3rd european symposium of porcine health Management

Transcription

3rd European Symposium of
Porcine Health Management
May 25th – 27th, 2011 Dipoli Congress Center, Espoo Finland
ecphm
european college
of porcine health
m a n a g e m e n t
Proceedings
The 3rd European
Symposium of Porcine Health
Management
25th - 27th May 2011
Dipoli congress center
Espoo, Finland
Content
Foreword: Olli Peltoniemi, President ESPHM ................... 4
ESPHM Committees ................................................................... 6
Local org committee .................................................. 6
Scientific committee .................................................. 6
ESPHM Board Members . .......................................................... 6
Programme ................................................................................... 8
General Information ................................................................. 11
Venue ............................................................................. 11
Registration Desk opening times ........................ 11
Transportation . .......................................................... 11
Insurance ..................................................................... 12
Liability ......................................................................... 12
Important numbers .................................................. 13
Map . ............................................................................... 14
Scientific Presentations .......................................................... 16
Oral Presentations .................................................................... 86
Poster Presentations ............................................................... 98
Authors’ Index . ......................................................................... 198
Notes pages ............................................................................... 202
ESPHM Sponsors ..................................................................... 208
The 3rd European Symposium
on Porcine Health Management
The 3rd ESPHM is organized in Espoo, Finland on May 25-27, 2011. This
symposium has evolved as an important meeting for pig practitioners
as well as other professionals working with porcine health management. The board of the European College of Porcine Health Management
discussed and carefully planned the first meeting, which took place in
Copenhagen in 2009. The board felt that there was a true need for a
European meeting for veterinarians that are active in this area. This had
been indicated in previous congresses as well as in annual general meetings by the college. The college had its first annual general meeting in
Brussels in 2004. Ever since the college has taken the initiative to organize and support professional residency programs in several European
universities with the aim to support practitioners and other professionally active veterinarians specializing in porcine health management.
Residency programs can be well defined programs with exact counts of
activities within the field. They can also be so called alternative programs
with a more flexible contents but still clearly demonstrated professional
excellence in this field. The programs will need to cover the various
subfields of porcine health management, such as diseases, pathology,
reproduction, animal welfare and animal production. A few veterinarians, mainly from the mid European countries, have already gone through
the residency programs and they have taken the final examination to
demonstrate their skills and knowledge in porcine health management.
The details regarding the residence programs and other activities of the
college can be found at the web pages of the college at www.ecphm.org –
you may also look up for the most relevant residence institute.
The symposium in Espoo will focus on various actual aspects of porcine
health management such as udder development and milk production
of the sow, the function of the udder is also dealt with from the clinical
point of view. In addition, tail biting will be in the focus as well as lameness, salmonellosis and vaccination programs.
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Proceedings of the 3rd ESPHM, Espoo, Finland 2011
The newest scientific findings will be discussed along with the 100 symposium papers from all over Europe. Finland is known for well organized
and secure congresses. The flora of this Nordic country is starting to
blossom in the end of May, when the forests and the nature on the cost
line of Southern Finland is at best – it is as green as it can possibly get.
Another unique experience is light nights at this time of the year and
the gala dinner at a cozy location at sea will provide with an excellent
opportunity to experience that together with the delegates from all over
Europe, already known from the two previous symposiums on porcine
health management.
Typical Finnish music and excellent food provided at the gala dinner will
make sure you will remember the 3rd ESPHM. You are most welcome to
Finland and Espoo, we have been waiting for you and we promise to do
our best to make your trip a successful one, both socially and professionally! Prof. Olli Peltoniemi, President ESPHM
On behalf of the Organizing Committee
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LOCAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
Olli Peltoniemi, President
Mari Heinonen, Vice president
Outi Hälli, Member
Jouni Mäkelä, Member
Claudio Oliviero, Member
Taneli Tirkkonen, Member
Jan Fagerström, Congress consultant
Johanna Vappula, Confedent International, Symposium secretariat
Katri Luomanpää, Confedent International, Symposium secretariat
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE
Mari Heinonen, Chairman, Finland
Catherine Belloc, Member, France
Claes Fellström, Member, Sweden
Dominiek Maes, Member, Belgium
Elisabeth grosse Beilage, Member, Germany
Jens Peter Nielsen, Member, Denmark
Joaquim Segales, Member, Spain
Olli Peltoniemi, Member, Finland
Outi Hälli, Member, Finland Paolo Martelli, Member, Italy
Thomas Blaha, Member, Germany
EUROPEAN COLLEGE OF PORCINE HEALTH
MANAGEMENT, ECPHM BOARD MEMBERS
Dominiek Maes, President, Belgium Joaquim Segales, Vice president, Spain
Thomas Blaha, Past president, Germany
Elisabeth grosse Beilage, Treasurer, Germany
Tomasz Stadejek, Secretary, Poland
Catherine Belloc, Member, France
Paolo Martelli, Member, Italy
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The input of Johanna Vappula, Katri Luomanpää and Jan Fagerström, our congress
organizers, is hereby acknowledged with sincere thanks. We had always great
deal of joy while working with these experts for the ESPHM. The visual image and
editing of the present proceedings was carried out by Elina Viitasaari and Leila
Mäkinen, who are acknowledged with gratitude.
The president of the ECPHM, Dominiek Maes and the rest of the board of the
ECPHM actively participated in planning the symposium, which was highly appreciated by the local organizing committee. Last but not least we would like to thank
our sponsors, Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health GmbH, Elanco – Eli Lilly &
Company Ltd, Intervet / Schering-Plough, Janssen Animal Health, Merial, Novartis
Animal Health Inc., Orion Pharma Animal Health and Pfizer Animal Health, for
making the congress financially possible.
Local organizing committee
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Programme
Wednesday May 25, 2011
08.00-15.00
11.00-15.00
08.00-10.30
10.30-12.00
12.00-15.00
15.00-16.30
16.30-18.00
14.00-20.00
18.00-20.00
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Golf tour
University tour or Sow pool tour
ECPHM, board meeting
EAPHM, board meeting
ECPHM+EAPHM boards, joint meeting
ECPHM, Annual General Meeting
EAPHM, Annual General Meeting
Registration
Get together party
Vihti
Helsinki
Vihti
Symposium venue
Thursday May 26, 2011
08.30-08.45 Opening Ceremony
Prof. Olli Peltoniemi, .
University of Helsinki
08.45-09.00 Finnish pig industry
Dr. Taneli Tirkkonen, Atria Ltd.
Session 1 LAMENESS under the spotlight, Chair: Mari Heinonen
09.00-09.50 Diagnosis of lameness
Senior project coordinator .
Elisabeth Okholm-Nielsen, .
Danish Slaughterhouses, Denmark
09.50-10.10 Risk factors and prevention of lameness Prof. Michael Wendt, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, .
Germany
10.10-10.30 Round table discussion
10.30-11.00 Coffee break
Session 2 TAIL BITING: The biter, the victim and the money, Chair: Jens Peter Nielsen
11.00-11.50 What do we know about tail biting today?Prof. Sandra Edwards, .
Newcastle University, UK
11.50-12.10 The consequence of a tail biting
Project coordinator .
outbreak
Camilla Munsterhjelm, .
University of Helsinki, Finland
12.30-13.15 Lunch
13.15-14.00 Posters. The presenters of posters with uneven numbers (1, 3, 5, …) .
are close to their stands.
Session 3 REPRODUCTION, attention to milk! Chair: Olli Peltoniemi
14.00-15.00 Factors affecting milk production and Research scientist
mammary development in swine
Chantal Farmer, Agriculture and .
Agri-Food, Canada
15.00-15.20 Challenges of milk production from Prof. Dominiek Maes,
the clinical point of view
Ghent University, Belgium
Session 4 ECPHM Resident presentations, Chair: Paolo Martelli
16.00-16.10 Long duration of farrowing affects Claudio Oliviero,
fertility of sows University of Helsinki, Finland
16.10-16.15 Discussion
16.15-16.25 Increased quantitative excretion of Ken Steen Pedersen,
Lawsonia intracellularis is associated University of Copenhagen,
with decreased average daily gain in Denmark
weaned pigs 16.25-16.30 Discussion
16.30-16.40 Efficacy of chlortetracycline against Rubén Del Pozo Sacristán,
a clinical outbreak of resp. disease in Ghent University, Belgium
fattening pigs 16.40-16.45 Discussion
16.45-16.55 Effect of PCV2 maternally derived anti- Sergio López-Soria,
bodies on serum viral load in post-
Universitat de Lleida, Spain
weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome
affected farms
18.30
Buses leave from the symposium hotels to Symposium Dinner
19.00-24.00 Symposium Dinner
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Friday May 27, 2011
Session 5 SELECTED POSTER PRESENTATIONS, Chair Tomasz Stadejek
09.00-09.15 Differences in growth reduction in Markku Johansen, Pig Research
finishing pigs with diarrhea
Centre, Danish Agriculture & Food .
Council, Denmark
09.20-09.35 Ethical, environmental and economical Per Wallgren,
aspects on health status of pigs
National Veterinary Institute, .
Sweden
09.40-09.55 Economical analysis of PRRSv-outbreaks Arie Van Nes, Utrecht University,
of in Nine Sow Herds
The Netherlands
10.00-10.15 Persistence of methicillin resistant Merialdi Giuseppe, The Lombardy
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) after and Emilia Romagna Experimental
cleaning and disinfection procedures Zootechnic Institute, Italy
in pig holdings
Session 6 SALMONELLA, update on important facts, Chair Thomas Blaha
10.50-11.40 Salmonella; update on pathogen - host DVM Filip Boyen, Ghent University,
interaction and control measures
Belgium
11.40-12.10 Role of nutrition on salmonella Prof. Josef Kamphues,
prevention
University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
12.30-13.15 Lunch
13.15-14.00 Posters. The presenters of posters with even numbers (2, 4, 6, …) .
are next to their stands.
Session 7 APPLIED IMMUNOLOGY, Chair Joaquim Segales
14.00-14.40 Immunization by vaccination of pigs
Researcher Enric Mateu de .
Antonio, CReSA, Spain
14.40-15.00 How to design vaccination programs DVM Enric Marco, Marco i Collell,
to pig herds
Spain
15.20-15.25 ESPHM 2012 Belgium
Prof. Dominiek Maes
15.25-15.30 Closing Ceremony
Prof. Olli Peltoniemi
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General Information
REGISTRATION AND INFORMATION DESK
Participants can pick up their personal symposium material at the registration
desk, which will be open at Dipoli Congress Centre (lobby area, ground floor) as
follows:
Wednesday, May 25
14.00-20.00hrs.
Thursday, May 26 07.30-17.30hrs.
Friday, May 27 08.30-16.00hrs
Please note that only registered participants may attend the scientific sessions and
the social events offered by the symposium.
EXHIBITION
The organizers invite all participants to visit the symposium exhibition at Dipoli
Congress Centre. The exhibition is open as follows:
Thursday, May 26 08.00 Opening of the exhibition.
Friday, May 27 15.30 Closing of the exhibition
ESPHM2011 SYMPOSIUM TRANSPORTATION
Bus transportation for the ESPHM2011 Symposium participants as follows:
Thursday, May 26 (for Symposium Dinner)
17.15hrs
from Dipoli Congress Centre to Sokos Tapiola Garden Hotel.
18.30hrs
from Sokos Tapiola Garden Hotel and Hotel Radisson Blu.
Espoo to Symposium Dinner.
23.30hrs, 24.00hrs
from Symposium Dinner to Sokos Tapiola Garden Hotel .
and Hotel Radisson Blu Espoo
NAME BADGE
Your personal name badge is your entrance ticket to all sessions and other activities of the symposium. Please wear this badge at all times.
SMOKING POLICY
Smoking is not allowed inside the symposium venue.
LUNCH AND COFFEE
Coffee/tea and a buffet lunch are served free of charge (for delegates & exhibitors)
at the Symposium venue on Thursday and Friday during the symposium breaks.
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Insurance
The symposium organizers cannot accept liability for personal injuries sustained,
for loss of, or damage to property belonging to symposium participants (or their
accompanying persons), either during or as a result of the symposium. Please
check the validity of your own travel insurance.
Liability
The Symposium Organization and the Conference Agency (Confedent Oy) act as
agents only in securing hotels,transport and travel services and shall in no event
be liable for acts or omissions in the event of injury, damage, loss, accident, delay
of irregularity of any kind whatsoever during arrangements organised through
contractors or the employees of such contractors in carrying out services. Hotel,
tour and transportation services are subject to the terms and conditions under
which they are offered to the public in general. The Symposium Organization and
the Conference Agency reserve the right to make changes where deemed necessary without prior notice to parties concerned. All disputes are subject to Finnish
Law.
FINLAND IN A NUTSHELL
Area: 338.145 square kilometers.
Population: approx. 5.200.000.
Capital: Helsinki, population 577.000 inhabitants.
Local time: GMT + 3 hours.
Finland has been a member state of the EU since 1995.
Telephones
The country code for Finland is +358..
The code for the city of Helsinki is (0)9.
Currency, banks and automatic cash dispenser
The monetary unit used in Finland is the Euro. Most Finnish services accept major
credit cards. Facilities for cashing travellers’ cheques in Finland are available at
banks and at most hotels. Banks are closed on Saturdays and Sundays except for
banks at the Helsinki International Airport. Foreign exchange agencies for example
“Forex” in the city center are open on weekdays.Use the automats called ”OTTO”
for bank or credit card (VISA, Eurocard, Mastercard) withdrawals.
Electricity
The electric current in Finland is 220V (50 Hz). Plugs and sockets are the same as
in the Continental countries of the European Union. British and American participants need plug adapters for electrical appliances.
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PHARMACY & SHOPS
Yliopiston Apteekki in the Helsinki City Centre, address: Mannerheiminitie 96, is
open 24 hours a day. Pharmacies are marked with the sign “Apteekki”. In the Helsinki City Centre most shops are open from 09.00 to 20.00 on weekdays, from 09.00
to 18.00 on Saturdays and from 12.00 to 18.00 on Sundays.
TRANSPORTATION
Public Transportation Tickets and fares
The metropolitan area (Helsinki, Espoo, Kauniainen,Vantaa plus Kerava and Kirkkonummi) has a unified fare system. The region is divided into three tariff zones.
You can travel with Helsinki region travel card or with single tickets bought from
ticket machines, the bus driver or train conductor on all local buses and trains.
It entitles you to unlimited travel on all buses, trams, metro and local trains in
Helsinki and Espoo. The tourist ticket is valid for 1, 3 or 5 days. Tickets are for sale
in most of the hotels, at Stockmann’s department store and R-Kiosks in the City
centre, Tapiola and Otaniemi campus area. 1-day tourist tickets can be bought on
buses, local trains and from multi-ticket machines. Single city tickets are available
on buses but not trams.
Timetables
Schedules of regional lines in Helsinki, Espoo and all public transport on metropolitan area you will find on www.ytv.fi.
TAXIS
Taxis can be hailed in the streets or ordered by phone:.
+358 100 700 (Helsinki).
+358 100 7300 (Espoo, Otaniemi)
IMPORTANT PHONE NUMBERS
Emergency phone 112
Helsinki City Tourist Office phone +358 9 3101 3300.
