marketing costs structure for mango

Transcription

Marketing Costs Structure Study
Series 3
MARKETING COSTS STRUCTURE
FOR MANGO
Agricultural Marketing Statistics Analysis Division
BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
September 2002
Marketing Cost Structure for Mango
FOREWORD
The third of the serialized report for the Studies on Marketing Costs Structure
for Selected High Value Commercial Crops features the results of the research for
mango which was conducted in the second semester of 2001 under the GMA-HVCC
Program.
The results of the studies may help the marketing participants in their
production and marketing decisions and the policy makers in the formulation of the
types of assistance and interventions to improve marketing efficiencies for crops of
commercial value.
Other series will feature the results of marketing costs studies for other crops
such as calamansi, papaya, potato, rose and orchids.
ROMEO S. RECIDE
Director
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD …………………………………………………………………………………… ii
I. Study Procedures…………………………………………………………………………
Team Composition………………………………………………………………………
Research Sites …………………………………………………………………………
Selection of Sample Respondents……………………………………………………
Data Processing…………………………………………………………………………
Report Preparation………………………………………………………………………
1
1
1
2
2
2
II. Limitations…………………………………………………………………………………
3
III. Discussion of Results……………………………………………………………………… 3
Geographic Coverage…………………………………………………………………… 3
Distribution of Respondents…………………………………………………………… 3
Types of Marketing Participants……………………………………………………… 3
Profile of Respondents…………………………………………………….…………… 4
Marketing Practices and Functions……………………………………….…………… 7
Procurement …………………………………………………………………………… 7
Distribution …………………………………………………………………………… 8
Geographic Flow………………………………………………………..……………… 8
Marketing Channels……………………………………………………..……………… 15
Marketing Costs………………………………………………………………………… 21
Labor ………………………………………………………………….…………………21
Transportation ………………………………………………………………………… 21
Material Inputs ………………………………………………………………………… 22
Miscellaneous and Other Operating Costs ………………………………………… 22
Depreciation …………………………………………………………………………… 22
Aggregated Marketing Costs …………………………………………….………… 23
Total Marketing Costs …………………………………………………..…………… 23
Marketing Costs by Point of Destination …………………………………………… 23
Marketing Margins …………………………………………………………………… 31
Marketing Costs of Processors ……………………………………………………… 33
VI. Problems/Constraints Encountered………………………………………………………40
Statistical Tables ……………………………………………………………………………… 41
Annex …………………………………………………………………………………………… 111
iii
STATISTICAL TABLES
1 MANGO :
2 MANGO :
3 MANGO :
4 MANGO :
5 MANGO :
5a MANGO :
6 MANGO :
6a MANGO :
7 MANGO :
8 MANGO :
9 MANGO :
Distribution of respondents, by type, by
province/municipality, 2001
42
Distribution of respondents, by type of
marketing participants, by province,
2001
43
Number and percentage distribution of
farmer-respondents, by size of farm, by
province, 2001
44
Number and percentage distribution of
farmer-respondents, by tenurial status,
by province, 2001
45
Distribution of trader-respondents by
type of business, by province, 2001
46
Distribution of trader-respondents, by
type of marketing participants, by type
of business, by province, 2001
47
nature of capitalization, by province,
2001
49
type of marketing participants, by
nature of capitalization, by province,
50
length of experience, by province, 2001
52
Major sources and destinations, by
location, by province, 2001
53
Trading Pattern, by activity in selected
provinces, 2001
55
iv
10 MANGO :
10a MANGO :
11 MANGO :
11a MANGO :
12 MANGO :
12a MANGO :
13 MANGO :
13a MANGO :
14 MANGO :
14a MANGO :
14b MANGO :
Distribution of respondent by manner of
procurement, by province, 2001
56
marketing participants, by manner of
procurement, by province, 2001
57
Distribution of respondents, by mode of
payment in buying stocks, by province,
2001
59
marketing participants, by mode of
payment in buying stocks, by province,
2001
60
Distribution of respondents, by manner
of distribution, by province, 2001
62
Distribution of respondents by type of
marketing participants, by manner of
distribution, by province, 2001
63
Distribution of respondents, by manner
of payment in distribution, by province,
2001
65
marketing participants, by manner in
payment for distribution, by province,
2001
66
Labor costs incurred by
activity/practice, by province, 2001
68
Labor costs incurred by marketing
participants, by activity/practice, Metro
Manila, 2001
70
participants, by activity/practice,
Pangasinan, 2001
71
v
14c MANGO :
14d MANGO :
14e MANGO :
14f MANGO :
14g MANGO :
14h MANGO :
15 MANGO :
15a MANGO :
15b MANGO :
15c MANGO :
15d MANGO :
participants, by activity/practice, Iloilo,
2001
72
Guimaras, 2001
73
participants, by activity/practice, Cebu,
2001
74
participants, by activity/practice, Davao
City, 2001
75
participants, by activity/practice, Davao
del Sur, 2001
76
General Santos City, 2001
77
Transportation costs incurred by
activity/practice, by province, 2001
78
marketing participants, by
activity/practice, Metro Manila, 2001
79
activity/practice, Pangasinan, 2001
79
activity/practice, Iloilo, 2001
80
activity/practice, Guimaras, 2001
80
vi
15e MANGO :
15f MANGO :
15g MANGO :
15h MANGO :
16 MANGO :
16a MANGO :
16b MANGO :
16c MANGO :
16d MANGO :
activity/practice, Cebu, 2001
81
activity/practice, Davao City, 2001
81
activity/practice, Davao del Sur, 2001
82
activity/practice, General Santos City,
2001
82
Cost of material inputs, by
activity/practice/cost item, by province,
2001
83
Cost of material inputs incurred by
activity/practice/cost item, Metro
Manila, 2001
84
activity/practice/cost item, Pangasinan,
2001
84
activity/practice/cost item, Iloilo, 2001
86
activity/practice/cost item, Guimaras,
2001
87
vii
16e MANGO :
16f MANGO :
16g MANGO :
16h MANGO :
17 MANGO :
17a MANGO :
17b MANGO :
17c MANGO :
17d MANGO :
17e MANGO :
activity/practice/cost item, Cebu, 2001
88
activity/practice/cost item, Davao City,
2001
89
activity/practice/cost item, Davao del
Sur, 2001
90
activity/practice/cost item, General
Santos City, 2001
91
Other operating costs by cost item, by
province, 2001
92
Other operating costs incurred by
marketing participants, by cost item,
Metro Manila, 2001
93
Pangasinan, 2001
93
Iloilo, 2001
94
Guimaras, 2001
94
Cebu, 2001
95
viii
17f MANGO :
17g MANGO :
17h MANGO :
18 MANGO :
18a MANGO :
18b MANGO :
18c MANGO :
18d MANGO :
18e MANGO :
Davao City, 2001
96
Davao del Sur, 2001
97
97
Imputed cost of depreciation by
material/facilities/equipment used, by
province, 2001
98
Imputed costs of depreciation incurred
by marketing participants, by
material/facilities/equipment used,
Metro Manila, 2001
99
Pangasinan, 2001
99
Iloilo, 2001
100
Guimaras, 2001
100
Cebu, 2001
101
ix
18f MANGO :
18g MANGO :
18h MANGO :
19 MANGO :
20 MANGO :
21 MANGO :
22 MANGO :
23 MANGO :
Davao City, 2001
101
Davao del Sur, 2001
102
102
Total marketing costs, by cost item, by
province, 2001
103
Total marketing costs, (cash and noncash), by major item, by province, 2001
106
Total marketing costs (cash and noncash) by province, 2001
107
Marketing costs incurred by mango
processors, selected provinces, 2001
108
Distribution of respondents, by
problems encountered, by province,
110
x
LIST OF FIGURES
1 MANGO: Trading Pattern, by province, 2001……………………………………………… 5
2 Geographic Flow of Mango in Pangasinan, 2001………………………………………… 10
3 Geographic Flow of Mango in Guimaras, 2001…………………………………………… 11
4 Geographic Flow of Mango in Iloilo, 2001………………………………………………… 12
5 Geographic Flow of Mango in Davao City, 2001…………………………………………… 13
6 Geographic Flow of Mango in Davao del Sur, 2001……………………………………… 14
7 Marketing Channels for Mango in Pangasinan, 2001………………………………………16
8 Marketing Channels for Mango in Guimaras, 2001…………………………………………17
9 Marketing Channels for Mango in Iloilo, 2001……………………………………………… 18
10 Marketing Channels for Mango in Davao City, 2001……………………………………… 19
11 Marketing Channels for Mango in Davao del Sur, 2001……………………………………20
12 Total Marketing Costs for Mango, by Point of Destination, Pangasinan, 2001………… 26
13 Total Marketing Costs for Mango, by Point of Destination, Iloilo, 2001………………… 27
14 Total Marketing Costs for Mango, by Point of Destination, Guimaras, 2001………….. 28
15 Total Marketing Costs for Mango, by Point of Destination, Davao City, 2001………… 29
16 Total Marketing Costs for Mango, by Point of Destination, Davao del Sur, 2001……. 30
17 Marketing Costs for Mango, by level of Marketing Participants, Pangasinan, 2001…
35
18 Marketing Costs for Mango, by level of Marketing Participants, Guimaras, 2001……
36
19 Marketing Costs for Mango, by level of Marketing Participants, Iloilo, 2001………….
37
20 Marketing Costs for Mango, by level of Marketing Participants, Davao City, 2001….
38
21 Marketing Costs for Mango, by level of Marketing Participants, Davao del Sur, 2001
39
xi
MARKETING COSTS STRUCTURE FOR MANGO
I. STUDY PROCEDURES
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the country’s superior agricultural
products. This fruit thrives best in areas with five months continuous dry period.
After harvest, its movement from the supply to the demand areas involves long
distances. The study team determined the flow and the corresponding costs
incurred by marketing participants in the process of distributing the commodity
from the farmers to consumers. The study was conducted jointly with the study
on the utilization of the commodity.
Team Composition
The staff of the Agricultural Marketing Statistics Analysis Division (AMSAD),
Crops Statistics Division (CSD), Agricultural Accounts and Statistical Indicators
Division (AASID) and the Statistical Operations Coordination Division (SOCD), all
of the BAS, conducted the study from the 4th week of September to the 1st week
of December, 2001. At least two (2) staff from the BAS’ central office and one
from the provincial operations center (POC) in each supply province participated
in field operations. The team hired emergency data collectors (EDCs) to facilitate
the conduct of interview. The training of the EDCs was undertaken at the POC.
The team interviewed sample respondents and key informants using the
structured questionnaires prepared by staff. Only farmers and traders who
actually engaged in producing/trading mango from July 2000 to June 2001 were
selected and interviewed.
Research Sites
The study covered key supply and demand areas in Luzon, Visayas and
Mindanao. The tracing approach was used in the identified supply areas,
namely, Pangasinan, Iloilo, Guimaras, Davao City and Davao del Sur.
For each province, the fieldwork started at the farm level. Top five (5)
producing barangays in the province were chosen based on BAS production
data.
From the farm level, the research team traced the traders identified by the
farmer-respondents as buyers of their produce. Most of them were located in the
trading centers. The study then moved to the next point of sale consisting of the
1
retail markets within the province and/or trading centers in the partner provinces.
The demand areas in Pangasinan include several municipalities within the
province. Mangoes from Guimaras went to Iloilo and Cebu; Iloilo mangoes were
consumed mostly within Region 6 provinces. Mango produced in Davao
provinces were traded in Davao, General Santos and Cebu Cities. Metro Manila
was covered primarily as a major demand area for these provinces.
Selection of Sample Respondents
At each level of the marketing system, key informants, traders and farmers
were interviewed.
At the farm level, the chairman/other officers of the barangays, members of
farmer associations and cooperatives served as key informants in locating farmer
respondents and other information on mango marketing practices. The results of
the listing made under “Ginintuang Masaganang Ani High Value Commercial
Crops Project” served as reference in identifying the barangays and the names of
the farmer-respondents.
The total number of respondents in the supply province were 40 farmers
and three (3) traders per type/classification.
Data Processing
The research team performed on-field validation of the data gathered at the
farm level against the information given by respondents at the trading center
level to 1) integrate the findings, 2) ensure the accuracy of primary data on
costs; and 3) facilitate the compilation of survey returns.
At the central office, the survey returns were compiled manually.
summary tables were generated out of the compiled returns.
The
Report Preparation
The research team prepared the technical report that described the
components of the marketing costs structure of mango produced in Pangasinan,
Guimaras, Iloilo, Davao City and Davao del Sur. The report also contained the
marketing costs borne by traders in the demand provinces consisting of Cebu,
General Santos City and Metro Manila.
