. It
was largely paid for by Mrs Mary Gee of Earls Colne, a considerable local benefactress.
In 1987 the church was declared redundant, although it is still consecrated for baptisms
and marriages. There was a chapel approximately in the location of the later church,
which gave the street name Chapel Hill to the road, but no trace of this survives.
Congregational Church (TL 8154 3059)
There were two Congregational Churches in the town, on Parsonage Street and on the
High Street. The first Parsonage Street Church was erected in 1679, although not on its
present site. In 1718 a brick-built meeting-hall was erected, which was replaced in 1862
by the present building. The High Street church, built in 1833 on the site of the present
Post Office, was brick-built with three gables. In 1946, due to dwindling congregations,
the two churches were amalgamated on the Parsonage Street site, which has since been
closed.
Quaker meeting-house (TL 8162 3066)
The first Quaker Meeting House in Halstead was built in 1670, situated off the High Street
in the present Factory Lane East. In 1851 the Horner family built a new Meeting House on
Colchester Road. It was converted to a factory in the 1960’s and the graveyard paved to
make a car-park, the tomb-stones being placed around the boundary walls.
Baptist Chapel (TL 8144 3079)
The original Baptist Chapel on Hedingham Road was formed from two cottages. These
were replaced in 1816 by a purpose-built church, which was enlarged in 1834. This was
demolished in 1968 and the current building erected.
The market-place (TL 8143 3068)
The market moved from Chipping Hill to its current position at the top of the High Street in
the early years of Elizabeth I’s reign. In 1705 the market area was paved and the market
house may have been erected at about that date. The stocks and whipping-post were
sited adjacent to the market-house. The weigh-bridge was located on the eastern side of
the cross-roads. In the 1890’s the livestock element of the market was moved to Sale
Yard between Colchester Road and Parsonage Road, where it remained until the
outbreak of World War Two.
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The market-house (TL 8146 3069)
The market-house was erected in the early eighteenth century, on approximately the site
of the present fountain. It was a two-storeyed timber-framed and brick-based structure
with a little belfry; the upper storey was used for grain storage and the ground floor for
vegetables, eggs etc. It was sold and removed in 1816.
The Town Hall (TL 8147 3073)
The Town Hall was built in 1850. On the first floor was a large room used for public
meetings and dances, whilst the ground floor was used as a Corn Exchange.
Bois Hall Manor House (TL 8175 3090)
Bois Hall manor house was rebuilt in 1605 and altered considerably over the succeeding
years, including the addition of a late Victorian brick front. By the eighteenth century Bois
Hall had become the dominant manor in Halstead. The building was demolished in the
1960’s and Bois Hall Gardens built on the site of it and the adjoining Bois Hall Farm.
The Old Grammar School (TL 8135 3066)
The Grammar School was founded in 1594 by Dame Mary Ramsey for forty free scholars.
The school closed in 1906 and in 1907 the building was sold to the Conservative Club, at
which date it was partly rebuilt.
The Cottage Hospital (TL 8139 3102)
The Halstead Cottage Hospital was built in 1884, by George Courtauld as a memorial to
his wife. An extension was added in 1920 as a memorial to George Courtauld himself.
The Halstead Union Workhouse (TL 8137 3110)
The Union Workhouse, Hedingham Road was built in 1838 and consisted of a large brick
building, ‘T’- shape in plan, with room for over three hundred inmates. It was closed as a
workhouse in 1916, was used in 1917 for billeting soldiers on the way to the war and in
1918-9 as a German Prisoner of War camp. It was demolished in 1922 and Samuel
Augustine Courtauld’s Homes of Rest were built on the site.
House of Correction (TL 8116 3054)
The first House of Correction in Halstead stood in the vicinity of the later station, but his
was burned down in 1781. In 1782 a replacement building was erected in Bridge Street,
and had thirty-five cells, two treadwheel yards, an infirmary, magistrates’ room, five day
rooms, women’s yard, kitchen and brew house. It was closed in 1841, and until 1851 the
building was used as a police-station, before conversion to a flour mill. The structure
was demolished in 1965 and the site re-developed.