Pohjoisesplanadi 19 e-mail:tourist.info(at)hel.fi www.visithelsinki.fi.
Opening hours: Mon-Fri 09.00-20.00, Sat-Sun 09.00-18.00
Espoo Tourist Information phone +358 9 8164 7230.
Keskustorni 10th floor, Tapiola 02100 Espoo .
Email: tourist(at)espoo.fi.
www.visitespoo.fi.
Opening hours: Mon-Fri 09.00 - 16.00
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Keynote
lectures
16
Diagnosis of lameness
Elisabeth Okholm Nielsen
Session 1
Elisabeth Okholm Nielsen, Danish Slaughterhouses, Denmark
The diagnosis of lameness poses a daily challenge to all veterinary surgeons
who work in the field. Lameness occurs in all ages of pigs – in all systems, both
indoor and outdoor – in every pig-producing country. Lameness results in loss of
mobility and reduces the welfare of the animals; it reduces the productivity of the
herd and may result in the loss of individual animals because they have to be put
down.
Diagnostic work is rather like detective work, in that you gather information from
the stockperson on how this or that animal looked yesterday, the history of other
cases in the herd and your own observations of one or more lame animals. You
then decide on a diagnosis and determine how the animals should be treated. If
possible, you also consider how this kind of lameness should be prevented in the
future. In this paper, I will take you through a number of selected types of lameness and discuss the possibilities of diagnosis. I will concentrate on the most
common causes of lameness in industrial pig production in Europe.
Lame piglets
Lameness in piglets is an everyday occurrence in the farrowing unit in most
herds. When observed, these small animals appear to be very lame. They are
often seen walking – or even running – on three legs. The fourth leg is often very
swollen and warm to the touch. If it is a single piglet in the litter, there are two
likely causes of this kind of lameness: an infectious arthritis or a severe trauma
or fracture. You should then try to establish whether the leg is broken, in which
case the piglet should be put down. In most cases, lame piglets are treated
with antibiotics, often penicillin. We do not have any diagnostic tests that can
be performed in this situation. When gathering information for the diagnosis, we
look for patterns. In order to select preventive measures, we look for some kind
of patterns in both the individual pig and groups of pigs. Do all the lame piglets
come from primiparous sows? Are they from one housing unit on the farm? Is it
always the right hind leg? These patterns may lead to a better diagnosis. In the
latter case, the ani-mal could be affected by trauma to the right hind leg due to
inappropriate handling. Trauma and infectious arthritis are the main causes of
lameness in piglets. The infections are various, e.g. Escherichia coli, Streptococcus ssp., Arcanobacterium pyogenes, all of which can be seen as opportunistic
pathogens. There might be infected injuries on legs, clipped teeth, castration
wounds or navel infections that develop into septicaemia and arthritis.
Lame weaner pigs
At weaning, the litters are often mixed and the weaner pigs are housed in pens
holding between 30 and more than one hundred weaner pigs. This poses a
challenge to the stockperson and the veterinary surgeon when attending lame
weaners. When a large group of pigs is held in a pen, it is difficult to observe
17
Session 1
single pigs. On the other hand, if you isolate an individual pig for observation, for
example.in the alley, the pig might be uncomfortable and will not show signs of
mild lameness, and even severe lameness may be disguised if the pig is anxious.
The solution is to take your time and observe the pigs in the pen once they have
calmed down.
Lameness is not usually the main problem in weaner pigs. However, young pigs
are likely to pick up many infectious diseases, such as diarrhea, pneumonia and
general infections. Although lameness is sometimes a predominant health problem, close obser-vation of lameness usually helps to spot other signs of illness
as well as lameness. Lame weaner pigs may have warm swollen legs or visibly
injured claws or feet. Sometimes, you just see a lame pig with nice, dry limbs. In
these cases, you must suspect injury or infection in the upper part of the legs,
the elbow or shoulder in the front limbs, the knee or hip joint in the hind limbs, or
in the back of the animal. These joints can be severely affected without showing
any external signs.
In some countries, the veterinary surgeon is allowed to perform an autopsy in
the herd. This provides additional information for the diagnosis. Obvious signs of
trauma, fracture and infectious arthritis can be observed right away, and material
can be submitted for laboratory diagnosis. Cases of lame weaner pigs investigated at the diagnostic laboratory often show infectious arthritis as the primary
cause of lameness. Infectious arthritis can be due to pathogens. In weaners,
we more often find Streptococcus ssp, Hae-mophilus parasuis or opportunistic
pathogens such as E.coli.
Lame finishers/gilts
Lameness is less prevalent in finisher herds. In some herds, the prevalence
is close to zero, while in other herds lameness is a more common problem.
Among finishers, we have cases of lameness occurring over several weeks, with
a chronic presentation. The stockperson will pay particular attention to lameness among young breeding animals. These pigs, finishers or gilts, may have
a stiff gait with short steps, and their posture may be altered from straight legs
to more buck-kneed front legs, upright pasterns on the rear feet and swaying
hindquarters. These cases should be diagnosed in some way, e.g. by performing an autopsy in the herd or submitting material to the diagnostic laboratory. It is
important to clarify whether or not these cases of lameness are due to infections. In gilts and finisher pigs, we can expect to find osteochondrosis, chronic
erysipelothrix infection (erysipelas). In these cases, antibiotics will be of no use,
and treatment with painkillers may be the best treatment we can offer. Gilts with
this stiff gait should be sent for slaughter; they will not serve as future good sows
with sound legs.
We also see cases of acute lameness in finishers and gilts. Joint infections in the
elbow/shoulder and knee/hip joint are difficult to pinpoint. Infection with Myco18
Session 1
plasma hyosynoviae results in an acute severe lameness, where the pig prefers
to sit or lie down. This infection is seen throughout the grower-finisher period and
in young gilts. The gross pathology of Mycoplasma hyosynoviae may be difficult
to establish, as it is merely an abundant reddish synovial fluid in the joint. Treatment with tetracycline, macrolide or pleu-romutilin injections for a few days cures
the lameness. Penicillin has no effect on mycoplasma arthritis.
Table 1. Diagnostic measures rated according to usefulness by the author
Clinical examination
Autopsy
Culture
Serology
Trauma
+
+
Claw lesions
++
++
Fracture
+++ ++
Osteochondrosis
+
+++
Arthrosis
+
+++
Osteomyelitis
+
+
Meningitis
+
++
Arthritis, E.coli
++
++
+++
Arthritis, Streptococ-cus ssp.
++
++
++
Arthritis, M. hyosyn-oviae
++
+
+
Arthritis, H. parasuis
++
+
+
+
Arthritis, E. rhusiopa-thiae
++
+++
(+)
(+)
Poisoning
+(+)
Lame sows
Diagnosis of lameness in sows is a more difficult field. First of all, you have to
know how to recognise a lame sow. For instance, a sow will put some weight on
a sore leg, instead of walking on three legs like a piglet, simply due to her weight.
You have to observe her closely. Does she distribute weight on her legs evenly?
Does she take short steps? Is she reluctant to move? If the sow is stressed, for
example by being alone in an alley, she will not display mild lameness. She might
run, which makes it almost impossi-ble to evaluate lameness. The claws are
easily examined in lying sows. You often observe a high prevalence of various
lesions in the claws, e.g. cracks, overgrown heels, overgrown claws, uneven
claws and missing dewclaws. Only overgrown claws are report-ed to be related
to lameness.
When it comes to further diagnosis by autopsy and microbiological investigation or even histopathological investigation, it seems that the bigger the animal
is, the fewer the number of cases will be investigated – it is simply too laborious.
Records from Danish herds show that lameness is the number one reason for
putting down a sow in the herd, with an average of 4% of the sow popula-tion
being put down for this reason on a yearly basis. Arthrosis seems to be the
19
Session 1
cause of lameness in many sows, whereas in some herds claw lesions with or
without secondary infection are abundant.
In a recent investigation, we performed weekly evaluations of the gait of sows
in the gestation period in two Danish herds with many cases of leg problems.
Forty-two lame sows were selected for autopsy at a diagnostic laboratory. The
autopsy showed that half of the sows had arthrosis, predominantly in the elbow
and knee joints. An investigaton of the weekly evaluations of sows with arthrosis
showed varying degrees of lameness over the gestation period. Claw lesions and
torn dewclaws with infection in the area were found in a quarter of the investigated sows. However, claw lesions were seen in non-lame sows. The importance
of claw lesions in relation to lameness is easily exaggerated when the lesions are
easily observed in comparison with joint problems.
Antibodies
The surgeon would like to have some diagnostic tools, for example a test for
specific antibodies in serum samples. Some diagnos-tic laboratories perform
tests of H. parasuis antibodies (CF test in Denmark) and Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae antibodies. It may have to be paired samples. The Veterinary Institute in
Denmark has an antibody test for M. hyosynoviae for research; however, it does
not meet the demands of a field setting. Generally, serology is of very little use in
the diagnosis of lameness.
Acute phase proteins
Several groups have used acute phase protein tests. Their results show that
pathological changes causing lameness affect the level of acute phase proteins
such as haptoglobin and C-reactive protein. Although the acute phase protein
is by nature non-specific, it may be possible to investigate infections. Testing for
acute phase proteins has not yet found its place in the surgeon’s toolbox.
Biomarkers and x-ray
Osteochondrosis has been investigated using x-ray, the picture of the bone in
the joint giving an indication of the cartilage changes. However, this is impractical, and even with a handheld device it will be difficult to evaluate the pictures.
Some investigations have compared various biomarkers of cartilage synthesis
and degradation to macroscopic osteochondrosis. This measure is not ready
for use since we know that a high proportion of finishers have cartilage changes
with no sign of lameness. Therefore, further inves-tigation is necessary before we
can use biomarkers as a diagnostic measure.
Autopsy
Performance of post-mortems on pigs/sows with a history of lameness can give
very good information and lead to diagnosis. The pathologist must be experienced or discus the findings with others with experience. However, the pathological diagnosis may not explain the observed clinical lameness. The locomotory
system is complicated, and even a very thorough examination may not include
20
Session 1
every muscle, tendon and small joint. Therefore, a negative pathological diagnosis could be due to an overlooked cause. On the other hand, we see changes
in, for example, osteochondrosis in the joints of pigs not showing lameness. In
sows, we see intermittent lameness in individuals with arthrosis. So even though
the autopsy provides a good diagnosis, you cannot regard it as an absolute
diagnosis in all cases.
Clinical examination
Diagnosis of lameness is totally dependent on the clinical skills of the surgeon.
This is a field in which excellence is essential. We cannot take short cuts through
20 serum samples or faecal samples and get an overview of test results from the
laboratory. You must rely on a thorough individual clinical examination. In many
cases, you choose the treatment based only on the clinical diagno-sis. When
you evaluate a lame animal, you must consider the circumstances. Did the sow
lie down sleeping until you arrived? If so, allow her to walk a little bit before observing her. What is the flooring like? Is it slippery? Research results have shown
that pigs take shorter strides on a slippery floor. Video recordings are a good
way of documenting the nature of the lameness. Now that virtually everybody
has a digital video camera in their pocket (in their smart phone), it is possible to
exchange videos and get other people’s opinion on the case. After having observed the animals from a distance, you should then try to make a close examination. In piglets and weaner pigs, this is fairly easy once they have been caught,
and in these smaller pigs you can palpate the larger joints and take a close look
at the claws. The large finishers and gilts are more reluctant to be examined, but
when they are fixed in a sling, the lower joints of the limbs can be palpated, and
you can take a quick look at the sole of the claws. Sows are usually calmer, and
you can examine them in crates, stalls or in group housing. Recently, more focus
has been placed on the examination of claws in sows, and you can find scoring
sheets from Feet First® group (see further reading). It is useful to have a common scor-ing system when making comparisons.
Antibiotic treatment is by no means always the right treatment. It is often used
because it is what we can do and it might help, but we should use antibiotics
more wisely. In many cases, especially in sows, an anti-inflammatory treatment
would make more sense, as they seldom have infectious arthritis. Your diagnostic work is a prerequisite for providing the best treatment and taking the right
preventive measures.
Further reading
Anonymous: Feet first http://feetfirst.zinpro.com/index.php/ffcustomers/ffc-clawlesionidentification
(visited March 9 2011)
Dewey C.E. et al. 1993. Clinical and postmortem examination of sows culled for lameness. Can. Vet.
J. 34, 555-556
Engblom L. et al 2008. Post mortem findings in sows and gilts euthanised or found dead in a large
Swedish herd. Acta Vet. Scand 2008;50, 25
Frantz N.Z. et al. 2010. Use of serum biomarkers to predict the development and severity of osteo-
21
Session 1
chondrosis lesions in the distal portion of the femur in pigs. Am. J. Vet. Res 2010; 71: 946-952
Heinonen M. et al. 2006. Lameness and fertility of sows and gilts in randomly selected loose-housed
herds in Finland. Vet. Rec. 159, 383-387
Hultén F. et al. 1995. A field study on group housing of lactating sows with special reference to sow
health at weaning. Acta Vet. Scand. 36, 201-212
Jensen T.B. 2008. Aspects of animal health economics in the finisher pig production with emphasis
on leg disorders. University of Copenhagen
Jørgensen B. 2000. Longevity of breeding sows in relation to leg weakness symptoms at six months
of age. Acta Vet. Scand. 41, 105-121
Jørgensen B. 2000. Osteochondrosis/osteoarthrosis and claw disorders in sows, associated with leg
weakness. Acta Vet. Scand. 41, 123-138
Kirk R.K. 2006. Lesions in the Locomotive System of pigs PhD thesis, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Denmark
Kirk R.K. et al. 2008. The impact of elbow and knee joint lesions on abnormal gait and posture of
sows. Acta Vet. Scand 2008;50, 5
Kirk R.K. et al 2005. Locomotive disorders associated with sow mortality in Danish sow herds. J.
Med. Vet. A. 52, 423-428
Nielsen E.O. 2000. Lameness in swine. PhD thesis, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University,
Denmark
Nielsen E.O. et al. 2001. Mycoplasma hyosynoviae arthritis in grower-finisher pigs. J.Vet.Med.A; 48,
475-486
Nielsen E.O. et al. 2010. Use of a subjective scoring system to describe leg and claw conformation
and gait in gilts and sows. The 21th IPVS conference in Vancouver, Canada, 2010 p 859.
22
Session 1
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23
Risk factors and prevention of lameness.
Michael Wendt
Session 1
Risk factors and prevention of lameness
Michael Wendt, Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and
Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
Clinical signs of lameness and neurological symptoms are very common problems in swine herds. Lameness is one of the most important causes of culling
in breeding stock, but can also be observed in preweaning and postweaning
pigs as well as in fattening pigs. Since lameness is always associated with pain
and discomfort, which may lead to reduced productivity, it is a significant animal
welfare issue as well as a major economic problem in pig production. Causes of
lameness can be manifold and strongly depend on the affected organs (musculoskeletal/neurological system) and the involved age group.