2
II. STUDY LIMITATIONS
The study traced the flow and the marketing costs of mango from the
production areas to the demand areas. At the demand province/site, the study
concentrated only on the costs incurred in marketing mango coming from a
supply province, and not for the mangoes produced in the demand province
itself. For instance, in Cebu City, the costs borne by traders of mango from
Guimaras were covered but not the costs of moving mango produced in the
producing municipalities within Cebu province.
III. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
The study focused primarily on the costs borne by marketing participants in
moving the commodity from the supply level to the consumption level. The
results will be discussed according to the major costs components.
Geographic Coverage
The study covered five (5) supply provinces that included Pangasinan,
Guimaras, Iloilo, Davao City and Davao del Sur. The demand provinces/areas
consisted of the cities of Cebu, General Santos and Metro Manila.
Distribution of Respondents
There were two groups of respondents for the study: farmers and traders.
Of the total of 313 respondents, 200 were farmers and 113 were traders. The
details on the distribution of respondents by study areas are presented in Table
1.
The team also interviewed nine processors for the purpose of
determining the utilization of mango (there is a separate report on this).
However, those processors were asked also on their marketing costs, results of
which can be found on the last part of this report.
Types of Marketing Participants. Farmers and traders were the major
type of marketing participants. The trader-respondents were further classified
based on their sphere of influence in performing their procurement and
distribution activities. Those who devoted resources to both functions are
referred to as assembler-distributors (A-Ds).
Table 2 shows the type of
marketing participants encountered in the study.
3
Trader-respondents were grouped into assembler-distributor, exporter
and retailer. (See Annex for the definition of each type of traders).
Thirty six (36) of the trader-respondents were large distributors; 22
were medium and 8 were small distributors; 45 were retailers and 2
were exporters.
Profile of Respondents
The characteristics of the respondents are presented in frequency
distribution tables. Farmers were classified by size of farm and land ownership.
Traders were grouped according to type of business ownership and length of
experience in the business.
Sample Farmers
Size of Farm. The study purposively chose farmers who had land areas
ranging from small to above-average in size. The distribution of farmerrespondents by farm size is found in Table 3.
Mango is produced in relatively small land areas. Majority (148 out of
200) of the respondents have farm areas of less than one hectare.
Forty (40) respondents or twenty percent (20%) have land holdings of
one to 4.99 hectares.
A mere 6% (12 respondents) reported land area of more than 5
hectares.
Land Ownership. In terms of land ownership, most (161) of the farmerrespondents owned the land they operate. Two of them were awardees of
Certificate of Land Transfer (CLT), 18 were tenants, 5 were lessees, 6 were part
owners and 8 used public land.
In Pangasinan, 32 out of 40 respondents were landowners, 8 were
tenants and one used public land.
Of the farmer-respondents in Iloilo, 31 were landowners, 5 were
tenants and 4 were public land users.
In Guimaras, out of 40 respondents, 30 were land owners, 1 CLT
holder and 9 rented/leased land.
4
All farmer-respondents in Davao City were owners of the land they
cultivated for mango.
Among the respondents from Davao del Sur one was a CLT awardee
while 10 were renting/using public lands.
Trading Pattern. Table 9 shows the number of farmer-respondents who
traded mango for each month of 2001. This is further described in a chart
(Figure 1) showing the following:
In Pangasinan, mangoes were in the market from January to May
only; peak trading happened in March.
Most of the respondents from Iloilo traded mango from March to May;
no trading occurred in August and September.
Mangoes were available in Guimaras in the first semester of the year;
none were available in July, August and November.
In Davao provinces, the fruit was visible in the market throughout the
year. Peak trading months were June, July and August both for
Davao City and Davao del Sur.
Figure 1. MANGO: Trading Pattern, by province, 2001
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Pangasinan
Apr
May
Iloilo
Jun
Guimaras
5
Jul
Aug
Davao City
Sept
Oct
Davao Sur
Nov
Dec.
Sample Traders
Business Ownership. Majority of the trader-respondents (89%) operated/ran
their own business under single proprietorship.
In Metro Manila, fourteen out of 15 respondents were single
proprietors. One retailer went into business with partner.
Eighteen (18) respondents from Pangasinan including one exporter
managed business on their own. The other exporter was a member
of a corporation.
Two assembler-distributors from Iloilo were engaged in mango
trading with business partners.
One large distributor from Cebu ran his business through the
auspices of a cooperative; another with partnership.
Retailers from Davao City and Davao del Sur were single proprietors.
Nature of Capitalization. The amount and source of his working capital
give the traders flexibility in underwriting certain cost items.
Ninety-four out of 113 or about 83% of the respondents could afford
to finance their own business.
Except in Metro Manila, there were 17 respondents from covered
areas who are into business with capital under financing scheme.
Two of the respondents were under contract agreements; one large
distributor from Pangasinan and one retailer from Cebu.
Length of Experience. The study considered the length of experience as
an important gauge of the accuracy of the respondents’ estimation of costs.
Traders with longer experience should come up with more accurate estimate of
their costs.
Twenty-one percent (21%) of the total trader-respondents were
relatively new in the business with less than 5 years experience.
Forty-two or 37% were already 5 to 10 years in mango trading.
6
Seventeen traders (15%) had been in the business from 11 to 15
years.
Another fifteen percent (15%) were in this venture for more than 20
years.
Marketing Practices and Functions
Farmers and traders perform marketing practices and functions that add
value to the product. Correspondingly, they incur certain amount of costs for
value-adding, transfer of ownership and for moving the products from one point
to another. The major practices and functions and the corresponding marketing
costs are described in the succeeding topics.
Procurement
In the supply province, traders procured mangoes from the producing
barangays. In the demand areas, traders sourced mango within the same
province and from the established supply provinces.
Manner of Procurement. In supply procurement, traders preferred modes
which required less effort and cost.
Of the total trader-respondents, 61 or 54% picked-up mango from the
source.
Fifty-one or 45% had their mangoes delivered by their suppliers.
One large distributor from Pangasinan practiced both manners in
procuring mangoes.
Mode of Payment. Different modes of payment were practiced in buying
mango: cash, consignment, delayed payment or every 15th of the month. In
some instances, payment was made both in cash and consignment.
Majority of the trader-respondents (83 out of 113) paid their mango
suppliers in cash.
Twenty seven or 24% of them paid in consignment basis.
Two assembler-distributors paid their suppliers every 15th of the
month.
7
Distribution
Most of the respondents sold mangoes within and outside the province. The
mode of delivery and terms of payment depended on the agreement between the
buyer and seller.
Mode of Delivery. The mode of delivery for distribution or selling depended on
the type of buyer and the location.
Most of the buyers picked-up mango from the business location of
the respondents. Some traders however, delivered their products to
the buyers.
One large distributor from Iloilo practiced both manners in the
delivery of his products.
Mode of Payment. The mode of payment in selling mangoes was either cash,
consignment or every 15th of the month.
Eighty-five percent (85%) of the respondents received payment for
their fruits in cash from their buyers.
A few of them were being paid in consignment basis; the rest
received payment after one week, every 15th of the month or 3-5
days after delivery.
Geographic Flow
Figures 2-6 illustrate the flow of mango by location and by province. Tabular
presentation of the sources and destination of mango by province is in Table 8.
Pangasinan
The identified supply municipalities within the province are Malasiqui,
Urdaneta, Calasiao, Bolinao and Manaoag. Other sources of mango
outside Pangasinan were Ilocos Sur, La Union, Nueva Ecija and
Tarlac.
From the supply areas, mango passed through the trading centers in
San Carlos, Urdaneta, Dagupan Cities, Tayug, Alaminos and Villasis
on their way to Metro Manila, Isabela, Laguna and Cavite.
From Metro Manila, exporters shipped mangoes to other Asian
countries, namely, Hong Kong and Japan.
8
Guimaras
Sources of mango in Guimaras were the towns of Buenavista, Nueva
Valencia and San Lorenzo.
The produce were assembled in Jordan, Buenavista and Gaban
trading centers. From there, traders distributed mangoes to the
demand areas particularly in Iloilo, Metro Manila, Cebu and countries
outside the Philippines.
Iloilo
Mango supplies in Iloilo came solely from the municipalities within the
province. These municipalities included Guimbal, Tigbauan,
Tubungan, Buga, Leon and Cabatuan.
Outlets aside from the traders in the supply areas were trading
centers in Iloilo City and Sta. Barbara.
The reported demand areas were municipalities within Iloilo and
provinces like Antique, Aklan, Cebu and Manila.
Davao City
Supply areas of mango within Davao City were Toril, Buhangin and
Tugbok. Other sources of mangoes were Davao del Sur, Davao
Oriental, North Cotabato, South Cotabato and Samal Island.
From the supply areas/provinces, mangoes were brought to
Bangkerohan, Toril, Calinan and Marahan Markets.
The locally produced mangoes went to other districts of Davao City.
Other demand sites were Davao del Sur, General Santos City,
Surigao del Sur, Bukidnon and Cebu.
Davao del Sur
Mangoes in Davao del Sur were produced in Digos and Matanao.
The fruits were being assembled in trading center found in Digos.
From there, mangoes were distributed to Davao City, Cebu, Leyte
and Manila.
9
PANGASINAN
-San Carlos
-Villasis
-Urdaneta
-Calasiao
-Manaoag
-Dagupan
-Bayambang
DEMAND
AREAS
ISABELA
MANILA
LAGUNA
CAVITE
HONGKONG
JAPAN
METRO MANILA
SAN CARLOS CITY
URDANETA
DAGUPAN CITY
TAYUG
ALAMINOS
VILLASIS
TRADING
CENTERS
SUPPLY
AREAS
PANGASINAN
-Malasiqui
-Urdaneta
-Calasiao
-Bolinao
-Manaoag
ILOCOS SUR
LA UNION
NUEVA ECIJA
TARLAC
Figure 2. GEOGRAPHIC FLOW OF MANGO IN
PANGASINAN, 2001
10
GUIMARAS
-Jordan
-Buenavista
COUNTRIES
OUTSIDE
PHILIPPINES
DEMAND
AREAS
ILOILO
TRADING
CENTERS
SUPPLY
AREAS
METRO MANILA
OR CEBU
JORDAN
BUENAVISTA
GABAN
GUIMARAS
-Buenavista
-Nueva Valencia
-San Lorenzo
GUIMARAS, 2001
11
DEMAND
AREAS
TRADING
CENTERS
SUPPLY
AREAS
ILOILO
-Iloilo City
-Guimbal
-Leon
-Sta. Barbara
-Passi
ANTIQUE
AKLAN
CAPIZ
CEBU
MANILA
ILOILO CITY
GUIMBAL
LEON
STA. BARBARA
CABATUAN
ILOILO
-Guimbal
-Tigbauan
-Tubungan
-Buga
-Leon
-Cabatuan
ILOILO, 2001
12
DEMAND
AREAS
DAVAO CITY
-City Proper
-Toril
-Sasa
-Agdao
-Calinan
TRADING
CENTERS
SUPPLY
AREAS
DAVAO SUR
GEN. SANTOS
CITY
SURIGAO SUR
BUKIDNON
CEBU
METRO MANILA
BANGKEROHAN
TORIL
CALINAN
MARAHAN
DAVAO CITY
-Toril
-Buhangin
-Tugbok
DAVAO SUR
DAVAO OR.
N. COTABATO
S. COTABATO
SAMAL IS.
DAVAO CITY, 2001
13
DAVAO SUR
-Digos
-Matanao
DEMAND
AREAS
TRADING
CENTERS
SUPPLY
AREAS
DAVAO CITY
CEBU
LEYTE
MANILA
DIGOS
DAVAO SUR
-Digos
-Matanao
DAVAO DEL SUR, 2001
14
Marketing Channels
Figures 7-11 illustrate the marketing channels of mango from the mango
groves to the retailers in provinces covered by the study.
Pangasinan
From the farm, mangoes were sold to the agent at the supply area for
distribution to the exporter. Other outlets were assembler-distributors
in the trading centers. Suppliers outside the province sold mangoes
directly to interregional assembler-large distributors. Traders sold
their products to retailers, buyers outside the province, institutional
buyers and consumers.
Guimaras
In Guimaras, interregional, provincial and municipal assemblers were
the buyers of mangoes at the supply areas.
These traders
distributed their fruits to retailers, consumers and buyers outside the
province.
Iloilo
Mango supplies coming from the farm within and outside the province
were bought by provincial assembler-distributors who further
distributed the fruits to municipal assemblers at the trading centers.
The products were finally sold to retailers and consumers.
Davao City
Farmers in Davao City sold their mango to interregional and
provincial assembler-distributors at the trading centers. They also
sold their produce directly to processors, exporters and buyers
outside the province.