The Corn Exchange (TL 8114 3050)
The Corn Exchange, a large grey gault and red brick building on Bridge Street, was built in
1864-5 in the hope of generating income. The venture failed and the building was soon let
out for the storage of goods. In 1903 it was decided to use the largely redundant building
as a Technical School and the interior was re-modelled. The school closed in 1968 and
the building became the Halstead Public Library in 1970.
Courtaulds Factory (TL 8132 3043)
The later post-medieval history of Halstead is intimately linked with the Courtauld’s
Factory and the Courtauld family. Townsford Mill was rebuilt in 1788 as a water-powered
cornmill, and was converted to steam power in 1827, after which the owner was
bankrupted. In 1828 Samuel Courtauld acquired the building for silk weaving, which
continued here until 1832 when a power-loom factory was built on adjoining land on the
north side of the river. By the 1850s Courtaulds was the largest producer of black
10
mourning crape
thousand looms
women. In the
closed in 1982,
is till extant.
in the country, with over 240 looms at work. In 1891 there were over a
in use at Halstead and the factory employed around 1400 people, mainly
early twentieth century production switched to rayon. The factory was
demolished in 1986 and the site has been re-developed. Townsford Mill
Mills
There were several mills in Halstead. At the end of Box Mill Lane were two mills (TL
8093 3108), a water-powered mill on the River Colne and a wind-powered mill. The
former remained in use until 1926, the latter was blown into the river in 1882. The Town
(Townsford) Mill, later part of the Courtauld silk-works (TL 8132 3043), was also waterpowered, the surviving structure dates to 1788, when it was rebuilt. The North Mill (Frosts
Mill) on Mill Chase, originally a post-mill, was in existence by c.1720 and was conveyed to
the Frost family in 1770. In the early nineteenth century it was replaced by a smock mill
on a brick base. In 1878 a steam mill was in use in the complex and a further storey
added to the original two storey steam brick mill in 1897. In 1907 wind power was
abandoned. It was partially dismantled in 1922, and in 1947 all but the ground storey was
removed. The remaining portion is still in use as a workshop.
Maltings
There were malthouses on Parsonage Lane(demolished) and off the High Street
(demolished during the expansion of Courtauld’s Silk Factory) and Colne Road
(converted), as well as at the Adams Brewery (see below). All are depicted on the first
edition OS map.
Greenwood School (TL 8163 3092)
Greenwood School was founded in 1865 by Lucy Greenwood as the Girls Industrial
School. It consists of a rambling collection of school and domestic buildings, and
incorporates the old workhouse that preceded the building of the Union Workhouse and
the former chapel of the Strict Baptists.
The railway
The Halstead and Colne Valley railway opened in 1860, but the station was not built until
1862 (TL 8109 3051). The railway closed in 1965 and the station was demolished in
1967.
The Tortoise Foundry (TL 8108 3065)
The Tortoise Foundry, which manufactured the Tortoise stove, was located on Butler
Road. It was in use from 1877 until 1975. It has been demolished and the site redeveloped.
C. Portway and Son Foundry
This foundry was the sister company to the Tortoise Foundry. It manufactured cast
mouldings for a wide variety of uses, including agricultural machinery, railings, school
desks and dials for public clocks. It has been demolished and the site re-developed.
Paper Mill (TL 8121 3067)
A Paper Mill was located in lower Chapel Street in the nineteenth century. The building
has been converted into dwellings.
Adams Brewery (TL 8091 3050)
In 1876 Thomas Adams bought the Stanton Grey Brewery on Trinity Street, re-naming it
Adams’ Brewery.