Preweaning Pigs
The most common conditions causing locomotive disorders in preweaning pigs
are skin and foot lesions, arthritis/polyarthritis and splayleg. Less frequent conditions may be congenital/hereditary abnormalities such as syndactyly, polydactyly,
arthrogryposis or hyperostosis. Injections into the hind quarter muscles can result
in hind leg paresis or clostridial infection.
The risk of lameness incidence is highest in the first week of life and decreases
continuously until weaning (Zoric 2010).
Skin and foot lesions
Skin lesions in piglets are most commonly bilateral and can be observed most
frequently as abrasions over the carpal joints. Typical foot lesions in preweaning
pigs are bruising on the heels, sole erosions and injuries to the coronary band. If
infection enters, it can give rise to septic arthritis of the pedal joints. The prevalence and extent of skin and foot lesions are highest in the first days of life and
decline after day 10, most of the lesions disappearing until weaning. They are
strongly influenced by the type and condition of flooring.
To estimate the risk factors for a given floor, the actual floor condition must be
evaluated. On solid concrete floors more lesions could be observed on older
concrete, when the surface was rough and eroded. Lesions could be decreased
using ample bedding (straw, peat) in comparison to sparse or no bedding or
repairing the concrete. Piglets kept on partly or fully slatted floors showed more
lesions on round-weld mesh and flat-metal rods than on plastic slats (Moutotou
et al. 1999, KilBride et al. 2009, Zoric 2010). Only few lesions appear on plasticcoated woven wire. Coronary band lesions are especially influenced by the slot
width of slatted floors. They increase, if the size and shape of the slot is large
compared to the piglet’s foot size (Wechsler 2005). Guidelines for keeping pigs
recommend maximum slot widths between 9 and 11 mm.
Another main contributing factor for skin and foot lesions is the suckling behaviour of the piglets. More and severe lesions must be expected when a sow is suf24
Session 1
Michael Wendt
fering from hyo-/agalactia or the number of teats is not adequate to the litter size
and more vigorous competition for the teats is present (Smith and Mitchell 1976).
Piglets housed outdoors had a very low incidence of foot and limb injuries in
comparison to those housed indoors (KilBride et al. 2009).
Arthritis/polyarthritis
Cases of arthritis or polyarthritis in piglets are caused by ubiquitous microbes
such as Streptococcus spp, Staphylococcus spp, Escherichia coli or Arcanobacterium pyogenes (Nielsen et al. 1975, Zoric 2010). Bacteria may enter piglets
via skin wounds, the navel or the tonsils, followed by haematogenous distribution. Therefore, important risk factors may be a poor hygienic level in general and
with regard to zootechnical applications (castration, tail docking, teeth clipping),
as well as omphalitis and hypogalactia of the sow leading to skin lesions of the
piglets (abrasion, biting). Also maternal immunity may play a role, because piglets
from gilts more often suffer from polyarthritis than litters of older sows (Nielsen et
al. 1975).
The incidence of arthritis/polyarthrits is influenced by the type of flooring, piglets
kept on partly slatted floors with some bedding and fully slatted floors showing fewer symptoms compared with those housed on solid concrete floors with
bedding. Incidence was higher on rough floors compared with smooth floors
(KilBride et al. 2009).
Preventive measures against skin and foot lesions as well as arthritis/polyarthritis
include the optimisation of flooring conditions and hygienic status, especially for
zootechnical applications (disinfection of instruments and wounds), as well as
treatment and prevention of hyo-/agalaktia of sows.
Splayleg
Splayleg is an important congenital condition of piglets, which is associated with
myofibrillar hypoplasia and clinical signs of paresis and immobility. Association
with different risk factors has been described; however, aetiology and pathogenesis are not well understood.
Heritability is often discussed as a possible aetiology, but a German investigation
based on records of 47,323 litters of 351 German Landrace boars and 1,134
Pietrain boars in the years 1982-2000 showed that the frequency of splayleg
could not be lowered over this period due to selection (Beißner et al. 2003). A
survey derived from a Large White-Landrace base population in Nebraska found
direct and maternal heritabilities (h²) of 0.07 and 0.16, respectively, using 37,673
records of pigs of 6 different lines (Holl and Johnson 2005).
Splayleg can be observed more frequently in males than in females and in piglets
with low birthweights (Vogt et al. 1984, Holl and Johnson 2005). The likelihood of
splayleg pigs was affected by traits of the dam (increasing litter size, reaching puberty at younger ages, fewer numbers of nipples, decreased embryonic survival
at 50 d, inbreeding of the dam) (Holl and Johnson 2005). Gestation length may
also influence the incidence of splayleg. Partus induction on day 112 led to more
affected piglets in comparison to day 114 (Boelcskei et al. 1996).
25
Session 1
Michael Wendt
Some investigators suggest that splayleg might represent a congenital form
of glucocorticoid myopathy resulting from stress and hormonal imbalance of
pregnant sows which affect the fetuses. Myofibrillar hypoplasia could be induced
experimentally in piglets of Belgian Landrace sows by dexamethasone treatment
of the sows during late pregnancy, but pathohistological lesions were observed
without clinical signs. Differences to piglets with clinical signs of splayleg included
the maturity of the myofibrils and the degree of autophagosomal glycogen breakdown (Jirmanová 1983, Ducatelle et al. 1986).
In splaylegged piglets the myelinisation of fibres in the lumbar spinal cord which
innervate the hindlimb muscles is retarded (Szalay et al. 2001). Deficiencies of
amino acids such as cholin and methionine which are essential for normal myelin
production are supposed to be a cause of splayleg (Cunha 1968). However,
other studies rejected this hypothesis, demonstrating that a sufficient supply of
the sows´ daily ration could not prevent cases of splayleg (Dobson 1971, Iben
1989).
The occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxicosis may be accompanied by increased
numbers of splayleg piglets (Alexopoulos 2001).
Type and slipperiness of the floor is discussed as another risk factor for splayleg
(Christison et al. 1987), but this could not be confirmed by other studies (Van der
Heyde et al. 1989).
To avoid the occurrence of immature myelinisation and myofibrils early parturition
should be prevented (adequate partus induction, application of altrenogest (day
111-113), PRRS vaccination).
Weaned and Growing Pigs, Breeding Sows
Causes for lameness in weaned and growing pigs as well as in breeding sows
are shown in table 1. While listed viral infections are fortunately rare events,
frequent cases of locomotive disorder in younger pigs (weaner pigs, grower pigs,
gilts) can be seen with emphasis on different bacterial infections causing polyarthritis and other symptoms (S. suis, H. parasuis, M. hyorhinis, M. hyosynoviae,
E. rhusiopathiae). The most important risk factor is an insufficient herd immunity.
Introduction of healthy carrier pigs of virulent strains into a naïve herd or mixing
pigs of herds with different immune status may result in a disease course with
devastating economic losses. New breeding stock from a herd with a different
health background must be isolated for an acclimatisation period long enough to
allow the development of protective immunity from either vaccination or natural
exposure. Piglets should have the opportunity for a sufficient intake of colostral
antibodies during the first 24-36 hours.
Many pigs harbour virulent strains of bacteria causing polyarthritis in the upper
respiratory tract without clinical disease, but stress factors (overcrowding, poor
ventilation, excessive temperature fluctuations, mixing of piglets with more than
a 2-week age difference, inadequate trough spaces or water availability) may
trigger a clinical outbreak (Dee et al. 1993). Management practices such as all-in/
all-out pig flow, dividing large buildings into smaller rooms as well as cleaning
26
Michael Wendt
Session 1
and disinfecting rooms between groups of pigs can help reduce the incidence
of diseases. The use of MEW and SEW practices is questionable in the case of
early colonizers, such as S. suis and H. parasuis. Controlled exposure of young
piglets to a low dose of the prevalent strains while pigs are still protected by maternal antibodies has been proposed as an alternative technique to control these
bacteria (Oliveira et al. 2004).
Successful disease control is frequently reported by vaccination with commercial
or autogenous bacterins. Failure of vaccination may be due to lack of cross-protection for the strain/serovar, the presence of more than one strain/serovar or the
introduction of a new strain/serovar into the herd. Isolates recovered from new
clinical cases should be genotyped and compared with those in the vaccine (Oliveira et al. 2004). Timing and management of vaccination must be appropriate.
Purulent arthritis/polyarthritis by streptococci, staphlycocci or Arcanobacterium
pyogenes can be seen less frequently than in suckling pigs. Clinical cases of brucellosis or tuberculosis may occasionally appear as diskospondylitis associated
with posterior paralysis or arthritis at any age in pigs.
Tab.1 Diseases with lameness/paresis in weaned pigs, growing pigs and breeding sows
Infectious
Viral
foot-and-mouth disease
swine vesicular disease
vesicular exanthema
vesicular stomatitis
Teschovirus infection
Bacterial
Streptococcus suis
Haemophilus parasuis
Mycoplasma hyorhinis
Mycoplasma hyosynoviae
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
other Strep. spp., Staph. spp.,
Arcanobacterium pyogenes
Brucella suis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Clostridium tetani
Clostridium septicum
Non-infectious
Metabolic
rickets, osteomalacia
muscle dystrophy (vitamin E/selenium deficiency)
Toxic
selenium toxicosis, vitamin D toxicosis,
vitamin A toxicosis, organophosphate toxicosis
laminitis
Degenerative
osteochondrosis, epiphyseolysis, apophyseolysis
Traumatic/Physical injuries
fracture, sprains, dislocations
muscle bruising, strains
adventitious bursitis
claw lesions
Hereditary / Congenital
back muscle necrosis
27
Session 1
Michael Wendt
Non-infectious causes of lameness include nutritional deficiencies and toxicities.
With modern dietary formulations actual deficiencies (Ca, P, vitamin D, vitamin E,
selenium) arising due to defective diet would be unusual. Problems however occur due to faulty storage, incorrect application of the feed or interactions which
reduce the availability to the pig. In comparison to Ca or vitamin D deficiencies
phosphorus deficiencies may occur more frequently, because there are a lot of
factors affecting the P digestibility (the origin of feedstuff, the concentration of
phytate and of the total P and the presence of phytase). Toxicities mainly result
from mixing errors in feed production (selenium, vitamin D, vitamin A) or feed
contamination on the farm (organophosphates).
As the most frequent non-infectious causes of lameness osteochondrosis and
claw lesions are observed in growing and breeding pigs and therefore should be
discussed in more detail.
Osteochondrosis
While primary changes of osteochondrosis in pigs are commonly seen at an
age of 2 months clinical signs of lameness are normally not evident at this age.
Locomotive disorders due to osteochondrosis are mostly not observed until 4
months of age and pigs up to 18 months may be affected. Osteochondrosis is
characterised by a disturbance in the enchondral ossification; the lesions can develop both in the articular–epiphyseal cartilage complex and the physeal growth
cartilage. The viability of epiphyseal cartilage is highly dependent on an adequate
blood supply from cartilage canal vessels. Necrosis of cartilage canal vessels
leads to necrosis of epiphyseal cartilage as the initial morphologic event in osteochondrosis. Typical lesions of osteochondrosis are not generalised, but focal in
nature. However, osteochondrosis may occur in multifocal locations in the same
individual animal, with lesions often being bilaterally symmetrical (Calson et al.
1991, Ytrehus et al. 2007).
For the course of osteochondrosis three stages are described. The presence of
a focal area of cartilage necrosis which is confined to the epiphyseal cartilage is
called osteochondrosis latens, whereas the presence of a focal failure of enchondral ossification which is already visible on macroscopic and radiographic
examination is designated as osteochondrosis manifesta. If a fissure forms in the
area of necrotic cartilage and extends through the articular cartilage, the lesion is
termed osteochondrosis dissecans (Ytrehus et al. 2004).
There are several factors which may contribute to the development of osteochondrosis:
- Rapid growth: Due to economic pressure the growth rate of pigs from birth
to slaughter has continuously increased in the last decades and it is a frequently
mentioned hypothesis that a rapid growth due to increased feeding or heritable traits supports the development of osteochondrosis. On the other hand,
investigators failed to find a correlation between growth rate and typical lesions
of osteochondrosis when lowering the feed intake or testing pigs with a genetically lower growth rate (Carlson et al. 1988, Uhlhorn et al. 1995). Therefore, it
28
Session 1
Michael Wendt
could be necessary to evaluate the growth rate not only from birth to slaughter,
but at different times. Lundeheim (1987) found that pigs with clinical signs of
osteochondrosis at slaughter had shown high weight gains early in life, but had
grown more slowly closer to slaughter due to discomfort and pain after developing severe osteochondral lesions.
- Hereditary: Differences in the prevalence of osteochondrosis between different
breeds and breeding lines indicate a heritable component, but estimates for the
heritability vary greatly. Anatomic characteristics may play a role as a potential
hereditary factor. It can be suggested that an unfavourable joint shape creating
local overload is an important cause of osteochondrosis. Carcass length and
relative weight of hams were other traits correlated to osteochondrosis lesions
(Grøndalen 1974, van der Wal et al. 1980).
Several quantitative trait loci (QTL) for osteochondrosis exceeding a stringent
significance threshold have been described recently on different chromosomes
(Anderson-Eklund et al. 2000, Christensen et al. 2010, Uemoto et al. 2010,
Laenoi et al. 2011). A database has been developed called PigQTLdb where
QTL are collected to help researchers to share published data. Kardamideen et
Janss (2005) found significant evidence that osteochondrosis is not only under
a polygenic mode of inheritance but also affected by a major gene, which may
provide an opportunity to select against this disease.
Most studies have focused on the late stages of the disease (osteochondrosis
manifesta and dissecans). The results may be different if early lesions could be
included, since these are less likely to be influenced by factors involved in the
long-term progression of the disease (Ytrehus et al. 2007).
Matrix gamma-carboxyglutamate (Gla)-protein (MGP) is a potential calcification
inhibitor of extracellular matrix and might contribute to the development of osteochondrosis. Downregulation of MGP was found in osteochondrosis diseased
pigs in comparison to healthy ones, which makes the MGP gene a candidate
gene for the development of the disease (Laenoi et al. 2010).
- Trauma: The role of trauma as a risk factor for osteochondrosis may depend
on the stage of the disease. Major trauma is suspected to play a role in the progression of lesions of osteochondrosis manifesta to lesions of osteochondrosis
dissecans, while microtrauma affecting the cartilage canal blood vessels at the
chondro-osseous junction at a certain age window?? may be an initiating event
in the formation of lesions (Ytrehus et al. 2007).
- Dietary factors: Several studies investigating the role of mineral (Ca, P) and
vitamin (A, C, D) deficiencies as a risk factor for osteochondrosis failed to find
strong evidence of an association (Reiland 1978, Nakano et al. 1983, Reiland
et al. 1991). On the other hand, feeding diets containing ingredients involved in
cartilage and bone metabolism (Cu, Mn, Si, methionine, threonine, proline, glycine) reduced the severity of osteochondrosis lesions. Nonetheless, it remained
unclear whether ingredients may prevent formation of new lesions or cause
regression of existing lesions (Frantz et al. 2008).
Selection against osteochondrosis seems to be the most important recommendation for prevention in the future. Only limited success can be expected from
29
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Michael Wendt
reducing the growth rate, improving the housing conditions to prevent trauma or
optimising the feed composition.