Davao del Sur
Similarly, interregional and provincial assemblers, exporter,
processor and buyers outside the province were the outlets of mango
farmers in Davao del Sur. Retailers and consumers were the final
destination of the commodity.
15
INSTITUTIONAL
BUYER
CONSUMER
BUYER
OUTSIDE
THE
PROVINCE
RETAILER
EXPORTER
IRA-LD
PA-LD
AGENT
SUPPLIER
OUTSIDE
THE
PROVINCE
FARMER
Figure 7. MARKETING CHANNELS FOR MANGO IN
PANGASINAN, 2001
16
CONSUMER
BUYER
OUTSIDE
THE
PROVINCE
RETAILER
MA-SD
PA-MD
MA-MD
IRA-LD
FARMER
GUIMARAS, 2001
17
BUYER
OUTSIDE THE
PROVINCE
CONSUMER
RETAILER
PA-LD
SUPPLIER
OUTSIDE THE
PROVINCE
MA-MD
MA-SD
PA-MD
PA-SD
FARMER
ILOILO, 2001
18
BUYER
OUTSIDE
THE
PROVINCE
CONSUMER
RETAILER
EXPORTER
PROCESSOR
IRA-LD
PA-LD
PA-SD
FARMER
DAVAO CITY, 2001
19
BUYER
OUTSIDE
THE
PROVINCE
CONSUMER
RETAILER
EXPORTER
PROCESSOR
IRA-LD
PA-LD
FARMER
DAVAO DEL SUR, 2001
20
Marketing Costs
Marketing mango from the farm level up to the retail level entails a lot of
costs. The expenditure items include labor, transportation, material inputs, other
operating expenses and depreciation. The succeeding topics describe the
expenditure items and the corresponding costs borne by the marketing
participants in the transfer of the commodity from the farmer to the retailer. The
items may be similar among certain level of marketing participants but the
amount varies depending on the extent of business operations.
Labor
The activities performed in the process of procuring mango from the farm
include hauling (loading from the farm to the truck/vehicle) and handling (loading
and unloading from the truck to the stall/bodega/pier or place of buyer), sorting,
weighing, packing and supervision. For areas with shipment of mangoes from
the supply to the demand areas particularly in Manila, traders pay for arrastre,
stevedoring and porterage.
In distributing the fruits, the activities that entail costs are handling, sorting,
weighing, packing, cleaning, selling and supervision.
In the supply areas, labor costs were highest in Pangasinan at P2.05;
followed by Davao del Sur at P1.06; Guimaras with P0.99, Davao
City at P0.58 and Iloilo with P0.29 per kilogram of mango.
The labor costs for other areas ranged from P0.89 (General Santos
City) to P1.05 per kilogram (Metro Manila).
Transportation
Transportation is a major consideration in moving the commodity from point
to point and from one participant to another. The cost depends on the distance
and destination of the commodity.
The highest cost of transportation for mango trading was about P5.79
per kilogram in Davao City. This included plane fare for shipping the
commodity to Manila.
The traders from other areas incurred transportation costs ranging
from P0.19 (General Santos City) to P1.08 (Iloilo) per kilogram of
mango.
21
Material Inputs
Mango trading requires a lot of material inputs. In buying and selling of
mangoes, the basic materials used are kaing, old newspapers, twine, bayong,
sacks and cartons. Table 16 presents the materials used and the corresponding
costs.
Traders from Cebu spent a minimal amount of P0.14 for material
inputs (P0.08 for procurement and P0.06 for distribution).
Total cost of materials was relatively high in Iloilo and Davao City at
more than P2.00 per kilogram.
Miscellaneous and Other Operating Costs
Marketing participants also incur miscellaneous and other operating
expenses. Miscellaneous expenses include business permit, market fee, storage
fee, utilities (electricity, telephone, water), repair and maintenance, toll fee, stall
rental, gas and oil, meals and beverages, cell cards, etc. The items and its
corresponding amount of cost incurred are enumerated in Table 17.
Wastage of mango during the marketing process contributed the
largest portion in other operating costs shouldered by traders ranging
from P0.18 (Iloilo) to P1.04 per kilogram (Guimaras).
The total amount for other operating expenses ranged from P0.55 to
P3.31 per kilogram.
Depreciation
Depreciation is the value given to the used portion or life of an item for a
given period. Depreciation costs were imputed for items used in marketing of
mango.
In Pangasinan, traders incurred a total of P2.42 for every kilogram of
mango for the depreciation of transport facilities, office building and
weighing scale used in the mango trading business.
Traders in other areas shouldered a depreciation cost amounting to
less than P0.50 per kilogram of mango.
22
Aggregated Marketing Costs
The costs items are aggregated according to cash outlay which include
cash, non-cash and imputed costs.
Total Marketing Costs
The highest amount of expenses in mango marketing was estimated
at P9.91 per kilogram in Davao City. This amount consisted mainly of
the transportation cost incurred by traders in cost of air cargo of
mango to Manila. The costs of material inputs and other operating
expenses were also high in Davao City.
In Pangasinan, the big contributors to the total marketing cost of
trading mango were depreciation (P2.42), labor (P2.05) and other
operating costs (P1.49).
High cost of mango marketing was also observed in Guimaras at
P5.90 per kilogram attributed mostly to other miscellaneous
expenses, material and labor inputs.
Cost of material inputs was the highest cost component in Iloilo
followed by transportation. The total marketing costs were estimated
at P5.03 per kilogram.
Mango traders in Davao del Sur spent much for labor inputs (P1.06
per kilogram). Other costs items ranged from P0.04 to P0.86.
The total costs in the demand areas were placed at P2.70 for
General Santos City; P3.13 for Metro Manila and P3.00 for Cebu.
Marketing Costs by Point of Destination
The transfer of a commodity from the supply area to the first point of sale
entails costs for transportation, material inputs, labor and other expenses.
Figures 12-16 illustrate the estimated costs of moving mangoes from the
supply barangay to every trading/demand area.
23
Pangasinan
Mango trading within the producing barangays entailed a total
cost of P0.74 per kilogram. When the fruits were moved from the
barangay to the trading centers within Pangasinan, another cost
amounting to P3.28 should be added.
From Pangasinan to Nueva Ecija, traders who picked-up the
fruits from the farm should set aside an amount of P6.95 for every
kilogram of mango. For mangoes delivered to Cavite and Laguna, a
total cost of P4.63 per kilogram was spent. However, mangoes
brought to Manila had P5.01 cost.
Iloilo
Within the supply barangays, mango trading had an average
cost of P1.96 per kilogram. When transported to the trading centers,
another cost amounting to P1.01 was spent.
Traders who transported mangoes to Aklan or Antique needed
an P3.77 allowance for every kilogram of the fruits. Those who
traded mangoes in Bacolod City spent a total of P4.70 while those
who traveled to Cebu City needed around P5.14 per kilogram of
mangoes.
Mangoes shipped to Manila required a total amount of P3.91
per kilogram for marketing costs.
Guimaras
Marketing cost for mango inside the producing barangays was
estimated at P1.06 per kilogram. Bringing the fruits from the
production areas to Iloilo entailed another P2.31. When distributed to
Bacolod via Iloilo City, the total marketing cost was P4.05 per
kilogram.
Davao City
From the supply areas to Bangkerohan, mango trading had a
total marketing cost of P1.76 per kilogram. When distributed within
Davao City, another P2.41 was spent per kilogram. When shipped to
Manila, the total cost was P10.49.
24
MATRIX OF MARKETING COSTS FOR MANGO
BY POINT OF DESTINATION, 2001
Supply Area/
Destination
Marketing Costs (peso per kilogram)
Origin
Next point Final Destination
TOTAL
Pangasinan
-
within barangay
within the province
Nueva Ecija
Cavite/Laguna
Manila
0.74
0.74
0.74
0.74
0.74
3.28
3.28
3.28
3.28
2.93
0.61
0.99
0.74
4.02
6.95
4.63
5.01
0.8
1.73
2.17
0.94
1.96
2.97
3.77
4.7
5.14
3.91
0.68
1.06
3.37
4.05
6.32
1.76
4.17
10.49
2.11
0.88
1.67
3.58
5.69
4.46
Iloilo
-
within barangay
within the province
Aklan/Antique
Bacolod
Cebu
Manila
1.96
1.96
1.96
1.96
1.96
1.96
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.06
1.06
1.06
2.31
2.31
Guimaras
- from barangay
- Iloilo
- Bacolod via Iloilo
Davao City
- Bangkerohan
- within the province
- Manila
1.76
1.76
1.76
2.41
2.41
Davao del Sur
-
within barangays
within the province
Davao City
Surigao/ Butuan/
Bukidnon
1.67
1.67
1.67
1.67
1.91
1.91
1.91
Davao del Sur
Within the farm, a total marketing cost of P1.67 was determined for each
kilogram of mango. When brought to the trading centers within the province,
another amount of P1.91 should be added to the cost. If traders intend to sell
mangoes to Davao City, they should have another P2.11 allowance for every
kilogram of the fruits. Those traded and distributed to Surigao, Butuan or
Bukidnon, a total expense of P4.46 was put for one kilogram of mango.
Marketing Margins
A marketing margin is the difference between the value of a product at
one stage and the value of an equivalent product at another stage in the
marketing process. Measuring this margin indicates how much has been paid
for processing and marketing services applied to the product at that particular
stage. This information can provide hints in assessing the performance of the
food marketing system.
The initial step in measuring the marketing margins is to describe the structure of the
marketing chain, starting at the farm gate and tracing the product through the various intermediaries
until it reaches the final consumer. Second is to identify and list the various functions that are
performed at each stage in the marketing process.
The estimation of marketing margin needs price data at which the product is bought and sold
at each stage in the marketing process. Costs incurred in marketing plus the buying price give the
estimated selling price.
On the part of traders, buying price can be considered an expense. They have to pay for the
commodity as the initial investment at prices agreed by both parties, the farmer and the trader. The
gross margin, which still includes the cost of trading and the risk/losses, is the difference between the
retail price and the effective buying price at the farm level.
The net margin, or the net return, therefore, is the remainder when the total marketing costs
were subtracted from the total gross margin. Below is the illustration of the concept:
RP
TGM
FP + TC
FP
NM
where: RP
= retail price
FP
= farm price or the effective buying price at farm level
FP+TC = farm price plus the total costs
TGM
= total gross margin (RP - FP)
NM
= net margin or return [RP – (FP + TC)]
Presented in the succeeding table is the estimated marketing
margins for mango based on the average prices collected by the BAS in
2001 for the supply areas under study. Likewise, the costs of marketing
mango at each level of marketing participants and the estimated selling
price for each supply province are presented in Figures 17-21.
Pangasinan
The price of mango at the farm level was P21.25 per kilogram. With the
total marketing costs of P7.51, the estimated selling price without margin is P28.60.
At retail market price of P57.13, the total gross margin is P35.88 per kilogram or
62.80%. Of that P35.88 peso-gross margin the farmer’s share was P13.35 while the
traders had P22.53. The net margin was estimated at P28.37 per kilogram.
Guimaras
Traders paid P24.51 per kilogram of mango from the farm and spent
around P5.90 during the process of procurement and distribution. The estimated
gross margin was P22.34 of which the farmer’s share was P11.69 (52%) and the
trader’s with P10.65 (48%). A net return of P16.44 per kilogram was derived.
Iloilo
The total cost of marketing mango in Iloilo was P5.03 per kilogram. This
amount plus the buying price at the farm of P20.33 gave the estimated selling
price of P25.36 per kilogram. At an average retail price of P50.61, the farmers’
and traders’ shares to the total gross margin are 40.17% or P12.16 and 59.83%
or P18.12, respectively.
Davao City
The total gross margin in marketing of mango in Davao City was P21.95 at
retail price of P36.36 and buying price of P14.41 per kilogram. With the total
marketing costs of P9.91, the net margin was placed at P12.04 per kilogram.
Davao del Sur
Farmers registered greater share than the traders in the consumers’ peso.
With the estimated selling price of P24.57 and average retail price of P31.16,
traders had gross margin of P3.09 or 31.48%. After deducting the marketing
cost of P3.22, a return of P6.59 per kilogram was remained.
Marketing Costs of Processors. There were 9 processors interviewed
mainly to gather information on supply utilization of mango. The number of
processor-respondents by province is as follows: Iloilo – 1; Guimaras – 3; and Cebu
– 5. Table 22 presents the expenses borne by mango processors in their supply
procurement and processed products distribution.
The lone processor-respondent in Iloilo spent only for labor costs in pre-marketing
and distribution stages amounting to P0.40 per kilogram of mango. He paid P0.08
for hauling of mangoes from the farm. In selling his products, he hired laborers for
handling, weighing, sorting and packing.
The average marketing cost incurred by the processors in Guimaras was P4.66 per
kilogram. This amount included labor cost for weighing during procurement and
imputed depreciation of materials, facilities and equipment used in the business.
In Cebu, the estimated cost of mango trading was P0.74 per
kilogram. The
processors paid P0.50 per kilogram as agent’s commission and P0.14 per kilogram
for wages. Other contributors to the total cost were imputed values of depreciation
for the materials, equipment, transportation and warehouse facilities.
IV.
PROBLEMS/CONSTRAINTS ENCOUNTERED
The following are the problems cited by the respondents in mango trading:
One major problem identified by the respondents from all the covered areas was
the low sales and low prices due to oversupply of mango during peak seasons.
Another common constraint in the business was the lack of financial
assistance/lack of capital and the slow turnover of capital due to the delayed or
non-payment of loan.
Poor quality, limited supply of fruits and high percentage of spoilage were some
of the problems encountered by the traders in this venture.
Other problems included competition among traders, limited consumers, high
transportation costs and emergence of transient.
AVERAGE PRICES AND MARKETING MARGINS FOR MANGO, SELECTED AREAS, 2001
ITEM
Farm
Wholesale
Retail
PANGASINAN
GUIMARAS
ILOILO
Margins
Prices
Prices
Margins
Prices
Margins
Percent Peso per kg.
21.25
30.95
57.13
24.51
46.85
20.33
50.61
Farmer
Trader
37.20
62.80
13.35
22.53
52.32
47.68
11.69
10.65
40.17
59.83
12.16
18.12
Total
Less: Total Costs
Net Margin/Return
100.00
35.88
7.51
28.37
100.00
22.34
5.90
16.44
100.00
30.28
5.03
25.25
AVERAGE PRICES AND MARKETING MARGINS FOR MANGO, 2001
ITEM
Farm
Wholesale
Retail
DAVAO CITY
DAVAO DEL SUR
Prices
Margins
Prices
Margins
14.41
36.36
21.35
31.16
Farmer
Trader
39.63
60.37
8.70
13.25
68.52
31.48
6.72
3.09
Total
Less: Total Costs
Net Margin/Return
100.00
21.95
9.91
12.04
100.00
9.81
3.22
6.59
Practice/Activity/Cost Item
BUYER
OUTSIDE
THE
PROVINCE
CONSUMER
INSTITUTIONAL
BUYER
Amount
(P/kg)
Level
Market Price*
Price Range
Ave.
Retail
29.67
-
89.36
57.13
Wholesale
21.14
-
45.91
30.95
16.73
-
63.41
21.25
Estimated Selling Price w/o margin
(buying price & total costs)
28.60
Total Costs
7.51
Materials
Labor
Transporting
Depreciation
Others
0.41
1.37
0.03
2.42
1.49
Materials
Labor
Transporting
0.42
0.62
0.03
Pre-marketing
Hauling
Transportation
0.06
0.66
Buying Price
21.25 Farm
RETAILER
EXPORTER
IRA-LD
PA-LD
AGENT
SUPPLIER
OUTSIDE
THE
PROVINCE
FARMER
* Source: BAS' FPS, Wholesale & Retail Price Monitoring
Figure 17. Marketing Costs for Mango, by level of Marketing Participants, Pangasinan, 2001
BUYER
OUTSIDE
THE
PROVINCE
CONSUMER
RETAILER
EXPORTER
PROCESSOR
IRA-LD
PA-LD
Average
(P/kg)
Level
Market Price*
Price Range
Ave.
Retail
25.54
-
34.87
31.16
Pre-marketing
Hauling
1.02
Buying Price
21.35 Farm
12.92
-
27.59
21.35
24.57
Total Costs
3.22
Materials
Labor
Transporting
Depreciation
Others
0.38
0.55
0.37
0.04
0.86
Materials
Labor
Transporting
0.26
0.39
0.25
FARMER
Figure 21. Marketing Costs for Mango, by level of Marketing Participants, Davao del Sur, 2001
BUYER
OUTSIDE
THE
PROVINCE
CONSUMER
RETAILER
EXPORTER
PROCESSOR
IRA-LD
PA-LD
FARMER
PA-SD
Average
(P/kg)
Level
Market Price*
Price Range
Ave.
Retail
30.65
-
41.36
36.36
Pre-marketing
Hauling
0.01
Buying Price
14.41 Farm
13.02
-
15.57
14.41
24.31
Total Costs
9.91
Materials
Labor
Transporting
Depreciation
Others
1.58
0.56
0.58
0.01
1.21
Materials
Labor
Shipping
Transporting
Shipping
0.74
0.009
0.51
4.70
Figure 20. Marketing Costs for Mango, by level of Marketing Participants, Davao City, 2001
BUYER
OUTSIDE
THE
PROVINCE
Practice/Activity/Costs Item
CONSUMER
RETAILER
PA-LD
SUPPLIER
OUTSIDE
THE
PROVINCE
MA-MD
MA-SD
PA-MD
PA-SD
FARMER
Amount
(P/kg)
Level
Market Price*
Price Range
Ave.
Retail
35.30
-
67.33
50.61
Pre-marketing
Hauling
Transportation
0.21
Buying Price
20.33 Farm
17.00
-
47.28
20.33
25.36
Total Costs
5.03
Materials
Labor
Transporting
Depreciation
Others
1.53
0.12
0.42
0.40
0.65
Materials
Labor
Shipping
Transporting
Shipping
1.08
0.16
0.01
0.43
0.02
Figure 19. Marketing Costs for Mango, by level of Marketing Participants, Iloilo, 2001
CONSUMER
BUYER
OUTSIDE
THE
PROVINCE
RETAILER
MA-SD
PA-MD
MA-MD
Amount
(P/kg)
Level
Market Price*
Price Range
Ave.
Retail
35.00
-
60.00
46.85
Pre-marketing
Hauling
0.03
Buying Price
24.51 Farm
18.31
-
39.57
24.51
30.41
Total Costs
5.90
Materials
Labor
Transporting
Depreciation
Others
0.55
0.53
0.05
0.14
3.31
Materials
Labor
Shipping
Transporting
Shipping
0.51
0.17
0.24
0.17
0.18
IRA-LD
FARMER
Figure 18. Marketing Costs for Mango, by level of Marketing Participants, Guimaras, 2001
Statistical Tables
Table 1. MANGO: Distribution of respondents, by type, by
province/municipality, 2001
Province/Municipality
Farmer
Metro Manila
Manila
Quezon City
Pasay
Trader
Total
15
9
5
1
15
9
5
1
Pangasinan
Malasique
Urdaneta
Calasiao
Sta. Barbara
40
16
8
8
8
20
9
3
8
60
25
11
16
8
Iloilo
Guimbal
Leon
Cabanatuan
Tubungan
Iloilo City
Sta. Barbara
40
8
8
16
26
5
9
6
2
4
66
13
17
22
2
4
8
Guimaras
Buenavista
Jordan
Nueva Valencia
Gaban/San Lorenzo
40
8
16
8
8
12
5
4
2
1
52
13
20
10
9
15
5
3
7
15
5
3
7
8
8
48
8
8
8
24
8
8
48
32
16
9
9
9
9
113
313
8
Cebu
Tabunok
Mandaue
Cebu City
Davao City
Davao City
Buhangin
Toril
Tugbok
40
Davao del Sur
Digos
Matanao
40
24
16
8
8
24
General Santos
General Santos City
TOTAL
200
Table 2. MANGO: Distribution of respondents, by type of marketing participants, by province, 2001
Province
Farmer
Metro Manila
IRA-LD/RALD/ PA-LD
IRA-MD/RAMD/PAMD/MAMD/BA-MD
7
2
6
5
PA-SD/MASD/BA-SD
Retailer
Exporter
Total
Percent
15
4.79
60
19.17
Pangasinan
40
9
4
Iloilo
40
5
7
5
9
66
21.09
Guimaras
40
1
3
3
5
52
16.61
5
2
8
15
4.79
Cebu
2
Davao City
40
3
5
48
15.34
Davao del Sur
40
4
4
48
15.34
3
9
2.88
313
100
General Santos City
TOTAL
200
2
4
36
22
8
45
2
Table 3. MANGO: Number and percentage distribution of farmer respondents, by size of farm, by
province, 2001
Farm Size
(in hectare)
Pangasinan
Iloilo
Guimaras
Davao City
Davao Sur
Total
%
less than 1.0
22
31
37
27
31
148
74.00
1.00 - 1.99
8
1
2
7
6
24
12.00
2.00 - 2.99
6
1
3
10
5.00
3.00 - 3.99
1
1
2
1.00
4.00 - 4.99
1
1
1
4
2.00
more than 5.0
2
6
4
12
6.00
TOTAL
40
40
200
100
1
40
40
40
Table 4. MANGO: Number and percentage distribution of farmer-respondents, by
tenurial status, by province, 2001
Tenurial Status Pangasinan
Owner
31
Iloilo
31
CLT
Tenant
8
5
Lessee
30
40
Davao del
Total
Sur
161
80.50
1
1
2
1.00
4
1
18
9.00
5
2.50
2
6
3.00
7
8
4.00
40
200
100
4
Othersa/
1
TOTAL
40
40
%
29
5
Part-owner
a/ Rentals
Guimaras Davao City
40
40
Table 5. MANGO: Distribution of trader respondents, by type of business, by province, 2001
Type of Business
Metro
Manila
Single Proprietorship
14
17
24
Partnership
1
2
2
Corporation
Pangasinan Iloilo
Guimaras
Cebu
Davao
City
Davao
del Sur
General
Santos
City
Total
%
12
13
7
5
9
101
89.38
9
7.96
2
1.77
1
0.88
113
100
1
1
1
Cooperative
TOTAL
3
1
15
20
26
12
15
8
8
9
Table 5a. MANGO: Distribution of trader respondents, by type of marketing participants, by type of
business, by province, 2001
Province
Metro Manila
Partnership
Pangasinan
Corporation
Partnership
IRA-LD/RALD/ PA-LD
IRA-MD/RAPA-SD/MAMD/PA-MD/MARetailer
SD/BA/SD
MD/BA-MD
7
2
5
1
8
4
5
Exporter
Total
14
1
1
1
1
18
1
1
Iloilo
Partnership
4
1
7
4
1
9
24
2
Guimaras
1
3
3
5
12
4
1
1
8
13
1
1
Cebu
Cooperative
Partnership
1
Davao City
Corporation
2
1
5
7
1
Davao del Sur
Partnership
1
3
4
5
3
General Santos City
Under financing
TOTAL
2
4
2
1
35
23
11
8
1
42
2
113
Table 6. MANGO: Distribution of trader respondents, by nature of capitalization, by province, 2001
Nature of Capitalization
Self-financed
Metro
Pangasinan Iloilo Guimaras
Manila
Davao
City
Davao
del Sur
General
Santos
City
Total
%
15
24
10
12
7
3
8
94
83.19
Under financing
4
2
2
2
1
5
1
17
15.04
Under contract agreement
1
2
1.77
113
100
TOTAL
15
Cebu
15
20
1
26
12
15
8
8
9
Table 6a. MANGO: Distribution of trader respondents, by type of marketing participants, by
nature of capitalization, by province, 2001*
Province
IRA-LD/PAIRA-MD/PA- PA-SD/MALD/MA-LD/
Retailer
MD/MA-MD SD/BA-SD
BA-LD
Exporter
Total
Metro Manila
Self-financed
7
2
6
Pangasinan
Self-financed
Under financing
5
3
1
3
1
5
Iloilo
Self-financed
Under financing
5
6
1
4
1
9
24
2
Guimaras
Self-financed
Under financing
1
3
3
3
2
10
2
5
2
5
2
1
12
2
1
3
4
1
7
1
2
2
1
3
3
5
2
1
8
1
Cebu
Self-financed
Under financing
Davao City
Self-financed
Under financing
Davao del Sur
Self-financed
Under financing
General Santos City
Self-financed
Under financing
TOTAL
2
4
36
22
8
45
* Table is limited to traders, excluding processors (no data about the nature of capitalization)
15
2
2
15
4
1
113
Table 7. MANGO: Distribution of trader respondents, by length of experience,
by province, 2001
Years in business
Metro
Manila
Cebu
Davao
City
Davao
del Sur
Pangasinan
Iloilo
Guimaras
less than 5
1
5
8
4
1
2
3
5 - 10
5
8
8
7
4
3
2
11 - 15
2
2
4
1
2
1
2
16 - 20
3
1
2
4
2
1
more than 20
4
4
4
4
TOTAL
15
20
26
12
15
8
8
General
Santos
City
Total
%
24
21.24
5
42
37.17
3
17
15.04
13
11.50
1
17
15.04
9
113
100
Table 8. MANGO: Major sources and destinations, by location,
by province, 2001
Province/City/Area
Metro Manila
Source
Within the province Outside the province
Destination
Within the province Outside the province
Manila
Pangasinan
Bulacan
Zambales
Iloilo
Cagayan de Oro
Cebu
Davao City
Davao Sur
General Santos City
Manila
Quezon City
Pasay City
Parañaque
Mandaluyong
Muntinlupa
Pasig City
Valenzuela
Laguna
Cavite
Rizal
Batangas
- Divisoria
Quezon City
- Nepa Q mart
- Cloverleaf
- Balintawak
Pangasinan
Malasique
Urdaneta
Calasiao
Bolinao
Manaoag
Zambales
Ilocos Sur
La Union
Nueva Ecija
Tarlac
San Carlos
Villasis
Urdaneta
Calasiao
Manaoag
Dagupan
Bayambang
Tayug
Manila
Cavite
Laguna
Isabela
Batangas
Rizal
Iloilo
Guimbal
Tubungan
Leon
Cabanatuan
Guimaras
Iloilo City
Guimbal
Leon
Sta. Barbara
Manila
Antique
Cebu
Capiz
Aklan
Guimaras
Buenavista
Nueva Valencia
San Lorenzo
Jordan
Buenavista
Iloilo
Negros Occidental
Cebu
Cebu City
Negros Oriental
Guimaras
Davao Sur
Bohol
Cagayan de Oro
Mandaue
Cebu City
Manila
Leyte
Bohol
Davao City
Davao City
Davao Sur
South Cotabato
North Cotabato
Davao City
Manila
Cebu
Cotabato
Digos
Manila
Cebu
Leyte
- Carbon
- Tabunok
- Bangkerohan
- Pag-asa
Toril
Davao del Sur
Digos
Matanao
General Santos City General Santos City
Davao Sur
Davao City
South Cotabato
Sultan Kudarat
Manila
Table 9. MANGO: Trading Pattern, by activity in selected provinces, 2001
Province
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Pangasinan
5
10
32
21
5
Iloilo
1
7
12
12
12
6
Guimaras
5
3
4
16
14
6
Davao City
1
5
2
2
4
10
9
2
6
2
2
9
7
Davao Sur
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec.