As a public-spirited family they ran the Halstead Volunteers, the
11
Volunteer Fire Brigade, the Navy Cadets and unusually the brewery complex included a
chapel, which also served as a Mission and reading room. The Brewery was finally closed
in the 1960’s, when many buildings were demolished, but the long store, the maltings
range with part of the kiln, tun room and wine store now form part of the Halstead Urban
District Council site. The chapel has been refurbished as a Local History Museum.
Tannery (TL 8121 3065)
The Old Tan Yard was founded in 1573 by a John Woods, and located by the river on the
site of the later Courtauld Mill. It was re-located in the early 1800’s to Chapel Street,
where it remained in production until 1960. The site is now Chapel Street car-park.
Public Gardens (TL 8102 3044)
Money raised in 1897 to provide a suitable memorial in Halstead for Queen Victoria’s
Diamond Jubilee was used to create the Public Park, which officially opened in 1902.
Spigot Mortar Base
There is a spigot mortar base dating to the Second World War located opposite the
Woodmans Public House, Colchester Road. It was for use by the Home Guard in the
defense of the town.
SUMMARY OF GENERAL IMPORTANCE OF THE TOWN
HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SUMMARY
Halstead is of archaeological and historical importance, as an example of a small market
town, and also of an industrial town in the later post-medieval period. In the latter period,
its importance primarily lies as an example of a town dominated economically by a single
employer.
There is evidence for prehistoric and Roman activity in and around the town. In the Saxon
period there was a settlement on the site, and by the time of the Domesday Survey there
was a reasonably large population within the Halstead area, with an unusually high
proportion of smallholders and freemen. In 1251 Abel de St Martin, who held one of the
Halstead manors, was granted the right to hold a market, presumably on the site of the
present town, and the settlement grew to be the dominant market-town in the area,
overtaking its neighbours at Castle Hedingham and Earls Colne. The later post-medieval
period saw the introduction of major changes to the town’s development because of the
introduction of the weaving trade in the late eighteenth century, in particular the building of
Courtauld’s silk factory in 1828. Courtaulds was essentially a paternalistic family business
and as the major employer in the town it played a most significant role in all aspects of
urban life. In addition to the houses built for the employees of the factory, the Courtaulds
also organised and funded a school, adult education classes, a library and institute,
nursery, mother’s club, sick fund, amusement society, lodging house, Jubilee Fountain,
Public Park, retirement homes and Cottage Hospital. In addition to Courtauld’s there were
also a number of other significant employers, including the Tortoise and Portway Iron
Foundries and Adams Brewery, and the town continued to retain a market and retail
function.
12
SURVIVAL
There have only been a few small archaeological interventions within Halstead, only one
of which, the watching-brief on the area adjacent to Town Bridge, produced any significant
information. Waterlogged deposits can be anticipated in the immediate vicinity of the River
Colne, and also in deeper features such as wells and cess-pits. The cellar survey of
Halstead has established that approximately 50% of the street frontage at the northern
end of the High Street has been disturbed b cellaring. On the basis of information derived
from rural sites in the immediate vicinity it is presumed that the soil conditions are
conducive to the preservation of faunal remains and artefacts such as ceramics, metals
and non-organic building materials. The historical records for Halstead are quite plentiful,
including a long series of court rolls, deeds and important business records relating to the
Courtauld’s factories. Halstead retains the appearance of a historic town of medieval
origin, especially at the northern end of the High Street. There are some fine examples of
medieval and post-medieval urban architecture within the town. Of particular interest are
the domestic housing and municipal buildings erected by the Courtauld family. However,
the nineteenth and early twentieth century industrial buildings of the Courtauld Factory
complex have been demolished.
CURRENT PLANNING CONSTRAINTS
The majority of the medieval urban area is within the current Conservation Area, however
much of the later post-medieval phase is located outside the Conservation Area. There
are 102 Listed Buildings in Halstead, of which one, the church, is Grade I, three are Grade
II* and the remainder are Grade II. There are a number of Sites of Importance for Nature
Conservation in the vicinity of the town and the whole of the immediate landscape is a
designated Special Landscape Area.
RESEARCH PRIORITIES
The understanding of the development and function of the small medieval and postmedieval town and the testing of theories on social action, economy, politics etc. have
been highlighted as an important area of study at the national level (English Heritage,
1997; Ayres in Brown and Glazebrook, forthcoming).
The immediate research priorities for the medieval and post-medieval period are:• Little fieldwork has been undertaken within Halstead to date, and there is still a need to
establish the presence and nature of medieval and post-medieval deposits within the
urban area.
• The early development of Halstead from Late Saxon settlement to medieval markettown requires elucidation, as does the reasons for its growth to economic dominance
over its immediate neighbours.
• Excavation will be needed before the medieval and post-medieval pottery evidence can
reveal anything about dating, trade and distribution networks and socio-economic
factors. The pottery from the Hedingham ware production sites in the vicinity of the
town should be located, assessed and published, and the relationship with the town
needs to be examined.
• The role of the cloth-trade and in particular the Courtauld Factory in the development of
the post-medieval town and how it is represented in the archaeological and historical
record is an important area of research and vital to our understanding of the
morphology, economy and social history of Halstead.
• Halstead presents an opportunity to examine issues of economic and social patronage
in the later post-medieval period, through the works of the Courtauld family, Mary Gee
and the owners of the Adams Brewery.
13
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Adams, C. et al
Bamburger, P.
Brown, N. and
Glazebrook, J.
(eds.)
Copsey, G.R.
1983
Under Control: Life in a nineteenth-century silk factory,
Cambridge University Press
1992
Discover Halstead: An historic guide, revised edition, pub.
Halstead and District Local Historic Society
forthcoming Research and Archaeology: A framework for the Eastern
Counties, 2 research agenda.
1987
Corder-Birch, A. 1984
Eddy, M.R. and1983
Petchey, M.R.
English Heritage 1992
English Heritage 1997
Evans, W.
Potts, D.
1886
1989
Reaney, P.H.
Rippon, S.
1935
1996
Rumble, A. (ed.) 1983
Walker, H.,
1992
Halstead and the Urban District Council, 1894-1974, pub.
Halstead and District Local Historic Society
A centenary history of Halstead Hospital (1884-1984), pub.
Halstead and District Local Historic Society
Historic Towns in Essex: An Archaeological Survey of
Saxon and Medieval towns, with guidance for their future
planning , Essex County Council
Managing the Urban Archaeological Resource, English
Heritage limited circulation document
English Heritage, Archaeology Division: Research Agenda
(draft) English Heritage limited circulation document
Halstead Old and New
Halstead’s Heritage, pub. Halstead and District Local
History Society
Place-names of Essex, Cambridge
‘Essex, c.700-1066’ in Bedwin, O. (ed.) The archaeology of
Essex: Proceedings of the Writtle conference, pp. 121-2,
ECC Planning Dept.
Domesday Book - Essex, Phillimore:Chichester
‘Sible Hedingham, Broak’s Wood, Southey Green’, in
Bennett, A., ‘Work of the Essex County Council
Archaeology Section, 1991’, Essex Archaeol. Hist. 23, 94
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to thank Mr Adrian Corder-Birch of the Halstead and District Local History
Society for undertaking the cellar-survey of the historic town, and for his comments and
advice on the text.
14
APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1: Documentary sources
Archive
E.R.O.
E.R.O.
P.R.O.
P.R.O.
B.L.
B.L.
P.R.O.
P.R.O.
P.R.O.
P.R.O.
Classmark
D/DVz
D/DCw
SC6
SC6
Add. Ch.
Harl. Ch.
SC2
SC2
SC6
SC6
P.R.O.
P.R.O.
P.R.O.
P.R.O.
P.R.O.
SC2
SC2
SC6
SC6
SC6
P.R.O.
P.R.O.
SC2
SC6
B.L.
E.R.O.
Eg.
T/A
P.R.O.
SC6
P.R.O.
SC2
P.R.O.
SC2
P.R.O.
P.R.O.
SC 12
DL 43
P.R.O.
P.R.O.
E.R.O.
E.R.O.
DL 43
DL 43
D/DVz
D/DVz
P.R.O.
SC2
E.R.O.
E.R.O.
T/B
D/DO
E.R.O.
D/DVz
E.R.O.
E.R.O.
E.R.O.
E.R.O.
P.R.O.
E.R.O.
E.R.O.
E.R.O.
B.L.
E.R.O.
D/DVz
D/DK
D/DK
D/Z
DL 43
D/DC
D/DSm
D/DK
Add. MS.
D/Z
Number
1-5
T37
1109/13
1109/15,18
24075; 13545
47 F. 11
214/3
214/8
1109/25
1110/2,5,7,9,24
Date
Description
1250-1562
Grants of fairs, court of piepowder, market etc.
c. 1250-1412
Halstead deeds.
3-4 Edw. I
Account rolls of Honor of Clare including Halstead.
14-15,17-18 Edw. I Account rolls of Honor of Clare including Halstead.
temp Edw. I; 1417 Grants in Halstead.
1310
Conveyance of water-mills in Halstead.
6-7, 11 Edw. II
Courts of Clare Honor including Halstead.
5-6 Edw. III
Courts of Clare Honor including Halstead.
6-7 Edw. III
Account roll of Honor of Clare, including Halstead.
7-8 to 24-25 Edw.Account rolls of Honor of Clare including Halstead.
III
214/10
10 Edw. III
Courts of Clare Honor including Halstead.
116/1765
14-16 Edw. III
Courts of Clare Honor including Halstead.
1111/2
31-32 Edw. III
Account rolls of Honor of Clare, including Halstead.
1111/16
48-49 Edw. III
Account rolls of Honor of Clare
1111/24
3 Ric. II
Accounts of lands of Honor of Clare, including
Halstead.
116/1773
1-3 Hen. IV
Courts of Clare Honor including Halstead.
1112/14,16
6-9 Hen. IV
Accounts of lands of Honor of Clare, including
Halstead.
Roll 2181
1414-15
Account roll.
317
1416-1581
Catalogue of deeds and draft court rolls of manor of
Harlow Bury.
1114/2
1-2 Edw. IV
Accounts of lands of Duchess of York including
Halstead.
213/59-68
1/2 - 20/21 Edw. IV Courts of Clare Honor, including Hipworth Hall at
Halstead.
1174-1794
5 Hen. IV - 1 Hen.Courts of Clare Honor, including Halstead.
VII
22/71
Hen. VIII
Part of a Valor.
3/1
Hen. VIII - Eliz.
Detailed rentals of various manors of the Honor of
Clare, including Halstead.
3/4
Eliz.
Survey of the boundaries of the manor of Halstead.
2/41
28 Eliz.
Rental including Halstead.
6-18
1577-1832
Court rolls of manor of Abells.
83-6
c. 1603
Extracts from court rolls, manors of Boyes Hall,
Abells, Stansted.
120-125
Jas I - Geo III.
Books of Courts and General Courts for Clare Honor,
including Hipworth Hall at Halstead. See P.R.O. List
and Index VI (1896) for full details.
15
1609
Rental Leeze le Rich incl. material on Halstead,
M48A
1619
Rental of manor of Leeze le Rich/Lavenders,
contains some Halstead material.
282
c. 1625
Estate map of Bois Hall showing buildings including
Bois Hall, Church, market-cross(house), all
enlarged, as well as the town area (diagrammatically
shown), almshouse, watermills.Scale: 20 in. to 1m.
31-38
1637-1830
Court rolls of manor of Stansted.
M40
1656-1685
Court roll of Hipworth Hall.
M97
1657
Rental, Hipworth Hall.
6
ante 1684
Terrier of chantry and gild lands.
3/2-3
1&2 P&M
Rentals of Halstead.
17/1
1692
Rental, Hipworth Hall.
M57
1747
Rental of Hipworth Hall.
M41
1750
Rental, Hipworth Hall.
24779, f.230b
1769
Terrier of parsonage.
2/7/22A,
22C;1775-1949
Land tax assessments.
2/18/21; 2/12
15
E.R.O.
P.R.O.
B.L.
D/DVz
SC2
Add. MS.
E.R.O.
E.R.O.
D/F
Q/RUm
303-13
1787-1907
172/16
18 Edw. II
36362, ff.51b-57;1824
36436, f.368
3/3/1-27
1830-1919
1/77, 1/81
1841-2
E.R.O.
E.R.O.
D/CT
D/DSm
158
P11
c. 1841
1853
E.R.O.
D/DBm
P18
1855
E.R.O.
D/DU
371/33
c. 1855
E.R.O.
E.R.O.
E.R.O.
D/DVz
D/UH
-
314
1885
1894-1974
19th C.
E.R.O.
E.R.O.
T/M
D/F
408/5
3/3/28-124
1947-51
B.L.
Add. MS.
6768, pp.24-5
n.d.
-
Court books and papers, manor of Abels.
Court roll.
Drawings of Halstead.
Records of Courtaulds Halstead factory.
Railway map showing buildings at NE end of
Halstead.Scale: 16 in. to 1m.
Tithe map.Scale: 20 in. to 1m.
Estate map with plan of dwellings in SW area of the
town showing the new church.Scale: 60 in. to 1m.
Estate map showing Halstead town in block plan
including the silk factory.Scale: 6.5 in. to 1m.
Town map/plan surveyed for the Local board of
Health. Names streets, roads and all buildings;
Churches, chapels, Union workhouse, Courtaulds
silk factory, Gasworks, Meeting-house, mills, in
block plan.Scale: 8 in. to 1m.
Terrier of manor of Stansted.
Halstead Urban District records.
George Suerrins drawings of the Caueseway
housing
Plan for Harlow New Town.
Records of Courtaulds Halstead and Earls Colne
Mills.
Plan of remains of an old fortification at Stansted in
the parish of Halstead.
16
APPENDIX 2: Listed buildings
Serial No.
2/51
2/89
1/2
2/80
2/17
2/14
1/26
1/116
1/31
1/27
1/10007
3/41
3/7
2/19
2/15
1/113
5/1
2/79
2/84
2/16
5/22
1/36
1/29
1/56
1/24
1/112
1/114
1/115
1/33
1/35
1/109
1/107
1/19
Date
14
14
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15/16
15/16
15/16
15/16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
Street
Head Street
Head Street
Bridge Street
Head Street
Head Street
Head Street
High Street
High Street
High Street
High Street
High Street
Mount Hill
Chapel Hill
Head Street
Head Street
High Street
Box Mill Lane
Head Street
Head Street
Head Street
Hedingham Road
High Street
High Street
High Street
High Street
High Street
High Street
High Street
High Street
High Street
High Street
High Street
Market Hill
No.
1/126
1/96
3/62
4/10
1/132
3/6
16
16/17
17
17
17
17
Parsonage Street
Hedingham Road
Berridge Road
Blue Bridge
Butler Road
Chapel Hill
6&8
9-15 [odd]
Name
Parish Church of St. Andrew
57 & 59
Bull Hotel
1a, 1b & 1c
99 & 101
45 & 47
26
37 & 39
32
19
The White Hart Inn
The White House
Blamsters
Building Type
Church
House
Hotel
House
House
House
Chantry College
House
House
House
House
House
7, 9-13 [odd]
49
21
25
15 & 17
71-77
49 & 51
70-74 [even]
82
18 & 20
17 & 17a
25
33
41 & 43
47 & 47a
5&7
60 & 62
Chipping Hill House
The Chase
House
House
House
House
Rose And Crown Public House Public House
House
House
Wash Farm
House
House
House
House
House
House
House
House
House
House
House
House
Occupied by Messrs Cant &House
Messrs Doubleday
House
House
Slough Farmhouse
House
Brook Farmhouse
House
The Locomotive Public House Public House
1-5 [odd]
17
GV
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Grade
I
II
II
II
II
II
II*
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
Material
Y
Y
N
N
N
Y
II
II
II
II
II
II
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Brick, timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, rendered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, brick
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, brick
Timber framed, rendered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Oak framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, brick
3/67
2/135
2/92
2/20
2/136
2/73
2/54
2/74
2/13
2/86
2/83
2/82
1/106
1/108
1/30
1/110
1/111
1/105
1/39
1/117
1/101
1/34
1/23
1/18
1/37
1/38
1/127
1/10001
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
Chapel Hill
Head Street
Head Street
Head Street
Head Street
Head Street
Head Street
Head Street
Head Street
Head Street
Head Street
Head Street
High Street
High Street
High Street
High Street
High Street
High Street
High Street
High Street
High Street
High Street
High Street
High Street
High Street
High Street
Parsonage Street
Parsonage Street
2/44
3/47
6/61
4/17
1/4
1/66
3/69
2/9
2/8
2/81
2/60
2/77
2/137
17
17
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
Parsonage Street
Trinity Street
Balls Chase
Blue Bridge
Causeway
Causeway
Chapel Hill
Colchester Road
Colchester Road
Head Street
Head Street
Head Street
Head Street
Bird In House Public House
34 & 36
91
28
38
6
32 & 32a
8
41
27-31
11 & 13
5&7
Barton House
Royal Oak Public House
1
3
9 & 11
13
40 & 42
59 & 61
65 & 67
10
45
2
99-107 [even]
53 & 55
57
10
Halstead Pottery and
Studio
Parsonage House
Trinity House
Balls Farmhouse
Blue Bridge Cottage
Mill House
Coach House to Mill House
Barn
Red House
Broomhill
Public House
House
House
House
House
House
House
House
House
House
House
House
House
House
House
House
House
House
House
House
House
House
House
House
House
House
House
CraftBakehouse
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, brick
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered, brick
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, rendered
House
House
House
House
House
Coach House
Barn
House
House
House
Tomb
House
House
N
Y
N
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
II
II*
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
Timber framed, plastered
Brick
Brick
Brick
3
Three Tombs
22-26 [even]
1n3 & 1n5
18
Brick
Timber framed, weatherboared
Brick
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Brick, timber framed, stuccoed
Timber framed, plastered
1/97
5/98
1/40
1/102
1/25
1/120
2/122
2/121
3/123
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
Hedingham Road
Hedingham Road
High Street
High Street
High Street
Market Hill
Mill Chase
Mill Chase
Mount Hill
2/130
1/125
2/42
4/11
1/63
1/64
1/65
1/5
3/68
2/70
1/72
2/75
2/18
2/76
2/94
2/78
2/93
2/85
2/87
2/88
2/90
2/91
2/95
5/99
1/103
1/104
1/100
2/128
2/129
2/124
5/131
1/10005
18
18
18
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
Parsonage Street
Parsonage Street
Parsonage Street
Blue Bridge
Bridge Street
Bridge Street
Causeway
Causeway
Chapel Hill
Colchester Road
Factory Lane
Head Street
Head Street
Head Street
Head Street
Head Street
Head Street
Head Street
Head Street
Head Street
Head Street
Head Street
Head Street
Hedingham Road
High Street
High Street
Market Hill
Parsonage Street
Parsonage Street
Parsonage Street
Sudbury Road
The Causeway
8
House
Y
Barn
N
75
House
Y
12
House
Y
22 & 24
House
Y
Lloyds Bank Ltd
Bank (Financial) Y
Mill & Mill Building, North Mills Smock Mill
Y
23
Mill House
House
Y
The Three Pigeons PublicPublic House
N
House
The Griffin Public House
Public House
N
2&4
House
Y
9
House
Y
Brick Barn Hall
House
N
Branch Library
Technical College Y
5-9
House
Y
Gatehouse to Mill House
Gatehouse
Y
Old Townford Mill
Mill
Y
Crowbridge Farm House
House
N
Cemetery Lodge
N
1-16
House
N
14
House
Y
2,4
House
Y
2n
House
Y
95 & 97
House
Y
Napier Arms Public House
Public House
Y
93
House
Y
21, 23
House
Y
33,35
House
Y
43
House
Y
Greenwood School
School
Y
87
House
Y
Vetinary Surgery and stables
Y
The Howe
House
N
28, 3na & 3nb
House
Y
36
House
Y
Drinking Fountain
Drinking Fountain Y
12
House
Y
Congregational Church
Church
N
1-7 [odd]
House
Y
11
House
N
Royal British Legion Club
Working
MensY
Barn
19
II
II
II
II
II*
II
II
II
II
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, weatherboarded
Timber framed,
Brick, rendered, timber framed
Brick
Stucco facade
Brick
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II*
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed
Brick
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed,rendered
Weatherboarded
Brick
Flint, stone dressing
Brick
Brick, timber framed, plastered
Brick, timber framed, stuccoed
Brick
Brick
Brick
Timber framed, plastered
Timber framed, brick
Timber frameded, plastered
Brick, stuccoed
Brick
Brick, weatherboarded
Brick
Timber framed, plastered
Brick
Stone
Brick, timber framed, plastered
Random dressed stone
Gault brick, pebblework
Timber framed, plastered, brick
Flemish bond brick
1/10004
1/10003
3/133
3/48
19
19
19
19
The Causeway
The Causeway
Trinity Street
Trinity Street
3/49
3/50
3/134
2/52
19
19
19
19
Trinity Street
Trinity Street
Trinity Street
Weaver's Row
3-12 [consec]
1-2
Office & Stores Building,
The Old Mineral Water Works
The Chestnuts
Pitchards
Holy Trinity Church
Club
House
House
Office
Mineral
Works
House
Church
House
7-18 [consec]
20
Y
Y
Y
WaterY
II
II
II
II
Flemish bond brick
Flemish bond brick
Brick, flintwork panels
Brick
Y
N
Y
N
II
II
B
II
Brick, plastered
Brick, plastered
Brick, stuccoed
APPENDIX 3: Urban components list
ID
DESCRIPTION
MEDIEVAL
773
BUILT-UP AREA
774
MARKET
775
PARISH CHURCH OF ST ANDREW
776
COLLEGE OF CANONS
777
HOLY TRINITY CHAPEL
778
MANOR HOUSE
779
GUILDHALL
780
MILLS
806
BOIS HALL MANOR
POST-MEDIEVAL AND MODERN
781
BUILT-UP AREA
782
PARISH CHURCH OF ST ANDREW
783
HOLY TRINITY CHURCH
784
CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH
785
QUAKER MEETING-HOUSE
786
BAPTIST CHAPEL
787
MARKET-PLACE
788
MARKET-HOUSE
789
TOWN HALL
790
OLD GRAMMAR SCHOOL
791
COTTAGE HOSPITAL
792
HALSTEAD UNION WORKHOUSE
793
HOUSE OF CORRECTION
794
CORN EXCHANGE
795
COURTAULD'S FACTORY
796
MILLS
797
GREENWOOD SCHOOL
798
RAILWAY
799
TORTOISE FOUNDRY
800
C. PORTWAY AND SON FOUNDRY
801
PAPER MILL
802
ADAMS BREWERY
803
TANNERY
804
PUBLIC GARDENS
805
SPIGOT MORTAR BASE
807
BOIS HALL MANOR
808
MALTINGS
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30