Claw lesions
Older growing pigs and adults mainly experience lameness caused by injuries,
especially to the claws. The lesions may be limited to the foot or may permit
entry of infections which spread upwards to affect one or more joints. Studies in
sow herds showed a high prevalence of claw lesions. More than 96% of slaughtered loose-housed sows and 80% of slaughtered confined sows had at least 1
lesion on the lateral hind claws (Gjein and Larssen 1995). Rear outer claws had
the greatest number of lesions associated with lameness in sows, several lesions
being related to sow parity (Bradley et al. 2007). Sows housed in pens with electronic sow feeders were more likely than stall-housed sows to have all types of
lesions in any claw (Anil et al. 2007).
- Physiologically medial digits are slightly smaller than lateral digits. Strong
discrepancies in size (hypoplasia of the medial digit) may lead to overloading of
the lateral claw followed by foot lesions or overgrowth of the heel. Genetic influences are discussed for the occurrence of the hypoplasia; affected breeding pigs
should be selected.
- Overgrowth of the claws and dewclaws is associated with housing pigs on
muddy ground or on very deep litter. Insufficient exercise may be another risk
factor, if pigs are kept in small overcrowded pens, single crates or on slippery
floors (wet floor, plastic slats). A change in weight bearing due to a painful condition may result in single overgrown claws. Secondary to overgrowth, an overloading of the heel as well as heel erosions and injuries of the main and accessory claws can be observed. Sufficient exercise and treatment of the floor surface
for slip resistance can help to avoid overgrowth.
- Lesions of the coronary band may develop if the gap width of slatted floors is
inadequate,.or sharp edges or steps are present in the environment. Secondary bacterial invasion leads to phlegmonous inflammation and ulceration of the
coronet (bush-foot) and can reach the deep digital flexor tendon or the phalangeal bones or joints (foot-rot). Other lesions of the claws (erosions of the sole and
heel, wall cracks, fissures at the white line) may also provide points of entry for
bacterial infections followed by the development of foot-rot.
- Vertical and horizontal wall cracks, white line cracks, cracks between sole and
heel as well as heel and wall are associated with painful lameness if the corium
is irritated or infected. Predisposed areas for cracks are borders where soft horn
(heel) and harder horn (sole, wall) converge. Risk factors for development are
sub-flooring conditions (rough surface, broken slats, gaps too wide), frequent
rotations/sudden movements, i.e. during grouping and rank order fights of sows,
overgrown claws and insufficient horn quality (influence of feeding and floor conditions (wet, muddy surfaces, deep, moist litter leading to softer horn)).
- Sole and heel erosions may result from keeping pigs on hard, abrasive floors or
from chemical effects of newly laid concrete. Lameness can be observed, if co30
Session 1
Michael Wendt
rium defects or pododermatitis are present. Abrasion is promoted by insufficient
horn quality (see above).
Preventative measurements to protect pigs from claw lesions are related to different subjects:
- Zootechnical intervention: Checking claws regularly and trimming overgrown hooves in early stages prevent painful injuries and lameness.
- Floor conditions: The floor surface must be slip-resistant and moderate abrasion must be guaranteed to avoid overgrowth. Severe abrasive floors must be
re-laid, painted with resin or rubber paint, or rubber mats can be used temporarily to prevent sole and heel erosions. Newly laid concrete should be treated with
sodium carbonate before first animal contact. To avoid wet floors the slope of
the floor must be sufficient to let fluids run off. Slats must have pencil edges and
there should be no level differences, slat and gap width must be age-related.
Steps in the moving area?? should be replaced by raked floors. Slatted floor
show a higher risk for lameness in sows than solid floors (Heinonen et al. 2006).
- Hygiene: Since floors have to be dry and clean to prevent negative influences
on horn quality and slippery surfaces, faeces, urine, as well as deep muddy litter
have to be removed regularly; proportion of gaps of slatted floors must be sufficient to let the faeces fall through.
- Stall climate: Stall climate control (temperature, humidity, ventilation) is additionally helpful to avoid wet, slppery, cold floors.
- Housing management: Minimisation of rank order fights with fast movements
and tunings in group-housed sows may decrease the risk of claw lesions (Anil
et al. 2006).Therefore, special pens for grouping sows should be used (3-6 m²/
sow, one or two days, concrete with straw litter). The best time for grouping is
directly after weaning or 5 weeks after mating. To maintain stable sub-groups in
the group housing area the structure of pens and resting areas must be adapted
to the number of sows per group. Providing manipulable material is also helpful
in minimising stress situations.
- Feeding: Fighting can be decreased by providing individual, undisturbed feed
intake. Feed ingredients may influence the quality of the horn. Sulphur containing amino acids (methionine/cystin; recommendation: 3.6 g/kg feed for gestating
sows, 5.6 g/kg feed for lactating sows) is important for the production of keratins. Biotin supplementation has a postive effect on claw integrity (recommendation: 0.2 (up to 2.0) mg/kg feed), because biotin is involved in the formation of
the intercellular cementing substance (ICS). ICS plays an important role in the
regulation of hydratisation of the horn. Biotin deficiency may lead to brittle horn
quality. Important micronutrients which can have an influence on horn quality, are
zinc, copper and manganese (recommendations: 50 mg/kg, 8-10 mg/kg and
20-25 mg/kg feed, respectively) (Mülling et al. 1999, Tomlinson et al. 2004, Ausschuss für Bedarfsnormen 2006)
- Genetic selection: Selection based on traits such as good skeletal conformation and feet and leg soundness is necessary to improve claw health in herds
31
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Michael Wendt
(Fan et al. 2009). Selection based on docility may prevent traumata caused by
frequent fighting.
References
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parturition program with PGF2alpha and oxytocin in sows. Theriogenology 55,1746-1757
Andersson-Eklund, L., Uhlhorn, H., Lundeheim, N., Dalin, G., Andersson, L. (2000): Mapping quantitative trait loci for principal components of bone measurements and osteochondrosis scores in a wild
boar x large white intercross. Genet Res 75, 223-230
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on the welfare and performance of pregnant sows in pens with electronic sow feeders. Can J Vet
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Anil, S.S., Anil, L., Deen, J., Baidoo, S.K., Walker, R.D. (2007). Factors associated with claw lesions
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Ausschuss für Bedarfsnormen der Gesellschaft für Ernährungsphysiologie (2006): Empfehlungen zur
Energie- und Nährstoffversorgung von Schweinen, DLG-Verlag, Frankfurt /Main
Beißner, B., Hamann, H.,Distl, O. (2003): Prevalence of congenital anomalies of the pig breeds German Landrace and Pietrain in Bavaria. Zuechtungskd. 75, 101-114
Bölcskei, A., Bilkei, G., Biro, O., Clavadetscher, E., Goos, T., Stelzer, P., Bilkei, H., Wegmüller, S.
(1996): Der Einfluss des Zeitpunktes der Partusinduktion auf das Auftreten der kongenitalen myofibrillären Hypoplasie – Kurzbericht aus der Praxis. Dtsch. tierärztl. Wschr. 103, 21 – 22
Bradley, C.L., Frank, J.W., Maxwell, C.V., Johnson, Z.B., Powell, J.G., Van Amstel, S.R., Ward, T.L.
(2007): Characterization of claw lesions associated with lameness in the University of Arkansas sow
herd. Arkansas Anim. Sci. Dep. Report 2007, 106-110
Carlson, C.S., Hilley, H.D., Meuten, D.J., Hagan, J.M., Moser, R.L. (1988): Effect of reduced growth
rate on the prevalence and severity of osteochondrosis in gilts. Am. J. Vet. Res. 49, 396–402
Carlson, C.S., Meuten, D.J., Richardson, D.C. (1991): Ischemic necrosis of cartilage in spontaneous
and experimental lesions of osteochondrosis. J. Orthop. Res. 9, 317-329
Christensen, O.F. , Busch, M.E., Gregersen, V. R., Lund, M.S., Nielsen, B., Vingborg, R.K.K., Bendixen, C. (2010): Quantitative trait loci analysis of osteochondrosis traits in the elbow joint of pigs.
Animal 4:3, 417–424
Christison, G.I., Lewis, N.J., Bayne, G.R. (1987): Effects of farrowing crate floors on health and performance of piglets and sows. Vet. Rec. 121, 37 – 41
Cunha, T.J. (1968): Spraddle hindlegs may be a result of choline deficiency. Feedstuffs 40, 25-31
Dee, S.A., Carlson, A.R., Winkelman, N.L., Corey, M.M. (1993): Effect of management practices on
the Streptococcus suis carrier rate in nursery swine. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 203, 295-299
Dobson, K.J. (1971): Failure of choline and methionine to prevent splayleg in piglets. Aust. Vet. J. 47,
587-590
Ducatelle, R., Maenhout, D., Coussement, W., Hoorens, J.K. (1986): Spontaneous and experimental
myofibrillar hypoplasia and its relation to splayleg in newborn pigs. J. Comp. Path. 96, 433-445
Fan, B., Onteru, S.K., Mote, B.E., Serenius, T., Stalder, K.J., Rothschild, M.F. (2009): Large-scale
association study for structural soundness and leg locomotion traits in the pig. Genetics Selection
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Gjein, H., Larssen, R.B. (1995): Housing of pregnant sows in loose and confined systems--a field
study. 2. Claw lesions: morphology, prevalence, location and relation to age. Acta Vet Scand. 36,
433-42
Grøndalen, T. (1974): Osteochondrosis and arthrosis in pigs. VII. Relationship to joint shape and
exterior conformation. Acta Vet. Scand. Suppl. 46, 1–32
Heinonen, M., Oravainen, J., Orro, T., Seppä-Lassila, L,. Ala-Kurikka, E., Virolainen, J., Tast, A., Peltoniemi, O. A. T. (2006): Lameness and fertility of sows and gilts in randomly selected loose-housed
herds in Finland. Vet. Rec. 159, 383-387
Holl, J.W., Johnson, R.K. (2005): Incidence of splayleg pigs in Nebraska litter size selection lines. J.
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Iben, H. (1989): Der Einfluss der Fütterung auf das Vorkommen der myofibrillären Hypoplasie neugeborener Ferkel. Univ. Vet Med. Hannover, Germany, Thesis
Jirmanova, I. (1983): The splayleg disease: a form of congenital glucocorticoid myopathy? Vet. Res.
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Commun. 6, 91-101
KilBride, A.L., Gillman,C.E., Ossent, P., Green, L.E. (2009): A cross sectional study of prevalence,
risk factors, population attributable fractions and pathology for foot and limb lesions in preweaning
piglets on commercial farms in England. BMC Vet. Res.; 5, 31.
Laenoi, W., Uddin, M.J., Cinar, M.U., Grosze-Brinkhaus, C., Tesfaye, D., Jonas, E., Scholz, A.M.,
Tholen, E., Looft, C., Wimmers, K., Phatsara, C., Juengst, H., Sauerwein, H., Mielenz, M., Schellander, K. (2011): Quantitative trait loci analysis for leg weakness-related traits in a Duroc x Pietrain
crossbred population. Genet. Sel. Evol.43, 13
Laenoi, W., Uddin, M.J., Cinar, M.U., Phatsara, C., Tesfaye, D., Scholz, A.M., Tholen, E., Looft, C.,
Mielenz, M., Sauerwein, H., Schellander, K. (2010): Molecular characterization and methylation study
of matrix gla protein in articular cartilage from pig with osteochondrosis. Gene 459, 24-31
Lundeheim, N. (1987): Genetic analysis of osteochondrosis and leg weakness in the Swedish pig
progeny testing scheme. Acta agricult. Scand. 37, 159–173
Mouttotou, N., Hatchell, F.M., Green, L.E. (1999): The prevalence and risk factors associated with
forelimb skin abrasions and sole bruising in preweaning piglets. Prev. Vet. Med. 39, 231-245
Mülling, C.K.W., Bragulla, H.H., Reese, S., Budras, K.D., Steinberg, W. (1999): How structures in
bovine hoof epidermis are influenced by nutritional factors. Anat. Histol. Embryol. 28, 103-108
Nielsen, N.C., Bille, N., Larsen, J.L., Svendsen, J. (1975): Preweaning mortality in pigs. 7. Polyarthritis. Nord. Vet. Med. 27, 529-543
Smith, W.J., Mitchell, C.D. (1976): Observation on injuries to suckled pigs confined on perforated
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Oliveira, S., Pijoan, C. (2004): Haemophilus parasuis: new trends on diagnosis, epidemiology and
control. Vet. Microbiol. 99, 1-12
Szalay, F.,·Zsarnovszky, A., Fekete, S., Hullár, I., Jancsik, V., Hajós, F. (2001): Retarded myelination in
the lumbar spinal cord
of piglets born with spread-leg syndrome. Anat. Embryol. 203, 53–59
Tomlinson, D.J., Mülling, C.H., Fakler, T.M. (2004): Invited review: Formation of keratins in the bovine
claw: roles of hormones, minerals, and vitamins in functional claw integrity. J. Dairy Sci. 87, 797–809
Uemoto, Y., Sato, S., Ohnishi, C., Hirose, K., Kameyama, K., Fukawa, K., Kudo, O., Kobayashi, E.
(2010): Quantitative trait loci for leg weakness traits in a Landrace purebred population. Anim. Sci. J.
81, 28-33
Uhlhorn, H., Dalin, G., Lundeheim, N., Ekman, S. (1995): Osteochondrosis in wild boar-Swedish
Yorkshire crossbred pigs (F2 generation). Acta Vet. Scand. 36,41–53
Van der Heyde, H., de Mets, J.P., Porreye, L., Henderickx, H., Calus ,A., Bekaert, H., Buysse, F.
(1989): Influence of season, litter size, parity, gestation length, birth weight, sex and farrowing pen on
frequency of congenital splayleg in piglets. Livestock Prod. Sci. 21, 143-155
van der Wal, P.G., van der Valk, P.C., Goedegebuure, S.A., van Essen, G. (1980): Osteochondrosis in
six breeds of
slaughter pigs. II. Data concerning carcass characteristics in relation to osteochondrosis. Vet Quart.
2, 42–47
Vogt, D.W., Gipson, T.A., Akremi, B., Dover, S., Ellersieck, M.R. (1984): Associations of sire, breed,
birth weight, and sex in pigs with congenital splayleg. Am. J. Vet. Res. 45, 2408–2409
Wechsler, B. (2005): An authorisation procedure for mass-produced farm animal housing systems
with regard to animal welfare. Livestock Prod. Sci. 94, 71-79
Ytrehus, B., Carlson, C.S., Ekman, S. (2007): Etiology and pathogenesis of osteochondrosis. Vet.
Pathol. 44, 429–448
Ytrehus, B., Carlson, C.S., Lundeheim, N., Mathisen, L., Reinholt, F.P., Teige, J., Ekman, S. (2004):
Vascularisation and osteochondrosis of the epiphyseal growth cartilage of the distal femur in pigs-development with age, growth rate, weight and joint shape. Bone 34, 454-465
Zoric, M. (2010): Lameness in piglets. Pig J. 63, 1-11
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34
Session 2
What do we know about tail biting today?.
Sandra Edwards
What do we know about tail biting today?
Sandra Edwards, School of Agriculture, Food & Rural Development, Newcastle
University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
The extent of the problem
Tail biting has proved to be an intractable problem in the pig industry worldwide.
Despite this, we have little knowledge of the true extent of the problem and its
cost to the industry. In countries where there is routine abattoir registration of
bitten tails, reported prevalence ranges from 0.5-3.4% (EFSA 2007). However,
it is clear from specific studies that these values underestimate the number of
pigs which have received tail biting, and represent only the more severe cases.
In both Sweden (Keeling and Larsen, 2004) and the UK (Hunter et al., 1999)
detailed study revealed a prevalence of lesions 2-4 times that recorded in abattoir
records. Boyle et al. (2010) recently found that 6.3% of Irish slaughter pigs had
tail damage that could conclusively be attributed to tail biting, with many more
showing less severe damage that might also have arisen from this problem .
Furthermore, it is obvious that abattoir records will underestimate the full extent
of the problem, since severely bitten pigs are likely to die or be euthanized on
farm, or be disposed of as casualties through smaller, unrecorded abattoirs.
There are few large scale studies of on-farm prevalence and, since these often
involve volunteer farms, they cannot be said to represent an unbiased sample. A
UK national health surveillance programme routinely reports prevalence fluctuating around 0.9% (NADIS, 2011). However, this again may underestimate the true
extent of the problem, since a recent detailed study of 69 UK farms reported
3.5% of bittern pigs, with approximately 3 mildly bitten tails for every severe clinical case (Taylor et al., 2011). Similarly, recent Belgian studies have reported a tail
lesion prevalence of 2-4% (Smulders et al., 2008; Goossens et al., 2008), despite
the majority of pigs being docked. Taylor et al. (2010) have emphasised the
importance of standardising the criterion for recording a bitten tail, and highlight
the concern that projects may produce results that are not directly comparable
unless clear criteria are provided for how lesions were assessed. Mullan et al.
(2009) also highlighted the fact that a farm score for dirtiness of pigs has a significant negative correlation with recorded tail lesions. They recommended that, to
prevent bias in the recording of tail lesions, assessments are conducted on pigs
with a prevalence for dirtiness of less than 17%.
Which pigs are involved?
Since tail bitten pigs are readily apparent and easy to record, they have been the
focus of most studies on tail biting and there are many data sets documenting
the characteristics of these pigs. It is commonly found that tail lesions are more
prevalent amongst male pigs (see review in EFSA, 2007), and some suggestions of breed differences have been made, with Hampshire pigs having fewest
lesions in mixed breed pens (L Keeling, cited in EFSA 2007). This has lead to the
suggestion that there may be animals which are predisposed to be victims. In
35
Session 2
Sandra Edwards
a detailed study of the longitudinal progression of tail biting outbreaks, Zonderland (2010) observed that some piglets were already receiving more bites than
their penmates six days before a clinical outbreak occurred. However, once the
outbreak started, these pigs did not experience a greater increase in bites than
other members of pen, indicating that all pigs could become victims. These early
victims were more often male and were heavier pigs in the group, a finding also
reported in other studies. It is suggested that these heavier pigs are less active,
and receive tail chewing with little response whilst resting, or that they are more
dominant and therefore likely to receive aggression from behind when subordinate pigs try to displace them from resources.
A more important question, and one still little studied, is the characteristics of the
pigs which actually perform the biting. This requires detailed observation of the
group, particularly at the onset of an outbreak, and is thus very time demanding.
Older studies suggested that there might be breed differences in predisposition to bite, and this is supported by more recent data (Breuer et al., 2005; L
Keeling, cited in EFSA 2007). Both studies reported greater prevalence of tail
biting behaviour in Landrace pigs than in Large White/Yorkshire, with the latter
study also reporting lower prevalence in Hampshire pigs. Such reports suggest
the possibility of a genetic component to tail biting predisposition. In the only
study of this to date, Breuer et al. (2005) found a significant heritability of 0.27
for predisposition to tail bite in Landrace pigs, although failed to find a similar
result in a smaller sample of Large White animals. The predisposition to tail bite
was significantly positively genetically correlated to lean tissue growth rate, and
negatively genetically correlated to backfat thickness. These data suggest the
possibility of a metabolic basis to tail biting behaviour. At the individual level,
growing pigs performing persistent tail biting behaviour, labelled ‘fanatical biters’
by van de Weerd et al. (2005), were significantly lighter than their penmates as
a result of slower growth after weaning. Similarly, Beattie et al (2005) reported
that weaned piglets showing a higher prevalence of tail chewing behaviour had
experienced reduced growth during the suckling period. These data support the
frequently reported anecdotal view that ‘runt’ pigs are often responsible for tail
biting outbreaks. Such data might suggest some metabolic deficiency increasing either general or specific hunger for nutrients in these individuals, increasing
foraging activity and making them more likely to chew and bite tails. Zonderland
(2010) observed that, prior to a tail biting outbreak, biters not only directed more
biting behaviour to their penmates’ tails, but also to the enrichment device present in the pen, supporting the presence of increased foraging motivation. Early
studies suggested that tail biting pigs might have a specific attraction to blood.
Significant differences were observed between pigs in their motivation to chew
a blood soaked artificial tail, and this motivation could be increased by specific
nutrient deficiencies in minerals or protein (Fraser, 1987; Fraser et al., 1991).
Subsequently, McIntyre and Edwards (2002a) demonstrated that pigs which
exhibited clinical tail biting showed increased chewing of a blood soaked artificial
tail in comparison with non-biting penmates, indicating a particular attraction
36
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Sandra Edwards
to some component of blood. Edwards (2006) suggested that tail biting might
be associated with metabolically induced neuroendocrine changes, with possible implication of serotonin mediated pathways controlling foraging behaviour.
McIntyre and Edwards (2002b) demonstrated that pigs fed diets formulated to
reduce availability of tryptophan for serotonin synthesis showed reduced resting
and increased foraging behaviour, and that they also showed increased chewing
of the blood soaked model in the artificial tail test. More recently, Martinez-Trejo
et al. (2009) compared four levels of dietary tryptophan in piglets weaned at 21
days of age and also reported that biting of ears and tail was reduced with the
two higher levels.
However, not all studies are consistent in their characterisation of tail biting pigs.
In the study of van de Weerd et al. (2005) tail biters in general were not lighter
than the group, and no weight difference between biters and non-biting pigs was
seen in the study of Zonderland (2010). Furthermore, in this latter study, biters showed an exponential increase in tail directed behaviour over the six days
preceding a clinical tail biting outbreak, even in the absence of blood over this
period. These apparent inconsistencies might be explained by the recent theory
of Taylor et al. (2010) that tail biting can arise from several different motivational
states.
Causes of tail biting
Taylor et al. (2010) suggested three distinctly different types of tail biting, based
on observations of the situation in which the behaviour occurs and the way in
which it is carried out. The first, and possibly most common, is “two-stage” biting. This fits the classical description in many studies of a pre-damage stage, in
which gentle non-injurious chewing of the tail occurs, often when pigs are resting, which is then followed by followed by a damaging stage when biting is more
forceful, blood is present from wounded tails and the behaviour escalates within
the group. This type of tail biting is thought to originate from frustrated foraging
motivation, where the amount and type of environmental enrichment present in
the pen is inadequate to satisfy the level of foraging and exploratory behaviour
induced by the metabolic state of the pigs. Such behaviour is then redirected to
penmates and, if performed at a high level, ultimately triggers tail biting. A very
different type of tail biting behaviour, designated as “sudden- forceful”, has been
reported in other studies (e.g. Statham, 2008). In this type, a tail is suddenly
seized and yanked or bitten forcefully with no prior manipulation, often causing
immediate serious injury. In contrast to two-stage biting, this behaviour is more
often seen when pigs are moving around and in competition for resources such
as feeders or preferred pen locations. It is suggested that it arises from aggressive motivation due to thwarting of access to a desired resource. The third type
of tail biting, designated as “obsessive”, is characterised by one or more clearly
identifiable individuals who persistently seek out tails and bite them forcefully
over extended periods of time (e.g. van de Weerd et al., 2005). The relationship
between pigs fitting this description and the other two types of tail biting is unProceedings of the 3rd ESPHM, Espoo, Finland 2011
37
Session 2
Sandra Edwards
clear. It is possible that these pigs trigger the transition between the pre-damage
and damaging stages of two-stage biting, or that they develop the behaviour as
a consequence of previous reinforcement of sudden-forceful biting. However, the
single-minded fixation on this behaviour which is observed appears pathological
rather then functional. Given the possibility of these different motivational bases
for tail biting, it is easy to see why the behaviour appears to occur in response to
a diverse range of situations on farm.
Risk factors for tail biting
All reviews on the subject of tail biting highlight the complexity of the problem
and the multifactorial nature of apparent predisposing circumstances (SchrøderPetersen and Simonsen, 2001; Bracke et al., 2004; EFSA, 2007; Taylor et al.,
2010). In addition to risk factors intrinsic to the individual animal, as discussed
above, a wide range of environmental risk factors have been identified. The most
common of these relates to a lack of adequate environmental enrichment, and
it has been repeatedly demonstrated that pigs in straw-bedded pens have a
lower prevalence of tail biting that those in unbedded, slatted pens. This contrast
is particularly marked if pigs have previously been housed on straw, but subsequently had straw withdrawn (Day et al., 2002). Chopped straw in growing/
finishing housing systems is better than no enrichment, but is less good than
long straw because of increased risk of penmate directed behaviours (Day et al.,
2008). Whilst a small daily amount of recreational straw can be quite effective
in reducing risk, many of the simple toys currently supplied in slatted housing
appear relatively ineffective. For example, Zonderland (2010) compared provision
of enrichment to weaned piglets, with intact tails, in the form of a chain, rubber
hose, straw rack (5 g/pig/day) or the provision of straw on the floor twice daily
by hand (2 x 10 g/pig/day). The incidence of pens with tail lesions was reduced
when straw was provided twice daily (8% of pens) compared to the chain
(58%), rubber hose (54%) and straw rack treatment (29%). A lack of enrichment
leads to increased investigatory behaviour redirected towards penmates, and
the classic situation for two-stage biting to occur. A second major category of
risk factors relate to dietary inadequacy. Dietary deficiencies in protein, specific
amino acids, minerals and energy density have all been implicated in outbreaks.
Such deficiencies lead to increased foraging motivation as pigs seek to alleviate
general hunger of a hunger for specific nutrients. This again provides the circumstances for two-stage biting to be initiated.
A third category of risk factor relates to deficiency in resource provision, in particular in relation to floor space (high stocking density), feeder space or drinker
availability. Such deficiencies are likely to generate circumstances where “sudden-forceful” biting will occur, even when the level of enrichment in the pen is adequate, as less dominant pigs attempt to displace other animals from an occupied resource. It is possible that such behaviour may also have a developmental
or learned component. Smulders et al. (2008) found that the risk for tail and ear
biting lesions during fattening was negatively correlated to the amount of feeding
38
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Sandra Edwards
places per animal in the nursery, A fourth major category of risk factors relate to
climatic inadequacy. In this category can be listed excessive heat or cold, the
presence of high airspeed within the pen and poor air quality in terms of dust or
noxious gases. For example, Courboulay et al. (2008) showed that provision of a
water misting system reduced tail biting in hot conditions in comparison with an
otherwise similar control room, whilst the farm study of Taylor et al. (2011) found
draughts in the lying area to be a prominent risk factor. It has been suggested
that such environmental stressors might have metabolic consequences which
trigger tail biting, in particular through increased sodium clearance causing a
specific nutrient hunger that increases attraction to blood or foraging motivation,
leading to two-stage biting (Fraser, 1987). However, experimental investigation
of this hypothesis in pigs has failed to provide supporting evidence (Jankevicius
and Widowski, 2004). It is perhaps more likely that environmental inadequacy
increases competition for the less aversive areas of the pen, and hence greater
risk of sudden-forceful biting events.
The final major risk category, and one now gathering increasing evidence of
importance, is pig health. It is frequently reported that herds with a poorer health
status, or herds experiencing a recent health breakdown, have a higher prevalence of tail biting. Both respiratory (Elst et al., 1998; Moinard et al., 1993) and
enteric health conditions have been linked to the problem. There have been
several reports that specific measures to control health problems have been associated with reduced tail biting, for example anthelminthic treatment (Barnikol,
1978), Lawsonia vaccination (Almond & Bilkei, 2006), and most recently PCV2
vaccination (Parker et al., 2011). Disease challenge changes nutrient partitioning
and specific amino acid requirements as an immune response is activated, and
may thus influence metabolic drivers for two-stage biting. The previous growth
check reported for obsessive biters, suggests that earlier disease may sometimes have played a role in their pathogenesis.
Prevention of tail biting
Given the current scientific level of knowledge on the risk factors for tail biting, it is perhaps surprising that the problem remains so common on farms.
To investigate the reasons for this, and to develop farm specific approaches to
reduce risk, Taylor et al. (2011) developed a Husbandry Advisory Tool (HAT) for
tail biting prevention. This spreadsheet tool incorporates questions on 83 risk
factors, weighted for their relative impact on tail biting according to information
from scientific literature and expert consultation. High weighting is given to factors strongly linked to tail biting (e.g. tail biting already occurring in the current
batch of pigs: risk score 90; current illness in the batch: risk score 80), and low
weighting is given to factors whose impact on tail biting is less clear (e.g. specific
qualities of toys when provided for enrichment: risk score 2.5). The HAT used
in this study, together with supporting evidence from the scientific literature for
the strength of risk association, is available at http://www.vetschool.bris.ac.uk/
webhat/ . The presence of each of these risks was scored on 65 farms which received 2-4 visits over a 12 month period. There was significant variation between
39
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Sandra Edwards
farms in total risk, with weighted scores ranging from 255 up to 805. The HATderived risk score was a very significant predictor of tail biting in a pen across
the study farms. Farms with high risk scores in all the major categories were
reported; ‘atmosphere and environment’ (mean risk score 24% of a maximum
possible score of 500), ‘enrichment’ (mean score 21% of maximum 430), ‘feed
and drink’ (mean score 17% of maximum 345), and ‘health’ (mean score 10% of
maximum 200). It is therefore apparent that, although knowledge of risk factors
exists, these are frequently not avoided under practical farm conditions, either
through lack of available capital, time or awareness. There is significant potential
for use of the HAT approach to highlight risk areas and motivate farm improvement.
Managing tail biting outbreaks
Once a clinical tail biting outbreak has begun, the presence of blood seems to
stimulate biting activity in other pigs and rapidly escalate the problem. Niemi et
al. (2010) showed that tail biting spreads with epidemic-like features within the
farm. The probability of further tail biting incidences in a pen after the first case
has been reported is approximately 0.55. In addition, as more pens are affected,
the total incidence of tail biting increases exponentially. It is therefore very important to stop the tail biting at an early stage. Recent longitudinal studies of groups
of pigs prior to, and during outbreaks have sought to identify predictive signs.
Zonderland (2010) highlighted the fact that tail posture in undocked pigs could
predict clinical tail biting 2-3 days in advance. Other behavioural signs in the six
days preceding an outbreak were increased non-damaging tail manipulation by
subsequent biters and increased restlessness in the group from recipients of
this manipulation. Statham et al. (2009) also found, in older pigs, that measurement of activity has potential for predicting tail biting outbreaks on commercial
farms, as do levels of tails tucked under and damaging tail contact. In five cases,
a small runty pig was tail bitten in the absence of a full outbreak. Whenever this
happened, a full tail-biting outbreak always took place sometime afterwards. The
occurrence of single tail-biting events may thus be a reliable indicator of future
outbreaks. However, they concluded that tail biting outbreaks are variable and
difficult to predict from single measures.
Zonderland (2010) compared two curative treatments once an outbreak had
started in weaned piglets - removal of the biter and twice daily straw provision.
No significant difference was found between the treatments, both of which
showed a reduced incidence of fresh blood on the tails in the following nine
days. However, it was not considered ethically acceptable to impose a negative
control treatment and neither curative treatment eliminated tail biting entirely.
There is a lack of controlled studies on other curative measures such as unpalatable sprays, salt provision or the use of specially designed nutritional supplements. This is an area where further research is needed, as current commercial
experience suggests that outbreaks, once established, are very difficult to
contain.
40
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Sandra Edwards
The future role of tail docking
In 1991, EU Legislation came into force which specified that tail docking should
not be carried out routinely, but should only take place when other measures
proved to be ineffective in controlling tail biting (Directive 91/630). Despite the
passage of 10 years, the majority of pigs in the EU are still tail docked, although
some Scandanavian countries have imposed a unilateral ban on this practice.
Political and consumer pressure to reduce and eventually abolish tail docking is
growing, but the likely consequences of an EU-wide banare difficult to estimate.
Countries which have a ban in place appear to have an abattoir prevalence of
bitten pigs which is 3-4 times higher than that in countries where most pigs are
docked (EFSA, 2007). However, it is uncertain whether lesions are recorded according to the same criteria, and it must be borne in mind that these countries
also require straw to be provided for all pigs. Where comparisons of docked and
undocked pigs at the same abattoir have been made, prevalence of tail lesions
has again been about 3 times greater in the undocked pigs (Hunter et al., 1999,
2001), but it must be remembered that leaving tails intact is the choice of the
farmer, and likely to reflect a low risk situation. This can sometimes give apparently contradictory results, as in the study of Moinard et al. (2003) where tail
biting was more often reported on farms that docked tails than on those that did
not. There are relatively few controlled studies which have examined the effects
of docked and entire tails under the same conditions. However, three comparative studies in unbedded systems have shown an increase in prevalence of bitten
pigs from <10% in docked animals to >50% in those left with entire tails. The
most recent study, replicated across four different farms in Denmark, showed a
progressive increase in tail biting prevalence related to the length of tail remaining after docking (Thodberg et al., 2010). Log odds-ratio for tail biting in pigs
docked leaving 5.7 cm, 7.5 cm and intact tails were 2.8, 3.3 and 4.6 compared
to pigs short-docked to a 2.9 cm tail. Therefore, whilst some farms are currently
able to operate with entire tails and little damage, present information suggests
that many EU farms would experience significant problems if they ceased docking without first implementing changes in housing and management. However,
both the legal and ethical impetus requires that the industry moves progressively
towards this outcome.
Conclusions
Tail biting remains an intractable problem for the pig industry because, despite
increasing scientific knowledge, its multifactorial predisposing factors are still
widespread in commercial practice. The industry should strive for a situation
where widespread tail docking is unnecessary as a precautionary measure, but
this poses great challenges for the majority of units, especially where pigs are
housed in slatted systems. Genetic selection strategies, good health management and improved environmental enrichment provision are all likely to be key
factors in future progress.
41
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Sandra Edwards
References
Almond, P.K. and Bilkei, G. 2006. Effects of oral vaccination against Lawsonia intracellularis on
growing-finishing pig’s performance in a pig production system with endemic porcine proliferative
enteropathy. Dtsch. Tierarztl. Wochensch. 113: 232-235.
Barnikol, M. 1978. Observations of tail biting (cannibalism) amongst fattening hogs and breeding pigs
in connection with protein and mineral nourishment. Tierarztl. Umsch. 33: 540.
Beattie, V.E., Breuer, K., O’Connel, N.E., Sneddon, I.A., Mercer, J.T., Rance, K.A., Sutcliffe, M.E.M.,
Edwards,S.A. 2005. Factors identifying pigs predisposed to tail biting. Anim. Sci. 80: 307-312.
Boyle, L.A., Hanlon, A., O’Connell, N.E., Lemos Teixeira, D. 2010. Improving pig welfare will reduce
carcass losses. Proc. annual Teagasc Pig Farmers Conference, Co. Cavan and Co. Tipperary 1920th October 2010. p. 47.
Bracke, M.B.M., Hulsegge, B., Keeling, L., Blokhuis, H.J. 2004. Decision support system with semantic model to assess therisk of tail biting in pigs. 1. Modelling. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 87: 31-44.
Breuer, K., Sutcliffe, M.E.M., Mercer, J.T., Rance, K.A., O’Connell, N.E., Sneddon, I.A., Edwards,
S.A. 2005. Heritability of clinical tail biting and its relation to performance traits. Livest. Prod. Sci. 93:
87-94.
Courboulay, V., Souffran, H., Guingand, N., Massabie, P., Dubois, A., 2008. Intérêt de la brumisation en engraissement pour améliorer le confort des porcs en croissance (Fogging system: a way to
improve the welfare of growing-finishing pigs during summer periods). J. Rech. Porcine 40: 243-246.
Day, J.E.L., Burfoot, A., Docking, C.M., Whittaker, X., Spoolder, H.A.M., Edwards,S.A. 2002. The
effects of prior experience of straw and the level of straw provision on the behaviour of growing pigs.
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 76: 189-202.
Day, J.E.L., van de Weerd, H.A.., Edwards, S.A. 2008. The effect of varying lengths of straw bedding
on the behaviour of growing pigs. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 109: 249-260.
Edwards,S.A. 2006. Tail biting in pigs: Understanding the intractable problem. Vet. J. 171: 198-199.
Elst, W.E.T., Vaessen, M.A., Vos, H.J.M.P., Binnendijk, G.P., Huime, r.E.M., Backus, G.B.C. 1988.
Proefverslag – Varkensproefbedrifj – Zuid-enwest-Nederland, No P1 200: 1-54.
EFSA. 2007. Scientific report on the risks associated with tail biting in pigs and possible means to
reduce the need for tail docking considering the different housing and husbandry systems. The EFSA
Journal, 611: 1-98.
Fraser, D. 1987. Mineral-deficient diets and the pig’s attraction to blood: implications for tail biting.
Can. J. Anim. Sci. 67: 909–918.
Fraser, D., Bernon, D.E., Ball, R.O. 1991. Enhanced attraction to blood by pigs with inadequate
dietary protein supplementation. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 71: 611-619.
Goossens, X., Sobry, L., Ödberg, F., Tuyttens, F., Maes, D., De Smet, S., Nevens, F., Opsomer, G.,
Lommelen, F., Geers, R. 2008. A population-based on-farm evaluation protocol for comparing the
welfare of pigs between farms. Anim. Welfare 17: 35-41.
Hunter, E.J., Jones, T.A., Guise, H.J., Penny, R.H.C., Hoste, S. 1991. Tail biting in pigs 1: The
prevalence at six UK abattoirs and the relationship of tail biting with docking, sex and other carcass
damage. Pig J. 43: 18-32.
Hunter, E.J., Jones, T.A., Guise, H.J., Penny, R.H.C., Hoste, S. 2001. The relationship between tail
biting in pigs, docking procedure and other management procedures. Vet. J.. 161: 72-79
Jankevicius, M.L. and Widowski, T.M. 2004. The effect of ACTH on pigs’ attraction to salt or bloodflavoured tail-models. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 87: 55-68
.Keeling, L. and Larsen, A. 2004. What are the characteristics of tail biting pigs? Svenska djurhalsovardens fortbildningskonferens pa Billingen, Skovde, Sweden, 24-25 March 2004.
Martinez-Trejo, G., Ortega-Cerrilla, M.E., Rodarte-Covarrubias, L.F., Herrera-Haro, J.G., FigueroaVelasco, J.L., Galindo-Maldonado, F., Sanchez-Martinez, O., Lara-Bueno, A., 2009. Aggressiveness
and productive performance of piglets supplemented with tryptophan. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 8: 608611.
McIntyre, J. and Edwards, S.A. 2002a. Preference for blood and behavioural measurements of
known tail biting pigs compared to control penmates. Proc.36th Int. Congr. International Society for
Applied Ethology. Egmond aan Zee, The Netherlands. P93.
McIntyre, J. and Edwards, S.A. 2002b. An investigation into the effect of tryptophan on tail chewing
behaviour of growing pigs. Proc. Brit. Soc. Anim. Sci. P34.
Mullan, S., Edwards, S.A., Butterworth, A., Whay, H.R., Main, D.C.J. 2009. Interdependence of welfare outcome measures and potential confounding factors on finishing pig farms. Appl. Anim. Behav.
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Sci. 121: 25-31.
Moinard, C., Mendl, M., Nicol, C.J., Green, L.E. 2003. A case control study of on-farm risk factors for
tail biting in pigs. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 81: 333-355.
NADIS. 2011. National Animal Disease Information Service (NADIS) health reports. http://www.
nadis.org.uk (accessed April 2011).
Niemi, J.K. 2010. Eläinten terveyteen liittyvien panostusten taloudellisuus (The economic viability of
animal health-related efforts) . Finnish Veterinary Days 1-3.12.2010, Helsinki. Proc. Finnish Veterinary
Association. s. 236-245
Parker, R., Taylor, N,R., Mendl, M., Main, D.C.J., Edwards, S.A. 2011. Multilevel modelling of risks
associated with tail biting lesions in pigs. In preparation 2011.
Schrøder-Petersen, D.L., Simonsen, H.B. 2001. Tail biting in pigs. Vet. J. 162: 196-210.
Smulders, D., Hautekiet, V., Verbeke, G., Geers, R. 2008. Tail and ear biting lesions in pigs: an epidemiological study. Anim. Welfare 17: 61-69.
Statham P. 2008. Effects of experience and individuality on tail biting in pigs. PhD thesis, University
of Bristol, UK.
Statham, P., Green, L., Bichard, M., Mendl, M., 2009. Predicting tail-biting from behaviour of pigs
prior to outbreaks. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 121: 157-164.
Taylor, N.R., Main, D.C.J., Mendl, M., Edwards, S.A. 2010. Tail-biting A new perspective. Vet. J. 186:
137-147.
Taylor, N.R., Parker, R.M.A., Mendl, M., Edwards, S.A , Main, D.C.J. 2011. Prevalence of tail biting
risk factors on commercial farms in relation to intervention strategies. Vet. J. in press.
Thodberg, K., Jensen, K.H., Jorgensen, E. 2010. The risk of tail biting in relation to level of taildocking. Proc. 44th Congr. International Society for Applied Ethology, Uppsala, Sweden, August
2010, p.91.
Van de Weerd, H.A., Docking, C.M., Day, J.E.L., Edwards, S.A. 2005. The development of harmful
social behaviour in pigs with intact tails and different enrichment backgrounds in two housing systems. Anim. Sci. 80: 289-298.
Zonderland, J.J. 2010. Talking tails – quantifying the development of tail biting in pigs. PhD Thesis,
Wageningen University, The Netherlands.
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Notes
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44
Session 2
The consequence of a tail biting outbreak.
Camilla Munsterhjelm
The consequence of a tail biting outbreak
Camilla Munsterhjelm, University of Helsinki, Finland
Tail-biting is a behavioural abnormality of growing pigs with considerable impact
on animal welfare as well as economic measures. Certain factors seem clearly
associated with being tail bitten, but research designed to reveal causalities is
scarce.
Tail biting causes more tail biting
Tail biting is known to spread readily between pens with visual contact (Blackshaw, 1981). The development of an outbreak was modelled by Sinisalo and
Niemi (2010) based on data from one Finnish farm. The risk of a new case (visibly
bitten tail) in a pen was found to increase and the time between new cases to
decrease as the number of bitten tails in the pen increased. A farm-level simulation model predicted that the number of pens with tail biting increases slowly
until the prevalence is about 40% (of pens), whereafter the number of cases will
increase rapidly (Sinisalo and Niemi, 2010).
Growth and feed conversion ratio
Wallgren and Lindahl (1986) reported that being tail bitten decreased growth in
fattening pigs. The same was documented by Sinisalo and Niemi (2010), who
showed that the effect at least partly was due to an increased feed conversion
ratio.
Spreading of infection from the tail
Tail lesions attributable to biting have repeatedly been associated with condemnations at slaughter, especially those due to arthritis or abscesses in the vertebral
column or lungs (Huey 1996, Valros et al., 2004, Kritas and Morrison 2007). Biting wounds on the tail easily become infected. The infection has been hypothesised to potentially spread in the body through one of several routes including
blood and lymphatic vessels and other tail tissues (Hagen and Skulberg, 1960;
Elbers et al., 1992; Huey, 1996). These studies include only slaughterhouse data,
that is, only market-weight pigs leaving many healed and all culled victims out.
Health in relation to tail biting behaviour was investigated on a problem farm by
matching bitten pigs, biters and controls between 23 and 83 kg (Munsterhjelm
et al., unpublished data). In this data several measures indicated that the health
status of the victims was worse than that of the controls and tail biters. The victims had histologically more severe tail and respiratory infections as well as higher
serum protein concentration and white blood cell counts (numerically), which
may be a reflection of challenge of the body by infections. A drawback of the
study design is that causalities cannot be determined, thus, the differences may
have been present before the animals were bitten.
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Session 2
Culling and death
The risk of being culled is substantially increased in tail biting victims (Sinisalo
and Niemi, 2010). Deaths may also be more frequent in victims than non-victims
(Sambraus, 1985, Fraser and Broom 1997), although successful on-farm treatment strategies may remove the effect (Sinisalo and Niemi, 2010).
Stress
Being subjected to tail biting behaviour seems to be associated with chronic
stress (Munsterhjelm et al., unpublished). Pain and infection are certainly stressful. Additionally, psychological effects of being bitten probably add to the state.
Tail biting victims in the case-control study by Munsterhjelm et al., (unpublished)
had depressed levels of the thyroid hormone T3 as compared to the controls.
These animals may have suffered from a triad of interrelated hypothyroidism,
chronic stress and infections (Nicoloff et al., 1970, Bianco et al., 1978). Again,
causalities and their directions are unknown.
Animal welfare
Freedom from disease and distress are assigned high priority when assessing
animal welfare (e.g. Duncan and Fraser, 1997). Both conditions are frequent
in tail biting outbreaks, during which both biters and victims may be affected.
Stress and decreased professional satisfaction experienced by the caretaker
during outbreaks should be noted as well, as the human factor is decisive for the
welfare of animals.
Economic losses
Decreased growth, treatment of sick animals, deaths and measures to control
the problem cause economic losses (although measures taken to decrease tail
biting may increase overall health in the herd). According to a simulation model
by Sinisalo and Niemi (2010) losses per animal increase with prevalence on the
farm. The increase is slow up to a prevalence of 50% of pens, when losses are
estimated to 4,8 € per pig. Thereafter the curve takes a steeper incline to reach
more than 20 € per pig when the prevalence is 80%.
References
Bianco AC, Nunes MT, Hell NS, Maciel RMB, 1987. The role of glucocorticoids in the stress-induced
reduction of extrathyroidal 3,5,39-triiodothyronine generation in rats. Endocrinology 120, 1033–1038.
Blackshaw JK, 1981. Some behavioural deviations in weaned domestic pigs: Persistent inguinal nose
thrusting, and tail and ear biting. Animal Production 33, 315-332.
Huey RJ, 1996. Incidence, location and interrelationships between the sites of abscesses recorded in
pigs at a bacon factory in Northern Ireland. The Veterinary Record 138, 511-514.
Hunter EJ, Jones TA, Guise HJ, Penny RHC, Hoste S, 2001. The relationship between tail biting in
pigs, docking procedure and other management practices. Veterinary Journal 161, 72-79.
Elbers ARW, Tielen MJM, Snijders JMA, Cromwijk WAJ, Hunneman WA, 1992. Epidemiological
studies on lesions in finishing pigs in the Netherlands. I. Prevalence, seasonality and interrelationship.
Preventive Veterinary Medicine 14, 217-231.
Fraser AF, Broom DM, 1997. Farm animal behaviour and welfare. Farm animal behaviour and welfare.
Wallingford, UK, CAB International.
Hagen O, Skulberg A, 1960. Halesår hos gris. Nordisk Veterinärmedicin 12, 1–20.
46
Session 2
Kritas SK, Morrison RB, 2007. Relationships between tail biting in pigs and disease lesions and
condemnations at slaughter. The Veterinary Record 160, 149-152.
Nicoloff JT, Fisher DA, Appleman Jr MD, 1970 The role of glucocorticoids in the regulation of thyroid
function in man. Journal of Clinical Investigation 49,1922.
Bianco AC, Nunes MT, Hell NS, Maciel RMB, 1987. The role of glucocorticoids in the stress-induced
reduction of extrathyroidal 3,5,39-triiodothyronine generation in rats. Endocrinology. 120, 1033–1038.
Sambraus HH, 1985. Mouth-based anomalous syndromes. Ethology of farm animals. World animal
science, Section A, 5: 391-472.
Sinisalo A, Niemi J, 2010. Lihasikojen hännänpurenta on sikapaikan tuottoa laskeva monisyinen
ongelma (Tail biting in pigs is a multi-cause problem decreasing the profitability of the grower place).
In: Maataloustieteen päivät 2010 [electronic publication]. Suomen Maataloustieteellisen seuran julkaisuja no 26. Toim. Anneli Hopponen. Referred to 13.4.2011. Published 11.1.2010. In Finnish.
Wallgren P, Lindahl E, 1996. The influence of tail biting on performance of fattening pigs. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 37, 453-460.
Valros A., Ahlstrom S, Rintala H, Hakkinen T, Saloniemi H, 2004. The prevalence of tail damage in
slaughter pigs in Finland and associations to carcass condemnations. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica
Section A - Animal
Science 54, 213-219.
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48
Session 3
Factors affecting milk production and mammary development in swine.
Chantal Farmer
Factors affecting milk production and mammary
development in swine
Chantal Farmer, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Dairy and Swine R & D
Centre, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
Sow milk yield is a crucial determinant of piglet growth rate as it is the only
source of energy for suckling piglets. It is influenced by numerous factors such
as litter size, parity, nutrition, genetics, management, environment and endocrine
status. Yet, one factor of importance which is often overlooked is mammary development. Indeed, sow milk yield is dependent on the number of milk-producing
cells present in mammary glands at the onset of lactation (Head and Williams
cited by Pluske et al., 1995). It was shown that there is a positive correlation between the DNA content (indicative of cell number) of mammary glands and piglet
growth rate (Nielsen et al., 2001). Periods with relatively high mammary growth
are of particular interest since it is during those periods that mammary growth
may be susceptible to nutritional or hormonal manipulations. Mammogenesis in
swine occurs at two developmental stages, namely, in prepubertal gilts as of 3
months of age, and during the last third of pregnancy (Sørensen et al., 2002).
It is controlled by a complex interaction of various hormones. During gestation,
estrogens (Kensinger et al., 1986) and prolactin (Farmer et al., 2000) are known
to be essential for mammary development and relaxin (Hurley et al., 1991) is also
needed to stimulate total mammary gland growth.
Very few studies have looked at the effect of endocrine manipulations on mammogenesis. Gilts receiving injections of porcine prolactin for a period of 28 days,
as of 75 kg BW, had an increased mammary development which was characterized by distended alveolar and ductal lumina and the presence of secretory
materials (McLaughlin et al., 1997). Interestingly, the degree of mammary gland
development did not appear to be related to the dose of prolactin injected. A
further study demonstrated that injections of porcine prolactin to gilts for a period
of 29 days, starting at 75 kg BW, stimulate mammary development and alter
expression of prolactin-related genes at puberty (Farmer et al., 2005). Yet, the
impact of such a treatment on subsequent milk yield is not known.
Nutrition does have an influence on mammogenesis, yet, data on the effect of
nutrition on mammary development in swine are sparse. Results on the effects
of feeding level during prepuberty on mammogenesis in gilts are somewhat controversial. Sørensen et al. (1998) and Le Cozler et al. (1998, 1999) reported that
feeding level of gilts during the period from 6 or 10 weeks of age to mating did
not affect subsequent milk yield. On the other hand, Kirchgessner et al. (1984)
fed gilts either ad lib or restricted from weaning to mating and found that piglets
from sows which were restricted-fed had the highest growth rate in parity 2 (but
not in parity 1 and 3). Nevertheless, when looking specifically at mammary development, feeding level does have an effect since Farmer et al. (2004) reported that
49
Session 3
Chantal Farmer
a 20% feed restriction of gilts from 90 days of age until puberty drastically reduced mammary parenchymal tissue mass. Furthermore, Sørensen et al. (2006)
noted that high feeding levels (ad libitum vs. restricted feeding) from 90 days of
age to puberty stimulates mammary development. On the other hand, lowering
protein intake during that same period does not hinder mammary development
of gilts (Farmer et al., 2004). Recent findings indicate that the composition of the
diet fed to prepubertal gilts also has an influence on their mammary development. Gilts fed 2.3 g/day of the phytoestrogen genistein from 3 months of age
until puberty had an increased number of mammary cells at 183 days (Farmer et
al., 2010). On the other hand, dietary supplementation with flax as seed, meal,
or oil during prepuberty brought about the expected changes in circulating fatty
acid profiles without any alteration in mammary development (Farmer et al.,
2007b). Yet, when a 10% flaxseed supplementation was provided from day 63 of
gestation until weaning, beneficial effects were noted in the mammary tissue of
the female offspring of these sows at puberty (Farmer and Palin, 2008).
During gestation, feeding high energy may have detrimental effects on mammary
development and subsequent milk production (Weldon et al. 1991) whereas
the amount of dietary protein has limited effects on mammary development
(Kusina et al., 1999a) but may increase subsequent milk production (Kusina et
al., 1999b). On the other hand, Howard et al. (1994) found no effect of elevated
energy intake in gestation on mammary development of pregnant gilts. Yet, when
manipulating body composition of gilts by changing their protein and energy
intakes during pregnancy, it was found that fat gilts on a high energy-low protein
diet had reduced mammary development and produced less milk than lean gilts
at the same body weight (Head and Williams, 1991 & 1995).
Mammary involution is an important process of the mammary gland and much
remains to be learned about it in swine. Ford et al. (2003) reported that it is associated with dramatic changes occurring rapidly in the 7 to 10 days following
weaning, and Farmer et al. (2007a) demonstrated that during a prolonged lactation (44 vs. 22 days) mammary epithelial tight junctions become leaky, which is
indicative of the onset of the involution process. Mammary gland involution also
takes place in early lactation due to glands not being suckled. It occurs rapidly
during the first 7 to 10 days of lactation (Kim et al., 2001) and was shown to
be an irreversible process after 3 days of non-suckling (Theil et al., 2005). This
brings up the question of the importance of use of a teat in the first lactation
on its productivity in the subsequent lactation. This is of great interest because
producers try not to “over-use” first-parity sows to avoid the “thin-sow syndrome”. Fraser et al. (1992) suggested that non-use of a teat in the first lactation
tends to reduce its productivity in the early part of the next lactation but this was
never further investigated until recently. Results from a newly-terminated project
(Farmer et al. unpublished data) show that piglets suckling in second parity a
teat which was not used in first parity weigh 1.1 kg less on day 56. This is due
to a lower weight gain during lactation. Interestingly, it appears that piglets can
50
Session 3
Chantal Farmer
differentiate previously-suckled from previously-unsuckled teats as shown by differences in aggressive behaviour.
In conclusion, it is evident that a combination of factors are involved in predicting
sow milk yield and with the current use of hyperprolific sow lines it has become
imperative to provide the best-adapted management and feeding strategies
to improve upon it. Special attention needs to be focussed on the nutrition of
replacement gilts in order to ensure maximal mammary development and future
milk yield potential. The use of bioactive feed ingredients, such as phytoestrogens, may prove to be useful tools in achieving this goal.
References:
Farmer, C., Knight, C., Flint, D. 2007a. Mammary involution and endocrine status in sows: effects of
weaning age and lactation heat stress. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 87: 35-43.
Farmer, C., Palin, M-F. 2005. Exogenous prolactin stimulates mammary development an alters expression of prolactin-related genes in prepubertal gilts. J. Anim. Sci. 83: 825-832.
Farmer, C., Palin, M-F. 2008. Feeding flaxseed to sows during late-gestation and lactation affects
mammary development but not mammary expression of selected genes in their offspring. Can. J.
Anim. Sci. 88: 585-590.
Farmer, C., Palin, M-F., Gilani, G.S., Weiler, H., Vignola, M, Choudhary, R.K., Capuco, A.V. 2010.
Dietary genistein stimulates mammary hyperplasia in gilts. Animal 4: 454-465.
Farmer, C., Petit, H. V., Weiler, H., Capuco, A.V. 2007b. Effects of dietary suplementation with flax
during prepuberty on fatty acid profile, mammogenesis, and bone resorption in gilts. J. Anim. Sci. 85:
1675-1686.
Farmer, C., Petitclerc, D., Sørensen, M.T., Vignola, M., Dourmad, J.Y. 2004. Impacts of dietary
protein level and feed restriction during prepuberty on mammogenesis in gilts. J. Anim. Sci. 82:
2343-2351.
Farmer, C., Sørensen, M.T., Petitclerc, D. 2000. Inhibition of prolactin in the last trimester of gestation
decreases mammary gland development in gilts. J. Anim. Sci. 78: 1303-1309.
Ford, J.A.Jr, Kim, S.W., Rodriguez-Zas, S.L., Hurley, W.L. 2003. Quantification of mammary gland
tissue size and composition changes after weaning in sows. J. Anim. Sci. 81: 2583-2589.
Fraser, D., Thompson, B.K., Rushen, J. 1992. Teat productivity in second lactation sows: influence of
use or non-use of teats during the first lactation. Anim. Prod. 55: 419-424.
Head, R.H., Williams, I.H. 1991. Mammogenesis is influenced by pregnancy nutrition. In: Batterham,
E.S. (Ed.), Manipulating Pig Production III. Australasian Pig Science Association, Werribee, p. 33.
Head, R.H., Williams, I.H. 1995. Potential milk production in gilts. In: Hennessy, D.P., Cranwell, P.D.
(Eds.), Manipulating Pig Production V. Australasian Pig Science Association, Werribee, p. 134.
Howard, K.A., Nelson, D.A., Garcia-Sirera, J., Rozeboom, D.W. 1994. Relationship between body
tissue accretion and mammary development in pregnant gilts. J. Anim. Sci. 72 (Suppl 1): 334.
Hurley, W.L., Doane, R.M., O=Day Bowman, M.B., Winn, R.J., Mojonnier, L.E., Sherwood, O.D.
1991. Effect of relaxin on mammary development in ovariectomized pregnant gilts. Endocrinology
128: 1285-1290.
Kensinger, R.S., Collier, R.J., Bazer, F.W. 1986. Effect of number of conceptuses on maternal mammary development during pregnancy in the pig. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 3: 237-245.
Kim, S.W., Easter, R.A., Hurley, W.L. 2001. The regression of unsuckled mammary glands during
lactation in sows: the influence of lactation stage, dietary nutrients, and litter size. J. Anim. Sci. 79:
2659-2668.
Kirchgessner, V., Roth-Maier, D.A., Neumann, F.J. 1984. Zum einfluss der aufzuchtintensitat auf die
spatere reproduktionsleistung von sauen (On the influence of rearing intensity on the later reproduction performance of sows). Zuchtungskunde 56: 176-188.
Kusina, J., Pettigrew, J.E., Sower, A.F., White, M.E., Crooker, B.A., Hathaway, M.R. 1999a. Effect
of protein intake during gestation on mammary development of primiparous sows. J. Anim. Sci. 77:
925-930.
Kusina, J., Pettigrew, J.E., Sower, A.F., White, M.E., Crooker, B.A., Hathaway, M.R. 1999b. Effect of
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protein intake during gestation and lactation on the lactational performance of primiparous sows. J.
Anim. Sci. 77: 931-941.
Le Cozler, Y., David, C., Beaumal, V., Hulin, J.C., Neil, M., Dourmad, J.Y. 1998. Effect of feeding level
during rearing on performance of Large White gilts. Part 1: growth, reproductive performance and
feed intake during the first lactation. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 38: 363-375.
Le Cozler, Y., Ringmar-Cederberg, E., Rydhmer, L., Lundeheim, N., Dourmad, J.Y., Neil, M. 1999.
Effect of feeding level during rearing and mating strategy on performance of Swedish Yorkshire sows.
2. Reproductive performance, food intake, backfat changes and culling rate during the first two parities. Anim. Sci. 68: 365-377.
McLaughlin, C. L., Byatt, J.C., Curran, D.F., Veenhuizen, J.J., McGrath, M.F., Buonomo, F.C., Hintz,
R.L., Baile, C.A. 1997. Growth performance, endocrine, and metabolite responses of finishing hogs
to porcine prolactin. J. Anim. Sci. 75: 959-967
Nielsen, O.L., Pedersen, A.R., Sørensen, M.T. 2001. Relationships between piglet growth rate and
mammary gland size of the sow. Livest. Prod. Sci. 67: 273-279.
Pluske, J.R., Williams, I.H., Aherne, F.X. 1995. Nutrition of the neonatal pig. In: Varley, M.A. (Ed), The
Neonatal Pig - Development and Survival. CAB International, Wallingford, pp. 187-235.
Sørensen, M.T., Danielsen, V., Busk, H. 1998. Different rearing intensities of gilts: I. Effects on subsequent milk yield and reproduction. Livest. Prod. Sci. 54: 159-165.
Sørensen, M.T., Farmer, C., Vestergaard, M., Purup, S., Sejrsen, K. 2006. Mammary development
in prepubertal gilts fed restrictively or ad libitum in two sub-periods between weaning and puberty.
Livest. Sci. 99: 249-255.
Sørensen, M.T., Sejrsen, K., Purup, S. 2002. Mammary gland development in gilts. Livest. Prod. Sci.
75: 143-148.
Theil, P.K., Labouriau, R., Sejrsen K., Thomsen, B., Sørensen, M.T. 2005. Expression of genes
involved in regulation of cell turnover during milk stasis and lactation rescue in sow mammary glands.
J. Anim. Sci. 83: 2349-2356.
Weldon, W.C., Thulin, A.J., MacDougald, O.A., Johnston, L.J., Miller, E.R., Tucker, H.A. 1991. Effects
of increased dietary energy and protein during late gestation on mammary development in gilts. J.
Anim. Sci. 69: 194-200.
52
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Notes
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53
Session 3
Challenges of sow milk production from the clinical point of view.
Dominiek Maes
Challenges of sow milk production from
the clinical point of view
Dominiek Maes, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University Belgium
[email protected]
Introduction
Postpartum dysgalactia syndrome (PDS) in sows is characterized by inadequate
and insufficient colostrum and milk production during the first days of lactation.
Due to the multifactorial nature of the syndrome, the identification of the different risk factors and their relative impact is not straightforward (Martineau 2005).
Logically, also the implementation of preventive and therapeutic measures is a
challenge for pig veterinarians. The present paper discusses the importance of
PDS and focuses on different factors that may affect milk production in sows. A
sufficient number of healthy piglets are important for milk production, and consequently, a low litter size and/or weak born or diseased piglets may lead to a low
milk production. A low milk production secondary to problems with the piglets
will however not be discussed.
Prevalence and clinical symptoms
The prevalence of PDS either at animal or herd level depends upon the criteria
used for assessing the occurrence and the severity of the syndrome. As these
vary largely between studies, prevalence data of PDS from different studies are
difficult to compare. Martineau et al. (1992) summarized a list of symptoms that
may be present in the sow, the piglets and in herd productivity. For the sows: 1)
Local symptoms: not present, mastitis with agalactia, vaginal discharge 2) General symptoms: not present, fever, prostration, anorexia (total or partial). For the
piglets: 1) <1 week: increased mortality, diarrhea, increased heterogeneity among
the litter 2) >1 week: increased heterogeneity among litter, low weaning weight.
For the herd: decreased number of piglets/sow/year. In a given herd, not all sows
exhibit the same range or intensity of symptoms, and also the number of affected
sows may vary.
A recent study in 110 pig herds showed that 34% of the herds had experienced
problems related to PDS during the last year before the study (Papadopoulos et
al. 2010). This high percentage is explained by the fact that also herds with minor
problems were considered as PDS herds.
Pathophysiology
Martineau et al. (1992) and Martineau (2005) suggested that interactions between endotoxin produced by Gram-negative bacteria in the gut and alterations
in the immune and endocrine functions play a central role in the development
of PDS. Nachreiner and Ginther (1974) challenged periparturient sows with
lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin of E. coli and found that sows showed
postpartum agalactia. de Rijter et al. (1988) proposed that the systemic disease
in case of coliform mastitis in sows was a result of the formation of inflammatory
54
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Dominiek Maes
endogenous mediators in the mammary gland. Intramammary infusion of LPS
in lactating sows was associated with an immune activation and lower serum
concentrations of Ca and P (Wang et al. 2006). As many different hormones
such as prolactine, relaxin and thyroid hormones are involved in mammary gland
development, milk production and sow metabolism, alterations in these hormones may lead to decreased milk production (Farmer, 2011). Further research
is necessary to elucidate the exact pathways involved in PDS.
Induction of parturition with F series prostaglandins was effective in reducing
the incidence of MMA (Einarsson et al. 1975). The exact action mechanism of
prostaglandins in relation to reducing the hypogalactia related symptoms is not
clear. Farrowing induction potentially affects the kinetics of the periparturient cortisol surge in sows, which is essential for the maturation of fetal tissues. Foisnet
et al. (2010) showed that sows injected with alfaprostol at day 113 of gestation
had greater circulating concentrations of prolactin and cortisol compared to
sows that were not induced to farrow. They also found a higher concentration
of lactose in colostrum, and suggested that this might have been caused by the
transient increase in prolactin and cortisol just after farrowing induction. In the
same study, farrowing induction did not influence colostrum yield and IG concentrations. The effects of farrowing induction are however not that consistently
positive in literature. Widowski et al. (1990) found that injection of a prostaglandin
analogue in sows at day 112 of gestation led to a delayed increase in prolactin
and delayed nest building behavior. Devillers et al. (2007) found a significantly
lower colostrum yield (-15%) in sows when farrowing was induced. In the latter
study, however, the effect of farrowing induction was confounded with a potential
effect of gestation length (113 days for non-induced sows versus 114 days for
sows with induced farrowing). Jackson et al. (1995) found a lower fat content
level in colostrum in sows induced at day 112 of gestation, except if extra fat
was supplemented to the diet.
Role of Nutrition and Feeding regime
During the peripartal period, the reduced feed intake and low fiber content frequently lead to dryer and harder feces, indicating an impaired passage of chyme
and subsequent constipation (Kamphues et al. 2003; Oliviero et al. 2009). Constipation frequently occurs in periparturient sows, not only because of feed or
feeding techniques but also parturition itself influences the dry matter content of
feces. Hermansson et al. (1978) reported constipation to occur in approximately
25% cases of agalactia post partum in sows. By increasing the dietary fiber content at the end of gestation, there is a decrease in the incidence of constipation
(Oliviero et al. 2009). This may lead to lower intestinal microbial growth and less
release and absorption of endotoxins from the digesta (Martineau et al, 1992).
Göransson (1989) reported that sows that are too fat at parturition were at higher
risk for PDS. Neil et al. (1996) showed that only 16% of the sows that were
allowed feed ad libitum before or on the day of farrowing became agalactic,
whereas 31% became agalactic when the sows were allowed feed ad libitum
after the day of farrowing. Papadopoulos et al. (2010) found that feeding sows
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Dominiek Maes
ad libitum shortly after farrowing increased the risk for PDS (OR=3.1) compared
to feeding sows restrictedly.
Papadopoulos et al. (2009) also showed that a lactation diet low in n-6:n-3 ratio
administered to sows from 8 days before farrowing improved feed intake during
the first days postpartum and was associated with a better metabolic change
and inflammatory profile, when compared to a lactation diet high in n-6:n-3 ratio
and/or administered from 3 days before farrowing. This means that also the feed
composition and more specifically the type of fat is important.
Mahan (1991) showed that agalactia was a problem in sows fed the basal vit
E level (16 or 33 IU/kg) and to a lesser extent, in those fed the 66 IU/kg dietary
level. Low-grade incidences of MMA occurred in all sow treatment groups, but
milk letdown and subsequent milk production was more problematic in sows
receiving the diets with lower vit E levels.
Grains contaminated with ergot derivatives of Claviceps Purpurea may disturb
milk production in sows (Kopinski et al., 2007). The effects are likely due to suppressed prolactin secretion by ergot toxins.
Diets containing probiotics given at the end of gestation and around parturition
may lead to a reduction in the incidence of MMA (6 vs. 13%) and higher feed intake during lactation (Böhmer et al. 2006). Addition of formic acid to the diet (10
g/kg) of pregnant and lactating sows showed beneficial effects on performance
and agalactia.
Housing and management practices
The incidence of PDS was higher in sows housed in crates with a width of 60 cm
compared to sows in crates of 67 cm width (Cariolet, 1991). The incidence was
also higher in sows subjected to an abrupt change of environment from pasture
gestation to restraint in crates a few days before farrowing (Backstrom et al. 1984).
Papadopoulos et al. (2010) found that moving pregnant sows to the farrowing unit
4 days before expected farrowing compared to moving the sows 7 days or earlier
before farrowing increased the risk for PDS (OR=6.2). A period of acclimatization of
the sow to the new farrowing-lactation environment appears to be necessary.
The use of slatted floors in the farrowing pens was associated with a decreased
risk of chronic mastitis in sows (Hultén et al. 2004). Oliviero et al. (2008) showed
that duration of parturition was significantly longer for sows housed in crates with
no bedding material (311 min) compared to sows in farrowing pens enriched with
straw bedding (218 min). Overheating of the mammary glands by inappropriate
placement of heating lamps decreases milk production (Muirhead and Alexander,
1997). The effects of heat stress in lactating sows include lower feed intake and
milk production (Quiniou and Noblet 1999). Other studies have suggested that
high ambient temperatures have a direct effect on sow milk production, independent of the reduction in feed intake (Messias de Braganca et al. 1998).
Appropriate hygiene measurements like washing the sows and the use of disinfectants in the farrowing rooms were reported to lower preweaning mortality and
the incidence of chronic mastitis in sows (Hultén et al. 2004), respectively.
Farrowing induction has been identified as a risk factor for PDS (OR=4.8) (Papa56
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Dominiek Maes
dopoulos et al. 2010) as well as for a lower colostrum yield (Devillers et al. 2007).
However, earlier studies reported that induction of parturition with F series prostaglandins was effective in reducing the incidence of MMA (Einarsson et al. 1975;
Holtz et al. 1983). The results of the different studies cannot be compared as
such because of major differences in study design (timing of injection, dosage,
type of prostaglandin, parameters of comparison and timing of measurements,
experimental vs. observational study) and study population (primiparous sows
vs. sows of all parities).
No frequent farrowing supervision compared to frequent supervision increased
the risk for PDS. Supervision and assisting sows exhibiting dystocia may help
reducing the occurrence of PDS (Bäckström et al. 1984).
Conclusions
A considerable number of modern pig herds suffer from problems with PDS, a
syndrome with a complex pathophysiology and with several and different risk
factors involved. Control measures should focus primarily on the specific risk factors in affected pig herds. Efficient control measures mostly imply optimization of
feeding, housing and management practices.
References
Table: Risk factors related to nutrition, housing and management for porcine
dysgalactia syndrome
Potential risk factor
Nutrition
Constipation
Feeding sows ad libitum shortly after farrowing compared to
feeding sows restrictedly
Feeding sows ad libitum one day before parturition compared to
one day after parturition
Sows too fat at parturition
Low vit E level (16 or 33 IU/kg vs. 66 IU/kg dietary level)
Ergot intoxication
Housing
Crates with a width of 60 cm compared to crates of 67 cm width
No slatted floor in farrowing pens
Overheating of mammary glands
High ambient temperatures and heat stress
Management
Farrowing induction
No supervision of farrowing compared to frequent supervision
(>50% of farrowings)
No washing of sows and no use of disinfectants in the farrowing
rooms
Abrupt change from pasture gestation to restraint in crates a few
days before farrowing
Moving pregnant sows to the farrowing unit 4 days before
expected farrowing (OR=6.2) compared to moving the sows
7 days or earlier before farrowing
Reference
Hermansson et al. (1978); Martineau
et al. (1992)
Papadopoulos et al. (2010)
Neil et al. (1996)
Göransson (1989)
Mahan (1991)
Kopinski et al. (2007)
Cariolet (1991)
Hultén et al. (2004)
Muirhead and Alexander (1997)
Quiniou and Noblet (1999), Messias
de Braganca et al. (1998)
Hultén et al. (2004)
Backstrom et al. (1984)
57
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Dominiek Maes
1. Bäckström L, Morkoc AC, Connor J, Larson R, Price W (1984). Clinical study of mastitis-metritisagalactia in sows in Illinois. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 185:70–73.
2. Böhmer B, Kramer W, Roth-Maier D (2006). Dietary probiotic supplementation and resulting
effects on performance, health status, and microbial characteristics of primiparous sows. J Anim
Physiol Anim Nutr. 90:309–315.
3. de Ruijter K, Verheijden J, Pipers A, Berends J (1988). The role of endotoxin in the pathogenesis of
coliform mastitis in sows. Vet Q. 10:186–190.
4. Devillers N, Farmer C, Le Dividich J, Prunier A (2007). Variability of colostrum yield and colostrum
intake in pigs. Animal. 1:1033–1041.
5. Einarsson S, Gustafsson B, Larsson K (1975). Prostaglandin induced parturition in swine with some
aspects on prevention of the MMA (metritis, mastitis, agalactia) syndrome. Nord Vet Med 27:429-436.
6. Farmer C (2011). Factors affecting milk production and mammary development in swine. In:
Proceedings 3rd European Symposium on Porcine Health Management (ESPHM), May 25-27 2011,
Espoo Finland, in press.
7. Foisnet A, Farmer C, David C, Quesnel H (2010). Farrowing induction induced transient hormonal
alterations without affecting lactogenesis in primiparous sows. PhD thesis, INRA France, pp: 218.
8. Göransson L (1989). The effect of feed allowance in late pregnancy on the occurrence of agalactia
post partumin the sow. J Vet Med A. 36:505–513.
9. Holtz W, Hartmann JF, Welp C (1983). Induction of parturition in swine with prostaglandin analogs
and oxytocin. Theriogenology 19:583-592.
10. Hultén F, Persson A, Eliasson-Selling L, Heldmer E, Lindberg M, Sjögren U, Kugelberg C, Ehlorsson CJ (2004). Evaluation of environmental and management-related risk factors associated with
chronic mastitis in sows. Am J Vet Res. 65:1398-1403.
11. Jackson J, Hurley W, Easter R, Jensen A, Odle J (1995). Effects of induced or delayed parturition
and supplemental dietary fat on colostrum and milk composition in sows. J Anim Sci. 73:1906-1913.
12. Kamphues J, Schwier S, Tabeling R (2003). Effects of different feeding and housing conditions on
dry matter content and consistency of faeces in sows. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr. 87:116–121.
13. Kopinski J, Blaney B, Downing J, McVeigh J, Murray S (2007). Feeding sorghum ergot (Claviceps
africana) to sows before farrowing inhibits milk production. Aust Vet J. 85:169–176.
14. Mahan D (1991). Assessment of the influence of dietary vitamin E on sows and offspring in three parities: reproductive performance, tissue tocopherol, and effects on progeny. J Anim Sci. 69:2904–2917.
15. Martineau G.P. (2005). Postpartum dysgalactia syndrome and mastitis in sows. In: Repsoduction.
The Merck Veterinary Manual (9th Edition). Kahn C.M. (Ed), Merck Co, Inc, Whitehouse Station, N.J.,
USA:1134-1137.
16. Martineau GP, Smith B, Doize B (1992). Pathogenesis, prevention and treatment of lactational
insufficiency in sows. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 8:661–683.
17. Messias de Braganca M, Mounier AM, Prunier A. (1998). Does feed restriction mimic the effects
of increased ambient temperature in lactating sows? J Anim Sci. 76:2017– 2024.
18. Muirhead M, Alexander T (1997). Mastitis, Lactation failure. In: Managing Pig Health and the Treatment
of Disease. Muirhead M.R., and Alexander, T.J.L. (Eds). 5M Enterprises Limited, UK. pp: 236–239.
19. Neil M, Ogle B, Annér K, (1996). A two-diet system and ad libitum lactation feeding of the sow 1.
Sow performance. Anim Sci. 62:337-347.
20. