MOSCOW 2008

Transcription

MOSCOW 2008

MOSCOW
2008
IPR_digest_eng.indb 1
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COMMITTEE FOR
EDUCATION AND SCIENCE
OF THE FEDERATION COUNCIL
COMMITTEE FOR SCIENCE
AND SCIENCE-INTENSIVE
TECHNOLOGIES
OF THE STATE DUMA
A
D
I
G
E
S
T
EXPERT COUNCIL FOR INITIATIVES
IN SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL
POLICY OF THE COMMITTEE
FOR SCIENCE AND SCIENCEINTENSIVE TECHNOLOGIES
OF THE STATE DUMA
AND THE COMMITTEE
FOR EDUCATION AND SCIENCE
CENTER OF STRATEGIC
PARTNERSHIP
MOSCOW
2008
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This publication has been supported by:
OAO M AY C OM PA N Y
Z AO M E T T E M T E C H NO L O G I E S
E KOM I R G R O U P
NEW ECONOMY: INNOVATION INSIGHT INTO RUSSIA
This informational and analytic publication deals with topical problems concerning the transition of the Russian economy to the innovational path
of development and the forming of a unified national innovational system.
Members of the legislative bodies, heads of ministries and agencies, leaders of administrations of Russian regions, renowned scientists, and businesspeople wrote
their articles for this book, reflecting the entire large-scale innovational landscape of the national economy, identifying problems of the implementation of the
scientific and technical policy, and describing the current status and prospects of legal, organizational and human-resource support of innovation activity.
The book offers valuable experience of practical activity aimed at economic modernization of the nation. It will become a useful data source for a wide circle
of managers and specialists that participate in the forming of Russia’s innovation economy.
The digest of the publication includes translations of its selected articles providing insight into key issues concerning the innovational development
of the Russian economy covered in the publication. The digest includes a special section formed as a catalog representing examples of successful
application of innovations by Russian companies, mostly small and medium ones.
ISBN 978-5-91595-009-1
© Center of Strategic Partnership, 2008
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EDITORIAL COUNCIL
Sergey Aldoshin
VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Khuseyn Chechenov
CHAIR OF THE COMMITTEE FOR EDUCATION AND SCIENCE
OF THE FEDERATION COUNCIL, CO-CHAIR OF THE EDITORIAL COUNCIL
Valery Chereshnev
CHAIR OF THE COMMITTEE FOR SCIENCE AND SCIENCE-INTENSIVE TECHNOLOGIES
OF THE STATE DUMA, CO-CHAIR OF THE EDITORIAL COUNCIL
Andrey Dementyev
DEPUTY MINISTER OF INDUSTRY AND TRADE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Alexander Gintsburg
VICE PRESIDENT OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
Marat Kambalov
DEPUTY HEAD OF THE FEDERAL AGENCY FOR SCIENCE AND INNOVATIONS
Sergey Kolesnikov
DEPUTY CHAIR OF THE COMMITTEE FOR HEALTHCARE OF THE STATE DUMA
Aleksey Korobov
CEO, OAO RUSSIAN VENTURE COMPANY
Yury Maslyukov
CHAIR OF THE COMMITTEE FOR INDUSTRY OF THE STATE DUMA
Vladimir Matyukhin
HEAD OF THE FEDERAL AGENCY FOR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES
Nikolay Moiseyev
DIRECTOR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE INDUSTRY
AND HIGH TECHNOLOGIES OF THE GOVERNMENT
OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Nikolay Nikandrov
PRESIDENT OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF EDUCATION
Andrey Petrushin
DEPUTY HEAD OF THE FEDERAL AGENCY FOR SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE MANAGEMENT
Irina Ponomareva
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF NEW ECONOMY: INNOVATION INSIGHT INTO RUSSIA,
EXECUTIVE SECRETARY OF THE EDITORIAL COUNCIL
Yury Sentyurin
SECRETARY OF STATE – DEPUTY MINISTER OF EDUCATION
AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Vladislav Zinchenko
DEPUTY GOVERNOR OF THE TOMSK REGION FOR SCIENTIFIC,
TECHNICAL AND INNOVATIONAL POLICY AND EDUCATION
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A DV I S O R Y C O U N C I L
Vasily Arzhantsev
HEAD OF STAFF OF THE COMMITTEE FOR EDUCATION AND SCIENCE
Ivan Bliznets
RECTOR OF THE RUSSIAN STATE INSTITUTE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
Anatoly Dmitriyevsky
DIRECTOR OF THE INSTITUTE OF OIL AND GAS PROBLEMS
OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Tatyana Dobrynina
GENERAL DIRECTOR OF THE PARLIAMENTARY CENTER
FOR SCIENCE-INTENSIVE TECHNOLOGIES AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
OF THE STATE DUMA OF THE FEDERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Grigory Elkin
HEAD OF THE FEDERAL AGENCY ON TECHNICAL REGULATION AND METROLOGY
Andrey Fonotov
DIRECTOR OF THE RUSSIAN FOUNDATION FOR TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
Evgeny Kablov
CHAIR OF THE BOARD AND PRESIDENT OF THE ASSOCIATION
OF STATE RESEARCH CENTERS
Mikhail Kirpichnikov
DEAN OF THE BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF THE LOMONOSOV
MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY
Mikhail Kuznetsov
DIRECTOR OF THE UNION FOR DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE CITIES OF RUSSIA
Viktor Lazarev
ADVISOR TO THE SPEAKER OF THE FEDERATION COUNCIL
OF THE FEDERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Vyacheslav Panov
HEAD OF STAFF OF THE COMMITTEE FOR SCIENCE AND SCIENCE-INTENSIVE
TECHNOLOGIES OF THE STATE DUMA
Ekaterina Popova
ASSISTANT CHIEF OF THE PRESIDENTIAL ADMINISTRATION
Gennadiy Shmal
CHAIR OF THE UNION OF OIL AND GAS PRODUCERS OF RUSSIA
Olga Uskova
PRESIDENT OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR DEVELOPMENT
OF INNOVATION TECHNOLOGIES (NAIRIT)
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DIRECTORATE OF THE PUBLICATION
Vladimir Pankov
PRESIDENT, CENTER OF STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP
Viktor Kuznetsov
CEO, CENTER OF STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP
Irina Ponomareva
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF THE PUBLICATION
EDITORIAL BOARD
Vyacheslav Fetisov
ASSISTANT DEPUTY OF THE STATE DUMA OF THE FEDERAL ASSEMBLY
Vladimir Goncharenko
DEPUTY HEAD OF STAFF OF THE COMMITTEE FOR SCIENCE
AND SCIENCE-INTENSIVE TECHNOLOGIES OF THE STATE DUMA
Lyudmila Kleyeva
HEAD OF THE SECTOR FOR MONITORING THE STATE OF THE SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY OF THE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE DEVELOPMENT
PROBLEMS OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Levan Mindeli
DIRECTOR OF THE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE DEVELOPMENT
PROBLEMS OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Dmitry Pankov
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
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EDITORS
Dmitry Pankov
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Mariya Malinkina
PREPRESS MANAGER
Yury Butov
PROJECT DESIGNER
Svetlana Botova
EDITOR
Dinara Zigangirova
MANAGING DIRECTOR OF TRANSLATION
Dmitry Borok
TRANSLATION EDITOR
Valeri Sivokon
ASSISTANT TRANSLATION EDITOR
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1/14/09 8:50:54 PM
Dmitry Medvedev
PR E SI DE N T OF T H E RUS SI A N F E DE R AT ION
Our key priority is production and (later) export of knowledge, new technologies,
and advanced culture. Which means winning the leading positions in science, education, and
arts. We have to be at the cutting edge of innovations in principal fields of economy and social
life. It is a goal worth spending money for, where neither the government nor the business
should be tight-fisted, even in the period of certain financial difficulties.
FROM A MESSAGE TO THE FEDERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION,
MOSCOW, NOVEMBER 5, 2008
Vladimir Putin
C H A I R OF T H E G OV E R N M E N T OF T H E RUS SI A N F E DE R AT ION
It is already in the coming years that we should improve the performance of the principal, backbone industries of the Russian economy (transport, fuel and energy, banking, agriculture, and
others) considerably. Progress must be made in the building of the national innovation system
and competition development; more reliable guarantees of property rights protection should be
formed. The emerging economic growth factors, above all those related to the human potential
development, are be used fully.
FROM A SPEECH AT THE MEETING OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION,
MOSCOW, OCTOBER 1, 2008
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Topical Problems of Russia’s
Innovational Development
Sergey Mironov
Speaker of the Federation
Council of the Federal
Assembly of the Russian
Federation
Perhaps it is today that the question of Russia’s
role in the modern world, of the paths its development
will take is important like it has never been before.
The ongoing world crisis is calling for a quick and clear
answer to this question.
The roots and causes of the crisis are lying beyond
the scope of the Russian economy but, as Russia is closely
connected to other world economic centers and has numerous international economic ties, the crisis inevitably
affected us. However, we have everything necessary to
protect the country from the negative impact of the international market trends, as our financial systems and
economy as a whole have the necessary safety margin
built up in the previous years.
Russia’s position in the international division of
labor must correspond to its scientific, industrial and human resource potentials. To achieve this, innovation processes must be activated and the economy competitiveness enhanced considerably.
The present developments bring the problem of
competitiveness of goods, services, industries and the national economy as a whole to the forefront.
Russia’s coming out of the current crisis is largely
due to the financial resources accrued by the state from
the exports of natural resources. Today these funds are
helping to maintain the stability of the financial system.
In order to overcome the crisis as soon as possible,
Russia needs an efficient and comprehensive modernization
policy that will enable maintaining and developing things
that are needed not just for momentary survival but for longterm sound development of the country and its society.
It is clear as noonday that in order to improve the efficiency of the national economy drastically, a transition to
innovational socially-oriented development is needed.
The innovational path of development lies in radical
rebuilding of the economy, transition from an inertial model
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of development to the innovational model, and development of energy saving and other advanced technologies.
So far Russia’s “innovational machinery” is still under assembly and has to be paid for by oil and other natural resources. We need self-sustained development, when
successful projects supported by the state grow through
to commercial production and give profit.
It is important to choose our priorities precisely
and concentrate our efforts and resources in areas where
we can achieve breakthroughs to world technological
leadership quickest and most probably.
To give the necessary impetus to the innovational
economy development, it is necessary to identify its principal growth points. One of them is the development of
scientific industry.
A developed research sector is a must for success on high-tech markets nowadays. However, scientific
achievements are but a start of the innovation process.
It is important to transform research results into a commercial product demanded on the market, a process
impossible without developing a comprehensive innovation introduction system. Apart from the research component, such a system must include flexible production
facilities (where it is possible to arrange batch production in no time) and the system of market promotion of
new products and services.
In fact I mean an all-embracing scientific innovational industry to be formed. The gap in information and
energy-saving technologies, biotechnologies and genetic
engineering, and environmental safety technologies must
be eliminated as soon as possible.
The initial stage of transition from raw material
based economy to knowledge economy needs considerable state support. It is the state that has to be the largest
owner of high-tech production facilities and the main
user of science-intensive technologies in the near future.
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All these are large-scale fundamental objectives.
Russia’s intellectual leadership and competitiveness will
depend on how these objectives are achieved. The state is
to identify the direction and give the starting impetus.
Public/private partnership is also of great importance in the implementation of the objectives, as is
cooperation of the public and private sectors of the national economy in implementation of projects requiring
large capital investment.
In order to stimulate high-tech production development, the state has already formed different mechanisms (in particular, the Russian Venture Company has
been established, special economic zones and technology
parks are created, etc.). National corporations are getting
into gear. But that is not enough.
Regrettably, so far we have no efficient financial
incentives for enterprises using new technologies and no
necessary tax preferences for investors; mechanisms of
venture financing are working poorly; the problem of protecting intellectual property has not been solved properly.
The regional and corporate foundations existing
to date only agree to finance projects that are already giving results (and therefore are not truly research projects
any more). But venture financing has to do with experiments and research, starting from their earliest stages.
The innovation environment must be improved
in all aspects. Competent budgetary investment in the innovational infrastructure is needed. Special attention
must be paid to Russian regions that bear huge innovational potential today. It is important to provide state
support to regional programs that open new innovation
“highways” for the entire nation.
More active innovation activity requires, on
the one hand, state control and coordination of all innovation agents, and, on the other hand, independent efforts
aimed at integration of everyone interested in innovations,
investment attraction, creation of conditions conducive to
the innovation process and introduction of scientific and
technological achievements into the Russian economy.
Innovations must become a concern not only
of the Russian elite, but also of the entire Russian society that does not want to remain at the margin of
world development. It was never more appropriate to
remember about solidarity and cooperation – between
the state and the business, between the science and
the manufacturing sector, between large corporations
and small enterprise.
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Innovational economy is impossible without small
enterprise. It is small companies that produce most innovations. We should form institutes of state support of
innovations generated and put into practice by small
businesses. I mean support in every aspect – from easier
loan-issuing to tax exemptions.
Development of small innovation companies
opens new opportunities for large enterprises as well.
Cooperation with them makes it possible to reduce
expenditures and risks when testing new technologies.
It is a tremendous field for successful cooperation and
investment. Thus, experts believe that the most promising fields of cooperation between the big business and
medium/small companies are technologies of advanced
mineral resource processing, pharmaceuticals, new materials, software, and food and beverages.
An important factor hindering innovations is the lack
of qualified staff. Transition to the innovational path of development requires investment into the human capital.
The existing education model calls for improvement. The education system should prepare young people
to live in the innovation society, a society where science and
technologies form the system of communications, where
the environment means the entire planet Earth, where culture and intellectual values safeguard people’s vitality.
At the same time, all the newest technologies and
innovations are a result of fundamental and applied research and colossal efforts of scientists born in our scientific schools, ever a token of our successful future. It
was these schools that enabled Russia to break through
in such strategic fields as aerospace construction, nuclear
technologies, and laser equipment.
The first and foremost task is to develop a sequence
of steps aimed at preservation of scientific schools and graduation of people with qualifications that are in demand.
A system of monitoring and forecasting of the demand for professional staff on the labor market should be
formed at the federal and regional level; the official state demand for graduation of people in different specialties should
be planned based on the data provided by such a system.
Sure enough, only joint efforts of the state and
the business can improve the situation in this area.
The Russian educational system, supported by
the state and the business, is to train leaders of the new
formation who will think and act innovatively. It is now
that we are in desperate need of bringing up a genuinely
innovational elite of Russia.
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In order to form an up-to-date innovation policy, the development of a clear strategy and its aim at
the forming of an advanced technological scheme are not
the only important things; equally essential is the ability to
use the entire store of direct and indirect instruments of
state regulation of the innovation activity.
The transition to the knowledge economy necessitates forming fundamentally new institutes that would
support the proper transition process and the further functioning of the economy, of the national innovation system.
Its components are knowledge generation, transfer, and
implementation in high-tech products. That is why clear
rules and legal mechanisms regulating the process are necessary. Our country has certain legal acts concerning innovations, but they do not form an integral system as yet.
For us, legislators, the primary task is to establish
a full-fledged legal base providing for stimulating the development of advanced technologies, commercializing research
results, and creating a full-fledged innovation system.
The economy is very sensitive to new laws to be adopted in the near future. The stages of elaboration of such
laws are even more significant. Along with reflecting the current situation, they are to lay the foundation for the future.
Innovational development needs innovational legislation.
The Federation Council was the first entity to start
monitoring the Russian legislation since 2004. Based on
the experience we already have, we believe the strategy of
the socio-economic development must stem from legislation
and law enforcement monitoring as the basic instrument of
forming and development of innovational legislation.
Integrating innovations into industrial applications is impossible without an active scientific and techni-
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cal policy of the state aimed at making Russia a technologically independent nation.
An important tool for solving this task is to form
a single chain of innovational development enabling strategic management of the innovation system. At present
many problems arise because of the lack of clear coordination of federal and regional governmental bodies.
The strategic lines of implementation of the state programs of the national innovational renaissance are often isolated from the real innovational opportunities of
the regions, industries, and research teams.
Large barriers for innovations arise sometimes
due to the gaps and drawbacks of the legal regulation system, the government’s and business’s different
viewpoints on the priorities of the innovational development, and insufficient concentration of resources
on priority lines.
I would like to point out in conclusion that
the clear political will of the state and the financial resources for a technological spurt are combined in Russia
now, for the first time in many decades.
It is important to channel these financial resources
for the development of the innovational economy, rather
than for extensive development of a raw material based
economy. To overcome the crisis, we should not copy all
the actions of the Western nations; it is reasonable to use
the accumulated funds to develop the national state-ofthe-art innovational production.
I am positive that, even given the existing problems and difficulties, Russia will manage to capitalize on
the existing opportunities and form a truly innovational
socially-oriented economy.
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Innovations
and the Industrial Policy
Boris Gryzlov
Speaker of the State Duma
of the Federal Assembly
of the Russian Federation
A key goal of Russia’s long-term strategy is to build
an innovational economy. Today it is useless to discuss
the difficulty of the task. Is must simply be solved.
What do we need for it? Macroeconomic stability.
Specially created funds, above all, the Reserve Fund, are
intended to maintain it in the current unstable situation
on world markets.
Another prerequisite for stability is a well-developed real economic sector. The industrial development
of the country is a top-priority task for state corporations
created for development of different industries.
In order to transfer the economy to the innovational path of development it is necessary to reduce the tax
burden on enterprises involved in R&D and introduction
of modern, cost-efficient and environmentally friendly
technologies. A number of steps are required for the capitalization of intangible assets, so that scientists and enterprises could earn their money on innovations rather than
just get satisfaction from a job well done. Finally, investments in fundamental science and education are needed.
But there is a set of special measures which
can be implemented only in the framework of
an industrial policy oriented at the strategic perspective. I mean support of specific high-tech projects
rather than just certain industries. Implementation of such
projects will provide jobs for thousands of companies developing and manufacturing science-intensive products.
The influence of such programs on the economic
development can be perfectly expressed in figures. Thus,
experts estimate one filled job vacancy in microelectronics
to form 15 vacancies in other industries. In other words,
implementation of such projects (even with governmental participation) gives multiple growth of the economy
compared to the investment amount.
Therefore, if we look from the viewpoint of
the industrial policy, the government’s key task
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in developing the innovation sector is to identify
such promising projects, and then:
– To aid in development of mass high-tech products;
– To introduce such products in industrial manufacturing (which often requires considerable efforts
because of the need to buy modern equipment or
complete plants);
– To aid in their sales through creating special financial mechanisms and institutes (for example, leasing companies), ensuring that Russian customers
buy Russian-produced equipment, and organizing
their access on foreign markets.
In selecting such projects it is important to take
into account the commercial component, that is, the readiness of private businesses to invest their money here. Such
investment is the best guarantee of product competitiveness, and in this way a guarantee of success of the entire
program. The government cannot be the only investor
in the science-intensive sector. But at the same time
we cannot leave out the fact that most such programs have
a strategic component and are aimed, in particular, at supply of equipment to the military sector.
An illustration in point is the already mentioned
microelectronics. As recently as several years ago there
was a universal opinion that Russia was lagging behind
the competing nations practically forever. However joint
efforts of the government and businesses made it possible
to reduce the gap, several times in certain fields. And today
the manufacturers – Russian, not foreign ones! – already
bring up the need to produce 90-nanometer-technologybased electronic equipment to the government.
Efficient production is large-scale production.
The military sector needs domestically produced microelectronic components, but not so many. This means
the necessity to work at the civil market and be guided
by its opportunities and effective demand. In particular,
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the case in point is production of integrated circuits for
equipping the passport and visa services, bank cards, and
a lot of other applications.
Businesses are already investing in this sector.
Within the Federal Targeted Program for Development of
Electronic Component Base and Radioelectronics, 2008 –
2015 RUR 77 billion of non-budgetary funds is expected
to be invested. This means that a real private/public partnership has formed.
Of course, the Russian microelectronics is only
starting its revival, and much is to be done in the field.
A wide range of projects must be implemented in
the framework of the industrial policy, from mass
production of digital TV extensions and transceivers to powerful supercomputers.
A field where innovations are absolutely crucial for
the industry and the entire nation is aircraft construction,
especially construction of civil aircraft.
The industry can be put to its legs in the only way –
by organizing manufacturing of new and competitive, i.e.
cost-efficient equipment. This task was never solved even
during the Soviet epoch. Thus, high fuel consumption of
airplanes produced then is now one of the main causes of
high airfares: companies using old Soviet aircraft spend
twice as much for fuel as competing airlines.
First of all such competitive aircraft has to be
created. That is the goal of the projects supported by
the state, above all, the Sukhoy Superjet family of
regional aircraft and the promising long-distance
aircraft MS-21 to replace Tu-154 eventually.
And until mass production of those aircraft starts,
the existing equipment is improved. Special attention is paid to aircraft engines. Superjet will be equipped
with the new engine SaM-146 developed together with
our French partners, while for already existing and manufactured aircraft (such as Tu-204, Il-96, etc.) the PS-90
engine is upgraded, enabling competitiveness of such
aircraft in the mid-term.
State programs of aircraft construction support
(including all aspects, from supporting new projects to
leasing) feature large scale. For the coming three years
alone (2009 to 2011) some RUR 130 billion is to be channeled for these purposes. But their implementation will
enable launching an immense industry, a colossal segment
of high-tech economy.
High-tech projects also play a key role in the development of another industry, shipbuilding.
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Unique competitive edges Russia has in this sector are offshore mineral resources and technologies for
work in the Arctic. That is why the largest project in
this field can be development and building of sea
platforms for oil and gas extraction in the Arctic,
ice-class tankers and LNG carriers, atomic icebreakers, etc. To date it is the most high-tech segment
of civil shipbuilding.
Work in this field has already started. It is significant that most leading enterprises of the sector are involved in it. For example, a unique terminal worth RUR 24
billion has been built in Kaliningrad. Oil and gas extraction platforms are built in Severodvinsk. The St. Petersburg Admiralty Shipyard builds ice-class tankers of 70,000
tons deadweight. The implementation of this program
has therefore already become an important development
source for the sector.
At the same time the governmental efforts are
consistently focused mainly on the issues related to innovational development. Suffice it to say that of nearly RUR
91 billion to be allocated from the federal budget within
Federal Targeted Program for Development of Civil Sea
Vessels, 2009–2016, over RUR 67 billion, or about threequarters, will be channeled for R&D work.
Development of next-generation Russian vessels
also means creating modern machinery in other segments. In particular, the fishing fleet can be renovated,
along with the inland water transportation fleet – despite
its tremendous potential, it is used very little.
A traditional field for application of scientific research results is space exploration and use. Here the governmental efforts are aimed, above all, at implementing projects enabling Russia to win a good position on
the market of high-tech services.
The GLONASS program is a striking example.
During this year already the number of its satellites is to
reach 22; in 2012 it will provide full global coverage.
The breakthrough in this field helps Russia solve
a number of important economic tasks. On the one
hand, the national navigation system and electronic
maps (also developed with the government participating) will make it possible to provide a long-demanded
service to a broad circle of customers. For example,
owners of different equipment will be able to monitor
its location and make its use more efficient. And equipping fishing vessels with navigation devices will be a serious step in anti-poaching.
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On the other hand, together with the steps taken
for electronic industry development, the deployment of
the GLONASS satellite group creates prerequisites for organizing domestic production of appropriate ground-based
equipment. It is a large and very interesting market.
Apart from financial aspects, certain legislative
problems have to be solved in this field. I mean the Draft
Law On Navigation Activity in the Russian Federation.
Its key tasks include an obligation to use only Russiaproduced navigation equipment for devices used in
the state-controlled systems.
Thus, the implementation of the GLONASS program will give serious impetus to the technological development of a gigantic segment of the economy and
enhance its overall performance.
Navigation is not the only space service that can
be provided by Russia. Communications, earth re-
mote sensing, meteorology – all those are fields
where our country (businesses as well as the government) can largely strengthen its positions,
earn considerable money, and solve other tasks. For
example, space monitoring of forest usage proved able
not only to pay for itself, but also to create an environment for civilized work in the sector and, as a consequence, for wood processing development.
Other examples might be cited where the government initiated large-scale breakthrough high-tech projects, forming impetus to development of entire economy
segments depending on application of science-intensive
solutions. But even the facts already mentioned are
enough to convince anyone that the industrial policy is
an important, efficient and sometimes simply indispensable tool for solving problems of innovational development, even if not the only one.
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Forming an Innovation System:
Reality and Prospects
Khuseyn Chechenov
Chair of the Committee
for Education and Science
of the Federation Council,
D. Sc. In Engineering
The message of the President of Russia Dmitry
Medvedev to the Federal Assembly names production
and (later) export of knowledge and new technologies
as a key priority of the national economic development.
President has set such objectives as accelerated transition
of the country to the innovational path of development
and dynamic actions with a view to laying the foundations
of national competitiveness in the fields where future advantages and benefits can be obtained, where quick introduction of most advanced technologies is possible, where
new and efficient enterprises can be created. The economic development should be based on the “five I’s” concept:
institutions, investments, infrastructure, innovations, and
intellect. The forming and development of the national innovational system is an essential prerequisite of the implementation of the innovational scenario of Russia’s development. The efficiency level of the national innovational
system will be largely determined by its structure, clarity of
objectives set in the governmental policy and coordination
when reaching these objectives, and balanced development of knowledge generation, knowledge transfer, and
science-intensive production subsystems.
However the notion “national innovational system”
has not been legislatively formalized as yet; neither is it defined in the Basics of the Policy of the Russian Federation
on the Promotion of Science and Technology for the Period of Time up to 2010 and for Further Perspective (approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of March 30, 2002 No. Pr-576), which name NIS
creation one of top priority national tasks. I believe that
comments on this notion in the federal legislation regulating science and innovation policy and its formalization in
the legislative acts are an urgent step to be completed.
According to the Model Law on Innovation Activity
adopted by the Parliamentary Assembly of CIS countries,
an innovation system means a system of organizational,
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legal, socio-economic, and institutional relationships defining, in accordance with the Constitution and the legislation, the terms of budget, tax, customs, anti-monopoly
and technical regulation of innovation activity, as well as
its self-regulation through voluntary assumption of quality standards and certification standards.
As a special institutional environment, an innovation system is comprised of the governmental innovation
policy, innovation agents and innovation institutional
base, innovation infrastructure, processes, and resources.
World experience shows that the principal
tasks of a national innovational system are:
– reproduction of knowledge (inter alia, reckoning on the potential market demand) through
fundamental and exploratory research in research
institutes of academies of sciences, as well as in
national universities;
– applied research and technology development in
state research centers of Russia and branch research organizations;
– commercializing research and development results
and introducing them into production;
– industrial manufacturing of competitive innovation products;
– development of the innovational system infrastructure.
Such a system does not emerge out of thin air; at
the first stages of its development the state plays the vital
role in its forming.
A number of key fields can be highlighted in
the present governmental innovation policy:
– creating a favorable economic and legal environment for innovation activity, in particular, forming
a legislation that enables dynamic and balanced development of all the innovation system elements and
commercialization of intellectual activity results;
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– improving the legislation regulating innovations;
developing and implementing measures of tax,
customs, tariff and technical policies intended to
stimulate R&D commercialization and innovation
business development;
– supporting the scientific and technological development of the country through forming an infrastructure of the national innovational system and
aiding to development, introduction, production,
and sales of high-tech Russian products.
We would now like to consider the current condition, problems, and prospects of the legislation supporting these fields.
SUPPORTING ADVANCED
TECHNOLOGY PROJECTS
AND HIGH-TECH INDUSTRIAL SECTORS
The current phase of the national development
features large-scale strategic tasks which, for the first time
in many years, are supported not only by political will, but
also by specific well-calculated resources and active support of the professional community and citizens.
Recently the state has taken a number of unprecedented steps with a view to stimulating innovation processes in the Russian economy financially. We saw rapid
growth of state and private investments, beginning and
development of large-scale long-term state programs in
very different economic sectors, from aircraft and space
to nanotechnology-based molecular engineering.
In order to solve the tasks associated with the transition to the innovational economy, the country has a system of development institutions, large state corporations
established under appropriate legislative acts.
Within the recent years the following development institutions have been created: Investment Fund,
Russian Venture Company, state corporations Russian
Development Bank (Vneshekonombank) and Fund for
Aid to Housing and Communal Reform, consolidated
corporations in aircraft construction and shipbuilding,
science-intensive technology corporations Rosatom (nuclear technologies), Rostechnologies (high-tech industrial
products), and RUSNANO (nanotechnologies).
The objective of establishing state corporations has
been formulated in the Presidential Messages and Federal
Laws (in fact, they represent a part of legislation created
anew): the subject at issue is acceleration of innovation
development speed, commercialization of promising re-
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sults, and resource saving. In fact, state corporations are to
master and use new tools of the governmental policy and
new mechanisms for solving problems of financing strategic and high-tech industries and penetrating the world
market with products that meet the most up-to-date
quality standards. It is from them that we expect principal
results in the innovation process, an economic success in
the non-raw-material sector, and private investments attracted into Russian designs.
The state Russian Corporation of Nanotechnologies (RUSNANO) is a nice example. RUSNANO is
the largest project for the several recent years in terms of
the amount of state funding (RUR 130 billion) and of its
supposed influence on the economy.
The state assigned huge financial and material
resources, its own corporate assets, and many other resources to state corporations. Now the corporations,
acting on behalf of the state but making their decisions
independently, will choose themselves which projects to
develop and how. I must emphasize that they are actually
free in the choice of priorities and unrestrained by many
limitations laid upon projects financed from the state
budget. The range of activity of such corporations is only
limited by federal laws, and rather flexibly.
After a certain period of time the government will
have to control the new companies and holdings, asking
their heads how efficient their work in the new status is,
what bottlenecks there are, and where the desired economic achievements are.
I believe there is only one thing that can hinder
the implementation of large-scale projects by state corporations – the bureaucratic environment formed in
the country, the inertia of red-tape style of management,
and worst traditions of corruption. I hope that the political will of the government and the corporate citizenship
of the entire business and research community will make
it possible to avoid the adverse scenario.
FORMING THE MARKET OF INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY AND INVOLVING RIGHTS
FOR RESEARCH RESULTS
IN THE ECONOMIC TURNOVER
One key prerequisite needed for the innovation activity to acquire a practical dimension and to create stimuli
both for inventors and scientists and for active participation of private businesses is forming a competitive market of innovations, a single information and trade space
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uniting all the participants of the innovation process. Such
a market must be based on the legislation regulating relationships in the field of vesting the rights for intellectual
property, owning them, and disposing of them.
No doubt one of the most important achievements of the national legislation in this field is Part 4 of
the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Federal Law of
December 18, 2006 No. 230-FZ) that entered into effect
on January 1, 2008. Part 4 of the Civil Code strengthens
the protection of rights for intellectual products, increases the efficiency of liability measures for their violations,
harmonizes the Russian legislation with the international
obligations of the Russian Federation, and optimizes
the balance of interests of the author, investor, and user
of an intellectual product.
The underlying concept of Part 4 of the Civil
Code of the Russian Federation is complete codification
of the existing civil legislation on intellectual property.
This concept is based upon the estimation of intellectual
property participation in civil circulation, which is quite
comparable with the participation of tangible products in
terms of importance and value.
At the same time, in order to realize Part 4 completely, three more federal laws and 16 decrees of the government must be worked out and adopted. While the Federal Laws On Technology Transfer and On Patent Agents
are already under debate in the State Duma, the decrees
in question are stuck in the lengthy interdepartmental
coordination processes. Draft decrees of the government
which are the most important for the state research sector
are On the Terms and Conditions of Federal State Entities Disposing of Rights for Research Results Obtained at
the Expense of the Federal Budget and On Using Funds
Received through Sale of Research Results Obtained at
the Expense of the Federal Budget. Patenting and licensing activity in state research organizations (research institutes and higher educational institutions) is paralyzed
until these regulatory acts enter into effect.
As up to 80% of R&D is financed from the budget
and conducted in the state research sector, the principal
problem is to vest the rights for research results obtained
in this sector. Historically (by the Decree of the Government No. 982 of 1999) the state was vested with such
rights. The overall fiscal orientation of the legislation
broke the balance of interests of the knowledge generation process participants – authors and their assistants,
reducing the intensiveness of the inventors’ work sharply.
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At present, starting from the Patent Law in its 2003
version and the Decree of the Government No. 685 of
2005, a graduated standard of vesting rights in the author
was introduced. Section 77 of Part 4 of the Civil Code of
the Russian Federation further formalized this principle.
However practice shows that just vesting intellectual property rights in the author does not yet provide
an opportunity to use the funds received from licensing
in state-owned organizations, as the Ministry of Finance
of the Russian Federation considers patents as a special
kind of state property assigned to scientific organizations. The current legislation is therefore incomplete and,
because of this, it does not help to commercialize R&D
conducted by the Russian state research sector. Russia
has always had many novel ideas and promising designs.
However lack of incentives takes away their competitive
edge even on the domestic market. One example: some
10,000 patents in nanotechnologies have been registered
worldwide; only a few of them are Russian. According
to the information from Rospatent (the Russian Federal
Service for Intellectual Property, Patents and Trademarks),
Russian researchers have only submitted between two
and three hundred applications. How can we conquer
the market with such results?
Improving the situation is a must for the innovational economy formation. The issue can only be solved
by simultaneous amendments to the Federal Law On Science and National Scientific and Technical Policy and
to the Budget Code of the Russian Federation, as well as
to the appropriate by-laws. Federal state-owned entities
should be able to use their rights independently, receive
proceedings from such usage, and channel them for three
principal objectives:
– legal protection of the results (a must for commercialization);
– remuneration for inventors, that is, encouragement
of people who actually create the results;
– financing research and development.
It is very important to finalize and adopt the Draft
Federal Law On Technology Transfer that regulates
the procedure, terms, and conditions of disposing of rights
for technologies owned partially or in full by the Russian
Federation or a region of the Russian Federation. Not
only competitions for transfer of rights for technologies
should be envisaged in the Law, but also competitions for
the right to sign trilateral contracts for joint research and
development intended for adjusting such technologies for
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practical usage, along with the responsibility for the research results obtained at the expense of the federal budget. The Federal Law On Technology Transfer will signify
the end of the state-regulated vesting of intellectual property rights, owning them, and disposing of them in Russia,
streamline the relationships concerning intellectual activity results, give impetus to more active technology transfer
into the economy, and, in the final account, enable the development of the national innovation system.
Regulation of foreign trade (in particular, regulating transfer of research results abroad) is also a cause.
In order to develop the intellectual property market in Russia, the Committee for Education and Science
of the Federation Council is debating the Draft Federal
Law On Intellectual Activity Results and their Protection,
which specifies general provisions of Part 4 of the Civil
Code of the Russian Federation. The Law is to:
– ensure real direct introduction of intellectual activity results in the economic turnover;
– provide information support of research;
– stimulate development and usage of the small enterprise potential in research and innovations;
– form a favorable climate for attracting private investment into research and innovations and develop joint financing of innovation projects at the expense of budget funds and private investors’ funds;
– stimulate development of the system of state and
non-budget funds for support of research and innovations, including venture foundations. The list
of individual tasks can be continued; in fact
the matter is to create prerequisites and mechanisms for involvement of rights for research results into the economic turnover. We need not
prove that the task is both very complex and
quite pressing; suffice it to say that less than 2% of
the effective Russian patents are actually used by
business entities to date.
REGULATION OF ISSUES CONCERNING
ESTABLISHMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE
FOR RESEARCH RESULT COMMERCIALIZATION
At present the principal provisions of the state innovation policy are defined in by-laws and not in laws.
Such by-laws include, in particular, the Basic Guidelines
of the Policy of the Russian Federation Concerning
the Development of the Innovation System through 2010
(adopted in 2005) and the Basic Guidelines of the State
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Investment Policy of the Russian Federation in Science
and Technology (2002). The innovational infrastructure is
formed under governmental programs using general civil
legislation, which poorly accounts for the specific features
of the innovation market and supports it insufficiently.
Despite the accumulated positive experience, the general
infrastructure of the intellectual property market in Russia is developed poorly; there is no wide-range activity
for technology commercialization. A typical example is
the Decree of the Government No. 156 of 2006, where
the new procedure for lease of federal realty is envisaged.
Intended by their authors to make the use of state property more efficient, this document regrettably does not
account for the specifics of lease relationships with small
enterprises renting space in innovational business incubators, innovation and technology centers (ITCs), and other
innovational infrastructure sites. The auction scheme of
renting office spaces practically cancels the principle of
incubation “growing” of small innovation enterprises,
which, in particular, involves sparing rent payments.
Problems can arise when implementing federal and
regional programs for stimulating establishment of new
small innovation enterprises, such as the START program.
One of the principal issues hampering research result commercialization is the absence of legal provisions
entitling state research institutes and higher educational
institutions to found small innovation businesses (called
start-ups in the world practice).
In Russia state research institutes and higher educational institutions are principal generators of new ideas
and knowledge, which means that they must be granted
the right to found new innovation science-intensive companies in the first place. Such a process will become one
of the principal instruments of wide introduction of new
technologies and designs created in such organizations
into the real sector of the economy.
On the one hand, federal institutions have the right
to found new enterprises, even with intellectual property
as their contribution to the charter capital, in accordance
with Article 66 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
On the other hand, since 2004, when the Federal Law On
the Federal Budget was adopted, a practice was applied
when funds obtained from entrepreneurship and other
commercial activities could not be channeled by federal
institutions for creating other organizations.
There appear to be reasons to adopt a provision
(within an amendment to the current law or in a new law)
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according to which “federal institutions are entitled to channel funds obtained from entrepreneurship and other commercial activities for creating innovation science-intensive
enterprises under the approved cost-benefit calculation.”
The legal base of the Russian Federation, as regards the research result commercialization, is generally inconsistent, incomplete, and considerably lagging
behind the needs of the modern society development
phase. In order to make the Russian economy competitive, lawmaking in this field should be intensified and
based on the combination of incentives and responsibilities for meeting deadlines and fullness of introduction of
research results, with reliance upon the direct creators of
the innovation system and businesses taking active part
in innovations.
STIMULATING THE BUSINESS TO PARTICIPATE
IN THE INNOVATIONAL ACTIVITY
One of the principal problems in the implementation of the state innovation policy is the insufficiency
of legal and economic mechanisms stimulating business
structures to invest in innovation and R&D.
Large Russian businesses are not too willing to
invest in R&D. According to the data provided by the Expert RA rating agency, the top 100 companies in the Russian economy invest meager amounts in R&D, generally
not exceeding RUR 10 million. That is, they are far from
actively pursuing the innovation path. Even Gazprom,
the company with the world second capitalization,
spends only $60 million for R&D, according to rating
agencies’ data, while Chevron, with much less capitalization, invests about $1 billion. No wonder that Gazprom
buys its technologies for Arctic offshore drilling and oil
extraction from Norway, a nation that has built its innovation system for the last 15 years, making use of its
favorable situation with raw materials.
If such a situation lasts for more than a year or
two, it will become a serious factor hindering our penetration into high-tech product and service markets, reducing
the effect of large state investments to zero.
These examples show that, along with provisions
stimulating innovation activity, the legislation should
contain “compulsion” provisions, including additional
taxation of companies using the extensive way of development. But, as world experience shows, technical
regulation and control should remain the principal “lever
of compulsion” in the market environment. Technical
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regulation and control form technological corridors for
modernization of housing and communal sector, energy
sector, and other economic sectors, with innovation
technologies involved.
The majority of experts and practical specialists are
unison in their opinion that the legislation aimed at involving the business into innovations and forming its efficient partnership with the state is insufficiently developed
as yet. The same can be said about mechanisms supporting
the participation of the business community in the development of the state scientific and technical policy.
The international experience of building innovation systems in the countries with the most successful
economies – Japan, China, Korea, Finland, – shows that
all the organizations involved in high technologies should
participate in the forming of the national innovation policy: governmental bodies of all levels, business structures,
academies of sciences, and educational and research centers, – all those who form the knowledge economy.
The principal task they face is to create a competitive national innovational model meeting world highest
standards. Meanwhile Russian corporations are vitally interested in creating domestic innovations, relying on clear
and transparent rules of the game, instead of just borrowing or perfecting foreign technologies. Of course they
count for state support, and not so much for co-financing
as for a system guaranteeing their investments. For investments in the innovation sector are naturally more risky
and less profitable in the mid-term as, say, investments in
the raw material sector.
I believe that the present situation urges the state
to create tangible preferences for private innovation capital. It may be in the form of risk insurance, smaller customs and tax burdens, just help in overcoming red-tape,
even moral support, after all, – there are many options.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE INNOVATIONAL
INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE REGIONS OF RUSSIA
This, too, is a very important task which cannot
be solved without appropriate legal support. It includes,
above all, creation and organizational support of special
economic zones, technology parks, science cities, multiple-access centers, business incubators, etc.
A special economic zone is in essence a gigantic
business incubator, a catalyst for developing the business
infrastructure, and, in particular, science and innovation
infrastructure. The current legislation provides for cus-
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toms preferences, corporate property tax exemptions,
and land tax exemptions for companies registered in
the special economic zones for five years from the moment of registration. The basic rate of the unified social
tax can also be reduced for resident companies.
However important special economic zones are for
stimulating investment activity, their number will inevitably
be small. It is therefore advisable to ensure efficient support
for technology parks and science cities, which are mostly
based outside of the special economic zones. Such structures are actively created in the regions of Russia – as a rule,
around universities or inside them. Business ideas generated
by professors and students alike are a nutrient medium for
growth of new enterprises, which are further to be financed
from venture foundations and attract direct investments of
large high-tech companies in regional projects.
We all know that state support, including legal support, of technology parks and other innovation structures
is insufficient. Lots of obstacles and problems arise when
small innovational enterprises (start-ups) are created.
WHAT ARE WE THE LEGISLATORS
TO DO AT THE FIRST PLACE?
The government of the Russian Federation, the scientific and expert community, and the business community have a common goal. How can we move the support
of science and innovations from slogans and isolated
large-scale projects specifically initiated by the President
to an integral system working in all the economic sectors
and in all the regions of Russia?
In my opinion, the first step should be legislative
formalization of the very notion of innovation activity.
Ironic as it is, no definition of innovation activity can be
found in the law or in the basic governmental documents.
And such a definition must exist – otherwise the system
of state support will not work, and the market forces will
only exert negative influence, given our high risks. So we
must introduce the definition of innovation activity, and
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do it comprehensively: in the legislation on science, in
the Tax Code, and in other legislative acts. The necessity
of adopting a special law on innovations has been widely
discussed earlier; I believe that developing such a law will
become a burning issue in the near future.
Furthermore, the existing provisions of the Tax
Code must be revised as they are clearly insufficient for
adequate stimulation of the innovation activity. The process of revision has long been underway, stemming from
many legislative initiatives. There is only the first result as
yet – a small one, but well begun is half done! In 2007
the federal law was adopted that somewhat expanded
the circle of tax exemptions in the field of innovation
activities of scientific and other organizations. The value-added tax, corporate profit tax and simplified taxation system were relaxed. At the same time, the issue of
the corporate property tax, land tax, and profit tax remained open; in the last two years they put a severe strain
on the activity of educational and scientific institutions,
including their innovation branches.
Before long the Laws On Technology Transfer
and On Patent Agents will be adopted, with the existing comments taken into account. Further development
of the legislation is planned to be based on the Law On
Intellectual Activity Results and their Protection, the considerably revised Law On Science, and the backbone Law
On Innovation Activity.
The foreign experience shows that, despite the general patterns, building a national innovation system in each
country has its own specific features caused by local traditions and socio-economic environment. In any case this
process is rather delicate and requires detailed, “manual”
adjustment, united efforts, and consolidation of all the process participants – the government, the business, and
the scientific and technical community. Despite the difficulties that the forming of the national innovation system in
Russia faces, I am sure that the process is irreversible. There
are positive signs, and we are only at the beginning.
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Problems of Legal Support
of the State Scientific, Technical,
and Innovation Policy
Valery Chereshnev
Chair of the Committee for
Science and Science-Intensive
Technologies of the State Duma,
Member of RAS, Member of RAMS
Today transition to the innovational path of
development has become a vital task for Russia. It is
the strategic viewpoint of the state. The national leaders
asked the scientific community to participate actively in
the forming of Russia’s economic strategy and its national
innovation priorities and in the forecasts of consequences
from the implementation of the planned large-scale national programs and projects.
Despite all the problems of the Russian science associated with the 1990s, in a number of aspects its potential
is enough to support technical transition to the knowledge
economy: the potential of state academies of sciences mostly survived, state research centers are involved in active research, more and more attention is paid to research projects
in higher educational institutions. The potentials of the basic manufacturing, transport, and agricultural sub-sectors
have also been preserved to a certain extent. It is in these
sectors that the nation has competitive edges; at the same
time it is here that principal obstacles to growth have accumulated. To date a list of high-tech economic sectors has
been formed where Russia has serious competitive edges or
is going to have them in the mid-term perspective. These
include aviation and spacecraft construction, shipbuilding,
electronics, nuclear energy, IT, and communications.
An innovation system is being formed in the framework of the implementation of the Basic Guidelines of
the Policy of the Russian Federation Concerning the Development of the Innovation System through 2010 and
the Strategy of the Russian Federation Concerning the Development of the Science and Innovations through 2015.
The Basic Guidelines specify the goal, objectives,
and lines of the state policy, mechanisms and principal
steps of its implementation. The national innovation
system (NIS) is comprised of all the agents and objects
of innovational activity interacting during creation and
implementation of innovational products.
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NIS efficiency depends largely on the management system, development of its elements and their coordination while solving tasks set by the governmental
innovational policy, and interestedness of the agents in
the innovation process.
Forming and functioning of the NIS and transition
to knowledge-based economy must be fully supported by
appropriate legal provisions which set forth legal relationships between individual innovation companies, as well as
between such companies and governmental bodies. However, the practice of law enforcement shows that there are
unsolved legal issues, including very important ones, even
now, and convinces that further development and improvement of innovational legal framework is necessary.
The range of issues that require adequate legal support is
rather large. We shall only mention some of them.
Successful enforcement of the law and observance
of regulatory documents depend, above all, on whether
the used definitions are legislatively formalized. Today
even such widely used concepts as scientific activity, development, and research and development, cause disagreement in
their interpretation. The elimination of state accreditation of
scientific organizations, formerly stipulated by the law, broke
the system of competitive allocation of budget funds and made
the notion of a “scientific organization” rather vague.
Despite direct suggestions of the supreme leaders
of the country the legislators have not as yet provided
explanations for such terms as “innovational activity,” “innovations,” “innovational products,” “innovation system,”
“national innovation policy.”
Regulatory acts and documents issued by supreme
leaders of the country often mention the “priority role of
science.” However, this concept has almost no real value,
which is clearly enough outspoken by the amount of budget funding of science, constantly growing taxation of
scientific organizations, etc.
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The case in point is not only a “common language”
in the Russian legislation, but also the influence of the existing situation on Russia entering the common international technological and innovational community.
There arises a natural suggestion to create a common, legally formalized glossary of basic terms used by
the national legislation.
Starting from the second half of 1990s, many
regions of Russia have adopted local laws regulating
scientific, technological, and innovational activity.
As for the federal law on innovational activity, the reasons
for its adoption are still being discussed.
Three possible scenarios are considered:
– Drafting the Federal Law On Innovational Activity;
– Amending the Federal Law On Science and National Scientific and Technical Policy as regards legal support of innovational activity development;
– Amending certain federal laws in order to establish
conditions for attracting investment into innovations,
increase businesses’ innovational activity and develop
the innovation process in the Russian Federation.
It is up to experts to choose the scenario, but
I would like to emphasize the following. Each variant has
its strengths and weaknesses. Thus, amending the Federal
Law On Science and National Scientific and Technical
Policy as regards legal support of innovational activity
development may change the subject of regulation of this
law. On the other hand, simply amending certain federal
laws will not help create an integral system of legal support of innovational activity development.
The Committee for Science and Science-Intensive
Technologies of the State Duma questioned the governmental authorities of the regions of Russia and found that
an overwhelming majority of regions consider it the best
choice to adopt the Federal Law On Innovational Activity.
The Law is to set common procedures and regulations for
NIS establishment and define the goals and objectives of
the state innovation policy, extent of authority granted to
the governmental bodies of the Russian Federation, governmental bodies of the regions of the Russian Federation, and local authorities, and rights and responsibilities
of each innovation company. Certain regions have already
taken this way and achieved positive results which we
speak about and popularize but do not use properly in
the federal-level legislation.
In 2008 the Legislative Assembly of the Tomsk
Region adopted the Law On Innovation Activity in
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the Tomsk Region. The Law sets forth the goal, objectives
and principal guidelines of the Region’s official policy,
mechanisms for state regulation and implementation of
innovation activity, and forms of state support of innovation companies. The enforcement of the Law is supported
by the necessary by-laws. The Regional Law was based on
the practice of legal enforcement of its own laws on science, a regional law on innovation activity adopted earlier, and the local practice of creating areas of innovational
development. The Tomsk Region is an active builder of
an innovation-type regional economy.
Other positive examples of creating a legal framework for the regional innovation policy and building
an innovation-type regional economy upon such a framework can be given. The situation, as regards legal support
of innovational activity, reminds of the process of drafting and adopting the Federal Law On Science and National Scientific and Technical Policy. In the first half of
the 1990s the Law On Science was adopted by the Republic of Bashkortostan; afterwards similar laws were adopted
in other regions, and it was only in 1996, after long discussions, that the Federal Law On Science and National
Scientific and Technical Policy was adopted. There were
as many of those who objected to the law adoption as
the opponents of the Federal Law On Innovational Activity are now. It cannot be ignored that even today the regions are ahead of the center as regards legal support of
innovational activity. This is caused by quite a number of
factors: regional governmental bodies are more limited in
time than the federal authorities; they have to solve social
and economic issues every day and cannot afford long
uncertainty. But forming of the national-scale innovation
system requires not only legal support of innovational
activity in individual regions, but, above all, coordinated
efforts of all the branches of power and common permanent “rules of the game.”
It would be bad if the lack of common “rules of
the game” killed the Tomsk experiment, with its facilitators
and inspirers leaving the field. It is quite clear that the experiment only became possible because the executive
and legislative powers of the Region are headed by leaders who understand well the necessity and the essence of
innovational development, assessing the specific features
and potentials of the Region correctly. They did not think
that science and education were something redundant;
they have been cooperating actively with the Siberian
Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, maintaining
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and supporting the developing scientific, technical, and
educational potentials of the region, and know its value
well. Unfortunately we know many experiments of national importance, which were a success in single regions
but dropped to nothing with the time passing.
Innovation activity is impossible without scientific research and development. This, in turn, sets
a task of prime importance before the science: to generate
new knowledge and develop new products and technologies based on it. Legal relationships between the participants of the scientific and technical activity are regulated
by the Federal Law On Science and National Scientific and
Technical Policy. Today there are people who claim that
the Law is unfounded. The following reasons are cited:
“the Law is obsolete and does not reflect the changes that
have came to pass in the country,” “foreign experience
with university-based research should be taken as a model,” and a number of others. Without going into argument,
I agree that new tasks set before the science necessitate certain amendments to the Law. But they must not
change the subject of regulation of this Law, and, which
is more, must be based on the existing Russian practice
of law enforcement. We have rich experience of “starting
from point zero” and “clearing the ground.” The science
has more than once proved its value for solving the most
burning socio-economic and defense issues. Such state
priorities as space exploration, nuclear industry, and upto-date defense, could not be achieved without science.
Due to the general lack of development of
the non-public sector of science the principal load of
developing Russian innovations aimed at improving
quality and competitiveness of products will be borne
by the state sector. At present a special group is working
on the proposals concerning legal support of the state sector of science. This group was created by the Expert Council
of the Committee for Science and Science-Intensive Technologies of the State Duma and the Committee for Education and Science of the Federation Council. The need to
solve this issue was emphasized by President of the Russian
Federation Vladimir Putin during his visit to Lavochkin Research and Production Association on December 3, 2007.
So far the Russian legislation lacks such a concept
as the “state sector of science” (along with the “state sector of economy”). At the same time, there is documentary evidence that the state sector of science includes
the academic, applied and university segments. These are
comprised of, respectively, state academies of sciences,
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industrial scientific organizations headed by research
institutes of state research centers, and research departments of higher educational institutions. In order for NIS
to function effectively, it is vital to provide for activity of
all these structures in the federal legislation. To achieve
this, the federal legislation must be considerably developed and improved.
We would like now to provide a more detailed account of the problems of legal support of each segment of
the state sector of science.
The polemics on the legal status of the organizations representing the academic segment (the Russian Academy of Sciences and branch academies)
has started long ago. The argument concerns their
structure, property ownership rights, and a number
of other issues. The amendments to the Federal Law On
Science and National Scientific and Technical Policy did
not help. The amendments introduced the concept of
“state academies of sciences as non-commercial organizations” but the Civil Code of the Russian Federation
and the Federal Law On Non-Commercial Organizations
were not amended appropriately, and the reasons of
the discussing parties did not lose grounds. The important
thing is not only common understanding of certain terms,
but also elimination of ambiguity in the legal form of
the academies. The academies must be assigned a publicly
and legislatively recognized form of incorporation which
ensures that they perform their public and national functions: to generate new knowledge of the principal laws
of structure, functioning and development of the human,
society, and nature, as well as to enhance public intellect.
Short-term interests and narrow ambitions must not be
followed. An undefined legal form hinders efficient generation of new knowledge and transfer of technologies into
production, even if the leading role of state academies in
the forming of knowledge-based economy is recognized.
As a result:
– A gap forms between the process of new knowledge generation and its preparation to the commercialization of the research results.
– The transfer problem is not solved.
– Being responsible for fundamental research, academies cannot transform the research results into
applied innovations or transfer them for commercialization.
State research centers of the Russian Federation play a special role in the development of the in-
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novation process. They generally perform a full scale
of jobs, from “oriented” fundamental and exploratory research to creation and development of industrial technologies. The status of a state research center is assigned to
a scientific organization which has unique experimental
equipment, highly qualified specialists and research fellows, and is recognized internationally for its scientific or
technological activity. Russia has some 60 state research
centers today, forming a backbone of the industrial science. However essential issues have not been settled until
now: legal fixing of the concept of a state research center, purposes of granting this status to organizations, and
defining the role and place state research centers have
within the state sector of science. Economic and organizational measures of state research center support also
have to be cleared.
The university sector includes research
departments of higher educational institutions.
The possibility to grant the status of a scientific organization to higher educational institutions is still discussed.
Departments of higher educational institutions which are
not registered as legal entities are in a double bind. In accordance with the Federal Law On Higher and Postgraduate Professional Education every higher educational institution must be involved in research; this fact still does not
entitle it to the status of a scientific organization.
The integration of science, education and industry is not supported in full at the legislative level.
The Federal Law On Amending Certain Laws of the Russian
Federation Concerning Integration of Education and Science
adopted in 2007 eliminated quite a number of legal obstacles
to the creation of integration structures. But one of the central issues, that of participation of industry in the integration process, was not solved. The industry is the end-user of
the results of scientific, technological and educational activity. The industry alone can assess the results of structures that
integrate science and education, fundamental departments,
and research/education facilities. Owing to the exclusion of
the industry from integration processes and lack of well-defined legal relationships among its three equal participants,
involvement of the business into the educational and research processes was left beyond the legal terrain.
Legal support of activities of specialized organizations, that is, federal centers of science and
technology parks, still leaves much to be desired.
The principal purpose of creating federal centers of science and high technologies is to establish conditions for
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enhancing competitiveness of the Russian economy in
the 21st century through science-intensive products and
high technologies. Technology parks host enterprises involved in high-tech activities (nano- and biotechnologies,
IT, etc.), research organizations, educational institutions
feeding the research and HR potential of such enterprises,
and small and medium service companies or technologically related companies. The legal support of creation of
technology parks and federal centers of science and high
technologies had been discussed for several years, but real
results have not appeared as yet.
The need to develop and support small enterprise is much voiced today. Nevertheless, creation
and activity of small and medium innovational companies
present a number of problems. First difficulties appear already during the establishment of a company, from office
rent payments through taxation to the use of research
results obtained by research institutes, higher educational
institutions, and state academies of sciences. The status of
research institutes financed from the state budget does
not entitle them to create small innovational companies
or attract non-budgetary funds to innovation activity and
commercialization of results.
The last decade saw growth of direct and
indirect support of science on the part of different
foundations in EU, US, and Canada. Similar processes
have been developing in Russia as well. A number of public
and, recently, private foundations support R&D activities
performed by relatively small research teams and scienceintensive firms. However legal relationships concerning
creation and activities of public and private foundations
for support of science and technology, as well as relationships arising when financing science, technology and innovation from such funds, remain an issue; their specific
structure also has to be defined.
The government has been working in this direction for more than ten years. Moreover, a Concept of Draft
Federal Law On Amending the Federal Law On Science
and National Scientific and Technical Policy, Federal Law
On Non-Commercial Organizations, and Federal Law
On Autonomous Institutions As Regards Specification of
Legal Status of Foundations for Support of Science and
Technology has been prepared in order to solve the majority of existing issues (at least, its authors believe so).
However if we examine the proposed solutions carefully,
we see that there is still a long way to come – a hard way
of overcoming ambiguous and sometimes mutually ex-
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clusive interpretations of the role that foundations for
support of science are to play in the building of an innovation economy. Besides, the law on science support
funds coming into effect will require more precise wording of certain provisions of the tax law and budget law
and amending the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
Practically, the legislators have not yet come to a decision
if there will be a law completely regulating the foundation
activity or it will be possible just to amend certain laws of
the Russian Federation, adding provisions on the foundations for support of science and technology.
To date the funding of scientific activity
from the federal budget is continually growing. At
the same time, domestic expenditures on research and
development grow slower than the GDP does.
Funding of scientific activity in the state sector
from the federal budget is fragmentary and lacks a common coordination system. In 2005 the structure of federal
budget expenditures changed, with the line for Fundamental Research and Contribution to Scientific and Technological Advance deleted. Scientific research is therefore
financed under several different budget lines now.
Fundamental research is financed under the line
for Nationwide Issues, while applied research is funded
under the National Economy line. As a result, a situation
arose when the connection between fundamental and
applied research was broken already at the stage of financial planning. It should be added that the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, together
with the Russian Academy of Sciences, only prepares its
offers concerning the budgetary financing of fundamental research. The so-called program portion of science
financing (financing planned in the federal targeted programs for several years ahead) is formed by the Ministry
of Economic Development of Russia, and the remaining
portion (projects that are not covered by federal targeted
programs but require funding due to their importance
for the national development) by the Ministry of Finance
of Russia; this once again breaks the principle of a single
process chain. The situation is understood and discussed,
but no real actions are taken.
In accordance with the changes in the Federal Law
On Science and National Scientific and Technical Policy,
fundamental research in state academies of sciences is to
be financed under the Program of Fundamental Research.
The Law stipulates a subsidy-based mechanism of such
financing. The discussion at the meeting of the Expert
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Council for Initiatives in Scientific and Technical Policy of
the Committee for Science and Science-Intensive Technologies of the State Duma and in the Committee for Education
and Science of the Federation Council showed that the specific financing mechanism has not yet been developed.
Moreover, experts said that introduction of a subsidy-based
mechanism will cause growth of the numbers of financial
managers in research institutes and increase of paperwork
and red tape at the expense of the research itself. Expert
opinions can be regarded differently, but one thing is clear:
before submitting draft laws for adoption by legislative
bodies mechanisms of enforcement of new legal standards
must be developed, especially so for crucial issues.
After long discussions changes began to appear in the national legislation aimed at stimulating
innovation activity. This includes not only funding innovation programs and projects in priority development
areas from the budget, but also indirect measures of support. The supreme leaders of the country have suggested
expanding state support of innovation companies through
privileged taxation several times, but there is no improvement as yet. After long discussions the Federal Law On
Amending Certain Laws of the Russian Federation Concerning the Formation of Favorable Tax Environment for
Financing Innovation Activity came into effect. The adopted amendments provide a number of privileges concerning
exercising the rights for the results of intellectual activity,
but this is obviously not enough. Issues related to the granting of additional preferences for value-added tax, corporate
profit tax, corporate property tax, and land tax for companies, at least at the initial stage of introduction of their developments to the innovation market, remain unresolved.
The importance of tax stimulation of small and medium
innovation businesses must be emphasized once more.
The problem is not only to develop and adopt
the necessary legislative acts; another issue is to coordinate
those acts with appropriate amendments to the Tax and
Budget Codes. The jealous attitude of financial agencies to
the firmness of the financial law is quite natural, but now
we have completely new trends in the national economy,
a systematic reform and transition to a knowledge economy, something without which Russia will never be able to
become an equal partner for developed nations.
For more than 10 years of application of the Patent Law, Laws On Legal Protection of Topographies of
Integrated Circuits, On Legal Protection of Computer
Software and Databases, On Trademarks, Service
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Marks and Places of Origin of Goods, On Copyright
and Neighboring Rights, and On Selection Achievements
some drawbacks of certain legal provisions have been
found. The legislators chose to improve intellectual property
protection laws by way of codification. As a result, Part 4 of
the Civil Code of the Russian Federation was adopted.
At present the State Duma is already debating Draft
Federal Laws On Patent Agents and On Technology Transfer.
The Federal Law On Patent Agents provides for
legal relationships arising when a citizen of the Russian
Federation obtains the status of a patent agent, that
is, a person who is legally entitled to handle cases on
the protection of intellectual property, interacting with
natural persons, legal entities, and the federal executive
body in charge of intellectual property issues.
The Federal Law On Technology Transfer regulates relationships in the field of exercising rights for
integrated technologies (that is, technologies together
with all the related utility models, prototypes, software,
etc.), belonging in full or partially to the Russian Federation and/or regions of the Russian Federation, for their
practical application (introduction). Both drafts are being debated in the State Duma; each of them has received
dozens of serious remarks and suggestions. The draft laws
are to solve most crucial issues: the conservation and development of the institute of patent agents and the procedure for technology transfer to users.
The problem of accounting intellectual property
has been posed multiple times. Intellectual property created by scientific organizations is rarely used by the research institutes themselves for manufacturing products.
It is therefore doubtable if they can formally account their
intellectual property at all. Moreover, existing valuation
methods, when applied in scientific organizations, cannot provide an objective estimate of intellectual property
value without creating an unjustified tax burden pressing
heavily on state scientific organizations.
The problem of human resource deficit in the science and innovation activity is very serious. The innovation activity lacks not only managers and research fellows,
but also engineers and qualified operators. Such a situation
was formed by several factors, but the underlying cause is, in
our opinion, the absence of a well-thought state policy.
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Internal and external migration, collapse of scientific schools and increase of the average age of scientists were much helped by declaring that the science
is superfluous, its permanent underfinancing, unwillingness of young people to choose a scientific career,
obsolescence of instruments and equipment, blunders
during the privatization of scientific organizations, and
many other reasons. The federal targeted program for
human resource provision to the innovational Russia
can give positive results if implemented but it cannot
resolve issues accumulated for almost 20 years without adopting a special law on the status of a scientific
researcher and social protection of such employees. It
should be remembered that even during the most difficult years the government found the opportunity to
provide housing for scientists at the expense of the budget and increase their retirement pensions, which was
stipulated by law. Today researchers who contributed
greatly to the development of the national economy,
technology and defense often fall into the most vulnerable categories of population when retiring.
Each of the more or less important problems mentioned above has its own roots; most of them arose due
to the difficulties of the political and economic transition
period. Choosing the innovational path of development
today, we have to create a system of strategic planning, strategic management and long-term forecasting. It will enable the economy to rise to the higher level
of competitiveness based on basic innovations, which is
especially important in the light of the fact that the developed nations are proceeding to the sixth technological type (self-programming production automation).
A mechanism of legal regulation of these issues should be
proposed, that is, a federal law should be adopted that
would regulate long-term forecasting and strategic planning of the entire national economy, as well as some of its
branches, such as science and education.
Today’s Russia has all the prerequisites for making a giant breakthrough through creating the NIS and
knowledge economy. The development and improvement of the legislation on innovation, science, and
technologies should therefore be a major factor in such
a breakthrough.
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Andrey Klepach
Deputy Minister
of Economic Development
of the Russian Federation,
PhD in Economics
Concept of the Long-Term
Socio-Economic Development
of the Russian Federation through
2020 and the Development
of the National Innovation System
One objective of the Concept of the Long-Term
Socio-Economic Development of the Russian Federation
through 2020 is to transfer the national economy from
a raw material oriented development to innovational
socially oriented development. The Russian economy
is to be given a competitive edge through emphasizing its strengths in science/education/high-tech and
forming a globally competitive national innovation system – a system of institutes, mechanisms and supporting
infrastructure of innovation activity in all fields of the
economy and the public life.
The efficient national innovation system is
based on:
– Growing demand for innovations from most economy sectors: so far innovation activity is concentrated
in a narrow range of sectors, and technical renovation
of production facilities centers mainly on imported
technologies rather than on domestic designs;
– Increased efficiency of the knowledge generation sector (fundamental and applied science): at
present the backlog accrued in the Soviet years
continues dwindling, the average age of the scientific research staff is increasing, research levels
are dropping, the Russian research is poorly integrated into international research and the world
innovation market, neither does it correlate too
well with the existing market demand;
– Overcoming the fragmentariness of the established
innovational infrastructure: many innovation
infrastructure elements have been already established but they do not as yet support the innovation process along the whole chain from knowledge generation through commercialization to
putting innovations in operation.
The Concept sets forth the following goal of the
creation of the national system of innovation support and
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technologic development: large-scale technical renovation of production facilities based on up-to-date technological designs; forming a competitive national sector of
research and development driving the economy to the
innovational development path; forming innovational
behavior patterns of people and businesses; support of
creation and spreading of innovations in all economic
sectors. All that will enable Russia’s international scientific
and technologic leadership in the fields that have to do
with its competitive strengths and national security.
Targets of the national innovation system
development:
– The percentage of businesses making technological innovations will grow to 15% in 2010 and to
40-50% in 2020 (13% in 2007);
– Russia’s share on world markets of high-tech products and services will reach at least 5–10 % in 5–7
or more sectors by 2020 (including nuclear power,
aircraft, spacecraft and services, special shipbuilding, and certain niches on the software market);
– Exports of Russian high-tech products will grow to
2% of the total world exports of high-tech products by 2020 (0.3% in 2007);
– Gross value-added will reach 17% to 20% in the gross
domestic product by 2020 (10–11% in 2007);
– The percentage of innovation products within
general industrial output will grow to 6–7% in
2010 and to 25–35% in 2020 (5.5% in 2007);
– Domestic expenditures on research and development will grow to 2.5%–3.0% of the gross domestic product in 2020 (1.1% in 2007), with more
than a half financed by private businesses.
It is necessary to establish conditions for the forming of an innovational business model characterized by
continual growth of investments into innovations, renovation of products and technologies, and winning new
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markets. The government will focus on the forming of
a future development potential through adding innovational character to the education system, upgrading the
research sector, compensation for the “market gaps,” selective support of priority areas of technological development, and creation of an incentive system for businesses
aimed at enhancing investment activity. Both the business
and the government develop process initiatives (process
flow charts) that define the procedure and ways of interaction in promising areas of technology research and development, jointly assessing the established institutes for
innovational development stimulation and innovational
infrastructure elements.
In order to achieve the targets shown above, the
Concept of the Long-Term Socio-Economic Development
suggests a number of steps in the following key areas covering demand for and supply of innovations, as well as
their institutional infrastructure.
Support of innovational businesses and enhancing demand for innovations in the economy:
– To develop the competitive environment and,
above all, the environment for technological competition and innovational competition;
– To stimulate investment in technology upgrade,
research and development, commercialization of
research results, capitalization of intellectual property through budgetary, tax and other incentives;
– To establish prerequisites for effective market
valuation of the accrued and newly created intellectual property and for the usage of such property to increase company capitalization, simplify
intangible assets turnover, and involve intellectual
property created with the help of budgetary funds
into the economic activity;
– To support small and medium innovation business
start and development, in particular, through:
– Reducing bureaucratic obstacles for innovation
business start and development;
– Forming prerequisites for delegating part of governmental research and development contracts to
small and medium innovation businesses;
– To create favorable conditions for developing new
high-tech economic sectors, including developing
by improving regulation of the markets in question and by optimizing the existing innovation
support instruments to match the specific features
of promising economic sectors;
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– To form additional incentives to develop innovations in the state sector of the economy and in
natural monopolies through:
– Strengthening the innovational component of
the governmental procurement system;
– Making natural monopolies and large governmental companies develop and accept innovational development programs, form and implement process
roadmaps, start using advanced-level technologies,
and improve their energy saving processes.
Development of fundamental science, raising the efficiency of the research and development sector:
– To make the Russian research and development
sector more competitive and governmental expenditures for its support and development more
efficient, in particular, through:
– Identifying and specifying priority research
fields based on long-term science and technology
development forecasts;
– Bringing into service an institution for independent assessment of state-sector scientific organizations, following world practices;
– Gradual increasing of the share of competitive
research funding; expanding the role of state scientific and technical foundations in financing fundamental research; by 2010 more than half of budgetary funds intended for financing fundamental
research is to be allocated on a competitive basis;
– Introducing new instruments for financing the
state sector of research, including fundamental
research; rapid development of R&D funding
instruments that provide reasonable risk sharing
between the state, the science and the business;
increase of private co-financing;
– Competitive support of mid-term comprehensive development programs of leading scientific
and educational organizations;
– Forming and realizing a set of steps for development of the non-state science sector;
– Developing the necessary material resource supply of science, including a multiple-access center
network;
– To create 5 to 7 national research centers (“national
laboratories”) and support formation of 20 to 30
national higher educational institutions in order to
achieve scientific and technological breakthroughs
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in one or more priority fields of national science,
technology and engineering or to implement national-scale strategic programs or projects. To improve the system of state scientific centers in order
to make Russian innovations more efficient and
competitive; this includes support of upgrade of
material resources for experiments and research;
– To support development of proprietary research,
including providing access to unique research
equipment within the government-supported innovational infrastructure (in particular, multipleaccess centers), and propagation of best practices
in organizing corporate innovation systems;
– To encourage engineering and project activity development, in particular, by supporting projects
for creation of engineering centers, design centers, and certification centers; to help businesses
arrange their engineering audits;
– To revise the HR policy in the Russian R&D sector,
including:
– Creating mechanisms for attracting fresh graduates into research and innovation activities: career
planning; introduction of individual grant systems;
encouraging young researchers; state subsidizing
of residential mortgaging for fresh graduates in research, engineering, project activity, and other new
high-technology activities; grants, loans, and venture
financing of implementation of their developments;
– Reforming the wages system in research and
education; making the wages dependent on the
result and quality of the researchers’ work; introducing new forms of funding fundamental science
(project financing, grants, etc.);
– Enhancing management quality in science organizations in order to implement innovational
projects and ensure efficient communication with
the business;
– To contribute to wider and earlier usage of the results
of domestic R&D work by Russian businesses, in
particular, by developing instruments for transfer of
R&D results between the civil and military sectors.
Development of the innovational infrastructure:
– To boost the efficiency of the established innovational infrastructure (inter alia, special economic
zones, technology transfer centers, business incubators, technology parks, etc.) drastically;
34
– To develop the financial innovational infrastructure, form an integral innovation support system
based on the established development institutions
(Bank of Development, Russian Venture Company,
regional venture companies, Russian Corporation
of Nanotechnologies (RUSNANO), etc.). Direct
investment foundations are to be created with
the government participating in order to increase
high-tech company capitalization, develop venture financing, create public or private-and-public
foundations for financing particular stages of the
innovational business. The innovational financial
infrastructure is to support the businesses both at
the initial stage of their life and at the moment of
their maturing and transition to a new league;
– To develop technical regulation, as a crucial instrument stimulating innovational development,
rapidly through:
– Revising obsolete regulations and standards,
which have become barriers for the expansion of
companies’ innovation activity;
– Consistent and long-term predictable toughening of requirements to the efficiency of natural resource usage by the companies, safety of products
and services for the environment and for people’s
health, reduction of energy consumption and resource consumption; defining an appropriate system of incentives and penalties;
– Harmonizing the Russian standards with international standards, above all, in the fields where
exports of innovation products can grow;
– Approving technical regulations, standards, and
rules contributing to the expansion of best practices, quicker establishment of high-tech joint
ventures, and outsourcing development;
– Simplifying and accelerating certification procedures, including international certification.
– To develop incentives for innovation-related interaction of research and educational institutions, on
the one hand, and businesses, on the other hand,
including:
– Forming technological platforms as grounds
for business/science interaction where promising
areas of technological development will be identified and supported;
– Developing grant-based co-funding of companies’ R&D expenditures;
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– Co-financing of network innovation projects
and financial support of long-term innovation
partnerships in technological areas which are important for economic development;
– To support (in financial, administrative and infrastructural aspects) the forming of high-tech clusters and promote products of such clusters on the
domestic and world markets.
Effective integration into the global innovation system:
– To support Russian companies’ entering into
business alliances where new technologies and
products able to compete on the world market
are created and appropriate technologies and
competences are transferred to Russian participants, both in high-tech industries and in other
sectors;
– To eliminate the obstacles for Russian companies’
access to up-to-date foreign technologies;
– To aid (including creation of appropriate foundations with governmental participation) the growth
and capitalization increase of national high-tech
companies and stimulate their consolidation in
order to establish global high-tech players;
– To ensure Russia’s participation in global technological projects, international programs and
research networks and the nation’s integration
into the world scientific and technological community; to develop and implement several largescale projects (national technological initiatives)
in the development of certain technologies based
on a long-term technological forecast;
– To integrate the Russian R&D sector into the
global innovation system, develop international
cooperation, and provide access to the research
faculties of the leading foreign scientific centers
for Russian scientists;
– To adopt and implement the program for support of high-tech products/services/technologies
export; to form instruments for supporting establishment and capitalization of national high-tech
brands, compensate for expenditures for international patenting and protect intellectual property
rights abroad, both through efforts of Russian embassies and trade representative offices and in the
framework of intergovernmental commissions for
trade and economic cooperation;
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– To support acquisitions of foreign assets – technology donors, personnel training centers, engineering and design companies;
– To develop and support programs of academic
exchange and internship of Russian students
and professors abroad and foreign ones in Russia, and aid attracting world-level scientists for
teaching in Russia;
– To involve Russian-born emigrant scientists into
development of national science and technologies, in particular, by hiring them for participation
in Russian scientific projects and teaching.
Implementation of a system of technological and R&D initiatives (projects) that can secure
Russia’s breakthrough positions in the scientific
and technological competition on world markets.
Priority areas of applied and fundamental science
and technologies must be identified and reviewed regularly, based on long-term technologic development forecasts, including technology foresight. Such priorities are to
be coordinated with the realization of competitive edges
of the Russian economy and national security requirements. It will enable forming the technology profile of the
Russian economy determining its competitive advantages
over the leader countries (US, China, and Europe). The
priorities will be implemented by preferential support of
fundamental and applied research in the relevant areas
and within two types of strategic innovational projects.1
The first group of such projects is oriented at rapid development of scientific and technical potential enabling Russia’s global competitiveness in most important
technological areas. Until 2020 IT and communications,
nanotechnologies, new materials and biological systems
will be leaders in terms of their influence on both the
economic competitiveness and national security, with
the principal effect achieved at the turn of the cited
technologies, in interdisciplinary areas.
The second group of innovational projects is aimed
at technological re-equipment of priority economic areas
and development of individual breakthrough technologies. Top-priority fields of technological development reflected in the list of critical technologies and supported by
existing and future federal targeted programs are:
1. Research fields in strategic innovation projects are based on the list
of critical technologies approved by the President of the Russian
Federation.
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– Hydrogen economy and production of new motor fuels;
– Next-generation nuclear reactors and fuel elements
and enhanced-safety nuclear power stations;
– New competitive power units (turbines, generators, etc.) and efficient long-distance DC transmission systems;
– Special-purpose equipment capable of working in
the Arctic and in extreme conditions;
– Breakthrough projects in aviation aimed at creation of next-generation aircraft and power-saving
engines (including next-generation gas turbine
engines), and next-generation spacecraft;
– New metal-processing technologies;
– Optoelectronics, micromechanics, and new architectures of computers;
– Software development and engineering services.
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Forming a new innovation culture in the
public and raising the status of an innovator:
– Propagation of best practices of innovations, including governance and public welfare innovations;
– More active propaganda of the role innovations
play for the development of the economy and the
society, including:
– Forming a system for popularizing science, innovations, and innovation activity, including social advertising, involving public opinion leaders,
success stories, contests held among companies,
scientists, research teams, etc.;
– Special training courses on innovations in
universities in order to make innovation activity
more popular for as wide a circle of specialties as
possible, including specialties which do not traditionally belong to the high-tech sphere.
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State Policy in Scientific,
Technical, and Innovation Activity
of the Industry
Stanislav Naumov
Secretary of State –
Deputy Minister
of Industry and Trade
of the Russian Federation, PhD
Developing an innovational economy and drastic improvement of its efficiency are set forth as basic
principles in the strategic documents on the national
development, in particular, in the Concept of the LongTerm Socio-Economic Development of the Russian Federation through 2020. It is obvious that the national
industry cannot reach the required competitiveness
level without the state participating in the solution of
key innovation-related problems. Today we know well
that a consistent governmental industrial innovation
policy is necessary for national competitiveness and security in order to coordinate actions and make industry
development stable and dynamic.
Globalization makes the world market a chief
entity that defines competitiveness criteria, and major players on the world market are nations that have
advanced technologies, which are the very factor that
determines the competitiveness of particular products and the entire national economy. It is therefore
in the interests of the state to promote creating management instruments and regulation mechanisms that
bring technological upgrade of the national industry,
innovation development, and new companies (public
as well as private) able to stand tough competition with
the leading international manufacturers.
First of all, it is necessary to identify the subject
matter. An essentially new technology is one that has no
domestic or foreign analogs, has been created for the first
time, and has essentially new features meeting or exceeding current requirements. The new technology is to be
based on major pioneering or highly efficient inventions.
In a similar way, a technology new for Russia is a technology that has no domestic analogs.
Innovation activity means activity associated with
transformation of ideas and new or improved processes.
Innovation activity suggests quite a number of scientific,
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technological, organizational, financial, and commercial
steps which together lead to innovations.
A crucial task of the state in the field of forming
an innovation economy model is to set forth technical
priorities based on duly approved strategic and policy
documents in the field of scientific, technical, and technological development. Corporate strategies and local
initiatives that match the general development priorities should be taken into account. Administrative barriers should be reduced, along with political and economic risks for the business.
The problems hindering innovational development include the following. First, it is low response of
economy sectors to innovations due to the fact that their
technology and human resource potentials do not meet
modern requirements. Second, it is low amount of spare
resources for innovation development in companies. Besides, there are limitations for the access of Russian companies to up-to-date foreign technologies.
Implementing the private/public partnership
mechanisms in order to develop the country innovationally, it is necessary, along with the proposed direct
support of key fields, to form mechanisms for activation of responsible business participation in innovation
processes, including stimulation of attracting private
money for R&D, technical re-equipment and technological modernization of industry.
At present the Ministry of Industry and Trade of
the Russian Federation is funding a number of research
projects. R&D enables launching the innovation process
in question, giving impetus to production facility development and upgrade. The Research Program of the Ministry
includes scientific work and R&D under federal and industry-related target programs and on orders of Ministry
departments or entities reporting thereto (if that is the
case, such work is performed on a self-financing basis).
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Each work of the Program is oriented at solving
specific topical issues and is completed in such a way as
to be able to apply its results directly. Its topicality is guaranteed, on the one hand, during the task-setting and, on
the other hand, by the nature of the achieved results and
the possibility to use them in practical activity of the Ministry and in the field it regulates.
One of the important fields in the development of
the national innovation economic system and technologies is development of the intellectual property market,
including legal registration and transfer of rights for new
developments, technologies, and individual inventions.
It is therefore necessary to develop a fundamentally new
system of forming the list of breakthrough technologies
based on expert assessments of leading research schools.
An efficient way to implement this system would be
an expert council of leading scientists in different fields
(both Russian and foreign ones).
Methods that stimulate innovational development through technical regulation are:
– Modernization of the technical regulation system as regards technical regulations stimulating
strategic development of innovational technical
and technological levels and quality of products
and related manufacturing processes, in order
to make them competitive at the domestic and
foreign markets;
– Adoption of technical regulations that contribute
to expanding establishment of high-tech joint
ventures, in order to boost up import of innovation technologies, their further study and introduction as a basic platform for developing Russian
innovation products;
– Simplification and speeding-up of certification
procedures, including international quality certification (in particular, in order to simplify exports);
– Harmonization of Russian standards with international standards.
In order to maintain and develop the humanresource and innovation potentials, the government, businesses and educational institutions must
exert joint efforts to support the following fields:
– Forming a system that will supply highly qualified
specialists and workers of all professional qualification levels to the industry, including a continual
professional training system with the current and
future business needs taken into account;
38
– Forming a system of additional technical and technological professional training of employees under state support;
– State support of young employees;
– Establishment of special scholarships of the Government of the Russian Federation for students of
Russian higher professional educational institutions majoring in highly demanded specialties;
– Social guarantees for people having constant access to state secrets and officers for protection
of state secrets;
– Development of the nation’s intellectual potential;
– Improvement of the monitoring and forecasting
system of labor market. Forecasts of workforce
demand should be formed primarily by federal
and regional executive bodies acting in close interaction with the business community with their
investment programs, their vision of promising areas, and their estimation of the required personnel
qualification taken into account;
– Improvement of the system of professional standards and similar educational standards;
– More intensive professional orientation of schoolleavers and students, with an emphasis on the regional level.
In order to make specialist and management labor offer meet the demand better, the Ministry of Industry and Trade put forward an internal targeted program
for Retraining Managers and Preparing Specialists for
Integrated Structures in High-Tech Sectors of Industry,
2009–2011, to be developed.
The Program includes, in particular, creation
and launch of a system that will monitor the current
situation on the labor market for high-tech industries,
development of industrial professional and educational
standards together with representatives of the business
and higher educational institutions, organization of business/university interaction, development of the secondary professional technical system, and development of
the system of in-service training. The implementation of
the Program will enable creating an inter-industry system
of manager and specialist retraining.
We believe another crucial component of innovational development is the formation of a modern technology basis determining the level of response to innovations.
To this end, it is reasonable to focus part of innovation
projects on the development and manufacturing of new
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materials and components, machine-engineering and processing machinery, that is, the activities which can become
a basis for producing a wide range of high-tech products.
The solution of the import replacement problem
is also closely related to this component. The high share of
imported materials, components, and equipment used in
production, especially in production of weapons, military
equipment and special equipment, endangers the technological and economic security of Russia and reduces
the multiplicative effect of innovation.
For technological areas that lag behind the international analogs very much a system of economic and
political steps is necessary in order to simplify access of
Russian organizations to modern technologies of leading
foreign countries (remove restrictions).
A leading role in the scenario of the innovational
economic development is assigned to the defense industrial sector (DIS). Its accelerated development is one of top
priority lines of socio-economic development of the Government of the Russian Federation. The state should regulate innovations in the DIS by economic and legal forms
of control, combining incentives for commercialization
with liability for observing requirements and rules. Besides,
the state should establish the necessary legal environment
stimulating development of the innovational infrastructure matching particular features of DIS functioning.
Innovational developments are time-consuming,
but even now such successes may be pointed out as active use of innovations in the SaM-146 engine for the new
regional-class aircraft SuperJet-100 and, on the whole,
in the work of fifth-generation engine families and fifthgeneration military aircraft.
In manufacture of chemicals, petrochemicals,
pharmaceuticals, and medicines innovation projects for
development, introduction and manufacturing of products should be supported, with the following things accounted for, inter alia: different forms of R&D financing,
including use of funds allocated for small enterprise support, grants, and venture financing; long-term loans and
interest subsidizing; purchase of modern technologies
and manufacturing assets based on private/public partnership, in particular, against debts of foreign companies.
Such steps can be implemented, particularly, in the following forms:
– Creation of national research centers (NRCs). We
believe a leading NRC for biological systems (pharmaceuticals, biotechnologies, medical equipment,
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and medical products) should be formed in order
to enhance efficient development of new highquality medicines, both pharmaceutical and biotechnological ones;
– A system stimulating creation and development of
innovational centers within structures of the leading industrial enterprises of the Russian Federation. Simultaneously a system stimulating creation
of corporate research centers must be developed;
– Development and introduction of mechanisms for
establishing small innovation-related companies.
In order to develop the innovation system, it is
necessary to envisage special mechanisms of their
budget financing;
– Creation of technology transfer centers in the leading national universities;
– Creation of centers for promotion of Russian
products on foreign markets and transfer of technologies to Russia based on Russian trade missions, establishing prerequisites for head-hunting,
including monitoring and forming databases on
highly qualified employees working abroad;
– Creation of state-controlled venture funds of innovational development of medicine, pharmaceuticals, and biotechnology;
– Preparation of an import replacement program
for most important products included into federal
targeted programs;
– Implementation of innovation projects in applied
research based on private/public partnership.
To commercialize the research results it is necessary, first of all, to develop intellectual property valuation
techniques in chemicals and medical products. The innovation law also needs improvement.
In order to develop the innovation system, it is
advisable to introduce tax incentives, including exemption of corporate profit tax for revenues received by
companies from investment of at least RUR 20 billion,
channeled for creation of innovation product manufacturing, until the full planned capacity is reached (but
not exceeding three years).
Principal efforts of the scientific potential must
be aimed to develop and implement breakthrough innovation projects.
In order to transfer forestry and light industry to
the innovational path of development, their most competitive sub-activities are to be developed, with production fa-
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cilities renovated and up-to-date technologies introduced.
This will enable growth of high-value-added output.
A number of top priority investment projects have
been included into the top-priority list in the forestry sector. These projects have to do with creation or upgrade of
forestry and wood processing infrastructure, with the total investment amount at least RUR 300 million. Each of
these projects has serious innovational potential facilitating a breakthrough in a certain field; jointly they form
favorable conditions for the leap of wood processing to
the new level of development.
The efficiency of the industrial innovation policy
lies therefore in a comprehensive approach aiming to establish a favorable innovation climate and infrastructure.
Financial and engineering infrastructure created under
40
the supported large-scale projects and programs makes
it possible to start the innovation “motor,” above all, in
a number of priority sectors (the defense sector and others) characterized by substantial state involvement.
It is evident that favorable economic conditions
must be created in order to activate R&D. But additional
tools should also be involved when forming the innovational face of the national industrial policy. Apart from direct state support, these can include creation of technology transfer centers and sector-based national research
centers based on private/public partnership.
The crucial thing in this field is to enable continual
replenishment of human resources capable of both developing advanced innovations and introducing them into
industrial production.
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Forming the System of Legal Support
of Innovational Development
of the Russian Economy
Yury Sentyurin
Secretary of State – Deputy
Minister of Education and Science
of the Russian Federation, PhD
in Political Science
During the recent years the Government of the
Russian Federation has been working actively over the development of the national innovation system (NIS) and its
infrastructure. The institutional base of the NIS has been
considerably expanded: a number of new laws and Decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation have
been adopted, along with other regulations which are to
stimulate the innovation activity of market participants.
The principal documents regulating the activity of the Government of the Russian Federation
in innovation management are:
– Basics of the Policy of the Russian Federation on
the Promotion of Science and Technology for the
Period of Time up to 2010 and for Further Perspective approved by the Decree of the President
of the Russian Federation of March 30, 2002 No.
Pr-576 (hereafter, the Basics of the Policy);
– Basic Guidelines of the Policy of the Russian Federation Concerning the Development of the Innovation System through 2010, approved by the
Chair of the Government of the Russian Federation on August 5, 2005 No. 2473p-P7 (hereafter,
the Basic Guidelines).
These documents introduce certain concepts and
definitions. We are now going to identify the principal ones.
Innovational activity means work and/or
services aimed at:
– Creation and organization of manufacturing of
products (goods/work/services) which are fundamentally new or have new consumer properties;
– Creation and usage of new, or modernization of
existing techniques (technologies) of their production, distribution and usage;
– Using structural, financial, economic, humanresource, informational and other innovations
(novelties) when producing or selling products
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(goods/work/services), with costs saved or prerequisites for cost-saving formed.
Innovation products are the results of innovational activity (goods/work/services) intended for sale.
The innovational system infrastructure embraces
all innovation agents that create or sell innovation products. The innovational system infrastructure includes
technology transfer centers, innovation and technology
centers, innovational special economic zones, technology
parks, business incubators, centers training personnel for
innovational activity, venture funds, etc.
The content of innovation agents’ innovational activity includes:
– Analysis and forecast of fields of scientific, technologic and innovational development of the
economy, with real market environment taken
into consideration;
– Development of the infrastructure of an innovation system;
– Involving intellectual activity results in the economic processes;
– Technological re-equipment of enterprises for
manufacturing innovational products;
– Examination of new development projects, consulting, informational, legal and other services
concerning promotion of innovational products
on the market.
I must point out that neither the cited concepts
nor the innovational activity proper are as yet formalized
by the federal law.
At the same time, the Federal Law On Science
and National Scientific and Technical Policy has been
amended. In accordance with the new version of the
Law, the Russian Academy of Sciences and branch academies are granted the status of state academies of sciences – non-commercial organizations. The statutes of
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the academies are to be approved by the Government of
the Russian Federation.
The statute of the Russian Academy of Sciences
has been approved by the Decree of the Government of
the Russian Federation. The new version of the statute
expanded RAS rights considerably, entitling it to identify
principal fields of fundamental research in natural, technical, social sciences and humanities on its own and deal
with its rights for intellectual property and other results of
research activity. The Government has approved the Program of Fundamental Scientific Research of State Academies of Sciences for 2008-2012, with planned financing
of over RUR 250 billion of the next five years. The Russian
Academy of Sciences may take its own decisions on the
number of its staff and remuneration system.
Today the Ministry of Education and Science of
the Russian Federation is developing the Concept of
Draft Federal Law On Amending the Federal Law On Science and National Scientific and Technical Policy, Federal
Law On Non-Commercial Organizations, and Federal
Law On Autonomous Institutions As Regards Specification of Legal Status of Foundations for Support of Science and Technology and the draft specification for the
development of the Draft Law in question (hereafter, the
draft law on foundations).
The goal of the draft law on foundations is to
regulate the relationships concerning the creation and
activities of public and private foundations for support
of scientific and/or technological activity (hereafter,
the foundations) and the relationships arising during
the financing of scientific, technological, and innovation activity (hereafter, innovation activity) from such
foundations, to define the legal status of such foundations and their taxation status, and to establish distinctive features of their structure. The principal idea of the
draft law on foundations is to formalize the distinctive
features of the organization and activity of foundations
for support of scientific and/or technological activity
and eliminate gaps in legal regulations hindering efficient performance of such funds.
The goal of the draft law on foundations is to:
– Improve the conditions and opportunities for the
creation and activities of public and private foundations for support of scientific, technological,
and innovation activity;
– Perfect the legal mechanism of the organization
and activity of foundations for support of scien-
42
tific and/or technological activity, including more
precise specification of prerequisites and procedures of the foundations’ receiving and granting
money, and establish their distinctive features and
special requirements to their activities;
– Help arising and development of small and medium businesses in scientific, technological and
innovation fields;
– Develop and perfect the infrastructure of scientific,
technological, and innovation activities and form
a competitive R&D sector.
2007 saw the concept of the national research
centers (NRCs) and their principal fields of activity established. NRCs are to get scientific, material and human resources matching or surpassing the world level
across applicable parameters; they are necessary for
active scientific and technological support of one or
more priority fields and/or strategic programs/projects
of national importance. NRCs are going to concentrate
material and human resources at the federal level and
coordinate scientific, technological and innovation
development in relevant problems and priority fields
within the authority granted to them by the Government of the Russian Federation. They are to implement
the full innovational cycle of technology development,
from research to prototypes and pilot series.
In 2008 the Concept of Draft Federal Law On
Amending Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation in View of the Established Status of a National
Research Center was developed.
The Federal Law No. 308-FZ On Amending Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation Concerning Integration of Education and Science was adopted on
December 1, 2007.
The latter legally formalizes the science/education
integration forms existing long enough in order to provide for their further development within the approved
legal mechanisms.
The adopted amendments to the laws on science and education enable implementation of a considerable part of the academic research potential and
involvement of young people in research through
stronger integration of science and education. Greater
economic independence of state academies of sciences
combined with simultaneous growth of responsibility
for results of their activity are to enhance the research
efficiency.
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The Federal Law of July 19, 2007 No. 195-FZ
stipulates the following amendments to the Tax
Code of the Russian Federation:
– The rate of taxpayers’ expenditures for research
and/or development accounted as tax base deduction (in the form of allocations for the forming of the Russian Foundation for Technological
Development and other industry and inter-industry R&D financing foundations) was increased
from 0.5% to 1.5%;
– Target financing from research support foundations
shall not be counted as profit for tax purposes;
– An accelerated depreciation rate was introduced
for scientific and educational organizations;
– Patenting, research, and/or development costs
were included into the list of costs that can be deducted by taxpayers using the simplified taxation
system when calculating the unified tax.
The cited Federal Law entered into effect on January 1, 2008, except Article 2.
Within reforming the system of charging and
payment of indirect taxes tax preferences are granted to
companies that purchase equipment or upgrade and/or
adapt it for their own use, for R&D purposes, for optimizing production, and/or for creating a new production
line, as well as to companies that import technologies and
science-intensive goods and equipment to Russia. Such
an exemption is to stimulate:
– Upgrade of R&D and technological equipment by
businesses, scientific and educational companies;
– Construction of new production lines;
– Creating new products and enhancing the technological re-equipment of the entire nation.
The recent four years saw active introduction of
program-based financing of research with private funding involved.
Such approaches were tested within the Federal
Targeted Scientific and Technical Program for Research
and Development in Priority Fields of Science and Technology, 2002-2006 and developed in the new Federal
Targeted Program for Research and Development in Priority Fields of Science and Technology Sector of Russia,
2007-2012, implemented on a basis of public/private
partnership. Non-budgetary co-financing of innovational
projects accounts for 25% to 70%.
In order to develop the presidential initiative Strategy of Nanoindustry Development, the Federal Targeted
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Program for Development of Nanoindustry Infrastructure
in the Russian Federation, 2008–2010 was adopted. This
Program envisages technical re-equipment of leading scientific organizations and educational institutions solving
outstanding metrology and standardization issues and retraining personnel for work in the nanoindustry.
To date Russia’s innovational infrastructure
counts more than 200 objects organized with different
forms of state support. They include over 120 active
technology parks and innovation technology centers
hosting more than 1,200 small enterprises with a total
number of employees exceeding 20,000 and the combined yearly output topping RUR 30 billion worth. In
2006 the Government approved the State Program for
Creation of Technology Parks in the High-Tech Sphere
in the Russian Federation.
86 technology transfer centers were created, helping more than 2,000 organizations – universities, RAS
institutes, industrial research institutes; 10 national information analysis centers for monitoring international and
Russian scientific and technology potential were established, getting over 40,000 queries for two years.
Another effective state innovation support
mechanism was proposed and implemented – special
economic zones (SEZs), regulated by the Federal Law
of July 22, 2005 No. 116-FZ On Special Economic Zones
in the Russian Federation. There are 57 residents registered in the four existing innovational special economic
zones at the moment.
Development institutes have been formed for
supporting innovations, including the Russian Venture
Company established by the Decree of the Government
of the Russian Federation. The Company disposes of RUR
15 billion of investment resources.
State corporations have a special role in the innovation development. The Russian Corporation of Nanotechnologies (RUSNANO) was established by the Federal
Law of July 19, 2007 No. 139-FZ. The purpose of creating
RUSNANO was to support innovations in the nanoindustry (above all, promising innovational projects) financially
and organizationally.
RUSNANO is to play the key role in the implementation of the state socio-economic and, particularly, innovational policy, working in interaction with federal executive bodies, state academies of sciences, leading trade,
industry, and investment companies and holdings, and
individual enterprises and public business associations.
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We can thus state that, despite considerably less innovation experience as compared with the leading industrial nations, Russia has created a system of legal support
of innovational economic development, along with the
innovation system proper, which is capable of commercializing research results and ensure new high-technology
product manufacture growth. However it must be emphasized that Russia still lags behind the OECD average in
terms of most basic parameters of the national innovation
system. At the same time, there are certain hindrances to
the development of the Russian innovation system.
Strategic priorities of Russia’s innovational development, along with the appropriate legislative base, are
formed at the federal level; comprehensive state programs
for high-tech activity development are worked out, and
mechanisms of their implementation are instigated. The
federal center also forms the regional component of the
state program for innovation policy, deciding upon the
most efficient placement of advanced production facilities, creation of special economic zones and technology
parks in the high-tech sphere, etc.
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But certain decisions on the creation of innovational infrastructure elements sometimes fail to consider
the innovational potential of different regions, strategic
plans and regional development schemes, and strategies
of the leading companies and industries.
NIS development must spring, inter alia, from the
system of strategic documents on regional development.
Many regions are actively forming and perfecting their
innovation policy, adopting laws that facilitate scientific,
technological and innovational activity, identifying priorities and developing appropriate regional programs,
enhancing interregional and international cooperation,
and developing innovational infrastructure.
The federal center must support regional initiatives. But, apart from such support, the regions can expect
the federal center to pursue a consistent policy taking the
specialization of different regions into account. Such a
policy could preclude dissipation of financial resources
and high-tech facilities duplicating one another, ensure
fruitful interregional integration but maintain the competition, a necessary component of an efficient economy.
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Legal Problems
of Development of Innovation
Relations of Russia Today
Andrey
Lisitsyn-Svetlanov
Director of the Institute
of State and Law of RAS,
Corresponding Member of RAS
Each country has its own remarkably unique situation as far as innovations are concerned. But, although no
two countries are identical twins in this respect, there is
one trait that is fairly universal: all nations regard technical progress as a desirable thing.
The entire world yearns for development of the innovation sector, but the level of such development varies
widely even in countries with a strong industry and traditional market economy. There is a paradox: the obvious
desire does not match the reality.
Looking at the experience of many industrially
developed countries, we observe a fairly varied picture of
steps and efforts undertaken by each country with a view
to boosting innovation. And it is the government that initiates such efforts in most cases. In our opinion, the modern conception of innovation development has been best
represented by United Kingdom and Japan, which advanced the idea of creating a society of knowledge. While
we appreciate the methodological value of the abovementioned conceptions and the legal experience of certain other countries, we do not think that Russia should
base its laws governing development of the innovation
sector on borrowing ready-made legal constructs of other
nations. Therefore, it is necessary to give a realistic evaluation to those legal reforms that have already been accomplished, and then proceed to choosing organizational and
legal tools of innovation development.
In Russia, the problem of innovation-based economy development is a very multifaceted one. The civil
law reform undertaken in 1990s culminated in the passing of the Civil Code and a package of laws on intellectual
property. Objectively speaking, a sufficient legal framework was established for appropriate legal regulation
of innovation processes. But the adoption of Part IV of
the Civil Code is, in the final analysis (even if we take in
account all the new provisions), an act of codification
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which benefits mostly law enforcement activities rather
than the corresponding economic relations.
However, neither the 1990s, nor the following
eight years witnessed any active development in the innovation sector, and the gap between the level of Russian
science capable of developing quite competitive solutions,
on one hand, and the industry, on the other hand, continues to exist. Moreover, the industry remains indifferent
even to foreign solutions, even though today it can use
them much more freely than during the Soviet period.
So, although one would think that using innovations is absolutely required for our commercial enterprises to remain viable in the competitive environment,
they are not actually used for that purpose. We tend to
think that this is an indicator of immaturity of the market. Under the existing conditions (both domestic and
international), developing and harmonizing the market
without assistance of the state will either take too long
or won’t be possible at all, and that is not acceptable in
today’s world. The state must play an active part both in
advancing innovation processes and in development of
the market as a whole.
Therefore, correctly determining the state’s role
in advancing innovation processes becomes a primal
problem. In solving this problem, it is very important to
avoid the temptation of assigning certain functions of
an economic agent to the state. A risk of this happening
actually exists, because a legal base for assuming such
functions by the state is found in Chapter 77 of Part IV of
the Civil Code, and is further strengthened by a number
of drafts of subordinate laws.
The main task of the Russian state today is to create a legal mechanism that will be capable of starting
intensive development of innovation processes that are
lethargic at the moment. A lot of time and a lot of highly
trained personnel have been lost.
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The intellectual property laws are just one link in
the chain – a necessary one, a very important one, but
not capable of boosting innovation processes all by itself.
Vital points should be found along the entire chain, starting with the status and financing of the fundamental science, which is the generator of ideas, through industrial
implementation of innovations and creation of high-tech
manufacturing enterprises with highly skilled staff, and
ending with product sales in the domestic or international
markets. If the entire chain – from a conception of an idea
to sales of the products that were produced by implementing that idea – does not function, then no amount of great
intellectual property laws and no amount of scientific centers generating wonderful ideas will be of any help.
Factors related to international cooperation should
be taken in account as well. A proper balance should be
maintained in that area. On one hand, scientific thought,
technology, and production in the modern world can’t
exclusively belong to a single nation. International experience and foreign technologies must be used in scientific
and technological work as well as in industrial development. On the other hand, Russian science needs a protectionist approach, since its development in the recent years
has been underfunded. If the state pursues the policy of
providing state support to innovation, including financing venture projects, it should give preference to Russian R&D companies. And this is exactly the goal toward
which the new state corporations created in accordance
with federal laws, including the Russian Corporation of
Nanotechnologies, should work.
In addition to the overall approach to creating
a legal framework for innovation-based development,
one should keep in mind certain specific elements which
are a sine qua non of legal relationships in the innovation area. And the first and foremost of those elements
is the legal subject participating in such relationships.
The situation that came to exist as a result of privatization, when the manufacturing sector and R&D institutions operate independently of each other, has lead to
a disastrous rupture between science and production.
Our main problem today is that manufacturing enterprises are not interested in acquiring high-tech solutions
that could help improving facilities and material assets.
The Russian business is not even trying to use solutions
created by the applied science sector, let alone the fundamental science, which thinks decades ahead, because
development of new technologies involves implementing
46
ideas which won’t bring any immediate profits to the Russian business, so the business, which has other ways of
making reasonably high profits, is not willing to incur additional expenses. That is the situation that actually exists;
it can be analyzed, but cannot be changed in the immediate future. So, since the fault lies with the business itself,
the subsequent parts of the mechanism won’t work either.
Therefore, another player should be promptly introduced
into the business arena, a player that can replace the Russian businessperson interested in short-term gains. Who
can become such a player? The state. And if we look at
the problem in the light of developing such a business
form as partnerships between the state and the private
business, it is the state that should initiate the process.
Unfortunately, considerable differences exist today between interests of the state and those of the business. And what we need now is to stop fumbling around
blindly in search of a way to make the state cooperate with
the private business; instead, we need to determine clearly
who will be placing orders tomorrow for the products that
Russian science is potentially capable of producing, and
who will be the consumer of such products. The Russian
state is interested in development of an innovation-based
economy not only because the state is a regulating power
in our society, but also because it is a major consumer of
high-tech products. This is a result of a number of factors.
The state has a huge territory spread across different climatic zones with a poor infrastructure and a catastrophic
demographic situation. All that territory needs improvements and protection, which becomes especially obvious
when we look at the problem in the light of international
relations. Besides, according to the Constitution, Russia
is a social state. And to be truly social, it needs certain
products – not knowledge as such, but medicines, infrastructure, weapons, etc. Therefore, the state can be seen
as a huge source of orders for high-tech products, and, at
the same time, a huge consumer of such products. The history of our country shows that in the absence of orders
placed by the state, inventor’s certificates could just as well
be used instead of wallpaper, while those technologies that
were used in the defense industry were quite competitive.
Why? Because if the customer demands that the products
should have very high quality, and the law makes sure that
the products are to be delivered in strict accordance with
the contract, then new technologies will be competitive,
and the quality of the products will be comparable to or
better than that of similar foreign products. In the situ-
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ation that exists today, it is mandatory that the laws on
governmental contracts should be improved, especially in
regard to the so-called state acceptance inspection and,
consequently, the liability for non-execution or poor execution of governmental contracts.
While the practice of governmental contracts does
exist today, the state buys only those products that are offered by manufacturers. But if the state started demanding
high-quality products, the contractor would be faced with
a dilemma: to lose the order or to hire developers that can
offer new technologies and/or new materials. The same
problem exists in such areas as manufacture of medical
equipment, environmental safety, capital construction,
energy saving, etc. Governmental contracts must place
science and business in a competitive environment. If
the government orders high-tech and high-quality products, a company that is not capable of producing modern
medicines can go bankrupt. To reiterate, governmental
contracts should not keep financing outdated technologies that exist in Russia or abroad; instead, they must
contain such requirements that are impossible to meet
without resorting to science.
Development of the innovation sector suffers from
the same problems as the entire economy. Certain social
maladies can destroy any kind of economy, be it an innovation-based economy or a raw-material-based one.
The greatest of those maladies is the corruption that is rampant in our country. The problem is general in its nature
and must be solved regardless of the priorities of the innovation sector development. The other problem is a specialized one. We are talking about the fact that the innovation
development–industrial implementation–products sales
sequence does not work. Such measures as fighting corruption and control of tender competitions are needed, but
they are general-purpose activities where the results can
be achieved by jailing people, preaching to them, mixing
the above, or by doing other things. And legal tools that are
required in order to start intensive development of the innovation sector must be quite specific, and in creating such
legal tools, one must take in account the existing organizational structure of science, the situation in industry, and
the way the state functions in present-day Russia. The state
now has a new priority task which we will call the innovative function of the state. This function may not be useful in
the indefinitely long run, but right now it is needed, because
the innovative processes must be given a push forward. Improvements in such areas as contractual relations and con-
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tractual law become today an indispensable requirement
for implementing high-tech solutions. The state must start
acting as a customer placing orders for a very wide range of
high-tech products, while contracts should serve as an encouraging factor for R&D organizations and as a legal base
for development of market relations.
The laws regulating state contracts must be modified to make sure that all governmental contracts are for
high-tech products that meet the present-day requirements. Amendments should be also made to Part 2 of
the Civil Code which regulates different kind of obligations,
including obligations on product delivery, labor contracts,
and R&D contracts. While the section on product delivery
and labor contracts contains provisions for state contracts,
there are no clauses about state contracts in the section
dealing with R&D work, so this section should be expanded
to include a chapter on state contracts. Such an omission in
the Civil Code is explained by the fact that at the time of
adoption of the Code the package of legal acts governing
patent right and copyright had not been codified yet. It was
planned that the chapter on governmental contracts for
R&D work would be added later, after passing laws on intellectual property. Now, Part 4 of the Civil Code has been
enacted, but instead of the expected amendment to Part 2
of the Code, we have Chapter 77 in Part 4, which states, in
essence, that the fact of state financing means that the state
(the Federation or its constituent part) owns the exceptional rights for any results received. Of course, that regulation ensures the state’s rights for the results of intellectual
work, but it has nothing to do with the concept of intensive
development of innovation activities.
If the law says that the state owns exclusive rights
for all products whose production was state-financed,
will the business people want to interact with R&D institutions which develop technologies, and will they want
to buy production rights for the respective products
from the state at auctions? We doubt it. But if the technologies in question have to do with national security, it
becomes a totally different thing.
The duties of the state in regard to the country’s
defense and national security have such a great scope
and importance that certain technologies must be strictly
classified and used in accordance with special security
procedures. As a part of discharging those duties, the state
could purchase exclusive rights for certain R&D solutions.
Another aspect of those duties is connected with the new
innovative function of the state. We are talking about
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cases when the state itself undertakes necessary actions
with a view to protecting results of intellectual work if
a certain R&D institution cannot provide adequate protection and, in future, utilization of such results. Both of
the above situations have one thing in common: the state
performs its inherent public functions rather than act
as a sort of investor. For the state to be able to use such
an approach, the existing laws must be modified. We must
go back to the situation that existed in the first place:
the state and a developer enter into a contract under
which the state receives the exclusive rights for the results
of R&D work. And it is the contract rather than the fact of
state financing that should be a legal basis for the transfer
to the state of the exclusive rights for any results received
by the developers. However, the aspects of law that we
have discussed do not represent all legal problems that
require a solution. The regulations governing economic
activities of scientific and R&D organizations involved in
innovations should also be reviewed. In present-day Russia, scientific and R&D institutions for the most part belong to and are controlled by the state; this may be a very
good thing, but if they cannot participate freely in business activities, they won’t be effective either.
R&D organizations should be able to control
and use the profits they make, especially in the situation
when government financing is insufficient (even though
it is being increased). Today, a government-financed R&D
institution cannot easily accumulate sufficient funds
to hire and keep the personnel it needs. And human
resources in this case are more important than buying
more equipment – we need to buy heads. It is important
to understand that the innovation development process
was originally a process of fostering scientific thought by
the state. This is especially evident in Russia which boasts
its Academy of Sciences, whose competence has been
proven by centuries of experience.
A special (and critical) attention should be paid
to the emerging tendency to make innovation-related
contracts subject to foreign laws and foreign jurisdictions.
When a Russian company buys a foreign (for example,
Dutch) technology and signs a contract, there is no need
to stipulate that the contract shall be governed by Dutch
law. If a claim related to such a contract is brought before in a court of arbitration in Moscow or Novosibirsk,
then the Russian court, following the existing Russian
regulations on conflict of laws, will apply the Dutch law,
because the matters of technology transfer are governed
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by the law of the licensor’s (i.e. technology supplier’s)
country, unless the parties agreed otherwise. But when we
are talking about development of innovation processes in
Russia, it is implied that we mean financing Russian innovations which will be exported to other countries, including the Netherlands, and in this case, it simply doesn’t
make sense to explicitly make an investment contract (or
a Russian technology export contract) subject to foreign
laws. That is obvious, because any contract for licensing
a technology by a Russian licensor to a Dutch licensee will,
from the viewpoint of Dutch law, be governed by Russian
law. Besides, it is inherently wrong to subject any disputes
arising in connection with contracts for Russian technologies transfer (as well as those that arise in connection
with technology development contracts) to foreign laws.
One should realize the implications of subjecting such
disputes to foreign jurisdictions. The Russian Federation
has already had the doubtful pleasure of being involved in
several disputes that arose in connection with claims on
Russian property which were a result of certain lawsuits
lost by the Russian state or Russian organizations.
There are no grounds for prejudice against the Russian laws governing these matters. We have a regulation on
license agreements, and the Russian Civil Code is one of
the most advanced laws that exist today. The judicial system is not faultless, but the matter of choosing jurisdiction
that shall be governing an international business contract
has nothing to do with the quality of courts. It is a totally
unrelated question. And as to choosing a jurisdiction, we
should remember that there is a rule stipulating that certain categories of disputes (including disputes regarding
validity of patents issued in the Russian Federation) are
subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of arbitration courts
of the Russian Federation. Those disputes that are not subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of Russian state courts can
be brought before the International Commercial Arbitration Court at the RF Chamber of Commerce and Industry, which boasts a history of 75 years and a reputation of
a well-known international dispute settlement center.
People who say that Russia has no civil law capable of governing international contracts are simply
not acquainted with the Russian law – and that is true of
most foreigners. Russia, too, has its share of such ignorant
people. In Russia, just as in many other countries, parties
to a contract can make it subject to a national law of
their choice. However, if the purpose of such a legislation
choice is to avoid the binding provisions of one’s own
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national law, the jurisdiction clause of such a contract
can be ruled null and void by a court, which hardly benefits rights and interests of the parties involved. In many
countries, such a practice is known as “law circumvention
in the international private law.” Now let us take a look
at a situation of an opposite nature, where the matters
of legislation and jurisdiction choice are provided for
in national laws of states interested in development of
their innovation sectors. Back in 1970s and early 1980s,
an attempt was made to develop a Code of Conduct on
the Transfer of Technology under the aegis of the United
Nations. But India, Brazil, Mexico, and many other developing countries were adamant that even those contracts that transfer technologies to them must be subject
to their own national laws and their state courts only.
As a result, the international code was never accepted,
although an agreement was reached with regard to
the rest of its provisions. It would be interesting to note
that the position taken by India, Brazil, and Mexico in
the matter of choice of legislation and jurisdiction did
not have any adverse impact on development of their
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innovation sector and economy as a whole. Investment
appeal of those countries deserves a special attention.
At a certain stage of development of a state, its
functions change, and it has to bear certain expenses to
adequately fulfill its new functions. One day, the state
undertook to pay for secondary education and, later, for
higher education of its citizens, for their health care, etc.
The Russian state, which has a great military potential and
a huge territory over each it intends to exercise effective
sovereignty, must have adequate cutting-edge solutions.
Now we have achieved the stage when our state has that
it should not base its functioning on any privileges, including privileged access to knowledge, and that knowledge – in various areas – that is conducive to economical development should be broadly disseminated. Now
the state must realize that it has a new function – the innovative function we mentioned above – which includes
economical and social aspects, and that development of
the innovation sector is not a way to obtain immediate
profits for the treasury, but an investment that is essential
for stable development of the state.
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The Role of the Russian Academy
of Sciences in the Innovation System
Ekaterina Popova
Assistant Chief of the
Presidential Administration
of the Russian Federation,
PhD in Economics
The Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences,
the predecessor of the modern Russian Academy of Sciences, was founded by the order of Peter I in 1724. Its mission
was to develop natural sciences and “engineering arts.”
With the time passing, the Academy changed its
names several times: since 1747 it was the Imperial Academy of Sciences and Arts, since 1803 the Imperial Academy
of Sciences, since 1836 the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy
of Sciences, since 1917 the Russian Academy of Sciences,
since 1925 the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, and since
1991 till present the Russian Academy of Sciences. At first
the Academy consisted of members who were appointed
there, the leading scientists and university professors, practicing research in their spare time. At this stage of initial
accumulation of knowledge the research was mainly performed by small groups of professors and their students.
As the science was developing and the knowledge
growing, both in depth and in quantity, it was becoming
more and more difficult to combine professional research
with teaching after the expanding curricula. Moreover, in
order to solve serious scientific problems, it became necessary to create experimental production facilities, which
was impossible for universities. Therefore private and later
public research institutes started appearing in Russia at
the verge of the 19th and 20th centuries. Such institutes
were headed by leading scientists, often academicians. But
this did not mean breaking the ties with universities, as
part of researchers continued teaching there.
In 1920s Soviet institutes involved in fundamental research were united in an elite research entity,
the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (AS USSR), with
its mission to generate new knowledge in natural and
social sciences and humanities.
It is important that at the first stage of its
development, apart from generating new knowledge, AS USSR was also responsible for developing
50
new technologies, thus playing a gigantic role in
the industrialization and the increase of the national economic and defense potential. After WWII
AS USSR focused on generating fundamental knowledge
more and more, while developing new technologies was
left to applied research institutes. Fundamental research
in AS USSR and applied research in specialized organizations were coordinated by the State Committee for Science and Technology. Due to interaction of these organizations results of fundamental research were applied in
economy, defense industry and healthcare as efficiently as
possible. Large-scale projects successfully implemented by
the Soviet government included prospecting for mineral
resources of 1/6 of the planet’s dry land, the GOELRO
plan and its brilliant implementation resulting in electrification and industrialization of the country, development
of modern weapons, development of fleet and aviation,
creation of nuclear and thermonuclear weapons and missiles, breakthrough into space and space development –
all the achievements of the Soviet scientific and technical
thought were closely related with the Academy activities.
Most of these technologies were born in its institutes and
later developed with their active involvement.
Thus, it is a historical fact that scientific and technological advance of the USSR and its defense potential
was closely associated with the creative activity of its
academic institutes developing fundamentally new equipment, technologies and materials. All that was first realized in the “lab” version, but it was this version that was
put into practice after certain adjustments. The activity
of the Academy institutes has thus direct connection to
the implementation of the decrees of the Soviet government on large-scale projects.
An indirect recognition of AS USSR efficiency as
an elite research entity by the international scientific community was creation of similar organizations in European
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countries around the beginning of WWII or right after its
end: the National Center of Scientific Research (CNRS,
1939) in France and Max Planck Society (MPS, 1948) in
Germany. Like in Russia, European fundamental science
had been born in the universities and then separated from
them in research institutes, which later united in scientific
organizations. Such structures appeared and developed in
West European countries after the war largely owing to
the US financial support in the framework of the Marshall
Plan. Main organizational principles of their creation, like
for AS USSR, included focus on generation of new fundamental knowledge and technologies, state financing,
and practical self-management (which did not rule out
reporting to the national government).
The Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), the successor of AS USSR in Russia, has been the main source of
new fundamental knowledge in natural and social sciences and humanities in Russia since its foundation in
1991. 418 institutes in 9 RAS departments are involved
in fundamental research. The total number of Nobel
Prize winners from AS USSR and RAS has the same order
of magnitude as the number of laureates in developed
European countries.
The attempt to substitute AS USSR with alternative
organizations, which could not compete with AS USSR in
terms of scientific potential and international authority,
was a heavy blow to the national science in early 90s, when
the USSR was collapsing. A wide propaganda campaign
aimed at dilution of the very concept of the Russian/Soviet Academy of Sciences was also launched about this time.
One of its results was dozens of state and non-state public
organizations receiving the name of academies.
Sharp reduction of RAS funding from the state
(down to a minimum only allowing it to provide a salary barely sufficient for hand-to-mouth subsistence to its
employees and pay for utility services partially) was another serious blow. Budget funding of RAS became much
lower than that of similar West European organizations.
Dwindled budget funding was accompanied by a drop of
financing by state and foreign foundations.
Another negative effect was due to the false statement that fundamental science was practically unsupported by the state in liberal economies, functioning on
a commercial basis. This statement contradicts the real
situation: all industrially developed countries finance their
fundamental science in full, though non-budgetary sources
are involved for innovation project implementation, too.
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Today’s principal task is to modernize RAS in order
to enable its development in the market economy.
We should define the place and role of the Russian
Academy of Sciences in the Russian innovation system and
in the process of technological and innovational renovation,
which is a goal declared by all the fundamental speeches of
the President of the Russian Federation and relevant documents of the Government of the Russian Federation.
To answer this question it would be valuable, first,
to analyze principal figures characterizing RAS activities, reflecting the condition of its fixed assets and human resource
potential, second, identify principal problems which hinder
the crucial role of RAS in the national innovation system, and
then suggest possible solutions, including proposals concerning change of RAS functions and its organizational structure.
PRINCIPAL FIGURES CHARACTERIZING
RAS ACTIVITIES
The average age of a researcher is over 48, a fact
that poses a serious threat of broken succession of generations and lost unique scientific knowledge. For example,
annual inflow of young scientists to RAS institutes is some
4% of the total number of research fellows.
Machinery and equipment older than 11 years already account for 49.8% of the RAS fixed assets; the share
of equipment newer than 2 years is only 22%. The lion’s
share of scientific and medical equipment in institutes of
the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences has been used
for 10 to 15 years or more; such obsolescence makes
high-quality research impossible.
For the last decade the domestic expenditures on
research and development in the academic sector doubled
(with average annual growth of 7.2%) and the staff numbers dropped by 15% (with research numbers decreasing
by 19% and operator numbers by 14.2%). The level of
non-budgetary funding of the academic sector of science
is 26.0% in RAS,1 50.0% in the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and 22.5% in the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. (Report of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia On Enhancing the Efficiency of the State
Sector of Science examined at the meeting of the Government of the Russian Federation on May 26, 2005).
According to expert estimates, the academic sector accounts for some 11% of the total number of the submitted patent applications in Russia.
1. The 2004 figure is estimated by RAS at 42.1%.
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TABLE 1
THE CURRENT ROLE AND PLACE OF THE ACADEMIC SECTOR WITHIN THE RUSSIAN SCIENCE
FIGURE
2003
Share of the academic sector in the total domestic expenditures on research and development, %
13.5
Non-budgetary funds per one ruble of consolidated budget expenditures for research
and development in the academic sector, rubles
0.25
Percentage of academic personnel involved in research and development within the total number
of people involved in research and development, %
17.3
Percentage of academic personnel involved in research and development within the total number
of people involved in research and development in state organizations, %
22.3
Percentage of postgraduate students in the academic sector within the total number of postgraduate
students, %
8.1
Share of the academic sector within state scientific organizations, %
30.8
Share of budget expenditures for support of the academic sector within the total budget funds
allocated for civil science, %
34.2
Share of budget expenditures for support of the academic sector within the total budget funds
allocated under the line “Fundamental Research and Assistance to Scientific and Technological
Advance,” %
39.8
Source: Report of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia On Enhancing the Efficiency of the State Sector of Science
(examined at the meeting of the Government of the Russian Federation on May 26, 2005)
Thus, the following principal problems can
be identified based on the cited statistics:
– Ageing of the personnel.
– Considerable wear of fixed assets.
– Low work efficiency, despite the growing state
financing.
– Low involvement in technology commercialization.
We believe that the majority of the negative factors
that cause the today’s difficulties stem from the fact that
the functions of the academic sector are not defined completely. All the relevant documents of the Government of
the Russian Federation name “fundamental research”
as principal function of RAS. Two other principal functions are educational activity and “expert examination”
of higher-level state projects (Program for Modernization
of the Structure, Functions, and Financing Mechanisms
of the Russian Academy of Sciences approved by the Inter-Industry Commission for Scientific and Innovational
Policy on October 11, 2005).
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We would like to point out that the term “fundamental research” is usually understood in the narrow
sense, as solution of the issues concerning the development of the science in itself, rather than development of
basic technologies or new equipment. If we assume such
logic, one can readily see that there are no limits to RAS
cutting: you may cut it by a quarter, or by half, what’s
the difference if the organization lives to satisfy its corporate interests and not the nation’s interests? “Advanced development of basic technologies and fundamentally new
equipment” specified in the principal functions would cut
the ground from under such claims.
As we have mentioned earlier, the mandatory functions of AS USSR at the initial stage of its development also
included new technology development, having played
an important role in the industrialization and the increase
of the national economic and defense potential.
At present, due to the difficult situation of
applied science and the necessity to strengthen
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RAS links with the industrial production sector in
the market economy, it may be advisable to restore
this function of the Academy.
Yet another negative consequence of the narrowed function of RAS is that, according to the idea laid
in the foundation of the reform, the limited budget of
the Academy has to be channeled mainly for this very
function, that is, for fundamental research alone.
All other funds for the academic institutes, including those coming from the federal budget, are declared
“non-budgetary”; in order to use these funds, academic
personnel has to leave the institute officially.
True, when these targeted funds end up, they can
try and return to the staff of the institute – if there are a vacancy and an appropriate research topic. Well, when another grant or contract is received, they will have to leave
again, etc. What is to be done with the equipment, working
places and production facilities? – Nobody knows, though,
seeing the real picture, we can easily guess that the entire
situation is only an abstract idea: nobody is going to leave,
which means that all applied research will become
shady business. Who will come off a loser? The nation
(with uncollected potential taxes) and the RAS institutes
(without funds needed for their overhead costs). We would
like to emphasize that even in developed countries, where
scientists’ salaries are sufficient for being well off (starting
from several thousand dollars per month), such a problem
of leaving the institute does not arise at all. Having won
a grant or a contract, the scientists can buy the necessary
equipment and materials or hire laboratory assistants or
engineers for the term of the contract; the only thing they
cannot do is allocate additional salary for themselves.
It is evident that such a way of RAS reforming will inevitably lead to breaking ties of many
RAS institutes with science-intensive production.
One of the crucial tasks is therefore to specify RAS
functions more precisely.
Providing RAS institutes with modern equipment also needs immediate attention if the state is going
to use the leading institutes of the technical and technological
profiles for the implementation of its plans of innovational
development of Russia. The problem is to be solved right now,
rather than after the RAS reform plan is completed.
Of course it may be difficult to solve the problem
fully for all RAS institutes. One of the possible variants,
which might be discussed with RAS representatives, is to
create about ten national laboratories based on large RAS
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physical, technical, chemical and nuclear research institutes (perhaps with simultaneous consolidation and reorganization) right now, with the installation of the necessary equipment financed provided that these laboratories
will transform into global multiple-access centers.
A good example in this respect may be seen in
the major national laboratories of the US where tremendous
volumes of fundamental research, development of state-ofthe-art technologies and equipment and their transfer to
the belt of innovation enterprises are combined efficiently.
Many directors of academic institutes believe that
the problem of equipment renovation is the most important and difficult to solve. Important because the necessary
equipment and qualified personnel enable the institutes to
earn their money themselves, without begging the state. Difficult to solve, as there are virtually no funds in the budget allocated for equipment purchase. Thus, while the book value
of equipment in the St. Petersburg Ioffe Physical and Technical Institute is RUR 1.5 billion (with depreciation accounted
for), the internal academic program of resource support allocates some RUR 18 million to the Institute for new equipment, with 23% of the institute’s equipment over 20 years
old. (Interview of the Institute Director A.G. Zabrodsky to
the Open Economy Center, December 13, 2005)
Just to draw a comparison: in China two-year-old
equipment is already considered obsolete. A considerable
part of researchers in most Chinese academic institutes are
constantly on travel abroad, mainly due to the deficit of
the necessary experimental and production equipment.
Human resources and salaries are yet another important problem of RAS.
It is evident that a lopsided RAS reform aimed only
at raising researchers’ salaries to the prejudice of other
aspects (we have shown the importance of the expenditures for new equipment) cannot bring positive results.
According to the calculations by the directorates
of academic institutes, the basic rate of scientists’ salaries
can reach RUR 20,000 per month in some laboratories in
2008 (the amount remaining to the declared RUR 30,000
will have to be earned additionally by active participation
in grant projects). However, the average monthly salary in
Moscow is around RUR 15,000 even now, and it is clear
that in 2008 it can easily surpass scientists’ salaries. It
should be noted that, in order to become a good physicist, a teenager must make serious efforts; for example, to
learn in the renowned Moscow Institute of Physics and
Technology (MIPT), a high school student has to pass
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the contest to enter the Physical and Mathematical School
of MIPT, study there for the three years, study at a basic
department of MIPT in one of several associated universities, pass the contest to enter the postgraduate study department, and work for 5 to 7 years under the direction
of a more advanced colleague, spending a total of some
20 years, and the best years, of their life. At the same time
their peers can earn more and easier.
Let us assume that despite the aforesaid young
people want to make a scientific career. What about vacancies? The 20% staff reduction planned for the RAS reform is already underway. The principle realized is “equal
parts for all institutes” regardless of whether there are
vacancies in their staff list and what results an institute
shows. Because of this, all vacancies are going to disappear from academic institutes in the nearest future, with
people fired who actually do the job. As a result, the staff
list reduced by 20% within three years will be occupied by
researchers who are not too young: on the one hand, they
will hardly be fascinated by the prospect of leaving for
the so-called “innovational” (non-budget-financed) part
of their Institute, and, on the other hand, who is going to
retire voluntarily and do with a miserable pension instead
of receiving a nice salary, even if aged?
Thus, if all the expenditures of the Academy of
Sciences except the salaries are “frozen,” not a single
objective of the reform is going to be achieved: a scientist’s work will not win any more prestige, the number of
people entering engineering and technology research institutes will not increase; moreover, we will lose the possibility to employ them for three years; that is, our institutes
will even grow several years “older.” Their experimental
and technological equipment and material resources,
a basis for world-class laboratory engineering and technical developments with further transfer to the innovation
industry, will die out completely. The infrastructure will go
to rack and ruin; no one will maintain it, as maintenance
personnel salaries are only planned to reach RUR 12,000
per month in 2008, with the average monthly salary at
some RUR 15,000 in Moscow and some RUR 10,000 in St.
Petersburg. There is a threat that institutes with developed
fleets of experimental equipment and large personnel will
have to be closed, while scientists will turn into outworkers connected to the scientific community only through
their home computers. This can evidently ruin even theoretic schools, which are relatively insensitive to availability
of expensive material resources.
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What is there left to do, then? It is obvious that basic salaries of scientists and related maintenance and service
personnel have to be brought at least up to the average salary
(across Russia). But if the state is going to use the leading institutes of the technical and technological profiles for the implementation of its plans of innovational development of
Russia, development and renovation of their equipment and
material resources must be financed right now, rather than in
some vague future, after the RAS reform plan is completed.
Increasing researchers’ salaries to the prejudice
of other aspects plus staff reduction cannot alone solve
the burning task of making RAS personnel “younger.” Two vital components are missing: jobs attractive for young
people and vacancies available to be filled by fresh
graduates. A possible solution of the former has already
been mentioned above: it comes to reasonable financing of
renovation and development of instruments, equipment,
and infrastructure, for example, in the framework of national
laboratories to be established based on a number of large RAS
institutes. The latter problem can be solved in the following
way: to make researchers’ pensions, miserable to date, attractive and stimulating voluntary retirement of aged scientists.
As a step forwards, in order to lessen the extra burden of
the Pension Fund, the academic community could agree to
postpone the official retirement age for scientists for 5 years.
An important issue requiring a solution is to
create a system for assessing performance of individual researchers, laboratories, and RAS institutes.
In this respect it would be quite practical to analyze the experience of the joint Order of the Ministry of
Education and Science of Russia, Ministry of Social and
Healthcare Development of Russia, and RAS of November
3, 2006 No. 273/765/68 (hereafter, the Order). The Order
was discussed at the enlarged meeting of the Bureau of
the Board of Directors of RAS Institutes on July 3, 2007.
We believe the results of this discussion are worth
close attention, above all, the attention of the Government
of the Russian Federation, as the Order under consideration touches an area of great importance and sensitivity:
stimulating researchers’ work, and errors or inefficient solutions can bring serious negative consequences for entire
RAS functioning.
At its meeting on July 3 the Board of Directors of RAS Institutes pointed out that:
– All RAS institutes have developed Regulations On
the Procedure and Conditions for Incentive Bonuses to Research Staff;
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– Bonuses according to scientific activity efficiency
indicators (SAEI) were introduced almost in all
institutes since July 1, 2007.
However the experience accrued generated
a number of important general remarks: a necessity to
change many wordings in the Order text, and a need to
introduce additional parameters for many sections covering the specifics of work of a given institute.
The mandatory nature of the Order makes it less
flexible and less able to take all the specifics of different universities’ activities into account. The procedure and conditions of incentive bonus application must be recommendations rather then commands; formal performance criteria
must be considered along with other as important factors.
Rigid proportions of different parts of the Incentive Bonus Fund do not ensure balanced and fair remuneration of scientists and engineers, young research fellows, and managers of scientific departments. Institute
Senates and directorates must have the right to define
the proportions of different parts of the Incentive Bonus
Fund themselves.
The proposed order of assigning incentive bonuses for each next year based on the results of the work
for the preceding two years takes away the opportunity to
stimulate researchers who are commissioned with an additional or very important job. The topic supervisor, too,
must be able to change the budgetary bonus if needed.
The procedure of bonus setting must be made more flexible. The Senate of an institute must have an opportunity
to allocate a certain proportion of the Incentive Bonus
Fund for support of new research.
The incentive bonus assigning based partially on
SAEI contravenes the goal of making young researchers
come into scientific institutions and remain there. Often
young people having some two years of research experience (sometimes more, depending on the institute specifics) have few publications; they need time to develop
the methodology and obtain results; they cannot deliver
an invited report, are not authors of learning courses, have
not got patents, etc. The multipliers proposed in the Order
adjust young researchers’ SAEI but not too much. The Senate must have a right to allocate a certain part of the Incentive Bonus Fund for supporting young researchers.
The principle of giving bonuses based only on arithmetic calculation of a number of formal parameters causes
incorrect assumptions on the significance of the achieved
results, makes no difference between theorists and experi-
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mentalists nor between humanities and natural sciences,
and equalizes assessment of contribution of leading researchers (authors of the problem formulation, the idea of
the experiment and its interpretation) and those researchers whose work was necessary but auxiliary. Furthermore,
such an approach stimulates writing low-quality papers
and reports. Those who are involved in complex experimental projects are at a disadvantage, for the completion
and interpretation often require a larger research team,
take more time, involve considerable methodological difficulties, require construction of special equipment, etc. Expositions and expeditions are missed out at all, as is work
as facilitators of conferences and symposia and work in
journals. Classified projects important for national defense
are completely left out of account.
Basic points to be received for performance under
individual criteria are based on nothing and provide tremendous advantage to researchers who work individually
and scientists who spend a lot of time working abroad.
The internal balance of the points used for SAEI calculation
in accordance with the Order is biased in favor of participation in conferences. The number of points assessing participation in Russian or international conferences with an invited report is clearly overrated as compared to the number
of points for a patent or for scientific publications.
Attempts to evaluate results based on two years’
history, mainly by the number of publications, journal
ratings, and the number of conference participations will
lead to trivial subject matters, encouraging perfunctory
research and promoting those researchers who publish
the same results (often of little significance) in multiple
articles and theses. Given that there are no mechanisms
provided for evaluating significance of different conferences and the majority of works submitted for conferences (including international conferences) are admitted
regardless of their novelty and quality, a researcher can
thus boost up their SAEI almost infinitely. As a result, even
the right of the Commission to adjust SAEI values cannot
help the accrued points evaluate actual scientific activity
of the personnel and objective value of their results. Biases
in the total points become inevitable; an unfair remuneration system is formed. A scientist faces a dilemma: to engage in fundamental research or to “earn points,” taking
part even in conferences they do not need.
The existing system of the calculation of department heads’ SAEI considerably diminishes their own
points compared to the total points, as in most cases
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department heads have personal SAEI exceeding average
SAEI in their departments several times. Thus, department
heads’ individual scientific activity is partially devalued
by the existing calculation procedure. It would be more
reasonable to add a certain percent of the average SAEI in
the department to its head’s SAEI.
The distribution of the part of the Fund intended for incentive bonuses for scientists proportionally,
depending on SAEI, seems unjustified: we can see that
a low-SAEI employee is given the same bonus as one with
high SAEI (despite the former’s inefficient performance).
It would be more reasonable to separate several groups
according to the number of points or qualification and
assign a fixed equal-distribution proportion of the Fund
for them, or at least, to make the bonus proportional to
a logarithm function.
If the number of researchers in an institute is
small, the 5% of the Incentive Bonus Fund intended for
payments to scientific management becomes insufficient
to provide the projected bonus even for one research fellow at an average.
There are messages from institutes that point out
multiple inaccuracies in the text of the Order; a number
of its paragraphs can be interpreted ambiguously.
A number of institutes point out that the typical
Regulations do not consider a number of aspects of scientists’ research activity that characterize its efficiency
and take a lot of time; they suggest therefore that institute
Senates should be entitled to introduce additional parameters reflecting the research activity in a given institute
more fully (such parameters are listed below).
Having considered the Order in question,
the Board of Directors of RAS Institutes adopted
the following resolution:
“We apply to the Presidium of RAS for support and
ask it to raise an issue in the Ministry of Education and
Science of Russia and Ministry of Social and Healthcare
Development of Russia on the revision of the Regulations
On the Procedure and Conditions for Incentive Bonuses
to RAS Research Staff and Scientific Supervisors or adoption of new Regulations, as the joint Order of the Ministry
of Education and Science of Russia, Ministry of Social and
Healthcare Development of Russia, and RAS of November 3, 2006 No. 273/745/68 giving effect to them does
not lead to encouraging scientists who actively work for
the country, provides incorrect focus on what is important
and less important in the work of scientists and research
56
teams, and requires considerable revision.” (Minutes of
the enlarged meeting of the Bureau of the Board of Directors of RAS Institutes on July 3, 2007)
PROPOSED AMENDMENTS TO THE ORDER
Institute Senates and directorates must have a right
to define the proportions of different parts of the Incentive Bonus Fund themselves.
The Senate must have a right to allocate a certain
part of the Incentive Bonus Fund for supporting young
researchers.
The Senate must have an opportunity to allocate
a certain proportion of the Incentive Bonus Fund for support of new research.
The Senate must have a right to supplement
the official list of journals by journals that reflect the specifics of the field but are not enlisted by the Higher Attestation Commission.
It is advisable to include all the activity
concerning scientific results fixed in the written
form as a separate (first) item on the SAEI assessment charts:
– Programs of budgetary research projects, registered in the VINITI (All-Russian Institute of Scientific and Technical Information);
– Reports on the performance of such research
projects;
– Reports made at the governmental bodies’ order, reports at the meeting of a Senate, a Joint Council, or
a Presidium (including defense of grant reports);
– Evidence of the fact that the new project is attested
(measurement instruments, techniques, drafts of
official documents, data on the registration in registers and databases, including international ones).
Registered design documentation, regulations,
special reports, and classified reports on budgetary topics
should be given the same status as publications in lowimpact-factor journals, at the Senate’s approval.
As published monographs usually have a volume of
less than 12 to 15 printer’s sheets (52 to 65 A4 sheets) and
the number of points assigned for monographs is insufficient,
we propose to increase the multiplier to the value of 2.
Points for poster papers should be assigned with
a coefficient 0.5 to an oral paper.
Points should be assigned for participation in annual institute-scale contests and conferences of young
scientists.
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Along with lecture courses, development and delivery of practical training sessions and workshops must
be accounted for.
Apart from patents, registered know-hows should be
accounted as intellectual property with 15 points assigned.
Points should also be assigned for:
– Current supervision of a postgraduate student;
– Organizational activity, such as preparing and facilitating large-scale scientific conferences and
symposia, including international ones (developing a program, selecting papers, working as group
supervisors, etc.);
– Development and testing of new research methods
(they require as much time as writing papers).
The percentage of the Fund intended for bonuses
to directorates is limited to 5%. We think that this 5%
should be treated as bonuses paid for management of
the institute, while points accumulated in accordance
with Appendix 2 for their scientific activity should be accounted in the remaining part of the Fund. The same goes
about heads of divisions and departments. We believe
the best way to assess the performance of a director is to
add some percentage of the average SAEI in the respective
division or department to the director’s own points.
MODERNIZATION
OF RAS ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
This issue is very complex. It is obvious that RAS
needs updating its organizational structure to match
the market environment. The scientific centers which
are closest to RAS in term of their science organization
and management system to be studied are the National
Center of Scientific Research (CNRS) in France and Max
Planck Society (MPS) in Germany. Unlike RAS, they have
functioned in the market economy since their establishment and accrued positive and negative experience
along for the time passed. In order to study their valuable experience, it would be possible to run a joint project of RAS and the cited research centers, with the following on the agenda:
– Analysis and comparison of the management system in these institutes;
– Training of the most promising scientific managers of RAS in CNRS, Max Planck Society, and other
European centers;
– Joint seminars (by RAS, CNRS, and Max Planck
Society) on the modern forms of market-oriented
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science organization and management for RAS
managers, from a chief of a laboratory up.
The following key issues can be discussed at
such seminars:
– Optimization of the scientific and organizational
structure of a research institute in the market
environment;
– Criteria and mechanisms of assessment of scientific
rating of individual scientists and research teams;
– Propagating fresh scientific information, as well as
information on non-budgetary financing sources
and scientific forums;
– Organizing international cooperation and developing international projects;
– Human resource policy and training fresh graduates;
– Multiple-access usage of expensive equipment and
joint mastering of new technologies;
– Organizing scientific information networks and
regional scientific and technical multiple-access
centers;
– State support of fundamental science as a governmental policy;
– A technology of putting fundamental research results into practice;
– Intellectual property protection.
Another major field of the organizational restructuring of academic institutes could be opening of
offices/departments of technology commercialization in
order to boost up commercial application of research results, patenting, and licensing.
Such departments have already been established
and working efficiently enough in state higher educational
institutions of Tomsk and Novosibirsk. The responsibilities
of technology commercialization departments must include
finding promising technologies developed in academic institutes and putting them into commercial production, initial market studies, expert study of the technologies that are
the most suitable for commercialization, developing the system of optimum intellectual property protection, negotiations with potential customers, etc. As service and maintenance departments are gradually disappearing, technology
commercialization departments could also take on procurement, international relations and other organizational
activities. All these steps will also enable researchers to focus
on their direct responsibilities, that is, on research.
Consolidation of RAS branches is a structural
reform step already executed. However, a number of di-
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rectors of academic institutes believe that this step has
not improved the Academy performance. Thus, after
the merge of general physicists and nuclear physicists
about one-third of the Academy’s potential is concentrated in the department of physical sciences; however,
this merge did not change much actually.
Staff reduction equal for all RAS institutes is going to
take the next three years; in the process the institutes will
be merged, regardless of their staff lists and research results.
It is technical and technological institutes, with their filled
staff lists, with their developed systems of researcher training, that will suffer most, and weak institutes, with huge
numbers of vacancies, without material and technical,
experimental and technological resources, without maintenance personnel, and without any responsibility for training and hiring young researchers, will have all the benefits.
The key point is that RAS will not be able to efficiently fulfill its function in the national innovation system without being a state organization.
Political wisdom is to grant RAS maximum independence in the issues which pertain to its field of competence.
One crucial proposal that would require a comprehensive discussion can be to divide RAS into two principal
58
managing bodies: the Presidium and the Board of Directors (much like the two houses of the federal parliament).
Such division would be reasonable, as, on
the one hand, RAS is a network of hundreds of institutes and other organizations, and, on the other hand,
a community of more than 1,000 people representing
the national scientific elite (not only those who work
in RAS institutes!) and meeting twice a year at RAS
General Meetings. The division in question could be
facilitated if the Board of Directors of RAS Institutes
(or its Bureau) were given the authority of a collective
governing body authorized to take decisions on the activities of RAS institutes. On the other hand, the RAS
General Meeting could then turn into an assembly of
the national scientific elite discussing any issues concerning development of science in Russia and integration of efforts of the scientific community.
On the whole, there is yet much to be discussed in
the process of RAS reform. A reasonable approach would
lie in involving people with experience of work in RAS
institutes into taking crucial decisions. Directorates and
the academic community should be also involved into
the discussion actively.
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Involvement of the Russian Academy
of Sciences (in its Capacity of a Cornerstone
of the State-Owned Scientific Sector)
in Innovation-Based Development
of the Russian Economy
Transition of Russian economy to the path of innovation-based development is a pressing and urgent task of
the today’s economic policy. On February 8, 2008, during
an expanded session of the State Council of Russia Vladimir Putin made a speech named On Russia’s Development
Strategy through 2020, where he mentioned that no radical improvements in efficiency of the country’s economy
are possible within the traditional development pattern
based on selling fuel and raw materials. “The only real alternative to the above-mentioned scenario… is a strategy of
innovation-based development of the country,” he said.
Creation of a national innovation system is a prerequisite to successful implementation of Russia’s innovation-based development scenario. Efficiency of the national
innovation system will largely depend on its structure and
on how precise and consistent its elements are in carrying
out the tasks determined by the state policy.
But so far, the concept of a National Innovation
System (NIS) has not been recognized by the law. Nor has
it been defined in the document named Basics of the Policy of the Russian Federation on the Promotion of Science and Technology for the Period of Time up to 2010
and for Further Perspective (approved by the President
of the Russian Federation on March 30, 2002, No. Pr-576),
which mentions creation of a NIS among priority tasks
of the state. We think that defining this term and making
it an integral part of federal laws governing science and
innovation-related policies is a pressing political need.
The state-owned science sector forms a major part
of the NIS, since it is the main source of Russian innovations
aiming to ensure the national security and solve the most
important social and economical problems. The state science sector can subdivided into a number of segments
(Academias, industrial science, university science), or into
a number of categories by organizational form (scientific
institutions within the structure of state academies of sci-
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ences, state research centers, scientific organizations of
higher education institutions, etc.).
The NIS can be formed by all constituent elements
of the state science sector in cooperation with budgetary
and non-budgetary innovation support funds, organizations of the innovation sector, and small and medium enterprises (which are quite receptive to new technologies
and willing to implement them). But for the NIS to be effective, the federal law must provide for a number of supportive measures for each link in the innovation chain.
If we look at the overall statistics for the entire Russia, we can see that the state innovation sector has the largest number of research workers and accounts for the largest share of financing allocated for scientific research,
development, and experimental design work (referred to
as R&D work elsewhere in this article). The state science
sector plays an extremely important part in research and
development work done for the defense industry.
It should be mentioned that the concept of
the state science sector itself, its composition, structure,
and the principle of its support by the state (since it is
a major component of the NIS) must be also defined in
the law as soon as possible.
The law must also define specific mechanisms and
procedures for involving state-owned scientific organizations in innovation processes.
For that purpose, it is necessary to modify the legal
definition of a scientific organization to address the specific features it has as an economic entity, and to establish
a system of required quantitative and qualitative standards. It should be mentioned that the existing version of
the Federal Law of August 23, 1996, No. 127-FZ On Science and National Scientific and Technical Policy which
describes the status and areas of activity of scientific organizations, doesn’t even mention the term innovation
activity. In fact, due to certain provisions of the budget
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law, the omission of innovation activity from the list of
legally approved areas of activity of scientific organizations becomes a serious obstacle to their becoming a part
of the NIS.
The state science sector (and, first and foremost,
the Russian Academy of Sciences) is the largest source
of fundamental knowledge in our country. Transition
of economy to the path of innovation-based development means that it is necessary to design and implement
mechanisms for fastest possible conversion of new fundamental knowledge into advanced technologies and
integration thereof in most important spheres of activity,
especially in economy, education, and healthcare.
In the process of transforming results of fundamental research into new products and technologies a gap may
exist between a condition of a scientific solution after it has
been developed in a scientific organization, and the condition that is required for its successful commercialization
by the industrial sector. Prevention of such gaps is a task of
the state, which must take active part in the first stage of creation of scientific knowledge by financing its development
until it reaches a stage where benefits of its commercial implementation become obvious to business people; after that,
the scientific knowledge can be handed over to business for
commercialization. And creating a commercially valuable
solution is possible only if the results of the prior fundamental research have been brought to a finished form.
The best way to improve the state science sector
and increase its efficiency is to incorporate it into the system of partnership between the state and private business
that exists in the area of science and innovation.
Arguments about approaches to use and conflicts
of opinions (ranging from “The Russian Academy of Sciences should work only in the field of fundamental science without bothering about innovations” to “The RAS
is an important component of the national innovation
system, and, in the long-term, perhaps its crucial component, playing the main part in creation and implementation of breakthrough innovations”) have now been finally
resolved by the new By-laws of the Russian Academy of
Sciences, approved by the Decree of the Russian Government No. 785 of November 19, 2007. According to
the By-laws, the areas of activity of the Academy and its
main goals include the following:
– fundamental and applied scientific research into
the most important problems of natural, technical,
humanitarian, and social sciences;
60
– preparing forecasts of technological development
of the world economy based on results produced
by fundamental science; determining the place
and role of Russia in the market of high-tech
products;
– strengthening scientific relations and cooperation
with specialized state academies of sciences and
other scientific organizations involved in fundamental or applied research;
– expanding relations between science and industry;
participating in innovation-related activities and
in implementing scientific and technical achievements; assisting development of science-intensive
branches of the Russian economy.
So, the Russian Academy of Sciences, which is responsible for fundamental research, must take part not
just in generation of new knowledge, but also (and this is
very important!) in bringing that knowledge to a finished
form and passing it to business companies for subsequent
commercialization. Therefore, it is very important that
the Russian Academy of Sciences and higher education
institutions should not only be allowed to participate in
innovation-related activities, but also be responsible for
selecting those fundamental research works which have
practical value and bringing them to a finished form.
Then we will be able to build the partnership of the state
and business about which everyone is talking today.
Solutions to the above problems can include
(a) targeted state support of scientific institutions of RAS
encouraging them to bring any fundamental research
with a practical value to a finished form and (b) laws
setting forth the procedures of passing the resulting
technologies to the country’s economy.
One should mention the role played by State Research Centers (SRCs) in development of innovation processes. As a rule, SRCs perform a complete cycle of work,
from “targeted” fundamental and exploratory research
to developing and implementing industrial technologies.
SRCs have considerable material and human resources,
vast scientific and technical potential, unique lab facilities for tests and experiments; all of those form a foundation for innovation activities, including development of
science-intensive, high-tech products for both domestic
and international markets on the basis of research data
produced by the SRCs themselves.
The scientific and technical potential of state
Academies of Sciences and SRCs should be used to solve
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problems that impede development of science and
technology, and to activate and expand cooperation in
the innovation sector.
The recent years have witnessed ongoing positive
changes in financing of science by the state. At the same
time, the rate of increase of science financing falls behind
the gross national product growth rate.
The share of state investments in R&D financing
remains higher in Russia than anywhere else in the world,
and the share of private investment is very low.
The chronic underfinancing of science in
the previous years led to the following problems:
– loss of human resources (a lot of talented scientists and professionals left science for other activities, or left Russia altogether: during 1990–2005,
the total number of people employed in R&D
more than halved);
– scientific and experimental facilities and equipment are becoming outdated; certain branches
of science and research have virtually no scientific or specialized equipment or devices meeting
the modern international requirements;
– imbalance in financing different regions of the
country is increasing.
State financing of the state science sector is inconsistent, and there is no single coordinating center.
The Program for Fundamental Research is not sufficiently supported by existing laws; there are no clear
regulations with regard to how the fundamental research is to be financed, from what sums and under
which articles of the Budget.
For example, financing of fundamental research
within the system of SRCs has all but stopped. Why? In
2005 the structure of the Federal Budget was changed, and
the section named Fundamental Research and Assistance
to Scientific and Technical Progress was removed from it.
Fundamental research is financed today under
the General State Matters section. Applied research is financed under the National Economy section. As a result,
we have a situation where the link between fundamental
and applied research is broken as early as at the financial
planning stage.
A definition of “targeted fundamental research”
must be included in the appropriate legal acts, and
the functional classification of the Budget of the Russian
Federation must be modified to eliminate the gap between financing of fundamental and applied research.
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It would be advisable to consider including all
fundamental and “targeted” fundamental research programs conducted by state academies of sciences, SRCs,
and higher education establishments into a single federal
program, and to create an entity that will coordinate and
manage that research.
It should be also said that the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation and the Russian Academy of Sciences prepare requests for budget allocations only for fundamental research. Within the state
targeted programs, science financing is allocated by
the Ministry of the Economic Development, and any scientific activities outside of those programs are financed
by the Ministry of Finance; thus, the principle of a united
chain of technological development is broken again.
Our achievements in such areas as the national
nuclear, rocket, cosmic, and aviation industries were made
possible because scientists from institutes of the Academy
of Sciences and those from specialized research institutes
were actively cooperating throughout the entire process
of development of those industries; and the laws and regulations that exist today often hinder such cooperation
instead of encouraging it.
In addition to the already written Fundamentals
of the Policy of the Russian Federation in Science, Innovations, and Investments and the corresponding Federal
Targeted Program that is already underway, it is necessary
to design a system for strategic planning and long-term
forecasting. As a result, fundamental innovations will help
our economy to become more competitive, which is especially important today, when technology in developed
countries is rising to a new level. It is necessary to propose
a legal mechanism for regulating these matters; in other
worlds, a federal law on long-term forecasting and strategic planning should be drafted.
The Program for Fundamental Scientific Research
should become the basis for a long-term forecast of Russia’s scientific and technological development; the Program, which is based on a comprehensive analysis of
results of fundamental and applied research and partial
results of those theoretical, technological and design projects which are currently in progress, helps to select those
priority areas of scientific and technical progress which
should become points of concentration of available limited resources, and to work out methods and principles of
reforming the economic mechanism with a view to entering an innovation-based path of economic development.
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On April 21, 2008, the Russian President suggested
that a long-term plan of scientific and technological development of the country through 2030 should be prepared
based on the Concept of the Long-Term Socio-Economic
Development of the Russian Federation through 2020.
Creation of an organizational structure that will take in account the accumulated experience is an extremely important prerequisite for successful preparation of such a plan.
Successful participation of the state science sector
in developing and implementation of science-intensive
technologies is hindered, among other things, by a number of shortcomings and discrepancies in the existing law.
A lot of legislative work has been done lately to
create a favorable environment for innovation-related
activities. On January 1, 2008, the Federal Law of July
19, 2007 No. 195-FZ On Amending Certain Legal Acts of
the Russian Federation As Regards Creating a Favorable
Fiscal Environment for Financing Innovation Activities
took effect; the Law has introduced a number of changes
in the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, stipulating
a number of privileges and preferences as far as rights for
intellectual work results are concerned, including the following: increased share of organizations’ gross revenues
that can be allocated for research and development work,
exclusion of donations made by scientific research support funds from the taxable income of recipient organizations, faster depreciation for scientific and educational
institutions, and others.
The above changes are a much needed, if minor,
step toward creating a system for fiscal stimulation of
science and innovation. Those organizations of the state
science sector which become a part of the NIS, as well as
private companies in the innovation business, should be
granted additional privileges with regard to value added
tax, profit tax and corporate property tax, at least during the initial period (3–5 years) of commercial implementation of their innovative solutions. Besides, it is very
important that the measures of fiscal support should be
supplemented by removing any red-tape restriction, so
that organizations involved in innovation activities could
operate under very favorable conditions.
Creation of an intellectual property market –
which will serve as a motivating factor for developers of
innovative technologies, contractor companies fulfilling
state orders, and official organizations placing state orders – is a fundamental prerequisite of innovation-based
development. However, an analysis of the last ten years
62
of our movement toward the innovation-driven economy
shows that no such motivation exists in Russia. The main
problem still lies with the fact that there is no comprehensive or near-comprehensive set of laws governing innovation activities undertaken for the purpose of fulfilling state orders for R&D works.
State order means essentially that the state is interested in having a certain product created in a certain sector of economy. However, the state cannot have it done
without a contractor who will do the work. The existing
procedure for fulfilling state orders does not provide any
instructions on how the government agency which has
placed the order will cooperate with the contractor in
future, and, therefore, does not facilitate the process of
receiving a patent by the contractor. And this state of affairs will continue to exist until a standard form of state
contract is created, covering not only the direct interests
of the state and the contractor, but also their future perspectives or, even better, setting forth the procedures for
future use of intellectual properties.
Putting intellectual properties on the balance
sheet presents another extremely important problem.
As a rule, patented inventions developed by scientific
institutions of the RAS are not used by the institutions
themselves to produce the corresponding products, so
placing the patents on balance sheets of those institutions
is questionable from a formal viewpoint. Moreover, with
the existing methods of patent valuation (both the market-value approach and the cost approach) one cannot
get an objective estimate of a patent value without placing an unreasonably high fiscal burden on state scientific
institutions. That is why the RAS proposes to valuate such
patents when rights for their use are sold, and to formulate a valuation procedure that can be used by scientific
organization for that purpose.
Patents and licenses are the principal innovation
products of scientific institutions within the structure of
the Academies of Sciences. In the past, whenever a scientific institution received a license fee for some solution, it
used to pay a part of that fee (approximately 40%–50%) to
the state as a tax (for financing the process of development
of that solution) and keep the rest. But during the last few
years the financial operation permissions issued to the RAS
by the Ministry of Finance did not specify the procedure
of dealing with the license fees, so at the end of each year,
all revenues from the licenses sold by organizations of RAS
went to the state budget. If an institute of the RAS does
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not control license fees received for the licenses it sells,
then it cannot pay the fees that are due to the inventor
or developer, and incurs losses from participating in innovation-related activities. As a result, the number of license
agreements has significantly dropped, and development of
innovative solutions has slowed down.
This problem is closely connected with the problem of motivating scientific organizations and personnel
to take part in innovation-related activities. The procedure for remunerating and encouraging creators of innovative solutions must be improved. In accordance with
the existing system of encouraging bonus payments to
scientific personnel, the “secrecy bonus” is paltry, and
the largest bonuses can be received for participation in
international conferences and for publications in prestigious (mostly foreign) magazines.
The problems related to establishment of small
innovation enterprises by scientific organizations and
institutions of higher education remain unresolved;
the mechanism of transfer of R&D results obtained by
RAS institutes to business entities for subsequent commercialization is not clearly defined. Today, the status
of state-financed institutions does not let them create
innovation companies or use non-budgetary funds for
performing innovation-related work and transferring
scientific findings to industrial enterprises. After January 1, 2009, certain regulations on possessing, using, and
managing state-owned property held by constituent organizations of the RAS will change; however, the competent authorities have not yet determined the procedure for transferring managed property, including
intellectual property, to third parties for the purpose
of their participating in innovation-related activities.
Start-ups which are established in Russia and the rest
of the world with a view to implementing innovative
solutions cannot afford buying a license at the initial
period of their existence; therefore, it is necessary to
create a well-designed system of transfer of innovative
technologies to such start-up enterprises. That system
should be based on license agreements and installment
royalty payments. And it is very important that an organization that has developed a scientific solution should
have right to (a) transfer the solution as its contribution into the charter capital of such a newly created
small start-up enterprises and (b) use non-budgetary
funds for commercializing its solutions through such
small start-ups.
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I N T O
The problems of taxation of scientific institutions within the RAS structure have become especially
urgent after the property tax and land tax privileges had
been revoked. The state is supposed to provide allowance to set off property tax and land tax paid by institutes of the RAS, but the allowance is often late or not
paid fully. Scientific institutions of the RAS are running
up debts and penalties on the above-mentioned taxes,
which seriously deteriorates their financial condition.
The problem is especially pressing for those institutions
which are engaged in researching dual-purpose technologies; such researches usually require a well-developed
infrastructure and large territory. This problem must be
solved without delay, because it hurts the infrastructure
and material assets of Russian science – the infrastructure and assets which could be used for creating new
technology parks, scientific centers, and other elements
of innovation infrastructure. This leads us to another
paradox. Technology parks are normally created in locations with a high concentration of science, e.g. in scientific centers of the RAS, but the law does not provide
for participation of RAS in creation of technology parks,
so the RAS cannot offer its facilities for the purpose of
creating or improving technology parks; unfortunately,
the existing situation practically prevents scientific
centers from actively participating in improvement of
innovation infrastructure. And the prospects of future
development of scientific centers depend not only on
fundamental research, but also on developing applied
solutions and on creating technology parks. The program for creating business incubators which is currently
implemented by the Ministry of Economic Development
is rapidly progressing toward that goal.
The existing laws require a number of changes
that will take into account the specific aspects of leasing premises to small businesses which rent office or
work space in business incubators, innovation centers
an other similar establishments that provide privileges
for their tenants, allow delayed rent payment, etc. State
scientific organizations and higher education institutions
should be given the right to lease premises and property
on favorable terms to small businesses created by them,
or to business incubators, technology parks, and other
innovation-related entities, which requires modifying
those parts of the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 156 of March 23, 1006, that deal with
managing federal property.
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Upkeep of innovation-support entities during the initial period of their existence presents another problem.
For example, the law stipulates that constituent parts
of the Russian Federation that create business incubators are
responsible for their upkeep; however, the law contains no
provisions with regard to upkeep of those business incubators which have been established by the Federation and then
placed under management of state-owned organizations.
An analysis undertaken by the Federal Agency for
Intellectual Property, Patents, and Trademarks has demonstrated that in 2006 the profits from using intellectual
property in national economy contributed almost RUR 10
billion to the Russian GDP. Of course, that is a very small
percentage. But it demonstrates that Russian science
has a potential. To make that potential a reality the state
should solve the problems which hinder participation of
state-owned scientific organizations in innovation-related
activities, and it should define the place and roles of these
organizations in the national innovation system.
Today, Russia has everything that is needed for
a great breakthrough in creating its national innovation
system and knowledge-based economy, and modification
of the relevant laws is an important prerequisite for such
a breakthrough.
Sergey Aldoshin
Vice-President of RAS,
Director of the Institute of Problems
of Chemical Physics of RAS, Member of RAS
Evgeny Kablov
Member of the Presidium of RAS,
President of the Association
of State Research Centers,
General Director of the Federal State
Unitary Enterprise the All-Russian Scienctific
Research Institute of Aviation Materials,
Member of RAS
Vladimir Potapov
Head of the Innovation
and Expertise Department
of the Institute of Problems
of Chemical Physics of RAS
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Problems
of Financing Scientific
Research
Levan Mindeli
Director of the Institute
of Science Development Problems
of RAS, D. Sc. In Economics
Financing scientific research is a most important
factor which determines the dynamics of a nation’s scientific potential, and, eventually, the practical results of
research and development. All the developed countries
encourage their national research, including consistent
budgetary support of R&D. One of the principal parameters that characterize R&D is the amount of domestic
expenditures on research and development, including
current expenditures and capital investment.
TABLE 1
DOMESTIC EXPENDITURES ON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
COUNTRY
TOTAL,
$ MILLION
% OF
GDP
1
Russia
20,281.3
1.07
2
UK
35,590.8
1.78
3
Germany
66,688.6
2.53
4
Israel
7,985.1
4.65
5
China
86,758.2
1.42
6
Korea
35,885.8
3.23
7
US
343,747.5
2.62
8
France
41,436.3
2.11
9
Sweden
11,815.4
3.73
138,782.1
3.39
10 Japan
Source: Science, technologies, and innovations of Russia 2008. Brief
statistic collection - M.: ISS RAS, 2008.
I N N O V A T I O N
I N S I G H T
I N T O
As it can be seen from the table, the absolute value
of domestic expenditures on research and development
in Russia is 17 times lower than in the US, 7 times lower
than in Japan, and 3 times lower than in Germany. Internal
expenditures per one researcher are 20 to 25 times lower
than in developed countries. It is due to the fact that during the economic reforms of the 1990s, when the basics of
the market economy were laid, even areas which are traditionally supported by the government worldwide, including fundamental science, were left without financial support utterly necessary for their development. Spontaneous
disorganization processes were building up in research;
scientific activity dwindled dramatically. Even in 1991 domestic expenditures on research and development were
66.9% of the 1990 figure, while in 1997 they barely reached
28%. For the first five years of the reforms (1991-1996)
allocations from the federal budget dropped sixfold; the
number of people employed in scientific research became
twice as low and average monthly payment thrice as low.1
Given the poor financing of scientific organizations, expenditures for equipment and materials were cut
and long-term projects were curtailed, with prevalence of
short-term projects based on the existing results and resources. The resource hunger was very serious. Fixed assets
channeled for research and development dropped more
than threefold from 1990 to 1999. Fixed asset replacement rate was only 2.1%, compared to 10.5% in 1991.
The circumstances only started changing for the
better in late 1990s, when a number of actions was taken
with a view to improving the financial situation under the
Concept of Reforming of Russian Science, 1998–2000.
In 1999 the line “Fundamental Research and Assistance to
Scientific and Technological Advance” of the federal budget
1. L.E. Mindeli, A.V. Martynenko et al. Reforming of the Russian
science: analysis and problems. – M.: CSRS, 2001. P. 8.
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was financed in full (in 1998 only 5.6% was actually allocated),
and budget expenditures for science grew by 7.3% (in real
terms). In 2000 RUR 17,094.7 million was allocated from the
federal budget, compared to RUR 15,926.7 million envisaged
by the Law on the Federal Budget for the year in question.2
At present solving the problem of science financing remains a most important task for the government.
Scenarios of the Concept for the Long-Term Strategy
through 2020 envisage growth of domestic expenditures
on research and development up to 3% of the GDP. This
must, in turn, be bound to the growing efficiency of using
the existing research potential and R&D quality.
The principal goal of the improving of the R&D
financing system is to make possible the development
of the national scientific sector, given the limited financial resources. Therefore, the scientific policy in
this area must aim to reach the following objectives:
– Making usage of federal budget funds channeled
for research and development more efficient.
– Ensuring top-priority financing of fundamental
research.
– Active usage of R&D financing under targeted programs.
– Attracting additional (alternative) sources of financing science.
Let us consider these areas of activity in detail.
MAKING USAGE OF FEDERAL
BUDGET FUNDS MORE EFFICIENT
Budgetary funds amount to some 60% of the financing of domestic expenditures on research and development. This figure has not changed for the five last
years. At the same time, the growth of science financing
from the federal budget is still lagging behind the growth
of macroeconomic indicators. The total allocations for
science amounted to some 1% of the GDP in 2007, with
allocations for civil projects at only 0.33%. Science totaled
5% of the federal budget expenditures in 2007 (3.25% in
1995), including civil projects – 1.79% (1.6% in 1995).
To raise the efficiency of federal budget R&D
funds usage, principles of forming the federal budget for
science and budget classification must be adjusted. When
the budget is formed, it must be relieved of inappropriate
expenditures, and the number of organizations financed
directly from the budget should be reduced. Implemen2. Ibid., p.148.
66
tation of this principle envisages top-priority support of
fundamental research forming the scientific base of the
new technological structures. Budget funds should also be
allocated for financing fundamental research projects in
areas where the Russian scientists hold leading positions.
Priorities of state financing also include selective support
of the part of applied research that forms the innovation
potential of the country, in order to transfer the national
economy to modern technology structure.
TABLE 2
BUDGETARY FINANCING OF CIVIL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
AND EXPERIMENTAL DEVELOPMENT (RUR BILLION)
2007
Federal budget
expenditures
2008
2009
2010
5,983.0 7,536.2 9,024.7 10,320.3
Financing approved
by the Government
107.3
of the Russian
Federation
130.8
182.1
217.5
% of the
total budget
expenditures
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.08
Including
expenditures
for fundamental
research
52.1
65.6
83.7
99.7
% of the total
budget
expenditures
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
Source: www.ras.ru
Expenditures for functioning of scientific institutions must be restructured. Besides, budget estimations
of scientific institutions should by all means be submitted
for approval to a superior organization. In order to make
budget expenditures more efficient, transfer from costbased financing (when the amount allocated depends on
the staff list and the previous-year expenses) to resultbased financing should be accelerated.
The system of budget financing must be based
on the concentration of money on the priority areas
of scientific and technical development and crucial
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technologies. New methodological approaches must be
applied when identifying such priorities. Research and
development meeting the national priorities should be
entitled for state support. The priority list will be based
on the forecasts of science development and innovation trends.
ENSURING TOP-PRIORITY FINANCING
OF FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH
The percentage of allocations for fundamental
research grew from 36.8% in 1995 to 50% in 2007 (exclusive of the expenditures for international research
projects), while the share of applied research accordingly dropped (from 63.2% in 1995 to 50%). This trend
should be considered positive as fundamental science
in itself has no commercial aspect and has to be supported by the state. As for applied research, it can be
financed with non-budgetary funds used, as such research usually solves specific practical tasks, and, given
the growing commercialization of scientific research,
this kind of services is in demand from commercial
entities.
The federal budget for science should have a quota for fundamental research conducted by scientific organizations of the Russian Academy of Sciences, branch
academies, and universities under governmental contracts
(including the program for state support of integration of
fundamental science and higher education).
As earlier, a considerable share of the federal
budget expenditures should be channeled for financing of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR)
and Russian Foundation for Humanities (RFH). The activities of these foundations should be based on the
timely response to the changing trends in the international and Russian fundamental research and in the
structure of priority fields.
Competitive financing through grants allocated
by state foundations is so far the most transparent form
of science financing. However the budget of these funds
has stayed at one level for many years (it amounts to
7% of the state expenditures for civil research), despite
the ever-high demand for grants and the well-adjusted
mechanism of support estimated highly both by the
scientific community and by independent experts.3
3. I.G. Dezhina. Mechanisms of state financing of science
in Russia.- M: IET, 2006 – p. 97, 121.
I N N O V A T I O N
I N S I G H T
I N T O
ACTIVE USAGE OF R&D FINANCING
UNDER TARGETED PROGRAMS
Financing under targeted programs implies systematic allocation of funds n accordance with approved
long-term programs aimed at solving specific socio-economic tasks. Such financing needs a special organizational and procedural mechanism. Thus, financial resources
are channeled for research programs beyond the scope
of individual competing scientific centers and disciplines,
rather than given to particular research institute. Financing under targeted programs solves quite a number of
socio-economic and management tasks: support of topical research fields, training professionals in such fields,
stimulating the industry to implement R&D results, and
getting small investment businesses participating.
Federal targeted programs of Russia (FTPs) serve as
an instrument for implementing top-priority strategic tasks;
at the same time they represent a form of budgetary and
non-budgetary financing of science. In 1990s the FTP number was too great (up to 155), with the amount of resources
needed for their implementation exceeding the financial opportunities of the state. As a result, the government usually
failed to meet the budget obligations for FTP financing; the
plans for their non-budgetary financing also failed. At present some 50 FTPs are being implemented; the government
has reasons to believe that targeted expenditures are a more
advanced mechanism than base financing, and the growth
of their percentage will result in more efficient spending of
budgetary funds. At the same time, the procedures for financing under targeted programs are not as yet devised fully, and
red-tape and lobbying still present an issue.
To date research and development under FTPs account for more than one-third of the funds allocated for
priority fields of science and technology. 95.7% of them
are channeled for the FTP for Research and Development
in Priority Fields of Science and Technology.
The modern concept of science financing must
be oriented at active usage of the mechanism of managing research and development activity through targeted
programs. Financial resources should be concentrated on
implementing federal programs contributing to stabilization and growing efficiency of the economy. To achieve
this, a procedure for forming and development of priority
science and technology fields, aimed at developing specific
programs, should be formed. No doubt differences in approaches to fundamental and applied research should be
taken into account. We can point out in this connection
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that in 2008–2010 the Russian government is planning to
channel some RUR 600 billion for the development of such
priority fields and nano- and biotechnology, nuclear power,
and aerospace research under federal targeted programs.
ATTRACTING ADDITIONAL (ALTERNATIVE)
SOURCES OF FINANCING SCIENCE
Due to the relatively diminished base financing of
scientific organizations, especially those involved in applied research, the need to develop funding source alternative to budgetary financing is ever-growing.
The development of a system of non-budgetary
funding sources is based upon attraction of financial resources from the commercial sector. We also believe that
a specialized common system of resource provision for
science can be based on the Bank of Development, which,
apart from accruing considerable financial resources, can
provide privileged loans to research, development and innovation organizations.
Developing the regional initiative in research, development and innovation activity will help further separation of responsibilities between federal and regional
executive bodies in this aspect. Such separation will be
provided through specifying an individual line in regional
budgets for financing regional programs and projects.
The executive bodies of the Russian regions should
have a right to form non-budget regional foundations for
development of science and technology.
Besides, creation of venture financing funds for
science-intensive commercial developments should be
enhanced.
Indirect methods of stimulating scientific research
and innovation deserve great attention.
In order to establish favorable conditions, a set of
measures should be developed for tax stimulation (deduction of up to 50% of taxable revenues by sums channeled by
enterprises for scientific and innovation activity; partial exemption from corporate profit tax for four years); privileged
loans for investment projects; using revenues from property
sale for development of scientific activity; enhancing the resource base of science and creation of infrastructure.
In early 2008 the Presidium of the Government of
the Russian Federation discussed the relevant tax policy.
It was decided to implement further steps for support of
priority research fields already from 2009 on. The amount
of expenses which can be written off as production costs
will be increased 1.5-fold even for the cases when the re-
68
search result is negative. It will enable further inflow of
investment into scientific research.
The listed tasks and problems are fully relevant for
the current activity of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
According to the By-Laws of RAS approved
by the Government of the Russian Federation on
November 19, 2007, financial resources for the activity of RAS and affiliated organizations are:
– federal budget funds allocated for program implementation, government contract execution,
and investment;
– funds from public and private funds, including international ones;
– funds received as remuneration for fulfillment of
contracts and agreements signed with legal entities
and natural persons in Russia and other countries;
– funds obtained through usage of property and
property rights;
– voluntary donations from different organizations (including foreign organizations) and natural persons;
– other funds obtained through activities RAS is
involved in.
Budget funds remain the core of RAS functioning.
In 2007 the budgetary financing of the Academy grew
4.7-fold from 2001. Counting non-budgetary sources, in
2007 the Academy received almost RUR 62.5 billion, with
63.5% budget funds, 33.4% non-budget funds, and 3.1%
additional budget funds received by organizations and
bureaus of RAS from leasing federal property.4
Budget funding of RAS is implemented according
to the Program of Fundamental Scientific Research of State
Academies of Sciences approved by the government. Research projects within programs of presidiums of state academies of sciences are financed on a competitive basis. When
such programs are developed, mechanisms should be envisaged for financial provision of interdisciplinary research done
jointly by several organizations affiliated with the same state
academy of sciences but specializing in different fields, as well
as transparent mechanisms for efficiency of its realization.
Competitive financial provision of fundamental research in state academies of sciences based on the results of
project examination should be characterized by openness
of information and regular public reporting for individual
projects and for entire programs on specific subjects.
4. Report on the General Meeting of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
May 28 – June 2, 2008 / www.ras.ru
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Within different fields of fundamental research
measures can be taken for infrastructure development
(purchase of expensive scientific equipment, providing
access to scientific digital resources, subscriptions for
periodicals), for the creation of conditions conducive to
enhancing the efficiency of fundamental research, and for
the support of research done by postgraduate students
and young research fellows.
TABLE 3
ANNUAL ALLOCATIONS FROM THE FEDERAL BUDGET FOR THE
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROGRAM FOR FUNDAMENTAL
RESEARCH IN STATE ACADEMIES OF SCIENCES FOR 2008–2012
(RUR MILLION)
2008
2009
2010–2012
Total
46,693.34 49,418.98
52,330
including RAS
38,628.49 40,362.05 42,390.33
Source: Program for Fundamental Research in State Academies of
Sciences for 2008–2012. Approved by the Order of the Government of
the Russian Federation of February 27, 2008 No. 233-r.- Moscow, 2008.
As the table shows, RAS accounts for over 80% of “academic” allocations from the federal budget. The is why reforms in the RAS institutions conducted in accordance with
the Decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation No.
236 of April 22, 2006 On the Pilot Project of Wage Increase
for Employees of the Research Organizations of the Russian
Academy of Sciences and No. 785 of November 19, 2007 On
the Russian Academy of Sciences are of great interest.
Under the pilot project the average 2007 monthly
wages of RAS research fellows (paid from the budget) more
than tripled the 2005 level, amounting to RUR 18,941. As for
budget wages of the RAS employees on the whole, they also
grew more than 2.5 times. Wages of all employees from all
sources grew more than 2.4-fold, exceeding RUR 21,000 in
late 2007. But equally important tasks, apart from raising
wages and introducing stimulating bonuses, were to get rid
of deadweight personnel, restore normal production discipline, plan and account for the efficiency of work of research
fellows and scientific departments of academic institutes.5
5. Appraising the results of the pilot project, we should not forget that
wages of scientists abroad, even with the purchasing-power parity
considered, remain dozens of times as big as wages of same-level
scientists in Russia.
I N N O V A T I O N
I N S I G H T
I N T O
The implementation of the pilot project was accompanied by serious problems as regards the development of specific regulations. The regulations on stimulating bonuses were coordinated with great pains. The
stumbling-block was the different understanding of the
term “efficiency of scientific activity” (as a criterion determining the bonuses) by the Ministry of Education and
Science and the Academy of Sciences.
In accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 785 of November
19, 2007 On the Russian Academy of Sciences, RAS
institutes shall stop being budgetary institutions and,
as such, their funding from the Federal Treasury shall
be suspended. The “academic” funds from the budget
will be allocated as subsidies to the Russian Academy
of Sciences, as the chief manager of the federal budget funds, by transfers to its account in the Federal
Treasury. Driven by the regulations on the procedure
of granting subsidies, RAS will transfer the funds in
question to the accounts of affiliated organizations in
commercial banks. Several types of subsidies are to be
granted. First of all, there are subsidies for completing tasks for the Program for Fundamental Research in
State Academies of Sciences approved by the government. Subsidies will also be allocated for completing
special governmental orders.
Much organizational work is still ahead due to
this, related to the development of specific mechanisms
of bringing subsidies to academic organizations, development of the reporting procedure on the usage of the
allocated funds, retraining of accounting personnel, and,
finally, the choice of the commercial bank(s) where the
organizations will keep their accounts.
The status of the chief manager of the federal budget funds will enable the leading scientific, educational,
healthcare and cultural institutions to develop their functions and spheres more efficiently, assessing the trends
and prospects of development on a comprehensive scale.
In particular, such a status enables the Russian Academy
of Sciences to win its independence from the Ministry
of Education and Science, which has enough unsolved
problems of its own with kindergartens, schools, specialized secondary and higher educational institutions. The
reform of the system of financing scientific institutions
must be built with this postulate taken into consideration,
along with a necessity to provide greater transparency of
financial flows.
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Innovation-Based
Development of Russia:
What Needs to Be Done?
Mikhail Prokhorov
President
of the ONEXIM Group
WHAT IS HAPPENING
The world financial crisis has very clearly demonstrated that Russia today is an integral part of the world’s
political and economic scene; in that scene, it has found
a niche for itself and is intending to move forward. But
before we accelerate our forward movement, and even
before we decide on which paths of development to take,
we need to look around us and find out in what sort of
environment we are working. A need for such an analysis
has existed for a long time, but it has become even more
pressing after the recent changes in the worlds economy.
In a nutshell, that environment can be succinctly
described with just one word: globalization. It is very similar
to the process of colonization in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, but it is happening at a new evolutionary
stage. The process involves both various resources (traditional or new) and forms of control of those resources.
Territorial resources (land regarded as capital) and
natural resources (deposits of fossil fuels and other minerals, water and biological resources) can be classified as
traditional resources.
The category of new resources, in my opinion, includes, most importantly, innovation resources (the world’s
intellectual potential, intellectual property, and the possibility of controlling and managing traditional resources
without possessing a formal sovereignty over them), as well
as information resources (information space and information technologies), non-traditional natural resources (renewable sources of power and ecological resources) and,
finally, again territorial resources: land, but now regarded
as a basis for creating an economical space.
Globalization wipes away national borders
in all areas, but innovation and information resources become affected faster than anything else.
The above-mentioned factors lead us to a number
of very interesting conclusions:
70
– It is hardly possible to make a major breakthrough
in the area of innovations (and even less so to
build an innovation-based economy) in a single
country: everything we create at home should and
will become available for everyone else. Our goal is
to become an important part of the kitchen where
the global innovation pie is being baked, and to be
among the first to partake of that pie.
– Values of old competitive advantages are becoming increasingly questionable. For example, classic technology parks tied to a specific location
are growing obsolete and empty. Paradoxically
enough, they are becoming a deadweight hindering growth of innovation processes. For example,
it is becoming obvious that the Silicon Valley, for
many years cited as an example to follow, today
is losing its leading position. Globalization makes
innovation businesses work round the clock:
the world’s most advanced companies open project offices (or outsource projects to third-party
companies) in different countries and different
time zones, which means that the work continues
24 hours a day. The space is thus “unlocked” and
the time is harnessed.
– Russia has to find its own way of innovation-based
development using the world’s experience and
taking in account future trends, since no two scenarios are identical and there is no such thing as
“the only correct path.”
– Brain drain that has been taking place during
the past 20 years (according to statistics, approximately half a million of top-class scientific and
technical workers left our country during that period) is not a critical factor. Moreover, today, this
“drain” can become a competitive advantage rather
than a problem (provided that the innovation pro-
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cess is correctly organized). With a properly organized innovation business and correctly performed
“re-recruitment” of personnel, it can be regarded
as an efficient tool that can be used for rapidly integrating Russian science into the global innovation
resource, especially if we take in account the intellectual potential available in our country.
– An innovation breakthrough should be based on
what is a natural result of all competitive advantages of the country as a whole rather than on
some abstract conception.
Now that we have a clear understanding of major
trends in innovation economy, we need to find out what
are the main difficulties, so that we can figure out a correct way to overcome them. What problems are awaiting
Russia on its way to an innovation breakthrough?
I would like to specifically mention the following ones:
– We in Russia have forgotten how to formulate and
solve problems that require a holistic or “systemsthinking” approach.
– There is no established system for large-scale production of innovative products.
– The economy at large is not very open-minded
toward innovation, which results in slow implementation of innovative solutions.
– Science and business are still divided by a deep gap
which is created today not so much by departmental red-tape and organizational barriers as by
the fact that business is overly eager to use easily
accessible foreign innovation resources.
– The intellectual potential of Russia is not directed at
solving large-scale crucial problems, which is due,
among other things, to the feeling of being fed up
by numerous Soviet “projects of the century.”
– There are virtually no markets in Russia ready to
consume innovative products. And those that do
exist are not systematic and are fragmentary.
WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE
All of the above makes it clear that a need exists
to find or develop conditions or factors conducive to
achieving the main goal, namely, transition of Russia to
an innovation-based economy. My own hand-on experience of working in what can be called “the business of
science” has demonstrated that there are probably five
of those factors.
I N N O V A T I O N
I N S I G H T
I N T O
Factor number one: Russia’s national economic
and geographic competitive advantages.
Factor number two: availability of strong intellectual resources.
Factor number three: availability of international-level infrastructure for innovation-based economy.
Factor number four: constructive relationships between the state and the business.
And, finally, factor number five: a correct choice of
strategic priorities.
Let us have a more detailed look at these factors.
Factor number one: National competitive
advantages.
– World-scale energy resources and other natural
resources.
– Considerable financial resources from utilizing
natural resources and developing the basic economy sectors.
– A unique geographic location in relation to transportation routes which gives Russia a strategic advantage in establishing multilateral external economic
relations, makes it a natural provider of transit
transportation services, and serves as a stimulus for
developing an advanced transportation network.
– There are several areas in our diversified verticallyintegrated economy where an innovation breakthrough is possible.
Factor number two: Intellectual resources.
It can be subdivided in three parts:
One: Ideological open-mindedness and high creativity of the peoples of Russia.
Two: Raising the level of intellectual and scientific environment by developing mathematics, theoretical
physics, etc.
Three: Russia historically has had very strong and well
financed fundamental research potential, which is exactly
what can open the door to innovational breakthroughs.
Factor number three: World-level innovation infrastructure.
What is the traditional innovation infrastructure?
It is a classical technological park or, in other words,
a specific territory with stationary research and production facilities. It is characterized by existence of numerous independent (not interconnected) projects; normally,
the same group of people works on all those projects,
moving them from stage to stage of the same innovation
line (from the original idea through the R&D stage to
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producing a pilot batch of products, etc.); the nature and
structure of such a line would be defined by what fixed
equipment is available in that particular park, and by what
final-stage equipment and infrastructure can be accessed
by the park’s personnel.
Emergence of a common worldwide information
space and increased division of labor have made such
an infrastructure obsolete. What about the apparent success of those modern technological parks that specialize in
information technologies? Apparent is the operative word
here, since an IT park is, in essence, a high-tech office center, and information technologies are actually still on a roll.
Technology parks are going to be replaced by scientific system integrators (SSI) which help one to find
and use those elements of scientific infrastructure of
the entire world that are most suitable for the goals of
one’s project. Of course, people remain the key component of a SSI – people who understand the market, formulate and substantiate tasks, select subcontractors and
suppliers throughout the world, perform the “assembly”
and control of a new technology at the final stage, and
take care of its industrial implementation.
Obviously enough, Russia will hardly be able to
move from technology parks straight to scientific integrators. It would be a good idea to think about an intermediate stage. My colleagues and I call this intermediate stage
a “techno-hub.” The principle task of a techno-hub is to
concentrate intellect. How can that be done? By building
several modern science centers equipped with multipurpose laboratories, testing equipment, pilot production
facilities etc, with a view to creating an entire network
of “growth points” of intellectual potential. In presentday Russia, such a network can provide a system of large
and small bridges between science and business, helping
to convert knowledge and inventions into technologies,
and technologies into commercial products, and to create
a sufficient concentration of venture capital to start an innovation business. That is exactly what the task of technohubs will be: to fill the gap in our innovation process.
Factor number four: Constructive relationships between the state and the business.
One: We, all together, need to create a new Russian model of innovation-based development. Of course,
instead of rejecting the international experience, I would
suggest making a sort of hybrid model incorporating
the best elements of the Chinese and American models. In
other words, a Russian model should include the Ameri-
72
can experience of effective strategic management with
goal-oriented business engineering as well as the high
speed of industrial implementation of innovations along
with prompt response to market changes that is typical
for the Chinese model.
Besides, the Russian model should incorporate
business forecasting as well as estimation of possible effects that new technologies may have on economics and
on social and cultural environment. Deviations from that
approach can be allowed only for those projects which
are directly related to national security.
Two: It is necessary to define the respective roles
of the state and business in the process of creation of an
innovation-based economy. To put it simply, we could say
that the state selects seeds and grows seedlings, and then
the business grows trees from which it then makes paper,
pulp and other products. Of course, it is not a simple task.
The state and business may have very different viewpoints
on each other’s role in various aspects of technological
development, from strategy of science development to
financing of personnel training. What is the most reliable way to harmonize interests of the state and those
of business while preserving the natural difference of
viewpoints on sources and targets of financing within
a project, on physical and intellectual products created
as a part of innovation projects, etc? Specialized stateowned structures and companies that focus their activities on strategic stimulation of the innovation-based path
of development of the Russian economy can be used as
a powerful tool to solve that problem.
On the whole, the respective roles of the state and
business could look something like this:
The State:
– Designs a comprehensive strategy for development of such areas as fundamental science, industrial sectors, national priorities, environmental
safety, non-production sectors, and education
while taking in account the cutting-edge trends in
nanotechnologies and needs of national security;
coordinates work done by both state-owned and
private entities.
– Keeps intellectual property rights for defenserelated innovations during the R&D stage (and
sometimes during the fundamental research
stage), and provides an environment conducive
to creation of intellectual property by developers,
scientists, and laboratories.
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– Recoups the bulk of the budget’s expenditures for
science and R&D by selling technologies to business
for further development or commercialization.
– Takes care of technologizing general education
and of formation of a new layer of well-trained
middle-level personnel.
– Creates national-scale innovation infrastructure units,
using assistance of other investors and partially reimbursing its expenditures by leasing facilities to private
foundations and research and production companies; assists in creation of a social and transport infrastructure for mass production of nano-products.
– Finances fundamental scientific research and higher education institutions as well as a part of development and design works, takes part in financing
of major nanotechnology projects, including those
that have good commercial potential.
Business:
– Designs a strategy for development of R&D and
industry taking in account the newest trends in
nanotechnologies and market demand; prepares
proposals for development of fundamental science and education.
– Purchases rights for intellectual property from
scientists, developers, research teams, or defense
companies during the R&D stage (sometimes during the fundamental research stage) for commercializing the solutions and implementing them in
appropriate sectors of economy.
– Commercializes promising results of R&D and pilot production.
– Takes care of technologizing parts of vocational education, provides targeted support of general education.
– Creates small companies for starting promising
innovation projects (so called start-ups) and science and production centers, or “hubs” (for leasing them to small businesses, among other things),
and creates production facilities for mass production of nano-products.
– Performs expert examinations of and provides financing for applied R&D projects.
– Finances development of part of the scientific infrastructure, new science and production infrastructure projects, and special educational projects.
And the third task is to jointly decide on priorities
in creation of new markets of innovation products and
technologies.
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Factor number five: National strategic priorities.
I think there is no need to reinvent the wheel. Innovation breakthrough should lead toward solving the global
problems of humankind related to food, energy, ecology,
and transportation. The last problem, by the way, is a new
one, caused by rapidly increasing prices for energy.
WHAT HAS TO BE DONE FIRST THING
How can we move from choosing global tasks to
defining and achieving the strategic priority goals?
Imagine a pyramid whose top, or the first level,
consists of priority goals in creation of new domestic or international markets and/or participation in existing ones.
At this level, success is contingent on proper use of the national competitive advantages we have discussed above.
So, considering that Russia (a) has a strong energy
sector and colossal reserves of minerals, (b) has the largest
territory and most diversified mix of soils, (c) has a huge
transportation and transit system, linking together different markets, and (d) has historically had great intellectual
and scientific potentials, I would emphasize the following
key strategic priority areas:
– Alternative energy. I think it is completely obvious
that we have to switch from non-renewable energy
sources to renewable ones. The question is, when
will that happen? I suggest that we stop theoretical discussions and turn our attention to practical
tasks right now, so that we can become world leaders in this area. In my opinion, alternative energy
sources could include hydrogen energy, sun, wind,
and nuclear energy, which now is attempting to
increase the uranium utilization efficiency rate
by an order of magnitude. Today, its coefficient
of performance is 1.5%–2%. If the problem is not
solved, the world’s total reserves of uranium will
last no longer than 100–120 years.
– Catalysis. It covers everything that has to do with
water purification, ecology, environment-friendly
transport, and efficient while environment-friendly manufacturing. We have a very strong catalysis
school. We need to create markets that will be
able to produce and sell catalysis-related scientific
products worldwide.
– Education, or supporting our high intellectual level.
We have a huge territory but, unfortunately, not
enough population. In the global economy, we
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cannot compete against China or India with their
colossal labor resources. But we can and we must
compete in the intellectual sphere. In our opinion,
intellect today cannot be regarded only as one of
aspects of capital (intellectual property) or of labor;
its real value lies in the fact that it can be used not
just for production within the existing economics:
it also opens the door to creating new economy
models which will become competitive in future.
– Paradoxically enough, agriculture belongs here
too. There is a segment where our country is still
the world’s leader. I am talking about seed breeding. We have some unique types of seeds which can
be used as a starting point for creating a bank of
seed hybrids which can be marketed worldwide.
– Improving our transport is probably the most controversial area. Our country stretches across nine time
zones. And if fuel prices keep growing at the current
rate, the majority of population simply won’t be able
to afford travels by air or by surface transport.
The second level of the pyramid includes key
support sectors: science and engineering. Materials
science (including nanotechnologies) is one of them.
These sectors are exceptionally important, but mostly
for innovation markets, which have educated customers prepared to place orders for new materials. Chemistry, mathematics, biotechnologies, molecular biology,
and some other sciences can also fall into this “support” category.
And the third level of the pyramid (the bottom,
or basic level) is the creation of innovation market envi-
74
ronment as such, which is growing along with economy
development. Such an environment enables businesses of
all levels to evolve and to attempt (by overcoming mental
inertia) to invent something new in order to beat their
competition, and not just the domestic competition, but
the international one as well. So, what should be done to
achieve that goal? The answer is, we should do everything
we have already discussed:
Create a network of techno-hubs providing a favorable organizational and economic environment for
numerous innovation companies, especially at early
stages of their existence; ensure that their access to loans
and tax privileges is free of red tape.
And another very, very important thing is to ensure that innovations become fashionable. (This can become a major incentive, and it is perhaps one of the most
important tasks of both business and the state. Innovation
activities must become fashionable, so that the questions
“who invented what” or “which innovations are being
marketed” will be discussed at social gatherings, fashionable parties, and elsewhere alongside of the eternal topics
of “who travelled where” or “who was where.” Successful businessmen should regard selection and support of
startup innovation companies as their duty of honor, and
a large number of startups under one’s wing should become a thing to boast about. And then, perhaps, a nationwide top list will be made).
It is my sincere belief that we hold our future in
our own hands. Our country doesn’t have any irreparable
weaknesses, and we are quite capable of an innovation
breakthrough. It is time to be enterprising!
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Civil Society and Transition
to the E-Government
Elena Dyakova
Chief of the Workgroup on the Development of Information Society in
Russia under the Public Chamber
of Russia, D. Sc. in Political Science
2008 can be rightfully called a breakthrough year
for the governmental digitalization policy: on February
7, 2008 the Strategy of Development of Information Society in Russia was approved by the Presidential Decree
No. PR-212, and in July a session of the State Council was
held in Petrozavodsk, dedicated to the implementation of
the Strategy. Within the session, President Dmitry Medvedev called transition to the information society one of
the most pressing problems of the national development.
Changes were made to the federal targeted program for
Electronic Russia, aimed to strengthen its social component. At present the regions of the Russian Federation are
to develop the regional programs of information society
development till December 15, 2008, in the framework
of the Strategy implementation and in accordance with
the List of Orders of the President of the Russian Federation formed after the presidium session of the State
Council of the Russian Federation on July 17, 2008 and
Governmental Telegram No. 000327 of August 19, 2008
No. 814059 signed by the Minister of Communications
and Mass Media of Russia I.O. Shchegolev.
Information technology and communications are
entering people’s everyday lives more and more actively. In
2006 the home segment of IT and communication services reached the level of certain industrial sectors and even
outstripped the corporate consumption segment, which
shows that Russia is entering the mass digitalization stage.
Let us consider only some basic figures:
– The mobile network penetration level rose from
mere 2.6 users (connections) per 100 people to estimated 119.1 users in late 2007, which is already
much more than the average European figure.
The number of mobile phones per 100 households
grew from 9 to 142 in 2002–2006.
– The number of personal computers per 100 households grew from 6 to 33 in 2000–2006. The lead-
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ing region of Russia in this regard is the YamaloNenetsky Autonomous District (73 computers
per 100 households). With the national average
proportion of households having at least one
computer at 31%, Russia is ahead Bulgaria and
Romania and close to Greece. It should also be
pointed out that the number of computers used
in offices grew from 15 to 25.8 per 100 employees
in 2002–2006.
– The number of households having Internet access in Russia grew from 13% in 2005 to 17.1%
in 2006; by late 2007 the number of broadband
connections grew more than by 50% as compared
to 2006, reaching nearly 5 million. The percentage of Internet users within the adult population
exceeded 26% at the end of 2007. The YamaloNenetsky Autonomous District tops the league
table here, too, with 61.8%.
– The number of sites (2nd-level domains) in the .RU
zone is more than 1 million, with a half of the sites
registered within the last 1.5 years. Simultaneously
there was rapid growth of social network services: the most popular of them, Odnoklassniki.ru,
topped 20 million users, with the prevalent share
of people in their most active age (25 to 40 years).
New focuses of civil initiatives are formed within
the C2C (citizen-to-citizen) relationships which
are the core of social networks.
There are also social network services with a clearly
pronounced focus on public welfare issues. One example
is the portal http://www.deafworld.ru/ created in the city
of Nizhny Tagil, Sverdlovsk Region. The site motto reads,
“We Hear With Our Hearts.”
Despite its small age, the portal has a history of
its own. At first it was a small informative site oriented
at the community of hearing-impaired people. It was
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already in 2005, during a hot line with President Vladimir Putin, that the site originator, Alexander Zhuchenko,
raised the issue of hand-language translation or a crawl
line in news programs on central TV channels; the issue
was solved successfully. To date the site has transformed
into a portal, which does not only contain useful practical
information necessary for hearing-impaired people, but
also helps them to find a job, provides advice to parents
of deaf children, tests hearing aids, and arranges specific
practical actions. Thus, at present there is the action “Let
Mum Find You” dedicated to adoption of deaf children
from orphanages. In this way the Internet enabled the active person from a provincial Russian city to create a network that unites people from the Sverdlovsk Region and
from entire Russia, contributing to social integration and
adaptation of hearing-impaired people.
Apart from the new C2C relationships, a transition to the information society generates the demand for
a new model of G2C (government-to-citizen) relationships. In other words, a mass “market” of governmental
information services is forming in the country, facilitating
its transition to the e-government model.
Let us recall that e-government, or electronic government, means use of Internet technology as a platform
for continual optimization of services, political involvement of citizens, and management through changing
internal and external relationships. I.L. Bachilo defines
an electronic nation as a “nation that provides for the development of an information society”, and an electronic
government as technological infrastructure leading to
the information society and the “electronic nation.”1
The strengths that e-government offers, well-known
and described many times, include the following: introduction of IT and communication technologies into public administration makes it possible to cut costs of bureaucratic
procedures, improve the performance of state bodies, enhance the people’s opportunities to form the civil society
through expanding access to information, making state
bodies’ work more transparent, and removing red-tape.
Four primary delivery models are usually outlined in the egovernment model: Government-to-Citizen or Government-to-Customer (G2C), Government-to-Business (G2B),
1. Electronic Government and the Administrative Reform. Message
delivered at the All-Russian Conference on the Electronic
Government of the 21st Century within the National Forum
“Information Society, Electronic Nation, Electronic Government,”
Moscow, September 30, 2008.
76
Government-to-Employees (G2E, covering the relationship
between the government and people employed in public
structures), and Government-to-Government (G2G, the relationship between different levels of the authorities).
In Russia the G2E relationship is the quickest to be
transferred into an electronic format (“electronic document circulation”), along with G2G, though to a lesser extent (a stumbling-block here is such an infamous problem
as narrow approaches and the tendency of each governmental body to create a separate information system basically solving only its own tasks). An active and fruitful discussion of problems which IT specialists encounter while
introducing IT in these areas is going on in the professional
community. It should be emphasized that these problems
are mostly organizational and legal rather than purely
technical. It is obvious today that, to make digitalization
really contribute to enhancing the governance efficiency,
it is necessary, on the one hand, to optimize and streamline
the existing management chains, and, on the other hand,
to create an appropriate legislative framework that will
make electronic document circulation as legal as the paperwork. That is why transition to “electronic regulations”
and “electronic document circulation” is one of the lines
of the administrative reform, and the discussion of the egovernment problems is going within the more general
discussion of state machinery reforms.
However, the discussions show that both IT specialists and experts tend to treat the transfer of G2C
(government-to-citizen) into the electronic form as just
a derivative of the solving of G2E and G2G digitalization
problems. So it is issues of forming the technology and infrastructure for the transition to electronic document circulation and interactive communication of citizens with
governmental bodies, pursuant to the Federal Law On
Personal Data, that are paid the greatest attention. At best
the discussion participants mention low technical knowledge and qualification of people in using IT resources, but
they seem to assume that such knowledge will improve
automatically as soon as people obtain the opportunity to
receive governmental services online.
As a result, despite the fact that the Strategy of
Development of Information Society in Russia is based
on the declaration that “the IT, telecommunication, and
high-tech development trends in Russia prevent reckoning on considerable changes in the near future without
joint targeted efforts of the government, business and civil
society,” so far transition to the information society is of-
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ten understood by its implementers as a technical, rather
than a social, task. As for the efforts of the government,
business and civil society, they poorly match at the best
and are aimed differently at the worst.
In order to see this, it will suffice to read the statutory documents regulating digitalization processes. As it is
well-known, the federal targeted program for Electronic
Russia adopted in January 2002 became a very important
step in the forming of a governmental policy in IT development. The principal goal of the Program was rightly
formulated from the viewpoint of public/private interaction both in the economic and social sphere: “making
the economy and public administration more efficient by
using information technologies and computers and implementing technological prerequisites for the development
of civil society through establishing general rights for free
information access.” But it was already at the adoption
that some experts pointed out: in similar Western programs all the used information technologies (e-commerce,
e-government, e-business, etc.) are considered together as
an integrated environment, a single launching ground for
the “digital economy” and the information society, rather
than as independent individual activities, while the Electronic Russia integrated the information technologies inconsistently. Unlike Western programs oriented at the formation of a new economy and the information society,
the Russian program was aiming to solve a number of very
important but low-level technical tasks. Another point that
the experts mentioned was its declarative nature, abundance of commonplaces and vague success criteria.
These drawbacks were partly corrected in the new
version of the Program adopted in 2006, with a focus on
creating an integrated e-government structure in Russia,
digital interaction between different governmental bodies, and regional digitalization. However among the seven
basic implementation lines of the Program2 the concept of
2. A system of standards and recommendations in IT usage for public
administration; efficient digital interaction between different
governmental bodies and integration of governmental information
systems; IT-based support of efficient interaction of governmental
bodies with people and businesses; introduction of information
systems supporting the activities of the governmental bodies;
establishing governmental information system supporting
the activities of the President, Government, and Federal Assembly
of the Russian Federation; creating standardized software solutions
supporting the activities of the governmental bodies; managing
the implementation of the program steps.
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an e-citizen, one who is going to interact with e-government, was never found. In other words, the new version
of the federal targeted program for Electronic Russia sets
certain tasks for the government and the business, while
civil society institutions and citizens themselves remain
out of the developers’ view. The Concept for Regional
Digitalization through 20103 maintains the same trend:
it is intended to “introduce information technologies into
national and municipal governance in order to provide
services in the electronic form to the population.”
No wonder, therefore, that the federal targeted
program for Electronic Russia does not attract any interest
with the people. Sure thing, according to polls, the awareness of the program is growing constantly. Thus, according to the poll arranged by the National Institute of Regional Studies and Political Technologies in 2007, 29% of
the pollees know about the program or have heard about
it; moreover, 15% are familiar with the principal provisions of the program, and the awareness level for certain
lines of the program, such as Public Access to the Internet,
Digitalization of Schools, or Tele-Medicine, reaches 40%.4
However a cycle of 10 focus groups on digitalization problems arranged in the Urals Federal District
in May to August 2008, showed that virtually none of
the group members could remember what the federal
targeted program for Electronic Russia was, despite that
the focus groups included mostly computer and Internet
users living in megalopolises as well as in small and medium towns and cities.5 It does not mean that the focus
group members are unaware of the public Internet access centers or the Cybermail program. But they do not
connect these actions with the federal targeted program
for Electronic Russia. As for digitalization of schools, they
tend to consider it, not without reason, in the framework
of the top-priority national project for Education, rather
than the federal targeted program for Electronic Russia.
In other words, people are interested above all by social
consequences of IT introduction, ignoring such a technically-oriented program as the Electronic Russia is.
3. Approved by the Order of the Government of the Russian
Federation as of July 17, 2006 No. 1024-r.
4. National Institute of Regional Studies and Political Technologies.
Results of the poll conducted in order to study the public
opinion on the federal targeted program for Electronic Russia.
Electronic document. URL: http://www.e-rus.ru/upload/
docs/20051128170932.ppt, checked Oct 06, 2008.
5. Grant of the Russian Fund for Humanities No. 08-03-83307a/U.
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It should be emphasized that the already mentioned
Strategy of Development of Information Society in Russia has not just corrected the technical bias of the federal
targeted program for Electronic Russia, but also reviewed
the principal goal of the state digitalization policy: according to the Strategy, the goal of the transition to the information society is to improve people’s life quality, and one
of the principal lines of the strategy implementation is to
enhance people’s access to up-to-date IT and telecommunication services, including a public access system created
with the state legal information system incorporated into
it. The Strategy also aims to stimulate people and companies to use IT and telecommunication technologies, raise
training quality, and establish a system of continual training of state employees in IT and telecommunications.
However, when the Action Plan on the Strategy of
Development of Information Society in Russia was formed,
the task of involving people into the information society
and “electronic nation” was in fact overlooked. The Draft
Action Plan refers virtually to no civil society institutions
participating in the forming of the information society;
public discussion mechanisms, such as public hearings
and public examination of proposed actions by the Public
Chamber of the Russian Federation, are also excluded. It is
significant that neither the Public Chamber nor other civil
society institutions are mentioned a single time in the Responsible Entities column of the Plan. Meanwhile, speeches
delivered by supreme leaders of Russia at public events and
forums in 2008 (including the 2nd All-Russia Civic Forum Go
Russia!, First Congress of the Association of Lawyers of Russia, 12th Russian Internet Forum, etc.) showed that the role
of public associations and non-commercial organizations in
developing the information society in Russia and enhancing
the feedback from the people, as the customer of IT services,
constantly grows. But, once again, the Draft Action Plan on
the Strategy of Development of Information Society in Russia pays almost no attention to the issues of interaction with
the Public Chamber of the Russian Federation.
The Plan tends to assume that it will suffice to provide people with physical access to IT and telecommunications and with the necessary content (including public
services in the digital form) to make them ready and willing to use the computer.6 But when it comes to mastering
6. If our mobile phone operators thought along the same pattern,
they certainly would not spend money on advertising and finding
out which services can better attract different categories of customers.
78
IT, it is not just learning to manage a new device: skills of
innovational behavior are formed, along with the ability
to command and use fundamentally new opportunities.
Such a transition is impossible just through a technological
change, without large-scale investment into human capital.
World experience shows that different groups of
people master IT to very different extents. A so-called digital divide or digital gap is formed. In all countries there
are groups of people who learn to use the new technology
quickly and easily, actively using it for solving business and
domestic tasks. These are, above all, young educated people earning their living with intellectual work, dwelling
in big cities and having relatively big incomes. It is them
who are of principal interest for the IT business, people at
whom advertising and marketing strategy of IT companies is oriented above all. At the same time, other groups
fall into a kind of an information ghetto: difficulty to master the new technology makes them less competitive on
the labor market, usually lowering their self-esteem and
making them invent different forms of justifying their
reluctance to use IT (“I am afraid,” “it does harm to my
health,”, “I don’t need it,” etc.). In fact the status of such
people comes closer and closer to that of a person unable
to read in the society where all the important information is only provided in writing. People in the “information ghetto” include, above all, senior people with poor
education and low incomes, those who are involved in
primarily physical work, people living in small towns and
rural areas. In-family digital divide, where elder members
of the family, unable to master the new skills, lose authority for the younger members, is also an issue. A situation
arises where youngsters are actively involved both in
real-life and digital social networks, while senior people
are pressed out of real-life contacts, withdrawing to their
family circle where they do not have enough authority,
and unable to use virtual networks.
Territorial and cultural differences collide with social and demographic ones. Thus, it is well known that
Scandinavia is much ahead of other European countries
and South Korea of other Asian nations, in term of their
population computer literacy.
The Russian situation has the digital gap present in
all of its principal aspects. The stronger the mass digitalization processes, the stronger becomes the digital divide.
For example, differences between regions by such a crucial criteria as the percentage of households with Internet
access reach an 80-fold (!) difference between the most
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and least developed regions, which makes the task of
leveling out the digital divide between the regions, set in
the Strategy of Development of Information Society in
Russia, especially pressing.
As it was shown above, the digital divide does not
only mean inequality of physical access or different level
of computer skills. Overcoming it will lead to a number of crucial social consequences:
– The generation gap, with senior respondents ignoring the advantages of the digital revolution,
will be eliminated.
– Senior people will join social network services and
compensate for the deficit of real-life communication, restoring active attitude to life and implementing their intellectual potential.
– IT and communication technologies can work as
a social elevator for young people from small and
remote towns, and they already do.
But in order for this social elevator to start running and for senior people to join social network services, we need an active and consistent policy in the field
of eliminating computer illiteracy. It was not a coincidence that President Dmitry Medvedev, delivering his
speech at the session of the State Council in Petrozavodsk dedicated to the implementation of the Strategy
of Development of Information Society in Russia on July
17, 2008, set a direct task to overcome the digital divide,
enhance people’s computer literacy, and create a system
of continual training in IT and communications. It will be
recalled that, according to the President, in Europe 70%
of the adult population pass retraining courses in IT and
telecommunications annually.
But so far, according to focus group data, people
often do not understand clearly what an “information
society” is, thinking it is sort of a gossip club; as for egovernment, they say it is either “a government of some
state on the Internet” or a system for spying on all citizens
using electronic communications. Such data are a result
of the fact that transition problems are considered purely
technological and are not discussed or examined publicly.
It is interesting that people evidently unable to formulate
precisely what an e-government is, say at the same time
quite clearly that they want to receive references, certificates, or other documents they need in an electronic form
and would prefer transferring schools and hospitals to
electronic document circulation (including digital school
record-books and medical histories).
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In other words, today the state, digitalizing its services and the entire social sphere, and the people, whom
these services actually target, are literally at cross-purposes. While for young people IT has become an integral part
of their lives, entered into their everyday patterns and is
causing neither admiration nor fear, people of medium
and senior ages still feel uneasy in this field, having diverse
fears and disbelief concerning IT and communications
(which was also shown by focus groups). Meanwhile, no
one is trying to clear away their fears and disbeliefs; on
the whole, the state only makes minimum, if any, efforts
to show its citizens how they will benefit from the transition to information society and e-government. Moreover,
a number of actions taken are in fact a profanation of
the very notion of digital service delivery.7 No wonder,
therefore, that people’s opinions on how computer and
the Internet affected the work of governmental authorities differ greatly. Table 1 show the evaluation of IT influence on the work of officials obtained in the course of
the poll in the Khanty-Mansiysky Autonomous District –
Yugra in May 2008.8
It can be seen that some two-fifths (43.1%) of
the pollees think that IT usage helped raise the quality
of service delivery. One-third (36.3%) is inclined to think
that there were no substantial changes; others either preferred not to answer or said that they had not visited official agencies for a long time and did not know how they
worked. Only 2.9% of the respondents said that the work
of governmental bodies became worse as a result of IT
and communication technology usage.
People’s evaluation of how IT and communications
influenced the authorities’ performance correlates poorly
with their sex, age, or education. Vocation is slightly more
relevant: students, specialists, and employees, i.e. people
7. One clear proof is the popular joke that the main result
of digitalization is a new pretext invented by officials in order
not to render the requested service: “sorry, my computer is down.”
8. The poll was conducted from May 01 to May 15, 2008
(except holidays) by standardized telephone interviews.
The sample included 708 people from 17 communities selected
by multi-step probability sampling. The poll was performed
by the Center for Social Communications and Information
Technologies Non-Commercial Partnership and ordered
by the Committee for Information Resources of the Administration
of the Governor of the Khanty-Mansiysky Autonomous District –
Yugra. It is of prime significance that such studies have started
being implemented at the regional level.
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TABLE 1
TABLE 2
EVALUATION OF HOW IT AND COMMUNICATIONS
INFLUENCED THE AUTHORITIES’ PERFORMANCE
EVALUATION OF HOW THE OFFICIAL AUTHORITIES’
WEB SITES ARE USEFUL IN THE EVERYDAY LIFE
BECAUSE OF USAGE OF COMPUTERS
AND THE INTERNET,
THE GOVERNMENTAL
AUTHORITIES’ PERFORMANCE
% OF THE TOTAL
NUMBER
OF THE POLLEES
Became better
OFFICIAL AUTHORITIES’
WEB SITES ARE
% OF THE TOTAL NUMBER
OF THE POLLEES
Very useful
14.5
43.1
Quite useful
52.7
Became worse
2.9
Rather useless
13.7
Remained the same
36.3
Totally useless
2.0
Undecided
10.8
Undecided
17.1
Visited governmental bodies
a long time ago
6.9
Did not see computers and/or
the Internet used by officials
0.0
more actively using computers and the Internet, say that
the authorities started working better with the introduction of IT and communications into their work more
often, than workers and retired people, that is, people
belonging to the strata less involved in IT usage.
The most important factor that influenced the evaluation was, however, the sector in which the people
worked, rather than their profession: people employed
by the state assess the changes caused by IT introduction
positively 1.5 times as often as people working for commercial companies, and twice as often as people working in
large oil companies (in other words, “internal evaluations”
of digitalization results were greater than “external” ones,
which is clearly not a surprise).
The reverse side of the medal is orientation of governmental bodies and, largely, the business at solving their
internal problems, with the ability of people to master
the new technologies left out of account. It will suffice
to look at the current state of such an important instrument of interaction with citizens as official web sites and
portals of governmental bodies.
Official agencies started creating their own web
pages during the 1990s. With only 25 federal and 30
regional sites in 1997, to date nearly all the federal authorities and the majority of regional authorities have
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their own web portals. In 2003 the Russian Government
adopted the Decree No. 98 On Providing Access to Information on the Activities of the Government of the Russian Federation and Federal Executive Authorities.
Under the Decree the federal executive authorities were
to provide access to the information on their activity (except the classified information) by creating information
resources and deploying them in public information systems. It was also recommended to the executive authorities of the Russian regions and the local authorities to
take steps to arrange access to the information on their
activity for people and companies.
It should be specially emphasized that people assess the idea of official sites and portals quite positively.
Thus, during the 2008 poll in the Khanty-Mansiysky Autonomous District – Yugra that we already mentioned
the respondents generally said that the official authorities’
web sites are useful in the everyday life. See Table 2.
As we see, two-thirds (67.2%) of the respondents
think that official web sites of governmental authorities
are useful in everyday life to a certain extent. Only 2% of
the pollees were categorical in their opinion that such
sites are totally useless.
The existing official sites are generally based on
the model of a structure-oriented state information resource that follows the structure of governmental bodies
and assumes that the user is rather competent and knows
certain specific features of the authorities’ activities.
This means that web sites of Russian state structures are basically organized as an “electronic book”, that
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is, a number of publications and databases without or
almost without interactive services. Low availability of interactive services at such online offices shows insufficient
attention to common users, that is, to immediate customers of governmental services.
World experience shows that, in order to raise
the interactivity level, we need a transition to problem-oriented information resources which do not require any special knowledge for using them. A good
example of a problem-oriented web site is the Singapore E-citizen portal. Launched in early 2000, it was
acknowledged at once as a model resource as regards
the organization of G2C interaction. The portal navigation is based on the “life-as-travel” principle. The portal developers assumed that a citizen starts interacting
with state institutions at the moment of their birth
and continues this interaction during their entire life.
The portal is therefore built upon such nodes as birth
registration, issues of healthcare, education, public
welfare, defense, business organization, and taxation;
people are provided with information and services in
an intuitively clear form.
As for web sites of Russian governmental bodies,
they provide a lot of useful information but assume that
their user must have a high level of administrative competency, know the subordination structure of different
agencies and departments, distinguish between a decree and an order. Web portals often contain detailed
descriptions of the administrative structure, at the same
time lacking simple information, like the opening hours
of different departments. Such flaws stem from the fact
that administrative processes are not optimized for
the user when transferred into the electronic format.
That is why, evaluating governmental web sites, technical visitor counting or monitoring of the content
compliance to the legal requirements is not enough;
such sites should be exposed to public discussion and
public examination. Such openness became a primary
purpose of the annual Public Acknowledgement Contest for the best web site of a governmental body, held
for the second time already in the Urals Federal District
under the auspices of the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President in the Urals Federal District, P.M.
Latyshev. The contest results show that, in order to be
efficient, an official site of a public authority must have
a well-thought concept based on a clear vision of specific information services that users need.
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On the whole, social aspects of digitalization are
clearly not paid enough attention as yet, making state expenditures in this field less efficient than they could be.
Another problem is the passive attitude of citizens, who do
not understand their interests clearly and cannot formulate an unambiguous request to the state on what precisely
they need. In view of the pressing nature of the situation,
the Public Chamber of the Russian Federation formed
a Workgroup on the Development of Information Society
in Russia in 2006. The Workgroup activity was first aimed
at enhancing feedback between the citizens and business
entities, on the one hand, and the governmental authorities, on the other hand. The Workgroup experts included
representatives of the governmental bodies, non-commercial organizations and commercial structures involved in
the introduction of IT and communications. The Workgroup formed close ties with the Commission on Information Policy of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation and the Federal Agency
for Information Technologies; it works in close contact
with the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President in
the Urals Federal District, P.M. Latyshev.
This year the Workgroup has received an opportunity to hold first public hearings in Russia dedicated to
information society development problems, with social
aspects of digitalization discussed.
Even now the experience we got during the work
of the group enables us to make a number of specific
proposals aimed at strengthening the social component
of the Strategy of Development of Information Society in
Russia. We need a special program for training people to
live in an information society, as organizing the process of
continual training in IT and telecommunications for different categories of people is a task of national importance.
Special attention should be paid to training
the following social groups:
– First of all, training retired people, with their specific needs taken into consideration: they need to
be trained to use electronic financial services (especially after transition to a “digital social card”),
state information services and other socially important information, and e-mail. The training programs should not leave out the fact that for many
senior people it is difficult even to send an SMS
message through their mobile phone.
We believe that, in order to train senior people,
the Workgroup initiative to launch the movement
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of “digital Pioneers” should be used. Under this initiative senior people are to be trained by teenagers
who have studied at special tutors’ courses.
– Training people involved in manual labor. As far as
we know the problem with such people is not realized at all, while the motivation of such people is
usually higher than that of retired people. The fact
that they do not use IT in their labor activities as
yet must not imply that they should be excluded
from the information revolution processes.
– Another important field is people with their social
opportunities limited by physical disabilities. Computers and the Internet provide a unique chance
for such people to establish connection with
the world, enter the labor market, etc.
We would not like to create an impression that social aspects of digitalization only have to do with training
people. Public examination of the adopted solutions from
the users’ viewpoint is as important. Neither should the necessity to develop a national standard in IT training be forgot; such a standard will depend on what kind of a user (or
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users of different levels) we would like to produce. World
experience would be useful here, above all, the experience
of the European Computer Driving License program (of
course, with national specifics taken into account).
Integrating people into an “electronic nation” is
therefore a complex and multi-aspect process that requires active interaction of governmental authorities and
the Public Chamber of the Russian Federation. The Strategy of Development of Information Society in Russia sets
the task to bring the percentage of governmental services
that can be delivered with IT and telecommunications
used to 100% by 2015. We see clearly that, in order for
each citizen to be able to perform several simple steps at
his home computer or in a public Internet access center,
the government has to solve a bundle of complex technical and legal problems. However, solving them should
be based on people’s interests, and, in order to integrate
them into the process, the principle voiced in the Strategy
should be followed strictly: “The development of an information society in Russia is based on the partnership of
the government, the business and the civil society.”
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Vladimir Matyukhin
Implementing Urgent Tasks
and Innovational Solutions
for IT Development in Russia
as the New Economy is Being Built
Head of the Federal
Agency for Information
Technologies,
D.Sc. in Engineering
The strategy of reform and digitalization chosen
in the recent years for the real sector of the national
economy, governmental service sphere, and administrative system, along with the social and political relationships, is crucial for strengthening Russia’s positions as
a full-fledged partner in the group of technologically and
economically developed countries. Alongside with that,
Russia is staying politically independent and integral,
preserving its national identity and cultural traditions
and rapidly developing the civil society based on the fundamental principles of a modern constitutional state, –
a postindustrial, informational, socially oriented society
enjoying economic and informational sovereignty. Such
a society is, above all, to solve humanitarian issues (medicine, education, professional self-actualization, affordable
high-quality services, etc.). The chief priority of the state
policy in this field is to provide people, enterprises and
corporations, as well as major national operators, with
information, IT and high-tech systems capable of quick
information storage, transmission and processing.
One goal of a modern democratic society is to
meet the needs of citizens, businesses, the society as
a whole, and governmental bodies. It is clear that there
is no point in progress for the sake of the progress alone,
without a mission to make people’s lives safe and creative.
The leaders of the Russian Federation placed a crucial
task on the agenda: to implement the national innovational development model efficiently. In accordance with
the requirements of the state policy for development and
usage of high information technologies and appropriate
engineering and technical solutions the general strategy
is to be realized consistently. This suggests establishment
of the prerequisites necessary for creating the basics of
a modern information society, reaching a new level of
target investments and attracting strategic investors, intensive usage of the existing intellectual potential for im-
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provement both of the real economic sector and governmental services to people and companies, which, in turn,
will ensure stable growth of innovations and the gross
domestic product.
The Okinawa Charter on the Global Information
Society and the Russian information society development strategy define principal goals and principles of
Russia’s development in the 21st century based on wide
usage of innovational information technologies. It is no
accident that at the enlarged meeting of the Council of
State dedicated to the Strategy of Development of Russia
through 2020 President of the Russian Federation pointed
out: “Come to think that some 25 million people, more
than one-third of the working population, are employed
in the system of public administration. Trillions of rubles
of investments and current state expenditures circulate
here, and we must therefore perfect the operation of this
system, a backbone of the entire state, continually and
purposefully.” The course for accelerated innovational development of the Russian economy and its greater competitiveness on the world market necessitates practically
simultaneous growth in a very wide range of scientific
and technological areas. Such growth can be based on
fundamentally new opportunities opened due to largescale usage of up-to-date information technologies and
the creation of an e-government.
In his messages to the Federal Assembly
President of the Russian Federation has set the objective of building an electronic government which
is to ensure:
– Strict regulation and accountability of officials’ actions and curtailment of staffs of governmental
bodies at all levels.
– Greater competitiveness of the Russian economy
through reducing time and resources wasted for
paperwork.
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– Relieved administrative pressure on the business
(through introducing digital invoices and other
accounting, tax, and reporting documents).
– Reduction of corruption due to greater transparency and remote interaction of governmental bodies
with the population and the business.
– High-quality mass remote governmental services
to people, as a real, standardized and controllable
end-product of governmental bodies.
– Introduction of convenient mechanisms of interaction with the authorities (services can be received
and paid for without leaving home) and the resulting positive social response among a wide audience due to the growing life quality and targeted
anti-poverty measures.
– Forming a new market of personal data processing tools and systems, and establishing the necessary prerequisites for the business initiatives
of Russian manufacturers supplying their solutions under the program of building an “electronic government.”
Improving the public administration system, anticorruption war, solving the problems of public welfare are
extremely complex tasks but information technologies
make it possible to solve them practically and informally.
Successful implementation of all these tasks is a nationwide challenge directly related to the development of
the national infrastructure, science-intensive information
technologies and engineering solutions (their efficient
use is among the key strategic fields of the information
society development in Russia).
A leading role in the building of an information society at the governmental level is assigned to the Ministry
of Communications and Mass Media of Russia. The Ministry has been charged with the task to work out the state
policy in information technologies and find funds for
its implementation. The Federal Agency for Information Technologies has been created within the Ministry.
The Agency is responsible for state property management
and state IT-related services, forming state information
resources and providing access to them, introducing
digital signatures, certifying authorized people’s digital
signatures through certification authorities, inviting bids
for state contracts and signing state contracts for supply
of goods and services (including research, development,
and engineering works for state purposes), certification
issues, registration of state information resources and
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systems, accreditation of IT companies, etc. The Agency’s
primary task with a view to forming a single information
space within Russia (an objective reflected in the objectives and functions of the Ministry) is to facilitate a competent integration policy and massive implementation of
breakthrough technological solutions based on unified
technical requirements in different branches of the national economy, that is, to enable the readiness of innovational information technologies for wide introduction in
the course of the implementation of different programs
and projects. To this end, designs that seem to be different
but are really identical from the viewpoint of technologies
or differ only slightly must be united within the implemented IT programs and projects.
As long as four years ago, almost immediately after
it was formed, the Agency put forward specific proposals concerning the adjustment of the goals and priority
objectives of the Federal Targeted Program for Electronic
Russia, 2002–2010. As a result, the Program was revised
and adjusted based on the proposed unified system approach. According to this approach, the principal objective of the Federal Targeted Program for Electronic Russia
should be to create the information and technology infrastructure for legally valid electronic document exchange
between different governmental agencies and for access
to state information system data in order to provide people and businesses with high-quality remote digital governmental services organized on a one-stop basis.
Today this objective enjoys unambiguous understanding on the part of the civil society. Experts encounter no difficulty in formulating and interpreting it
in the context of building an electronic government in
Russia. One additional difficulty of the task which should
be emphasized lies in the fact that rather large funds have
been invested (and are still being invested) into mutually
incompatible IT solutions in different ministries, agencies,
industries, regions of Russia, and municipal communities.
But prevalence of bureaucratic, regional and industrial
separatism, with an isolationist approach to creation of
such systems (generally based upon different and noncoordinated designs, on different hardware, operation
systems, and technologies) prevents their efficient interaction. Information stored in such systems cannot be used by
other governmental bodies for quick access, which leads to
considerable delays in inter-agency information exchange,
repeated data acquisition, and duplicated information in
different systems. Besides, only part of information is up-
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dated timely, which leads to contradictions between data
in different state information systems. At the same time it
is these so-called inherited systems that still hold the greatest amount of data used by governmental bodies. Because
of this, assembling a unified information space is a sine
qua non for building the up-to-date e-government.
In fact the Agency put forward a proposal to create, eventually, an information system for personal data
processing, based on failsafe solutions, with a distributed
system of data storage and processing, with its own structures in the regions of Russia and large cities. This system
should stem from the existing and functioning structure
of certification authorities and their registration centers.
The distributed data storage technologies mentioned
above enjoy wide use in world practice both by governmental bodies and by private corporations. A number of
countries have made it a legal obligation to store the governmental data in a distributed system. This is necessitated, above all, by the requirement of safety and security of
national information resources, an important factor given
the threat of international terrorism and cyberterrorism.
The tragic events of September 11, 2001 demonstrated
the necessity of such a technology vividly: the international banking system was quick to draw the conclusion
and initiated distributed disaster-proof data storage. Such
systems are now introduced in Russia as well; an example
is the Central Bank of Russia.
A very important feature of the information and
technology infrastructure of the modern e-government is
the institute of trusted third parties that ensure adherence
to the principles of guaranteed trust, provided that the actions of the trusted parties are duly audited by the civil society as to their legal validity. It should be specially emphasized that in this case the trust is based upon the guarantee
that access to a digital document will only be provided
to the required recipient, with an obligatory timestamp
and integrity, authenticity, authorship, and confidentiality
guaranteed. Along with those guarantees, procedures of
providing the necessary legally valid certificates must be
followed, making it possible to restore the entire sequence
of events accompanying the processing and the necessary
transformation of electronic documents.
Today, as well as in the near future, Internet will be
the principal and most popular information medium. It
is well known that, apart from the advantages it offers, it
also has a number of much less positive traits, such as full
anonymity and poor information security. Nearly unlim-
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ited anonymity and impunity of Internet communication
gave birth to new types of human interaction. At the same
time, certain applied software for work with digital documents or personal data requires absolute guarantees of
maintaining authorship, authenticity, and integrity of any
transmitted digital documents. In other words, the socalled “authorship space” or “webs of trust” should be created within the Internet.
We can cite specific examples that prove the importance of solving the problem of cross-border legally
valid exchange of digital documents, as well as of a wide
range of diversified tasks requiring a digital analog of
an apostil (applied internationally with enough effect). We
should acknowledge the fact that interests of numerous
state structures, agencies, businesses and ordinary people
meet here. These include electronic document circulation
through the Internet by agencies executing phitosanitary,
sanitary and epidemiologic, customs, border and other
types of control, patent services, etc.
It is well known that by now effective techniques
and approaches aimed to overcome the “unlimited anonymity” of the Internet have already been developed and
partially tested worldwide. As a large-scale example of
such an approach I would like to name Internet2, an actually working project largely publicized by mass media.
The most efficient and practical instrument to use
is digital signature enabling the required high level of information security.
Executing the steps of the Federal Targeted Program for Electronic Russia, the Agency consistently implemented urgent and long-term engineering solutions
for creating principal components of the e-government
IT infrastructure in Russia. Practical implementation of
the related tasks is still being fulfilled within the Program. Today we can state that the actions completed
within the Federal Targeted Program for Electronic Russia made it possible not only to construct isolated components of e-government IT infrastructure, but also to
create a large-scale state-of-the-art national information
system – the All-Russian State Information Center (ASIC).
All the necessary software and hardware has been created
that form a unified federal infrastructure necessary for
governmental services delivery. The principal components
of this infrastructure will be described in detail below.
We should point out in this aspect that the infrastructure in question must be indeed based on the single
digital signature system and the single identification space.
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At present natural persons and legal entities are
registered and identified at different ministerial and corporate levels. Actually, student and school identity cards,
domestic passports (IDs), and a number of other identification systems somewhat simplify the construction of
a nationwide ID system. However systems of personal
accounting of population and of taxpayers, medical insurance systems, and social benefit cards differ considerably in different regions of Russia. Transition to a single
national identification system makes it possible not only
to minimize financial expenditures for creating and
maintaining identification elements but also to simplify
integration of ministerial and corporate information
systems containing personal data and, eventually, implement citizens’ constitutional rights for receiving information in a one-stop mode in accordance with the access level granted to them.
We would now like to describe in greater detail
the identification elements created in the framework of
the work done.
The functional requirements implemented in
the unified identification elements provide: protection
of personal data, legally valid interaction of people, legal
entities, and the state through digital signatures, multifunctionality, and service provision within the existing
infrastructure of card acceptance and servicing (due to
the existence of different interface types, including contactless interfaces). A unified identification element can
be used not only for receiving digital governmental services remotely, but also as social and corporate cards, in
different banking systems, in e-commerce, in education
systems, on the transport, and in different systems of
identification and access control.
To date the unified identification element already has working applications enabling identification of
an ASIC user, signing documents with a digital signature,
using it in the Sberkart payment system and for receiving
of social benefits, and using it as a ticket in the subway,
bus, or train. As the ASIC can interact with diverse information systems, the unified identification element can be
used as a universal ticket.
Receiving digital governmental services remotely
requires considerable improvement of the legal base. Let
us consider one example to illustrate the issue.
Today it is a general rule that services to a particular person that involve their identity are provided upon
producing a passport. For example, the service of state
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registration of realty is provided by an authorized person
of the Federal Registration Service, but another, “invisible”
participant of the procedure is the authorized person of
the passport office who has issued the document identifying the citizen’s personality in accordance with their legal
rights and responsibilities. So this kind of a service is a result of the activity performed by two categories of authorized people responsible for legal content of the resulting
document (an entry to the state register and an appropriate certificate), as well as for observing the information
documenting regulations.
The passport itself is made by FGUP Goznak,
a federal state-owned unitary enterprise. Certain documents for registration of rights require notary’s attestation according to law. After the transition to the digital
form the content of the activity of the authorized person
of the Federal Registration Service will not change (in our
example) as the service remains the same, it is simply provided remotely. But data documenting procedures change
their form dramatically. In fact ASIC assumes the functions
of FGUP Goznak. All that means that state functions of
governmental bodies and people responsible for issuing
digital signature key certificates and timestamps, working
with identification elements, transforming documents
from the paper form into the digital form, and vice versa,
all must be regulated by appropriate statutory acts.
Having analyzed the progress of the implementation of the Federal Targeted Program for Electronic Russia,
the Agency prepared proposals concerning the creation
and development of the infrastructure of legally valid interaction between different agencies, providing access to
information on government service delivery for people
and organizations, and remote digital government service
delivery. The Agency’s proposals concerning the creation
of the e-government IT infrastructure were discussed
at a number of international forums and conferences.
They were considered and approved by the Committee
for Information Policy of the Federation Council, Expert
Council of the Agency, and the Council of Chief Designers
on the Digitalization of the Regions of the Russian Federation. The proposals went into the Governmental Commission for the Administrative Reform; after the discussion at the Commission meeting appropriate orders were
given. In the course of the implementation of those orders
the proposals were coordinated with other governmental
bodies and were implemented in the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 25, 2007
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No. 931 On Certain Measures Concerning Support of
Informational Interaction of Governmental Bodies and
Local Government Bodies When Delivering Governmental Services to People and Legal Entities. The Decree in
question intends to streamline communication of federal
executive bodies, executive bodies of the Russian regions,
other governmental bodies, and local government bodies in the course of delivering governmental services to
people and companies with IT used.
It is very important that the Decree sets forth
the procedure for communication of different executive bodies during the delivery of governmental services
to people and companies using hardware, software, and
telecommunication infrastructure of ASIC. The document obliges federal executive bodies to start delivering governmental services associated with exchange of
information contained in the databases of information
systems of federal executive bodies, executive bodies of
the Russian regions, other governmental bodies, and local government bodies, using hardware, software, and
telecommunication infrastructure of ASIC, in accordance
with the plan approved by the Government of the Russian Federation. It is natural to suppose that the ministries and agencies, regions of Russia and municipalities
will face a large piece of joint practical work in order to
perform the task. Yet I can say that to date the Agency has
already implemented 17 model services to the population. The same Decree stipulates that:
– Using ASIC by federal executive bodies, executive
bodies of the Russian regions, other governmental
bodies, and local government bodies for data exchange between information systems in order to deliver governmental services shall be free of charge.
– The resources of the Center shall be used by federal
executive bodies, executive bodies of the Russian regions, other governmental bodies, and local government bodies for deployment of their own databases
under contracts signed with the federal executive
body to which the Center’s resources are assigned.
– The procedure for informational interaction of
federal executive bodies in the course of delivering governmental services to people and companies with the Center’s resources used shall be set
forth by joint regulations approved by the Ministry of Communications and Mass Media of Russia
and the federal executive bodies participating in
the informational interaction in question.
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– ASIC resources shall be used in the course of interaction of federal executive bodies, executive
bodies of the Russian regions, other governmental
bodies, and local government bodies delivering
governmental services in accordance with the requirements to technologies, formats, communication protocols, unified software tools and their
application approved by Ministry of Communications and Mass Media.
The Decree also envisages allocations to federal
executive bodies for research and design aimed to create
and purchase software and hardware necessary to create
and operate departmental information systems based on
the opinion letter of the Ministry of Communications
and Mass Media on the appropriateness of such expenditures, given the possibility to use ASIC resources. As for
the creation and development of ASIC proper, it must be
financed from the federal budget funds channeled for
the implementation of the Federal Targeted Program for
Electronic Russia.
The document also contains a recommendation
to governmental bodies of Russian regions concerning
the need to create regional information centers in order
to deliver governmental services with telecommunication
technologies used.
Since January 1, 2009 federal executive bodies
must deliver governmental services to people and legal
entities using ASIC resources through a single web portal of governmental services. No doubt large-scale and
laborious work is ahead, as the portal is to be filled with
specific content on the services provided and functions
performed.
In pursuance of the Decree of the Government
of the Russian Federation of December 25, 2007 No. 931
the Ministry of Communications and Mass Media issued
its Order of March 11, 2008 No. 32 (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on March 21, 2008 under the registration No. 11394) which approved the Regulations on
the All-Russian State Information Center. In accordance
with the Regulations the Agency was named as operator
of ASIC and ASIC resources were formally assigned to it.
In accordance with the provisions of the Regulations, ASIC is created in order to:
– make the public administration system more efficient, in particular as regards law-abiding by civil officials and delivery of high-quality and easy-to-access
governmental services to people and companies;
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– unify processes of digital governmental services
delivery by federal bodies and local governmental bodies;
– optimize informational interaction of federal executive bodies and their regional branches between
themselves, with regional executive bodies, local
governments, people, and legal entities;
– create a feedback system for customers of governmental services; information obtained is to
be used for developing and taking administrative decisions, as well as for more precise measurements of target parameters of executive
bodies’ activity;
– guarantee rights and lawful interests of people,
legal entities, and governmental bodies in international digital communications in accordance with
the legislation of the Russian Federation;
– eliminate duplicate information systems of governmental bodies, local governmental bodies, and
other information systems for digital service delivery to people and legal entities.
In order for ASIC to perform the set tasks
efficiently, the Regulations set forth the following
ASIC structure and hierarchy, in full compliance
with the Agency’s proposals:
– an information subsystem of the federal (main
and backup) information center and information subsystems of information centers in federal districts of the Russian Federation interacting with information systems of governmental
bodies, local governmental bodies, and other
information systems for digital service delivery
to people and legal entities;
– a subsystem of certification authorities comprising
a federal (root) certification authority and certification authorities in federal districts of the Russian
Federation used for digital governmental service
delivery to people and legal entities, and a subsystem guaranteeing legal validity of electronic documents in the framework of governmental services
and inter-agency communications;
– a subsystem of controlled access to state information systems and information systems used for
digital governmental service delivery to people
and legal entities;
– an ASIC audit subsystem;
– an ASIC telecommunications subsystem.
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The following has been achieved by now in
the framework of ASIC creation:
– software/hardware systems (hereafter, SHSs) of
the federal information and certification authorities have been created; the technology of their interaction within ASIC has been tested;
– an Internet portal of governmental services has
been created and deployed based on an ASIC SHS.
Since March 2008 it has been operating in the test
mode at http//www.ogic.ru;
– a system of ASIC access has been created, enabling
identification of users and assigning of authorities using digital signatures, with key certificates issued by
the federal certification authority (an ASIC service);
– standardized ASIC SHSs have been developed for
remote communication of governmental bodies,
organizations, and population during governmental service delivery using ASIC services;
– information security issues have been studied, in
order to guarantee security of personal data during
their storage and processing with ASIC services used;
– the Notary software/hardware system has been
created, capable of transforming a paper document into an electronic document and vice versa,
as well as of verifying electronic documents with
the notary’s digital signature (the proposed solutions can be applied in practice);
– a technical node of inter-agency interaction has
been created, which enables automated interaction with external automated systems of governmental bodies of the Russian Federation built on
different platforms.
Within the implementation of the state contract under the Federal Targeted Program for Electronic Russia, 2002–2010 further development of
ASIC services was planned for 2008, including:
– development of the governmental service web portal: rebuilding the site interface in order to make it
easily accessible for any Internet user and arranging it in such a way as to ensure simple and efficient
search and return of information. Besides, the content of the governmental service web portal should
offer information about the general list/register of
governmental services, detailed and systematized
information on every governmental service and on
the possibility to deliver it in a digital form, and valid up-to-date document forms. The user must also
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be able to submit requests and notifications that
do not require identification of the sender. Another
perspective of the governmental service web portal
development is enabling digital interaction of governmental service customers with governmental
bodies, with digital signatures used;
– development of ASIC services that implement legally valid communications in accordance with
the approved regulations;
– equipping certain ministries and agencies with
software/hardware systems for testing and further
implementation of their interaction with each other
and with the population when delivering governmental services to people and legal entities with
ASIC IT and telecommunication infrastructure used;
– arranging the issue of placement and launch of
software/hardware systems for remote electronic
interaction of people with Russian governmental
bodies on receiving digital governmental services
with ASIC services used in multifunctional centers
of governmental and municipal services;
– improvement of ASIC information security components in order to enable processing of information
containing personal data;
– creation of a system of personalization of ASIC identification elements for electronic card issue and
arranging organizational and legal issues related to
the procedure for distribution of these cards to create a single identification space enabling controlled
digital governmental service delivery and access to
state information systems using ASIC infrastructure;
– development of the engineering infrastructure for
the deployment of federal and regional ASIC nodes.
Another important sign was the Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 9, 2008
No. 157-r actualizing the Concept of the Administrative
Reform in the Russian Federation in 2006–2010 (approved by the Order of the Government of the Russian
Federation of October 25, 2005 No. 1789-r). Urgent and
essential amendments to the Concept became necessary,
to a considerable extent, due to the series of operations
and actions of the Agency.
The importance of this event for the Agency lies in
the fact that actions under the Federal Targeted Program
for Electronic Russia and other tasks assigned to the Agency fit naturally into the course of the administrative reform
pursued in accordance with the Concept. Every section of
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the Concept was revised, and the second section – “Goals
and objectives of the administrative reform” – included
a new subsection: “The administrative reform in 2009–
2010,” which directly points out the necessity to execute
works in the priority fields, such as: creation of multifunctional centers of governmental and municipal services in
the regions of Russia and transition of federal executive
bodies to digital service delivery with ASIC used.
ASIC creation by the Agency was generally oriented at efficient solving of the problems set in the documents cited above. ASIC creation and development will
undoubtedly result in the forming of the necessary technological, informational and organizational infrastructures supporting information exchange within the entire
public administration system.
The Agency has been also paying due attention to
the development of mutually beneficial international cooperation in the field of information technologies.
In 2007 the Agency put forward detailed proposals concerning organization of an experimental area of
the pilot project on Organization of Cross-Border Interaction with Digital Signatures Used in the framework of
the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). Special
mention of the project was made in the final communiqué of the meeting of Heads of the SCO Governments as
one of the top-priority fields of economic cooperation.
The speech of the Chair of the Government of the Russian
Federation pointed out that “we all recognize the promising nature of cooperation in state-of-the-art technologies.
Russia has a pilot project in this field, a project of organizing cross-border interaction with digital signatures used.
And today I confirm once again our readiness to implement this project.”
The cited initiatives were supported by the Secretariat of the Integration Committee of the Eurasian
Economic Community, which, together with the Agency,
prepared the project of an Agreement on Mutual Recognition of Digital Documents, the first edition of the international legal act in the field. Respective technological
solutions for cross-border interaction have been successfully demonstrated at international conferences in Germany, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Poland, Russia,
and Uzbekistan. Governmental and commercial circles of
Austria, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Portugal, Slovakia, Sweden,
the Czech Republic, and certain other countries implementing their national digitalization projects showed
their interest to these solutions.
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This is not the only example of the Agency’s practice of organizing constructive international cooperation.
For example, in February 2008 in Beijing, at the fourth
meeting of the Special Workgroup for Electronic Trade of
SCO Nations the Russian party supported by the International Congress of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs presented an international electronic trade ground based on
ASIC services. Such a trade ground evoked genuine interest of the foreign participants as a possible prototype of
arranging cross-border electronic trade in SCO countries
with digital signatures used. The proposed trade ground
features not only IT support of placement and registration of held bids and tenders but also more advanced services of order forming, analysis of demand for and offer
of goods and services, contract performance, counterfeit
identification, and retrospective restoration of individual
transactions performed by participants of electronic procedures for possible hearings in court. Technological services created by the agency, if appropriately supported by
administrative rules and regulations of their use, will undoubtedly raise efficiency of state and municipal procurement and ensure real transition to usage of modern information technologies based on a common informational
and organizational platform representing a nationwide
authorized information system of trusted interactions.
It should be noted that the creation of a nationwide IT infrastructure incorporating the needs of
the population, businesses, and the entire new economy
of Russia to the maximum extent, is a very important aspect. The general IT infrastructure of an e-government,
created at the budget expense at the first stage, can be
efficiently used and developed based on a public/private
partnership. The state undertakes investment in longterm infrastructural projects, while the business is to develop the quantity and quality of its services to people.
Such an approach found general support of Russian industrialists and entrepreneurs and was approved at conferences and seminars in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Nizhny
Novgorod, and other cities of different Russian regions.
To summarize the above, the idea of building
an electronic government system is a point of crystallization of interests where mutually beneficial partnership of
the state, business and civil society is consolidated. Suc-
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cessful comprehensive solution of the above issues is extremely important for all sectors of the national economy.
In fact the tasks that have been set and are being solved
have to do with the improvement of performance of governmental bodies and a transition to a completely new
level of their interaction among themselves, with companies and enterprises, with the regions of Russia, with
the corporate sector of the national economy, and, finally,
with citizens – with all the population of Russia.
Solving fundamental nationwide issues is of key
importance both for cardinal improvement of the public
administration and service sphere and for further systematic and stable development of the entire national economy within the realization of its new model. One of the essential conditions guaranteeing the growth of the Russian
economy and the governmental service sphere is extensive involvement of powerful intellectual resources
and innovational information technologies in economic
processes. The solutions implemented by the Agency aim
to “unite” the government and the general public based
on the common informational and organizational platform representing a nationwide authorized information
system, much in the same way as the unity of the power
vertical, economy, and legal space is achieved in Russia. All
these solutions are contributing to accelerated modernization of the national economy.
Using high information technologies, innovational techniques and approaches in most principal areas of
the public life is absolutely necessary during the period of
costly reforms of the entire public administration system,
when we should thoroughly analyze, select, and supply to
the science-intensive market only the most promising and
efficient information technologies and solutions.
In the information society, which features permanent development of the IT and communications revolution, innovational information technologies penetrate all
the fields of public life. A global information economy is
formed, digital occupations appear, digital forms of public administration and corporate governance develop,
the infosphere and the global network communication
environment are formed. All these should be our goals for
efficient building and further successful implementation
of the new model of Russia’s economic development.
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The Role of Standardization
and Management in Russia’s
Evgeny Petrosyan
Deputy Head of the Federal
Agency on Technical Regulation
and Metrology, PhD in Physics
and Mathematics
The modern world, with its rapidly globalizing
trade relations, wider and wider gaps between novel and
obsolete solutions, new products and technologies entering our life dynamically and entailing new forms of competition, necessitates a new type of relationships between
the government and the business community.
Innovations are new ideas, discoveries, and research
results that enter our life. The goal of standardization is to
help the development of innovation processes. Standards
set forth progressive norms that generalize the results of
scientific research and advanced designs. Standardization
makes different technical solutions compatible and enables
inter-industry cooperation, guaranteeing efficient introduction of science-intensive technologies in manufacturing. In
the course of innovational economic development standardization sets a target level for manufacturers of goods
and providers of services perfecting their technologies.
Studies in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and a number of other countries showed that the aggregate annual
effect on the national economy from standardization work
accounts for about 1% of the gross domestic product.
Expanding innovation-based standardization, one
of effective instruments of the economic development,
and improving its performance is impossible without
an active governmental policy. International standards
are to play an important role for the creation of the national innovational economy, for they are an efficient
instrument of transferring new knowledge and high
technologies to the market.
The state should establish preconditions for innovation activity using administrative and financial instruments, but if the manufacturers themselves are not ready
for innovations then nothing can help. That is why the state
must also facilitate innovation technology introduction
and application. Best tools for this purpose are technical
regulation mechanisms, standardization above all.
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Legal grounds for standardization, including standardization in the field of innovations, are provided by
the Federal Law On Technical Regulation (of December
22, 2002 No. 184-FZ, as amended by the Federal Law of
May 1, 2007 No. 65-FZ).
This Law stipulates the most general legal grounds
of standardization in the Russian Federation. The goals
and principles of standardization are defined there, along
with standardization documents, regulations for development and approval of national standards, the legal status
and functions of the national standardization body, technical committees for standardization, and other participants of standardization activities.
However, the current legislation leaves
the following issues unsettled:
– A provision on the status and role of standardization as a key factor supporting the governmental
socio-economic policy and an efficient instrument
making the national industry competitive.
– A provision on the necessity of an efficient state
policy in the field of standardization, involvement
of federal executive bodies in standardization activities, and coordination of such activities.
– Provisions specifying the structure of the national standardization system (NSS), the legal status
and functions of all NSS participants, including
federal executive bodies, scientific organizations
(above all, organizations doing research in standardization), self-regulated organizations, public
associations of businesspeople and consumers,
and commercial and non-commercial standardization organizations.
– A provision on the necessity of legal regulation of
standardization, including different status of standards in the fields not covered by the Federal Law
On Technical Regulation – in labor protection,
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ecology, social relationships, communications, environmental protection, etc.
All these issues must inevitably be legally regulated,
all the more so since an analysis of foreign legal regulation
practice shows that most countries have their national laws
on standardization and on the legal status of the national
standardization organization (Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Hungary, Israel, China, Republic of Korea, Mexico, New Zealand,
Japan, Armenia, Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine, and others).
Compulsory technical regulation, i.e. mandatory requirements to a product, should not be too strict
and must leave it possible for manufacturers to choose
their own economically justified solutions, provided that
the required safety level is maintained – it is especially
important for new, insufficiently studied technologies
(GMO, nanotechnologies, hydrogen economy). The requirements should not be onerous, even less so unjustified. Therefore, requirements to innovational products
could be set by compulsory technical regulations combined with voluntary standards developed by communities of manufacturers and scientists who can assume responsibility before the society that such requirements will
be feasible, while maintaining the necessary security level
to the maximum extent.
That is why the laws and statutory acts to be adopted should stimulate application of national standards
as documents reflecting the level of modern science and
technology development and the coordinated position of
the powers, the industry, and the business community.
Innovations are impossible without cardinal changes in the managers’ minds, without them applying adequate
and appropriate efforts for improvement of their activity,
without better understanding of what we want and where
we are going. Innovations in industry require innovations
in management. The word “management” penetrates into
our life more and more, much like the term “innovation.”
They are practically inseparable. We must introduce promising innovation management mechanisms.
Innovations are impossible without risk assessment. And we should mean it. We must identify and
calculate the risks which we can face when introducing
innovations. The risk management mechanism serves to
this effect. It is important to coordinate revenues from
innovations with the expenditures for their achievement.
The situation when the effect from innovation activity
may be comparable with possible damage from wrong or
untimely actions is absurd.
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That is why project management has become one
of the most important investment mechanisms today. Any
innovation must start with skilful project activity. In other words, any innovation should be treated as a project
with a complex lifecycle. Innovations are as impossible
without re-engineering mechanisms. And standards once
again play a crucial role here, which means the need of
a speedy reform of standardization.
This has to do both with legal/organizational
foundations of standardization and with its fields. To this
effect, the Draft Federal Law On Standardization is under
active preparation now. We need more and more extensive development of standardization in the self-regulated
sphere and creation of new technical committees for innovational fields. We need multiple sets of new standards
supporting innovational development processes.
Much has already been done and is done in
the field. New technical committees (TCs) are established.
The following TCs are actively functioning in Russia: TC
100 for Strategic and Innovational Management, TC 10
for Promising Production Technologies, Management,
and Risk Assessment, and TC 20 Environmental Management and Economy. The international ISO TC for Nanotechnologies has been established recently; the similar TC
441 for Nanotechnologies and Nanomaterials now exists
in Russia as well. TC 29 for Hydrogen Technologies, TC
468 for Digitalization of Healthcare, TC 461 for Information and Communication Technologies in Education, and
TC 471 for Social Responsibility are working.
Sets of standards in innovations either already exist or are in the final phase of their development. The set
of standards in risk management has been developed;
project management standards are being actively developed. Standards for integrated management systems are
under development. Of course the starting point is terminology. At present the standard for terms and definitions
in the field of innovations is under development.
To this end, the Security Council of the Russian
Federation has prepared a “perspective program for developing national standards enabling their harmonization
with international standards in science, engineering, and
manufacturing” until 2012. Innovation technology standards will be developed under this program.
Within the 5 years to come we are to develop over
3,500 harmonized national standards in such key fields
as fuel and energy, transport, IT and electronics, manufacturing, new materials and chemical products, scientific
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instruments, and resource saving. Forecast data suggest
that the implementation of the program will make
it possible to:
– make the percentage of national standards harmonized with international standards 1.7 times as big
as in 2006 (a reference year);
– increase the percentage of modern innovational
standards within the general number of national
standards in science, engineering, and manufacturing 1.5-fold;
– bring the profit from the application of harmonized national standards to RUR 20 billion.
Environmental management must not be left out
of account in this context. Nearly all ISO 14000 standards
have been introduced as national standards, including
lifecycle assessment and greenhouse gas accounting.
Innovational development (like any other) is
impossible without innovation breakthroughs in IT.
Mechanisms and tools for using promising information
technologies in enterprise architecture and integration
are needed. A set of standards in this field is under development right now. A unified information system on
technical regulation is being created in parallel; regrettably however, the latter project has no permanent funding.
It has not been financed this year, and the delay reduces
the relevance of the results already achieved.
As possible damage from using innovation products has been explored insufficiently, information on cases when damage was caused by using innovation products
must be collected and continually analyzed. A system for
registration and analysis of technical regulation violations
must be created as soon as possible. Such a system is already being developed under the Federal Law On Technical Regulation, but the work is still at the initial stage; it
should be activated.
Another promising informational and innovational field is development of digital data libraries which can
help automate lifecycle maintenance processes and use
up-to-date methods of cataloging and codification.
Cataloging and codification of products and services combined with new information technologies enhance the efficiency of procurement and logistics.
At present the Draft Federal Law On Cataloging of
Products is under development; in accordance to the law,
a single catalog of products purchased for state purposes
is to exist. But this catalog and these mechanisms can and
must be used by all enterprises regardless of their type of
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procurement. It is even more necessary for innovation
products and services, for this catalog contains information on the regulatory documents containing the requirements to the products in question.
Innovation activities cannot develop without information support, in the first place, without regulatory
documents. The Federal Agency on Technical Regulation
and Metrology keeps the Federal Information Fund of
Technical Regulations and Standards containing data on
the effective regulatory documents and their texts. Unfortunately most information centers created in other federal executive bodies and formerly owning the funds of
documents accepted by such executive bodies currently
do not work, and these funds are practically lost. The unified catalog described above becomes therefore quite important as it is the only information resource that makes it
possible to restore and maintain information on effective
regulatory documents in the field of technical regulation.
A few words on the role of standardization and metrology for nanotechnology development. These issues are
attached importance in the world due to several reasons.
First, nanotechnologies emerged at the turn of
scientific disciplines with well-established terminologies
and classification principles, and the first task is to bring
order in the field by standardizing the classification and
terminology. To this effect, international standardization
organizations created special technical committees for
standardization in nanotechnologies – ISO TC 229 Nanotechnologies and IEC TC 113 Nanotechnology – Standardization for Electrical and Electronic Products.
At present there are 20 projects on international
standards under development by three workgroups of TC
229 (terminology and classification, metrology, and general standardization, including safety issues).
Second, an important feature of nanotechnologies
is that means of metrological assurance become a technological tool implementing the very nanotechnological process (for example, atomic force microscopes and
tunnel microscopes are not only a means for examining
and measuring particles but also enable their movement
if necessary). Such a transformation can only be executed
by standardization methods.
Third, the safety problem concerning nanotechnology, nanomaterial, and nanoproduct application becomes more and more evident. One example is
the problem of controlling self-organization processes
in biological nanostructures and nanorobots. Potentially
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dangerous technologies, substances, materials, and products must be studied, and the results of such studies are to
be used when developing technical regulations and standards for potentially dangerous technologies and products of the nanoindustry.
Fourth, in order to apply nanotechnology results
successfully, we must develop and adopt a certification system for nanotechnologies and nanoproducts. In the world
practice such systems have not yet been created, primarily
because there are no adequate legal provisions.
The Federal Targeted Program for the Development of the Nanoindustry Infrastructure in the Russian
Federation, 2008–2010 identifies the problematic aspects cited above in its part concerning the creation and
development of the nanoindustry methodological component. But I would like to emphasize once again that
for their implementation the role of national standardization should be revised legislatively, and that at the highest
level, the level of federal laws.
Today it is clear that the public and governmental efforts for innovational economic development and
stimulation of creation and development of competitive
science-intensive technologies cannot be efficient without up-to-date standardization products.
The assessment of innovational product conformity to the requirements set is also important. We should
use easy mechanisms of conformity check: compulsory
certification should mostly be replaced by declarations of
conformity (the situation in pharmaceuticals proves that
this is possible). Mechanisms for accreditation should
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also be revised in the direction of strengthening the component of voluntary evaluation of technical competency
of assessment bodies. As for accreditation proper, it
should move to the self-regulation sphere. The concept
of development of a national accreditation system is
therefore being worked out and the Draft Federal Law
On Accreditation in the Field of Conformity Assessment
is under development. To enable developing and perfecting quality management systems, the set of standards for
conformity assessment is also being developed (based on
ISO 9000 and ISO 17000). A positive example is the system of voluntary conformity assessment of innovation
management systems at small and medium enterprises
developed together with the Foundation for Assistance
to Small Innovation Enterprises.
International standardization is developing at
a brisk pace. On October 14 the world community of
standard developers and users is celebrating the World
Standards Day. In 2008 the Federal Agency on Technical
Regulation and Metrology marked this day with a conference on international standardization. From this tribune
I would like to urge the industrial circles once again to apply and develop standards in the innovation sphere more
actively. We have to become distinguished as generators
of innovation standards or maybe even head the international standardization activity. Today we have no right to
miss the chance, we must make the most out of the advantages that national and international standardization
offers in order to lay new innovational paths of enhancing Russia’s competitiveness.
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Problems of State
and Industry Management
of the Post-Reform Energy Sector
Valentin Zavadnikov
Chair of the Committee
for Industrial Policy
of the Federation Council
GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND PROCESS
OF THE ENERGY SECTOR REFORMING
The goals and objectives of the energy sector reforming were identified in the Decree of the Government of
the Russian Federation of July 11, 2001 No. 526 On the Reforming of the Energy Sector of the Russian Federation.
This document defines the following principal
goals of the energy sector reform in Russia: to enhance
the performance of the sector enterprises, establish prerequisites for their investment-stimulation-based development, and guarantee reliable uninterrupted supply of
electricity to consumers.
In order to achieve the planned goal, the government set the task to transform the existing Federal
(All-Russia) Wholesale Market of Electricity (Power) into
a full-fledged competition-based wholesale electricity
market and form efficient retail electricity markets that
guarantee reliable electricity supply, as well as to create
competitive markets of power, system services, and derived financial instruments.
In the course of the electricity sector reform
the system of state regulation of the sector and its structure changed: the natural-monopoly functions (transmission and supervisory control) and functions which can
be implemented on a competition basis (generation and
sale of electricity, repair, and services) were separated, and
instead of former vertically integrated companies responsible for all those functions, structures have been created
that focus on individual activities.
Thus, prerequisites were established for developing a competitive electricity market, with prices formed
by the balance of demand and supply rather than regulated by the state. The competing participants have to
cut their production costs.
On June 30, 2008, one key stage of the Russian
energy sector reform was completed with the decomposi-
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tion of one of the world largest monopolies – RAO UES of
Russia – into dozens of electricity companies.
The energy sector entails a complex set of technologies. Its mismanagement can cause not only threats
for people’s way of life, but also risks of anthropogenic
catastrophes with lives lost. When developing the project
for energy sector reform, its developers set the following
objectives: to create a nationwide electric grid company
maintaining the economic strengths of the UES of Russia; to create a self-regulating market; to form generating
companies and develop competition in potentially competitive fields of electricity production and sales; and to
enable investment-based development of the electricity
supply sector.
The pre-reform Russian Joint-Stock Company of
Energy and Electrification Unified Energy System of Russia
(RAO UES of Russia) has the following structure. The charter capital of the company comprised the property and
shares of thermal power stations and hydroelectric power
stations, trunk transmission lines, a supervisory control system, and blocks of shares of regional energy companies and
energy-sector research and construction organizations.
The holding owned 72% of the installed capacity
of all Russia’s power stations and 96% of the transmission
line length. For 15 years, the companies of the holding accounted for at least 70% of electricity and one-third of
heat produced in Russia. In 2007 RAO UES of Russia produced 706 billion kWh.
The basic structural elements of RAO UES of
Russia were the so-called AO-energo, or joint-stock
electricity companies – vertically integrated companies
including a full production cycle, namely: production of
electricity, its transmission over distribution trunk lines,
dispatching, and sales. Such regional-level integration
was complemented by vertical integration at the level of
RAO UES of Russia uniting, apart from AO-energo, AO-
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power stations (federal-level power stations producing
and supplying electricity to the federal wholesale market of electricity (power)), high-voltage networks, and
the central supervisory control system. Such a structure
did not leave any room for competition.
In the course of the reform AO-energo companies were split into functional divisions. Generating companies, grid companies, and sales companies
emerged in each region. Afterwards they were integrated in interregional structures.
Generating companies were formed from the existing generating facilities: wholesale generating companies (OGKs) and territorial generating companies (TGKs).
During the reform six thermal-power OGKs and one
hydroelectric OGK were created, along with 14 TGKs
formed through interregional integration of power stations formerly belonging to AO-energo companies (usually power stations in several neighboring regions, except
the property transferred to OGKs).
Based on distribution and trunk grid companies
interregional distribution grid companies (MRSKs) were
formed according to the territorial principle and trunk
grid companies (MSKs) were formed as a result of AOenergo reforming, with electric grid object property pertaining to the unified nationwide electric grid transferred
to them, such as transmission lines from 220 kV and above
(in a number of cases, 110 kV and above), international
transmission lines, servicing transformer substations, and
operation and maintenance equipment.
At the next stage all MSKs merged into OAO
Federal Grid Company of UES (FSK), an organization
for managing the unified nationwide electricity grid,
including the system of trunk lines connecting most
regions of the country.
Regional supervisory control services formed part
of OAO System Operator of the Unified Energy System (SO
UES) – an organization responsible for exclusive control
of technologic modes of work of electricity objects and
authorized to issue real-time supervision commands and
orders mandatory for all the subjects of supervisory control, entities of the electric energy sector, and regulatedload consumers of electricity.
The state owns from 50% to 100% of shares of SO
UES, FSK, and MRSKs. Private shareholders appeared in
thermal OGKs and TGKs; the state has no shares of those.
The state retains the controlling interest of OAO
RusGidro.
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OAO Administrator of the Trade System (ATS) was
created, with its principal function to organize sales of
electricity at the wholesale market.
The reform of the wholesale and retail electricity
markets became a key task of the energy sector reform.
It is based on the model of a competitive wholesale
electricity market launched on September 1, 2006, that
stipulates its stepwise liberalization, in order for the complete amount of electricity to be sold at market prices
by 2011 (except the electricity supplied to households).
The wholesale market is complemented by a parallel balancing market; the aim of the latter is to enable real-time
balance of electricity production and supply. On September 1, 2006 the new rules of the wholesale and retail electricity markets entered into effect. The wholesale
market changed to regulated contracts between purchasers and generating companies; a spot market, or a dayahead market, was launched. By 2011, in accordance with
the Decree of the Government of Russia of April 7, 2007,
regulated contracts are to be gradually replaced by free
(uncontrolled) contracts. Rules of functioning of different markets stipulate gradual retail electricity markets liberalization simultaneously with the wholesale electricity
market liberalization, with private households provided
with electricity under regulated tariffs, as earlier.
At present a number of other markets are being
created: the power market, the system service market, and
the market of derived financial instruments.
However, it would be too early to say that the construction of a functioning system of competitive electricity/power markets is complete. The liberalization process
has just begun. It is supposed to finish in 2011, when it is
planned to reject state regulation of retail tariffs completely.
The electricity market is divided into two price
zones: Europe (plus Urals) and Siberia. They are isolated
as regards prices and supplies of electricity. Their integration, with a view to adopt a single pricing model,
only started in 2008.
There is another, so-called non-price zone including
the electricity systems of the Far East, Arkhangelsk Region,
Kaliningrad Region, and the Komi Republic. There are also
isolated areas without any wholesale electricity market functioning; these are the northern and central districts of Yakutia, the Kamchatka Territory, the Chukotsky Autonomous
District, the Magadan Region, and the Sakhalin Region.
Apart from the two principal tasks, the structural
reform and the creation of electricity markets, a third task
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was necessitated in the course of the reforms – to launch
the investment process in the field. It became clear in
2006 to 2008 that the energy sector resources for growth
of output were exhausted and electricity consumption
grew sharply almost simultaneously.
A long-term document was worked out together
with the Russian Academy of Sciences, named Target Vision
of the Development of the Russian Energy Sector through
2030. The General Layout of Electricity Producing Facilities through 2020 was prepared jointly with the Ministry
of Industry and Energy of the Russian Federation and approved by the Government of the Russian Federation.
The holding of RAO UES of Russia developed
the investment program for 2008–2012, to be renewed
annually. It is a development program for the entire unified energy system of Russia, containing coordinated solutions for development of thermal, nuclear, and hydroelectric generation, the trunk line, the distribution grid, and
the supervisory control.
A market investment mechanism is supposed
in thermal generation, with private investors involved.
The investment mechanism in the hydroelectric generation company allows for both public and private investment. As for FSK, with its features of a national monopoly,
the state owns over 75% of it, which hampers attraction
of large private investment.
A provision on the prohibition of distribution grids
privatization until 2011, due to the specifics of their activity, was inserted into the Federal Law On Electric Energy
Sector. A plan involving connection charge was selected,
but this provision is temporary, as the Federal Law On
Electric Energy Sector stipulates that connection charge
is only to exist until January 1, 2011, and a new scheme of
tariff regulation must be developed until then.
Each link of the technological chain of the electric energy sector received its resources both for current
funding and for investment development. The result was
a balanced investment program for the sector.
Due to the reform, companies appeared in Russia that provided such services as turnkey construction
of power facilities. Such companies took financial responsibility for meeting the deadlines and quality of
new facilities.
The investment development phase had started
already before RAO UES of Russia was decomposed. This
enabled a centralized launch of the process of attracting
private investment and development of solutions aimed
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at maintaining the integrity of the power sector as a technological complex in the changing circumstances.
By mid-2006 principal decisions were made concerning the key issues of the reforms: liberalization of
the electricity market and attracting private investors, including foreign investors, in generation. The legal base of
the energy sector reform was developed.
PROBLEMS FOUND BY THE END
OF THE TRANSITION PERIOD
OF THE ENERGY SECTOR REFORM
However, a number of problems were found in
the sector by the end of the transition period of the reform. Solving these problems will enhance the performance of the sector, improve its controllability and enable
investment inflow in the sector.
1. The problem of cross-subsidizing. This covers
cross-subsidizing between heat and electricity supply,
interregional and regional subsidizing, and the largest –
cross-subsidizing between different groups of consumers,
above all, between households and industrial consumers. The amount of the latter is estimated at some RUR
120 billion per year. Cross-subsidizing can hinder full
liberalization of retail electricity markets for a long time.
The transfer of wholesale market prices into the retail
electricity price is one of the basic principles of the system
of electricity markets, crucial for the integrity and stability
of the system. But the most important objective of the liberalization of retail markets (to enable the consumer to
choose a sales company depending on the price and quality of its services) cannot be achieved until the problem of
cross-subsidizing is solved.
There is probably no alternative to a transfer of
cross-subsidizing to the wholesale market while there
are limited tariffs for private households. A temporary
solution of this problem may be a rationed level of crosssubsidizing, with the system transparence guaranteed and
region-specific forecast of cross-subsidizing enabled.
2. The problem of “fuel risks” is characterized by
the following principal factors:
– High wear of fixed assets (over 50%) leads to reduction of new units put into operation in all
the subsectors of the fuel and energy sector. Besides, energy equipment used in the gas and energy sectors is uneconomical. There are almost no
advanced combined-cycle plants and fume cleaners; renewable energy sources are used scarcely;
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coal output equipment is obsolete both morally
and technologically; the potential of the nuclear
energy is used insufficiently.
– Inflow of external investment in the fuel and energy sector is less than 13% of the total capital investment, with oil extraction accounting for 95%
of the investment in question.
– There is no competition between interchangeable energy resources; the structure of demand
for them features excessive demand for gas and
reduced share of coal.
– There is no competitive energy market.
– The negative influence of the fuel and energy sector on the environment is still high.
– The oil and gas sector is too dependent on the world
energy market condition. There is a trend to further
increase of the oil/gas percentage in the structure
of Russian exports; at the same time the potential
for exports of other energy resources, including
electricity, is used insufficiently. A directly related
problem is the need to increase the total value of
exports and imports of electricity (today it is only 3
to 5% percent of the total generation).
– The lack of developed and stable legislation taking
the specifics of the fuel and energy sector into full
account is felt only too well.
3. The problem of possible lack of controllability
of the sector without RAO UES of Russia. At present a new
management structure is formed. The newly established
Ministry of Energy of Russia assumes the functions of legal regulation of the sector, formerly performed by RAO
UES of Russia. The state will maintain its domination in
infrastructural companies – FSK, SO UES, and the MRSK
holding. Self-governance of the sector has been introduced
through the Market Council Non-Commercial Partnership
protecting the interests of both suppliers and consumers.
As the system has only been functioning for several months,
it is too early to give forecasts on its efficiency. The participants of the market complain that the Market Council NonCommercial Partnership has set a too high membership fee,
RUR 5 million. Besides, the providers of last resort do not
have this amount planned in their tariffs, which makes it
their net loss. Moreover, purchasers and sellers have only
8 seats in the Council while the state and state-controlled
infrastructures have 12 seats. The participants of the market are thus left in the minority, a fact which considerably
weakens the sector’s self-regulating ability.
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4. The problem of attracting investment into
the sector.
During the last 1.5 years three processes coincided
that will influence the price factors associated with investments in the energy sector. The first one is the investment
program of RAO UES of Russia that has formed extensive
demand for equipment and consequently caused price
growth in the market environment. The second one is
the growth of the cost of the new generating facilities put
into operation (per one MW) from 1.8 to 2 times (this
growth is independent of processes in the Russian energy
sector). And, finally, the third process is the world financial
crisis. The impact of these factors will inevitably increase
the cost of the new generation facilities in Russia. This is
a problem which is important both for the consumer and
for the process of implementation of investment projects.
The principal sources of financing of generation companies’ investment projects are private investors’ funds
attracted through selling new shares and taking loans.
Given the world financial crisis, the growth of credit cost
and lower availability of credits can increase the cost of
the new generation facilities put into operation.
Another important factor that influences the development of the investment process is the fact that is
hard to forecast the expected electricity consumption due
to a number of causes:
– The overwhelming majority of industrial consumers cannot provide reliable long-term consumption forecasts.
– The program of energy saving stimulation can influence the consumption.
– It is hard to provide an expert judgment of expected consumption trends in the current unstable
economic situation.
However, the process of forming the forecast of
consumption is necessary in order to justify the investment attraction into the sector and design the desired
power market.
5. The problem of the operating conditions of
the energy sector engineering facilities. Experts believe
that the growing physical wear of engineering facilities is
caused by the following factors:
– Low own funds and low investment appeal of
energy companies for strategic investors within
the current model of regulated energy tariffs.
– Low competitiveness as regards performance and
reliability of a number of power machine building
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and electrical enterprises, as well as insufficient
competition on the engineering services market.
Besides, the process equipment of the electricity sector does not meet the safety requirements, which may cause
systemic accidents threatening people’s lives and health.
As the technical regulation system is under reform
now, by 2010 standards for safety of process equipment
must be set forth in technical regulations. So far no technical regulations have been adopted either by the legislators or by the government.
6. The problems of forming the retail market.
The relationships of three parties (electric grid
companies, sales organizations, and management companies) on retail electricity markets are as yet unsettled as
regards the amount of electricity supplied to residential
blocks and liability for imbalance and in-house losses.
Another problem is that of financial stability of
sales companies, due to their low extra charge.
In the conditions when generators and grids compete with sales companies, the acceptable profit margin
enabling their stable functioning is important.
There is also a problem of improving the legislation that regulates the activities of providers of last resort.
A status of a provider of last resort can be granted to any
sales company that supplies gas to private households.
Such companies are obliged to sign an electricity supply contract with any consumer that has connected to
the grid and has not signed a contract with an independent sales company.
At the same time, the regulations for retail electricity market functioning stipulate that a contest for the status of a provider of last resort shall be held once in three
years. The criterion is the minimum extra charge offered.
The existing practice of such contests held in 2007 demonstrated their inefficiency: there were a lot of violations,
and some companies won the contests with greater extra
charge and without the infrastructure of payment collection and consumer servicing.
The holding of unscheduled contests should be
regulated as strictly as possible, with a change of the provider of last resort to be clearly substantiated.
Another problem which was identified is the imperfectness of the new market system. There is no mechanism for making defaulting consumers pay the outstanding amount.
7. The problems of implementing the investment
programs of generating companies.
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At present, the Western and Russian manufacturers of equipment for building new generating facilities
are overloaded; besides, we lack qualified Russian engineers. As a result, the implementation of investment
programs by new owners of generating companies can
be frustrated. Both these problems should be solved by
involving foreign manufacturers of equipment, reducing
customs duties and administrative barriers for importing
this equipment, introducing new technologies and materials as quickly as possible, and developing comprehensive
programs for training Russian power engineers.
The panel experts note the following concerning the problems formulated:
– The autumn and winter of 2008/09 is the first season when the national electric energy sector functions without RAO UES of Russia, and the principal
task for the period is to pass it without failures and
accidents. To achieve this, actions of each market
participant and market regulators should be governed by strict rules.
– The ownership change and transition to the new
procedures of functioning are taking place while
the retail market regulations are not formed yet
and the world financial crisis is developing. It may
lead to mass defaults in payment and, as a result,
bankruptcies of certain companies in the sector, in
particular, sales companies.
– The energy sector is entering the post-reform period and the world crisis with quite a number of
problems: unsettled relationships of new participants of the electricity and power market; lack of
understandings concerning a number of crucial
issues, such as technical connection and payment
for it, pricing, withdrawal of facilities for repair,
the unsolved problem of cross-subsidizing, participation of businesses in the regulation of
the electricity and power market, and insufficient
stimulation of energy saving; and the absence of
a competition-based retail electricity market.
BASED ON THE ABOVE, WE RECOMMEND:
To the Government of the Russian Federation:
– To ensure continual monitoring and coordination
of actions of all electric energy companies aimed
at the reduction of post-reform risks in the sector.
– To accelerate the development of a decree on
the target model of the power market.
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– To develop a system of forecasting demand and
supply of electricity/power in order to preclude
deficit of generating facilities.
– To accelerate the development and adoption of
technical regulations setting mandatory requirements to the safety of electric power stations and
grids, high-voltage equipment, and generation
units during their design, construction, installation, commissioning, and operation.
– To develop an anti-crisis program for support of
the energy sector.
To the Ministry of Energy of the Russian
Federation:
– To estimate the environmental risks of fuel and
energy sector companies together with the Ministry of Natural Resources and develop a program
for support of the environmental policy of energy
companies.
– To estimate risks and analyze the feasibility of investment programs of energy companies and estimate the need to revise/adjust the General Layout
of Electricity Producing Facilities through 2020,
and, in particular, to assess the availability of fuel
resources (gas) for the newly launched combinedcycle plants at the launch and through the operation period until payback.
– To develop guidelines for consumption forecasting
in order to form the investment demand.
– To create a commission for revising investment
programs, with OAO SO UES, Market Council
Non-Commercial Partnership, generating companies, and general contractors for investment
projects participating. Such a commission should
envisage instruments for revision of the signed
contracts based on penalties for deadline violations, provided that such terms and conditions are
revised by the System Operator.
– To consider establishment of a common knowledge base making it possible to control the implementation of generating companies’ investment
programs at the state level, with all the generating
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companies and hired general contractors granted
access to this knowledge base.
– To audit the existing procurement regulations used
by generating companies as regards the application of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation
of July 21, 2005 No. 94-FZ On State and Municipal
Procurement of the Goods, Works and Services or
usage of procurement standards for ensuring
transparency of procedures and substantiation of
expenditures when justifying the tariffs or applying for preferential state funding.
– To study instruments of accelerated certification
of imported equipment under Russian construction standards and conditions for interaction with
Rostekhnadzor (the Russian governmental agency
organization for technical supervision).
– To prepare proposals for the Government of
the Russian Federation to reduce equipment import duties temporarily.
– To develop a program for stimulation of energy
saving in order to motivate consumers to reduce
consumption voluntarily in the period when there
is a threat of power limitations.
– To monitor the financial stability of electricity sales
companies and analyze the trends of electricity and
heat tariff growth for retail customers in order to
identify an acceptable profit margin level for sales
companies together with the Federal Tariff Service.
– To develop a methodology and criteria of selecting
a provider of last resort, as well as a procedure to be
followed when changing the provider of last resort
and granting the status to another organization.
– To accelerate the development of regulations for commercial accounting of electricity in retail markets.
To the Federal Assembly of the Russian
Federation:
To debate the development and adoption of
the necessary legislative package concerning the approval
of the target model of the power and heat market and
steps needed for its post-reform regulation; these issues
should be discussed during the first half of 2009.
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Problems and Paths
of Innovation-Based Development
of Russian Oil and Gas Industry
and Applicable Laws
Gennadiy Shmal
Chair of the Union
of Oil and Gas Producers
of Russia, Ph.D. in Economics
Russian oil and gas industry has always played
an extremely important role in development of Russian
economy and business. It is also a key factor in building
the economic power of Russia and increasing its prestige
in the international arena as one of the major international suppliers of oil and gas.
An assessment of the world energy scene would
suggest that demand for energy resources is likely to
keep increasing throughout the world, including those
macroregions that are located close to Russian power
producers – in particular, in Europe and in the AsiaPacific region – which don’t have sufficient energy resources of their own. According to expert forecasts, in
two decades the demand for fuel and energy resources
in those regions will increase by 110-140 millions metric tons of oil equivalent. According to our plans (which
are based on a forecast of extraction and transportation
of fuel in Russia), we will be able to keep selling Russian
oil, oil products, and especially gas in the international
markets on competitive terms.
At the same time, analyses of the present-day
state of reproduction and utilization of the country’s
mineral wealth are very troubling. According to estimates by the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16% of Russian total initial in-place resources have been extracted,
and only 17% of total initial in-place resources have
been well-explored, and inferred resources account
only for 8% of that initial in-place amount.
Not a single new oil deposit discovered during
recent years can stand a comparison even with the runof-the-mill deposits discovered in 1970s, let alone with
the Samotlor deposit. Even in the Khanty-Mansiysky
Autonomous District, which is extremely important for
Russia, deposits of 10 millions tons or more account
only for 2% of total reserves, and 86% of reserves are
found in small deposits.
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The state stopped financing search for and exploration of oil and gas deposits, while no effective market
tool has been invented to encourage extractive companies
to invest in that extremely important segment of the oil
and gas industry. There are no effective incentives that
could motivate companies to develop oil and gas fields in
hard-to-reach regions with difficult geological conditions.
The state-of-the-art technologies and technical solutions
developed by Russian scientists for the purpose of exploring and developing deposits are rarely used.
Western Siberia remains the main oil-producing
region of Russia. Oil production in the Volga-Urals oil
province and in the North Caucasus has been decreasing
and will continue to decrease, because the reserves have
been mostly depleted. Implementation of the project for
development of oil reserves of Eastern Siberia and Far East
has never been started.
With all this in mind, it would seem obvious that
it is necessary to pay more attention to geology, to invest
(for the time being) in development of small, local-scale
deposits, to control use of licenses issued for that purpose,
to give attention to new technologies that could prolong
life of those deposits that are at later stages of development, and to start implementing innovative solutions in
all segments of the fuel and energy industry.
We have to admit, however, that Russia is well
behind the rest of oil-producing countries in all key
areas of investment and innovation activities. Thus,
the figures for capital investment per extracted ton of
oil in leading Russian oil and gas companies are twice
as low as in foreign ones. We have the world’s sixth
strongest science sector, but at the same time, we are
number 98 in the world in terms of efficiency of implementing solutions developed by our scientists. All civilized countries invest 2%–4% of their GDP in science
while we invest 0.02%.
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The above problems are strategic in nature, and their
solution requires joint efforts and support from the state.
So what does “innovation-based path of development of the country’s fuel industry” mean? First of all, it
means a focus on rational, judicious business practices,
an orientation toward capital investment not only in increasing extraction through application of new technologies, but also – and primarily – in replenishing the mineral
resource base and improving the system for managing
natural resources, and in training specialists of a new type.
Innovation-based development is not limited
to implementing new equipment and technologies; it
means, first and foremost, that we should fully revive
the practice of professional geological exploration and
restore the role of our science as a leading factor in our
industrial processes, which would also open the door to
solving the problem of utilization of casinghead gas and
to modernizing the oil-processing industry.
In our understanding, the “innovation path” is
a number of activities undertaken by the state which
will open the door to implementing new technologies in
mining and mineral-related industries in such a way that
it will result in revival and growth of related industries
and in switching to the science-intensive path of development. New job openings will help to solve numerous
social problems and increase the tax base. One new job
created in the oil and gas sector results in nine new job
openings in related sectors.
This is what should be the strategic goal of the state.
What are the main impediments to medium-term
and long-term development of mining and mineral-related industries?
Shortcoming of existing laws, shortage of innovation resources, inefficiency of the state control and management system in the raw-materials sector, structural disproportions within the industry, and broken connections
between production and science.
The key areas to search for a solution of
these problems are as follows:
– Further improvement of regulations governing use
of subsurface resources; use of such tools as licensing policy, innovation policy, and fiscal policy;
– Encouragement of the process of increasing
the explored reserves by (a) providing fiscal privileges, (b) changing rules of obtaining licenses for
geological exploration, (c) restoring the principle
of dual-control over minerals in order to revive
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the interest of federal subjects to exploring their
mineral deposits, and (d) resurrecting of the geological science;
– Regulation of intercorporate relations; creation of
a favorable economic situation for establishment
and development of small and medium-sized businesses specializing in working with small or difficult local mineral deposits;
– Coordination of efforts of federal and regional authorities and improvement of their interaction with
mineral extraction companies; improvement of
the system of management of oil and gas companies.
We believe that efficiency of the system for state
control and mamagement in the area of subsurface resource use can be increased by concentrating the managing functions on the federal level, as well as by creating
a system of regional branches of federal centers or agencies controlling mineral resources, and by establishing
a specialized federal center of analysis and monitoring.
The goal of such analytical and managing federal centers
is to harmonize interests of corporations with the state
strategy and programs and to perform quality monitoring
of use of subsurface resources.
Of course, improving applicable laws and regulations
is a prerequisite to all of the above. Legislative work should
aim to create an effective state management system capable
of producing fundamental changes in the oil industry.
Here is a list of laws and legal norms which
are extremely important for the oil and gas industry and without which no successful work is possible today:
The law On Subsurface Resources, the law On Oil
and Gas, the law On Stimulating Extraction at Low-Yield
Deposits, the law On the Country’s Resource Base, the law
On Small and Medium Enterprises which are Independent
Producers of Oil and Gas, a set of norms for the law On
Agreements Regarding Products Sharing, the law On Regional Optimized Fuel Balance Sheets and Summary Fuel
Balance Sheet for the Country as a Whole, and a system of
legal regulations for the law On Technical Regulation.
I should mention some disappointing facts with
regard to the last law in the above list: technical governance of economic activities requires 600 technical regulation, each approved by a separate law. Over past three
years, only three of them were approved.
Implementation of the above-mentioned new
model of development of mining and mineral-related
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industries will open the door to launching new major
projects in that field. Commercial success cannot be
the only criterion in implementing deposit development
projects in Eastern Siberia. Such projects cannot be even
contemplated, much less implemented, without applying
systemic approach, without solving social and economic
problems of the regional development, and without
an active participation of the state on both the federal
and regional levels. One should remember the past experience of developing territories in Western Siberia. It was
only with the help of a very powerful coordinating center (the State Planning Committee of the USSR) that our
country was able to develop wild and marshy territories
of Western Siberia.
We do have a very extensive managing experience.
The most important thing we need is a single managing
center that can develop a systemic plan of actions. And
a well-considered and well-planned systemic approach is
exactly what we need in order to carry out our plans in
Eastern Siberia and Far East. This program should receive
a status of a national project.
Development of new mineral-bearing areas will
require totally new technologies of surveying for, exploring, mining, and transporting raw minerals, as well
as new types of equipment. And in order to design and
produce them in Russia we need an active government
policy regarding innovation, a new national project, and
tax privileges for investors who invest their money in development of national machine engineering.
For a long time the Union of Oil and Gas Producers of Russia has been trying to maintain a dialogue with
the executive and legislative branches of government
in the context of an economic policy model which assumes that the state remains in control, looking for and
proposing specific forms and methods of governmental
management of the oil and gas industry. Today we try to
join our efforts with other public associations, such as
the Committee of the Russian Union of Industrialists and
Entrepreneurs for energy safety, energy efficiency, and development of branches of the fuel and energy sector, and
the appropriate committee of the Chamber of Trade and
Commerce of the Russian Federation.
The Union of Oil and Gas Producers of Russia
has recommended to the Russian Government and to
the State Duma to take a number of steps in order to create a more efficient economic system, to improve the existing pricing policy in the oil and gas industry, to use
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already allocated natural wealth with efficiency, and to
improve the existing system of using the national wealth
for social and economic purposes.
Our recommendations include the following:
– To design a new strategy for economic development of Russia, which should define the priorities of development; our energy strategy must be
amended accordingly.
– To create a system of privileges (including fiscal
privileges) for those who develop new, hard-toaccess oil and gas provinces of Eastern Siberia, Far
East, and the Timano-Pechora basin so that oil
production becomes economically feasible for investors; to develop methods for fiscal protection
and encouragement of scientific and technical
progress and to use of “fiscal vacations” and tax
loans extensively.
– To establish a fiscal mechanism that will encourage oil and gas companies to invest in replenishing the mineral base. To introduce a differentiated
mineral extraction tax, to apply flexible incentive
taxation system to the following activities: exploitation of deteriorating deposits and development
of new ones (primarily in oil-bearing areas without
good infrastructure), development of hard-to-extract resources, implementation of state-of-the-art
technologies, and putting in operation the nowidle low-yield wells.
– To create an inter-industry council for utilization
of subsurface resources that will be in charge
of licensing and preparation of the Program for
Geologic Exploration of Subsurface Resources
and Mineral Resource Base. To raise the status of
the Central Committee for Deposit Development
and the State Committee for Reserves.
– To provide incentives for small and medium oil
companies. To develop a package of laws that will
take in account the difficulties specific to medium
and small enterprises.
– To develop a system that will encourage extraction
companies to open new resource development
sites in such amounts that the overall resource
base is fully replenished.
– To develop a Mining Code that will set forth obligatory regulations regarding (a) conditions of development of oil and gas deposits and (b) current
and final results of their development.
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– To pass the law On Oil and Gas or the Energy Code,
i.e. a set of laws and regulations governing activities related to the oil and gas industry.
We suggest that the State Duma should demand
a competent and independent analysis of all existing
unjustified taxes that are burdening the oil and gas sector. That will be an effective way of keeping domestic
fuel prices in check. It would be a good idea to pro-
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pose a conception of public control over the oil and
gas sector; this could be done by consulting oil and gas
councils that could be created on the model of those
that work in Alaska, USA.
A clever industrial policy (based on a well-designed
legal foundation) and a correct energy strategy are what
the direction of our innovation-based development is all
about, and they form a basis of our economic success.
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On Development
of High Technologies
in Biomedicine
Alexander Gintsburg
Vice President of Russian
Academy of Medical Sciences
(RAMS), Director of the
Research Institute of RAMS
Biotechnology started developing as an independent branch of science in the second half of the past
century, and by 1970 it already attracted immense interest
due to emerging prospects of its wide industrial application for producing unlimited amounts of natural protein
bioregulators and biologically active substances (including rare and expensive ones), and for creating new species
of plants and animals with pre-defined characteristics,
which is instrumental in the light of the global problems
faced by the world, including shortage of food and energy,
disastrous environment deterioration, and, as a result, deterioration of health of the planet’s population, and so on.
The present-day biotechnology is characterized by merging cutting-edge achievements of both science and industry: science almost literally becomes a productive force.
In recent years, the greatest advances were made
in such areas as biomedical technologies, genetic engineering, cell engineering, and creation of modern medical
drugs. Technologies of industrial production of genetic
engineering products (some of hormones, interferons, interleukins, monoclonal antibodies, a number of vaccines,
etc.) were developed.
Genomic and postgenomic technologies, nanotechnologies, and cellular technologies are some of the breakthroughs in medical biotechnology that were made during
the past few years and are already used in many areas of
clinical and preventive medicine.
Genomic technologies led to a considerable advance in understanding the etiology of genetically determined diseases and to creation of modern methods of
diagnosing such diseases, including prenatal diagnostics
(primarily of those diseases that are caused by mutations
in a single gene, such as certain forms of cancer, hereditary
neurologic diseases etc.). Genetic diagnostic systems have
been developed that allow diagnosing over 150 nosological forms of hereditary diseases. By combining the above
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technologies with bioinformatics, scientists developed
an original computer program named Prognoz (“Prognosis”) for calculating the summary risk of development of
the Down’s syndrome in a fetus; results produced by Prognoz are better than those of similar foreign programs. They
also created of a number of computer databases (SYNGEN,
CHRODIS, and NEUROGEN) for Russian genetic counseling centers (Genetic Medicine Center of the RAMS).
Besides, some totally new approaches to treatment
of hereditary diseases have been developed, including gene
therapy, but so far, the world has not seen any spectacular
breakthroughs in gene therapy: any results that have been
already obtained are now at different stages of clinical trials,
mostly in foreign countries (only a few research projects in
that field are underway in Russia due to lack of financing).
The progress in treatment of hereditary metabolic diseases
is much more evident: foreign scientists have successfully
used biotechnological methods to produce medicines for
treatment of the Gaucher’s disease, mucopolysaccharidoses, and tyrosinemia, and developed methods of nutritional
therapy of many hereditary metabolic diseases. Shortage of
financing experienced by Russian science is very noticeable
in this area, too. As a result, any cutting-edge treatment
procedures used in Russia rely on western drugs and are
conducted under supervision of drug manufacturers.
Genetic diagnostics started to be used in environmental safety control and in forensic expertise. Modern
proteomic methods helped to isolate a number of specific molecular markers of hard-to-diagnose tumors;
these markers can be used in clinical practice for early
diagnosis of malignant growths (Genetic Medicine Center of the RAMS, V. N. Orekhovich Biomedical Chemistry
Research Institute of the RAMS, N. N. Blokhin Russian Oncologic Science Center of the RAMS, A. N. Sysin Research
Institute of Human Ecology and Environmental Hygiene
of the RAMS, and other research institutions).
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Genetic biochips for molecular genetic diagnostics and evaluation of efficiency of pharmacotherapy in
treating multifactorial diseases of children have been developed and are now used. The biochips have been introduced into clinical practice for the purpose of assessing
detoxification genes in cases of atopic diseases in children,
and for analysis of genetic mechanisms in children heart
diseases (Children Health Science Center of the RAMS).
Some research projects in biomedical nanotechnologies are underway aiming to solve certain problems
related to express diagnostics of infectious diseases.
The following products have been developed: an enzyme
immunoassay (EIA) test system named MBS-Kor-IgM
for detecting IgM antibodies to measles (the system has
passed the procedure of state registration); an EIA test
system for early diagnostics of rubella based on detecting IgM antibodies by the “trap method”; an EIA test
system for detecting IgG antibodies to measles (it has
successfully passed official testing in Russia and has been
sent to the European WHO office for validation); a set
of oligodeoxyribonucleotide primers for identifying
the rubella virus in clinical samples by means of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique taking in account
genome variations of all known geographical isolates of
the virus (the product has been patented); a new strain
of parotitis virus (the Dragoon strain) used as an antigen
in an EIA test system (I. I. Mechnikov Research Institute
of Vaccines and Sera of the RAMS).
Biochips have been created that are used as components in optic biosensors and atomic force microscopes;
as a result, the time required to diagnose B and C virus
hepatitis can be reduced by five to ten times. Utilization of
nanotechnologies helped to start producing fullerenes and
phospholipid nanoparticles for targeted delivery of cytostatics to tumors. The V. N. Orekhovich Biomedical Chemistry Research Institute used phospholipid nanoparticles to
create a hepatoprotective drug named Phosphogliv which
is now widely sold in pharmacies. Nanobiotechnology
is – and will continue to be – used in creating liposomebased medicines, nanosome-based antibiotics, and other
medicine forms for targeted drug delivery and personalized medicine selection, as well as for modern test-systems,
diagnostic preparations, vaccines, new materials, etc.
Research projects that are underway in the field of
cellular technologies are of exceptional importance. Stem
cells, which were discovered by a Russian scientist, today
are an object of multi-level research works aiming to
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create technologies for treatment of numerous diseases,
including hematological, oncologic, and cardiovascular
diseases, neuropathies, and other conditions. The RAMS
coordinates theoretical and applied studies of stem cells
and cellular technologies, warning the medical and scientific circles against premature advertising and oversimplifying the problem. A method for producing cultures of
mesenchymal stem cells and cardiomyoblast cells from
autologous human marrow has been developed (and
subsequently approved by the Russian Federal Service for
Surveillance in Consumer Rights Protection and Human
Well-being). The method is used in cellular therapy of
various diseases related to loss or injury of cells in vital
organs or tissues of the human body. Modified versions
of the method are used to treat late radiation injuries of
tissues, coronary disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, etc.
(Medical Radiology Scientific Center of the RAMS).
It has been demonstrated that it is safe to introduce stem cells during open heart surgery by means of IV
or intramyocardial injection. A comparative analysis has
been made of condition of patients before surgery and
during one year after a surgery accompanied by infusion
of marrow stem cells into the myocardium (the analysis
addressed the patients’ clinical condition, characteristics
of myocardial contractile function of the left ventricle
(LV), and the parameters of LV perfusion) which has
demonstrated that supplementing surgery with infusion
of stem cells improves myocardial contractile function of
the left ventricle (Russian Cardiologic Science and Production Center of the Ministry of Healthcare and Social
Development of Russia).
Success in development of cutting-edge biomedical
technologies became a basis for considerable advances in
creation of new medicines, including antibiotics. The following products have been developed: immobilized interferon alpha 2β, immobilized proinsulin, and a preparation
called Imocent that is used for treating prostate pathologies (Pharmacology Research Institute of the Tomsk Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the RAMS). Some
highly efficient biotechnologies have been developed that
are used for producing biologically active biomass of certain autotrophs cultivated in submerged culture. These
methods have no parallels anywhere in the world. Strains
of autotrophs producing such antibiotics as lentinamycin
B and eritadenine metabolite have been isolated; the latter antibiotic is also a hypolipidemic agent. A number of
new derivatives of glycopeptides with a high antibacte-
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rial effect have been produced. A new class of antivirus
drugs has been discovered which can be used as a basis for
developing new microbicides for protecting people from
HIV virus and other infections (G. F. Hause New Antibiotics Research Institute of the RAMS).
Despite the obvious shortage of funding allocated
both for biotechnological research and for implementation of its results in clinical practice, fundamental research in the field of cutting-edge biomedical technologies keeps advancing. During the past two years, scientific
institutions of the RAMS jointly with their collaborators
in medical biotechnology research projects and teams
headed by RAMS members have obtained some data that
can become or already are a basis of newest biomedical
technologies. Some of them are listed below.
In the field of hematology, allele-specific primers have been developed that can be used for detecting
oligonucleotide replacements in sequences of certain
genes that determine genetic predisposition to hemochromatosis and thrombophilia, and some fluorescent
probes for real-time PCR have been found (Hematology
Science Center of RAMS).
In the field of oncology, techniques have been developed for assessing vasculogenic mimicry in vitro and in
human tumors. It has been established that stimulation of
apoptosis is an important factor in stimulating formation
of vascular-like structures by melanoma cells. These results
can be used to create new antitumoral medicines with
a unique therapeutic action. Antioxidants can partially
block the process of creation of vascular-like structures
by melanoma cell lines. A technology has been developed
for producing magnetite-based magnetic drug delivery
vehicles with coating from polystyrene and silica-based
composite, and laboratory procedures of immunosorbent
production have been developed. These products are used
for separating cell fractions, for example in order to isolate stem cell fractions in oncology patients undergoing
high-dosage chemotherapy accompanied by transplantation of autologous stem cells.
A microchip-based immunoenzyme test system
for detecting prostate specific antigen in human blood
serum has been created.
A new robotized technology has been developed,
standardized, and tested that is used in preliminary fractionation of human blood serum proteome for massspectrometric detection of tumor markers. Peptides and
proteins have been isolated that can be used in future to
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detect such pathologies (Russian Oncologic Science Center of the RAMS).
It has been demonstrated that high levels of production of human recombinant lactoferrin takes place in
a culture of leghorn hepatoma cells and in allantoic fluid
of a chicken embryo. The produced recombinant lactoferrin has the same physico-immunochemical and biological properties as the female milk lactoferrin (P. A. Herzen
Moscow Oncology Research Institute of the Ministry of
Healthcare and Social Development of Russia).
Antibodies of integrin αvβ3 capable of blocking melanoma cell invasion in vitro have been produced.
The following products have been created: a test system for
detecting cytostatic activity of L-asparaginase in transplanted human tumor cultures; a technology for manufacturing
(a) electrochemical sensory devices based on cytochromes
P450 and (b) nanostructured electrodes for electronic
analysis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; laboratory procedures for producing phospholipid nanoparticles that will
be used in creation of antitumor drugs (V. N. Orekhovich
Biomedical Chemistry Research Institute of the RAMS).
Epigenomic studies of oncology diseases
found out the following facts:
– The TMPRSS2/ERG4 chimerical gene can be used
as a diagnostic marker of prostate cancer.
– Chromosome 9p deletion occurs with a greater
frequency in faster-recurring tumors, whereas abnormal methylation of the RAR gene occurs more
frequently in tumors that do not show such a tendency for faster recurrence.
– The short arm of chromosome 9 and gene p16 are
more often deleted in dermal melanomas than in dysplastic nevi (Genetic Medicine Center of the RAMS).
Polymorphisms in the fifth exon of the GSTP1
gene and in 21st and 26th exons of the MDR1 gene have
been demonstrated to be responsible for creation of drug
resistance in patients with chronic lymphoproliferative
disorders (Research Institute of Molecular Biology and
Biophysics of the Siberian Branch of the RAMS).
In the field of cardiovascular pathology, a new
open-heart thoracoscopic transmyocardial laser revascularization technique has been developed and tested
(A. N. Bakulev Science Center of Cardiovascular Surgery
of the RAMS). A method for anti-calcium treatment of
bioprosthetic heart valves in young patients has been developed; clinical effectiveness of epoxy-treated biological
prostheses (8 years of practical use) for reconstruction of
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arteries of lower limbs and carotid bifurcation has been
demonstrated (Science and Production Problem-Oriented Laboratory of Reconstructive Cardiovascular Surgery of
the Siberian Branch of the RAMS).
An original panel of genetic markers for testing for
genetic predisposition to cardiovascular diseases has been
created (Medical Genetics Research Institute and Cardiology Research Institute of the Tomsk Scientific Center of
the Siberian Branch of the RAMS).
In the field of ophthalmology, a cellular technology
for transplanting allogeneic cultivated fibroblasts has been
modified; the technology is used in treatment of corneal
injuries: cultivated fibroblasts in collagen gel or an amniotic membrane are placed on the surface of the injured
cornea and then covered by a therapeutic contact lens
(Ocular Diseases Research Institute of the RAMS).
In the field of phthisiology, molecular epidemiological typing of 880 strains of tuberculosis mycobacteria
obtained from patients with different types of tuberculosis demonstrated that 66.6% of the strains belong to
the “Beijing” family; these strains are dominant in 52.8%
cases among convicts, and in 39.2% cases among civilian patients; 48.4% of strains have multidrug resistances
and display a stable tendency toward clonal propagation;
the following risk factors are associated with the risk of
contracting the above strains: young age (younger than
35), lack of a permanent place of residence, and being
confined in a jail or prison; there is no correlation with
earlier BCG vaccinations. These data are essential for improving diagnostic methods, for choosing a correct treatment tactics, and for epidemiological activities (Central
Tuberculosis Research Institute of the RAMS).
In the field of infectious diseases, genetic engineering methods were used to create recombinant
strains of baculoviruses expressing a number of proteins
of the hepatitis C virus. Pegylated interferons have demonstrated a more pronounced therapeutic effect than
recombinant alpha interferons in treatment of chronic
hepatitis C 1b. A laboratory version of a PCR test system
has been created with genus- and species-specific primers
for detecting natural isolates of the Sindbis alphaviruses.
A number of EIA test systems have been prepared and sent
to diagnostic laboratories of some Russian cities; the systems are used in diagnosing diseases caused by CCHF virus, Sindbis virus, West Nile virus, Mosquito fevers viruses,
Californian encephalitis group viruses, and Dhori virus
(D. I. Ivanovsky Virology Research Institute of RAMS).
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An original mechanism of inhibitory action of antibodies has been proven to exist; the mechanism is related to
nonimmune interaction between immunoglobulins and interleukin-2 (IL-2). It has been established that IL-2 connects
to the effector part of an immunoglobulin molecule rather
than to its active center. It was found that immunoglobulin
inhibits the reaction of DTH effectors (whose activity is contingent on IL-2). It has been demonstrated that Phosprenyl
(sodium polyprenyl phosphate) cancels the inhibitory effect of immunoglobulin. Since it had been shown earlier
that Phosprenyl interacts with the rIL-2 alpha-chain (CD25)
and blocks the action of IL-2, it follows that in the situation
described above these two substances act as competitors (N.
F. Gamaleya Research Institute of the RAMS).
A study of biological factors affecting development
of HIV in an in vitro HIV-infected cell culture has demonstrated that only one of mycoplasma types (namely, Mycoplasma arginini) results in gradual elimination of HIV
virus from cells in cases of mixed mycoplasma/HIV infection. The elimination takes place because the sequence
of stages of virus mRNA transcription and the sequence
of virus protein translation are irreversibly broken down,
and because virion assembly is interrupted due to the fact
that mycoplasma binds cholesterol at the virus budding
spots of the cell. A conception of gradual elimination of
HIV infection from a cell population by using Mycoplasma arginini has been formulated (N. F. Gamaleya
Research Institute of the RAMS).
The herpes virus has been proven to have a number of effects on operation of DNAs of the placental
barrier: the DNA-histone connection is broken up, DNA
methylation is intensified, protein synthesis is suppressed,
the number of apoptotic nuclei is increased (the Far
Eastern Scientific Center of Physiology and Pathology of
Breath of the Siberian Branch of the RAMS).
The following products have been developed:
a specific test system based on a liquid-crystal DNA microchip and DNA molecular construction for detecting bioactive compounds with antibacterial and antiviral effects and
a new test (based on lactate dehydrogenase isozymes) for
assessing levels of hypoxia in body organs (Interdepartamental Research Center of Biomedical Technologies).
In the field of immunology and vaccinology, antiinfluenza candidate vaccines have been developed; they
are based on actual influenza strains and sensitive cell
cultures. For the first time, highly-productive reassortant
virus strains containing hemagglutinin of avirulent avian
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influenza virus were produced (by backcrossing) in order
to create an effective vaccine for highly pathogenic varieties of A (H5N1) influenza viruses (D. I. Ivanovsky Virology
Research Institute of RAMS).
The following drugs and preparations were created
and offered to consumers: Korgan (treatment of autoimmune diseases), Antikriz-5 (prevention of transplanted
organs rejection), and polyoxidonium-containing vaccine
Hep-A-invac against hepatitis A (State Scientific Center Immunology Institute of the Federal Medical Biology Agency
of Russia). Preclinical trials of a new divalent (A+B) antihepatitis polyoxidonium-containing vaccine (Divakpol
A+B) has been completed, and the normative documents
have been drawn up. Three test batches of a hepatitis vaccine have been produced. A batch control protocol in production of hepatitis vaccine have been developed (State
Scientific Center Immunology Institute of the Federal
Medical Biology Agency of Russia, L. A. Tarasevich State Research Institute of Standardization and Control of Medical
Biological Preparations of the Russian Federal Service for
Rights Protection and Human Well-being).
The second phase of clinical trials of two vaccines
have been completed: a split three-component vaccine
named Grifor®, and an aluminum-hydroxide-adsorbed
inactivated subunit vaccine named OrniFlu for H5N1
avian influenza (I. I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera of the RAMS).
A large-scale study of associations between polymorphic alleles of cytokines and human disease has been
completed. Results produced by the study will be used in
creating new diagnostic test systems (Clinical Immunology Institute of the Siberian branch of RAMS).
In the field of pediatrics, it has been proven that
accumulation of fragments of a transcribing part of a ribosomal gene in extracellular DNA can provoke autoimmune
reaction and cause embryo death at early stages of embryogenesis. Excessive amounts of ribosomal genes in genomic
DNA can lead to higher amounts of CpG-motifs which result in embryo death since they are responsible for stabilizing selection (Genetic Medicine Center of the RAMS).
For the first time in Russia, the first stage of clinical
trials of the method involving use of preparations of valproic acid for treatment of children with spinal muscular
atrophy type I (Werdnig-Hoffman disease) has been successfully completed: improvement of clinical condition
has been observed in 11 out of 13 patients, which was
confirmed by laboratory tests (D. O. Ott Research Insti-
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tute of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the North-Western
Branch of the RAMS)
In the field of new nanotechnologies, a priority project has been started that is aimed at developing
a new protamine-based nanoparticulate carrier for delivery of genetic-engineering constructs to cells (Experimental Medicine Research Institute of the North-Western
Branch of the RAMS).
Genetic engineering techniques were used to create
a pRTGFP-based whole-cell biosensor which includes recombinant plasmid DNA responsible for synthesis of mutated green fluorescent protein of the Aequorea victoria jellyfish in rec+ strains of E. coli under control of the regulatory
area of recA gene of Proteus mirabilis. When a chemical or
physical mutagen damages the DNA, it induces expression
of the reporter gene that encodes the mutant GFP, causing
changes in intensity of the fluorescence (Biochemistry Research Institute of the Siberian Branch of the RAMS).
A method for identifying regulatory sequences and
marker genes that are used in creating genetically modified
plants has been developed, tested, standardized, and implemented in the healthcare practice; the method incorporates multiplex asymmetric PCR and detection of results by
enzyme assay on a biological microchip with a subsequent
visualization of the assay results. Due to utilization of several
techniques for detecting genetically modified plants (multiplex asymmetric PCR, a heteroduplex method of results registration, and use of enzyme assay to detect the heteroduplex
complex), use of a biological microchip helped to considerably improve specificity and sensitivity of the method (less
than 0.1%) (Nutrition Research Institute of the RAMS).
Development of any new technology will achieve
its goal only after the entire development cycle is completed, which consists of the following stages: fundamental research, development of a new biotech product,
its industrial production, and its use in clinical practice
for the purpose of diagnosing, treating, or preventing
a disease or a group of diseases. Implementation of new
technologies in Russia sometimes takes years more than it
should – and not without some serious reasons.
Biotechnology, including medical biotechnology, is
a very finance-intensive field. The leading Western biotech
companies spend up to 20%-25% of their budget on fundamental research. Government also takes part in financing
biotech projects and programs. During the Soviet period, our
country lagged behind the leaders in the field of biotechnology, and the distance considerably increased in 1990s due to
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lack of financing. And only recently (owing to an inflows of
funds), the situation in this field started looking up.
Fundamental research in cutting-edge biomedical
technologies also requires expensive state-of-the-art equipment and well-trained personnel. Russian fundamental research institutions do not receive enough financing to buy
all the equipment they need. And if the National Health
Project helped to upgrade some of hospital equipment in
public hospitals, the personnel problems are still very serious. Training a good specialist requires not only money, but
also a considerable time. Let us review the key problems
using medical genetics as an example. The number of educational facilities and training personnel in the provinces
is insufficient. Diagnostic laboratories often need not only
medical doctors, but also chemists, citogeneticists, and
other specialists. But the order No. 12n of the Ministry of
Healthcare and Social Development of March 11, 2008,
prohibits diagnostic laboratories of the genetic medical
service from hiring people who hold degrees in chemistry
or biology rather than in medicine.
In Russia, DNA diagnostic methods are used for
diagnosing over 150 hereditary diseases (compared to approximately 1,000 worldwide). And only the Genetic Medicine Center of the RAMS (the largest DNA diagnostics center in the Europe) can use these diagnostic methods to a full
extent. The Medical Genetics Research Institute of Tomsk
Scientific Center diagnoses 25 nosological entities, the D. O.
Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology diagnoses 12, and the Neurology Scientific center of the Russian
Academy of Medical Sciences, can diagnose about ten. DNA
diagnostic methods are also used in some other institutions
of the RAMS, RAS, and Ministry of Healthcare and Social
Development of Russia. The clinical healthcare system also
started to establish individual molecular genetics laboratories for the purpose of diagnosing the most common diseases, but that is not enough for Russia.
More than once, the Presidium of the RAMS
has discussed the problems related to implementing
high-tech solutions developed by research institutions
of the RAMN in clinical practice. Research institutions
of the RAMN are actively promoting new technologies
by training scientists and medical practitioners and by
holding scientific events (congresses, meetings, seminars
etc.) with a view to informing medical scientists and
clinicians about the newest advances in medicine; they
publish guidelines on recommended practices and scientific works, and widely implement their diagnostic and
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therapeutic technologies both in clinical practice and in
disease prevention (by participating in various scientific
and practical programs and works).
The RAMS publishes a biennial journal named
“Scientific solutions developed by research institutions
of the RAMN for practical healthcare” which contains
information about research results that are ready to be
implemented or have already been implemented. So far,
four issues of the journal have been published.
However, there are certain problems that
can hinder implementation of scientific achievements in clinical practice:
– There is no single and clear regulatory act describing the procedures for implementing scientific
achievements in the healthcare practice.
– There is no mechanism for transfer of new, readyto-implement medical technologies developed by
research institutions of the RAMS to the Ministry of
Healthcare and Social Development of Russia for
implementation in the state healthcare system.
– Research institutions of the RAMS do not receive
sufficient funding to prepare patent applications
for their new technologies, to patent and register
them, and to prepare the required documentation
and take the technologies through clinical trials,
which delays implementation of new technologies;
– Use of the institute of partnership between
the state and private business as a mechanism of
attracting investment into national science needs
to be streamlined.
– There are no professionally trained specialists
that could work in the areas of marketing studies and commercialization of science-intensive
medical products.
– The Standards for operation of practical healthcare institutions approved by the Ministry of
Healthcare and Social Development of Russia all
but ban implementation of new diagnostic and
therapeutic technologies, since (1) they won’t be
paid for by local compulsory medical insurance
funds, and (2) the medical institution will be reprimanded for deviating from the standard.
– There is not enough demand for new technologies that could be used in manufacturing medical
drugs, immunobiological preparations, and diagnostic tools, which is a result of the break-down of
the Russian medical and pharmaceutical industry.
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Innovational
Special Economic
Zones
Andrey Petrushin
Deputy Head of the Federal
Agency for Special Economic
Zone Management,
PhD in Engineering
The Federal Law of July 22, 2005 No. 116-FZ On
Special Economic Zones in the Russian Federation envisages creating special economic zones (SEZs) of the innovational type.
Innovational special economic zones (ISEZs)
are aimed, above all, at qualitatively new development of the regional economies and the entire Russian
economy through improving the environment for the
innovational business and creating stable competitive
advantages for companies involved in science, education and high-tech.
Principal goals of creating ISEZs are:
– To contribute to the innovational economy development and formation of new market segments;
– To develop manufacturing and high-tech economic sectors;
– To develop new products;
– To maintain and enhance the potential of highly
qualified research and operating personnel;
– To commercialize the results of scientific and technological research.
Principal ISEZ tasks during their functioning are:
– To explore areas with new economy and create an
innovational environment;
– To contribute to implementing strategic competitive edges through research and development at
breakthrough lines of the technology progress;
– To develop an efficient innovational infrastructure and enhance comprehensive scientific and
technical advance and technological revamping
of the economy, based on the public/private
partnership;
– To create favorable conditions for attracting domestic and foreign investment into high-tech and
science-intensive production facilities;
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– To form a friendly administrative environment
and social, engineering, transportation and other
infrastructures;
– To create new jobs for highly qualified professionals, especially fresh graduates;
– To establish a comfortable environment for work
and recreation.
In accordance with the current law of the
Russian Federation, the principal terms for innovational special economic zones are as follows:
– SEZs must be deployed on two sites maximum,
with their total area not exceeding three square
kilometers;
– A special economic zone cannot be distributed
among several municipal communities;
– A SEZ cannot include the complete territory of any
administrative community;
– A SEZ cannot exist for more than 20 years.
The ISEZ functioning mechanism envisages
preferential treatment for their residents in three
fields important for an innovation business:
– Tax and customs privileges and exemptions;
– State funding of construction of internal and external infrastructural objects;
– A friendly administrative environment.
The law of the Russian Federation stipulates that
ISEZ residents are entitled to exemption from corporate
property tax, transport tax, and land tax for a certain
period; their corporate profit tax can be reduced by up
to 20%; their basic rate of the unified social tax can be
reduced down to 14%, without prejudice to the regressive nature of the tax.
SEZ residents can write off their research and
development expenses as production costs (even
when the research result is negative) to the amount
of actual expenses borne in the appropriate period of
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PREFERENCE
CURRENT RATE
FOR ISEZ RESIDENTS
Unified social tax
26%
14%
RUR 280,000 or less
RUR 72,800 + 10.0% of the amount exceeding
RUR 280,000
RUR 39,200 + 5.6% of the
amount exceeding RUR
280,000
RUR 280,001
to RUR 600,000
RUR 104,800 + 2.0% of the amount exceeding
RUR 600,000
RUR 57,120 + 2.0% of the
amount exceeding RUR
600,000
Depreciation charges
Accelerated depreciation rates can only be applied
for equipment operated in aggressive environment
and in more than one shift per day, with a maximum
acceleration rate of 2 (3 for leased equipment).
Accelerated depreciation rates
can be applied for fixed assets
(with a maximum acceleration
rate of 2).
Writing off research and Expenses for research and development used in
development expenses as production are written off during a period of 2 years;
production costs
expenses for R&D are written off during 3 years.
account (Tax Code of the Russian Federation, Article
262, paragraph 2).
Innovational special economic zones have special
customs treatment of a free customs zone. A one-stop
system of governmental service delivery is implemented
for SEZ residents.
The engineering, social, and transportation infrastructures of ISEZs are funded from the federal budget
and the budget of the Russian region the appropriate
ISEZ is located in.
An ISEZ resident is an individual entrepreneur
or a commercial entity (except a state-owned unitary
enterprise) registered in the municipal community
that includes the SEZ in accordance with the current
law of the Russian Federation, and having signed an
innovational activity agreement with the SEZ administrative body.
Within the SEZ an SEZ resident may be involved only in innovational activity, including:
– Development and sales of high-tech products,
including manufacturing, testing, and sales of
pilot batches;
– Creation of software products, data collecting, processing and transmitting systems, and distributed
computing systems;
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R&D expenses are included
into production costs in full
in the appropriate period of
account.
– Installation and servicing of software products and
systems.
Innovational special economic zones are to become key nodes of development of the national R&D
potential, as well as of its implementation in the manufacturing sector of economy by using scientific achievements
as efficiently as possible.
The contest for establishment of innovational special economic zones held by the Ministry
for Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation in November 2005 gathered 29 applications. Four regions were named as winners:
– Moscow City (Zelenograd),
– St. Petersburg,
– Tomsk Region (Tomsk),
– Moscow Region (Dubna).
ISEZs are actively developing. In April 2006
President of Russia V. Putin took part in the opening
ceremony of the site of OOO NIOST, the largest SEZ
resident in Tomsk.
On October 30, 2007 First Deputy Chair of the
Government of the Russian Federation S. Ivanov visited
the construction site of ISEZ Dubna. The visit included
a business meeting on the progress and prospects of
ISEZ Dubna.
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In April 2008 President Elect Dmitry Medvedev
held a visiting session of the Presidium of the State Council, dedicated to the development of the innovational system in Russia, in Dubna. Head of the Federal Agency for
Management of Special Economic Zones (RusSEZ) A. Alpatov presented the development project for ISEZ Dubna
to D. Medvedev and other participants of the session.
The ISEZ is managed in accordance with the Federal
Law of July 22, 2005 No. 116-FZ On Special Economic Zones
in the Russian Federation. The bodies in charge of the management are the appropriate regional department of RusSEZ,
a branch or affiliated company of OAO Special Economic
Zones, and the Supervisory Board of the SEZ.
The Supervisory Board includes representatives
of RusSEZ, the executive authority of the host region and
the executive/administrative body of the host municipal
community, the business entity in charge for the SEZ development (OAO Special Economic Zones), and resident
companies, organizations, and public associations representing business interests (for example, the Chamber of
Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation).
THE DUBNA INNOVATIONAL SPECIAL ECONOMIC
ZONE (MOSCOW REGION)
The town of Dubna is located at 120 kilometers’
distance to the north from Moscow, at the junction of the
Volga River and the Moscow Canal.
The city area exceeds 70 square kilometers.
Dubna population counts 67,700 people.
High intellectual potential, rich research traditions,
experience exchange with foreign partners enabled Dubna to create a unique system of elementary and secondary
education that provides young people with an opportunity to choose schools with advanced studies of physics
and mathematics, other natural sciences, or economy and
other humanities.
Opportunities for receiving higher education are
also rich with the branches of Moscow universities and
institutes located in Dubna. A special pride of the town is
the Dubna University of Nature, Society and Human, including a department of ecology and land management.
Some 13,000 of the town residents have university
education; over 1,000 have PhD degrees, and some 300
are doctors of sciences.1
1. Doctor of Sciences is an academic degree following the PhD,
or candidate of sciences, in the Russian academic system.
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The average Dubna inhabitant is 33.2 years of age.
Dubna as a center of nuclear studies started forming after the end of WWII and obtained the status of
a town in 1956.
Dubna is a major scientific center. Apart from the
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), it hosts the
Center for Space Communications, the Research Institute
for Nuclear Physics of the Lomonosov Moscow State University, and other research centers.
The Dubna Innovational Special Economic Zone
(Moscow Region) was created by the Decree of the
Government of the Russian Federation of December 21,
2005 No. 781.
The agreement signed between the Government of the Russian Federation, Government of
the Moscow Region and Administration of Dubna
stipulates that the SEZ is created on two sites with
a total area of 187.7 hectares:
– Site 1, with an area of 135.7 hectares (the left-bank
part of the town between the Volga and the residential district – the territory of the Russian Center for Software Programming);
– Site 2, with an area of 52 hectares (the rightbank part of the town within the New Industrial Zone).
The goal of the SEZ is to increase the share of
high-tech Russian products (above all, IT products), on
world markets. To this end, an up-to-date research and
technology park model should be applied. Such a park
will include a university, research and engineering centers,
and innovational enterprises.
Priority fields for the Dubna ISEZ include:
– Nuclear and physical technologies;
– nanotechnologies;
– information technologies;
– design of complex technical systems;
– biotechnologies.
For resident companies a preferential rate of the
regional portion of the corporate profit tax is set forth for
the entire term of the SEZ existence. The profit obtained
from the activity conducted within the SEZ is taxed by
the Moscow Region at 13.5%. The total corporate profit
tax for resident companies will be 20%.
Free customs zone treatment is in force in the Dubna SEZ. Under the treatment imported goods can be stored
and used within the SEZ without payment of customs duties and VAT, and Russian goods can be stored and used
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The plan for the development and logistical
support of the SEZ and adjacent areas is intended
for 2006–2010 and envisages two phases:
on conditions applied to exports and in accordance with
the export tax regime, with excise duties paid but without
export duties paid.
THE TERM OF THE PREFERENTIAL
TREATMENT
TAX
COMMON RATE
FOR SEZ RESIDENTS
Profit tax
24.0%
20%
For the entire term of the
SEZ existence
Property tax
Depends on the taxable
property; 2.2% at an average
0%
For 5 years since the property
was registered
Land tax
1.5%
0%
For 5 years since the ownership
right was accrued
Transport tax
Depends on the type and
motor power of the vehicle
0
For 5 years since the vehicle was
registered
Unified social tax
26%
14%
innovational activity agreement
SEZ residents whose business plans include capital construction can be granted land plots on terms of
lease upon application. The lease payment is 0.4% of the
plot cadastral value for the first year of the lease agreement and may not exceed 2% of the plot cadastral value
in the next years.
A one-stop system of governmental service delivery
has been launched in Dubna, uniting some 17 governmental structures and agencies: Federal Tax Service, Federal Customs Service, Federal Migration Service, Pension Fund of the
Russian Federation, and other services and organizations.
SEZ Dubna features an advantageous location
from the transport viewpoint. The federal highway Moscow-Dubna (A104), Sheremetyevo International Airport
(at 90 km from the SEZ) and the Borki air field (9 km
from the SEZ), and a railroad network serve the town.
In order to provide for the development of
the Dubna SEZ, the Federal Targeted Investment
Program includes the following transport infrastructure objects:
– Construction of a bridge over the Volga (from 2008);
– Reconstruction of the federal highway A140
(from 2009);
– Reconstruction of the dam bridge and tunnel under the Moscow Canal (from 2008).
114
– 1st phase: 30,000 square meters of industrial and
office facilities, principal objects of the public welfare infrastructure, and 100,000 square meters of
residential space completed.
– 2nd phase: 340,000 square meters of industrial
and office facilities and 495,000 square meters of
residential space completed by January 1, 2011.
In view of the SEZ establishment and the projected population growth, the Government of the Moscow
Region and Administration of Dubna are expanding the
social welfare facilities. Residential blocks of the software
developers’ community are under design.
In 2007 a physical culture and sports center with
a swimming-pool was completed.
A secondary school, a kindergarten and three
dormitories for employees of resident companies are
being designed.
It is planned to complete the following facilities in 2008:
– An annex to the polyclinics near site No. 1 (2,000
square meters),
– A medical treatment and diagnostics center near
site No. 2 (4,000 square meters),
– The first of the three dormitories for employees of
resident companies in the campus.
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The nearest customs office (Dubninsky, in 5 km
from the Zone) functions temporarily as the customs terminal for the Zone.
An Innovation and Technology Center is being constructed at Site No. 1 (Russian Center for Software Programming). The complex will include 5 buildings with a total
space of 42,000 square meters, including a congress center.
The buildings will be used as follows:
– For renting office space to SEZ residents;
– For one-stop governmental service delivery to SEZ
residents.
It is planned to complete and put into operation
5 buildings, including the congress center, in 2008.
Along with the Innovation and Technology Center, a number of necessary engineering facilities are constructed at the site.
The design of road networks and utility networks at
Site No. 2 (New Industrial Zone) has been completed; construction of internal networks and roads has been started.
Issues concerning connection to existing engineering and utility networks are being solved: specifications for the construction of a 110/10/10 kV power
supply center from Tverenergo are being developed; the
connection of OAO Federal Grid Company of the Unified
Energy System to it is being coordinated.
Customs infrastructure objects are under design
for both sites.
The General SEZ Development Plan considers
construction of Russian Center for Software Programming
buildings at Site No. 1 as one of the priorities. The Center
will host providers of IT and communication products
and services. Such products, competitive both on the Russian and world markets, will have a growing share in the
structure of Russian exports.
Residential blocks and social welfare facilities will
be built at the site, too.
The future development of Site No. 2, or the New
Industrial Zone, is bound to the forming industrial park
with its own infrastructure, to host warehouses, manufacturing facilities and administrative offices. The Special
Economic Zone will form a part of the industrial park.
A business center for innovational research-andproduction companies and experimental development
companies will be constructed within the SEZ, along with
warehouses and production facilities.
As of September 1, 2008, 28 companies have been
registered as residents of the SEZ.
I N N O V A T I O N
I N S I G H T
I N T O
It is expected that some 40 residents employing
over 1,100 people will operate in the SEZ by 2010.
SEZ MANAGEMENT BODIES:
Moscow Regional Branch of the Federal Agency for Management of Special Economic Zones:
19, ul. Universitetskaya, Dubna,
Moscow Region 141980
Phone: +7 (49621) 4 7563, +7 (49621) 2 2860
Fax: +7 (49621) 2 2854
E-mail: [email protected]
OAO Dubna Innovational Special Economic Zone:
48A, ul. Makarenko, Dubna, Moscow Region 141983
Phone: +7 (496) 219 0461, +7 (496) 219 0464
Fax: +7 (496) 219 0468
Supervisory Board of the Innovational Special Economic Zone in Dubna, Moscow Region
THE ZELENOGRAD INNOVATIONAL
SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE (MOSCOW CITY)
The Zelenograd Administrative District of Moscow
(the town of Zelenograd) is located to the north-west of Moscow on the Smolensk-Moscow Hills, 20 km from Moscow
Ring Road and 15 km from the Sheremetyevo International
Airport, in one of the most picturesque areas near Moscow.
The area of the Administrative District is 37.22
square kilometers.
The population of Zelenograd is 215,700 people;
economically active population counts 132,300 people.
Urban development in Zelenograd was based on
open planning, using the relief features and maximum
possible preservation of the greenery.
Zelenograd features high concentration of intellectual, research, and innovation potentials, highly
qualified human resources (44% of the working population have university education, estimated 40,000 people
daily commute to Moscow to work), advantageous geographical location (near Moscow, the Sheremetyevo International Airport, and Moscow – St. Petersburg trunk
railroad and federal highway), and engineering, powersupply and other communications.
Zelenograd is an acknowledged center of Russian
electronic industry. The town concentrates research-andproduction companies having high research potential
and equipped with modern technologies.
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The Zelenograd Innovational Special Economic Zone
in Moscow was created by the Decree of the Government of
the Russian Federation of December 21, 2005 No. 779.
The agreement signed between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of Moscow No. 6676-GG/F7 of January 18, 2006
on the creation of the Zelenograd Innovational Special Economic Zone in Moscow stipulates that Zelenograd SEZ is created on two sites with a total area
of 146.91 hectares:
Companies registered in the Zelenograd SEZ
receive a resident status which gives them a number of specific advantages, such as:
– Reduced transport tax, land tax, and property tax;
– Customs preferences.
For resident companies a preferential rate of the regional portion of the corporate profit tax is set forth for the entire
term of the SEZ existence. The profit obtained from the activity
conducted within the SEZ is taxed by Moscow City at 13.5%. The
total corporate profit tax for resident companies will be 20%.
TREATMENT
TAX
COMMON RATE
FOR SEZ RESIDENTS
Profit tax
24.0%
20%
SEZ existence
Property tax
0%
was registered
Land tax
1.5%
0%
right was accrued
Transport tax
0
registered
Unified social tax
26%
14%
– Site No. 1, with an area of 4.47 hectares, is the territory of MIET – the Moscow State Institute of
Electronic Technology (technical university) partly
located at the site;
– Site No. 2, or the Alabushevo Site, has an area of
142.44 hectares (the territory of Alabushevo Industrial Area).
The goal of the Zelenograd SEZ is to develop innovational activity in high-tech by commercializing
scientific developments and establishing scienceintensive facilities for production of new types of
competitive products.
Priority fields for Zelenograd SEZ are:
– Micro- and nanoelectronics;
– Optical electronics;
– IT and communication systems;
– Bioinformation technologies;
– Nanotechnologies and nanomaterials.
116
lease upon application. The lease payment is 0.4% of the
plot cadastral value for the first year of the lease agreement and may not exceed 2% of the plot cadastral value
in the next years.
A one-stop system of governmental service delivery is planned to be launched in the Zelenograd SEZ.
In order to establish a favorable environment
for the innovation business, all the necessary objects
of the engineering, transport, public welfare, innovation, customs, and other infrastructures are going to
be built in the Zelenograd SEZ and on adjacent areas at
the expense of the federal budget, budget of Moscow,
and other sources.
Principal transport communications that link
the planned Alabushevo Industrial Area with the central part of Zelenograd and other parts of the town are
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Trety Zapadny Proezd (Proezd No. 4803) and Proezd
No. 5371, which cross one of the town’s traffic arteries,
Panfilovsky Prospekt that connects it with the Rossiya
Highway (Moscow–St. Petersburg; Leningradskoye
Shosse within Moscow) to the north of the projected
area. To the south, one can drive to the Pyatnitskoe
Shosse (Spas–Solnechnogorsk highway), in order to
enter Moscow from the west through the community of Mitino. Besides, Zelenograd is located close to
the crossing of the Rossiya Highway with the Second
Concrete Road Ring, the backbone of the Central Ring
Road of the Moscow Region.
It is planned to complete the construction of power
supply stations for the SEZ, which will enable Zelenograd
to use the substations No. 445 Sigma, gas turbine plant at
the heat supply network No. 2, No. 686 Era and gas turbine
plant at the heat supply network No. 4, in 2009–2011.
Gas supply to SEZ residents is not planned; gas will
be used only to enable the work of heat and power generating facilities.
In order to develop the customs infrastructure,
the customs transport terminal will be built. At present
its functions are executed by the nearest customs office,
Zelenograd Customs in 1.5 km from the SEZ.
The contest for the architectural concept of the
Alabushevo Site has been conducted, and efficiency of
investment in the SEZ has been assessed. Evata, Finland,
developed the concept for Alabushevo Site.
The first stage of Alabushevo development includes the construction of the following facilities:
– Customs terminal infrastructure;
– An administrative and business center with an
exposition center;
– A fire department;
– Engineering and transport infrastructure.
The second stage includes construction of an innovation business center, multiple-access centers, and
a resource center for professional retraining.
A SEZ resident, OAO Zelenograd Innovation and
Technology Center is constructing the Technology Village research center at the MIET site. By 2009 a complex with a total space of 24,000 square meters will have been built here.
The design of a number of innovation infrastructure objects has started at the MIET site,
including:
– A center for targeted (specialized) professional
training with a space of 8,000 square meters;
I N N O V A T I O N
I N S I G H T
I N T O
– An innovation center (business incubator) with
a space of 8,000 square meters;
– A technology transfer center with a space of 10,000
square meters;
– Heat, water and electricity supply utilities, roads,
and sewage.
In the future an innovation infrastructure
is going to be constructed at the MIET site to serve
as an up-to-date equipment base used by research
companies to train their employees, introduce
or commercialize their technologies, and lead research in such fields as:
– Microsystem technology and digital components;
– Precision manufacture of printed boards;
– Precision assembly of electronic devices and appliances;
– Machining and packaging of electronic devices;
– Tests and measurements.
Within the Alabushevo site research and production zones, an auxiliary zone and a recreation zone
are going to be created. All the stages of innovation
activity will be conducted at this site, from developing
materials, technologies, etc. to manufacture and sales
of pilot batches.
It is expected that some 30 residents employing some
500 people will work in the Zelenograd SEZ in 2011 already.
The implementation of the Zelenograd SEZ project
will contribute to the innovational development of the national economy, solving a number of social issues on the way.
In the SEZ functioning the intellectual and scientific potentials
accrued by Zelenograd for the 48 years of its existence will be
used in full; the problem of underemployment of the population of Zelenograd and the neighboring communities will
be solved, along with the transport problem (Zelenograd–
Moscow connection). Up to 1.0 million square meters of research and production space will be constructed in the Zone,
enabling its residents to employ over 15,000 people.
Moscow City Branch of the Federal Agency
for Management of Special Economic Zones:
1, Tsentralny Prospekt, Moscow 124482
Phone: +7 (495) 535 5381
Fax: +7 (495) 536 3878
Web: www.zelenograd.rosoez.ru
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Branch of OAO Special Economic Zones in
Moscow:
10th storey, 4, ul. Savyolkinsky proezd, Zelenograd,
Moscow 124482
Phone: +7 (495) 739 6402, 783 7468
Fax: +7 (495) 739 6403
Supervisory Board of the Innovational Special Economic Zone in Moscow (with Yu.V. Roslyak,
First Deputy Mayor of Moscow in the Government of
Moscow, Head of the Committee for Economic Policy and
Development of Moscow, as Chair of the Board)
THE ST. PETERSBURG
INNOVATIONAL SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE
The city of St. Petersburg is situated at the eastern
edge of the Gulf of Finland, at 664 km from Moscow.
St. Petersburg is the administrative center of the
North-Western Federal District and the second largest city
in Russia. It is a major industrial, scientific, innovational
and cultural center.
Located at the junction of sea, river and surface
transport lines, St. Petersburg is the gate to Europe
for Russia, the nation’s strategic center closest to EU
countries.
Together with its administrative districts St. Petersburg covers a total area of 1,439 square kilometers. The
city population is 4.6 million people. St. Petersburg hosts
over 100 higher educational institutions, more than 40
research institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
and 500+ specialized research organizations, including
12 state scientific research centers.
The St. Petersburg Innovational Special Economic Zone was created by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 21, 2005
No. 780.
The agreement signed between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of St. Petersburg of January 18, 2006 stipulates that the SEZ is created on two sites with
a total area of 129.3 hectares:
– Site No. 1: Neudorf, with an area of 18.9 hectares
(Strelna, Petrodvorets District);
– Site No. 2: Novo-Orlovskoe, with an area of 110.4
hectares (Primorsky District).
The SEZ development goal is to rise to a fundamentally new technology level, develop the innovation
118
business actively, create science-intensive products, and
penetrate the domestic and foreign markets.
Priority fields for St. Petersburg SEZ are:
– Software development;
– Medical and household appliance development;
– Military and civil avionic equipment development;
– Automated process control system development.
The Law of St. Petersburg sets forth a preferential
rate of the regional portion of the corporate profit tax
for SEZ residents for the entire term of the SEZ existence.
The profit obtained from the activity conducted within
the SEZ is taxed by St. Petersburg at 13.5%. The total corporate profit tax for resident companies will be 20%.
SEZ residents are exempt from:
– Corporate property tax (on the property registered
as the company’s assets, for 5 years since the property was registered);
– Land tax (for 5 years since the land plot ownership
right was accrued);
– Transport tax (for 5 years since the vehicle was registered in accordance with the current law of the
Russian Federation).
lease upon application. The lease payment is 0.4% of
the plot cadastral value for the first year of the lease
agreement and may not exceed 2% of the plot cadastral
value in the next years.
In order to establish a favorable environment for
the innovation business, OAO Special Economic Zones
is designing and building all the necessary objects of the
road, engineering, and customs infrastructures in the SEZ
and on adjacent areas at the expense of the federal budget
and budget of St. Petersburg.
The transport infrastructure comprises such major roads as St. Petersburg–Moscow, St. Petersburg–Pskov,
and St. Petersburg – Narva.
The city is an important railroad and port transportation node.
The Pulkovo International Airport is located at 22
km from the SEZ. The airport is capable of accepting both
passenger and freight aircraft.
The following engineering, transport and
public welfare infrastructure objects are going to
be created in the SEZ:
– Southern Road (from Kommunalny Pereulok to
Ropshinskoye Shosse) 3.5 km long;
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TREATMENT
TAX
COMMON RATE
FOR SEZ RESIDENTS
Profit tax
24.0%
20%
SEZ existence
Property tax
0%
was registered
Land tax
1.5%
0%
right was accrued
Transport tax
0
registered
Unified social tax
26%
14%
– Reconstruction of a section of Ropshinskoye
Shosse from St. Petersburgskoye Shosse to the administrative border of the city, 4.8 km long;
– Construction of a sewage manifold from Neudorf
Zone to shaft No. 393 (ul. Pogranichnika Garkavogo, Petergofskoe Shosse), with a capacity of 960
cubic meters per day;
– Construction of the water supply network sections
which are located outside the SEZ;
– Construction of a mid-range pressure gas pipeline,
0.8 km long, along ul. Svobody.
The projects to be funded from the federal budget
include the construction of a local wastewater treatment
plant, internal sewage piping, a draining system, water
supply and heat supply, and land planning of the site,
including vertical layout. The necessary infrastructure for
the customs office will be created. The construction of an
administrative and business center that is to host governmental offices and offices of SEZ residents is going to start
in the third quarter of 2008. The 14,000 square meters
of the business center will be leased to SEZ residents on
privileged terms (at reduced rates). Besides, 12 kilometers’
length of a telecommunication network will be built.
The Neudorf Administrative and Business Center is
to be put into operation in the third quarter of 2009.
The architectural concept of the Novo-Orlovskoe
Site has been developed. The first stage of construction
is starting in September 2008. The estimated completion
date is July 2010.
I N N O V A T I O N
I N S I G H T
I N T O
SEZ residents in St. Petersburg can consult OAO
Special Economic Zones for development and design of
innovational facilities, expert assessment of construction/reconstruction costs with Russian and/or foreign
contractors involved, general contractor functions, and
connecting their facilities to electricity, heat, and gas
supply networks.
At present the customs infrastructure of the Zone
is represented by the South-Western Customs Office of St.
Petersburg Customs (Volkhonskoe Shosse, 111). The customs office is located at 39 km from the Novo-Orlovsky
Site, and at 9 km from the Neudorf Site.
Land surveying for cadastre registration
of land plots has been funded from the budget of
St. Petersburg. The site design and parcel plan for
Neudorf have been prepared. The following specifications have been developed:
– Specifications for electricity supply to the public
and business area of Neudorf (OAO St. Petersburg
Electricity Networks);
– Specifications for connection of the industrial area
of Neudorf to the engineering utility networks (GUP
St. Petersburg Vodokanal, South-Western Branch).
– The site design and parcel plan for Novo-Orlovsky
have been prepared.
When developed, the SEZ will be divided
into the following major functional zones:
– Industrial, experimental and technical;
– Public and administrative;
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– Educational and informational;
– Sporting and recreational;
– Entrance and customs.
It is expected that some 40 residents employing some
600 people will work in the St. Petersburg SEZ by 2011.
St. Petersburg City Branch of the Federal
Agency for Management of Special Economic Zones:
16, prospekt Voznesensky, St. Petersburg 190000
Phone: +7 (812) 448 8840
Web: www.spb.rosoez.ru
Branch of OAO Special Economic Zones in
St. Petersburg:
Office 604A, 5–7, ul. 6-ya Krasnoarmeyskaya,
St. Petersburg 190005
Phone: +7 (812) 332 6824
Fax: +7 (812) 332 6825
Supervisory Board of the Innovational Special Economic Zone in St. Petersburg
THE TOMSK INNOVATIONAL
SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE
The Tomsk Region is situated in the south-eastern
part of the West Siberian Plain at 3,500 km from Moscow.
The Region borders the Tyumen, Omsk, Novosibirsk, and
Kemerovo Regions and the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The
Region covers 314,400 square kilometers. Its population
exceeds 1 million people.
The city of Tomsk, the administrative center of the
Tomsk Region, is located in the southern part of the Region, on the bank of the Tom River, a right tributary of the
Ob. Tomsk is a very old educational and scientific center
of Russia. It ranks first in the country in terms of the concentration of highly qualified research fellows.
There are six state universities, two institutes, and
15 branches of non-resident higher educational institutions in Tomsk. Over 85,000 students study about 300 specialties. More than 20,000 are trained at professional colleges. One-fifth of all the people in Tomsk are students.
The Tomsk Innovational Special Economic Zone
was created by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 21, 2005 No. 783.
120
The agreement signed between the Government of the Russian Federation, the Government
of the Tomsk Region, and the Administration of
Tomsk stipulates that the SEZ is created on two
sites with a total area of 207 hectares:
– Site No. 1 (Southern), with an area of 192.4 hectares (the eastern part of the reserved territory of
the Tomsk Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch
of the Russian Academy of Sciences);
– Site No. 2 (Northern), with an area of 14.6 hectares
(part of the new industrial area of Tomsk near the
Kuzovlevsky Trakt).
Priority fields for the SEZ are:
– Medical technologies and biotechnologies;
– IT and communication technologies;
– Electronics;
– New materials and nanotechnologies.
SEZ residents are entitled to the following
types of privileged taxation:
SEZ residents whose business plans include capital
construction can be granted land plots on terms of lease
upon application. The lease payment is 0.4% of the plot cadastral value for the first year of the lease agreement and may
not exceed 2% of the plot cadastral value in the next years.
Free customs zone treatment is in force in the Tomsk
SEZ. Under the treatment imported goods can be stored and
used within the SEZ without payment of customs duties and
VAT, and Russian goods can be stored and used on conditions
applied to exports and in accordance with the export tax regime, with excise duties paid but without export duties paid.
A one-stop system of governmental service delivery
has been launched in the Tomsk SEZ, uniting some 17 governmental structures and agencies: Federal Tax Service, Federal
Customs Service, Federal Migration Service, Pension Fund of
the Russian Federation, and other services and organizations.
In order to establish a favorable environment for
the innovation business, attract investment and highly
qualified personnel, up-to-date engineering, transport,
public welfare, and innovational infrastructures are under
development in the SEZ.
The total investment into the infrastructure is
planned at RUR 6.54 billion before 2011.
Tomsk is linked to the rest of Russia with roads
of the second technical category belonging to the federal
highway M53 Novosibirsk–Mariinsk–Krasnoyarsk. The
SEZ is located at 10 km from the federal highway. The
road network of Tomsk provides direct access to the site.
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TREATMENT
TAX
COMMON RATE
FOR SEZ RESIDENTS
Profit tax
24.0%
20%
For 10 years from the date of
registration as a SEZ resident
Property tax
0%
was registered
Land tax
1.5%
0%
right was accrued
Transport tax
0
For 10 years since the vehicle
was registered
Unified social tax
26%
14%
The nearest freight airport is Tolmachevo near Novosibirsk, at 300 km from Tomsk.
The Bogashevo passenger airport is located at the
distance of 18 km from Tomsk. The international terminal
is going to open soon. The airport will be reconstructed, with a modern freight terminal built, in view of the
planned transportation growth. By 2012 the airport will
have a congress center, a hotel, a factory producing meals
for serving on board, and a parking lot. The business-plan
costs are estimated at RUR 3 billion.
The main road of the SEZ was designed with
the relief of the area and its configuration taken into
account, along with the general development concept,
according to which the territory is to be developed as
a picturesque park area with high-tech buildings harmoniously fitting in.
The developed engineering infrastructure enables OAO Tomsk Innovational Special Economic Zone
to connect residents’ facilities to electricity, gas, and
water supply lines.
An existing high-pressure distribution gas pipeline with the rated pressure of 0.6 MPa and a capacity of 150,000 cubic meters per hour runs along the
border of the Zone. Water is supplied to the area from
wells of the Tomsk Scientific Center; the existing capacities are enough to satisfy the needs of the firststage SEZ facilities.
The infrastructural complex will include the
following buildings:
I N N O V A T I O N
I N S I G H T
I N T O
– Business incubators for beginning companies;
– Multiple-access centers for using high-tech equipment and information resources;
– Centers of professional training for resident
companies;
– A technology transfer center;
– Consulting and service companies.
A customs office will be established in the SEZ
(4 checkpoints at the Southern Site and 1 checkpoint at
the Northern Site); the daily capacity of the customs office will be estimated later, with the number of resident
companies’ applications taken into account.
The nearest Tomsk Customs Office is located at 10
km from the SEZ. Its daily capacity is 2 railroad cars, 180
containers, and 8 panel trucks.
The largest company is OOO NIOST located at the
Northern Site. The company is involved in the development
and pilot batch manufacture of petrochemicals, introduction of innovative technical and technological solutions into
monomer production, small-batch chemical production,
plastics, synthetic rubber, and related materials and articles.
The commissioning of the first building of the Center of Innovations and Technologies is planned for autumn
of 2008. The building, with a space of 13,000 square meters, will have a customs office, access roads and a developed surrounding area. The transport route linking two
densely populated districts of the city (Irkutsky Trakt and
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Akademgorodok), will improve the traffic situation in the
city, contributing to the development of new residential
communities. After the Center of Innovations and Technologies opens, the larger, Southern, Site of the SEZ will
start operating. Most SEZ residents will be based there.
During the development of the SEZ project and
its further implementation, significant efforts were and
will be made to create a self-sufficient high-quality environment on a limited spot, including all the components
necessary for high-tech research and production, as well
as for organization of leisure, active recreation, and comfortable living of experts working in the SEZ, thus creating
prerequisites for active research contacts at the turn of
different industries.
This approach suggests dividing the SEZ into
the following functional zones:
– Public and business;
– Residential and communal;
– Scientific and industrial;
– Recreational;
– Special area.
122
Such favorable conditions will increase the appeal
the Zone will have for its potential residents. It is expected
that some 40 residents employing some 700 people will
work in the Tomsk SEZ in 2011 already.
Tomsk Regional Branch of the Federal Agency for Management of Special Economic Zones:
147, ul. Krasnoarmeyskaya, Tomsk 634034
Phone: +7 (3822) 42 1934
Fax: +7 (3822) 42 1931
Web: www.tomsk.rosoez.ru
OAO Tomsk Innovational Special Economic
Zone:
10/4, prospekt Akademichesky, Tomsk 634021
Phone: +7 (3822) 42 1924
Fax: +7 (3822) 41 5055
Supervisory Board of the Innovational Special Economic Zone in Tomsk
N E W
E C O N O M Y :
1/14/09 8:51:12 PM
I N N OVAT I O N S I N B U S I N E S S :
C ATA L O G O F C OM PA N I E S
1/14/09 8:51:12 PM
1/14/09 8:51:15 PM
AC T I V I T I E S AU X I L I A RY
TO INDUST RY
A ND M A R K ET FUNC T IONING
1/14/09 8:51:15 PM
A DDR ESS:
AELITA-SERVICE
OOO
T Y P E O F AC T I V I T Y:
ACTIVITIES AUXILIARY
TO MARKET FUNCTIONING
HTTP://WWW.AELITA-SERVICE.RU
AELITA-SERVICE BLDG 2, 34,
1-YA VLADIMIRSKAYA UL.,
MOSCOW 111141 RUSSIA
C O N T AC T S :
PHONE/FAX: +7 (495) 306 5656,
+7 (405) 309 2124
E-MAIL: [email protected]
A
Zoya Sklyarenko
CEO
PhD, Chartered Auditor,
member of the Moscow
Audit Chamber, Zoya Sklyarenko
has two Diplomas: in Science
(Moscow Power Engineering
Institute) and in Economics
(Russian Academy of Management and Agrobusiness).
126
uditing company OOO Aelita-service started its business on the Russian auditing
and consulting market in 1998. During this period the company has accumulated
solid experience in mandatory audit of companies and enterprises with different
ownership, including companies with very complex structures.
The audit qualification is confirmed by the General Audit License, the License for
Jobs Involving National Security Information, by accreditation at NP “TsentrExpertZhKH” certifying due diligence of projects related to manufacturing, investments, and social
programs, validation review of related tariffs and consumption standards on public utilities as well as full-scale financial and procedural examination of pricing and forming of
tariffs on housing and public utilities services.
OOO Aelita-service is member of the Audit Chamber of Russia and member of nonprofit partnership Interregional Center of Expert and Auditing Companies for Housing
and Utilities Complex.
The company’s main customers are federal state-owned and municipal unitary
enterprises which provide housing and public utilities services and law-enforcement
and property protection services to residents.
The company has also accumulated vast experience in auditing enterprises with
complex multidivisional structures. For some years the company has carried out mandatory auditing of FGUP Okhrana of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs which has 81
affiliates with separate balance sheets and over 240 standalone divisions without separate balance sheets all over 80 regions of the Russian Federation.
The company developed a special audit procedure for economic and financial performance of companies with complex structures. This procedure makes it possible to grade
mistakes and breaches of the RF legislation, to identify most complex accounting issues
with high probability of eventual errors and breaches of the RF legislation, to characterize
possible consequences of such errors/breaches and give advice on their correction.
One of the company’s priorities is examination of tariffs on housing and public utilities services (HCS). The company examined more than 120 tariffs (prices) at 60 Russian
HCS enterprises, with the total value of examination contracts exceeding RUR 2 million.
With a view to improving the quality of its services, OOO Aelita-service developed
automatic price and tariff examination procedures covering housing/maintenance costs,
water supply, water disposal, evacuation and disposal of solid wastes.
One of the new activities of OOO Aelita-service is CIPA (Certified International Professional Accountant) training for accountants and auditors. CIPA is the only one Russian-language-based training, examination and certification program for chartered accountants, auditors and financial managers. OOO Aelita-service has accreditation as CIPA-training center.
This program is based on the IFRS, complies with IFAC standards and with the global training
plan for professional accountants developed by United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development – International Standards of Accounting and Reporting (UNCTAD/ISAR).
The company’s activities follow key auditing principles, i.e. independence, good faith,
neutrality, professional competence, confidentiality and professional behavior code.
N E W
E C O N O M Y :
1/14/09 8:51:15 PM
A DDR ESS:
EDIP
AUDITING
COMPANY, OOO
ACTIVITIES AUXILIARY
TO MARKET FUNCTIONING
HTTP://WWW.EDIP-AUDIT.RU
44B, UL. SHOLOM-ALEYKHEMA,
BIROBIDZHAN, JEWISH
AUTONOMOUS REGION 679000
C O N T AC T S :
PHONE/FAX: +7 (42622) 68 048,
22 198, 21 992, 61 735, 22 178
O
Irina
Yukhimenko
Director
During the epoch when
the economic reforms were
beginning in the modern
Russia, Irina founded the first
auditing company in the Jewish
Autonomous Region. She has
been involved in practical
audit since 1993. Heading
a large company, she finds
time to participate in public
activities – she is member
of the Advisory Council
on Legislation under the Legislative Assembly of the Jewish
Autonomous Region. She is
also member of the Council
of Auditors of the Far East
Office of the Russian Chamber of Auditors.
She has two university
educations, one in economics and the other in law.
I N N O V A T I O N
ur company was founded on February 10, 1993. Our present activities include
general and special-purpose audit, accounting and legal support, managerial
consulting, and business valuation. During the years of our work we have earned
a reputation on the market of audit and related services as a company of highly qualified
experts with high potential, working hard in team to achieve the joint result.
Our main goal is to reduce the business risks of our customers as low as possible,
acting within the current legislation.
We help our customers identify and minimize economic risks, arrange tax planning,
and evaluate the efficiency of decisions being made. We are ready to provide legal support in court and in other state bodies; we also offer other services.
The years of fruitful work brought us the respect and acknowledgement of such customers based in the Jewish Autonomous Region as OAO Ushumunsky Open Cut Mine
(lignite output), OAO Viktoria (knitwear), OAO Birobidzhanoblgaz (gas supply), MUP Municipal Heat Networks (transporting heat), and a number of other large enterprises based
in the Region. More than 40 companies having different forms of ownership and activities
have become Edip customers since it was founded. The recent years saw extensive development of the company activities, driven by the reasonable management policy. Today, we are
known far beyond the Region borders: in the Khabarovsk and Maritime Territory, in the
Sakhalin Region, Kamchatka Territory, and in the Chukotsky Autonomous District.
The dynamic nature of modern business makes accuracy of calculations, legality of
actions and quick response key success factors. This is especially true for accounting and
tax reporting, an integral part of any business nowadays. Small and medium businesses
tend to outsource their accounting and tax reporting. The number of such customers of
ours grows steadily, indicating increasing market demand for this kind of service.
When signing contracts and striking bargains, one should not disregard possible
legal results. In order to avoid undesirable legal consequences, companies need highly
qualified legal assistance. Hundreds of clients advised on legal issues, dozens of won suits
in court, customers’ letters of gratitude – all of these are results of our vast experience.
Our legal counsels are always eager to help you.
We are not afraid of projects of any complexity and importance. Our staff continually improve their professional level, and we always try to render the widest range of
services possible. We aim at creating and introducing uniform effective standards of financial and managerial accounting, analysis and control.
Our audits enable us to assess the credibility level of the customer’s financial reports, evaluate the customer’s financial standing, and suggest steps to improve it, if necessary. Based on
strict confidentiality, such cooperation helps the company management make sure that the
accounting is kept according to the standards and the tax, accounting, and managerial reports
contain no errors or inaccuracies, which in turn enables the company to avoid many risks.
The constant growth of the numbers of our customers is the best proof of our high
quality and professional level. We strive to form a trust relationship, based on perfect
adherence to professional ethics, with all our customers.
We hope to become a reliable partner for you.
I N S I G H T
I N T O
R U S S I A
127
1/14/09 8:51:16 PM
A DDR ESS:
SISTEMA-SAROV
TECHNOPARK, OAO
ACTIVITIES AUXILIARY TO
INDUSTRY FUNCTIONING;
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
HTTP://WWW.ITECHNOPARK.RU
3, UL. PARKOVAYA, SATIS,
DIVEYEVO DISTRICT, NIZHNY
NOVGOROD REGION 607328
RUSSIA
C O N T AC T S :
PHONE: +7 (83130) 69 946
FAX: +7 (83130) 25 532
I
Valentin
Kostyukov
Chair of the Supervisory
Board, OAO Technopark
Sistema-Sarov;
Director, FGUP Russian
Federal Nuclear Center –
All-Russia Research and
Development Institute
of Experimental Physics
Vladimir
Zhigalov
CEO, OAO Technopark
Sistema-Sarov;
Deputy Director for
Investments and Innovations,
FGUP Russian Federal Nuclear
Center – All-Russia Research
and Development Institute
of Experimental Physics
128
n late 2003, years before the urgent need to stop the nation’s dependence on its mineral
resources and develop modern technologies was voiced in the government, the Russian
Federal Nuclear Center had already developed an innovational development program,
which became a practical prototype of the today’s technology park, a starting ground to
create a new economy at the verge of science, research, and industrial production.
For the decades of its work, the Russian Federal Nuclear Center – All-Russia Research and
Development Institute of Experimental Physics has established strong research, technology,
design, and engineering schools; a great scientific and technical potential has been accrued.
The Federal Center has always featured innovational approach, starting from fundamental research through development to the design of a prototype, including pilot series
and introduction into wide usage.
It is therefore quite natural that one of the few Russian federal-level technology
parks which really work appeared here, in the township of Satis, 5 km from Sarov. It
was founded by a joint decision of the Rosatom, AFK Sistema, the Government of the
Nizhny Novgorod Region, and the Russian Federal Nuclear Center, the chief initiator
of the Sistema-Sarov Technology Park and the provider of technologies forming the
foundation of the park operation.
Due to the active support from P. Shantsev, the Governor of the Nizhny Novgorod
Region, the technology park became a top priority project of the Region. The development concept and the general layout were financed from the regional budget; the Region
also co-finances the construction of the main building of the Park, a business center. The
fa ade of the technology park and its key element, it will include such business components as negotiation rooms, conference halls, offices, and auxiliary services: banks, cafes,
shops, a restaurant, a sports center, and a hotel. But which is more, the Park is a place
where the future starts, where unique projects and breakthrough technologies appear,
where young researchers have an opportunity to start their career in science.
A strategic partner of the Technology Park is AFK Sistema, a major Russian and CIS-wide
public diversified corporation focusing on development and application of high technologies.
Prospects through 2015 include:
– Creating the necessary infrastructure for efficient development of the park.
– Developing projects (the current project portfolio includes projects for a total of
$1,200 million).
– Over 100 companies functioning and some 5,000 new jobs created.
An agreement has been signed between the Rosatom State Corporation and OAO
AFK Sistema on the implementation of national-level projects under private/public partnership, including IT projects, creation of complex integrated systems serving Russia’s
fuel and energy sector and telecommunications, new technologies in energy, sophisticated technologies for the oil and gas sector, and safety systems. The development concept of the Park envisages development of large projects and small innovation firms, as
well as educational activity – creation of the International Higher School of Physics and
Information Technologies, as a component of the Nuclear University.
N E W
E C O N O M Y :
1/14/09 8:51:16 PM
AGR IC U LT U R E .
FOOD PRODUCTS
A N D BE V E R AGE S
1/14/09 8:51:16 PM
A DDR ESS:
EKONIVA GROUP
AGRICULTURE
HTTP://WWW.EKONIVA.COM
ZAKHAROVO, ODINTSOVO
DISTRICT, MOSCOW REGION
143022 RUSSIA
C O N T AC T S :
PHONE/FAX: +7 (495) 933 0031,
933 0034
T
Stefan Dürr
President
Born in the German land of
Baden-Wuerttemberg in 1964,
Stefan graduated from Bayreuth
University as an agronomist,
soil scientist, and soil ecologist.
He was the first student from
West Germany to come to the
USSR for practical training
in 1989. In 1994 Stefan Dürr
founded the German-Russian
joint venture EkoNiva. He coordinates the project for RussianGerman Agrarian and Political
Dialog implemented with the
support of the German Federal
Ministry of Food, Agriculture
and Consumer Protection and
the Agrarian Committee of the
Russian State Duma. He is decorated with the silver medal “For
a Contribution to the Development of Russia’s Agroindustrial
Sector” and awarded with the
P. Stolypin National Prize
“Agrarian Elite of Russia.”
130
he German-Russian joint venture EkoNiva started working in Russia in 1994, when
a new economy was forming and the domestic agroindustrial sector had to change
its working methods to new, more promising ones. At first EkoNiva considered its
task to accumulate advanced technologies discovered in agriculture and to introduce
them into Russian agricultural business.
EkoNiva was among the first companies in Russia to start importing efficient and energysaving agricultural equipment, propagate and introduce precision agricultural systems, and
actively develop the regional service center network featuring high-quality maintenance of
agricultural equipment. At present EkoNiva is one of the leaders among the suppliers of foreign
agricultural machinery to Russia and the largest John Deere dealer in Europe.
EkoNiva pays much attention to search of new highly productive cultivars of crops.
Continual monitoring of world achievements in selection enables us to keep pace with
everything new in the sector and select cultivars which are fit for Russia. Before putting
them into production, they are bound to pass comprehensive tests. EkoNiva was one of
the first companies to introduce such cultivars of brewery barley as Thuringia and Annabel on the Russian market. Owing to new frost-resistant cultivars, winter barley and
rape are now grown in the Central Black Earth Belt.
In grain management EkoNiva introduces modern North American technologies of
after-harvesting processing and storage, making grain management controllable, reliable
and low-costing.
It is important that EkoNiva offers comprehensive solutions to Russian agricultural
producers, including machinery, seeds, technologies, training and consulting of agrarian
producers, with foreign experts invited if necessary, maximizing the output and profits.
Before recommending new machinery, cultivars, or technologies to Russian agrarian producers, EkoNiva tests them at its own agricultural enterprises, a large test-field for innovations.
Successful innovations are impossible without a mentality change of people working on
the plough-land. EkoNiva has made a considerable breakthrough in this field. Its employees
undergo professional training regularly, with training abroad if necessary. EkoNiva arranges
familiarization travels to Europe and North America where Russian agrarian producers can
see the features of the modern agricultural business with their own eyes, exchange experience, and find something necessary or useful for their own agricultural facilities.
The intellectual capital assets are the principal prerequisite for introducing high technologies into agricultural production and its efficient development.
EkoNiva Group unites 25 enterprises focusing on different areas of agriculture in
16 regions of Russia.
Our activities include: supply and maintenance of agricultural machinery produced by world leading manufacturers: John Deere, Vaderstad, Kverneland, Grimme, JCB,
Lemken, WestfaliaSurge, AgGrowth; our own agricultural production grounds covering
more than 100,000 hectares; dairy and meat livestock farming (over 10,000 head of
cattle); seed growing.
N E W
E C O N O M Y :
1/14/09 8:51:16 PM
MAY COMPANY
OAO
FOOD PRODUCTS
AND BEVERAGES
A DDR ESS:
C O N T AC T S :
HTTP://WWW.MAYCOMPANY.RU
19, PROEKTIRUEMY PR. 4294,
PHONE: +7 (495) 775 7505
FAX: +7 (495) 775 5515
F
Igor Lisinenko
CEO
Ph.D. in Sociology,
D.Sc. in Economy, former
Deputy of the Russian
State Duma, holder
of the Order of Red Star.
I N N O V A T I O N
ounded in 1991, May Company is a world-class tea and coffee expert and one of
the five largest tea companies in the world. We follow the innovation-based path in
such areas as development of our marketing strategies and constant improvement
of technologies. May Company is the only Russian company that has its own offices in tea
exporting countries. The leading German audit association TÜV has certified business processes of the May Company as compliant with the ISO 9001:2000 international standard.
Today, May Company is a marketing business whose mission is “To effectively satisfy
each person’s demand for tea and coffee.”
Innovations play an important part in the process of development of new products:
we create products that are 100% natural and functional, very tasty, but also very fast and
easy to cook, which is important in the fast-paced modern life.
The company has implemented a resource-saving strategy. Our ongoing efforts to reduce
consumption of packaging materials, to increase the production efficiency, and to reduce
production overhead without affecting the product’s quality result in lower retail prices.
Many of the production, storage, and product processing activities at the company’s
facilities are automated or robotized.
We expect a lot from all our existing and prospective partners in the field of development of new materials; we want materials that have special properties and combine
several seemingly incompatible qualities: they must be environment-friendly (biodegradable), have excellent barrier properties, and be cheap, all at the same time.
Today, our interest is attracted to electronic paper technologies that can be used in
creating interactive packaging. We are closely watching development of biotechnologies
that can produce agricultural crops (and, first of all, tea) with pre-defined and enhanced
properties without aggressive DNA modifications. Implementation of energy-saving
technologies is another goal of our company.
Our brands Curtis, Maisky, and Lisma include innovative high quality teas that are
loved by consumers in Russia and abroad. It should be noted that our multi-brand strategy accounts for all price segments, all tastes, and all income ranges, so that we can satisfy
consumers from all walks of life. May Company believes in importance of innovation in
marketing, and dedicates a lot of material and intellectual resources to research in that
field. All our tea blends are created by top-notch tea testers.
Our company supports the official food industry development policy of the Russian
Federation. In the spring of 2008, for the first time in history of the post-reform Russia,
a session of the Consulting Council of the Ministry of Agriculture took place in a new
setting, namely, in the central Moscow office of May Company.
May Company has 15 medals of the annual international Prodexpo exhibition. Our
brands have received more than 350 medals and awards of different contest, exhibition,
and salons.
We believe sincerely that by joining our efforts in the field of applied science and
innovative activities we change the world for the better.
I N S I G H T
I N T O
R U S S I A
131
1/14/09 8:51:17 PM
1/14/09 8:51:17 PM
CONST RUC T ION.
CONST RUC T ION M AT ER I A L S
1/14/09 8:51:17 PM
INNOVATION
TRADE POWER
COMPANY
(OOO ITEK)
OOO
A DDR ESS:
CONSTRUCTION; FABRICATED
METAL PRODUCTS; TRANSPORT
HTTP://WWW.ITEK-N.RU
LEGAL ADDRESS:
BLDG 4, 24/35,
UL. KRZHIZHANOVSKOGO,
MAILING ADDRESS: P/O BOX 17,
C O N T AC T S :
PHONE: +7 (495) 660 0885
PHONE/FAX: +7 (495) 223 0002
(PR DEPARTMENT)
I
Pavel Puzyrev
CEO
We are a young and quickly
progressing company,
with great development
potential and vast experience
accumulated during the years
of active operation.
TEK Group (Investment Trade Power Company) has been operating on the Russian
market since 2001. Throughout its history it has proved to be a reliable and stable
partner with solid experience in commercial business.
OOO ITEK is a multi-discipline company, and this provides it with an opportunity
of diversified participation in different construction-related projects, i.e. sales and investment, playing the role of a general contractor and therefore ensuring continuous and
quick control at all construction stages.
The company invests primarily into construction, the major part of which is social
projects, i.e. more affordable, comfortable and modern residential facilities in Moscow
and the Moscow Region. The process is implemented both through financial investments
and through complex supplies of main construction consumables (concrete, re-bars,
bricks etc.) and other necessary components (cables, pipes, elevators etc.). The invested
money is channeled not only for new housing construction, but also to improvement of
the local infrastructure in the area which hosts new investment facilities.
In 2008 the company started certain projects as a general contractor.
Another company’s business is production and supply of cabling and wiring products
(CW), construction materials, electrical items, various equipment and consumable materials
for manufacturers both in Moscow and in other Russian cities. Being one of the largest CW
suppliers to large enterprises, our company cooperates with nearly all cable producers.
ITEK GROUP CONSISTS OF THE FOLLOWING DIVISIONS:
ITEK-Nedvizhimost
The company invests in new housing construction in the Moscow Region and also
acts as a reliable partner for sales of housing with construction supported with the third
party investments.
The company’s construction investment geography covers most of the Moscow Region.
ITEK-Elektro
This company’s business is wholesale sales of cabling and wiring products and electrical products to end users from the Russian Federation and CIS.
To our customers and clients we offer delivery of high-quality products compliant
with most advanced standards under reasonable prices, quick execution of procurement
orders, timely financial paperwork and best customization.
The company always keeps in stock more than 10 000 CW items for various applications.
ITEK-A
The company’s main business is provision of high-quality and reliable cargo and
construction material transportation services incorporating producers, suppliers and end
users within Russia into one general network.
ITEK Group is not going to stop at what has been achieved; it proactively promotes
its main businesses along with trying itself in some new activities. For instance, in 2007 it
started supporting agricultural farms in Kabardino-Balkaria.
134
N E W
E C O N O M Y :
1/14/09 8:51:17 PM
C O N T AC T S :
INTERENERGOSERVIS
ZAO
ELECTRICITY SUPPLY
A DDR ESS:
BUILDING 3A, VORONTSOVSKY
PARK, MOSCOW 117630 RUSSIA
PHONE: +7 (495) 120 8496,
128 8727
FAX: +7 (495) 330 8029, 333 1270
I
Elena Pisarenko
CEO
Pisarenko graduated from
the Higher Operation
Economic Institute.
ZAO Interenergoservis was
established in 1992 and serviced
power generation companies
worldwide. The Company
focuses on power equipment
manufactured in the CIS,
providing state-of-the-art solutions in construction of new and
reconstruction of existing plants.
I N N O V A T I O N
nterenergoservis services include project development, construction, refurbishment,
restoration and repair of power plants, consulting and training foreign engineers at
plants and in training centers in Russia. We have extensive experience in reconstruction and repair of power stations and electric mains.
One of the large-scale projects implemented by the company is the reconstruction
of the Nassiria thermal power station in Iraq, with four 200-MW units. At present the
station is working under its nominal load of 800 MW.
In order to make the its operation more stable, Interenergoservis is now renovating
the recirculating water system of the Nassiria thermal power station, with equipment and
pipelines supplied and the cooling tower and water conditioning structure rebuilt.
Interenergoservis supplied equipment for power stations to Mongolia, Iraq, India,
Syria and other countries.
At present we have started the work over a major project for restoration of two units
of the Southern Baghdad thermal power station, Iraq.
The Company quality management system has an ISO 9001:2000 certificate as of
September 5, 2003, which covers development and management of power generation
projects, including planning, organization, subcontractor work coordination, and project
monitoring and audit.
Our principal activities include:
– Turnkey construction of new power stations, substations and electric mains;
– Upgrading, renovation and repair of power facilities and power equipment;
– Supply of up-to-date equipment, materials and spare parts for electricity supply
companies;
– State-of-the-art solutions for construction of new plants and reconstruction and
upgrade of existing ones;
– Overhauling, renovation and replacement of boilers, turbines, and generators of
thermal power stations;
– Overhauling and replacement of electric devices of any type at power plants;
– Repair of power cables and control cables, with the fault isolated and the damaged
cable replaced;
– Assessment of the state of metal in pipes and steam lines, with the faulty units replaced or renovated by heat-treating;
– Repair and replacement of power station auxiliary equipment;
– All-inclusive construction works when restoring power generating facilities;
– Renovation, repair and replacement of telemechanics and communications equipment;
– Production engineering and introduction of up-to-date ISO 9001 compliant automated process control systems at power stations;
– Commissioning and launch of power generation facilities;
– Training services for engineers at leading enterprises in the field and in training
centers in Russia;
– A wide range of consulting services.
I N S I G H T
I N T O
R U S S I A
135
1/14/09 8:51:17 PM
A DDR ESS:
MASTERFIBREALLIANCE
OOO
Svetlana Bibikova
CEO
An experienced expert in economics and financial management, Svetlana Bibikova graduated from the Plekhanov Russian
Academy of Economics and
worked in several manufacturing
and metal companies for many
years. From 2005 she is CEO
of OOO Masterfibre-Alliance.
136
RUBBER AND PLASTIC PRODUCTS;
CONSTRUCTION
HTTP://WWW.SPORT-FLOOR.RU
WWW.MASTERFIBRE-ALLIANCE.RU
28, UL. BOLSHAYA
OCHAKOVSKAYA,
MOSCOW, RUSSIA
C O N T AC T S :
PHONE: +7 (495) 221 5074,
506 8931, 501 1103
Company profile
OOO Masterfibre-Alliance belongs to the group of companies developing the Sport
Floor brand. The company produces flooring for closed and open sports grounds (for
professional, children’s and mass sports), as well as artificial lawns. The Masterfibre-Alliance product catalog includes rubber crumb flooring, polymer floors (from polyurethane
and acrylics), epoxy coatings and self-leveling floors.
The history of Masterfibre-Alliance started in 2005, when the company obtained
the license for manufacturing rubber crumb flooring under an innovational Australian
technology adjusted to the Russian climate.
Today, apart from sports grounds flooring, Masterfibre-Alliance also manufactures industrial flooring for small and medium businesses (floors for garages, stables,
warehouses, car service facilities, etc.). Since the moment of its foundation the company has been involved in active cooperation with state companies and organizations
financed from the state budget. Among our customers there are such organizations
as UZhS-1 (residential construction), Mosstroy-4 (construction), and Glavmosstroy
(construction). We participate in the development of Moscow yards in cooperation
with Mosproekt (construction design institute), Mosarkhitektura (architectural department) and Chief Urban Planning Department of Moscow, helping our children to grow
up healthy and active. Masterfibre-Alliance products and solutions obtained several diplomas at Russian innovational exhibitions; they were also approved by the Art Council
of the Chief Urban Planning Department of Moscow.
Our team
The team working for Masterfibre-Alliance includes experts of high professional
level responsible for continual improvement of our technologies, logistics and manufacturing. We arrange training sessions for our operators, and our customers can be sure:
every Masterfibre-Alliance employee working over their projects is a true professional.
Our employees assume personal responsibility for the quality of our products; that’s why
we are sure of it, and all types of our products have a many-year warranty.
Our values
We consider it our duty to support development of sports in Russia. We build our
work on the principles of social responsibility. We are committed to quality and try our
best to make our environmentally friendly, injury-free floorings available for the widest
possible range of customers. We want every child to have an opportunity to go in for
sports or play at children’s ground without risk.
Customer-oriented approach is a must for us. We always strive to offer a customized
solution which will suit the particular customer best.
N E W
E C O N O M Y :
1/14/09 8:51:18 PM
A DDR ESS:
NEATEH STROY
OOO
CONSTRUCTION; ACTIVITIES
AUXILIARY TO MARKET
FUNCTIONING
HTTP://WWW.NEATEHSTROY.RU
OFFICE 133, BUILDING 8, 1, UL.
ENISEYSKAYA, MOSCOW 129344
RUSSIA
C O N T AC T S :
PHONE/FAX: +7 (495) 223 2441,
972 3384, (985) 221 0993
T
Valery Strebkov
CEO
Valery started his career at the
age of 17, working as a metal
turner at the Zagorsk MechanoOptical Plant, Moscow Region.
Later he worked in the Central
Research Institute of SpecialPurpose Machine Engineering
(Khotkovo) and studied in the
All-Union Correspondence
Machine Engineering Institute,
obtaining a diploma of a mechanical engineer in precision
mechanical instruments.
During the next years Strebkov
worked as a design engineer,
held such positions as head
of the measuring instruments
department, chief power
engineer, engineering manager
of VNPO Remdetal. He participated in the development
and tests of technical and
medical precision measuring
instruments.
Since 1997 Strebkov has worked
on the market of metal structures and frame tent shelters on
his own. His brilliant mind and
engineering expertise enabled
him to invent and perfect a specific shelter design. He patented
quite a number of important
subassemblies and models.
I N N O V A T I O N
he group formed by the companies NEATEH STROY and NEATEH STROY
CENTER operates on the market of frame tent shelters used for a variety of
purposes: from construction site weather protection to large warehouse complexes. The company operates throughout Russia, from Kaliningrad to Sakhalin, from
Murmansk to Sochi and Astrakhan.
Innovational solutions by OOO NEATEH STROY make it possible to assemble
over 1,000 different sizes and types of shelters, with structure spans of up to 44.5 m.
It only takes one or two months to construct such a shelter, from the moment of
the order to the completed building entirely ready to operation. This means we can
construct our buildings “here and now,” providing quick solutions for a wide range of
time-dependent business needs.
The latest designs of OOO NEATEH STROY include portable shelters, sliding-roof
shelters for working with large-dimension freight, and a technology for reconstruction of
old unused workshops into spacious multifunctional production facilities.
NEATEH STROY frames can be used for building greenhouses covered by special
tent fabric. The modular frame simplifies the installation greatly; large shelters can
be quickly converted into several small ones, and, vice versa, a small shelter can be
upgraded to a larger one using a set of additional parts.
NEATEH STROY shelters have been successfully used by such corporations as
TRANSSTROY, TRANSMONOLIT, METROSTROY, TRANSGIDROSTROY, Mostotrest, Volgomost, Elgad, Mosstroy-31, Myulkhan Morflot, Knauf, Zodchy, Vishera, Tilts (Latvia),
Latvias Tilty (Latvia), SIA TVA Construction (Latvia), Arzamix (Finland), shipbuilding
companies: Krasnye Barrikady, Astrakhansky Korabel, Moryak, Vyborg Shipyard, etc.
OOO NEATEH STROY has a registered trademark, a license from the Federal Agency
on Technical Regulation and Metrology, and an international ISO 9001:2000 certificate.
NEATEH STROY and NEATEH STROY CENTER participate in a number of international expositions in Moscow and CIS countries.
We are eager to offer you our services in construction of any-purpose easy-toassemble frame tent shelters. Your order will be completed within one month!
I N S I G H T
I N T O
R U S S I A
137
1/14/09 8:51:18 PM
A DDR ESS:
PERESVET GROUP
CONSTRUCTION
HTTP://WWW.GKPERESVET.RU
BUILDING 1, 14, UL. PERVAYA
DUBROVSKAYA, MOSCOW 115088
RUSSIA
C O N T AC T S :
PHONE: +7 (495) 789-8888
FAX: +7 (495) 677-1519
P
Oleg Pronin
General Director
Member of the Peresvet
Group Board of Directors
Graduated in law from the
Academy of the Federal
Security Service, with the
German language as his
second major. Encourages
honesty, faithfulness to
one’s word and respect to
people in his team. Does not
make difference between
how he builds his life and
his company: “I live in such
a way: I love my job, and
it loves me too. That is why
the business is developing
successfully.”
Peresvet Group has solid experience in dealing with elite and
business class real estate. The
following are some examples of
the completed elite class projects
in Moscow: the District at
Patriarchy Ponds, Tikhomirovo
(Kuntsevo-2) residential
compound, and Hymenaeus
business and retail center;
business class: Cascade and
Olympus residential compounds
in Moscow, and Blue Topaz in
Volgograd.
138
eresvet Group dates back to 1995. Today the activities of Peresvet Group member
companies cover most of market sectors: development of residential and commercial
real estate, real estate broker’s services, mortgage services, housing and public utilities, insurance, and construction and finishing materials. Peresvet Group has its presence in
the Moscow Region, big cities in the Volga Federal District and the South of Russia (Volgograd, Nizhny Novgorod, Saratov, Rostov-on-Don and Krasnodar), Uzbekistan and Ukraine.
The main focus of the Group’s activities is property development. Peresvet Group carries out a full cycle of development, from working out the project concept and land allocation to realty sale and management. At present, the portfolio of the Peresvet Group includes
more than 60 projects covering a total area of more than 4.1 million square meters.
The biggest urban residential real estate projects are the following:
Emerald City, a housing development in the city of Saratov. The total area of construction will make up approximately 640,000 square meters. The housing development
will represent a uniform architectural ensemble. The project envisages complex site development basing on the “city in the city” principle.
A housing project for 8 central city blocks in Krasnodar. It is planned to build
the residential quarters of elite and business classes, a luxury residential area, and an A
(B+) class business center in this area. Block 217 (an A class business center) and two
office and residential business-class complexes were the first to be commissioned.
The out-of-town residential real estate segment includes the Cottage village Zhem-Ilyi
(Zhemchuzhina Ilyinki, the Russian for Pearl of Ilyinka), Moscow Region, 9 km away from
Moscow Ring Road. The project stipulates building of town-houses and low-rise multipleapartment buildings. The total area of buildings on 38 hectares will be 184,170 square meters, including dwelling space of 110,000 square meters. The village will be a business class
infrastructure including a shop, a fitness center with a swimming pool, a restaurant, chemist’s,
cleaner’s, a kindergarten, and a bank department. Particular attention will be paid to the security of future tenants (checkpoints, around-the-clock security and video control systems).
There is a Program of building of the April mall chain in the segment of commercial real estate. At present it includes 5 projects with the gross construction area of
105,276 square meters at different stages of implementation in the towns of the Moscow
and Kaluga Regions (Obninsk, Pavlovsky Posad, Klimovsk, Sergiev Posad, and Electrostal).
In total, it is planned to build at least 10 shopping centers with the gross area of 200,000
square meters under the April brand.
The A class office complex Peresvet-Plaza (property 5, ul. Sharikopodshipnikovskaya, Moscow). The concept author is Zaha Hadid, a world-renowned architect.
The projected seven-floor building has a dynamic complicated form with cantilevers
protruding considerably regarding the external dimensions of the ground floor (either overhanging or retreating in depth). The idea of the British architects was to
create the feeling of airiness both in the exterior and interior of the building, fill the
space with light and arrange free open zones. The entire building is designed in the
typical Zaha Hadid hi-tech style.
N E W
E C O N O M Y :
1/14/09 8:51:18 PM
C O N T AC T S :
A DDR ESS:
SFERA-N
OOO
CONSTRUCTION
OFFICE 410, 10, UL.FABRICHNAYA,
NOVOSIBIRSK 630007 RUSSIA
PHONE: +7 (383) 299 3860;
+7 (383) 227 8208
PHONE/FAX: +7 (383) 227 8215
E-MAIL: [email protected],
[email protected]
S
Viktor Kutakov
Director
In 1998 he graduated
with honors from Novosibirsk
Surveying & Mapping College
with majors in land development. In 2006 he completed
distant education in Siberian
State Surveying & Mapping
Academy with majors
in Informational Systems.
Track records: 1998 – 2000
he spent in FGU ZapSibNIIgiprozem (geodetic surveyor);
2000 – Committee for Land
Resources and Land Development of Novosibirsk District
of the Novosibirsk Region
(specialist, II category);
2001 – FGU Land Cadastre
Chamber of the Novosibirsk
Region; 2002 – FGU Novosibirsk Cadastre Center Zemlya.
In February 2002 he established and led OOO SFERA-N.
I N N O V A T I O N
FERA-N was established in 2002. The company is a professional in all kinds of topographical and geodesic maps and land development. In June 2003 OOO SFERA-N
obtained License No. 698 of the Federal Security Service of Russia in the Novosibirsk Region and Licenses No. 3SG-0015G and No. 3SG-0015K of the Federal Service for
Geodesy and Mapping of Russia. During development process the company acquired
experience in such activities as design of buildings and facilities (License No. GS-6-5401-26-0-54052315-98-004795-1 of the Federal Agency for Construction, Housing and
Communal Infrastructure) and appraisal (License No. 010625 of the Federal Agency for
State Property Management).
The company plans to obtain an exploration license and accreditation for technical
inventory of real-estate units.
The list of geodesic and land development activities includes:
– Land plot allocation and on-site delineation of boundaries;
– Geodesic survey and engineering of any nature;
– General topographic survey at 1:5000 – 1:10000 scale;
– Design siting and layout;
– As-built survey;
– Survey of underground and surface facilities;
– Leveling of surface;
– Estimation of maximum (minimum) land plot dimensions;
– Boundary survey and land plot inventory for registration of land ownership rights;
– All kind of land-related formalities, from application to local authorities through to
obtaining documents from State Registration Agency;
– Land-related diligence documents.
The Company also fulfills various design jobs:
– Design of buildings and facilities up to 25 floors high inclusively;
– Development of general layout solutions, engineering service designs, and planting
of greenery;
– Design of heating, ventilation, air conditioning, water supply, sewage, heating system, up to 10 kV electricity supply, electrical lighting systems;
– Design of transportation facilities and transportation complexes, as well as design of
streets and local roads in residential areas.
Appraisal during real estate-related transactions implies a number of standards
which are strictly followed by our appraisers:
– Correct identification of property and all respective property-related rights;
– Consideration of intended use and mission of appraisal targets;
– Identification of constraints and estimation of appraisal date;
– Identification of the appraised type of value;
– Consideration of all types of legal restrictions of right of property;
– Identification and consideration of cost-impacting factors related to appraised
property, equipment or intangible assets.
The Company offers all types of appraisal activities.
I N S I G H T
I N T O
R U S S I A
139
1/14/09 8:51:19 PM
A DDR ESS:
SILIKON
INNOVATION FIRM,
OOO
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
HTTP://WWW.SILIKON-IF.RU
OFFICE 716V, 165, UL.
NEMIROVICHA-DANCHENKO,
C O N T AC T S :
PHONE: +7 (383) 346 5247
PHONE/FAX: +7 (383) 346 5535
S
Yury Peterson
CEO
Author of 8 inventions and
40 publications, laureate
of the Director of the Year
contest, Peterson is listed
in the Russia’s Best People
Encyclopedia and the book
“Golden Fund of the Nation.”
He is a corresponding member
of the Academy of Social Sciences.
140
ilikon Innovation Firm, established in 1991, was the initiator and pioneer of mass
application of Silikon waterproof (doped) non-autoclaved foam-gas concrete. Its
overall technical qualities and cost efficiency surpass both traditional (brick, wood,
panels) and modern (foam plastic, mineral wool, etc.) materials. Silikon can be used both
in low-rise construction and multistoried construction.
The principal activity of OOO Silikon is design, supply of equipment and components,
commissioning, and support of plants for manufacturing blocks and structures from waterproof foam-gas concrete. The plants have different capacities (from 500 to 200,000 cubic
meters per year) and have all the necessary facilities, from warehouses to a mini-laboratory.
They feature low cost, low energy consumption and quick commissioning and payback.
With the total cost of organizing block production 10 to 30 times lower than the cost
of a similar-capacity brick plant, the Silikon plant can produce nearly all that is required for
erection of a building structure. During the 17 years of its work OOO Silikon Innovation
Firm, holding a leading position in the field, supplied more than 130 plants to different
regions of Russia, as well as to China, Iran, Ukraine, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan.
Together with the Administration of the Novosibirsk Region, the Siberian Branch
of the Russian Agricultural Academy, and other organizations, the firm participates in
pilot projects within top-priority national projects Affordable and Comfortable Housing
to Russian Citizens and Development of the Agroindustrial Sector, and federal targeted
programs Housing, Energy Saving, Own House, and Russia’s Environment and Natural
Resources. The company’s task is to construct environmentally friendly, heat-saving individual houses in rural areas, with a cost of $20,000 to $40,000.
OOO Silikon, a pioneer in many aspects of non-autoclaved foam-gas concrete production and application, boasts a lot of innovations:
– Waterproof (doped) foam-gas concrete.
– Intensive production technology with thermal and mechanical mass activation, enabling a 2- to 4-fold reduction of the holding period.
– The patented flexible-bottom formwork and laser cutting.
– Mass production of blocks with different textures.
– Cost-efficient high-performance design of “warm-core” outward walling.
– Cost-efficient “warm” foundation from waterproof foam-gas concrete for low-rise
construction.
– A range of all-inclusive micro and mini plants capable of producing from 2–3 to
100 houses per year.
– A mini laboratory with a set of equipment for continual nondestructive quality control.
– Portable truck equipment for producing monolithic foam-gas concrete to be fed
into the walls, ceilings, and floors, with an activating mixer, dosing concrete elevator, and an autonomous power generating unit.
Innovations offered by Silikon enable considerable (1.5 to 3 times) reduction of
construction cost while ensuring better quality. As a consequence, the housing becomes
more affordable, and energy and natural resources are saved.
N E W
E C O N O M Y :
1/14/09 8:51:19 PM
ECOLOGY
1/14/09 8:51:20 PM
METTEM
TECHNOLOGIES
BARRIER TRADE MARK,
ZAO
A DDR ESS:
PURIFICATION OF WATER
HTTP://WWW.BARRIER.RU
BUILDING 3, UL. PARKOVAYA,
BALASHIKHA, MOSCOW REGION,
RUSSIA 143900
C O N T AC T S :
PHONE: +7 (495) 529 42 93
FAX: +7 (495) 677 1519
M
Vladimir
Maslyukov
CEO
A true expert of his business,
Maslyukov graduated with
honors in computational
mathematics and computer
science from the Lomonosov
Moscow State University, where
he did his postgraduate studies
afterwards. Before heading
ZAO METTEM Technologies,
he had come a long way from
an employee to the director
of Luxoft, and later worked
as Quality Director
for ZAO Kaspersky Lab.
Maslyukov continues using every opportunity to improve his
skills. He obtained an Executive
MBA degree and studied
in the business school
of Antwerp University, Belgium.
142
ETTEM Technologies, existing since 1993, produces certified domestic water filters
under the BARRIER trade mark. By 2000 the company had been selling BARRIER
filters throughout Russia and in multiple CIS and extra-CIS countries (Ukraine,
Belarus, France, Serbia, etc.). Today METTEM Technologies is a recognized leader of the
national pitcher filter market. More than 6 million Russian families use BARRIER products.
In 2007 BARRIER water filters were named Trade Mark No. 1 and Brand of the Year in Russia and won the Choice of the Year award in Ukraine. Their quality was recognized by such
international organizations as Water Quality Association and National Sanitation Foundation (NSF). The company has also passed the ISO 9000:2001 certification.
BARRIER pitcher filters
Requiring no special installation, ready to operate right after the purchase, BARRIER
pitcher filters enjoy high demand both in Russia and abroad. Today there are 7 designs
available on the market, all sizes, all colors: BARRIER Grand, BARRIER Grand Neo, BARRIER Norma, BARRIER Premia, BARRIER Extra, BARRIER Compact, and BARRIER Eco.
Replaceable cartridges for pitcher filters
BARRIER offers four types of cartridges, depending on the type of water contamination. All cartridges feature unique design by ZAO METTEM Technologies unrivalled by any
other domestic filter manufacturer. BARRIER-4 provides high-quality treatment of tap
water without much contamination, cleansing the water of active chlorine, organochlorine impurities, pesticides, and petroleum products. BARRIER-5 cleanses the water, adding some fluorine according to sanitation norms to prevent caries. BARRIER-6 decreases
the hardness of water, eliminating most contaminants at the same time. BARRIER-7 reduces the inorganic iron content in the water.
Tap nozzle filters
The BARRIER Selecta filter is mounted directly on the tap. Its convenient filtering
mode switch (continual/periodic) enables saving the cartridge resource. BARRIER Optima, installed near the sink, has a separate tap for clean water. A microprocessor-driven
cartridge life indicator will show the exact time when the cartridge has to be replaced.
Streamline filters
BARRIER streamline filters are powerful systems utilizing the latest water treatment technologies. Integrated in the running water piping, they provide unlimited
clear water supply. BARRIER VM is a unique pre-filter for household appliances. Eliminating coarse particles, it protects the heating units from damage caused by dirty tap
water. BARRIER Aqualine is an efficient streamline filter enabling high-quality treatment of tap water. BARRIER Profi is a three-step filter manufactured in three versions: for
water without much contamination, for hard water, and for water with excessive inorganic
iron content. The filter cleanses tap water, preserving its natural salt balance. BARRIER COSMOS provides four-step reverse osmosis water treatment. Being the only filter which
eliminates bacteria and viruses in addition to mechanical impurities, it is recommended
for water that can be hazardous from the microbiological viewpoint. At the same time,
BARRIER C-OSMOS does not shift the pH, preserving it at the neutral level.
N E W
E C O N O M Y :
1/14/09 8:51:20 PM
NAFTAGAZPOSTAVKA
ZAO
TOURISM
A DDR ESS:
54, BUILDING 1,
UL. MOSFILMOVSKAYA,
C O N T AC T S :
PHONE/FAX: +7 (495) 775 0764
I
Alexey
Khorunzhy
CEO
Born in 1956, Khorunzhy
graduated from the Moscow
Aviation Institute where he majored in designing antenna feed
systems. He has been the CEO
of the company since 2002. Since
March 2008, he has been an advisor to the head of the Federal
Service for Supervision over Use
of Natural Resources. Since 1997,
he has been occupying executive
positions in various enterprises
of the gas industry. His total
work experience is 29 years.
I N N O V A T I O N
n the Firovo District of the Tver Region, a project is underway to construct a business
club that will be called “Ecological Tourism Center Two Capitals.” The project involves
15 separate plots bordering Lake Shlino (one of the most beautiful lakes in the Valdai
uplands) on one side and a forest on the other side.
The fact that the club is located in such a special place and in a point that can be
equally easily reached from both Russian capitals – Moscow and St. Petersburg – means
that it can be used for meetings of the business elite, corporate events, and conferences,
with optional entertainment, recreation, and tourism services (fishing, hunting, recreational tourism). A yacht club and a park of hydroplanes are some of the obvious advantages of the new club that will be appreciated not only by the guests, but also by
professionals of the tourism industry.
Thanks to the partnership with Naftagazpostavka, investors of the project have
an opportunity to take part in a modern, ecologically-oriented project combining ancient Russian traditions and innovative trends.
The club location is uniquely suitable for ecotourism. In the present-day technological world, active recreation not only gives one new impressions and information, but also
brings some rest to people who are tired of the noise and polluted air of megalopolises.
The territory around Lake Shlino has a number of features – such as its geographical location, biological diversity, intact natural flora, viable populations of large predators, historical and cultural heritage, low urbanization level (as compared to the Moscow
and Leningrad Regions) and numerous villages that preserved their traditional, ancient
appearance – which form a combination of factors that is exceptionally favorable for
a successful ecotourism business.
The Valdai upland has the cleanest environment in Central Russia. The territory is surrounded by forests. It lies in a moderately continental climate. Winters are fairly mild, with
enough snow. Summers are cool and wet. Large populations of moose, European roes,
brown bears, wolves, foxes, and some birds (heathcock, wood grouse, hazel grouse, ducks,
etc) are found in the territory of the club. Over 30 species of fish are found in the lake,
including eel, carp, pikeperch, asp, pike, grayling, whitefish, vendace, and bream.
Ecotourism routes can be developed to satisfy even the most demanding tourists,
across forests, mountains, and along waterways. While on the route, travelers can enjoy the unique landscape views, wild nature, and historical sites that are monuments to
the history of development of Russian state.
During walks around the lake (which appeared in the post-glacial period), our
contemporaries can observe the same world, nature, and wild animals that was seen by
countless generations of those peoples who lived on this land before us. For example,
tourists can see here a Russian bear and Russian wolf – and see them in a legendary
land, the kingdom of the Russian bear and the last place in the Europe where the oncenumerous population of wolves still exits.
Members and guests of the business club can also enjoy hunting, fishing, river boating, bike trips, skiing, yachting, kitesurfing, and jet-skiing.
I N S I G H T
I N T O
R U S S I A
143
1/14/09 8:51:20 PM
C O N T AC T S :
PRESS-TORF
ENVIRONMENTAL
INITIATIVE CENTER
A DDR ESS:
CHEMICALS AND CHEMICAL
PRODUCTS; SEWAGE AND REFUSE
DISPOSAL, SANITATION AND
SIMILAR ACTIVITIES
HTTP://WWW.PRESS-TORF.M-B.RU,
WWW.M-B.RU
90, UL. TRUDA, KIROV
610046 RUSSIA
PHONE: +7 (8332) 38 5944,
65 4483
FAX: +7 (8332) 64 3501
[email protected]
S
Anatoly
Kozminykh
President
Born in Kirov in 1958,
Kozminykh has a university degree and is qualified as a patent
engineer by the Russian Society
of Inventors and Innovators.
In February 1993 he founded
ZAO Marketing Bureau, which
he has been heading since. He
initiated the establishment of
ZAO Press-Torf Environmental
Initiative Center, being its
cofounder and president.
Kozminykh received special
training in marketing, management, finance, and law, including SABIT training, training in
the Japanese-Russian Economic
Center and in the Academy of
National Economy under the
Government of the Russian
Federation.
Within Press-Torf, Anatoly
directs commercialization of
new technologies. A co-author
of some technologies, he participated in multiple international
and Russian innovation forums
where Press-Torf projects
received awards.
144
mall Innovation Enterprise ZAO Press-Torf Environmental Initiative Center was
founded in 2002 as an affiliated company of ZAO Marketing Bureau, a well-known
Russian metal trader established in 1993. Among the founders of Press-Torf there
were scientists and researchers developing means for elimination of oil spills and spills of
biologically active substances.
Our primary activities include:
– Applied research in biotechnology;
– Bioremediation of oil-polluted soil and water;
– Technologies for elimination of heavy metal salts and radioactive nuclides from industrial sewage.
The company produces the Sorbonaft hydrophobic peat-based oil sorbent on
a commercial basis, using an original technology based on the works by O. M. Gridin,
D.Sc. in engineering, Professor of Moscow Mining Institute, member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences.
Based on this sorbent, an oil spill recovery technology was developed. Special stationary equipment makes it possible not only to process a 100-square-meter polluted
area within one minute, but also to utilize the oil-saturated sorbent later.
The Foundation for Assistance to Small Innovation Enterprises supports another
project of ZAO Press-Torf, a compact mobile sorbent application kit. The kit is indispensable for elimination of small (local) polluted areas that special-purpose vehicles cannot
reach. A similar kit proved really helpful in 2007, when the consequences of an oil pipeline rupture were eliminated in the Nizhny Novgorod Region.
The International Science and Technology Center (ISTC) helped us create several
versions of oil-oxidizing hydrophobic biological sorbents under the Biosorbonaft brand;
new facilities for biological sorbent and oil-oxidizing culture production are being
launched at the existing plant.
Special absorbent materials have been developed for enterprises with hazardous
substances in their sewage (above all, heavy metal salts and radioactive nuclides). Based
on nanocomposite powders, they can absorb 95% to 100% of the substances in question
within a broad range of pH values.
Our long-standing partners include the Russian Technical Physics Research Institute (Russian Federal Nuclear Center) in Snezhinsk, NPO Vektor in Novosibirsk, Institute
of Biology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Syktyvkar, Moscow State University, and Petroleum Chemisorption Institute of the Siberian Branch of
the Russian Academy of Sciences in Tomsk.
Our business offers include:
– Technology transfer and elimination of oil spills.
– Creation of oil sorbent protective stock, on a consignment stock basis.
– Research and development projects in environmental protection and biotechnology.
N E W
E C O N O M Y :
1/14/09 8:51:20 PM
E L EC T R IC A L M AC H I N E RY
A N D A P PA R A T U S , E L E C T R O N I C
A N D OP T IC A L EQU IPMENT
1/14/09 8:51:21 PM
BOLID
RESEARCH AND
PRODUCTION
COMPANY, OOO
A DDR ESS:
ELECTRICAL MACHINERY
AND APPARATUS, ELECTRONIC
AND OPTICAL EQUIPMENT;
HTTP://WWW.PNPBOLID.RU
BUILDING 6, 2, UL.
ELEKTROZAVODSKAYA,
C O N T AC T S :
PHONE: +7 (383) 325 3317
PHONE/FAX: +7 (383) 325 3315
T
Leonid Sarin
Director
Sarin graduated from the
Novosibirsk Electrical Engineering
Institute in 1981. After serving
in the Soviet Army he worked in
the Siberian Research Institute
of Energy for 13 years. It was in
this institute that he organized
the laboratory of composite
resistance materials in 1989,
becoming its head. Since 1998
Sarin heads OOO Bolid Research
and Production Company.
146
he principal area OOO Bolid Research and Production Company (PNP Bolid) focuses on is development of composite conductive and dielectric materials, including multifunctional nanomaterials, and production of composite-material-based
electric devices and household appliances.
Since 1995 PNP Bolid has its own plant facilities. Commercial products manufactured from the new composite conductive material EKOM include the following:
– Protective resistors for neutral grounding in 3 kV to 35 kV networks (protection
from arc surges and ferromagnetic resonances).
– Cubicle switchboard resistors for partial neutral grounding in 3 kV, 6 kV, and 10 kV substation networks and internal networks of power stations, including nuclear ones.
– Pulse load resistors for overshoot suppression cabinets used to protect electric motors with RC chains.
– Household and industrial infrared heating devices (electric-panel heaters).
– A modular load device for commissioning gas-turbine and gas piston power stations.
EKOM is patented in Russia. PNP Bolid also has utility model patents for the electricpanel heater and protective resistor.
To date the company has produced and commissioned over 500 resistors with rated
voltages of 3, 6, 10, and 35 kV. The resistors have been installed in internal networks
of combined heat-and-power stations (CHPSs) and aerial cable networks with different
neutral grounding modes.
The high professional level of PNP Bolid employees and its up-to-date precision instruments enable the company to conduct a wide range of operations related to electricity network examination and analysis. The company completes the full operation cycle, starting at
the design phase and ending at the installation and commissioning phase. The professional
qualification of our personnel guarantees high quality. Such works have already been completed for substations of Northern, Eastern and Central Networks of OAO Kuzbassenergo,
CHPS-3 of OAO Saratovenergo, CHPS-2, CHPS-3, and CHPS-4 of OAO Novosibirskenergo,
CHPS-9 and CHPS-11 of OAO Irkutskenergo, OAO Gazprom, etc.
PNP Bolid leads extensive research. We regularly provide the data on the usage of
our resistors at different scientific conferences in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Norilsk, as well
as in Ukraine. Besides, PNP Bolid holds a biennial scientific and technical conference
on Overshoot Suppression and Neutral Grounding Modes in 6 to 35 kV Networks (in
cooperation with the department of high-voltage electrophysics and engineering of the
Novosibirsk State Technical University and ZAO Feniks-88). Thus, the fourth national
conference was held on September 26–28, 2006, hosting over 160 experts in power supply systems and companies involved in oil and gas, chemicals, mining, and metals.
Future plans of the company include introducing new technologies, penetrating
new markets, and developing and manufacturing new high-quality products.
The company’s awards include:
– The medal of the contest winner at the Fifth Specialized Exhibition and Congress of
YUKOS (Tomsk, 2004).
N E W
E C O N O M Y :
1/14/09 8:51:21 PM
– A diploma of the contest “Siberian Athens” in the nomination “New Scientific Projects and Technologies” (Novosibirsk, 2001, 2003, and 2004).
– A diploma of the contest “Golden Medal of the Siberian Fair” in the nomination
“Energy and Resource Saving” (Novosibirsk, 1997, 1998, and 1999).
– A diploma in Energy and Electrical Engineering (Khabarovsk, 2003).
– A diploma of the ElectroTechnoExpo exhibition (Moscow, 2002).
– A diploma of the exhibition of Electricity Networks of Russia (Moscow, 2006 and
2007).
– Winner of the Golden Mercury contest (2007).
– Winner of the Novosibirsk Brand contest of products, services and technologies
(2003, 2005, and 2007).
– A diploma of the conference, seminar, and specialized exhibition of RAO UES of
Russia (Moscow, 2007).
– The order “Professional of Russia,” 2nd degree (2007).
– The decoration “Golden Fund of Enterprise of Russia” (2007).
– The honorary sign “Engineering Glory of Russia” (2007).
Business proposal PNP Bolid offers the following services:
– Development of new composite materials at the customer’s request, including materials with nanoparticles, having the necessary electrophysical properties.
– Analysis of voltage surges in electricity networks of power supply enterprises and
coal strips.
– Diagnostics of problems arising in operation of power units.
– Overshoot suppression systems for 6 to 35 kV distribution networks with resistors
used to ground the neutral.
– A modular load device for checking autonomous power supply units.
– Heating appliances with prolonged service life, power-saving, environmentally
friendly and fire-safe.
– An industrial floodlight for exterior lighting of large production areas, featuring
power saving and prolonged service life.
I N N O V A T I O N
I N S I G H T
I N T O
R U S S I A
147
1/14/09 8:51:21 PM
EMK
OOO
Petr Trifonov
Director
Trifonov is decorated with
orders “Leader of the Russian
Economy” and “Star of Creativity,” as well as medals.
Always in the heart of all
production-related issues, he
reacts promptly and correctly
to changes in the market demand, improving the technologies and enhancing the personnel qualification. Attentive and
friendly but exigent, he enjoys
well-deserved authority among
the employees. He has diplomas
and letters of gratitude from
different public organizations
and state bodies.
148
A DDR ESS:
C O N T AC T S :
FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS;
AND APPARATUS
HTTP://WWW.TRAMP.RU
46, UL. 22-GO PARTSYEZDA,
SAMARA 443066 RUSSIA
PHONE/FAX: +7 (846) 999 3045,
279 2610, 279 2659
OOO EMK was founded in 1995 and initially focused on electrical products supply.
With the ongoing development of own production the company received an opportunity to react to market changes more promptly, diversifying the product range, enhancing
quality, and raising the technological level and design of its products.
Production of electrical equipment for residential and industrial objects, commercial
organizations, public welfare institutions, etc. is the main activity of the company.
OOO EMK manufactures more than 100 types of certified high-voltage and low-voltage
electric equipment. Three processing sections (blank section, assembly section and powder
coating section), as well as the testing laboratory and a shop, enable the company to manufacture electrical devices and parts. The electrical engineering laboratory checks the equipment
for standard compliance. All the products to be supplied to customers are controlled by the
laboratory. Moreover, our services include testing customers’ electric materials if necessary.
The core of our products is formed by customized equipment manufactured under
customers’ specifications. Our products are sold both in Samara Region and outside it.
Reasonable pricing, combined with good quality and reliability, is what makes OOO
EMK products different.
Equipping the company with up-to-date facilities is a most important issue for any
plant. OOO EMK pays great attention to this aspect. The plant has a machining section,
repair section, cutting and bending section, painting section, and assembly section. We
understand perfectly that new modern process equipment is a must for improving the
quality and labor environment. However, the renovation proceeds slower than we would
wish because of the high costs. Both Russian and imported components are used during
the assembly, but Russian ones are preferred now, as they are cheaper and offer the same
quality today as the foreign ones. Using domestically produced components enables us to
reduce the labor input and make the finished product more cost-efficient.
The planned expansion will involve introduction of state-of-the-art manufacturing
technologies, ISO 9001 compliant quality management, and manufacture of new products. Thus, we have already launched production of concrete modular package substations and replaced arc welding with Kemppi-type welding in carbon dioxide environment; the latter made it possible to reduce electrolytic grinding machine operation and
cut the time needed for finishing welds; we therefore received an opportunity to release
operators’ time and transfer metalworkers to other operations.
OOO EMK is an active participant of charity projects of such organizations as Patrons of
Art of the Century International Fund, “Star of Creativity” supervisory council of the Russian
National Academy of Culture, and the All-Russia Public Movement My Shar Zemnoy Podarim
Detyam (Let’s Give the Globe to the Children). We sponsor orphanages, churches, etc.
Petr Mikhaylovich Trifonov has headed OOO EMK since its foundation. A moderntype manager with an economic university degree, he has shown himself a professional
in electrical engineering, managing to expand the production facilities considerably, enhance the quality, increase the output, and create new jobs.
N E W
E C O N O M Y :
1/14/09 8:51:21 PM
IRE-POLUS
A DDR ESS:
SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY
SOCIETY, OOO
ELECTRONIC AND OPTICAL
EQUIPMENT
HTTP://WWW.NTOIRE-POLUS.RU
1, PL. AKADEMIKA
VVEDENSKOGO, FRYAZINO,
MOSCOW REGION 141190 RUSSIA
C O N T AC T S :
PHONE: +7 (495) 702 9589
FAX: +7 (495) 702 9573
F
Valentin
Gapontsev
CEO
Gapontsev was born
in Moscow in 1939. He graduated from the Lvov Polytechnic
Institute and started working
in a special design bureau
of the Ministry of Radio Industry
of the USSR in Lvov. After completing postgraduate studies
at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, he was hired
by the Institute of Radiotechnics
and Electronics of the Academy
of Sciences of the USSR, where
he worked for 35 years.
Gapontsev is an outstanding,
internationally renowned
Russian scientist, author of more
than 400 scientific papers, patents, and reports prepared for
major international conferences.
In 1991 he founded IRE-Polus,
which he eventually built into
a strong international concern,
IPG Photonics Corp. (headquartered in Massachusetts,
USA) which is a world leader
in the fiber laser industry.
Gapontsev is currently the CEO
and Chairman of the Board
of PG Photonics Corp.
I N N O V A T I O N
ounded in 1991, IRE-Polus was a founder – and now is a key part – of the transnational corporation IPG Photonics Corp., which has scientific centers, manufacturing facilities, and sales offices in Russia, Germany, USA, Italy, United Kingdom,
India, Japan, South Korea, and China. IPG is the only company of Russian origin that has
become a leader in the world market of laser and fiber appliances.
IPG is headed by an internationally renowned scientist, Valentin Gapontsev. Starting virtually from scratch, without a technology base, financing, or state support, he and
a handful of his assistants managed to very rapidly develop a breakthrough technology platform for fiber lasers and amplifiers, and brought to the market hundreds of competitively
priced unique tools and systems with unprecedented performance characteristics, opening the door to a great variety of new applications of laser technology. As a result, a small
Russian engineering company grew into an international concern which is an undisputed
leader in its sector, controlling over 75% of world’s production in the fastest-growing sector
of laser and electronic appliances which is potentially worth billions and billions of dollars.
The company has created a powerful vertically-integrated group of research and production enterprises which lists among its permanent customers most of the leading automotive, aircraft, space, telecommunications, and microelectronics companies, as well as heavy
industry enterprises, nuclear power plants, railroad carriage plants, shipbuilding companies,
metal works, major oil and gas companies, construction companies, etc.
Today IRE-Polus, located in the town of Fryazino (Moscow Region), jointly with other companies of the IPG Group develops and manufactures fiber and laser optic components, aggregates, modules, instruments, subsystems and systems used in following fields:
fiber, free-space, and satellite optic communication, cable TV, laser material processing,
optical radars, remote control of industrial facilities and atmosphere, monitoring and
testing, sensors, scientific research, and biomedicine. And it is only IPG that manufactures
super-powerful fiber lasers whose output power is measured in kilowatts: such lasers
have been developed and are manufactured for many sectors of industry.
Such well-knows automotive companies as Hyundai, Toyota, PS, Nissan, BMW, Bosch,
Thyssen Krupp, Dana Automation, Arcelor, Magna, Delphi, and others realized that fiber
lasers produced by IPG suite their needs better than any others and can replace traditional
arc-welding appliances in manufacture of spare parts and even in line assembly of cars and
trucks. And some of the largest integrator companies, including Amada, Mitsubishi Heavy
Metal, SHI, Daihen, Bystronic, Siemens, GSI, WainTrail, Fincantieri, Finsomac, and Comau,
started replacing gas lasers in metal cutting and welding machines by IPG fiber lasers.
In the telecommunication field, virtually all of the world’s leading manufacturers,
including Siemens, NEC, Alcatel, Lucent, Marconi, Fujitsu, C-Core, and many others, are
customers of IPG. During the past few years, IRE-Poyus have been successfully implementing in Russia and CIS its cutting-edge solutions in such areas as backbone and regional optical fiber communication.
With technologies of the new breakthrough generation in its toolset, IRE-Polus can
become a starting point of a whole new area of modern high-tech industry in Russia.
I N S I G H T
I N T O
R U S S I A
149
1/14/09 8:51:22 PM
KOSMOS
GROUP
A DDR ESS:
C O N T AC T S :
AND OPTICAL EQUIPMENT
HTTP://WWW.KOSMOS.RU
6, UL. PROIZVODSTVENNAYA,
PHONE: +7 (495) 787 4246
FAX: +7 (495) 787 4247
K
Alexander
Savelyev
President.
Member of the Expert Council
under the Energy Committee
of the State Duma
In 1983 Savelyev graduated
from the Moscow Technological
Institute of Light Industry, Automation Department (MTILP).
In 1983–1986 he was a senior
engineer in the MTILP data
center. In 1986–1991 he worked
for the Main Administration
for Service of the Diplomatic
Corps (GlavUPDK).
In 1991–1992 he founded
and became the president
of the Young People Association
for Business and Cultural Cooperation with Foreign Countries
(MADiKS) under GlavUPDK.
Starting from 1993 and until
now he is a founder and CEO
of Kosmos Group.
150
OSMOS Company (former Topservice) was established in 1993 and registered
in Moscow. Currently it is a dynamically developing production and distributing
company which holds a leading position in the power-saving appliance market.
Our specialty is marketing, manufacturing, and distribution of Kosmos brand goods.
Kosmos means high-quality power-saving and efficient electrical appliances at most
affordable prices!
The best factories in six countries – Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, China, Korea, and Japan – use state-of-the-art technologies to produce Kosmos products.
Our team consists of approximately 300 persons. Kosmos representative offices are
located in 17 cites in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan. The distribution network consists of 700 dealers in 110 Russian cities and 11 dealers in CIS countries
and the Baltic States. Its products are distributed to major retail chains like METRO, REAL,
Media Markt, Carrefour, SELGROS, OBI, LEROY MERLIN, CASTORAMA, DIXY, HOME CENTER, MOSMART, AUCHAN, SEVENTH CONTINENT, PEREKRESTOK, MIR, LENTA, etc.
Kosmos sees one of its priorities in the expansion and development of powersaving lamps production in Russia. We have a unique in-house technology for powersaving lamp manufacturing. The product line of our lamps can replace standard filament lamps in any lighting appliances, due to their minimum dimensions and technical
specifications. In November 2008 Kosmos will start Russia-first large-scale industrial
assembly of power-saving lamps in the city of Saransk. This project was supported by
the Government of Republic of Mordovia.
There were several development stages in the company’s history: creation of a nationwide electrical goods distribution network, development and marketing of the Kosmos brand, gaining a leading position; setting up the first power-saving product manufacturing facilities in Russia; establishment of Kosmos Energo-Service company which
performs as a complex solution developer in the power saving field today.
Innovation products
– A system of automatic lighting adjustment based on a vandal-proof lighting appliance
with an optical-acoustic ON/OFF switch and a motion detector. A compact luminous
tube equipped with an electronic microprocessor-based ballast guarantees more than
a million on-off cycles. In the dark it provides bias lighting (at 20% of lamp capacity),
while upon the detector triggering the lamp switches to 100% capacity.
– An automatic system of commercial accounting of power consumption with
the wireless ZIGBEE data transmission unit which, apart from commercial power
consumption registration, also allows to adjust allowed electric loads both for individual end consumers and for consumer groups. That allows to reduce power network loads through fixing all connected loads at values stipulated in the consumer
agreements. In case of any power-saving arrangements which result in release of
extra power reserves this new system holds the new consumption settings fixed
and does not allow consumers to switch back to power-hungry technologies.
N E W
E C O N O M Y :
1/14/09 8:51:22 PM
ORION
SCIENTIFIC
AND TECHNOLOGICAL
CENTER, OOO
A DDR ESS:
HTTP://WWW.NTC-ORION.RU
OFFICE V-202, 20A,
UL. KUSKOVSKAYA, MOSCOW
111141 RUSSIA
C O N T AC T S :
PHONE/FAX: +7 (495) 660 2566
(MULTI-CHANNEL)
O
Alexander Ilyin
CEO
Alexander graduated from
the automation and computers
department of the Gubkin
Russian State University
of Oil and Gas, Moscow, 1980.
From 1980 to 1990 he worked
as a design engineer in the
Geophysics Research Institute.
He was awarded the Prize
of the Council of Ministers
of the USSR for developing
an application package
for processing seismic prospecting data. From 1990 to 2001
Ilyin held senior managerial
positions in a number of Russian companies. He has headed
Orion Group since the moment
of its foundation in 2001.
He organized conferences
on different aspects of cash
machine operation
and maintenance.
I N N O V A T I O N
rion Scientific and Technological Center produces different electronic equipment certified under ISO 9002:96. Priority fields include development, manufacture, and support of cash registers, computerized cash machines, PoS terminals,
digital scales, shop equipment, and other retail automation equipment.
Since 2001 OOO Orion has proved competitive not only throughout Russia, but
also in CIS countries, such as Uzbekistan, Georgia, Belarus, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Kazakhstan.
Today’s OOO Orion has a highly professional team of developers (designers, circuit
engineers, and software developers).
The company assembles its products at a state-of-the-art plant in Naro-Fominsk,
Moscow Region. The floor area of its production facilities is about 4,000 square meters.
The plant has the following shops:
– A machine shop for machining of metal parts and assembly of mechanical components.
– A foundry for casting plastic parts.
– An assembly shop where electronic components and controlling units are assembled, and ready equipment is test-run.
The production facilities are equipped with up-to-date imported devices,
such as:
– KuASY thermoplastic-molding machines.
– JUKI surface-mounting equipment.
– Selective soldering machines SPA-400 (Germany), for automation of dense-packed
point-to-point wiring.
OOO Orion has formed long-term relationships with leading manufacturers of
hardware components, sub-assemblies and units from Europe, South Asia and Japan. The
company uses state-of-the-art devices created by leaders in microelectronics, such as
ROHM ELECTRONICS, ALPS ELECTRIC, TEXAS INSTRUMENTS, HOLTEK, MINMAX ENERGY TECHNOLOGY, ANALOG DEVICES, etc.
OOO Orion is a member of the Russian Association of Cash Machine Manufacturers
and the Association of Russian Manufacturers of Electronic Apparatus and Devices. The
company has an extensive dealer network; 1700 maintenance centers throughout Russia
have signed dealership and maintenance contracts with OOO Orion.
The company can manufacture custom electronic devices at the customer’s request:
– Assembling electronic units.
– Manufacturing plastic and metal parts, including housing parts.
I N S I G H T
I N T O
R U S S I A
151
1/14/09 8:51:22 PM
POWER STATION
SIMULATORS
ZAO
AND APPARATUS
A DDR ESS:
C O N T AC T S :
HTTP://WWW.FPPS.RU
15, SEMENOVSKY PER.,
PHONE/FAX: +7 (495) 360 0926
PHONE: +7 (495) 360 4777
P
Alexander
Rubashkin
CEO
Rubashkin has been working in
the electric power industry since
he graduated from the Moscow Power Engineering Institute
in 1960. From 1960 to 1993,
he worked in ORGRES (SOYUZTEKHENERGO) Firm. He started
with a position in the automation department. During
that period, he participated
in installing and fine-tuning
of automation equipment
at the State District Power
Stations. In 1972, he organized
a computing center of the firm
and became its head. He was
invited to the USA, Finland, China
as a simulation modeling expert.
In 2007, the Scientific Council
of the Moscow Power Engineering Institute awarded him
the D.Sc. degree for his thesis
dealing with the theory of
creation of comprehensive
(all-mode) analytical models
of thermomechanical processes
and control systems of power
generation units at thermal
power plants. Rubashkin is an
author of more than 40 scientific
papers and reports.
152
ower Station Simulators was originally established in 1991. The company focuses
on the following activities: development of analytical digital models of technological processes and management system processes at power generation units of
fossil power stations and in electric power grids, and use of such models in creation of
simulation software (used for training operators of power enterprises) and for analyzing
complex operation modes of power equipment.
All models and simulators created by the company are developed with the help of
the original highly efficient modeling software named SIM-2000 (certificate of Russian
Patents Department No. 2001610817 of July 2, 2001. Developed and owned by A. S.
Rubashkin and V. A. Rubashkin). The modeling technique developed by a team headed by
A.S. Rubashkin is based on processing structural and design characteristics of the modeled equipment. Unlike most of other well-known techniques used for the same purpose
(including those used in Europe and the USA), our technique not only reproduces those
processes that have already been studied during practical operation of the equipment,
but can also design, research and predict any processes and operation modes, including
those that have never been tested experimentally – for example, during the pre-launch
(design) period. Simulators use the same hardware and software to model both equipment operation processes and equipment control systems.
Simulators developed by ZAO Power Station Simulators are used:
– At training centers and departments of power grids and power stations for the purpose of teaching and training their personnel. By the end of the year 2007, 28 simulators of 14 different types were installed and functioning at 21 sites. These simulators can model 13 different types of boiler units and 8 types of steam turbines, as
well as different heating systems for power units and stations, including the closedfeed one. Models and simulators of combined cycle plants and those of complex
power grids powered by one or multiple stations.
– In higher educational institutions for teaching power-related subjects to students
and for R&D.
– By personnel of scientific, engineering, and power enterprises for analyzing and
improving operation modes of active and newly designed power complexes.
Besides, the company’s simulators are widely used in network-wide, regional, national, and international competitions of fossil power plant operators.
The company keeps enhancing and upgrading the existing software to stay abreast
with the ever increasing computing capabilities of new hardware that appears on the market. The company keeps in touch with practically all customers who bought one or more
simulators, providing consultations on use of simulators for personnel training and enhancement of equipment performance, and gathering information about new wishes of
customers and any shortcomings of the simulators. Any faults or bugs are fixed free of
charge by patches or instructions that are e-mailed to customers, or by supplying new,
enhanced versions of the simulation software.
N E W
E C O N O M Y :
1/14/09 8:51:23 PM
GEOLOGIC
A ND PROSPEC T ING
AC T I V I T I E S
1/14/09 8:51:23 PM
MAPPING
SURVEYING
BUREAU
ZAO
A DDR ESS:
GEOLOGIC
AND PROSPECTING ACTIVITIES
HTTP://WWW.K-G-B.RU
BUILDING 1, 21,
UL. YASNOGORSKAYA,
C O N T AC T S :
PHONE/ FAX: +7 (495) 412 0529,
427 7911
M
Dmitry Boronin
Director
Boronin graduated
from the Moscow
Topographical Polytechnic
School and Plekhanov Russian Academy of Economics,
and did his postgraduate
study in the All-Russia Research Institute of Scientific
And Technological Advance
and Information
(VNIINTPI) of the Federal
Agency of Construction,
Housing and Housing
Services of the Russian
Federation of Russia
(Rosstroy). His awards
include the title of an Honorary Geodesist, a diploma from the Patriarch
of Russia, and the Order
of the Saint Blessed Prince
Daniil of Moscow
(3rd degree).
154
apping Surveying Bureau, established in Moscow in 2002, has all the necessary
licenses and permissions to work in geology, geodetics and mapping surveying.
These include licenses from the Federal Agency of Construction, Housing and
Housing Services of the Russian Federation (Rosstroy), Federal Security Service of the
Russian Federation, and the Federal Agency of Geodesy and Cartography. The company
focuses on geological, geodetic and mapping activities in such fields as engineering survey, construction, building management, landmarking, cadastre management, and other
survey-related and specific tasks.
The company uses up-to-date geological and geodetic equipment. Field measurement data are analyzed and reports are generated with the help of professional software,
based on the information supplied by permanently functioning GPS stations in Moscow
and the Moscow Region. Office analysis results can be delivered to a customer in either
analog or digital form. Office studies involve Russian and foreign geographic information
systems. Using state-of-the-art equipment and software gives us a competitive edge and
enables us to complete the tasks quickly and with high quality.
The core of the company is its highly qualified experts with university education and
wide experience of work in geology, geodetics and mapping surveying. Our mission is to
bring new geological and geodetic technologies, based on the most recent Russian and
foreign developments, to Russia and the CIS countries. For the five years of active work
the company grew its staff to one hundred of trained employees with a background in
geology, geodetics, photogrammetry, mapping and landmarking. Most employees’ experience in the field exceeds 20 years.
Principal activities of ZAO Mapping Surveying Bureau include:
– Geodetics.
– Topographic photography.
– Digital photogrammetry and topography.
– Scanning photos and maps and digitalizing maps.
– Mapping, including digital mapping.
– Land cadastre, monitoring of land and land management.
– Land inventory.
– Engineering survey for construction.
– Processing satellite photos.
– Geological engineering survey.
– Ecological engineering survey.
We pay a lot of attention to professional training and development of our employees
and to introducing new technologies in the field. The competence and good will of our
team is a crucial factor in starting long and fruitful partnerships with our customers.
ZAO Mapping Surveying Bureau features a high level of professionalism. Our employees feel at home with geodetic instruments and equipment, being able to perform
any task in geology, geodetics and mapping surveying. The company uses state-of-the-art
equipment, software and technologies.
N E W
E C O N O M Y :
1/14/09 8:51:23 PM
PERM
TERRITORIAL
CENTER OF STATE
MONITORING
OOO
A DDR ESS:
C O N T AC T S :
GEOLOGIC
AND PROSPECTING ACTIVITIES;
HTTP://WWW.PGM.PERM.RU
60, UL. N. OSTROVSKOGO,
PERM 614007 RUSSIA
PHONE: + 7 (342) 210 7757
FAX: + 7 (342) 210 7599
I
Mikhail Kutergin
CEO
Perm Territorial Center of State
Monitoring of Geological
Environment was established
in 1995 under the Natural
Resource Committee of the Perm
Region and Komi-Permyatsky
Autonomous District as a special structure in charge of monitoring, analysis and forecast
of geological processes.
I N N O V A T I O N
n early 2006 the Company was restructured into OAO Perm Territorial Center of State
Monitoring of Mineral Resources Status (OAO Permgeomonitoring) and in May 2008
in was reformed into OOO Permgeomonitoring.
Main Company’s business targets are:
– Informational support of Perm Territory Administration and Ministry of Mineral
Resources of the RF on the status of geological environment and prudent management of the geological environment, as well as environmental safety during mineral
resource management;
– State monitoring of geological environment;
– Control over ground water contamination and depletion;
– Administration, coordination and software support to companies involved in geological environment monitoring within the Perm Territory;
– Registration of useful underground water reserves and estimation of their possible
utilization;
– Establishment of a territorial database of geological environment monitoring;
– Development of an integrated analytical and information system of geological environment monitoring within the Perm Territory.
To fulfill these objectives the Company executes the following activities:
– Collection, analysis, processing and systematization of geological, hydro-geological,
mining, processing, water balance and other information related to environmental
control and resource management;
– Development and compilation of programs, design and budget estimation related
to geological environment monitoring programs, hydro-geological, geo-ecological
studies and their implementation;
– Estimation of fresh, mineral and technical underground waters flow rates/resources
at water intake points;
– Geo-ecological studies of any nature;
– Development of feasibility studies, summaries, recommendations on most efficient
management and protection of mineral resources and water bodies, location of
artificial waste disposals and dumps;
– Development and introduction of a territorial-level informational and analysis subsystem for geological environment monitoring within the RF USEMS;
– Preparation of hydro-geological, geotechnical and geo-ecological maps;
– Creation of databases covering underground water reserves and their management,
dangerous geological processes and their development;
– Delivery of information to interested companies and mineral developers on geological environment status, as well as about eventual emergencies related to geological
environment changes;
– Development of programs dedicated to safety and rehabilitation of geological environment and water bodies;
– Design audit as regards geological environment monitoring and control.
I N S I G H T
I N T O
R U S S I A
155
1/14/09 8:51:24 PM
SPETSGEOLOGORAZVEDKA
OOO
C O N T AC T S :
A DDR ESS:
GEOLOGIC
AND PROSPECTING ACTIVITIES
2, UL. SEDOVA, TULA
300028 RUSSIA
PHONE: +7 (4872) 353 686,
359 003; FAX: +7 (4872) 350557
S
Vladimir
Zubchenko
CEO
Zubchenko graduated from the
Dnepropetrovsk Mining Institute
in 1976. He worked in geological
prospecting expeditions in Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan,
West Ukraine and Moscow
Region, participated in geological
prospecting for the national-scale
project of the Yavansky Chemical
Plant in Tajikistan. In mid-80s
he drilled freshwater wells for
borderline kishlaks (villages)
and frontier posts in the Eastern
Pamir. Vladimir is Corresponding Member of the International
Academy of Social Sciences and
Chair of the Tula Regional Branch
of the Russian Geologic Society.
An initiator of a song festival
dedicated to the Geologist Day
(2004), he organized a real high
day not only for his colleagues
but for all lovers of guitar poetry.
For the five years the festival
gained popularity, becoming
an interregional event; OOO
Spetsgeologorazvedka remains
its chief organizer and sponsor.
In 2007 the Ministry of Natural
Resources of Russia decorated
Zubchenko with the “First Class
Prospector” breastplate.
156
petsgeologorazvedka was established by a group of colleagues headed by V. V. Zubchenko in 1994. Zubchenko had already had vast experience of geologic practice
and management gained in multiple regions of the Soviet Union. The new firm
rented a drilling machine and started drilling new and repairing existing water wells
for different companies. Later the Company bought out the drilling machine, purchased
other equipment, increased the staff, and started systematic expansion of its activities.
The Company met its 15th anniversary with some results to boast of. It would take several
pages just to list all the types of drilling, prospecting, groundwater survey, hydrologic,
geophysical, survey and design work our team performs today. We will name only some of
them here: groundwater studies for protection and replenishment of subsurface waters,
estimation of human-caused environmental impact caused by injection of industrial sewage into aquifers, construction of surface and sub-surface water environmental monitoring networks, study of exogenous processes in the natural environment and in populated
areas, collection, summary and analysis of historic data on the environmental situation
and forecasts of its possible changes. The rise of the national economy boosted up the
demand for such services as geological engineering survey for industrial and residential
construction, oil and gas pipelines, water pipelines, roads, etc.; as the land plots are gradually put into circulation on the market, the need to determine and fix the lot lines and
their registration in the cadastre grows, too.
V. V. Zubchenko says that geology is a mega-science covering a variety of adjacent
sciences, uniting quite different fields and methods of work. That provides for the great
number of activities that OOO Spetsgeologorazvedka is involved in and for its great potential of further growth, impossible without innovations.
At present the Company has a large fleet of equipment, a certified soil lab and
a chemical lab, an optimum store of drilling apparatus and heavy machinery, state-of-theart digital appliances, satellite positioning systems and latest software. But the Company’s
principal resource is its professional team, with its core formed by field experts with
university education and 15 to 30 years of working experience.
OOO Spetsgeologorazvedka works in many regions of Russia, including the Tver Region, Krasnodar Territory, the Republic of Bashkortostan, etc. The Company is involved
into a battery of studies within the regional targeted programs for Environment and
Natural Resources of the Tula Region, 2007–2011 and Reduction of the Risks and Remediation of the Consequences of Natural and Human-Caused Emergencies in the Tula
Region, 2008–2010; it manages the environmental monitoring programs at the closeddown coal mines and pits of the Moscow Coal Basin. In 2008 the Company successfully
completed works under a federal contract (survey for fresh groundwater in the valley of
the Krushma River, Aleksin District, Tula Region, to be used for water supply to Tula).
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H E A LT HC A R E
1/14/09 8:51:25 PM
A DDR ESS:
MALAVIT
FIRM, OOO
HEALTHCARE
HTTP://WWW.MALAVIT.RU
49, ZMEINOGORSKY TRAKT,
BARNAUL, ALTAI TERRITORY
656045 RUSSIA
C O N T AC T S :
PHONE/FAX: +7 (3852) 68 5544
D
Viktor Dvornikov
CEO
Viktor Dvornikov is Doctor
of Sciences in biology
and a professor of integrative
medicine. He bears the titles
of an Honored Inventor of Russia and Labor Hero of Russia.
He is a member of the Russian
and European Academies
of Natural Sciences and a number of Russian and foreign
academies. He is decorated with
the Order of Peace (2nd class)
and Vernadsky Star (the highest
award of an international
academic union); he was
laureate of Ludwig Nobel Prize
and National Patrimony Prize
2006. He was elected into
the Territory’s Public Chamber
(a public consultative body)
of the second convocation.
158
evelopment and usage of medicines based on natural raw materials has become
one of the most promising fields of development of world clinical and preventive medicine in the latest decades. Among the Russian companies working in
the field OOO Malavit Firm is one of the leaders.
The company’s founder, architect, and CEO is Viktor Dvornikov. Having graduated
from the Altai State Medical Institute, Dvornikov plunged into research in new approaches
to cancer treatment. In 1990 Viktor created Malavit, a unique highly efficient broad spectrum health-improving medicine with 37 natural ingredients based on structured water.
In order to initiate its industrial production and implementation of other scientific
projects Viktor Dvornikov founded OOO Malavit Firm together with Tatyana Dvornikova, a member of the European Academy of Natural Sciences (Hanover) and Yury Nikolayevich Yastremsky, an Honored Inventor of Russia.
Today the Company produces the Malavit line of medicines: a soap, a cream gel,
a toothpaste, anti-cellulite and children’s creams, articulation creams and a shampoo created under Dvornikov’s original Malavit technology. In the near future the firm is going to
produce cloudy cosmetics and toners, washes, suppositories, and bioactive supplements.
Besides, from 2007 on the firm is involved in the development of the project of global
water treatment at water intakes and industrial wastewater drainages of large cities, development of tourism infrastructure in the Mountainous Altai, and bottling of pure potable water.
One confirmation of the Company’s high achievements was the opening of Malavit
Center – the Altai Research Center of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences. In 2007 OOO
Malavit Aqua was registered, along with the Malavit Altai Research Center of Water Research.
The employees of the Centers study the structure and biological functions of water, methods
of its cleaning from the “information smog,” develop new power, power-saving and information technologies and alternative energy sources. Malavit Firm has developed prototypes of
mini-hydroelectric power stations enabling larger power and simpler designs as compared
to the existing technical solutions. In November 2007 Malavit was one of the representatives
within the Russian Delegation at World Energy 2007, Rome. Besides, Malavit management
took active part in the joint Russian-Australian Business Forum “Innovation in building our
economies and linking Russia and Australia” (Brisbane, September 5–6, 2007).
Working over the Malavit technology, the Company has received more than 80 titles
of protection for inventions, useful models, and industrial designs.
The results of Malavit research and production repeatedly got high estimates at innovation and investment expositions in Russia, Germany, Belgium, France, Switzerland,
and other countries. The Company’s activities were acknowledged with the National
Patrimony Prize 2006 and the Golden Medal for Guarantee of Quality and Safety (2005
and 2007). In 2007 the International Club of Business Leaders awarded the Company
with the title of a Leader of the Russian Business. Viktor Dvornikov was decorated with
numerous orders and medals for his significant contribution to the protection of the national health. In March 2008 he was awarded the Labor Hero Order in the Kremlin.
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A DDR ESS:
LABORATORY
NIZAR
HEALTHCARE
HTTP://WWW.NIZAR.RU
6, 1-Y DOROZHNY PR.,
MOSCOW, RUSSIA
C O N T AC T S :
PHONE/FAX: +7 (495) 916 9695
N
Umar Akhsyanov
President
A professional doctor,
Umar Akhsyanov is the founder of the Nizar Laboratory
and first president of the Russian Perfume and Cosmetics
Association. He participated
in research in the laboratory
of bioactive emulsions
of the Central Institute
of Hematology and Blood
Transfusion, upholding his
PhD thesis on the subject:
Application of fluorocarbon
emulsions as an oxygen-carrying blood substitute. Akhsyanov
is the author of over 100 publications and patents, including
those on using bioactive emulsions in cosmetology and medicine and on using apparative
cosmetology equipment.
I N N O V A T I O N
izar Laboratory was founded in 1991, stemming from the laboratory of bioactive
emulsions of the Central Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion and
Institute of Blood Substitutes and Hormonal Agents. The research experience
accrued in the field of creating emulsions and liposomal preparations largely predefined
the initial direction of the company development – application of scientific knowledge
for development and production of new modern cosmetic preparations and cosmetic
semiproducts under world highest standards.
The research laboratory has always been the chief generator of Nizar’s ideas. It is
here that the current principal activity of Nizar – creation of highly active carrier nanosystems acting as bioactive substances and universal carriers of active substances and
related cosmetic preparations – stemmed from its fundamental research.
The research team of Nizar consists of highly qualified employees, scientists of different specializations – doctors, biologists, chemists, process engineers, including PhDs
in medicine, biology, and chemistry.
According to the statement of the International Institute of Industrial Property,
the estimated result of the company’s intellectual activity for 2001 exceeded RUR 200
million. This result was confirmed by the certificate issued by the Institute.
The research team of Nizar actively cooperates with the leading scientific organizations of Russia and the CIS. Through 17 years of the laboratory activity more than
500 cosmetic preparations and more than 50 nanodisperse semiproducts were developed, tested, and certified. Among fundamentally new inventions which are used for
cosmetic production until today the following can be highlighted: liposomal dispersions with 80 to 250 nm particles, nanoemulsion forms of oxygen carriers based on
perfluorocarbon and silicone emulsions, and an oxygen mineral water complex with
high content of Karlovy Vary mineral salt, a component that influences oxygen and
carbon dioxide delivery and biological activity.
Recent achievements in the field of nanotechnologies and nanoparticles include
the third-generation nanosystem NizaCell™. The internal structure and functionality
of this multiple nanoemulsion of silicone compounds resembles a living cell with W/O
emulsion having particle sizes from 60 to 90 nm.
Another one is the Nizazol™ micellar preparation, which consists of minute particles
(20–50 nm) containing different bioactive substances. The micelle form of bioactive substances increases skin application efficiency from 5 to 10 times.
Nizar Laboratory has 25 patents of the Russian Federation and multiple scientific
publications in Russian and international journals.
The production facilities of Nizar Laboratory are located in the town of Pushchino, Moscow Region. Their capacity comes up to 1.5 million pieces of cosmetic products per month.
Semiproducts manufactured by Nizar are exported to Europe, Asia, America, and
Africa. Up-to-date high-tech equipment of its production workshops enables the laboratory to produce almost any cosmetics. Nizar meets highest Russian and international
standards; it is ISO 9001 certified.
I N S I G H T
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R U S S I A
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1/14/09 8:51:25 PM
ACADEMY
OF BEAUTY
AND HEALTH
HEALTHCARE
A DDR ESS:
C O N T AC T S :
4, UL. NOVAYA IPATOVKA,
PHONE: +7 (499) 745 8813
FAX: +7 (499) 150 8376
M
Marina Larskaya
President, Professor,
Doctor of Sciences
in Medicine, Member
of Russian Academy
of Medical and Technical
Sciences (RAMTN)
160
odern medicine means constant scientific search, highest possible professional
level of doctors, state-of-the-art equipment, and a comprehensive approach to
healthcare organization. I am glad that today Russia has doctors and clinics for
which all these criteria are a reality rather than just another handful of nice words. One
of such clinics is the Academy of Beauty and Health established by Marina Vladimirovna
Larskaya, professor, Doctor of Sciences in Medicine, Member of the Russian Academy of
Medical and Technical Sciences.
For the seventeen years of its existence the clinic has become one of Russia’s leading
medical institutions using laser technologies. Operations and treatment unique for Russia
and for all the world are conducted here, with cutting-edge designs used.
This is not a surprise, as the founder of the clinic, Professor Larskaya, with her
30 years of medical experience, stood at the origins of the world laser medicine. She is
an author of two major discoveries in the field. It is under her leadership that the Academy of Beauty and Health became a No. 1 clinic for treatment of post-operation scars,
burns, accidents, injuries, and animal bites of children and grown-ups.
Professor Larskaya has developed innovational equipment and techniques for treatment
of congenital and acquired defects, aftereffects of injuries, diseases, and operations. Without
any surgical intervention and incisions, with just an endolaser appliance, functions of articulations, intervertebral disks, and muscles can be restored, and vascular defects or tumors
eliminated. Neither the issues of beauty are forgotten here: the endolaser technique makes it
possible to model a new figure, make the face young and neat, and get rid of wrinkles.
Patients from all Russia and many countries, including extra-CIS, come to the Academy for treatment or esthetical correction. Thousands of children and adults have already
managed to regain health and life quality.
A new department of the Academy formed recently is the Clinic of Biolaser Technologies and Autologous Cell Transplantations. To eliminate signs of age and correct esthetic features, we use nanotechnologies. No harmful materials are allowed to enter the organism: we
work with the patient’s own live cells, and the patient is rejuvenated smoothly and naturally.
Such an approach supports the patients’ health, along with making them look better.
The clinic is based on the multiprofile hospital which has all the necessary departments
and services. Besides, it is a basic clinic of the Medical Department of Moscow State University. All that guarantees most efficient performance and safety of all the techniques used.
The clinic is included into the governmental program for nanotechnologies. Professor Larskaya’s designs in the field of laser surgery brought her a state award.
But the president of the clinic is not going to stop at what has been accomplished.
Professor Larskaya is positive that nanotechnologies have an infinite potential in the medicine. In this regard the availability of the necessary equipment is an important factor. Since
the 1980s, when modern laser equipment started to appear, the development of advanced
medical technologies has never ceased. Several discoveries of world importance have been
made in the laser medicine since. All this served as a basis for the emerging field of laser
dermatology, cosmetology, plastic surgery, and reconstructive surgery.
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A DDR ESS:
AKELA-N
OOO
HEALTHCARE
20, 1-Y MICHURINSKY TUP.,
MKRN. SKHODNYA, KHIMKI,
C O N T AC T S :
PHONE: +7 (495) 574 0159, 574 0151
A
Irina Kolesova
CEO
Born in 1957, Irina graduated
from the Moscow Financial
Institute in 1980. She has headed
OOO Akela-N since 1992.
Vladimir Potapov
Director for Research
and Production
Vladimir was born in 1951
and graduated from the Moscow
Bauman Higher Technical
School in 1974. He holds
a PhD degree, is a corresponding member of the Russian
Academy of Medical and Technical Sciences and a laureate
of the Vocation Prize (2008).
I N N O V A T I O N
kela-N was founded in December 1990. Its founders saw as their mission to create
a perfect highly-efficient multi-purpose facility for producing rare noble gases of
ultra-high purity: krypton, xenon, neon, and gas mixtures to be used by different
commercial enterprises. As of the foundation of the company such gases were mostly
used in electrical engineering and electronics, defense and space industry, and in different research institutes and laboratories for fundamental research and development.
It was ten years ago that the team of OOO Akela-N developed a unique technology
of commercial xenon purification for use in medicine. This invention enabled the company to start financing the project for introducing xenon into medicine. This project is of
great importance for healthcare development both in Russia and worldwide.
The clinical trials of medicinal xenon produced by OOO Akela-N under the KseMed® brand, as well as many years of its wide use in medicine, proved its high efficiency
and safety as an anesthetic and discovered quite a range of indications for its use as
a multipurpose medicine.
Unlike other artificial anesthetics, xenon is a natural noble gas safe for the human
organism. The patient recovers from anesthesia in two to three minutes already, with fully
recovered conscience and without any side effects.
In December 2007 the Ethical Committee of the Ministry for Healthcare and Social Development of the Russian Federation issued a permit for holding clinical trials of KseMed® on
children – a unique case as no other medicine in the world was tested on children. The future
trials will enable xenon use not only in the child surgery, but also in obstetric anesthesiology
where doctors work with two patients, the newborn baby and the mother, at a time.
Apart from the principal indication of xenon usage as an anesthetic, its use as a multipurpose medicine is developing actively. Xenon therapy treats the most terrible illnesses
of the 21st century efficiently; thus, it can be used to influence the human immune system,
making it use inner resources for recovery, for example, when treating AIDS, drug addiction and alcoholism. KseMed® usage for treating stresses and depressions should also be
mentioned; this application is actively used in military medicine and in emergencies.
The extensive work done by OOO Akela-N in the field of how xenon influences the human organism was highly estimated by the Ministry for Healthcare and Social Development of
the Russian Federation. V.N. Potapov who heads this field of research was awarded the Vocation Prize for Best Doctors of Russia (2008) in the nomination of a New Field in Medicine.
OOO Akela-N, the only producer of medical xenon in Russia, is continuing targeted financing of comprehensive study of xenon influence on the human organism and
search of new fields where it can be applied in medicine.
OOO Akela-N has a gas analysis laboratory created simultaneously with its foundation.
The laboratory is accredited by the Federal Agency on Technical Regulation and Metrology in Quantitative Chemical Analysis of Medicinal Gases. The accreditation enabled
the laboratory to expand its activates considerably under the auspices of the Ministry
for Healthcare and Social Development of the Russian Federation; at present it is one of
the backbone laboratories in the Ministry system.
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1/14/09 8:51:26 PM
CENTER
OF CLINICAL
NEUROLOGY
OOO
HEALTHCARE
A DDR ESS:
HTTP://WWW.NEUROMED.RU
22–24, NEVSKY PROSP., ST.
PETERSBURG RUSSIA
C O N T AC T S :
PHONE: +7 (812) 314 5884
FAX: +7 (812) 315 7657
A
Elena Ukhanova
CEO
Elena Ukhanova graduated
from the Leningrad Pediatric
Medical Institute in 1980.
She had professional training
under the program “Hospital
Management Professional,”
Stockholm Care, 1996–1997,
and another under the program
“Management in Healthcare,”
Intersectorial Institute of Extension Training and Management
Training of the St. Petersburg
State University of Economics
and Finance, 2003–2004.
She also studied at the work
experience program “Company
management: European experience and innovations” in Germany and Switzerland in 2007.
Ukhanova works as CEO
of the Center of Clinical
Neurology since 2002.
162
specialized neurological out-patient clinic for adults and children, OOO Center of
Clinical Neurology was established in St. Petersburg in 2002. The principal goals of the
Center personnel are to reduce the number of people who become disabled because of
CNS diseases, to assist the rehabilitation of patients, and to help them in their social adaptation.
As cerebrovascular pathology holds the first place in Russia in terms of residual disability cases, cardiac neurology became the first specialization to be developed by the Center.
Born on the verge of two fundamental sciences, neurology and cardiology, cardiac neurology requires profound knowledge and constant self-development. The Center has been
therefore allocating funds for financing professional training of its specialists (at extension
courses and at seminars arranged by the Center itself) since the moment it was founded.
Developing optimal criteria of diagnostics and treatment of epilepsy is another area
the Center focuses on. We have studied the experience of our foreign colleagues from
Denmark and Switzerland. This line of work requires further investment.
To date a number of non-invasive diagnostic techniques performed on the existing
equipment (video-EEG, nightly EEG monitoring, electroencephalography with topographic mapping) help make a quick and accurate diagnosis and select the right therapy.
During the first years of the Center’s operation, a special medical record form for
epileptic patients was developed.
The Center performs research on forming and improving medical service quality
standards.
Medical examination tests have been developed for physicians, neurologists, cardiologists, endocrinologists, along with standards for ultrasonic diagnostic tests and functional
diagnostics tests. We use our own standards for medical documents given out to patients.
Time spent for diagnostic and treatment is also studied in order to identify optimum
timing criteria for a given service.
Our flexible pricing policy enables people with different levels of income receive
medical treatment to the extent they choose. For example, diagnostic programs “Cardiovascular system examination in a day” and “Essential hypertension diagnostic program”
we developed are popular both with young people and those in their middle years.
Programs “Thyroid diagnostics” and “Early diabetes mellitus detection” are also being launched successfully.
Programs for observation of children after a perinatal pathology (0 to 18 years of age)
developed by the Center are extremely affordable. Perinatal pathology is another field the
Center works in, because it is such patients that later form the lion’s share of people with
minor neurological problems, and, as a consequence, increase the ranks of those with social
adaptation problems.
At present the Center conducts research on the “health passport” necessary for all Russian citizens. Since 2008, the Center has been designing the work criteria of visiting nurses.
In the course of the Center work, a neuro-ophthalmologist’s consulting room and
a nocturnal sleep laboratory were established.
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I T. C O M M U N I C A T I O N S
1/14/09 8:51:27 PM
CENTER
OF INFRASTRUCTURAL
PROJECTS
ZAO
IT
A DDR ESS:
C O N T AC T S :
HTTP://WWW.CIP.RU
65, UL. PROFSOYUZNAYA,
PHONE: +7 (495) 514 0999
FAX: +7 (495) 514 0998
F
Aleksey Rogachev
Technical Director
Graduated from the department of computer science
and cybernetics of the Lomonosov Moscow State University.
Since 1981 he has been working
in the field of geographic information systems. Since 1994
he was deputy director
of the State Center of Geographic Information Systems
and Technologies. He participated in the development
and commissioning of digital
mapping technologies and coorganized digital map production in the Military Topography
Bureau and the Federal Service
for Geodesy and Cartography,
being in charge of technological
normative document preparation. Rogachev was a member
of the Commission for State
Licensing of Topographic
and Geodesic Service Activity
and the Workgroup of the Subcommittee 211 (geomatics)
of the International Organization for Standardization. Since
2004 he was deputy CEO
in ZAO Center of Infrastructural
Projects, and in 2007 he became
technical director of the Center.
164
ounded in 2000, the Center of Infrastructural Projects (CIP) is focused on implementing decision support systems (DSSs) in management of geographically distributed corporate assets through geographical information technologies.
CIP offers turnkey DSS development, from collecting, processing, and analyzing data
through designing the appropriate models to creating all-inclusive managerial workplaces in a certain domain.
Such DSSs are based upon the Geographically Distributed Resource Integrated
Management System (GDRIMS). This enables wide-ranging analysis and estimation of
the state of different infrastructural objects, forecast of possible changes, and consequent
development of algorithms and techniques of quick decision support for most efficient
management of infrastructural objects.
Technologies offered by CIP make it possible for the customer to acquire up-to-date,
accurate, and full geospatial data and the models of the DSS subject areas needed for successful management of territorial and economic infrastructural units.
The following large customers were the first to order GDRIMS development to the Center:
– OAO Federal Grid Company of RAO UES (OAO FGC UES) – for the set of electricity grids with a voltage of 330 kV and above. At present the projects for creating
the GDRIMS of 220-kV transmission lines with a total length exceeding 90,000 km
for OAO FGC UES are under development;
– OAO Moscow United Electricity Grid Company (OAO MUEGC) for 110–6 kV distribution grids (with a total length exceeding 54,000 km) throughout the Moscow
Region (47,000 square kilometers).
Today CIP holds strong positions on the market of geographic information technologies. Its products find wide application in most diverse areas:
– cadastral management of land and property;
– urban development, zoning, and territory management;
– electricity supply;
– mining and oil extraction;
– forestry and water resources;
– rail and road transport;
– housing and communal services;
– environmental monitoring and weather forecast;
– public security and reacting to emergencies.
The Center of Infrastructural Projects employs more than 200 highly qualified specialists with extensive experience in geographic information systems, meteorology, satellite survey, aerial mapping, computer data processing, and modeling of complex processes.
Many of them have academic degrees.
In 2007 ZAO Center of Infrastructural Projects was awarded its first international
prize for “contribution to the competitive edge of Russia.”
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AEROSCAN
ZAO
IT
A DDR ESS:
C O N T AC T S :
HTTP://WWW.AERO-SCAN.RU
34/63, UL. OBRUCHEVA,
PHONE: +7 (495) 334 9876
FAX: +7 (495) 334 9876
A
Igor Kulikov
CEO
Graduated with honors from
the Kharkov Military Aviation
High School. In 1984 he started
military service in 10th Separate
Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment (Byelorussia); afterwards
he served in reconnaissance
aviation above the Polar Circle,
in Monchegorsk. In 1990
he entered the Gagarin Air
Force Academy (navigation
department) and graduated
with honors in 1993.
In 1993–1996 he did his postgraduate studies in the Air
Force Academy; he is PhD in military sciences and associate
professor. After retirement from
the army he worked in higher
educational institutions and
research institutes of Moscow,
doing research and teaching.
In 2002 he became deputy
CEO of ZAO AeroScan, Moscow,
and from 2004 he is CEO
of ZAO AeroScan. His principal
interests are space-follow-up
control, air survey, geographic
information systems, and applied research in the field
of using different manned
and unmanned aircraft types
in the fuel and energy sector.
I N N O V A T I O N
eroScan was founded in October 2003 as an affiliate of ZAO Center of Infrastructural Projects for air survey of elongated or wide areas. To this end the company
uses advanced technologies and ground and air laser scanning equipment combined with video shooting and digital aerial photography.
Data obtained by ZAO AeroScan make it possible to create the following
IT products:
– 3D digital models of terrain and relief;
– digital high-precision orthophotographic plans;
– digital models of engineering networks.
The Company’s principal service is high-quality 3D technical monitoring of surface
and underground infrastructural objects for different industrial customers and territorial
management.
As of today, the Company employs over 100 specialists, having a good professional
background of ground and aerial photography, on the one hand, and vast experience in
geodesy, air survey, mapping, IT, and geographic information systems, on the other hand.
Due to its high management level and HR potential, the Company became a leader
in terms of the total service worth after the four years of its activity on the air survey
market in Russia. Using aerial laser scanning, the Company surveyed a total of over 70,000
kilometers of elongated and wide (over 40,000 square meters) objects in 2004–2006.
ZAO AeroScan customers are large companies, administrations of certain Russian regions, and municipalities. Among the objects monitored by
the Company for its customers are the following ones:
– high-voltage transmission lines of OAO Federal Grid Company of the Unified Energy
System (OAO FGC UES) and distribution grids of OAO Moscow United Electricity
Grid Company (OAO MUEGC);
– route of the East Siberia – Pacific Ocean oil pipeline.
One of the few Russian companies to successfully master and use laser
scanning technologies, ZAO AeroScan actively promotes its proprietary invention, a unique 8-channel integrated air survey suite that offers:
– an aerial laser scanner;
– photo and video equipment;
– IR and UV cameras;
– a broadband radio frequency recorder;
– data collection and processing systems.
ZAO AeroScan was the first in Russia to start using airships for air survey.
ZAO AeroScan offers 3D technical monitoring and data collection in any region
of Russia, enabling its clients to solve a virtually unlimited range of tasks for managing
however composite infrastructural units.
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1/14/09 8:51:27 PM
CENTER
OF INFRASTRUCTURAL
PROJECTS
ZAO
Scanning the Reality.
Formatting the Life.
Controlling the Future.
166
Infrastructural solutions: a unique chance
ZAO Center of Infrastructural Projects (CIP) is a unique company that combines
the processes of management, control, optimization, and maintenance of however complex infrastructural objects.
The infrastructural management know-how components include:
– continual systematic monitoring of the area and all objects with high-tech methods
of earth remote sensing used;
– sorting and optimization of structures that store the collected data based on comprehensive IT solutions;
– automated management of multiprofile groups of service and maintenance of infrastructural objects.
What is efficient infrastructure management?
Comprehensive usage of techniques developed and offered by CIP enables revolutionary
growth of efficiency of construction and operation of complicated infrastructural projects.
1. Systematic inventory-taking, registration and control of data on objects can make
land and property accounting and management much more profound, accurate, and
relevant. The efficiency of such accounting (up to 15%) boosts up the market price of
the objects radically, makes capital expenditure appraisal more adequate, and enables
a more precise tax policy.
2. Economical management of maintenance and repair (M&R) makes it possible to
achieve the following important results:
– a transition from the planned/preventive M&R scheme to status-triggered M&R
where only those sites are subject to M&R that really need it;
– efficient organization of maintenance teams due to shutdown of redundant operations and random checks, status-triggered works, and unbiased accounting and
control of costs and labor;
– total savings of up to 20% of the costs under the traditional scheme.
3. Optimization of material supply, procurement, and stock-keeping provides a considerable saving rate (depending on the infrastructure scope and material and equipment cost).
4. Insurance risks are considerably reduced due to the continual infrastructure
monitoring.
5. Construction becomes more profitable with 15% of the total construction budget
saved through unbiased control of all the stages of design and construction.
Russia: a country which is all infrastructure
Russia has traditionally been a country of large industrial companies and natural
monopolies, which formed the backbone of the efficient national development from
generation to generation, from the Baltic Sea to Sakhalin.
The backbone sectors of the national economy – oil and gas extraction, electricity
supply, railroad transport, telecommunications, metal processing, the defense industry,
agriculture and construction – all need global infrastructural networks. The unified energy system, the gas transporting network, Russian railroads that have been all forming
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for decades and the new telecommunication network which is being formed now are of
strategic importance in terms of both economy and national security.
At the same time heads of large corporations and regions of Russia have to
face a host of infrastructural problems which need quick and clever solutions.
The sore spots of the Russian economic system are, in both the nationwide
and local aspects:
– wear of basic production assets and infrastructure created as long ago as in the Soviet epoch;
– need for a comprehensive upgrade, in fact for a new industrialization of the country
after the transformational socio-economic crisis of the 90s;
– underdeveloped transport and logistic communications and a tremendous length of
trunk lines (tens of thousands of kilometers);
– the necessity to make real-time management decisions without stopping complex
industrial and transport systems stretched over millions of square kilometers, in
different time zones, regions, and climates;
– global tasks stemming from the economic growth of the recent years in Russia, that
is, large-scale projects in industry and construction, often involving development
and operation of infrastructure, sometimes in harsh conditions.
Environment: challenges and opportunities
As the economy is gradually developing, creating and using environmentally friendly,
resource-saving technologies is accruing more and more importance.
Preservation and rebirth of Russia’s nature has been acknowledged as a key priority of
the governmental policy. “The environmental problems should be discussed practically and
persistently, and nature protection should be made a systematic everyday duty of the governmental powers at all levels,” Vladimir Putin has emphasized.
The only possible way out of the difficult environmental situation is
based on comprehensive innovational solutions in analysis, assessment, and
development of the infrastructure of any possible complexity. A systematic
approach to solving environmental problems based on an infrastructural
analysis, design, and management requires:
– continual monitoring of the environmental situation in each region and in the entire country;
– new efficient means of controlling emissions and meeting the environmental safety
requirements;
– environmental-friendly design of large industrial, transport, urban development,
and other infrastructural objects.
Today’s opportunities of studying, designing and controlling global infrastructural
systems make it possible to reach a qualitatively new and higher level of building the human environment. Infrastructural design and infrastructural management enabling multifactor analysis (with the environmental component analyzed, too) are bound to play
a key role in this process.
I N N O V A T I O N
I N S I G H T
I N T O
R U S S I A
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1/14/09 8:51:27 PM
AR TEKHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH
OOO
IT
A DDR ESS:
C O N T AC T S :
HTTP://WWW.ARTECH.SU
9, SH. ENTUZIASTOV, MOSCOW
111024 RUSSIA
PHONE.: +7 (495) 916 9732
FAX: +7 (495) 727 1685, 727 1684
A
Alexander
Sadchikhin
CEO
Sadchikhin graduated
from the faculty of experimental and theoretical physics
of the Moscow Engineering
Physics Institute in 1976.
He holds a D.Sc. degree
in engineering, as well
as a degree in physico-mathematical sciences. Sadchikhin
co-authored over 100 scientific
works and inventions. One
of his inventions won silver
and bronze medals at international invention exhibitions
in Geneva and Brussels.
On successful completion of his
postgraduate studies, he joined
the staff of the Moscow Research
Institute of Instrumental Automatics. In 1984 he was appointed
the head of a new laboratory
that was created in the institute
with a view to developing new
technologies in the field
of projection systems. Since 1991,
he has been occupying leading
positions in non-state companies
created by him with a focus
on development and manufacturing projection display systems
utilizing new physical principles.
Since 1994, he has been working
in his current position.
168
R Technological Research (also known as ARTI, from its Russian acronym) is a Russian company that specializes in developing multiple-user composite screen systems (video walls) and integrated systems based on such video walls that are used
in situation centers, urban safety video monitoring systems, and various decision-taking
centers. The company designs and commercially produces projection cubes with 50”, 67”,
84”, 100”, and 120” screen diagonals that are used as components in large composite
screens (video walls), and video processors for controlling the image on the display units.
Some of the company’s customers (the General Directorate for Special Programs of
the President of the Russian Federation and the Federal Bodyguard Service of Russia) requested that the company should minimize the gap between images on component displays in video walls that were planned to be installed in governmental facilities. To solve
this problem, ARTI developed and patented a technology for mounting acrylic screens
that was named “Images without borders.”
The patented technology is based on the principle of mechanical compensation of
inter-screen gaps by means of specially designed springs. With this technology, the mechanical gap between screen sides can be reduced to 0.02-0.05 mm. The gap is stabilized for the thermal expansion quotient of modern screen materials. At the same time,
the company solved the problem of thermal distortion of the screens’ geometry, which
had been previously caused by differences in properties of the screen material and those
of the mounting hardware. As a result, the screens can now be used within a wide range of
temperatures without any distortion (they have been tested at temperatures ranging from
+5°C to +50°C). The patented technology has advantages over foreign technologies both
in terms of the working temperature range and in terms of the width of gaps between
images of individual projection cubes. Another very important thing is that in practical
implementation of this technology (unlike with similar foreign technologies) there is no
need to use any precision machining technologies in manufacture of video-cubes.
In 2004, the company completed designing an earthquake-proof version of its projection cubes for use in power unit control panels and at local emergency centers of
nuclear power plants. These cubes can withstand an earthquake of VII degree (MSK-64
scale) at heights of up to 10 meters, which is equivalent to a shock of VI degree (on
the MSK scale) at a height of 20 meters.
Hardware and software solutions developed by our company have been installed
in the situational center of the President of the Russian Federation, situational centers
of Russian regions, at sites belonging to the General Directorate for Special Programs of
the President of the Russian Federation, at the prototype international environmental
safety situation center that has been created as a part of a program of the Russia–NATO
Council, and at facilities of the Russian Defense Ministry. In implementing our solutions,
we pay special attention to seamless integration of our specially developed software
(used for displaying information on group-use screens) into various information analysis
systems. The management system developed by ARTI can be adapted to any tasks set by
the customer.
N E W
E C O N O M Y :
1/14/09 8:51:27 PM
A DDR ESS:
COMCOR
(AKADO
TELECOM)
OAO
COMMUNICATIONS
HTTP://WWW.AKADO-TELECOM.RU
REGISTERED OFFICE ADDRESS:
PAVILION 4, ALL-RUSSIAN
EXHIBITION CENTER, MOSCOW
129223 RUSSIA
PLACE OF PERFORMANCE:
15, MKR. 29, 3 DOROZHNY PR.,
C O N T AC T S :
PHONE: +7 (495) 411 7171;
FAX: +7 (495) 411 7151
M
Denis Lobanov
CEO
Lobanov graduated from
the Bauman State Technical
University, and later completed postgraduate studies at
the Moscow State Academy
of Instrument Making
and Informatics (1994).
Ph.D. in technical sciences.
From 1997 to 2004, he worked
in the Moscow State Telephone
Network. From June 2004
to January 2005, he headed
the Territorial Development
Service of OAO Central Telegraph. In January 2005 he returned to the Moscow State Telephone Network as the Head
of its Sales Division, and later
was appointed the Head
of the Service Delivery Division.
In July 2006 he became a Deputy
General Director for Commercial Activity in the Moscow State
Telephone Network, and worked
in that capacity until February
2008, when the shareholders
meeting of OAO Comcor
approved his appointment
as the CEO of OAO Comcor.
I N N O V A T I O N
oscow Telecommunication Corporation (COMCOR) is the largest communication services provider and the leading company in the telecommunication
market in terms of technological solutions. The company was founded in June
1992. Since April 2008, OAO COMCOR has been operating under the trademark of
AKADO Telecom. It is a part of a telecommunication holding named the AKADO Group
of Companies (ZAO Akado) that specializes in providing integrated telecommunication
services including television, Internet access, and telephone services.
Today, the network of AKADO Telecom is one of the world’s largest metropolitan area
network in terms of the volume and diversity of it services and spread of its communication lines. The total length of communication lines is over 18,000 kilometers; one-third of
all buildings in Moscow are connected to the AKADO network. Services of AKADO Telecom
cover all of Moscow and the territory within 30–50 kilometers around it.
The company is a diversified telecommunication operator in the Moscow communications market, offering different types of solutions of varying complexity for different
types of customers, including large companies, small and medium-sized businesses, and
communication service providers. With its integrated toolset including both classic and
cutting-edge technologies (Metro DWDM, 10 Gigabit Ethernet, MPLS, VPLS, SDH) as well
as systems for video broadcasting via CATV and over-IP networks, AKADO Telecom can
develop flexible and scalable communication solutions and offer sets of services that
exactly match the needs of their customers.
The company offers services in the following areas: data transfer, Internet access,
digital telephony, corporate networks, data protection, datacenter cervices, dedicated
digital communication channels, broadcasting TV signals, and transmitting digital audio
and video content.
AKADO Telekom cooperates with construction companies and owners of real estate
used for business purposes, offering them to install modern integraed telecommunication infrastructure in commercial real estate of any size or purpose.
A special flexible pricing system has been developed for ISP companies. The network infrastructure of AKADO Telekom enables telecommunication operators to extend
coverage areas of their own networks and diversify their services while maintaining high
levels of accessibility and manageability of their services.
AKADO Telekom owns a modern datacenter for hosting corporate Internet resources and corporate information storage systems, etc.
Banks and financial companies of the Moscow Region can use the COMCOR-Bank
network to access the payment system of the Bank of Russia for performing real-time
online payments, or to connect to various financial or information services.
AKADO Telekom offers infosecurity solutions (both individualized and standard
ones) based on centralized protection tools. The company has all required licenses to
provide confidential information protection services, and infosecurity standards of its
network comply with high-level official security requirements.
I N S I G H T
I N T O
R U S S I A
169
1/14/09 8:51:28 PM
COMLINK
TELECOM
OOO
COMMUNICATIONS
A DDR ESS:
HTTP://WWW.COMLINKTEL.RU
35, UL. DEKABRISTOV,
ST. PETERSBURG 190121 RUSSIA
C O N T AC T S :
PHONE: +7 (812) 329 6700
C
Sergey Gorelov
CEO
Aleksey
Mikhaylov
Commercial Director
170
omlink Telecom can be cited as an example of a successful small enterprise.
The company whose creation was financed with personal funds of its two cofounders has been successfully working in the telecommunication market of St.
Petersburg for more than seven years now, competing with largest telecommunication
corporations of the city.
Comlink Telecom offers the most up-to-date digital communication services:
– 100 Mbit/s Internet access over a leased line;
– data transfer, connection of offices into a VLAN or VPN;
– connecting customers to St. Petersburg phone lines and allocating intra-city phone
numbers;
– access to long-distance calls (including international ones);
– e-mail, web site hosting, dial-up connection.
Today, over 700 large businesses are customers of Comlink Telecom, and the company’s
own optical fiber network covers most of St. Petersburg. The list of subscribers of Comlink
Telecom includes construction corporations, business centers, state-owned enterprises and
organizations, banks, vendors of computers and office equipment, travel companies, media,
and many other types of businesses. Every month, Comlink Telecom connects up to 30 new
corporate customers to its network. “Innovations are the cornerstone of Comlink Telecom’s
success,” says the company’s commercial director Alexey Mikhailov.
First of all, he means technological innovations: Comlink Telecom was among the first
companies to use state-of-the-art optical fiber communication lines. It was also one of
the first telecommunication companies to implement the triple-play service in its network, and its monitoring system is capable of tracking performance of every single node
and client, which ensures that the communication service is smooth and uninterrupted.
The second area where innovations are used is the company management. Comlink
Telecom has built an efficient team of managers and specialists who have the knowledge
and training required to implement innovations and cutting-edge communication technologies and to keep the equipment working without any interruptions or downtime.
The management structure created by Comlink Telecom can successfully manage
a telecommunication operator company of any size. In the nearest future, Comlink Telecom plans to offer its services at the regional Russian markets and to open offices in all
Russian cities with population of above 100,000.
And the third area of innovative activity is the client service. The company was able
to find an individual approach to each customer’s problems, and it makes sure that any
questions or requests receive immediate attention at any hour of day and night. As a result, customers of Comlink Telecom are extremely loyal to their service provider.
Experts believe that owing to innovations, Comlink Telecom is rapidly developing, and
that in two or three years it can grow from a small local communication service provider to
a large national-scale telecommunication company. Comlink Telecom benefits from the favorable state of affairs on the Russian communication market, from the high innovative potential
of the company, and from the support of small and medium-sized businesses by the state.
N E W
E C O N O M Y :
1/14/09 8:51:28 PM
DENCOM
OOO
COMMUNICATIONS
A DDR ESS:
C O N T AC T S :
HTTP://WWW.DENCOM.RU
2, KOMMUNALNY PR., KHIMKI
141400 RUSSIA
PHONE: +7 (495) 573 3374;
FAX: +7 (495) 572 6444
D
Denis Ermakov
CEO
Working at a motor transport
enterprise, Ermakov rose from
a metalworker to a foreman
within two years. Since 1995
he worked as a self-employed
business person. In 2003
he created OOO DenCom,
a manufacturing company
he has headed since.
Every step a person makes should
be bound to a particular goal.
Our goal is to establish a Russian production facility matching world’s best analogs
and meeting both civil
and military requirements.
If you are interested in the field,
if we have similar objectives –
we will be glad to hear from you!
I N N O V A T I O N
enCom manufactures wireline and wireless communication equipment, hearing
protection devices, and safety helmets.
Working on the market of professional communication equipment for several
years, we saw that Russian manufacturers virtually vanished from the activity. The market
was flooded by imported equipment, often not of a very high quality but cheap and
looking nice.
After several years of work on the market we decided to start small-scale manufacture
of equipment, based on the operation conditions and requirements set by our customers.
At first it seemed an unreal dream to compete with cheap Asian analogs. But eventually we won customers who appreciated the quality of out products – a fact which gives us
confidence. Now we know that manufacturing quality Russian products is worth trying.
Another step forward was the launch of two new lines: hearing protection communication devices and safety helmets.
However different the areas may seem, they are in fact closely related. There are a lot
of activities where such equipment is in great demand. Virtually any enterprise has areas
with noise level that can be dangerous for personnel. Deafness is an insidious disease
which comes unnoticed little by little.
Moreover, when the noise level is high, certain information or orders can be misheard, which, once again, may affect product quality and people’s safety.
Our hearing protection devices solve both problems at a time, providing:
– Comfortable communication in small groups and plant-wide.
– A hot link to expert technicians.
These factors are quick to influence the performance, in terms of both quality and
speed. We offer a wide range of wireline and wireless solutions.
Our mission is to seek new solutions, diversify the product range and reach the level
of world’s best analogs.
Safety helmets are a new and promising area for us. To date we have developed
a number of helmet models for different sports; apart from head protection, they can also
serve as a communication facility.
The experience we have gained enabled us to start designing a safety helmet for civil
aviation pilots, a task undertaken at the initiative of the Ministry of Civil Aviation.
Prior to commercial manufacturing, we submit the prototypes for test use; based on
test use results, adjustments are made to the design.
I N S I G H T
I N T O
R U S S I A
171
1/14/09 8:51:29 PM
GEYSER
SCIENTIFIC AND
PRODUCTION
COMPANY, OOO
COMMUNICATIONS
A DDR ESS:
C O N T AC T S :
HTTP://WWW.GEYSER.RU
13, UL. VOLNAYA, MOSCOW
105118 RUSSIA
PHONE: +7 (495) 784 6330
FAX: +7 (495) 784 6329
G
Viktor Koval
CEO
Victor A. Koval graduated
from A.F. Mozhaysky Military
Engineering Institute and the
Institute of Business Administration in the Academy of National
Economy under the Government
(in Strategic Management).
He also studied in the Rotterdam
Management School of the Erasmus University. He has more
than 10 publications in industry
periodicals and proceedings
of international conferences
on optimum usage of available
frequencies, problems of wireless access development, and
satellite communications.
172
eyser Scientific and Production Company was founded by experts in satellite
communications, navigation, electronics and computer science in 1991. Innovational activity became one of the Company’s top priorities right from the beginning, and now we count multiple solutions which we have brought all the way from ideas
to marketable products.
Today one of the company’s principal innovation fields is the development and
launch of its complex telematics systems Kupol. Satellite navigation systems (GLONASS,
GPS, and GALILEO) and cutting-edge communication technologies (from satellite communication to broadband access) combined with computers and the Internet create
a breakthrough in the interaction with the world.
Information on the status of the object and remote control are now available in
real time, regardless of where the object is actually located, and the Internet enables any
authorized person to access such information from any place with web access.
Our innovational approach drove us to create the telematic platform. A basic solution uniting communications, mapping, navigation, IT, and nanoelectronics, it serves as
a foundation for a family of ready-to-use software and hardware products.
A number of multifunctional smart proprietary user terminals used as end equipment are adapted to specific tasks that different customers face, from personal trackers
small enough to go in a child’s pocket to automated systems used to control coal-mining
bucket-wheel excavators remotely.
Software for user terminals and dispatching systems, developed internally as well,
makes it possible to implement virtually any algorithm of collecting, processing and
analyzing data supplied from different sources, such as analog and digital gauges, instruments and meters, photo and video cameras, etc.). A broad range of end products have
been created based on these algorithms, from democratic systems with Internet access to
multi-layer distributed dispatching systems.
Kupol navigation and telematics systems can be adapted to business processes and
used in different fields involving transport equipment or operation of complex stationary
engineering systems. Kupol-based automated dispatching systems are used in many different activities: in municipal and intercity passenger transport, optimization and control
of freight transportation, automated mining-and-transport equipment control, electricity supply, construction and utilities. When installed, such systems increase the enterprise
performance by 20 to 30 percent, enabling them to cover the initial deployment cost
within six to ten months.
Along with industrial solutions, Geyser Scientific and Production Company has developed and applied search-and-rescue systems (with a possibility to send a signal in
need of immediate aid) and systems for monitoring and detection of birds and animals.
For the Kupol system the company team was awarded a Prize of the Government of the
Russian Federation in science and engineering.
N E W
E C O N O M Y :
1/14/09 8:51:29 PM
A DDR ESS:
MICROM
OOO
IT
HTTP://WWW.MICROM.RU
5/3, UL. FEDOROVA, SURGUT,
KHANTY-MANSIYSKY
AUTONOMOUS DISTRICT – YUGRA
628400 RUSSIA
C O N T AC T S :
PHONE/FAX: +7 (3462) 21 1593
S
Alexander
Kartashev
Director
Kartashev has been trained
as an industrial electronics
engineer at the Tomsk State
University of Management
Systems and Radioelectoronics.
I N N O V A T I O N
ome of the goals faced by present-day Russia include the need to rise to a new
development level and ensure that the process of its economic development remains stable. The leading part in the efforts aiming to achieve these goals belongs
to innovations that can be used to keep upgrading the technical and technological production base, to design and produce new competitive products, and to penetrate the
international market of goods and services.
Information technologies, automated systems, and high-tech manufacturing methods are the factors that form the foundation of an innovative economy.
Integrated, flexible automation accompanied by wide use of information technologies and automated systems is a cornerstone of the innovation-based economy. Therefore, automated high technologies must become the foundation of all structural changes
in the economy of Russian regions and their innovation-related infrastructure.
These are the present-day development principles that are followed by OOO Microm,
a company specializing in developing integrated IT-solutions in the field of automated
control systems and energy saving systems. Such systems can be used by enterprises to
switch to modern production management technologies, which, in turn, will result in
a more rational use of available material and technical resources.
The team of OOO Microm consists of highly trained and skilled specialists. It is because of them that the company has received numerous diplomas for its active work in
creation of energy-saving technologies aiming to boost the efficiency of use of fuel and
energy resources and to encourage enterprises to embark on the path of innovationbased economic development.
The company’s key area of expertise include:
– Design of automated control systems.
– Software development.
– Development of integrated hardware-and-software solutions.
– Assembly and fine-tuning of integrated hardware-and-software units.
– Software user support.
– Warranty and post-warranty service for integrated hardware-and-software units.
The company’s team has developed a number of original solutions in the field of
automated control and energy saving systems.
We have developed and implemented a number of solutions for our final product,
which is an automated integrated software and hardware system with specially designed
software and hardware.
The system featuring highly reliable hardware and software has been fully developed
and is now commercially manufactured.
Today’s market of information technologies and energy saving solutions generates
strong demand for the innovative products created by OOO Microm. By using these
products, municipal housing organizations, oil and gas enterprises, and power companies
will be able to automate a considerable part of their production management processes
and cut down the costs.
I N S I G H T
I N T O
R U S S I A
173
1/14/09 8:51:29 PM
NATIONAL
RADIOTECHNICAL
BUREAU
ZAO
A DDR ESS:
C O N T AC T S :
IT; ELECTRICAL MACHINERY
HTTP://WWW.NRTB.RU
2, 2 SPASONALIVKOVSKY PER.,
PHONE/FAX: +7 (495) 230 1856
[email protected]
I
Viktor Prikhodko
Chair of the Board.
D.Sc. in Engineering,
professor, full member
of the Academy of Security
174
nnovation-based development is contingent on a combination of two key interrelated and interdependent components: scientific advances and new technologies in
which these advances are actualized and which, in turn, provide an incentive for
further scientific research that is demanded by the market.
And the principles of innovation-based development are exactly what ZAO National
Radio-Technical Bureau (NRTB) is using as guidelines in its work. NRTB specializes in
development and sales of integrated solutions in such areas as information technologies,
automated management and communication systems, and ensuring electro-magnetic
compatibility (EMC) of various electronic devices. ZAO NRTB boasts a close-knit team of
highly trained specialists, most of whom have doctorate degrees in technical sciences as
well as academic titles of Professor or Senior Researcher.
The company’s key areas of expertise include:
– Development of software for monitoring and control of automatic equipment at
control centers of various levels.
– Development of integrated software-and-hardware units (including specially developed software) for managing group or single information display systems.
– Design of on-board and ground radionavigation systems.
– Design and construction of wireless communication facilities.
– Ensuring EMC of various electronic devices.
Development of EMC solutions for electronic devices is one of the most important areas
of the company’s work. Scientists of NRTB have created a number of original scientific EMCrelated solutions which have been patented in Russia. For example, the company’s solutions
aiming to ensure EMC of radio communication systems were awarded bronze medals and
diplomas of the French Association of Inventors and Producers (A.I.F.F.) at the international
invention exhibition Concours Lepine in Strasburg (September 2007), and silver medals of
the Brussels Eureka invention contest that was held in Brussels in November 2007 as a part
of the 56th world exhibition of innovation, research, and new technologies Innova Energy
2007. For its high-quality solutions, ZAO NRTB has been awarded a diploma by the Federal
Service for Intellectual Property, Patents, and Trademarks of the Russian Federation.
Results of our development work have been actualized in our final product: an automated integrated software and hardware system with specialized software. The system
is widely used in implementing new radio communication standards (including the 3G
standards), wireless broadband systems, and digital TV.
The specialized software utilizes original methods of electromagnetic field calculation, and it can estimate field strength in specified points or areas (with any emission
angles and any refraction conditions) with a very high accuracy. The software has been
certified in the voluntary certification system for information technologies that are used
in state information resources.
Thanks to its package of technical and technological EMC-related solutions, the company won the ZUBR 2006 national industrial security award and gold medal in the category “General high-tech solutions used in the interests of national defense and security.”
N E W
E C O N O M Y :
1/14/09 8:51:30 PM
SAMARA OPTICAL
CABLE COMPANY
ZAO
COMMUNICATIONS
A DDR ESS:
HTTP://WWW.SOCCOM.RU
9, UL. KABELNAYA, SAMARA
443022 RUSSIA
C O N T AC T S :
PHONE/FAX: +7 (846) 955 1193
T
Alexander
Vyrypaev
CEO
Alexander Vyrypaev graduated
from the Industrial and Residential Construction Department
of the Kuybyshev Engineering
and Construction Institute
in 1975. In 1997 he studied
under the TACIS program in
Belgium and worked in Siemens
and Corning Inc. to gain
experience. In 2002 he finished
the Netherlands Institute
of Marketing (NIMA) and graduated from the State University
of Management. He has worked
for ZAO Samara Optical Cable
Company from the moment
it was founded, as Commercial
Director since 1997 and as CEO
since 2002. He was the winner
of the yearly Best Business
Achievements contest as the Best
Top Manager of the Year.
In 2004 he was elected Member
of the International Academy
of Telecommunications Quality.
In June 2007 he received the
Russian Quality Leader title.
I N N O V A T I O N
he first Russian joint venture producing fiber optic cables, ZAO Samara Optical
Cable Company was founded on April 17, 1997. Its founders included ZAO Samara
Cable Company, a leading manufacturer of copper communication cables in the
CIS, and CORNING Inc., US, a world leader in producing optic fiber.
Since its inception, ZAO Samara Optical Cable Company has supplied over 43,000
km of fiber optic cable without any customer complaints. The company’s customers include operators of Svyazinvest Holding, alternative cable and cellular communication
operators, oil and gas companies, OAO RZD (Russian Railways), electricity supply companies, and broadband access network operators. Optical cables made in Samara lie on the
bottoms of the Volga and Angara Rivers, in the mountains of Urals, Kamchatka, and the
Maritime Territory, in the steppes of Kuban and Kazakhstan, in Siberia and the Far East,
and in many other regions of Russia and the CIS.
The company has developed and successfully introduced an integrated management system, including the quality management system, the environmental management system, and the labor safety management system, which is objectively the best
among optic cable manufacturing plants. This status has been confirmed by the Quality
Award of the Government of the Russian Federation, the highest national award in the
field of quality assurance (Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 739
of December 6, 2003), and MS ISO 9001:2001 and GOST R ISO 9001:2001 certificates,
as well as the international certificate MS ISO 9001:2000 (KEMA).
The integrated management system covers all the processes in the enterprise lifecycle,
from cable design and development through material supplies to acceptance tests and
cable supply to the customers. Samara Optical Cable Company was one of the first companies in Russia (and the only one in the activity) to certify its environmental management
system under GOST R ISO 14001:2004. In May 2007 the product quality assessment within
the Russian Quality Program finished successfully. ZAO Samara Optical Cable Company,
again the only one in the activity, received the Certificate No. 169-tsEP-09-07, issued by the
All-Russian Quality Organization and confirming that the company’s products meet the
highest quality level set by the Russian Quality Program.
The company’s activities were marked with a number of Russian and international
awards.
ZAO Samara Optical Cable Company was the only optic cable manufacturer to win
the chief national prize, “Russian National Olympus,” in 2005. In 2006 the company was
named laureate of the international award “Leader of the Economic Development of
Russia” in the Economic Growth Leader nomination.
In April 2007 the European Public Commission awarding the European Standard
international prize named ZAO Samara Optical Cable Company the winner of this highstatus international award. In May 2008 the company was awarded with the international
“Crystal Drop – Transparency Award” as the Best CIS Company with an Irreproachable
Business Reputation. Another award of ours is the international business prize “National
Economy Elite 2008” whose principal goal is to recognize the achievements of companies successfully working in different fields.
I N S I G H T
I N T O
R U S S I A
175
1/14/09 8:51:30 PM
1/14/09 8:51:32 PM
M AC H I N E RY
A N D EQU IPMENT
1/14/09 8:51:32 PM
CRANE SERVICE
PLUS
OOO
MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT
A DDR ESS:
C O N T AC T S :
HTTP://WWW.BMZ.VOLOGDA.RU
18, POSHEKHONSKOE SH.,
VOLOGDA 160022 RUSSIA
PHONE/ FAX: +7 (8172) 71 5460,
71 5466
B
Dmitry Kobylin
Commercial Director
Kobylin was born in the township of Vychegodsky, Arkhangelsk Region, in 1977.
His career started in 1996,
when he graduated from school
and worked at a plant, entering
the remote education department of the Vologda Polytechnic
Institute (in vehicles and vehicle
servicing) at the same time.
In 1999 he transferred
to the internal department
of the Institute, majoring
in economics and management
at machine engineering enterprises. He worked as an economist for an official distributor
of OAO AvtoVAZ since his 5th year
of study and for a year after
the graduation. Kobylin received
additional professional training
as deputy economic manager of
OAO AvtoVAZ sales network in the
International Market Institute
(Togliatti). In 2005 he entered
APP BMZ (Byvalovo Machine
Engineering Plant Industrial
Enterprise
Association) as a manager
in the sales department; later
he was promoted to the position
of the department head; since
2007 he is Commercial Director
of OOO Crane Service Plus
(within APP BMZ).
178
yvalovo Machine Engineering Plant based in Vologda is an enterprise with enormous experience in the machine engineering market. The plant will celebrate its
65th anniversary in 2008.
The history of the plant starts on November 21, 1943, when an engine repair plant
was created in Vologda based on an existing tractor engine shop. The new facility was
reorganized into a repair plant for engine overhauling and planned maintenance.
The era of crane construction, now a priority activity at the plant, began in 1972. It
was then that the largest gantry manufacturing facility in the North-West of Russia was
launched here. The crane shop opened in 1977, and by 1990 the plant had been producing up to 123 cranes per year.
Mastering new crane types continually, the plant personnel works in close contact
with the principal research institute in the field, VNIIPTMASH (Moscow), ensuring the
high technical level of the equipment produced. The present capabilities of the plant enable building a gantry crane with a lifting capacity of up to 36 tons, height of up to 14 m,
and span of up to 32 m, depending on the customer’s specification. The crane modifications produced at the plant (general, container crane, magnetic cranes, grab cranes, with
fixed or moving cabin) are successfully used at enterprises involved in manufacture of
petroleum products, electricity supply, machine engineering, transport, forestry, construction, agroindustrial production, etc.
All the cranes are equipped with modern safety devices. The plant capacities enable it
to manufacture up to 10 cranes per month, featuring modern design, high loading/unloading performance, simple operation and maintainability. Owing to these strengths, APP BMZ
gantries work reliably in different climates under temperatures from –40°C to +40°C.
The KK-20 and KKD-32 series of cranes are certified by the Gosstandart (Russian
Standard System).
The service department is ready to perform a professional installation of the crane
or to render any repair services if necessary.
Today, the plant is launching new bridge crane manufacturing areas that will utilize
cutting-edge designs, technologies, and equipment.
The plant technical policy is committed to the development of new technologies
and products, along with quality assurance.
The key short-term goal of APP BMZ is to further perfect its quality management
system. As regards the product range, we are going to continue manufacturing familiar
products, enhancing their qualities at the same time. In order to achieve this goal, the
plant is using state-of-the-art technologies in welding and painting. The engineering department is planning to continue further technology development and improvement.
The development and implementation of such a program enables APP BMZ to secure its
strategic positions in manufacturing weight lifting machinery. The company is continuing the
improvement policy within its programs, going ever forward, to highly efficient business.
Respect and care for our partners are the qualities that make our team stand out.
Each of our customers gets an individual project where their individual requirements and
specific features of their production processes are taken into account.
N E W
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1/14/09 8:51:32 PM
C O N T AC T S :
A DDR ESS:
DOROGOBUZHKOTLOMASH
OAO
HTTP://WWW.DKM.RU
PGT VERKHNEDNEPROVSKIY,
DOROGOBUZH DISTRICT,
SMOLENSK REGION 215750 RUSSIA
PHONE/FAX: +7 (48144) 53 400,
51 560
PHONE: +7 (48144) 53 566,
53 245, 54 177
D
Sergey Petrikov
CEO
Petrikov was born in 1958 and
graduated from the Kalinin Polytechnic Institute in 1984, specializing in caterpillar and wheeled
machinery. He started his career
at Dorogobuzhkotlomash in 1992.
In 1994 he was made Commercial
and Financial Director, becoming
Member of the Board in 1998 and
CEO in January 2005.
Sergey has a PhD degree in
Engineering and awards:
“Honorary Constructor” (2004)
and “Leader of the Economic
Development of Russia” (2006).
I N N O V A T I O N
orogobuzhkotlomash (Dorogobuzh Boiler Factory) is a flagship of hot-water
boiler manufacturing in Russia.
Founded in 1962, the factory is advantageously located in the historical heart
of Russia, within 300 km to the west from Moscow, on a large railroad junction near
Moscow–Minsk highway. The factory employs some 900 people.
Our total output exceeds 15,000 hot-water boilers successfully operating at the domestic and foreign market. The company customers include OAO RZD (Russian Railways), the Russian Ministry of Defense, and utility companies of such megalopolises as
Moscow and St. Petersburg, along with industrial centers and small townships.
Highly qualified personnel, intellectual resources, unique designs and technologies,
patents and certificates (both Russian and international, including ISO 9001 and TÜV)
guarantee the quality of OAO Dorogobuzhkotlomash products. The company’s activities
include turnkey services, from design through production and supply to installation and
service maintenance, based on the widest range of heat-and-power engineering products
available in Russia. The production program of the company includes over 75 types and
dimensions of hot-water boilers, from 0.05 MW to 209 MW fired by different types of fuel.
OAO Dorogobuzhkotlomash is a leader in production of boilers PTVM, KV-GM, and
KV-R with their rated power exceeding 10 MW. Such boilers traditionally form the core
of our output. This highly automated energy-saving equipment meets all the latest technical, economic, and environmental requirements.
Since 1997 the company has ranked among the top three Russian manufacturers operating at the national mini boiler market. We offer boilers from 0.05 MW to 7.56 MW and
certified modular boiler plants MK DKM with a total capacity of 0.22 MW to 32 MW.
Confirming its status of a leader of Russian boiler construction, OAO Dorogobuzhkotlomash is continually diversifying its products range based on promising developments
and solutions. For the recent period alone a number of innovational appliances have been
introduced: Vacumatic vacuum boilers, Smolensk three-way water-tube boilers, and a Dorogobuzhkotlomash know-how with no imported analogs, a line of tunnel-design boilers.
Owing to the diversification of manufacturing facilities, Dorogobuzhkotlomash
product range now includes Caterpillar-based gas-piston power stations, waste heat boilers, chillers, portable modular boiler plants for eliminating heating network emergencies,
and multifunctional modular buildings. The potential of the company was revealed when
it launched batch production of steam boilers E-1.0-0.9GM.
Partnerships with world leading manufacturers of burners, boiler accessories, and
boiler automation enable us to offer our customers different supply options featuring
optimum cost/quality ratio, with local operating conditions taken into consideration as
thoroughly as possible.
Apart from its manufacturing business, OAO Dorogobuzhkotlomash actively participates in the life of the region and the country. The company invests into public welfare under the national projects Affordable and Comfortable Housing to Russian Citizens and Modern Healthcare and the program for Roads of Russia which is now under consideration.
I N S I G H T
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1/14/09 8:51:32 PM
A DDR ESS:
ILMA
TECHNOLOGY
ООО
Alexander
Savinkov
General Director
Graduated from School
1964, Moscow, with
a silver medal; in 2004,
graduated in design
engineering from Moscow
State Technical University
MAMI.
180
HTTP://WWW.ILMATECH.RU
4, UL. GEFSIMANSKIE PRUDY,
SERGIEV POSAD, MOSCOW
REGION 141312 RUSSIA
C O N T AC T S :
PHONE: +7 (495) 968 0457
PHONE/FAX: +7 (496) 549 2526
Ilma Technology operates in several key markets:
– Design, supply, and commissioning of extrusion plastic complex production lines
with four types of output: flat decorated furniture edging, drip irrigation hoses,
high-quality homogeneous and heterogeneous PVC floorings for public buildings
and sport facilities, and next-generation cellular glass products;
– Design and supply of recirculation water-cooling systems for all types of facilities,
with energy-saving technologies applied;
– Supply of raw material and recycled waste preparation equipment for plastic production and thermoplastic material recycling equipment;
– Supply of ice arena equipment (quick-built skating-rinks and permanent ice for
sport centers and commercial centers).
Founded in 2003, the company initially specialized in industrial cooling systems
based on European equipment. Then plastic manufacturing facilities became the main
focus of the company, and its product range was diversified again in 2005, when it incorporated systems for granulated polymer raw material preparation and transportation, as
well as polymer recycling equipment.
In 2006 the OOO Ilma Technology management deemed the company ready to start
designing and supplying complex production lines. The specific offer of lines was chosen
based on the affinity of the technology, lack of similar end products on the domestic
market and the market demand.
The present Russian market is witnessing the replacement of imported furniture
edging by domestic products; agricultural companies are starting to be interested in drip
irrigation systems that can increase productivity and raise the profitability of certain
crops. Due to the high rates of business construction and construction of sporting facilities, flooring and transparent roofing materials are promising fields, too.
The OOO Ilma Technology Engineering Department cooperates with equipment
manufacturers, adjusting certain assemblies and helping its European colleagues adapt
the imported equipment to be used in Russia. OOO Ilma Technology also plans to organize production of systems for raw material preparation and transportation within the
next two years.
The Company constantly participates in specialized expositions of construction
technology and plastic manufacturing. Inspired by Russia’s win of the right to host the
2014 Winter Olympics, OOO Ilma Technology launched a new project close to its existing activities, that is, designing and equipping ice arenas. An alliance with Industrial Frigo,
Italy, enables the company to offer virtually any technical solution to the customer, from
regional sporting centers to Olympic-class ice arenas.
OOO Ilma Technology is especially proud of its solutions for skating-rinks in small
townships. The implementation of such projects, possible even with small investment
amounts, makes going in for winter sports possible for population groups with any
income levels.
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1/14/09 8:51:32 PM
A DDR ESS:
LINARES
OOO
HTTP://WWW.LINARES.RU
OFFICE 11, 7, UL. SPORTIVNAYA,
SHCHERBINKA, 142171 MOSCOW
REGION, RUSSIA
C O N T AC T S :
PHONE: +7 (495) 984 7857
PHONE/FAX: +7 (495) 580 2710
L
Igor Filatov
CEO
I N N O V A T I O N
inares started its business in 1997. Originally it was established as a machine-repairing company. At first OOO Linares was providing its services to Swiss SiberHegner
in equipment repair, commissioning and startup. Such cooperation with the Swiss
company, including Linares specialists training by SiberHegner, resulted in unique experience in operations on the international market of hi-tech metal-working equipment.
Further expanding its business, OOO Linares started active supply and servicing of
a diversified range of metal-working equipment.
Today the company acts as a dealer of Taiwanese producers with their strongest
advantage lying in lower – against the European producers – prices along with high
reliability. Korean equipment, above all Ares Seiki and Awea, is well-known throughout
the world with customers based in Germany, France, UK and USA.
OOO Linares provides equipment delivery, custom clearance, warranty services,
training, consulting on equipment selection and purchase. Equipment supplied and serviced by the company includes Matech and Summit turning lathes, Ares Seiki and Awea
milling machines, Top Work grinding machines, Equiptop polishers, Ecowin electrical
discharge machines, etc.
During the recent years the company’s clientele has progressively increased, annual
sales turnover growing by 10 to 15% annually. Among the customers there are quite a few
long-standing partners who purchase our equipment from year to year.
In the near future the company plans to arrange tooling production and then to
start assembly of machines from ready subassemblies purchased from original manufactures. That will cut the taxes and transportation costs, simplify custom clearance and thus
result in lower equipment costs.
OOO Linares decided to open its own production in Staritsa, Tver Region. The prepared facilities will host a sales office and a training center with a total area of approximately 1,000 square meters with a 250-square-meter showroom, and later a 1,300-squaremeter production workshop as well. We are also planning to construct a workshop for
jumbo equipment, mainly for bridge-type machines manufacturing large components
with table dimensions starting from 5 m and above.
In fact, all companies dealing with machine-tool sales are facing one and the same
problem: a company buys a machine, but its specialists cannot run it professionally, which results in unexpected faults and other problems. Willing to reverse the situation, OOO Linares
decided to arrange a training center where customers’ employees can learn how to program
and maintain NC-machines. The classes will be equipped with machines and all comers will
be able to learn to run them. No other Russian supplier has anything similar.
Another advantage of an in-house training center is that the company’s repair specialists can regularly improve their qualification.
Unlike many other equipment suppliers which are focused on sales only, OOO Linares also cares for the usage prospects of the supplied equipment, always eager to open
better opportunities for its customers. The company’s main goal is not to stand still, but
to make continuous progress.
I N S I G H T
I N T O
R U S S I A
181
1/14/09 8:51:33 PM
RUSINNOVACIA
GROUP
A DDR ESS:
C O N T AC T S :
MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT;
ELECTRONIC AND OPTICAL
EQUIPMENT;
FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS
HTTP://WWW.RIWORD.COM1.RU,
WWW.RUSINNTORG.RU
4, KOSMODAMIANSKAYA NAB.,
PHONE: +7 (495) 625 5905,
646 0800
[email protected]
R
Dmitry Orlov
Manager of the Group
Graduated from the Bauman
Moscow Higher Technical
School (the machine engineering faculty) in 1984. Worked
as a scientist in the Central
Research Institute of Chemistry
and Physics until 1995 (during
that period, Orlov completed a number of scientific works
on technology, decision-making
theory, and science history).
Since 1995, headed CEO
of Svyatogor, Altacom, and Rusinnovacia companies specializing in innovation and business
management of manufacturing.
A co-founder and originator
of the project for creating
the Rusinnovacia Group.
182
usinnovacia Group was founded in Moscow in 1999. It specializes in developing
innovative solutions for the industry.
The Group consists of the following companies:
– OOO InnTex ECO: business assets and real estate;
– OOO Systemic Institute of Nanotechnology Research (SINTI): scientific research
and design works;
– OOO KapitalStroy: business asset management;
– OOO Largus+: trading house.
We are creating a network of enterprises to produce spare parts for manufacturers
of robotic systems and machinery, automobiles, and aircraft of the entire world. That is
what the future export potential of Russia is based on.
A complex of processes for casting metals under pressure is based on German experience of creating state-of-the-art ISO 9001 compliant production lines; the new production line, which comprises a complete production cycle, is being implemented at
the modernized foundry facility of OOO InnTex ECO; the profits generated by the line
are expected to gradually reach $70–80 million per year, with the annual output of cast
metals reaching 10–12 tons.
The innovations implemented by our company are aimed at automating the process of casting accompanied by a simultaneous automated analysis of the technological
process which is compared on the fly with the technology standards; in this way, we
ensure high quality of our products and minimize costs, increase productivity, and
automate the metering procedures.
As a part of its innovative work, the Rusinnovacia Group has founded OOO Systemic Institute of Nanotechnology Research (SINTI). SINTI focuses on R&D works aimed at
creating technologies and elements that will serve as a foundation for development of
nanoelectronics, and on implementing the results in the computer industry and the special instrument-making industry.
The Institute is creating a nanotechnology park with a focus on:
– small-scale production of nanostructures (with element sizes ranging from 10 to
130 nanometers) that can be used in making electronic instruments
– small-scale production of very-large-scale and ultra-large-scale integrated circuits.
To achieve that goal, the following tasks should be completed:
– To design an EUV nano lithograph operating at the 13.4 nm wavelength and capable
of working with resolutions of 10–30 nm, and to develop key technologies for
manufacturing such a nanolithograph.
– To design an immersion nanolithograph operating at the 193 nm wavelength and
capable of working with resolutions of 65–130 nm, and to develop key technologies for manufacturing such a nanolithograph.
Since the year 2000, OOO Largus+ has been a trading company within Rusinnovacia
group. After two years of operating in the market of promotional equipment, OOO Largus+
has become Russia’s leader in this segment due to its dynamic marketing policy, a diversified
product mix, and cooperation with the best Russian and foreign subcontractors.
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1/14/09 8:51:34 PM
SIBSELMASH
NOVOSIBIRSK
PRODUCTION
ASSOCIATION, OAO
A DDR ESS:
C O N T AC T S :
38, UL. STANTSIONNAYA,
PHONE/FAX: +7 (383) 341 6101
N
Oleg Kostochkin
CEO
Born in Novosibirsk,
in 1988 Kostochkin graduated
from the Novosibirsk Electrical
Engineering Institute, obtaining
the qualification of a mechanical engineer. Later he received
training in financial management under the Presidential
Program of Professional
Training.
In 1988 he started working
as a foreman in one the
Sibselmash shops. In 1997
Oleg was made Deputy
Director of GUP Sibselmash
Machine Engineering Plant;
in 2003 he became Deputy
Director of FGUP Novosibirsk
Sibselmash Production
Association; since 2007
he works as CEO,
OAO Novosibirsk Sibselmash
Production Association.
I N N O V A T I O N
ovosibirsk Sibselmash Production Association was the largest defense enterprise in
the USSR and a leading manufacturer of trailers for agriculture as well. As the state
military contracts dwindled dramatically in the early 1990s, agricultural machinery
became the main focus of the company. Today our line of agricultural machinery includes:
– Tillage machines: harrows, cultivators, skim plows, etc.
– Seeders: seed-fertilizer seeders and trash seeders.
– Different modifications of tillers and seeders.
Agricultural machinery produced by OAO Novosibirsk Sibselmash Production Association is well known in all the regions of Russia for its reliability and simple usage and
maintenance.
Instead of the military production, the company launched a new product line of
mining equipment. Clever application of facilities and technologies formerly used for defense manufacturing resulted in the gradual growth of the mining equipment percentage
within the total output; it has already outstripped agricultural machinery, reaching 55%.
OAO Novosibirsk Sibselmash Production Association proved itself a leading manufacturer of belt conveyors. Mining equipment we produce complies with all the quality
and safety requirements applicable. Our product range includes the following machines:
– Excavating equipment.
– Chippings transport equipment.
– Equipment for forming surface depots.
– Ore-dressing plant transportation systems.
All our products are certified and compliant with state and interindustry standards.
In order to optimize the manufacturing processes, the company undertakes programs for cost reduction and plant re-equipment.
Committed to the innovational path of the national development, OAO Novosibirsk
Sibselmash Production Association designs and manufactures its products with the new
scientific results and future industrial prospects taken into account. We do our best to
make our products more attractive and competitive. Along with improving the products
currently manufactured, we are looking for investment projects in activities new to us.
I N S I G H T
I N T O
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1/14/09 8:51:35 PM
V.S. GRIZODUBOVA
FLIGHT TESTS AND
PRODUCTION (LIIP)
VEHICLES AND TRANSPORT
EQUIPMENT;
ELECTRICITY SUPPLY;
C O N T AC T S :
A DDR ESS:
ZHUKOVSKIY-5,
PHONE: +7 (495) 556 5015,
556 5486
O
Vyacheslav
Bushuyev
Chair of the Board
Honored Military Pilot
of the USSR, Corresponding
member of the Tsiolkovsky
Russian Academy
of Cosmonautics
Valery
Troshchilov
Vice Chair of the Board
General Designer
for Innovations
Member of the International
Academy of Corporate
Development
184
ur innovation-related work began with the idea that we developed and patented
back in 1978. Our discovery demonstrated that it is possible to improve the ecological condition of the Earth’s atmosphere by more than 60% through lowering
the required thrust of engines, which, in turn, would result in lower emission of poisonous combustion products by engines that operate by oxidizing (i.e. burning) fuel.
That early work continued in developing new thermodynamic cycles of environment-friendly engines for generating thrust without relying on combustion processes. By
that time, the scientific world had realized that the Carnot cycle, which forms the basis
of power generation in the existing civilization, needed a replacement. A Carnot ideal
machine is a simple cylinder with a piston, and its coefficient of performance (COP)
does not depend on what fuel is used in the cycle (which is exactly why the potential of
the thermodynamic cycle is so limited). COP of the best turbines used at power stations
is approximately 35%–40%, and that of internal combustion engines does not exceed
30%. In other words, all that 70% of fuel does is burn atmospheric oxygen without any
useful effect whatsoever, not to mention such side effects as discharge of poisonous gases
and the planet-wide greenhouse effect. It is interesting to recall that Sadi Carnot himself
never denied that the engine science can be further improved. On the contrary, he actually said, “Heat is nothing else that the motive power – or, more precisely, motion that has
changed its form.” We have managed to crystallize that idea in actual designs which have
a potential power-to-motion COP of 95%–97%, and are totally environment-friendly.
Implementation of such processes (there are approximately 4 types of them) demonstrated that it is possible to create aircraft – including those with zero-length launch –
with a very high lift force (8–9 metric tons per square meter of the aircraft surface). This
is more than a tenfold increase as compared to the traditional methods of generating lift
in airplane and helicopter engineering.
And, finally, we came to be convinced that direct transformation of energy into electricity is possible. Methods of modern Russian physics helped to find out that the dominant theory of “frozen” static electricity does not reflect the true picture of the microworld
of electric charges. The idea of “immobility” of charges is a good illustration of absurdity
of those ancient theories that exist since the era of “the king of electrostatics” Nikola Tesla. Modern research into the microworld has discovered colossal spatial non-uniformity
of matter, its micro charges, and micro fields generated by those charges. For example,
nuclear density averages 1014 grams per cubic centimeter, while just outside of the nucleus
matter the density is zero. Electric field of the nucleus at a distance of 0.5*10-8 cm from
the nucleus (the first Bohr orbit) measures E=2*107 CGS units, and outside of an atom
the resultant electric field strength virtually equals zero. So, inequalities in charge distribution are immense. The physicists, however, normally use concepts of uniform field, constant field force, constant matter density, etc. Therefore, as we have already mentioned,
the new insight into capabilities of the nucleus as a direct electric power generator, and
into the possibility of transforming static electricity into dynamic one, has opened the door
to sketching general principles of industrial-strength power generators that can be con-
N E W
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1/14/09 8:51:35 PM
structed anywhere in the world without having to flood vast areas or build and service
extremely long transmission lines. As far as power generation is concerned, the potential
of electrostatic generators is similar to new possibilities of nuclear power plants.
Today, we have created 118 patentable solutions, and received patents for 14 of
them. Our patents mostly focus on considerable improvement of aero- and hydrodynamic qualities of ships, boats, and aircraft, as well as on improving safety of airplanes and
helicopters in flight and ensuring buoyancy of vessels. Thus, the problem of preventing
a plane from entering a fatal spin during critical maneuvers has been practically solved,
and the possibility of flow separation during the most critical take-off and landing phases
has been eliminated, which translates into hundreds of saved lives, millions dollars worth
of saved aircraft, and successfully completed important missions.
Using our own research and technical solutions as a basis, we have developed a program
for creation of innovation products in such fields as environment-friendly power generation
and transport; implementation of the program will help to lay a foundation for creating
a new technological base of the post-crisis economy – that is, machinery of the sixth generation that will be simple in design, environment-friendly, and several times cheaper to build
and maintain than the existing machines.
Our company was established in 1994 as a legal successor of the Zhukovsky Flight
Testing and Research Enterprise, which had been created in 1964 by a decree of the Soviet Government and was headed by Valentina Stepanovna Grizodubova, a deputy of
the Supreme Council of the USSR and a heroic pilot decorated by the highest military
and civil awards of the country.
The company is located in the industrial zone of Zhukovsky airport.
Areas of expertise:
– Research and development work with a focus on creating tools for flight testing and
research, radioelectronic devices, launch-site measurement systems, and systems
for air-dropping people and objects without parachutes.
– Flight testing and studying systems and complexes of aviation and rocket technology with the help of mobile testing complexes.
– Registering record-setting results in aviation.
– Onboard trajectory measurements during testing and fine-tuning of new aircraft
and spacecraft models.
– Maintenance and repairs of aircraft.
– Innovation activities in such areas as environment-friendly power generation and
transport:
– Designing energy-saving solutions in the following areas: aircraft, ballistic and
space objects, sea and river vessels, high-velocity surface transport.
– Designing new types of environment-friendly engines for aviation and water
transport.
– Designing non-traditional aircraft.
– Designing autonomous, environmentally friendly sources of electric power.
I N N O V A T I O N
I N S I G H T
I N T O
R U S S I A
185
1/14/09 8:51:35 PM
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MEDICA L A PPLI A NCES
A N D INST RUMENTS
1/14/09 8:51:35 PM
A DDR ESS:
IMMUNOTEX
RESEARCH AND
PRODUCTION
COMPANY
MEDICAL APPLIANCES
AND INSTRUMENTS
HTTP://WWW.IMMUNOTEX.RU
PLACE OF INCORPORATION:
384, UL. LENINA, STAVROPOL
355003 RUSSIA
PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT
ADDRESS:
9, UL. GRAZHDANSKAYA,
STAVROPOL 355008 RUSSIA
C O N T AC T S :
PHONE/FAX: +7 (8652) 28 3793,
28 2689
C
Mikhail Baturin
Director
PhD in physics and mathematics, he has been in small
business since 2000, acquiring
considerable experience.
Mikhail’s research manager,
V.A. Baturin, is a D.Sc.
in medicine and professor.
He has supervised development
and production of medical
equipment, including enzyme
immunoassay and clinical
microbiology diagnostic kits
and test systems.
188
ertain difficulties arise in the establishment of an up-to-date healthcare system in
Russia. One of them is the archaic diagnostic equipment of polyclinics and outpatient departments, which cannot mostly afford to purchase expensive foreign
diagnostic equipment – a factor impeding the introduction of new patient examination
methods. Immunotex Research and Production Company was established with a view to
improving the diagnostics in district hospitals and municipal polyclinics through providing affordable and high-quality equipment.
Today’s Immunotex Research and Production Company is a dynamically developing
small innovation business. It has been helped on its feet by the Start Program implemented by the Foundation for Assistance to Small Innovation Enterprises. Immunotex
won the Start Program in 2004, which enabled it to complete research and development
under some of its fundamental projects and start production. The state support thus provided us an opportunity to reach a new level of manufacturing diagnostic systems.
At present Immunotex manufactures 18 different diagnostic systems and is further
diversifying the product range. Leading Russian hospitals performed clinical testing of the
equipment, showing its considerable information value. It should be emphasized that Immunotex products can be used in a common laboratory of an average Russian healthcare
institution and are compatible both with Russian and foreign appliances.
First of all, Immunotex manufactured equipment for clinical microbiology laboratories, which are still being deployed in hospitals throughout Russia. Special attention was
paid to urogenital infection diagnostics, a must in the present demographic situation.
Second, enzyme immunoassay (EIA) systems were developed and put into production;
such systems can be used for high-accuracy diagnostics of allergies and fungus diseases.
Our small team is especially proud of our EIA kit for detection of specific food allergen immunoglobulins. Such a test system is vital for early diagnostics of the so-called
allergic march of childhood. When sensitiveness to certain food allergens is found early,
development of children’s and teenagers’ atopic dermatitis and bronchial asthma can be
prevented.
An original EIA diagnostic system has been developed that detects visceral mycosis,
as well as dysbacteriosis and fungus allergy.
The test system for early diagnostics of disseminated sclerosis, a severe disabling nervous disease, is under preparation to be launched into production. Early diagnostics will enable the patients to maintain their ability to work and high quality of life for a long time.
The innovation activity of Immunotex Research and Production Company was
highly estimated at different international expositions and trade shows. In particular,
Immunotex has received awards from the Moscow International Innovation and Investment Salon and the High Technologies. Innovations. Investments International Exhibition in St. Petersburg.
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INSTRUMENTS
AND EQUIPMENT
FOR SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH
(ZAO PONI)
C O N T AC T S :
A DDR ESS:
MEDICAL APPLIANCES
AND INSTRUMENTS
HTTP://WWW.PONI.RU
9, UL. SHCHORSA, MYTISHCHI,
PHONE: +7 (495) 739 5933
PHONE/FAX: + 7 (495) 737 0026,
582 2836
[email protected]
I
Sergey
Kharchenkov
CEO
Born in 1960, Kharchenkov
graduated with honors
from the Bauman Moscow
Higher Technical School
(where he majored in physical
and power installations)
in 1983. From 1982 till 1992,
he was engaged in experimental
research of thermal exchange
in helium under refrigeration
in the near-critical state. Completed postgraduate studies
at the Academy of Sciences.
In 1992, he founded and became the head of a company
with a focus on designing
and manufacturing instruments for research and development works.
I N N O V A T I O N
nstruments and Equipment for Scientific Research (IESR, or PONI, as it is known by its
Russian abbreviation) company was established in 1992 for the purpose of designing and
manufacturing high-tech R&D tools and equipment. Its products are manufactured either
as unique prototypes or in small batches. Leading staff members of the company have a long
experience of scientific work at laboratories of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, and
have personally created a number of unique instruments for experimental research of various
physical processes. Performing complex scientific and technology-related work for the Russian
Academy of Sciences and for the new Russian industrial enterprises required from IESR team
a high level of expertise in physics, mechanics, optics, and circuit engineering. Today, both
the team and the production facilities have become large enough to start serial production.
Since 1999, our team’s efforts have been focused on development and manufacture
of medical equipment, mostly for x-ray diagnostics and for stationary biological protection from ionizing radiation.
Products manufactured by IESR include a wide range of x-ray shielding equipment:
anti-x-ray screens of various types, windows, doors, shutters, as well as stationary equipment for protection from gamma radiation and neutron radiation, such as automatic
sliding and hinged doors (up to three metric tons or more) for radiation therapy wards
of oncology centers. Thanks to its long experience in building radiation shielding equipment, the company can promptly create new designs adjusted not only to the radiation
situation at a specific facility, but also to specific building designs and particular positions
of megavoltage diagnostic and therapeutic equipment (up to 25 MeV).
IESR team successfully works in the field of digital x-ray diagnostics. A research involving interaction of newest and traditional technologies has lead to designing and mass
production of high-resolution digital cameras for fluorography examination (3.4 line
pairs per millimeter) and for radiography and radioscopy (4.8 lp/mm). The company also
manufactures stationary and mobile digital fluorography units.
X-ray photo laboratory equipment includes a number of units for photochemical processing of x-ray images, x-ray viewing boxes of different types and sizes (including demonstrational ones), and monochromic semiconductor safelights for blue- and green-sensitive
x-ray films. The company designs and makes airtight automatic rolling and hinged doors
and automatic airlock chambers. Equipment of this category is used in order to meet air purity requirements in areas where especially high sterility is required, for example, in surgical
wards of hospitals, pharmaceutical production facilities, microelectronics plants, etc.
More than 100 product types made by the company are well known throughout
Russia and CIS. The company’s logo can be found in hospitals and medical centers from
St. Petersburg to Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk and from Murmansk to Mineralnye Vody. The company has over 300 partners selling its products. IESR team is facing many interesting
research- and design-related challenges on which it will focus during upcoming years.
We would be happy to expand our cooperation with medical institutions and industrial and trade companies in all parts of our country, and we are willing to do our best to
help Russian healthcare workers to successfully achieve their noble goals.
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1/14/09 8:51:36 PM
TRIMM MEDICINE
INTERNATIONAL
COMPANY
MEDICAL APPLIANCES
AND INSTRUMENTS
A DDR ESS:
C O N T AC T S :
HTTP://WWW.TRIMM.RU
15, UL. LOBACHIKA, MOSCOW
107113 RUSSIA
PHONE: +7 (495) 661 4141
(MULTICHANNEL)
T
Alexander
Matyushin
President of Trimm Medicine
Group, Member of the Russian
Academy of Medical And
Technical Sciences (RAMTN)
Matyushin studied in the
Moscow Aviation Institute
(1985–1990). He received
additional training in marketing in the Professional training
School of the Ministry of Foreign
Economic Relations of the Russian Federation. In 1990–1998
he acted as CEO, OOO TRIMM,
and in 1998 he became the
President of Trimm Medicine
Group, a position he holds
to this day.
Matyushin is Chair of the Board
of the Rusmedical Group NonCommercial Partnership for
Promoting the Development of
Healthcare and Medicine, Member of the Board of the 1000-Bed
Hospital Non-Commercial
Partnership. He was entered
into the International Who’s
Who book in 2006 and became
member of the Russian Academy
of Medical and Technical Sciences (RAMTN) in 2007.
190
he medicine business is not a simple one in many aspects. It is one of the most
dynamically developing commercial segments in the world. It is not a coincidence
that virtually all transnational corporations pay close attention to this market segment, producing some kind of medical equipment.
Established in 1991 as TOO Trimm Production Association, our company completed
multiple governmental contracts. Aloka Co. Ltd, a company known for its strict requirements
to quality and responsibility, knew what it did when it placed its orders for ultrasonic gel production at GosNIImedpolimer, which completed the task in cooperation with TOO Trimm.
In 1995 Maersk Medical, a major Danish company, turned to then young but promising Trimm with an offer to promote their products on the Russian market. And they hit
the mark. The result of our partnership is that today 40% of the entire Russian market of
similar products is supplied by Maersk Medical.
In 1998 Trimm Production Association formed a commercial company, Trimm Medicine, which quickly took the leading positions in the ranks of medical equipment suppliers to the Russian clinics and hospitals.
Today’s OOO Trimm Medicine is an international medical trade and service company, a consultant in the medical business, and an investor in large-scale leasing operations
for its long-standing partners.
OOO Trimm Medicine is the exclusive representative of a number of companies in Russia, including F. Stephan GmbH (artificial pulmonary ventilation apparatus, narcosis equipment, portable oxygen concentrators and stations), AIROX (portable artificial pulmonary
ventilation apparatus and bedside ventilation systems), WEYER GmbH (neonatal reanimation systems, radiant heating systems for the newborn and surgery blocks), MAICO GmbH
(audiometric systems), Dantschke Medizintechnik GmbH (ENT equipment), BANDELIN
Electronic GmbH (ultrasonic baths), and ZOLL Medical Corporation (defibrillators).
OOO Trimm Medicine is an authorized distributor of UNOMEDICAL (medical expendables), HERRMANN Apparatebau GmbH (bowels monitoring systems), TERUMO
Europe NV (infusion pumps, syringe pump), Micro Medical Ltd (spirometric systems),
FUCUDA Denshl (cardiac and ultrasonic equipment), KCG Sterilisation GmbH (large
sterilization, including central sterilization departments), TOSHIBA Medical System
(ultrasonic equipment, X-ray equipment, tomographic scanners, NMR scanners, angiographic equipment), and SCHILLER AG (cardiac and functional equipment).
We enjoy a broad sales geography. The regions accounting for the lion’s share of our
medical equipment supplies and maintenance services are Moscow and the Moscow Region, Kursk Region, Belgorod Region, Bashkortostan, Murmansk Region, Rostov Region,
and many, many others.
All the employees of OOO Trimm Medicine are highly qualified experts in their
field whose background includes internship in foreign clinics and education in technical
training centers and engineering service centers, with the relevant certificates available.
Our licenses enable OOO Trimm Medicine to perform all the operations needed for
a turnkey hospital or clinic: design, construction, equipment supply, commissioning, and
personnel training.
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PH A R M AC E U T IC A L S
1/14/09 8:51:36 PM
A DDR ESS:
ARNEBIA
ZAO
PHARMACEUTICALS
HTTP://WWW.ARNEBIA.RU
BUILDING 1, 6/28, UL.
YUZHNOPORTOVAYA, MOSCOW
115193 RUSSIA
C O N T AC T S :
PHONE/FAX: +7 (495) 913 8497,
737 3260
T
Sergey
Rabinovich
CEO
The principal field in which
the company works is distribution of complex homeopathic
medicaments manufactured
by Biologische Heilmittel Heel
GmbH, Germany. According
to the Pharmexpert marketing
research center, ZAO Arnebia
ranks among the top distributors of homeopathic medicaments in Russia.
192
o date ZAO Arnebia has registered over 60 homeopathic medicaments used in different branches of medicine: from pediatrics to geriatrics, from neurology to surgery.
A number of our medications, for example, the anti-inflammatory Traumel C and
the hondroprotector Tsel T, became the leading homeopathic remedies in Russia. Many
of these became virtual bestsellers on the Russian pharmaceutical market, enjoying a welldeserved popularity both with patients and with doctors and pharmacists, and are found in
drugstores of any Russian town.
The publishing activity of ZAO Arnebia is closely related with its pharmaceutical
business. The Biologicheskaya Meditsina (Biological Medicine) periodical, published
since 1995, is considered an authority in homeopathy and naturopathy in Russia. From
2000 on ZAO Arnebia has been publishing books on homeopathy, naturopathy, and other
fields of medicine in partnership with the leading European medical publishing houses,
such as Springer, Thieme, Hippokrates, and others, from Germany, Belgium, Italy, and the
UK. Many of these books, especially on such techniques as mesotherapy or homeosyniatry, were republished, which testifies their importance for practicing doctors.
Products representing other segments of the pharmaceutical market include probiotics Symbiolact Comp., SymbioVital, SymbioFem Plus, and Inuvit produced by SimbioPharm, a German leader in pre- and probiotic remedies and microbiological therapy.
Arnebia’s another partner is Salus Haus, a leader in the segment of additives and remedies
for Reformhaus, Central European health shops. Salus Haus’s product range includes
natural juices, elixirs, balsams, and bioactive additives, a source of different microelements, vitamins and amino acids. The Molat energy cocktail from Dr. Grandel (Germany)
is a perfect addition to this product list, an extra source of protein, vitamins, and minerals
necessary for healthy nutrition.
At the same time ZAO Arnebia presents cosmetic lines on the Russian market: these
are Shoynear, a pharmaceutical line from Dr. Grandel, a German manufacturer of professional cosmetics; premium class spiruline-based SpiruSkin from Sanatur; the Extracta
line, based on natural components, from Salus Haus, and a number of lines (including
anti-age cosmetics) from Logona Group (Germany). Unsurpassed quality, efficiency and
high patients’ tolerance to these cosmetics provide for their great prospects and future
popularity in Russia. All the lines are certified as natural cosmetics by the German Association of Industry and Commerce; they were often named Cosmetics of the Year in
Germany and other European countries, and highly appraised by consumer protection
organizations, including the famous German Stiftung Warentest. Another group of products presented by ZAO Arnebia and enjoying success in Russia is bath additives from
Varimed, Switzerland.
Our extensive working experience, readiness to cooperation and innovations, and
orientation both at customers and professionals place ZAO Arnebia among the most reliable and efficient partners in the Russian pharmaceutical business.
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ASSOCIATION OF
INTERNATIONAL
PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURERS (AIPM)
A DDR ESS:
PHARMACEUTICALS
HTTP://WWW.AIPM.ORG
OFFICE 404, BLDG 2, 9,
TREKHPRUDNY PER.,
C O N T AC T S :
PHONE: +7 (495) 933 7040
T
Vladimir Shipkov
Executive Director
I N N O V A T I O N
he foreign pharmaceutical industry is mostly represented in Russia by member
companies of AIPM – Association of International Pharmaceutical Manufacturers.
AIPM can considerably contribute to the solving of such humanistic tasks as raising the quality of life and life interval of Russian people, reducing mortality levels, increasing the birthrate, and, on the whole, building of a healthier socially oriented society up to
the 21st-century economic development standards.
Innovative medicines perform the mission of forming a completely new progressive
philosophy of treating people’s health as a key value, creating a most efficient healthcare
system, improving the methods of medical treatment and pharmaceutical development,
and developing a civilized pharmaceutical market with adequate legislative regulation,
transparent and predictable decisions, legal protection of intellectual property, high ethical business standards, stimulation of investment in health, further scientific research, etc.
Development and manufacturing of innovative medicines requires colossal multifaceted intellectual, research, and human resources both from the state and from
the pharmaceutical industry.
Impressive results have been achieved recently owing to invention and commissioning of innovative medicines; quite a number of serious illnesses that posed a real threat to
people’s health and even to their lives, can now be treated.
Thus, state-of-the-art innovative medicines are rightfully considered a significant
factor giving impetus to true health improvement for individual patients, for the population of whole countries, and for the entire humanity.
Association of International Pharmaceutical Manufacturers has worked in Russia
since 1994, representing the interests of international companies producing primarily
innovative medicines; the member companies account for over 80% of world pharmaceutical production and more than 60% of the medicines supplied to Russia.
The Association’s mission is to make the healthcare and medicine supply to Russia more efficient and to expand the range of state-of-the-art medicines available for
the population of the Russian Federation.
As of September 2008, the following companies were among AIPM members: Abbott, Alcon, Amgen, Astellas Pharma, AstraZeneca, Baxter, Bayer Schering Pharma, BerlinChemie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boiron, Bristol – Myers Squibb, Dr. Falk Pharma, Ebewe,
EGIS, Eli Lilly, Ferrosan, Fresenius Kabi, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Gedeon Richter, GlaxoSmithKline CH, GlaxoSmithKline Pharma, Grunenthal, Ipsen, Janssen Pharmaceutica,
Johnson&Johnson, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Merck-Serono, Nizhpharm – Stada, Novartis
CH, Novartis Pharma, Novo Nordisk, Nycomed, Octapharma, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Pliva,
Polpharma, Ranbaxy, ratiopharm, Reckitt Benckiser, Sandoz, Sanofi-Aventis, Sanofi-Pasteur, Schering-Plough, Servier, Solvay Pharma, Teva, UCB Pharma, Valeant, Wyeth, and
Zambon. The member companies have many years of experience which can for sure
be of use for the implementation of the state policy with a view to establishing up-todate pharmaceutical production facilities under world highest standards and improving
the healthcare and medicine supply systems in the best interests of the Russian people.
I N S I G H T
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193
1/14/09 8:51:37 PM
C O N T AC T S :
A DDR ESS:
EKOMIR
GROUP
PHARMACEUTICALS
HTTP://WWW.EKOMIR.RU
16, UL. BERZARINA,
PHONE: +7 (495) 988 2170,
988 2180
FAX: +7 (495) 626 1223
E
Sergey Leshkov
CEO
Leshkov was born in Kiev
in 1970. He completed his
secondary education in the Kiev
Physics and Mathematics School
No. 145, and later graduated
from the Moscow Humanitarian
University where he majored
in psychology. He is the founder
of Ekomir company. The National Committee of Public
Awards awarded him the Order
of Lomonosov. He is a winner of the Leader of Russia’s
Economic Development Prize
in the “Leader of the year 2006”
category.
194
komir is a modern, rapidly developing group of companies focusing on natural
medicines as well as on equipment and technologies that preserve and enhance
human health and quality of life.
ZAO Ekomir Pharmaceutical Company specializes in development and marketing of
modern medical drugs, effective nutraceutical substances (also known as biologically active dietary supplements, or BADS), and cosmeceuticals. In 2006 and 2007, the company
was one of the ten world’s BADS manufacturers with the largest volumes of sales in Russian pharmacies (data provided by DSM Group).
Thanks to cooperation with leading European and American manufacturers,
the company is able to use standardized top-quality plant extracts and new-generation
patented substances in its products.
Manufacture of ready-made medicines (in dosage forms) have been certified as compliant with the ISO 9001:2000 quality management standard, and manufacture of medicinal agents is compliant with the GMP managing system which includes multi-stage quality
control at all stages of the production line from the raw feedstock to the final product.
In order to test efficiency of its products, the company subjects them to numerous
clinical trials in the leading Russian clinical institutions. Two preparations developed by
the company are now being officially registered as medical preparations.
In the summer of 2007, Ekomir became the winner of the national Health Idea
award in the Product Quality category (the Health Idea award is presented for achievements in health promotion and improvement of quality of life).
The company’s staff members work in more than 26 Russian cities. Ekomir products
are exported to Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Belarus, and the Baltic states. Negotiations are underway with extra-CIS countries.
As a socially responsible company, Ekomir became one of co-funders of the National Union of Producers of BADSs and Health-Promoting and Disease-Preventing Foods.
The Union is an association of the largest companies of that industry, and its goal is to
create a more civilized and transparent market in close cooperation with governmental
bodies that regulate the sector.
OOO Ekomir Exports is the exclusive distributor of Fraxel laser systems (new-generation
cosmetic laser systems) in Russia. The company is planning to import and distribute other
brands of high-tech medical equipment. Ekomir has developed a line of professional cosmetics that are intended to be used in combination with aggressive cosmetic procedures. Agreements have been reached on supplying these products to Japan, South Korea, and the USA.
OOO Ekomir Functional Foods focuses on studying the Russian market of functional
foods. The company has registered and is marketing a line of functional beverages.
The Ekomir group has a great scientific potential. It employs people with high academic degrees in medicine and pharmaceutics. Areas of interest of the company’s science
department include use of nanotechnologies in medical preparations and cosmetics. In
2007, the company started marketing the Nanogrin line of cosmetics containing unique
components that are manufactured with the help of nanotechnologies.
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A DDR ESS:
NATUR PRODUKT
INTERNATIONAL
PHARMACEUTICALS
HTTP://WWW.NATUR-PRODUKT.RU
37 LETTER A, UL. PROFESSORA
POPOVA, ST. PETERSBURG
197022 RUSSIA
C O N T AC T S :
PHONE: +7 (812) 332 59 22
N
Vladimir
Polyakov
CEO
Polyakov holds a degree in law
from the law faculty of the Chelyabinsk State University
Flexible thinking, desire
to always keep up with the latest
trends, prompt reaction to everchanging market demand –
all of these qualities are essential for a company that aims
to achieve a long-term success
in the pharmaceutical market.
Only he who is always searching
and developing can become
a leader today. That is the law
of our times.
I N N O V A T I O N
atur Produkt produces the following five main groups of pharmaceutical products: non-prescription (mostly natural) medicines, generics drugs, biologically
active dietary supplements (BADSs), diet food and food for diabetes patients,
and functional food. The company produces 32 product lines, or over 250 individual
products. Many of them are among the best in their respective segments. Natur Produkt
is one of the ten largest Russian and international companies on the Russian BADS market. Most popular BAD products manufactured by Natur Produkt include the Naturino
lozenges with natural juice and vitamins, the Vita Plant herbal teas from medicinal herbs,
and the Terra Plant line of health-enhancing and disease preventing herbal products.
One of the key components of the company’s development strategy is the ongoing expansion of its product mix. Natur Produkt is actively beefing up the product mix,
regularly bringing to the market innovative preparations and improved versions of existing medicines. The company’s products are designed for people who prefer natural
health-enhancing and life-quality-enhancing products. In 2007, the company started
manufacturing four new products: the Naturetto glucose tablets with vitamins and minerals, the Novocept Forte line of zinc-containing sore-throat lozenges (there are no other
products with similar properties in Russia), the Fitorelax natural sedatives, and the Sputnik line of condoms created with young people in mind. The company is planning to
launch at least five new pharmaceutical products each year.
In 2008, Natur Produkt for the first time entered the food market with a product designed
for those who prefer healthy food: the Naturino fruit-and-nuts bars in which more than half
of content is composed of fruit, berries, and nuts. The company is planning to actively expand
this category of products, and is already preparing to market chewing candy with calcium and
D3 vitamin, honey with therapeutic supplements, and more than 10 other products.
Invariably high quality of all products of Natur Produkt is due to the fact that they
are manufactured by plants located in the European Union. Each of the plants is compliant with the Good Manufacturing Practice standard, utilizes multi-stage quality-control
procedures, and has all required certificates. As a result, the company’s products are successfully sold in Russia, CIS, the European Union, and East European countries.
Another important factor (which is sometimes critical for the modern consumer) is
the appearance of pharmaceutical goods. Ever-increasing competition is an integral part
of the market of non-prescription pharmaceutics: consumers are offered more and more
goods, many of which have similar therapeutic properties. And often it is a well-designed
package that helps the consumer to make his or her mind by presenting the key data
about strong and unique points of a product.
Natur Produkt gives a lot of thought to this matter, striving to make sure that quality
of packaging always matches the high quality of the company’s products.
For its innovative activities, the company has been awarded by various prestigious
diplomas and medals, including the award “For Special Achievements in Preventive and
Social Medicine” and the award “For Contribution in the Nation’s Health Enhancement.”
This is the most evident proof of the fact that Natur Produkt never stops its ongoing
development and keeps abreast of the modern trends of the pharmaceutical market.
I N S I G H T
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195
1/14/09 8:51:38 PM
A DDR ESS:
UCB S.A.
(MOSCOW
BRANCH OFFICE)
Alexander
Voronovsky
General Manager, Moscow
Branch Office
196
PHARMACEUTICALS
HTTP://WWW.UCB-GROUP.COM
BUILDING 2, FLOOR 5, 10,
UL. SHABOLOVKA, MOSCOW
119049 RUSSIA
(KONKORD BUSINESS CENTER)
C O N T AC T S :
PHONE: +7 (495) 644 3322
FAX: +7 (495) 644 3329
UCB Pharma in the world: science, innovation and flexibility
Scientific and technological advances have created a new opportunity to address
severe diseases successfully. UCB is a global biopharma company focusing on six therapeutic areas – CNS (including epilepsy), respiratory illnesses and allergy, inflammation
and immunology, oncology, cardiology, and angiology.
Our world level infrastructure, many years of pharmaceutical manufacturing experience, rapid development and innovations, and research centers in Slough and Cambridge
(UK), Braine-l’Alleud (Belgium), Atlanta, and Tokyo drive the company’s strategic goal: to
become the next generation biopharma leader relying upon the unique combination of
innovations, rational investment in development, and time-proven experience.
UCB Pharma global team counts over 10,000 staff from 40 countries, including 1,200
scientists working in research organizations worldwide. The company’s total 2007 turnover amounted to EUR 3.6 billion.
UCB Pharma in Russia
The company first entered the Russian market in early 1990s with such products as
Nootropil®, Atarax®, and Zyrtec®. These were distributed via a partner network, while
the representatives of the company itself provided medical consulting support. Owing to
this, the company was able to get our sales going throughout Russia. The Moscow Branch
Office was opened in April 1994.
On December 3, 2007, the Branch Office of UCB Pharma was named Company of
the Year 2007 in the nomination “Implementation of Innovational Projects in Pharmaceuticals.” On October 14, 2007, the prize “Occupation: Life” was awarded for the 7th time
in St. Petersburg; UCB Pharma was named a Laureate of the International Public Award in
Medicine and Health Industry “For Accomplishments in Medico-Biological Problems.”
Together with Schwarz Pharma AG (Germany) belonging to UCB Pharma, the Moscow Branch Office sales rose from the 65th place to the 34th place among the Russian
pharmaceutical companies (according to the Pharmexpert marketing research center
data as of 2006–2007).
According to IMS (2007 data), UCB Pharma is a No. 1 world antihistamine leader.
Products
Principal products that were created by UCB Pharma and received wide popularity
and acknowledgement are the following ones: Keppra® is indicated for the treatment
of several types of epilepsy, a preparation with unique mechanism of action, an antiepilepsy remedy No. 1 in the US; Xyzal® is our latest anti-allergy medicine; Zyrtec® is
a widely known antihistamine medicine; Nootropil® is the first pharmaceutical from
the family of cognition enhancing medicines called nootropics; Atarax® is an anxiolytic
medicine; Kardiket® and Effox® are intended for prolonged angina treatment; Isoket®
spray is used for rapid relief of symptoms of angina; Isoket® solution is a medicine for
acute cardiac condition relief; Vasaprostan® is used for severe obliterating leg illnesses;
Vasoket® is a single-administration medicine for treating chronic venous insufficiency.
– Keppra® (levetiracetam) is an anticonvulsive medicine well known to Russian neurologists. It was presented on the world pharmaceutical market in 1999; by early 2006 over
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one million patients had taken Keppra for a year or more. Among new anti-epileptic
medicines, Keppra is the only one featuring ideal pharmacokinetic parameters, a wide
efficiency range, good tolerance profile, and cognitive function improvement. Keppra®
is available as pills, intake solution, and an intravenous formulation. Keppra® is indicated
in Russia as therapy for treatment of children from 4 years of age (with partial epilepsy),
and as monotherapy for patients from 16 years of age. When the intravenous formulation is introduced into the Russian medical practice, the doctors here will have yet
another opportunity to treat people with severe diseases.
– Xyzal® (levocetirizine) is an innovative antihistamine for the symptomatic treatment
of allergic rhinitis, produced at a state-of-the-art plant in Switzerland. Xyzal takes
effect in as little as 12 minutes. Being an end metabolite of cetirizine, Xyzal blocks
the receptors of the allergic inflammation to the maximum extent; besides, it is not
metabolized in the liver almost at all, providing high safety.
– Zyrtec®, a second-generation antihistamine, is used for symptomatic treatment of
perennial and seasonal allergic rhinitis and allergic conjunctivitis. Zyrtec® is approved in over 100 countries for children and adults.
– Nootropil® (piracetam), one of the company’s first products, is used for treatment of
cognitive decline, vertigo of different genesis, children’s learning difficulties, including dyslexia, cerebrovascular illnesses, brain injuries, and abstinence syndrome. The
special mechanism of action of Nootropil lies in its unique capability to restore the
normal cell membrane fluidity, which ensures safety and enables treating children
and aged people, the two most sensitive types of patients.
– Atarax (hydroxyzine) is the company’s oldest product, one of the first to emerge on
the anxiolytic market, used for treating of anxiety. It also has apparent antihistamine,
antipruritic and antiemetic effects. With the efficiency similar to that of benzodiazepine anxiolytics, Atarax differs from them in that it does not cause drug dependence or withdrawal syndrome and features minimum drug interaction.
– Vasaprostan (alprostadil) is the pharmaceutical name for prostaglandin E1 having
multifactor influence on bloodstream and vascular wall functions. Vasaprostan is
a real alternative to limb amputation for patients with critical ischemia. It is especially efficient in diabetic foot patients.
– Vasoket (diosmin) is used in the treatment of venous disease. Diosmin is a well-known
and widely studied flavonoid. The unique features of Vasoket are due to the high-quality
raw materials and high-technology manufacturing.
– Kardiket (isosorbide dinitrate) can be administered in a wide range of doses, making
it possible to choose the dosage for each patient individually and change it if necessary. Kardiket is the leader on the market of oral nitrates.
Other pharmaceutical products by UCB Pharma, now under clinical testing, are going to be produced. Once in the clinical practice, they will mark a real breakthrough
in treating such severe diseases as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus,
Crohn’s disease, and psoriasis, that is, illnesses that most often affect people’s social and
physical interaction.
I N N O V A T I O N
I N S I G H T
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1/14/09 8:51:39 PM
A DDR ESS:
ZELENAYA
DUBRAVA
ZAO
PHARMACEUTICALS
HTTP://WWW.MAZI.RU
151, UL. PROFESSIONALNAYA,
DMITROV, MOSCOW REGION
141800 RUSSIA
C O N T AC T S :
PHONE: +7 (49622) 30 585,
(495) 504 2550
T
Elena Istranova
Leading Researcher,
PhD in Pharmaceutics
ZAO Zelenaya Dubrava, a Russian
pharmaceutical manufacturer,
was established in 1999. It is
expanding its production facilities (license No. 99-04-000071
of July 28, 2005) and puts new
pharmaceuticals into production. The company mission is to
produce high-quality medicines
and parapharmaceutical preparations. The plant focuses on
manufacturing traditional and
innovational soft dosage forms
and sublimated biological plates.
Our highly efficient high-quality
products in modern packaging
enjoy popularity.
198
he plant is designed in accordance with the current GMP process requirements.
The equipment used enables producing compound preparations applying unique
technologies. Warehouses of raw materials, packaging, and finished products are
equipped with up-to-date shelving and loading machinery. The accredited analytical
laboratory performs inspection of incoming materials and analyzes semi-products and
finished products as to their compliance to the documentation requirements.
But the company’s chief resource is its highly qualified staff committed to their work.
The company management pursues a consistent policy of attracting fresh graduates, enabling them to realize their career aspirations. The team of production engineers continually develops and puts into production new technological solutions and preparations
of all complexity levels.
The high quality level of production and quality assurance are ensured on each stage of
the technological process by qualified operating personnel. The Company has accumulated
vast experience of custom pharmaceutical preparation. The high production mobility enables performing both large and small orders in accordance with the market needs.
The company offers a full range of inexpensive services in contract manufacturing,
from concept generation and obtaining the necessary permissions to the production itself.
ZAO Zelenaya Dubrava is an ideal ground for implementation of most daring scientific projects. Russia’s leading scientists cooperate with the company, introducing unique
technologies. The collagen project is a striking example.
In the late 1960s, many nations throughout the world started researching the evidently promising collagen materials. In Russia, active research started in 1963. By the
beginning of the program, there had been only two small publications on the attempts
to use collagen in medicine. As a result of laborious research, first collagen medicines
appeared in Russia, and their commercial production started in 1980. Today many medicines and medicinal products are made from collagen solutions, such as wound, sore
and burn covering; local haemostatic means to stop bleeding; filling materials; plasters;
biological prostheses and osteoplastic materials.
Guided by many years of research and practical results of collagen medical applications, the Russian scientists from MMA Collagen Center created the MEDICAL COLLAGENE
3D series to be produced at the facilities of ZAO Zelenaya Dubrava. This series of native
three-spiral collagen has a number of advantages over low-molecular hydrolysates.
At present the collagen-related direction is developing rapidly in ZAO Zelenaya Dubrava. Next-generation wound-healing collagen coatings are put into production; dental
biological plate production is being started.
ZAO Zelenaya Dubrava invites to cooperate:
– Researchers – to develop the manufacturing application of their developments.
– Companies – to place their manufacturing contracts.
– Fresh graduates – to realize their career aspirations.
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SE RV IC E AC T I V I T I E S I NC I DE N TA L
TO OI L A N D GA S E X T R AC T ION
1/14/09 8:51:40 PM
GEOPHYSICAL
DATA SYSTEMS
OOO
SERVICE ACTIVITIES INCIDENTAL
TO OIL AND GAS EXTRACTION
A DDR ESS:
C O N T AC T S :
OFFICE E-302, PARK-PLACE, 113/1,
LENINSKY PROSPEKT, MOSCOW
117198 RUSSIA
PHONE: +7 (495) 234 2794
FAX: +7 (495) 956 5237
G
Alexander
Zhukov
CEO
D. Sc. in Engineering
Zhukov graduated from
the Lomonosov Moscow State
University (geology division,
geophysics department). He
is Professor of Moscow State
University and Academician
of the International Academy
of Mineral Resources. He made
his career in the Naro-Fominsk
Branch of VNIIGeophysics
from a geophysical engineer to
the Head of the Seismic Department. It was he who pioneered
digital seismic recording
systems in the industry; in 1972
he led the first field program
with domestic SSTs-2 seismic
recording station in the north of
the Krasnoyarsk Region. One of
proponents of vibroseis exploration in the USSR, he developed
the first field processing systems
and adaptive vibroseis techniques. He is an author of more
than 60 R&D publications, five
monographs and 24 inventions,
member of Russian and American Geographical Societies, i.e.
EAGO, EAGE and SEG.
200
eophysical Data Systems was established in 1991 as a service company providing a wide range of geological and geophysical services to oil & gas companies
from carrying out field programs to development of oil & gas reservoir models.
The company services major industry producers like Gazprom, TNK-BP, RITEK, and some
foreign holdings. Along with that, GDS positions itself as an innovation company focused
on development and introduction of state-of-the-art technologies. The validity of such
an approach is proved by large interest shown by both domestic and foreign companies
to GDS designs, as well as by quite a significant geography of its business.
Range of services
First of all one should note CMP 2D/3D seismic exploration studies with priority given to seismic data processing and interpretation. This segment takes almost
60% of the Company’s total turnover. Among other services provided by Geophysical
Data Systems supervising (Quality Control) of all field seismic operations, including
timely in-field data processing in remote processing centers, can be named. A prominent place is taken by field studies with world best practices and equipment used,
i.e. multiwave and nonlinear seismic exploration, offshore surveys with underwater
telemetry modules, etc.
The company is also engaged in supply and supporting geophysical processing systems for ground and off-shore seismic surveys, development of in-house algorithms, software and know-how for processing, archiving and storage of geophysical information.
Today 3D seismic survey results provide geologists and geophysics with volumetric
earth images with high in-depth and lateral resolution, but sometimes this is not enough
for confident decision-making on perspective targets with commercial hydrocarbon reserves. The approach used by Geophysical Data Systems features interpretation of geophysical data based on a geological model, with sequence stratigraphy involved. The application of this technology implies sequential bio-stratigraphy layering and simulation
of sedimentation and reservoir models reconciled with available geophysical, geological
and log data. This approach ensures significant reliability and accuracy of prediction and
estimation of hydrocarbon trap properties.
Creative approach and unique equipment
For the last decades the necessity to eliminate near-surface effects is one of the key
problems preventing better accuracy and confidence of seismic survey data. This problem
is especially acute in the West and East Siberia regions. West Siberia heterogeneity results
from permafrost development, while East Siberia heterogeneity results from trappean
magmatism. The Company’s specialists pay a lot of attention to solution of the problem and, besides theoretical studies, also develop and implement appropriate software
(IST3MP complex of programs) aimed at elimination of near-surface effects.
For a long time Geophysical Data Systems applied this technology in house, improving its competitiveness in the Customers’ eyes. But at the end the Company came to
the conclusion that sales of this software to other servicing companies will not really affect its business. So today this unique patented technology is used not only in the Siberia
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regions, but also in the Middle East and in the Central Asia as well, where near-surface
heterogeneity is associated with sand hills and a mountainous territory.
Complex interpretation with technologies provided by Geophysical Data Systems
requires a group of specialists with various qualifications as geologists, geophysical engineers, petrographers, sedimentology specialists, etc., because by its nature any software
is only a tool in hands of a well-trained specialist. The Company’s partners and domestic
Customers which apply for Company’s services understand it very well. Russian specialists, especially those of the old school, are known for their creative data apprehension,
ability to fall into work head over heels, and scrupulous study of acquired data.
The cost of in-field services makes approximately 80% of all geophysical complex
program including data processing and interpretation by powerful PCs. This factor implies the necessity of timely in-field supervising (QC) of field seismic operations and
later on during data processing and interpretation. That’s why at any of our sites there
are always supervisors equipped with necessary processing facilities. They perform daily
QA/QC of seismic data, process the data in a real-time mode, and prepare documented
summaries for the Customer. Today this approach has basically become a standard for
any Customer. A difference between supervision service providers lies in their technologies and fair practice.
Geophysical Data Systems developed a special SeisWin-QC software suite to control
the quality of field seismic survey. As compared with other similar systems this suite demonstrates high efficiency and enables complex estimation of seismic wave field attributes.
Moreover, it also allows processing huge amount of data, for instance, it is able to digest
hundreds of gigabytes of field data within just a day.
Future development trends
Even large oil & gas companies sometimes experience problems with storage of
large amount of data collected during the seismic field season. These data should be sorted, archived, duplicated, protected from failure and from data theft – all that consuming
a lot of efforts and resources; therefore most companies decide to outsource the task. For
the last two years Geophysical Data Systems has been actively promoting this trend and
supporting it with large investments. It is very important that on the Customer’s request
this information is delivered within one hour. This is a very promising service, and in
the future it will become more and more popular.
The Company has great expectations for new high-power Russian PCs. After all there
is quite a number of geological and geophysical data processing and interpretation challenges which require processing of huge information arrays under very complex and
time-consuming algorithms.
Geophysical Data Systems recognizes practical benefits from hi-tech development
and implementation and bases its future development plans on the utilization of stateof-the-art technologies.
Innovation leads to success!!!
I N N O V A T I O N
I N S I G H T
I N T O
R U S S I A
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1/14/09 8:51:40 PM
NEFTEGAZGEOFIZIKA
OOO
C O N T AC T S :
A DDR ESS:
5/25, UL. TERESHCHENKO, TVER
170033 RUSSIA
PHONE: +7 (4822) 32 4380
FAX: +7 (4822) 58 7353
E-MAIL: OFFICE@
NEFTEGAZGEOFIZIKA.RU
N
Rafis
Khamatdinov
CEO
Graduated from the department
of physics and mathematics
of the Bashkir State University
(1969). He is Doctor of Sciences
in engineering (1990), professor (1999). He started his
career as a senior engineer
in the All-Russia Research
Institute of Geophysical Well
Survey (VNIIGIS, Oktyabrsky,
Bashkiria). Since 1994 he
headed the All-Russia Research
Institute of Geophysical Methods
of Examination, Testing and
Control of Exploratory Wells
(VNIGIK, Tver) and AOOT NPP
GERS. In 1995–2002 he was CEO
of OAO NPTs Tvergeofizika.
Since 2003 he has headed
OOO Neftegazgeofizika.
Khamatdinov is a laureate
of the Prize of the Ministry
of Geology of USSR For Contribution into the Scientific
Progress in Geology (1988),
of the Gubkin Prize (2002),
of OAO Gazprom Prize (2003);
he holds the titles of an Honored
Oil Industry Worker (1987)
and Honored Worker of the Fuel
and Energy Sector (2001).
202
eftegazgeofizika from the city of Tver is a national leader in terms of development, design, and commissioning of new development survey technologies. With
over 35 years of professional experience, the experts of OOO Neftegazgeofizika
implement large-scale projects providing a competitive edge to Russian service geophysical companies on the national market. Technologies have been implemented that enable
efficient survey of prospecting boreholes and exploratory holes, cluster directional drilling holes and horizontal holes, control of technical status and productivity of the operated well stock, and estimation of the current status of hydrocarbon reserves. In order
to implement these technologies, the company developed novel computer-controlled
equipment, methodological support, and related software; production of such equipment has started. The Company has pioneered a number of high-tech borehole surveying
instruments for oil & gas recovery, some of them without analogs in Russia. These include
new types of spectral radioactive well logging equipment, a cross-dipole array acoustic
logging tool, equipment for NMR tomography logging in strong magnetic fields, etc.
A considerable part of the products (up to 40%) is exported to CIS countries, Vietnam, USA, and China. However, despite the fact that the modern market offers any opportunity for high-quality work to Russian service companies, there are certain problems
hindering further development.
Russia has no coordinated policy in the organization of R&D and service maintenance
in geologic and geophysical research. Since 2000 R&D financing from the federal budget
was practically suspended; at the same time many oil-producing companies got rid of their
geophysical service companies as “redundant,” leaving them floundering on the free market.
The economic weakness of Russian service companies and the low level of payment to Russian enterprises by oil-extracting companies dealt a heavy blow to them, stripping them of
opportunities to open orders and finance development of new equipment and technologies.
Another problem is lack of coordinated efforts aimed at a technological breakthrough on the part of Russian oil companies. The greater part of companies pays much
attention to their in-house analytic centers and research institutes solving routine regional tasks, while economically weak research teams and manufacturers are left to develop
new technologies as best as they can.
We believe it necessary to:
– Create the legal and financial prerequisites for the organization of Russian oil & gas
servicing, with possible methods of data protection, quotas and participation of
foreign companies set forth.
– Create a state corporate system with public and private companies participating that
will be capable of regulating R&D performance, equipment renovation, machine
engineering facilities development, onshore and offshore services, data accumulation and protection, exports, and services abroad. Such a system could be financed
from the federal budget and the budgets of oil and gas companies, as well as from
the funds of the corporation participants, provided that taxation associated with
innovation projects is reduced for them.
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C O N T AC T S :
A DDR ESS:
NOVOMET
GROUP
HTTP://WWW.NOVOMET.RU
395, SHOSSE KOSMONAVTOV,
PERM 614065 RUSSIA
PHONE: +7 (342) 296 2756,
296 2759, 296 2750
FAX: +7 (342) 296 2302
N
Oleg Perelman
CEO
Winner of the Prize
of the Russian Government.
Winner of the 2008 Stroganov Prize For Outstanding
Economic Achievements.
I N N O V A T I O N
ovomet is one of the leaders in manufacturing oilfield equipment. Initially, in
1991 the Company was producing ESP components. In 2002 the Company commenced large-scale production of complete ESPs.
2007 was marked by the Company’s entry to the international markets – its first ESPs
were exported to Indonesia and Sudan.
The Company’s sales are growing steadily, and the share of innovative products in
the overall annual sales is in excess of 20%.
Innovations of Novomet are in demand for the world majors including Gazpromneft, LUKOIL, Shell, and Saudi Aramco.
The achievements of ZAO Novomet-Perm include the following latest
world-class innovations:
– inclined rotors and mixed-flow compressors;
– submersible multiphase pumps;
– abrasion-resistant pumps;
– abrasion-resistant gas separators;
– downhole thyratron and high-temperature motors;
– unique 95 mm submersible units;
– software for choosing drilling rigs that match specific well requirements and assessing their reliability.
All the innovations have been put into production and the above listed equipment
is being manufactured in mass. In 2000 one of the Company’s innovations was awarded
the Prize of the Russian Government.
The Company employs 2 Doctors of Sciences (Engineering), 11 PhDs (Engineering)
and 580 engineers, which amount to 19% of the Company employees.
The Company has an Engineering & Technical Center, equipped with in-house
designed R&D instruments. The Center operates 28 workbenches designed for studying hydrodynamic processes in multi-phase fluids, thermodynamic and electrodynamic
processes occurring in the motors, tribotechnical and hydroabrasive treatment tests of
various materials for the equipment components.
The Company endeavors to upgrade both the machine pool, and know-how (laser prototyping, which accelerated production of the components of any complexity, ESP treatment
with high-temperature compounds, painting, development of the new powdered materials).
In summer 2007 the Company proved the conformity of its quality management
with ISO 9001 and renewed its OHSAS 18000 and ISO 14000. The Company has implemented an ERP system.
The Company strategy is focused on products which would match complex operational
environment: complete submersible units with the lifting capacity of up to 3,500 m and flow
rate of up to 6,000 cubic meters per day and reservoir pressure maintenance systems.
Another prospective area of business is equipment service maintenance. In general
the share of services in the overall business of the Company is as high as 25%.
Today, Novomet is a modern rapidly developing enterprise with an advanced HR and
social policy. It currently employs more than 3,000 people.
I N S I G H T
I N T O
R U S S I A
203
1/14/09 8:51:41 PM
C O N T AC T S :
NPPGM GEOSEIS
OOO
A DDR ESS:
55, UL. RESPUBLIKI, TYUMEN
625000 RUSSIA
PHONE: + 7 (3452) 39 6197
FAX: + 7 (3452) 396183
ADVANCED IT TECHNOLOGIES IN OIL & GAS EXPLORATION
Vladimir
Igoshkin
CEO
PhD In Geology & Mineralogy. Awarded with: Order
of the Badge of Honor, Medal
of Mineral Exploration Merit.
204
Main Company’s activities are:
– Exploration project design;
– Design and supervision of field geophysics programs;
– Processing and interpretation of geophysical survey and seismic data;
– Geological modeling and monitoring of hydrocarbon reserves;
– Specialization in development, upgrading and structuring of local and regional geological and geophysical databases.
The Company’s business geography covers West Siberia territory from the Urals to the
Yenisey. Its main Customers are leading oil companies, i.e. Gazprom Neft, TNK-BP, etc.
Development dynamics and new technologies
This service company actively introduces most advanced technologies in processing
and interpretation of geological & geophysical data. Successful completion of analytical
jobs at the south of the Tyumen Region, at the banks of the Ob River, in Yamal, and in the
north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory enabled the Company’s dynamic progress along with the
expansion of its business activities and upgrade of its hardware and software facilities.
Company’s specialists operate most advanced and reliable software from leading
world and Russian programmers, such as Shlumberger, Paradigm Geophysical, HampsonRussel, OAO Central Geophysical Expedition (Moscow), and V.I. Shpilman Research and
Analytical Center of Efficient Mineral Resource Usage. Applying new technologies, the
Company’s specialists create 3D digital geological models of the field, which are prerequisites for any successful deposit development.
Experience in operations at intensively developed fields helped to identify main
components of a new technology for most efficient geological and geophysical support
to exploration and drilling planning at multi-layer complex structures.
Geoseis introduced a new concept of exploration predicting and monitoring, monitoring of hydrocarbon reserve flow, and hydrodynamics during exploration and development of Priobsky-type complex-formation fields on the basis of a continuously updated
digital geological model. Its concept involves wide combination of CMP 2D-3D seismic data
with deep exploration and operating log data. The model developed by our specialists led
to multiple improvements of drilling programs and to quite significant results: today they
have target-drilled more than 600 new operating wells within the licensed area.
Plans and prospects
GEOSEIS plans further improvements of its processing and geological & geophysical
simulation technology. Monitoring geological models during field development should be
supported with hydrodynamical models updated as well. In fact we are speaking about
a permanent iterative process of learning new earth volumetric structure elements
through building models continuously updated with new exploration data, with involvement of state-of-the-art ideas and best practice of estimating the spatial distribution of
physical earth parameters.
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PETR
UNDERWATER
ENGINEERING WORKS,
ZAO
A DDR ESS:
C O N T AC T S :
TO TRANSPORT VIA PIPELINES
2A, UL. OSTUZHEVA, VORONEZH
394042 RUSSIA
PHONE/FAX: +7 (4732) 26 1519
P
Vitaly Latartsev
CEO
Latartsev graduated from the
Voronezh Polytechnic Institute
in 1968, qualifying as electronic
engineer. Since 1971 he practiced
scuba diving and headed the Reef
Diving Club (which existed till
1998). In 1980 he was trained
in the All-Union Voronezh Diver
School. From 1968 till 1979 he
worked as an engineer (later,
senior engineer) for Elektronika
Production Association under the
Ministry of Electronic Industry
of USSR. From 1979 till 1991
Vitaly worked as a foreign relations manager at electronic companies. Since 1991 he headed the
underwater engineering works
branch of the Novator Production
Association. He has worked at his
current position since 1994.
I N N O V A T I O N
etr Underwater Engineering Works has been functioning as it is since September
1994. The only activity it is involved in is underwater engineering works of all
kinds, including submerged crossings of trunk pipelines. At different times of its
history ZAO Petr serviced a lot of different customers, including OOO Mostransgaz, other
branches of OAO Gazprom, OAO Transneft, AK Transnefteprodukt, branches of EMERCOM of Russia, hydrographic groups for the Black and Baltic Sea, energy companies,
including nuclear power stations, chemical and manufacturing enterprises, etc.
The cornerstone of the company’s technical policy is development and introduction of
new materials and technologies, modern electronic and diagnostic instruments, computers,
and other achievements of world science and industry into underwater engineering practices.
PRINCIPAL LINES OF ACTIVITY OF ZAO PETR
Survey and search on sea
Sound material resources, proprietary search equipment with state-of-the-art navigation and search facilities, and many years of practical experience enabled Petr to complete a number of projects successfully. The company’s portfolio includes finding and recovery of a Hurricane fighter above the Polar Circle (2004), magnetic survey of the Nord
Stream gas pipeline section adjacent to the starting point, near the town of Primorsk on
the Gulf of Finland (December 2005), etc.
Diagnostics of trunk pipeline submerged crossings
Among the recent developments by ZAO Petr, the company is especially proud of
a transversal differential gradiometer, which helps measure the depth of the pipeline
(including pipelines constructed by controlled drilling) more precisely. It is a technology
which has never before been applied in pipeline transport.
Another major achievement of ZAO Petr is the technology of winter examination of
submerged crossings from the surface of the ice.
Technical supervision over submerged crossings construction
In order to solve typical problems associated with submerged crossings construction, ZAO Petr has developed a fundamentally new technology of controlling trench
parameters and pipe canal laying parameters, with sonar scanning used. This technology
showed thrilling results when scraping underwater trenches.
New practices of submerged crossings repair
In 1997 Petr employees started developing a fundamentally new technology of bottom-protection and bank-protection works at submerged crossings. Financial support was
granted by the Moscow Fund for Assistance to Development of Small Businesses Involved
in Research and Development. In 1999 the company patented the method and the pattern
of a flexible concrete mattress (FCM), or, in more official wording, UFPCM – a universal
flexible protection concrete mattress (flooring), widely applied not only for protecting submerged crossings, but also for field facilities construction, strengthening roadbeds, etc.
Another kind of maintenance ZAO Petr provides is underwater insulation repair, with
petroleum jelly based TapeCoat repair modules used. ZAO Petr everyday practice also includes other kinds of maintenance and repair: pipeline embedding, caisson installation, etc.
I N S I G H T
I N T O
R U S S I A
205
1/14/09 8:51:41 PM
PROMPROEKTSTROY
RESEARCH AND
PRODUCTION
COMPANY, OOO
A DDR ESS:
HTTP://WWW.PPS.PERM.RU
7, UL. LINEYNAYA, POLAZNA,
PERM TERRITORY 618703 RUSSIA
C O N T AC T S :
PHONE/FAX: +7 (34265) 92 411
P
Vladimir Korovin
Director
The measuring unit is certified.
The next innovation of OOO
Promproektstroy Research and
Production Company to be put
into practice will be the technology of hydrocarbon recovery
from tailing deposits.
206
romproektstroy Research and Production Company has been working in oil servicing for more than 10 years. The Company invests its finance and its large creative potential into developing state-of-the-art technologies in the field. In 2008
OOO Promproektstroy started manufacturing a gas-oil ratio (GOR) measuring unit. The
device was designed by OOO Promproektstroy inventor team at their own initiative.
A number of original engineering solutions enabled the Company to create a device
unparalleled in Russia and fully compliant with the appropriate guiding documents.
Application and scope of use
The device is designed to measure the GOR by sampling the gas-liquid mixture from
oilfield pipelines or directly from the wellhead.
The device can be used by companies involved in prospect, exploratory, and production well testing and survey at oil, gas and mineral water deposits.
Development goal
The goal of the development was to create a compact mobile measuring unit which
would be able to measure the GOR in each well, in collecting points and at different
stages of fluid conditioning. The measuring unit extracts a small sample of gas-liquid
mixture and separates the gas and liquid components. Knowing the GOR for each well
enables the operator to manage the fluid extraction process efficiently when the pressure
falls below the saturation point.
Strengths of the device
Similar mobile measuring units from other Russian manufacturers (Asma-T, OZNa,
etc.) are designed, above all, for measuring the extracted liquid discharge. Such units
draw the entire fluid flow that passes the sampling point, and then return the flow back
into the pipeline.
This makes accurate GOR measurement impossible because of the following:
– Separation pressure of the measuring unit will equal the pipeline pressure (a non-standard separation stage); part of the gas will inevitably be dissolved. In order to measure
the correct GOR (in accordance with the document RD39-0147035-225-88), the dissolved gas must be taken into account, which is impossible for such measuring units.
– Separator design does not fully guarantee absence of liquid drops in the measured gas
flow, which prejudices the accuracy of gas flow meters (especially vortex meters).
– There are certain circumstances (watery oil, high-viscosity oil, etc.) when gas stays in
the foam and escapes through the oil line. In such cases gas meters become useless
and the measured liquid flow is higher than the actual value. Using computational
methods (measuring the gas flow after compressing it in the device separator) does
not provide accurate results.
The proposed GOR measuring unit has no such weaknesses as it was designed for
particular measurement conditions, with the appropriate requirements observed and the
need to measure the gas-oil ratio taken into account.
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RIALOG
OOO
A DDR ESS:
C O N T AC T S :
HTTP://WWW.GKPERESVET.RU
62, UL. ONEZHSKAYA,
KRASNODAR 350059 RUSSIA
PHONE: +7 (861) 210 9620
PHONE/FAX: +7 (861) 234 0369
I
Viktor Ivanov
CEO
Ivanov entered the geological
prospecting department of the
Grozny Oil Institute, majoring
in geophysical methods of
deposit search and exploration,
in 1967. After graduation from
the Institute, he started working
for the Caucasus Branch of the
All-Union Oil-Field Geophysics
Research Institute, in the newly
formed radioactivity logging
department. The department
developed heatproof and
pressure-proof standard radioactivity logging devices, providing geophysical enterprises
with the essential standard
equipment, and afterwards
started developing devices for
array neutron logging, density
logging, and spectral logging.
Ivanov obtained a PhD decree in
1987, with his thesis dedicated to
neutron logging devices. Since
1991 he worked as the director
of the Geophysical Research
Institute (NIIGI) in Grozny.
In 1996 Viktor established OOO
RIALOG, becoming its CEO. The
backbone of the RIALOG team
was formed by the researchers
who had worked in the NIIGI.
I N N O V A T I O N
t is well-known that geophysical well survey in the USSR was most developed in the
Caucasus, both in terms of its scientific and industrial results. The Grozny Geophysical
Research Institute (NIIGI) was a leading manufacturer of heatproof and pressure-proof
devices covering almost all the aspects of development survey. It was headed by an outstanding designer of geophysical instruments, D. Sc., Professor A.G. Barminsky (1937–1991). After
the infamous events in Chechnya NIIGI ceased to exist, but its research and commercial potentials were preserved by OOO RIALOG, which marked its 10th anniversary in 2006. Since its
foundation the company has increased its industrial and research resources; it was one of the
first Russian companies in the field to use digital well logging. Today OOO RIALOG uses stateof-the-art technologies, components and materials. The software-driven LOGIS open-hole
equipment includes 14 different instruments. All logging instruments can operate separately
or in assemblies. They have a uniform standard diameter of 75 mm; two options with different thermal/pressure resistance are supplied: 120°C/100 MPa (15,000 psi) and 175°C/120
MPa (18,000 psi), with 220°C/170 MPa (25,000 psi) available as a custom option. A three-core
geophysical cable with a length of up to 7,000 m is used.
LOGIS digital equipment offers the following advantages:
– The logging instrument kit is diverse enough to perform all the necessary open-hole
well logging, both in production wells and prospect wells;
– The tools are supplied together with metrological accessories and the necessary
software and connected to widely used surface log recorders;
– Assemblies of 4 or 5 instruments can be run during one up/down cycle, which
makes it possible to complete all the necessary open-hole well logging in 3 cycles
rather than in 6 to 10 cycles, reducing the well downtime;
– Logging the physical properties of rocks (density, porosity, electrical resistance, etc.)
enables the operator to assess the quality of the obtained materials on the spot and
to interpret the log data quickly;
– The small-diameter instruments (75 mm) can be widely used in slim hole wells,
through the drilling tool, in sticky holes, in slanted or horizontal wells.
The LOGIS-CONTROL digital equipment, developed in 2006, was designed to assess
deposit technical conditions and control oil & gas deposit development. The equipment
includes five logging instruments and the surface control unit. LOGIS-CONTROL may be
used for well depths down to 7,000 m, at temperatures of up to 180°C and pressure up
to 100 MPa (15,000 psi).
RIALOG produces 200 to 250 digital well instruments per year. Our products are
operated successfully on the island of Sakhalin, in Orenburg, Nizhnevartovsk, Nyagan,
Usinsk, Krasnodar, Stavropol, as well as in Belarus, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan. High
professional skills of our employees, their responsible attitude and good labor management enable us to create reliable up-to-date equipment and technologies, raising the
logging quality and information value.
We are ready to cooperate most extensively, providing solutions for geophysicists,
geologists and businesses involved in hydrocarbon field development.
RIALOG develops and manufactures unique well logging equipment.
I N S I G H T
I N T O
R U S S I A
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1/14/09 8:51:42 PM
RITEK
INNOVATION AND
TECHNOLOGY CENTER,
OOO
A DDR ESS:
BUILDING 4, D. 21, PROSP.
60-LETIYA OKTYABRYA, MOSCOW
117036 RUSSIA
C O N T AC T S :
R
Vladimir
Pavlenko
CEO
Pavlenko graduated from
Moscow Aviation Institute;
he has a PhD degree.
Pavlenko holds the titles of an
Honorary Aircraft Constructor and Honorary Oil Industry
Worker; he is decorated with
the Order of Honor, medals
For Labor Valor and In Memory
of the 850th Anniversary of
Moscow, and honorary signs:
Engineering Glory of Russia
(1st degree), 10th Anniversary
of RITEK, and 15th Anniversary
of RITEK; he is also a laureate
of the N.K. Baybakov Prize.
208
ITEK Innovation and Technology Center is an affiliate of the Russian oil company
RITEK with the LUKOIL Group. The Company is located in Moscow. Its principal
activities include:
– Development and examination of brushless DC motor (BLDC) drives for oil equipment, as well as drive control tools.
– Production of BLDC motor drives for oil equipment and drive control tools.
– Servicing, maintenance and support.
The Company counts 150 people, including 72% with university education and 28%
general workers and employees. The lion’s share of them has many years of experience
in aircraft construction and the oil industry. A number of employees have postgraduate
academic degrees; they participated in multiple international conferences on oil & gas
equipment and technologies, publishing their works on the subject in industry periodicals. OOO RITEK Innovation and Technology Center participates in the International Exhibition of Equipment and Technologies for Oil and Gas Industries (Neftegaz), Moscow,
each year, and has a number of diplomas and medals. OOO RITEK Innovation and Technology Center is a member of the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs. The
Company is equipped with up-to-date CAD software, general and specific equipment,
monitoring aids and test benches.
The test bench for testing brushless DC motors and drives developed by the Company is unparalleled in Russia, enabling us to develop new oil pump drives efficiently.
Submersible pumps extract some 80% of all oil in Russia. We have equipped drives for
such pumps with synchronous motors having permanent magnets in the rotor, a new word
in the electric machinery, rather than with traditional asynchronous motors. Such a transition was enabled by the latest achievements in power and control microelectronics and
software. Such drives enable the oil businesses to solve many technological and resource
problems and considerably reduce power consumption (now amounting to some 7 billion
kWh per year in the national oil extraction). That was why OAO LUKOIL started financing
this development long ago, when BLDC prospects were still vague, and founded the Innovation and Technology Center within its structure in 2003. Skilled engineers with experience in
aerospace equipment drives were invited to work in the Center. Approaches used in aircraft
construction and the participation of LUKOIL oil equipment experts made it possible to create and put into operation world’s first high-performance BLDC drives for submersible oil
pumps. To date, 650 wells with BLDC motor equipped pumps work in 22 regions of Russia.
A low-speed engine for screw pumps was created based on BLDC motors (a similar
asynchronous motor would be virtually impossible to create). RITEK low-speed engines
are used at 150 wells in Russia, and their usage grows. A great number of foreign oil
businesses and service companies show interest in such drives. RITEK has obtained an
international quality certificate, opening the door for export contracts.
Being of a versatile nature, the equipment developed by OOO RITEK Innovation
and Technology Center can be used for creating new types of drives for machinery and
equipment in different fields.
N E W
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1/14/09 8:51:43 PM
SAMARA EOR &
WO COMPANY
EXTRACTION OF CRUDE
PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS;
OAO
A DDR ESS:
C O N T AC T S :
HTTP://WWW.SCRW.COM
53A. UL. ANTONOVA-OVSEENKO,
SAMARA 443090 RUSSIA
PHONE: +7 (846) 279 0151
FAX: +7 (846) 979 8041
T
Gennady Novikov
General Director
Novikov graduated from the
Kuybyshev Polytechnic Institute
(now Samara State Technical
University) in oil
& gas well drilling. His first
position was assistant driller
in the Pervomaysky Oil and Gas
Deep-Hole Drilling Prospecting
Expedition of Kharkovneftegazrazvedka Trust. In 2004
the Board of Directors
of OAO Samara EOR & WO Company named him CEO and Chair
of the Board. He has multiple
awards from OAO Samara EOR
and WO Company and its
customers and an honorable
mention from the Ministry
of Fuel and Energy of Russia.
I N N O V A T I O N
he department in charge of enhanced oil recovery and well workover (EOR & WO) was
established in the Samara Region in 1985, with its main task to service the developing
oil fields of Western Siberia. In 1993 it was restructured into a joint-stock company.
The company sees its mission in the development of oil servicing market in Russia, including
well drilling, maintenance and enhanced oil recovery. The strategy of the company is to keep
a steady position among the leading Russian oil servicing companies and to ensure dynamical
growth of the company in the oil servicing market segments that enjoy the greatest demand.
OAO Samara EOR & WO Company ranks among the largest independent oil-servicing
companies of modern Russia. It employs around 3,000 people from various areas and regions
of Russia. The majority of the staff works in rotating crews. Operating in the Samara Region
and Tyumen Region, the company services leading national oil and gas companies, including OAO Surgutneftegaz, OAO Gazpromneft-Noyabrskneftegaz, and OAO Rosneft.
New technologies of enhanced oil recovery and well workover developed by OAO
Samara EOR & WO Company helped produce over 1 million tons of extra oil from recovered wells per year. The company is continually expanding its business and its geography.
One of the first service companies to start applying the side tracking technology, today
OAO Samara EOR & WO Company is the leader among all the Russian independent service companies in terms of side-tracking (over 800 successful operations since 1998).
Principal activities of OAO Samara EOR & WO Company include:
– Side-tracking;
– Water shutoff;
– Elimination of downhole equipment accidents;
– Hydraulic formation fracturing;
– Bottomhole formation zone treatment to enhance oil recovery.
OAO Samara EOR & WO Company works in close contact with the customer. Any
technologies to be applied, as well as selection of equipment and materials, are first of
all coordinated with the customer in order to choose the most efficient solution of the
particular problem for the particular well. All the work done on the well is supervised by
the customer and checked using computer simulation.
At present the company has several large facilities in the regions of its presence, equipped
with its own tools, oilfield vehicles, and materials. Its highly professional staff can complete
a broad range of oil servicing operations without subcontractors involved, reducing the cost
considerably and assuring better performance. The company keeps abreast of new technologies and materials emerging on the market. It has also developed and implemented
a number of its own innovations which enjoy considerable demand on the oil servicing
market. Many of our proprietary materials and technologies are patented. We hold to using
state-of-the-art equipment (both imported and produced in Russia) for our operations.
Much attention is paid to labor safety and environmental protection. All our operations and processes are supervised by the department of industrial safety and labor safety.
I N S I G H T
I N T O
R U S S I A
209
1/14/09 8:51:43 PM
SEVKAVGEOPROM
RESEARCH AND
PRODUCTION
COMPANY, ZAO
A DDR ESS:
C O N T AC T S :
4A, PER. SADOVY, ESSENTUKI,
STAVROPOL TERRITORY 357600
RUSSIA
FAX: +7 (87934) 74 215
[email protected]
S
Sergey Litvinov
CEO
Litvinov graduated from the
Irkutsk Polytechnic Institute
and has a PhD in economics.
He is a full member of the
Russian Academy of Natural
Sciences and holds the title
of an Honorary Prospector
of Russia.
210
evkavgeoprom Research and Production Company was established in the town of
Essentuki, Stavropol Territory, in 2001. It is licensed for research and design work in
applied problems of oil and gas geology.
Sevkavgeoprom focuses on the following activities: diagnostics of potential oil-andgas presence in a certain district or in a particular sedimentary complex; development of
exploration programs; analysis of geological survey results and correction of the data on the
geology of certain districts or individual oil and gas deposits; estimation and re-estimation
of hydrocarbon reserves; planning geological survey; monitoring subsurface resource management and environmental protection in the area of Caucasian Mineral Waters.
Sevkavgeoprom is equipped with up-to-date computers and has an enormous geologic
and geophysical knowledge base. That enables the Company to conduct research projects
and design work at the highest possible quality level and within tight deadlines.
The company’s human resource potential is enormous, due to highly qualified experts with many years of experience both in Russia and abroad. Our chief engineers have
PhD degrees in geology, mineralogy, engineering and economics.
The mission of ZAO Sevkavgeoprom Research and Production Company is to
strengthen the hydrocarbon resource base, increase oil and gas extraction in principal
regions of the Southern Federal District, and provide an unbiased estimation of the investment appeal of potential oil-and-gas bearing sites for prospecting and development.
Principal activities of the company include:
– Exploration (correction) of the geology of certain districts or individual oil and gas
deposits.
– Analysis of geological survey results and efficiency.
– Planning geological survey.
– Estimation of probable and recoverable reserves of oil and gas.
– Reevaluation of hydrocarbon reserves in accordance with the new Classification of
Reserves and Probable Resources of Oil and Gas.
– Preparing geological data packages for licensing promising sites for exploration and
production.
– Geological support of regional and detailed geophysical works.
– Geological substantiation of the location of key wells, stratigraphic wells and prospect wells.
– Technical and economic assessment of the oil recovery factor.
– Forming information and analysis systems of data characterizing all the range of
geological features of oil-and-gas bearing sites and the degree of their exploration.
– Developing current and mid-term prospecting and exploration programs.
– Monitoring the environmental state of land in the Specially Protected Area of Caucasian Mineral Waters.
The company’s competitive edge is, above all, the high quality of its services and
ability to complete them within tight deadlines.
N E W
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1/14/09 8:51:43 PM
SIBINFORMGEO
GROUP
A DDR ESS:
C O N T AC T S :
OFFICE 211, 72, UL.
TAYMYRSKAYA, TYUMEN 625026
RUSSIA
PHONE: +7 (3452) 59 3027
PHONE/FAX: +7 (3452) 24 3374
B
Oleg Kozlov
President, Sibinformgeo
Group
Ivan Nesterov
Corresponding Member
of The Russian Academy
of Sciences, Laureate
of the Lenin Prize And State
Prize of USSR, Professor
of the Tyumen Oil and Gas
University
I N N O V A T I O N
ased in Tyumen, SibinformGeo Group was established at the initiative of the two
principal founders: OOO Sibinformgeo, founded in 1997 and OOO SibinformgeoCenter, founded in 2005.
The Group sees its principal goals as preparing and forming informational
resources and programs, prospect well analysis and development of oil and
gas deposits for:
– Federal and regional authorities.
– Fuel and energy companies.
Our companies have been working on the exploration of existing prospect wells drilled at
the state’s expense and on the preparation of their technical passports for more than 10 years.
The experience we have accrued suggests that not all the wells (even if “frozen” long
ago) have to be abandoned: many of them can still be developed on a commercial basis.
The cost of putting a “frozen” prospect well into operation again is 10 to 15 times
lower than that of drilling a new well.
This considered, we have prepared an offer (together with the researchers from the
Tyumen Oil and Gas University headed by I. I. Nesterov, Corresponding Member of the
Russian Academy of Sciences) to the Government of the Russian Federation, where we
proposed that the temporarily abandoned prospect wells drilled at the state’s expense
should be used as test grounds for developing and improving hydrocarbon search, exploration and development technologies.
Our goal is to create and improve industrial technologies for exploration and development of oil and gas fields based on fundamental and applied research. This will
help enhance the economic efficiency of using hydrocarbon reserves and contribute to
preservation of the environment and replenishment of the subsoil resources.
This goal is to be achieved through studying natural processes and their
implementation in the following engineering technologies:
– Oil and gas accumulation.
– Well perfection coefficient growth.
– Creation of artificial catchers and strong electromagnetic fields in the reservoirs
to enable solid compounds and high-molecular oil components to transform into
lower-molecular liquid and gaseous phase equilibriums using the spin energy of
solid organic compounds.
– Creation of a new theoretical base and technical facilities to lift the hydrocarbons
to the surface, using the reservoir pressure and effects related to the separation of
the solute gas from the liquid and condensate without the temperature and pressure falling.
– Using the residual reservoir energy at the wellhead for electricity generation, oil and
gas pre-transportation treatment, and creation of conditions and technical facilities
conducive to preservation of the environment and replenishment of the subsoil
resources.
I N S I G H T
I N T O
R U S S I A
211
1/14/09 8:51:43 PM
STROIGAZCONSULTING
OOO
A DDR ESS:
C O N T AC T S :
TO OIL AND GAS EXTRACTION;
CONSTRUCTION
HTTP://WWW.SGC.RU
23A, NAB. TARASA SHEVCHENKO,
PHONE: +7 (495) 234 0217
FAX: +7 (495) 234 0219
S
Ziyad Manasir
President
Ziyad Manasir, born in Jordan
(Amman), graduated from the
Azerbaijan Azizbekov Institute
of Oil and Chemistry, qualifying
as oil and gas chemical engineer,
in 1990. His entire further life
was bound to Russia.
In 1994 he founded
OOO Stroigazconsulting
and has headed it ever since.
In 2006 Ziyad Manasir was
awarded an honorary diploma
of the Ministry of Regional
Development of the Russian
Federation “for his large
personal contribution to the
development of construction
and housing and communal
services, many years of conscientious work and successful
completion of production tasks.”
212
troigazconsulting was founded in 1994. Since then, we have come a long way from a small
construction company to a large holding with such customers as Gazprom, LUKOIL, and
the Federal Road Agency of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation.
Today’s OOO Stroigazconsulting is a management company uniting 27 enterprises. Together they form the Stroigazconsulting Group, implementing projects in
the following key activities:
Construction of oil and gas facilities and public welfare infrastructure
in the northern regions:
– Construction of the Kharvutinskaya and Aneryakhinskaya sites of the Yamburgskoye gas
condensate field, Pestsovaya site of the Urengoyskoye oil and gas condensate field, Nakhodkinskoye gas field, Zapolyarnoye oil and gas condensate field, Bovanenkovskoye
oil and gas condensate field, and Kharasaveyskoye oil and gas condensate field.
– Construction of the main compressor station at the Zapolyarnoye oil and gas condensate field and central production facilities (CPFs) Nos. 1 and 2 at the Urengoyskoye oil and gas condensate field.
– Construction of the Kolyma federal highway.
– Construction of administrative buildings, sports grounds, residential housing, accommodations for shift-workers, and hotels in cities and towns of the Far North.
Construction, reconstruction, revamping and overhaul of trunk gas pipelines in the European part of Russia and gas network expansion in the regions
of Russia under the program of OAO Gazprom:
– Construction of the Bovanenkovo–Ukhta trunk gas pipeline, Gryazovets–Vyborg
gas pipeline (the overland part of the Nord Stream), and a branch pipeline to
Arkhangelsk and Severodvinsk.
– Reconstruction of the branch pipeline to Nalchik, sections of the Mozdok–Tbilisi
and North Caucasus–Transcaucasia pipelines, and connection of the wells of the
Vostochno-Pribrezhnoye field.
– Overhaul of the Komsomolskoye–Surgut–Chelyabinsk and Urengoy–Surgut–
Chelyabinsk trunk gas pipelines.
– Construction of gas network in the Ketchenery and Sarpinsky Districts of Kalmykia.
The company management is positive that an efficient and adequate governance
system, high-quality professional training of personnel, and making use of innovative
methods and technologies are among the musts for successful development.
Today Stroigazconsulting can perform all the construction cycle operations with
high quality and within record-breaking deadlines. The total number of people working
for the Stroigazconsulting Group enterprises is some 20,000 people. The company’s own
fleet of trucks and heavy machinery exceeds 4,000 vehicles.
Constant improvement of the governance system, high work quality, usage of new
technologies and modern construction materials enable OOO Stroigazconsulting to
maintain its stable position among the leaders of the Russian construction market.
N E W
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1/14/09 8:51:44 PM
A DDR ESS:
TECHNOLOGY
SERVICE
ZAO
16, 5 MKR., NEFTEYUGANSK,
KHANTY-MANSIYSKY
AUTONOMOUS DISTRICT —
YUGRA 628301 RUSSIA
C O N T AC T S :
PHONE: +7 (3463) 23 2025
FAX: +7 (3463) 23 2074
T
Ildar Yuldashev
CEO
At present major customers of
ZAO Technology Service include:
OOO RN-Yuganskneftegaz;
OOO RN-Purneftegaz;
OOO Gazpromneft-Khantos;
OAO TNK-Nyagan;
Schlumberger Logelco, Inc.
(Panama);
OOO Westor Overseas Holdings;
RUP BELORUSNEFT in RF
Production Association.
I N N O V A T I O N
echnology Service was registered in Nefteyugansk on May 30, 1996 under the registration No. 234-r.
The company’s activities include:
– Development and introduction of cutting-edge bed stimulation technologies in order to enhance recovery and increase well output.
– Elimination of scale, corrosion and other factors hindering oil extraction.
– Preparation of well-killing liquids and killing of wells during their preparation to repair.
– Vehicle transportation services.
During the twelve years of its existence, ZAO Technology Service has accrued vast experience of enhancing recovery and intensifying oil production by injecting reagents and introducing other efficient technologies developed by leading Russian and foreign researchers.
From the entire range of recovery enhancement, the company focuses on the tasks
which meet the existing working environment and capabilities, providing quick payback
under particular geographical, geological and technical conditions. Since 1996 the company has been servicing oil and gas extracting companies in the following fields:
1) Physicochemical methods of enhancing recovery:
– leveling water injection front through treating injection wells using different flowdiverging technologies;
– increasing intake capacity of injection wells without involving well maintenance
and workover service teams, using different acid compositions adapted to the productive reservoirs of a particular deposit;
– increasing the permeability of producing well bottom zones during well development, workover, and formation re-exposing;
– eliminating microbial lesion of reservoirs and oil-field facilities.
2) Elimination of equipment operation problems:
– elimination of oil extraction problems arising during operation of underground
equipment of producing wells by using chemical reagents for removal of saline
sediments and asphaltic-resinous paraffin deposits and their further prevention;
– elimination of oil extraction problems during operation of surface communications
and trunk pipelines.
3) Preparation of well-killing liquids and well preparation
to repair by killing:
– preparation of well-killing compositions based on traditional salts (NaCL, KCL,
CaCL2) and killing of wells using them;
– preparation of killing compositions and killing of wells having abnormally low reservoir pressures. Using blocking units based on micro emulsions, polysaccharide
liquids, and microspar, with specific weight above 1.5 gram per cubic centimeter.
For auxiliary facilities at remote oil fields the company constructs portacabins (both
as workers’ accommodation and as processing facilities).
I N S I G H T
I N T O
R U S S I A
213
1/14/09 8:51:44 PM
A DDR ESS:
TRANSKOR-K
RESEARCH AND
TECHNOLOGY CENTER
TO TRANSPORT VIA PIPELINES
HTTP://WWW.TRANSKOR.RU
OFFICE 113, BUILDING 1, 23, UL.
MATROSSKAYA TISHINA,
C O N T AC T S :
PHONE/FAX: +7 (495) 540 7293,
540 7294, 540 7295
T
Svetlana
Kamayeva
General Director
Having completed her studies
in the high school with a golden
medal, in 1977 Svetlana graduated cum laude from the
Lomonosov Moscow State
University. She worked as a research fellow, then as Deputy
Director for the All-Russian
Pipeline Construction Research
Institute under the Ministry
of Oil and Gas Construction,
and afterwards returned to
the Moscow State University as
a professor. For 20 years she
traveled in desert and sub-Arctic
expeditions examining pipeline
systems and developing new
methods of technical diagnosis.
She has 30+ publications,
including 4 monographs, and
7 inventions. In 2004 Kamayeva defended her PhD thesis,
and in 2007 she was nominated
for the State Premium of Russia together with the team of
MNPO Spektr.
Kamayeva has headed OOO
Transkor-K Research and Technology Center since the moment
of its foundation in 2001. She
is also the head of a number of
affiliated companies, including
5 foreign partner companies.
214
ranskor-K Research and Technology Center positions itself as an innovation
leader, pioneering magnetic induction tomography (MIT), a unique technology
of technical pipeline diagnosis. Environmental safety and power security of any
nation depends on the reliable work of its pipeline systems. Ensuring such reliability is
a complex engineering problem. Pipeline monitoring is not only a key activity within the
pipeline servicing; it characterizes the nation’s technologic potential as a whole.
OOO Transkor-K Research and Technology Center focuses on manufacturing
a number of MIT instruments and introducing them into practical applications. For the
6 years of our existence we have proven the competitiveness of the Russian equipment,
not only on the national scale, but also worldwide. Transkor-K equipment makes it possible to virtually look through the earth, determining the actual state of objects with any
insulation types at the depth of down to 20 meters. The Center monitored gas-compressor station pipelines of OAO Gazprom, product pipelines of gas processing plants and oil
refineries, ethylene pipelines, chemical factories, municipal utilities, airport buried pipelines, underwater pipelines, – in a word, pipelines in every field where traditional in-pipe
examination is impossible. MIT demonstrated high probability of flaw location (at least
75%), making it possible to initiate preventive maintenance and avoid pipeline failures.
Transkor-K experts examined over 12,000 km of pipelines in Uzbekistan, Belarus,
Syria, Croatia, the UK, the US, Argentina, Mexico, Bolivia, Venezuela, Columbia, Saudi
Arabia, Malaysia, and China. The Center established a number of foreign branches and
representative offices.
OOO Transkor-K Research and Technology Center is a certified expert organization
of Rostekhnadzor (the Russian governmental agency organization for technical supervision), a member company of RONKTD (Russian Society for Nondestructive Examination
and Technical Diagnosis) and Moscow Chamber of Trade and Industry. The Center is accredited by the Russian Ministry of Science and Technologies as a research organization;
it is also MS ISO 9001:2000 certified.
The Center’s inventions are patented in Russia. They received awards from the Geneva Invention Show, NDT conference in Barcelona (2002), and the Archimedes International Innovation Salon, Moscow (For the Best Russian Invention in Pipeline System
Diagnosis) and diplomas from Moscow Mayor Luzhkov, the International Forum “High
Technology of XXI,” the International Fair in Croatia (Zagreb, 2004), the Conference of
the British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing (Torquay, UK, 2004), the International
Exhibition “Russia, Germany’s Partner” (Hanover, 2005), and EUREKA World Exhibitions
of Innovation, Research and New Technology in Brussels (2005 and 2006).
We are ready to cooperate in the field of technical diagnosis and examination of
buried pipelines and underwater pipelines for industrial safety (DN 56 to 3,000 mm). Our
strong point is our ability to operate successfully where traditional in-pipe examination
is impossible. A 100% metal check guarantees the high quality, with the need for special
pre-check preparation or shutdown eliminated.
N E W
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1/14/09 8:51:45 PM
TYUMENPROMGEOPHYSIKA
WEST-SIBERIAN
CORPORATION, OAO
A DDR ESS:
C O N T AC T S :
HTTP://WWW.TPG.RU
9, UL. YUZHNAYA, MEGION,
KHANTY-MANSIYSKY
AUTONOMOUS DISTRICT – YUGRA
628681 RUSSIA
PHONE/FAX: +7 (34663) 31487,
+7 (34663) 33671
OPERATOR DESK:
+7 (34663) 21609
W
Tristan Melaniya
CEO
Vladimir Kazak
Chair of the Board,
Director for Business
Development
I N N O V A T I O N
est-Siberian Corporation Tyumenpromgeophysika is a leading Russian geophysical company offering a full range of geophysical services.
The Company has 30 years of successful operations in the Khanty-Mansiysky
and Yamalo-Nenetsky Autonomous Regions, Tyumen Region, East Siberia and the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Our main business activities are:
– Borehole surveys;
– Engineering and telemetry support of well construction;
– Geotechnical survey and mud logging during well construction;
– Cement bond logging control;
– Casing cementing control & casing testing;
– Perforation;
– Geophysical survey during well development & testing;
– Geophysical survey during reservoir management control;
– Processing, interpretation and general simulation of formations and fields combining all geophysical & logging data;
– VSP survey.
Future trends
During the productive formation testing and design and drilling of horizontal boreholes the main target is to create a 3D geological and geophysical snap-off model which
makes the basis for future evaluations and simulation.
Application of a geological and geophysical model simulated with Petrel and Drilling
Office special software ensures reliable 3D control of hole position and its conformity to
original design; it also assures prediction and timely prevention of eventual hole-drilling
problems; quality control over opened reservoir characteristics, as well as timely corrections to drilling directions and drilling practice. Developed Dynamic Modeling practices
will allow to handle a much wider range of problems, targeting prediction of rated well
productivities and planning of geotechnical activities, i.e. prediction of the economic feasibility of the well drilling and development.
Tyumenpromgeophysika applies world-class tele-systems, consistently introducing new
technologies and hardware thus extending its scope of services and tasks. To date the Company is operating with Russian BTS-172KS, imported GEOLINK, and in 2008 it will introduce
SLIM PULSE telesystems, all in order to meet the increasing customers’ demands in full.
One of the Company’s key priorities is open hole testing. Testing is carried out both
with Russian equipment and with the Platform Express (PEX) modular unit. TPG performs induction logging, sonic logging, directional survey and caliper survey logging
with Russian instrumentation as well as with imported extended-configuration PEX suite
which can be delivered into horizontal holes by drilling tools.
The quality management system of Tyumenpromgeophysika has been certified under GOST R ISO 9001-2001 and ISO 9001:2000 thus ensuring world-class quality of its
geophysical services.
I N S I G H T
I N T O
R U S S I A
215
1/14/09 8:51:45 PM
1/14/09 8:51:47 PM
TIMBER.
P U L P A N D PA P E R
1/14/09 8:51:47 PM
A DDR ESS:
KRONOSTAR
OOO
WOOD PROCESSING
AND WOOD PRODUCTS
HTTP://WWW.KRONOSTAR.COM
4, UL. TSENTRALNAYA,
POS. VETLUZHSKY, SHARYA,
KOSTROMA REGION 157510
RUSSIA
C O N T AC T S :
PHONE: +7 (49449) 59 602,
59 608, 59 610
FAX: +7 (49449) 59 611, 59 612
K
Lutz Pape
CEO
Pape has been working
in the wooden board industry
for more than 30 years; his
track record includes work
at plants located in Poland,
Bulgaria, Czech Republic,
Slovakia, United Kingdom,
and Lithuania.
218
ronostar is the largest investment project in Russian wood processing industry.
The design of the Kronostar plant incorporated the long experience accumulated
by Swiss Krono Group concern and its plants.
Swiss Krono Group has eleven enterprises in eight countries: Switzerland, Germany,
France, Poland, Hungary, Russia, Ukraine, and USA. Swiss Krono Group was one of the
first multinational companies to announce its plans to create a large wood-processing
plant in Russia. As a result, Kronostar company was established in 2002 in the town of
Sharya, Kaluga Region.
Today, Kronostar is one of the largest Russian manufacturers of wooden board. The
plant produces plain and laminated MDF board and particle board as well as laminate
flooring and wall panels.
All Kronostar products have Russian conformity certificates, hygiene certificates, and
fire safety certificates.
The Premier brand of laminate flooring as well as laminated particle and MDF boards
have been awarded the Golden Plaque of the All-Russian Brand (Third Millenium).
Products of Kronostar meet the European quality and environmental safety requirements (E1 formaldehyde release class according to the European standards). The company’s management believes that manufacturing should be harmonized with nature, and
should not harm the environment or people. So, in keeping with Swiss Krono Group
traditions, Kronostar spares no efforts to reduce any effects that manufacturing may bear
on the environment. Kronostar uses an integrated system for quality management, environmental management, and occupational health and safety management which is compliant with the ISO 9001:2000, ISO 14001:2004, and OHSAS 18001:2007 international
standards. That has been confirmed by certificates issued by Det Norske Veritas (DNV),
one of the most respectable certification bodies in Europe. The Kronostar plant utilizes
biotreatment system for treating production waste water, as well as a treatment system
for rainfall and drainage water. State of air, soil, and water is systematically monitored.
The company is planning to construct a resin production unit to manufacture its
own next-generation low-toxicity resins, which will result in further reduction of formaldehyde content in Kronostar products and in considerable reduction of any negative
environmental effects.
The European certificate of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) is an acknowledgement of the careful handling of natural resources by the company. Companies of the
the Kronolesprom holding, which supply OOO Kronstar with raw wood, hold a group
FSC certificate. (Kronolesprom has been established by OOO Kronstar to ensure an uninterrupted supply of feedstock to its production facilities). Owing to the company’s
attention to environmental problems and its hard work in that area, Kronstar was able to
make it to the list of winners of the contest named “Russia’s 100 best organizations. Environment and environmental management.” The company’s CEO Lutz Pape was awarded
the Honorary Environmentalist of the Year 2007 plaque.
N E W
E C O N O M Y :
1/14/09 8:51:47 PM
A DDR ESS:
SOLIKAMSKBUMPROM
OAO
PULP AND PAPER
HTTP://WWW.SOLBUM.RU
21, UL. KOMMUNISTICHESKAYA,
SOLIKAMSK, PERM TERRITORY
618548 RUSSIA
C O N T AC T S :
PHONE: +7 (34253) 64 663
FAX: +7 (34253) 48 130, 47 433
S
Viktor Baranov
President
Baranov graduated from
the Urals Forestry Institute.
He is a deputy of the Perm
Territory Legislative Assembly.
He bears the title of an Honored
Worker of Forestry and is
decorated with the Order of
Friendship. Viktor was named
Best Business Leader twice,
with the title of Best Manager
of Russia awarded to him.
He has been included into
the Golden Human-Resource
Reserve of the 21st Century
Russia.
I N N O V A T I O N
olikamskbumprom is one of the leaders of the national forestry sector.
A largest regional pulp and paper manufacturer, it ranks among the top three Russian newsprint producers. OAO Solikamskbumprom is an up-to-date company, developing dynamically, with advanced process facilities. Its quality management system
and environmental management system are ISO 9001:2000 and ISO 14001:2004 certified. The plant manufactures high-quality newsprint with high optical, mechanical, and
structural characteristics, suitable for both black-and-white and full-color printing on
any high-speed printing equipment. Both Russian and foreign publishing houses use Solikamsk paper exported in over 40 countries worldwide.
OAO Solikamskbumprom manufactures up to 0.5 million tons of newsprint per
year. Such a result was achieved due to the successful long-term refurbishment program,
targeting, above all, the quality improvement and stable economic development. The
Solikamskbumprom development program contributes to more efficient usage of forest resources and forestry development in the Perm Territory and the entire Russia. Our
newsprint won recognition and popularity among European and world customers. The
company accounts for over 20% of the national newsprint output. Some 53% of the output is sold in Russia, the rest is exported both to CIS and extra-CIS countries.
The company has its own logging facilities. A number of Russian forestry companies
located in the northern districts of the Territory are affiliated with OAO Solikamskbumprom. The company expands timber felling, using state-of-the-art logging equipment.
The forest resources are used in accordance with the internationally acknowledged principles of responsible forest management. OAO Solikamskbumprom was the first in Russia to produce FsC-certified newsprint.
Along with its policy of large investment into technical refurbishment and renovation, the company management pays great attention to employees’ life quality, their
health and professional development. Large funds are invested into public welfare projects. Moreover, OAO Solikamskbumprom is involved into charity and support of the social infrastructure in the region, with projects in education, healthcare, child recreation,
sports, and culture. Special emphasis is placed in the restoration of Orthodox churches
and monasteries.
Multiple Russian and foreign awards witness our success: Crystal Nike, Golden Standard,
Russian National Olympus, a golden medal for Impeccable Business Reputation from the
Russian-Swiss Business Club, Russian Business Leader in Forestry 2005, and many others.
Our stable output growth and competent management ensure the company’s consistent development and support its impeccable business reputation.
I N S I G H T
I N T O
R U S S I A
219
1/14/09 8:51:48 PM
TABLE OF CONTENTS
N E W E C O N O M Y: I N N O VA T I O N I N S I G H T I N T O R U S S I A
Sergey Mironov
13
Topical Problems of Russia’s Innovational Development
Boris Gryzlov
16
Innovations and the Industrial Policy
Khuseyn Chechenov
20
Forming an Innovation System: Reality and Prospects
Valery Chereshnev
26
Problems of Legal Support of the State Scientific,
Technical, and Innovation Policy
Andrey Klepach
32
Concept of the Long-Term Socio-Economic Development
of the Russian Federation through 2020 and the Development
of the National Innovation System
Stanislav Naumov
37
State Policy in Scientific, Technical, and Innovation
Activity of the Industry
Yury Sentyurin
41
Forming the System of Legal Support of Innovational
Development of the Russian Economy
Andrey Lisitsyn-Svetlanov
45
Legal Problems of Development of Innovation Relations of Russia Today
Ekaterina Popova
50
The Role of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the Innovation
System of the Russian Federation
Sergey Aldoshin, Evgeny Kablov, Vladimir Potapov
59
Involvement of the Russian Academy of Sciences (in its Capacity
of a Cornerstone of the State-Owned Scientific Sector)
in Innovation-Based Development of the Russian Economy
Levan Mindeli
65
Problems of Financing Scientific Research
Mikhail Prokhorov
70
Innovation-Based Development of Russia: What Needs to Be Done?
Elena Dyakova
75
Civil Society and Transition to the E-Government
220
N E W
E C O N O M Y :
1/14/09 8:51:48 PM
Vladimir Matyukhin
83
Implementing Urgent Tasks and Innovational Solutions for IT
Development in Russia as the New Economy is Being Built
Evgeny Petrosyan
91
The Role of Standardization and Management in Russia’s
Valentin Zavadnikov
95
Problems of State and Industry Management
of the Post-Reform Energy Sector
Gennadiy Shmal
101
Problems and Paths of Innovation-Based Development
of Russian Oil and Gas Industry and Applicable Laws
Alexander Gintsburg
105
On Development of High Technologies in Biomedicine
Andrey Petrushin
111
Innovational Special Economic Zones
I N N O VA T I O N S I N B U S I N E S S : C A T A L O G O F C O M P A N I E S
I N N O V A T I O N
AELITA-SERVICE
126
EDIP
127
SISTEMA-SAROV
128
EKONIVA GROUP
130
MAY COMPANY
131
INNOVATION TRADE POWER COMPANY (OOO ITEK)
134
INTERENERGOSERVIS
135
MASTERFIBRE-ALLIANCE
136
NEATEH STROY
137
PERESVET GROUP
138
SFERA-N
139
SILIKON
140
METTEM TECHNOLOGIES
142
NAFTAGAZPOSTAVKA
143
PRESS-TORF
144
I N S I G H T
I N T O
R U S S I A
221
1/14/09 8:51:48 PM
222
BOLID
146
EMK
148
IRE-POLUS
149
KOSMOS
150
ORION
151
POWER STATION SIMULATORS
152
MAPPING SURVEYING BUREAU
154
PERM TERRITORIAL CENTER
OF STATE MONITORING
155
SPETSGEOLOGORAZVEDKA
156
MALAVIT
158
LABORATORY NIZAR
159
ACADEMY OF BEAUTY AND HEALTH
160
AKELA-N
161
CENTER OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY
162
CENTER OF INFRASTRUCTURAL PROJECTS, AEROSCAN
164
AR TEKHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH
168
COMCOR (AKADO TELECOM)
169
COMLINK TELECOM
170
DENCOM
171
GEYSER
172
MICROM
173
NATIONAL RADIO-TECHNICAL BUREAU
174
SAMARA OPTICAL CABLE COMPANY
175
CRANE SERVICE PLUS
178
DOROGOBUZHKOTLOMASH
179
ILMA TECHNOLOGY
180
LINARES
181
RUSINNOVACIA
182
SIBSELMASH
183
V. S. GRIZODUBOVA FLIGHT TESTS AND PRODUCTION (LIIP)
184
N E W
E C O N O M Y :
1/14/09 8:51:48 PM
I N N O V A T I O N
IMMUNOTEX
188
INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT
FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (ZAO PONI)
189
TRIMM MEDICINE
190
ARNEBIA
192
ASSOCIATION OF INTERNATIONAL
PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURERS (AIPM)
193
EKOMIR
194
NATUR PRODUKT INTERNATIONAL
195
UCB S.A.
196
ZELENAYA DUBRAVA
198
GEOPHYSICAL DATA SYSTEMS
200
NEFTEGAZGEOFIZIKA
202
NOVOMET
203
NPPGM GEOSEIS
204
PETR
205
PROMPROEKTSTROY
206
RIALOG
207
RITEK
208
SAMARA EOR & WO COMPANY
209
SEVKAVGEOPROM
210
SIBINFORMGEO GROUP
211
STROIGAZCONSULTING
212
TECHNOLOGY SERVICE
213
TRANSKOR-K
214
TYUMENPROMGEOPHYSIKA
215
KRONOSTAR
218
SOLIKAMSKBUMPROM
219
I N S I G H T
I N T O
R U S S I A
223
1/14/09 8:51:48 PM
The publication
NEW ECONOMY:
INNOVATION INSIGHT INTO RUSSIA
was registered by the Federal Service
for Supervision in the Field of Mass Media,
Communications, and
Protection of Cultural Heritage
on December 14, 2007.
Mass media registration certificate
PI No. FS77-30662.
Page design,
computer-aided design makeup,
preprint by
Т. Anadenkova, A. Tchurakov
Technical support by
E. Buber
Picture scanning and processing by
O. Tsuprikov
Offset print
Publisher: OOO Center of Strategic Partnership
19, ul. Novy Arbat, Moscow 127025 Russia
Printed and bound by
OOO Liga-Print, Moscow, Russia
1/14/09 8:51:48 PM

MOSCOW 2008

Transcription

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