3
2
2
6
2
1
1
6
5
1
1
3
2
7
6
3
5
3
Table 10. MANGO: Distribution of respondents, by manner of procurement,
by provinces, 2001
Cebu
Davao
City
Davao
del Sur
General
Santos
City
Total
%
6
7
2
7
6
61
53.98
6
8
6
1
3
51
45.13
1
0.88
113
100
Metro
Manila
Pangasinan
Iloilo
Guimaras
Picked up
4
12
17
Delivered
11
7
9
Mode of Delivery
Both
1
TOTAL
15
20
26
12
15
8
8
9
Table 11. MANGO: Distribution of respondents, by mode of payment in buying stocks,
by province, 2001
Mode of Payment
Metro
Manila
Pangasinan Iloilo
Guimaras
Cebu
Davao
City
Davao
del Sur
General
Santos
City
Total
%
Cash
11
18
22
8
12
4
4
4
83
73.45
Consignment
4
1
4
3
3
4
4
4
27
23.89
1
0.88
1
2
1.77
9
113
100
Both
1
th
Every 15 of the month
TOTAL
1
15
20
26
12
15
8
8
Table 11a. MANGO: Distribution of trader respondents, by type of marketing participants,
by mode of payment in buying stocks, by province, 2001
Mode of Payment
BA-SD/MDSD/PA-SD
METRO MANILA
Cash
Consignment
PANGASINAN
Cash
Consignment
Both
ILOILO
Cash
Consignment
GUIMARAS
Cash
Consignment
Every 15th of the month
PA-MD/MAMD/RAIRA-LD/RARetailer Exporter
MD/IRALD/PA-LD
MD/BA-MD
2
5
2
4
2
4
8
4
1
11
4
2
1
18
1
1
5
7
5
5
4
22
4
2
2
1
1
3
2
8
3
1
2
5
5
3
12
3
2
1
2
3
4
4
4
4
4
1
CEBU
Cash
Consignment
DAVAO CITY
Cash
Consignment
DAVAO DEL SUR
Cash
Consignment
4
GENERAL SANTOS CITY
Cash
Consignment
TOTAL
TOTAL
8
2
1
1
2
22
36
4
4
1
3
45
2
113
Table 12. CABBAGE: Distribution of respondents, by manner of distribution,
by province, 2001
Metro
Manila
Pangasinan
Iloilo
Guimaras
Cebu
Davao
City
Davao
del Sur
General
Santos
Total
%
Picked up
14
37
55
27
13
44
42
8
240
76.68
Delivered
1
22
10
25
2
4
6
1
71
22.68
1
0.32
1
0.32
313
100
Mode of Delivery
Both
1
No response
TOTAL
1
15
60
66
52
15
48
48
9
Table 12a. MANGO: Distribution of respondents by type of marketing participants,
by manner of distribution, by province, 2001
Mode of Delivery
BA-SD/MDFarmers
SD/PA-SD
METRO MANILA
Picked- up
Delivered
PANGASINAN
Picked- up
Delivered
No response
ILOILO
Picked- up
Delivered
Both
GUIMARAS
Picked- up
Delivered
35
5
1
40
2
3
IRA-LD-RALD/PA-LD
2
7
5
1
4
1
8
2
3
4
7
2
55
10
1
27
25
2
5
Retailer Exporter
22
18
2
1
DAVAO CITY
Picked- up
Delivered
40
DAVAO DEL SUR
Picked- up
Delivered
40
GENERAL SANTOS CITY
Picked- up
Delivered
201
8
TOTAL
14
1
2
1
CEBU
Picked- up
Delivered
TOTAL
PA-MD/MAMD/RAMD/IRAMD/BA-MD
38
22
1
3
1
3
2
2
4
1
7
1
13
2
3
4
1
44
4
4
2
2
42
6
3
1
2
3
8
1
22
36
45
2
314
Table 13. MANGO: Distribution of respondents, by manner of payment in distribution,
by province, 2001
Mode of Payment
Metro
Pangasinan
Manila
Iloilo
Guimaras
Cebu
Davao
City
Cash
14
56
56
32
10
44
Consignment
1
3
10
14
2
3
6
1
1
Davao
del Sur
General
Santos
City
Total
%
48
6
266
84.98
2
35
11.18
8
2.56
2
0.64
1
0.32
1
0.32
313
100
2
Weekly
3 - 5 days after delivery
1
No response
TOTAL
1
15
60
66
52
15
48
48
9
Table 13a. MANGO: Distribution of respondents, by type of marketing participants,
by manner of payment in distribution, by province, 2001
Mode of Payment
Farmer
BA-SD/MDSD/PA-SD
METRO MANILA
Cash
Consignment
PA-MD/MAIRA-LD/RAMD/RARetailer Exporter
LD/PA-LD
MD/IRAMD/BA-MD
2
6
1
6
3
1
8
1
5
TOTAL
14
1
PANGASINAN
Cash
Consignment
No response
38
1
1
ILOILO
Cash
Consignment
36
4
2
3
7
3
2
8
1
56
10
GUIMARAS
Cash
Consignment
32
4
4
2
1
2
1
1
5
32
14
6
4
6
1
1
10
2
1
2
CEBU
Cash
Consignment
Weekly
DAVAO CITY
Cash
Consignment
DAVAO DEL SUR
Cash
1
1
1
56
3
1
39
1
2
1
3
1
1
44
3
1
40
4
4
48
2
1
1
1
1
3
6
2
1
22
36
45
GENERAL SANTOS CITY
Cash
Consignment
3 - 5 days after delivery
TOTAL
2
200
8
2
313
Table 14. MANGO: Labor costs incurred by activity/practices,
by province, 2001
Marketing
Activity/Practice
Metro
Manila
Pangasinan Guimaras
Iloilo
Cebu
Davao
City
Davao
del Sur
0.01
0.01
1.02
1.02
peso per kilogram
Pre-marketing
Hauling
Procurement
Hauling
Handling
Loading
Unloading
Sorting
Weighing
Packing
Supervising
0.06
0.06
0.03
0.03
0.08
0.08
0.42
0.14
0.62
0.03
0.17
0.16
0.25
0.07
0.14
0.14
0.11
0.11
0.02
0.35
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.09
0.09
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.39
0.31
General
Santos
City
0.10
0.05
0.05
0.08
Shipping
Arrastre
Stevedoring
Portarage
0.24
0.02
0.14
0.08
0.01
0.01
0.004
0.12
0.06
0.06
0.009
0.003
0.003
0.003
Distribution
Handling
Loading
Unloading
Sorting
Weighing
Packing
Cleaning
Selling
Supervisory
0.48
1.21
0.55
0.17
0.48
0.44
0.48
0.12
0.09
0.09
0.16
0.06
0.08
0.03
0.03
0.16
0.06
0.93
0.12
0.12
0.09
0.10
0.10
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.09
0.09
0.16
0.06
0.08
0.17
0.17
0.05
0.01
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.002
0.002
0.04
0.01
0.005
0.32
0.02
0.06
Salaries and Wages
0.15
0.16
TOTAL
1.05
2.05
0.99
0.42
0.15
0.12
0.07
0.67
1.00
0.58
1.96
0.89
Table 14a. MANGO: Labor costs incurred by marketing participants,
by activity/practice, Metro Manila, 2001
Marketing
Activity/Practice
IRA-LD
MA-MD
Retailer
peso per kilogram
Procurement
Hauling
Handling
Loading
Unloading
0.29
0.13
0.51
0.25
0.77
0.15
0.08
0.08
0.13
0.13
0.31
0.31
Distribution
Handling
Loading
Unloading
Sorting
Weighing
Packing
0.54
0.86
1.80
0.06
0.06
0.13
0.12
0.17
0.26
0.26
0.34
0.60
0.60
0.60
Salaries and Wages
0.07
TOTAL
0.90
0.29
1.37
2.86
Table 14b. MANGO: Labor costs incurred by marketing participants,
by activity/practice, Pangasinan, 2001
Marketing
Activity/Practice
Farmer
IRA-LD
PA-LD
PA-MD
MA-MD Exporter Retailer
peso per kilogram
Pre-marketing Costs
Hauling
0.06
0.06
Procurement
Hauling
Handling a/
Loading
Unloading
Sorting
Weighing
Packing
0.01
0.01
0.56
0.19
0.30
0.12
0.12
0.15
0.15
0.01
0.01
0.28
0.36
0.20
0.04
0.04
0.16
0.05
0.07
0.01
0.01
0.10
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.35
Distribution
Handling
Loading
Unloading
Sorting
Weighing
Packing
0.35
0.05
0.07
0.07
0.09
0.05
0.07
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.16
0.02
0.10
Salaries and Wages
1.38
0.25
0.87
TOTAL
1.79
0.31
1.71
0.18
0.05
0.12
0.01
1.15
0.48
0.48
0.19
0.34
0.66
0.20
0.64
1.15
Table 14c. MANGO: Labor costs incurred by marketing participants,
by activity/practice, Guimaras, 2001
Marketing
Activity/Practice
Processor Farmer IRA-LD PA-MD MA-MD MA-SD
Retailer
peso per kilogram
Pre-marketing Costs
Hauling
Procurement
Handling
Loading
Unloading
Weighing
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.25
0.17
0.19
0.03
0.25
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.08
0.08
0.03
0.03
0.06
1.05
Distribution
Handling
Loading
Unloading
Sorting
Weighing
Packing
Cleaning
0.31
0.66
0.27
0.22
0.05
0.05
0.11
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.21
0.21
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.08
0.08
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.30
0.30
0.47
0.43
0.09
1.05
Salaries and Wages
Arrastre
Stevedoring
Portarage
TOTAL
0.12
0.12
0.24
0.02
0.14
0.08
0.25
0.35
0.90
Table 14d. MANGO: Labor costs incurred by marketing participants,
by activity/practice, Iloilo, 2001
Marketing
Activity/Practice
Processor Farmer IRA-LD PA-MD MA-MD MA-SD
Retailer
peso per kilogram
Pre-marketing Costs
Hauling
0.08
0.08
Procurement
Handling
Loading
Unloading
Weighing
Packing
0.08
0.08
1.10
0.06
0.10
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.04
0.04
0.45
0.45
0.20
0.20
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
Shipping
Arrastre
Stevedoring
Distribution
Handling
Loading
Unloading
Weighing
Packing
Sorting
TOTAL
0.32
0.35
0.14
0.06
0.28
0.07
0.07
0.04
0.09
0.05
0.08
0.08
0.11
0.08
0.01
0.01
0.06
0.06
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.13
0.09
0.20
0.16
0.28
0.40
0.08
0.43
1.10
Table 14e. MANGO: Labor costs incurred by marketing participants,
by activity/practice, Cebu, 2001
Marketing
Activity/Practice
IRA-LD
PA-MD
Retailer
Processor
peso per kilogram
Procurement
Hauling
Handling
Loading
Unloading
0.07
0.07
0.18
Distribution
Handling
Loading
Unloading
Sorting
Weighing
Packing
0.35
0.96
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.06
0.05
0.12
0.12
0.47
0.07
0.18
Shipping
Arrastre
Stevedoring
0.14
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.03
0.03
Salaries and wages
0.38
TOTAL
0.94
0.09
0.09
0.14
1.02
0.18
0.14
Table 14f. MANGO: Labor costs incurred by marketing participants,
by activity/practice, Davao City, 2001
Marketing
Activity/Practice
Farmer
IRA-LD
PA-LD
PA-SD
Retailer
peso per kilogram
Pre-marketing
Hauling
0.16
0.16
0.002
0.002
Shipping
Handling
Arrastre
Stevedoring
0.008
0.003
0.003
0.002
Distribution
Handling
Loading
Unloading
Weighing
Packing
Sorting
0.014
Salaries and wages
TOTAL
0.16
0.02
0.02
0.12
0.18
0.82
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.31
0.002
0.006
0.006
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.18
0.05
0.02
0.08
0.11
0.07
0.14
0.28
0.93
Table 14g. MANGO: Labor costs incurred by marketing participants,
by activity/practice, Davao del Sur, 2001
Marketing
Activity/Practice
Farmer
IRA-LD
PA-LD
Retailer
peso per kilogram
Pre-marketing
Hauling
0.12
0.12
Procurement
Hauling
Handling
Loading
Unloading
Supervising
0.39
0.31
0.08
Distribution
Handling
Loading
Unloading
Sorting
Weighing
Packing
Selling
Supervising
0.02
TOTAL
0.14
0.21
0.17
0.48
0.09
0.09
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.08
0.08
0.32
0.02
0.60
0.17
0.48
Table 14h. MANGO: Labor costs incurred by marketing participants,
by activity/practice, General Santos City, 2001
Marketing
Activity/Practice
IRA-LD
IRA-MD
Retailer
peso per kilogram
Procurement
Handling
Loading
Unloading
0.004
0.24
0.20
0.002
0.002
0.12
0.12
0.10
0.10
Distribution
Handling
Loading
Unloading
Sorting
Weighing
Packing
Selling
0.13
0.11
0.01
0.002
0.002
0.05
0.01
0.002
0.06
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.06
0.01
0.67
Salaries and wages
TOTAL
0.13
1.02
0.21
Table 15. MANGO: Transportation costs incurred by activity/practice,
by province, 2001
Practice/activity
Metro
Manila
Pangasinan Guimaras
Iloilo
Cebu
Davao
City
Davao del
Sur
General
Santos
0.25
0.15
peso per kilogram
Pre-marketing cost
Procurement
0.66
0.35
0.03
Shipping
Distribution
TOTAL
* Includes plane fare
0.21
0.17
0.43
0.42
0.51
0.18
0.02
0.45
4.70 *
0.11
0.03
0.05
0.42
0.14
0.58
0.37
0.04
0.46
0.72
0.40
1.08
1.01
5.79
0.62
0.19
Table 15a. MANGO: Transportation costs incurred by marketing participants,
by activity/practices, Metro Manila, 2001
Marketing Activity/Practices
IRA-LD
MA-MD
Retailer
peso per kilogram
Procurement
0.35
0.39
Distribution
0.10
0.09
0.98
0.45
0.48
0.98
TOTAL
Table 15b. MANGO: Transportation costs incurred by marketing participants,
by activity/practice, Pangasinan, 2001
Marketing
Activity/Practice
Farmer IRA-LD PA-LD
PA-MD MA-MD Exporter Retailer
peso per kilogram
Pre-marketing
0.66
Procurement
0.15
0.20
0.18
0.08
0.40
Distribution
1.59
0.200
0.180
0.080
0.40
1.74
0.40
0.36
0.16
0.80
TOTAL
0.66
0.00
Table 15c. MANGO: Transportation costs incurred by marketing participants,
by activity/practice, Guimaras, 2001
Marketing
Activity/Practice
IRA-LD
MA-MD
MA-SD
Retailer
peso per kilogram
Procurement
0.17
0.01
Shipping
0.18
0.02
Distribution
0.09
0.01
0.07
0.44
0.04
0.23
TOTAL
0.16
0.63
0.63
Table 15d. MANGO: Transportation costs incurred by marketing participants,
by activity/practice, Iloilo, 2001
Marketing
Activity/Practice
Farmer
PA-LD
PA-MD
PA-SD
MA-MD
MA-SD
peso per kilogram
Pre-marketing
0.21
Procurement
0.44
Shipping
0.02
Distribution
0.40
0.86
TOTAL
0.21
0.03
0.67
0.22
0.32
0.38
1.43
0.54
0.41
1.65
0.86
0.32
0.99
Table 15e. MANGO: Transportation costs incurred by marketing participants,
by activity/practice, Cebu, 2001
Marketing
Activity/Practice
IRA-LD
PA-MD
peso per kilogram
0.42
Procurement
Shipping
0.59
Distribution
0.14
TOTAL
0.73
0.06
0.48
Table 15f. MANGO: Transportation costs incurred by marketing participants,
by activity/practice, Davao City, 2001
Marketing Activity/Practice
IRA-LD
PA-LD
PA-SD
Retailer
peso per kilogram
Procurement
1.00
Shipping
Boat
Air cargo
0.47
4.23
Distribution
1.00
0.002
6.70
0.002
TOTAL
0.20
0.42
0.20
0.42
Table 15g. MANGO: Transportation costs incurred by marketing participants,
by activity/practice, Davao del Sur, 2001
IRA-LD
PA-LD
Retailer
peso per kilogram
Procurement
Distribution
TOTAL
0.25
0.72
0.36
0.72
0.36
0.25
Table 15h. MANGO: Transportation costs incurred by marketing participants,
by activity/practice, General Santos City, 2001
IRA-LD
IRA-MD
Retailer
peso per kilogram
Procurement
0.20
0.11
Distribution
0.04
a/
0.24
0.11
TOTAL
0.00
Table 16. MANGO: Cost of material inputs, by activity/practice/cost item,
by province, 2001
Marketing Activity/
Cost Item
Metro
Manila
Pangasinan Guimaras
Iloilo
Cebu
Davao
City
Davao del
Sur
General
Santos
0.74
0.14
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
peso per kilogram
Procurement
Kaing
Old newspaper
Twine
Bayong
Sacks
Cartons
Kalburo
Plastic bag
Plastic sacks
Banana leaves
Wire
Padding box
Padding paper
Staple wire
0.42
0.07
0.02
0.01
0.07
0.25
0.51
0.42
0.02
0.01
1.08
0.36
0.05
0.03
0.04
0.03
0.25
0.002
0.30
0.06
0.02
0.08
0.001
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.26
0.004
0.08
0.01
0.04
0.02
0.34
0.33
0.10
0.03
0.001
0.003
0.01
0.04
0.04
Marketing Activity/
Cost Item
Metro
Manila
Pangasinan Guimaras
Iloilo
Cebu
Davao
City
Davao del
Sur
General
Santos
0.52
0.07
0.004
0.03
0.05
0.37
peso per kilogram
Distribution
Kaing
Old newspaper
Twine
Plastic bag
Kalburo
Bilao
Cartons
Gloves
Laddle
Plastic sack
Banana leaves
Padding box
Padding paper
Net
TOTAL
a/ Less than 0.001
0.37
0.08
0.03
0.01
0.06
0.18
0.01
0.41
0.04
0.02
0.03
0.06
0.26
0.55
0.33
0.14
0.005
0.05
0.02
0.003
1.53
0.53
0.26
0.04
0.55
0.02
0.06
0.007
0.01
0.003
0.002
0.03
1.58
0.01
0.07
0.02
0.22
0.18
0.38
0.12
0.04
0.04
0.08
0.02
0.01
a/
a/
0.54
0.10
0.11
0.01
0.04
0.49
0.37
0.83
1.06
2.61
0.14
2.32
0.64
0.66
Table 16a. MANGO: Cost of material inputs incurred by marketing
participants, by activity/practice/cost item, Metro Manila, 2001
Marketing Activity/
Cost Item
IRA-LD
MA-MD
Retailer
peso per kilogram
Distribution
Kaing
Plastic bag
Old newspaper
Bilao
Kalburo
Twine
TOTAL
0.08
0.04
0.03
0.01
0.17
0.007
0.002
0.01
0.05
0.34
0.62
0.50
0.06
0.32
0.01
0.008
0.38
0.72
Table 16b. MANGO: Cost of material inputs incurred by marketing participants,
by activity/practice/cost item, Pangasinan, 2001
Marketing Activity/
Cost Item
Farmer IRA-LD PA-LD
peso per kilogram
Procurement
Kaing
Old newspaper
Twine
Bayong
Sacks
Distribution
Kaing
Old newspaper
Twine
Plastic bag
Kalburo
0.14
0.04
0.02
0.006
0.07
1.58
1.36
0.06
0.16
0.51
0.45
0.04
0.02
0.54
0.23
0.04
0.02
0.25
0.67
0.34
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.004
0.11
0.10
0.003
0.003
0.27
0.23
0.01
0.03
0.72
0.37
0.06
0.08
0.06
0.15
0.24
Transportation
TOTAL
0.11
0.10
0.003
0.002
2.40
0.67
0.18
2.61
1.85
0.51
0.54
0.72
Table 16c. MANGO: Cost of material inputs incurred by marketing participants,
by activity/practice/cost item, Guimaras, 2001
Marketing Activity/
Cost Item
Farmer
IRA-LD
PA-MD
MA-MD
MA-SD
Retailer
0.14
0.10
0.005
0.41
0.02
0.32
0.01
0.05
0.02
0.003
0.02
0.38
0.14
0.04
0.20
0.12
0.27
0.12
0.27
0.58
0.26
0.68
peso per kilogram
Procurement
Sacks
Kaing
Plastic bag
Old newspaper
Banana leaves
Twine
Wire
Distribution
Kaing
Plastic bag
Old newspaper
Sack
Twine
Banana leaves
TOTAL
0.53
0.51
0.20
0.50
0.45
0.04
0.02
0.18
0.01
0.01
0.001
0.002
0.01
0.02
0.52
0.43
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.005
0.55
0.52
0.06
0.02
0.005
0.003
0.52
Table 16d. MANGO: Cost of material inputs incurred by marketing participants,
by activity/practice/cost item, Iloilo, 2001
Marketing Activity/
Cost Item
Farmer
PA-LD
PA-MD
PA-SD
MA-MD
MA-SD
Retailer
1.31
0.07
0.79
0.07
0.01
0.08
0.04
0.93
0.05
0.12
0.05
0.58
0.09
0.04
peso per kilogram
Procurement
Sacks
Kaing
Plastic sacks a/
Plastic bag
Old newspaper
Twine b/
Calburo
Cartons
Distribution
Plastic sacks
Kaing
Calburo
Plastic bag
Old newspaper
Twine
Carton
TOTAL
a/ Include sack
b/ Rattan strips
0.52
0.03
0.34
0.06
0.69
0.06
0.49
0.07
1.37
0.43
0.36
0.06
0.03
0.002
0.02
0.05
0.56
0.02
1.02
0.02
0.600
0.040
0.27
0.09
0.25
0.31
0.03
0.19
0.61
0.09
0.30
0.05
0.02
0.02
0.82
0.06
0.63
0.01
0.05
0.02
0.05
0.31
1.34
1.30
0.21
0.01
0.31
0.10
0.81
0.08
0.63
0.08
0.04
0.06
0.30
0.01
0.001
0.02
1.68
1.12
2.12
0.83
0.21
0.26
0.12
0.17
0.02
0.05
1.76
Table 16e. MANGO: Cost of material inputs incurred by marketing participants,
by activity/practice/cost item, Cebu, 2001
Marketing Activity/
Cost Item
IRA-LD
PA-MD
Retailer
Processor
peso per kilogram
Procurement
Kaing
Old newspaper
Twine
Cartons
Kalburo
0.08
0.001
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.02
Distribution
Kaing
Plastic bag
Old newspaper
Twine
Kalburo
Carton
Gloves
Laddle
0.02
TOTAL
a/ Less than 0.001
0.01
0.01
0.003
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.52
0.001
0.07
0.02
0.001
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.02
0.03
0.007
0.01
0.01
0.003
0.03
0.40
0.001
a/
a/
0.11
0.12
0.52
0.001
Table 16f. MANGO: Cost of material inputs incurred by marketing participants,
by activity/practice/cost item, Davao City, 2001
Marketing Activity/
Cost Item
Farmer
IRA-LD
PA-SD
Retailer
peso per kilogram
Procurement
Box
Kalburo
Twine
Padding box
Padding paper
Distribution
Kaing
Plastic bag
Old newspaper
Twine
Kalburo
Box
Padding box
Padding paper
Net
TOTAL
0.41
0.34
0.33
0.33
0.02
0.01
0.04
1.33
0.14
0.22
0.48
0.61
0.020
0.47
0.005
0.24
0.04
0.003
0.18
0.13
0.47
0.46
0.13
0.54
0.01
0.04
0.49
1.33
1.02
Table 16g. MANGO: Cost of material inputs incurred by marketing participants,
by activity/practice/cost item, Davao del Sur, 2001
Marketing Activity/
Cost Item
Farmer
IRA-LD
PA-LD
Retailer
peso per kilogram
Procurement
Kaing
Old newspaper
Twine
Carton
Kalburo
Staple wire
Distribution
Plastic bag
Twine
Old newspaper
Cartons
Kaing
TOTAL
a/ Less than 0.001
0.80
0.01
0.08
0.02
0.66
0.03
0.04
a/
a/
0.001
0.04
0.16
0.01
0.03
0.81
0.03
0.07
0.07
0.64
0.27
1.61
0.31
0.18
0.18
0.03
0.04
0.20
0.12
0.16
0.18
Table 16h. MANGO: Cost of material inputs incurred by marketing participants,
by activity/practice/cost item, General Santos City, 2001
Marketing Activity/
Cost Item
IRA-LD
IRA-MD
Retailer
peso per kilogram
Procurement
Kaing
Old newspaper
Twine
Carton
Kalburo
0.14
0.03
0.05
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.23
0.11
0.02
0.001
0.10
Distribution
Plastic bag
Kaing
Old newspaper
Twine
Kalburo
0.22
0.17
0.17
0.07
0.004
0.04
0.11
0.61
0.02
0.08
0.004
0.003
0.50
0.36
0.84
0.17
TOTAL
Table 17. MANGO: Other operating costs by cost item,
by province, 2001
Cost Item
Metro
Manila
Pangasinan Guimaras
Iloilo
Cebu
Davao
City
Davao del
Sur
General
Santos
0.03
0.01
0.001
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.003
0.01
0.002
0.001
a/
0.01
0.06
0.01
peso per kilogram
Other Operating Expenses
Business permit
Market fee b/
Storage fee
Telephone
Electricity
Water
Repair and maintenance
Toll fee
Stall rental
Gas/oil
Meals and Breverages
Interest on loan
Wastage
Calibration of weighing scale
Agent's commission
Cell card
Wharfage fee
Other Operating Expenses c/
TOTAL
a/ Less than 0.001
b/ Includes barangay permit
c/ Includes tong, donations and sanitary
0.01
0.40
0.001
0.25
0.02
0.02
0.001
0.03
0.01
0.001
0.08
0.19
0.37
0.12
0.01
0.12
0.30
0.19
0.04
0.01
0.55
0.22
0.18
0.03
0.09
0.18
0.001
0.01
0.04
0.90
0.36
0.13
0.09
0.13
1.04
0.004
0.001
0.04
0.01
0.14
0.11
0.03
0.18
0.002
0.02
0.04
0.30
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.09
0.008
a/
0.02
0.50
a/
0.05
0.14
0.06
0.03
0.86
a/
0.002
a/
0.01
0.02
0.02
1.24
1.49
3.31
0.65
0.02
0.05
0.10
0.49
a/
0.003
0.21
0.50
0.01
0.01
0.003
0.12
1.07
a/
0.02
0.04
1.21
0.86
0.88
Table 17a. MANGO: Other operating costs incurred by marketing participants,
by cost item, Metro Manila, 2001
Cost Item
IRA-LD
MA-MD
Retailer
peso per kilogram
Business permit
Market fee
Telephone
Water
Electricity
Meals
Wastage
Others a/
Stall rental
Interest on loan
TOTAL
a/ Includes donations, tong, sanitary
0.01
0.51
0.02
0.004
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.55
0.001
0.19
0.001
0.040
0.09
0.92
a/
0.25
0.01
1.33
1.35
0.03
0.16
0.270
0.070
0.26
0.90
0.30
1.99
Table 17b. MANGO: Other operating costs incurred by marketing participants,
by cost item, Pangasinan, 2001
Cost Item
Farmer IRA-LD PA-LD
peso per kilogram
Business permit
Market fee
Storage fee
Repair/Maintenance
Tong
Toll fee
Stall rental
Telephone
Electricity
Water
Gas/oil
Meals
Interest
Wastage
TOTAL
a/
0.50
0.32
0.50
0.56
0.02
0.43
0.140
0.001
0.010
0.08
0.61
0.32
1.750
0.86
0.03
0.01
0.001
0.16
0.006
0.12
0.04
4.12
0.38
0.19
0.35
0.02
0.39
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.005
0.03
0.06
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.05
0.53
0.04
0.67
1.55
0.56
0.15
0.65
1.55
Table 17c. MANGO: Other operating costs incurred by marketing participants,
by cost item, Guimaras, 2001
Cost Item
Farmer
IRA-LD
PA-MD
MA-MD
MA-SD
Retailer
peso per kilogram
Business permit b/
Electricity
Market fee
Rental fee
Wastage
Interest on loan
Gas/oil
Other cost c/
Toll fee
Meals
Wharfage fee
TOTAL
0.34
0.02
0.85
0.18
0.02
0.60
0.09
1.41
0.19
0.001
0.14
0.004
0.46
0.75
0.09
0.37
0.06
0.11
0.02
0.09
0.02
0.90
0.11
0.04
0.02
3.03
0.13
0.02
0.03
0.13
0.21
1.74
0.55
0.13
1.69
Table 17d. MANGO: Other operating costs incurred by marketing participants,
by cost item, Iloilo, 2001
Cost Item
Farmer
PA-LD
PA-MD
PA-SD
MA-MD
MA-SD
Retailer
0.04
0.03
0.002
0.11
peso per kilogram
Business permit a/
Market fee b/
Meals and beverages
Telephone
Electricity
Wastage
Toll fee
Stall rental
Cellcard
Interest on loan
Gas/oil
TOTAL
a/ Less than 0.001
0.14
0.95
0.10
1.19
0.01
0.09
0.001
0.11
0.001
0.002
0.28
0.30
0.17
0.71
0.06
0.12
0.01
0.11
0.14
0.11
0.002
0.10
0.10
0.02
0.88
0.86
a/
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.002
0.006
0.16
0.02
0.07
0.67
1.34
1.07
0.02
0.17
0.01
0.004
0.24
0.04
0.03
0.20
0.13
0.24
0.34
1.47
0.89
0.001
0.03
Table 17e. MANGO: Other operating costs incurred by marketing participants,
by cost item, Cebu, 2001
Cost Item
IRA-LD
PA-MD
Retailer
Processor
peso per kilogram
Business permit
Market fee b/
Electricity
Telephone
Storage fee
Meals and beverages
Rental
Wastage
Interest on loan
Agent's commission
TOTAL
a/ Less than 0.001
b/ Include barangay permit
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.08
0.02
a/
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.10
0.14
0.43
0.08
0.10
0.30
0.004
0.02
0.002
0.05
0.50
0.02
0.19
0.25
1.02
0.52
Table 17f. MANGO: Other operating costs incurred by marketing participants,
by cost item, Davao City, 2001
Cost Item
Farmer
IRA-LD
PA-LD
PA-SD
Retailer
peso per kilogram
Business permit
Market fee
Electricity
Telephone
Meals and beverages
Wastage
Interest on loan
Gas and oil
Tong
Water
Toll fee
Stall rental
TOTAL
a/ Less than 0.001
0.45
0.13
0.58
0.02
a/
0.001
0.002
0.05
0.03
0.04
0.01
1.08
0.02
0.04
0.03
0.12
0.60
0.21
0.14
0.002
0.04
0.001
0.002
0.19
0.28
0.02
0.12
0.15
a/
a/
0.001
a/
0.02
0.001
0.37
0.02
0.42
0.24
0.93
1.29
1.56
Table 17g. MANGO: Other operating costs incurred by marketing participants,
by cost item, Davao del Sur, 2001
Cost Item
Farmer
IRA-LD
PA-LD
Retailer
peso per kilogram
Municipal permit
Market fee
Telephone
Electricity
Meals
Wastage
Toll fee
Water
Cellcard
Interest
Gas/oil
Others "tong"
0.32
a/ Less than 0.001
0.08
0.001
0.06
1.24
0.13
0.002
0.02
0.32
1.00
0.01
0.001
0.12
a/
0.10
0.02
0.02
a/
Salaries and wages
TOTAL
0.29
0.02
0.006
0.01
0.003
0.08
a/
0.01
0.08
1.24
0.07
0.32
0.36
Table 17h. MANGO: Other operating costs incurred by marketing participants,
by cost item, General Santos City, 2001
Cost Item
IRA-LD
IRA-MD
Retailer
peso per kilogram
Business permit a/
Market fee b/
Meals and beverages c/
Donation d/
Telephone
Electricity
Toll fee
Stall fee
Others e/
Interest on loan
TOTAL
a/ Includes municipal permit
b/ Includes ticket
c/ Includes cigarettes
d/ Includes association fee
e/ Includes tong
0.03
0.01
0.002
0.006
0.003
0.02
0.02
0.004
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.002
0.02
0.01
0.50
0.03
0.05
0.08
0.79
0.29
0.08
0.01
0.005
0.21
0.60
Table 18. MANGO: Imputed cost of depreciation by facilities/equipment used,
by province, 2001
Cost Item
Metro
Manila
Pangasinan Guimaras
Iloilo
Cebu
Davao
City
Davao del
Sur
General
Santos
a/
0.03
0.005
0.004
0.01
0.03
a/
a/
0.001
peso per kilogram
Materials Used
Weighing Scale
Electric fan
Tolda
Plastic crates
Cellphone
Basin
Knife
Peeler
Strainer
Colander plastic
Kettle
Band sealer
Mechanical dryer
Pulper
Tables
Chairs
Computer
Radio tranciever
Blender
Laddle
Office building
Warehouse/storage
a/
a/
0.01
a/ less than 0.001
0.02
0.05
0.03
0.12
0.002
0.005
0.03
0.005
a/
2.42
0.01
0.01
a/
a/
a/
a/
a/
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
a/
0.01
0.004
3.02
0.005
a/
0.01
0.01
0.34
0.02
0.40
0.10
2.40
0.01
0.02
0.001
0.02
0.002
0.005
Transportation
TOTAL
0.01
3.25
0.002
0.01
0.04
0.04
0.08
Table 18a. MANGO: Imputed costs of depreciation incurred by marketing
participants, by facilities/equipment used, Metro Manila, 2001
Facilities/Equipment
IRA-LD
MA-MD
Retailer
peso per kilogram
Imputed Cost
Weighing scale
Chains
Electricfan
Tolda
TOTAL
a/
a/
a/
0.004
a/
0.002
0.005
0.001
0.01
0.01
a/
0.01
0.03
Table 18b. MANGO: Imputed costs of depreciation incurred by marketing
participants, by facilities/equipment used, Pangasinan, 2001
Farmer
IRA-LD
PA-LD
PA-MD
MA-MD
Exporter
Retailer
peso per kilogram
Imputed Cost
Weighing scale
Storage/Office Bldg.
TOTAL
0.25
0.01
0.005
0.001
0.004
0.002
0.06
0.05
0.25
0.02
0.001
0.004
0.002
0.06
0.05
Table 18c. MANGO: Imputed costs of depreciation incurred by marketing
participants, by facilities/equipment used, Guimaras, 2001
Processor
Farmer
IRA-LD
PA-MD
MA-MD
MA-SD
Retailer
0.001
0.02
0.06
0.12
0.001
0.02
0.18
peso per kilogram
Imputed Cost
Weighing scale
Cellphone
Radio Transciever
Plastic crate
Knife
Peeler
Blender
Kettle
Laddle
Building
TOTAL
1.30
0.001
0.01
0.02
0.001
0.03
0.002
0.005
0.02
0.03
0.002
3.02
4.41
0.001
0.01
0.021
Table 18d. MANGO: Imputed costs of depreciation incurred by marketing
participants, by facilities/equipment used, Iloilo, 2001
Farmer
PA-LD
PA-MD
PA-SD
MA-MD
MA-SD
Retailer
0.06
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.38
0.23
0.44
0.25
peso per kilogram
Imputed Cost
Weighing scale
Storage
Bamboo table
Radio
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.001
0.005
0.002
0.004
0.04
0.03
0.24
0.24
0.02
0.020
0.01
Imputed Cost
TOTAL
0.02
0.01
0.04
0.24
0.02
Table 18e. MANGO: Imputed costs of depreciation incurred by marketing
participants, by facilities/equipment used, Cebu, 2001
IRA-LD
Imputed Cost
Plastic crates
Weighing scale
Cellphone
Basin
Knife
Peeler
Strainer
Colander plastic
Kettle
Band sealer
Mechanical dryer
Pulper
Office
Warehouse
Tables
Chairs
Computer
0.06
0.03
0.02
0.01
Tranportation
0.01
TOTAL
a/ less than 0.001
PA-MD
Processor
peso per kilogram
0.02
0.02
0.003
0.05
0.01
0.002
a/
a/
a/
a/
a/
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.01
0.01
0.001
a/
0.01
0.07
0.03
0.02
0.08
Table 18f. MANGO: Imputed costs of depreciation incurred by marketing
participants, by facilities/equipment used, Davao City, 2001
IRA-LD
PA-SD
Retailer
peso per kilogram
Imputed Cost
Weighing scale
Cellphone
Chair
TOTAL
a/ less than 0.001
a/
0.004
a/
0.002
0.007
0.004
0.002
0.007
Table 18g. MANGO: Imputed costs of depreciation incurred by marketing
participants, by facilities/equipment used, Davao del Sur, 2001
Farmer
IRA-LD
PA-LD
Retailer
peso per kilogram
Imputed Cost
Weighing scale
Storage
Cellphone
Chair
TOTAL
a/ less than 0.001
0.33
0.33
0.002
0.002
0.01
a/
a/
a/
0.014
a/
0.01
0.01
Table 18h. MANGO: Imputed costs of depreciation incurred by marketing
participants, by facilities/equipment used, General Santos City, 2001
IRA-LD
IRA-MD
Retailer
peso per kilogram
Imputed Cost
Weighing scale
Chairs
Cellphone
0.03
0.002
0.03
Facilities
Storage
TOTAL
a/ less than 0.001
0.06
0.02
0.001
0.04
0.004
0.004
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.14
0.004
Table 19. MANGO: Total Marketing Costs (Cash & Non-cash)
by province, 2001
Item
Metro
Manila
Pangasinan Guimaras
Iloilo
Cebu
Davao City
Davao del
Sur
General
Santos
peso per kilogram
Cash
Labor
Hauling
Handling
Loading
Unloading
Sorting
Weighing
Packing
Supervising
Arrastre
Stevedoring
Portarage
Cleaning
Selling
1.05
0.14
2.05
0.09
0.99
0.03
0.42
0.08
1.00
0.07
0.58
0.01
1.96
1.33
0.89
0.23
0.23
0.16
0.06
0.08
0.14
0.14
0.18
0.41
0.93
0.18
0.18
0.09
0.15
0.10
0.08
0.08
0.05
0.06
0.06
0.18
0.18
0.16
0.06
0.08
0.17
0.17
0.05
0.01
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.10
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.01
0.005
0.02
0.14
0.08
0.02
0.01
0.004
0.06
0.06
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.32
0.06
Salaries and Wages
0.15
0.16
Transportation
Pre-marketing cost
Procurement
Shipping
Distribution
0.46
0.35
0.72
0.66
0.03
0.11
0.03
0.40
0.17
0.18
0.05
1.08
0.21
0.43
0.02
0.42
0.15
0.12
0.07
0.67
1.01
5.79
0.62
0.19
0.42
0.45
0.14
0.51
4.70 d/
0.58
0.25
0.15
0.37
0.04
Item
Metro
Manila
Pangasinan Guimaras
Iloilo
Cebu
Davao City
Davao del
Sur
General
Santos
peso per kilogram
Materials
Kaing
Old newspaper
Twine
Bayong
Sacks
Cartons
Kalburo
Plastic bag
Plastic sacks
Banana leaves
Wire
Padding box
Padding paper
Staple wire
Bilao
Gloves
Laddle
Net
Other Operating Costs
Business permit
Market fee b/
Storage fee
Telephone
Electricity
0.37
0.08
0.03
0.01
0.18
0.06
0.83
0.11
0.04
0.04
0.07
0.25
0.26
0.06
1.06
0.75
0.16
0.02
2.61
0.89
0.31
0.07
0.14
0.008
0.02
0.01
2.32
0.01
0.07
0.04
0.64
0.12
0.12
0.05
0.66
0.11
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.27
0.02
0.85
0.17
0.05
0.05
0.002
0.88
0.51
0.22
0.20
0.03
0.08
0.02
0.38
0.05
0.07
0.02
0.004
0.003
0.02
0.08
0.04
0.01
a/
a/
0.49
1.24
0.01
0.40
1.49
0.001
0.25
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.01
3.31
0.22
0.18
0.65
0.03
0.09
0.18
0.001
0.01
1.07
0.02
0.04
0.30
0.03
0.02
1.21
0.03
0.01
0.86
0.001
0.04
0.88
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.002
0.06
0.01
Item
Metro
Manila
Pangasinan Guimaras
Iloilo
Cebu
Davao City
Davao del
Sur
General
Santos
peso per kilogram
Water
Toll fee
Stall rental
Gas/oil
Meals and Breverages
Interest on loan
Wastage
Agent's commission
Cell card
Wharfage fee
Other Operating Expenses c/
Non-cash
Weighing Scale
Electric fan
Tolda
Plastic crates
Cellphone
Basin
Knife
Peeler
Strainer
Colander plastic
Kettle
0.001
0.19
0.04
0.01
0.55
0.001
0.08
0.19
0.37
0.12
0.01
0.12
0.30
0.003
0.04
0.90
0.36
0.13
0.09
0.13
1.04
0.004
0.001
0.04
0.01
0.14
0.11
0.03
0.18
0.002
0.02
0.02
0.09
0.008
a/
0.02
0.50
a/
0.05
0.14
0.06
0.03
0.86
a/
0.002
a/
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.01
a/
a/
0.01
2.42
0.01
3.25
0.02
0.03
0.12
0.002
0.005
0.03
0.40
0.05
0.001
a/
0.01
0.02
0.05
0.10
0.49
a/
0.003
0.21
0.50
0.01
0.01
0.003
0.12
0.10
0.02
0.01
0.01
a/
a/
a/
a/
a/
0.002
a/
0.02
0.04
0.01
a/
0.04
0.03
0.08
0.005
0.004
0.01
0.03
Item
Metro
Manila
Pangasinan Guimaras
Iloilo
Cebu
Davao City
Davao del
Sur
General
Santos
a/
a/
0.001
peso per kilogram
Band sealer
Mechanical dryer
Pulper
Tables
Chairs
Computer
Radio tranciever
Blender
Laddle
Office building
Warehouse/storage
Transportation
Total
a/ Less than 0.001
d/ Includes plane fare
0.005
a/
0.001
0.02
0.002
0.004
3.02
0.005
0.34
a/
0.01
0.01
0.02
9.02
5.17
3.47
0.005
2.40
3.28
7.67
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
a/
0.01
0.002
10.03
0.04
4.20
3.37
by province, 2001
Item
Metro
Manila
Pangasinan Guimaras
Iloilo
Cebu
Davao City
Davao del
Sur
General
Santos
peso per kilogram
Cash
3.27
5.25
5.77
4.76
3.37
10.02
4.16
3.29
Non-cash
0.01
2.42
3.25
0.40
0.10
0.01
0.04
0.08
3.28
7.67
9.02
5.17
3.47
10.03
4.20
3.37
Total
a/ Less than 0.001
d/ Includes plane fare
by province, 2001
Item
Metro
Manila
Pangasinan Guimaras
Iloilo
Davao City
Davao del
Sur
General
Santos
1.00
0.58
1.96
0.89
0.15
0.12
0.07
0.67
Cebu
peso per kilogram
Cash
Labor
1.05
2.05
0.99
0.42
Salaries and Wages
0.15
0.16
Transportation
0.46
0.72
0.40
1.08
1.01
5.79
0.62
0.19
Materials
0.37
0.83
1.06
2.61
0.14
2.32
0.64
0.66
Other Operating Costs
1.24
1.49
3.31
0.65
1.07
1.21
0.86
0.88
0.01
2.42
3.25
0.40
0.10
0.01
0.04
0.08
3.28
7.67
9.02
5.17
3.47
10.03
4.20
3.37
Non-cash
Imputed Cost
Total
Table 22. MANGO: Distribution of respondents, by problems encountered,
by province, 2001
Problems
Metro
Manila
Pangasinan Guimaras
Iloilo
Cebu
Davao City
Davao del
Sur
General
Santos
1. Lack of financial
assistance/capital to finance the
business, delayed/non-payment of
loan and slow turnover of capital.
5
9
1
8
7
1
4
2
2. Low sales/price due to over
supply during peak months.
3
4
3
1
5
2
4
3
3. Poor quality/limited supply of
mango.
1
3
1
1
2
4
4. Competition among
traders/limited consumers.
3
4
1
3
5. High percentage of spoilage.
2
2
5
6. Unstable prices/sometimes
controlled by trader/exporter.
7. High transportation costs.
8. Emergence of transient.
2
4
1
5
2
1
1
2
4
1
Annex
TYPES OF TRADERS
1. Assembler – procures from farmers and traders in the supply areas; usually has agents
or relatives (considered as extension of him/herself) responsible for
procurement and assembly. Assemblers are classified according to
geographic area of procurement. These are:
a) Barangay Assembler (BA) – procures from one barangay only.
b) Municipal Assembler (MA) – procures from two or more barangays
within the municipality.
c) Provincial Assembler (PA) – procures from two or more
municipalities within the province.
d) Regional Assembler (RA) – procures from two or more provinces
within the region.
e) Interregional Assembler (IRA) – procures from two or more
regions.
2. Distributor – sells commodities to other traders and consumers. Since his/her business
is primarily to sell than to procure, he/she provides more services to
his/her buyers than to his/her suppliers. Distributors are classified
according to the geographic sphere of his/her selling operations
(location of buyers), but are described according to size (i.e., small,
medium, large). There may be instances, however, when classification
could be according to the relative volume of commodities rather than
the trader’s geographic sphere of influence. The following are the
classifications of distributors:
a) Small Distributor (SD) - handles only a small volume of goods;
sells to retailers within the same market; may sell to several small
eateries (carinderias).
b) Medium Distributor (MD) - sells larger volume than small
distributor; sells to traders coming from other markets in the
province; may also sell to few institutional buyers (hotel, restaurant,
hospital, military camp).
c) Large Distributor (LD) - handles the largest volume among the
three types of distributors; usually sells to traders from other
markets within and outside the province; may also sell to several
institutional buyers.
110
3. Assembler-Distributor – uses about the same efforts and resources in procuring and
selling a commodity; usually finances farmers and traders in supply
areas and has agents responsible for procurement; sells commodities to
other traders. Several combinations are possible as shown below:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
m)
n)
o)
Barangay Assembler-Small Distributor (BA-SD)
Barangay Assembler-Medium Distributor (BA-MD)
Barangay Assembler-Large Distributor (BA-LD)
Municipal Assembler-Small Distributor (MA-SD)
Municipal Assembler-Medium Distributor (MA-MD)
Municipal Assembler-Large Distributor (MA-LD)
Provincial Assembler-Small Distributor (PA-SD)
Provincial Assembler-Medium Distributor (PA-MD)
Provincial Assembler-Large Distributor (PA-LD)
Regional Assembler-Small Distributor (RA-SD)
Regional Assembler-Medium Distributor (RA-MD)
Regional Assembler-Large Distributor (RA-LD)
Interregional Assembler-Small Distributor (IRA-SD)
Interregional Assembler-Medium Distributor (IRA-MD)
Interregional Assembler-Large Distributor (IRA-LD)
Note: An assembler remains only an assembler and not an assembler-distributor
if the trader sells exclusively to only one trader. Examples of traders who
are purely assemblers are interregional, regional, provincial and municipal
assemblers who sell to only one processor/exporter with whom they have
contract quotas to fulfill.
4. Agent/canvasser – receives cash advance from the trader; procures on behalf of the
trader; add his/her profit margin to the procurement price from the
farmer.
5. Retailer – a type of trader who sources his/her stock either directly from the farmer
or distributors and sells directly to consumers.
6. Processor – transforms a raw commodity to a different product form (with valueadded).
7. Exporter - a type of trader whose outlet/s for his/her product is/are outside the
country.
111

marketing costs structure for mango

Transcription

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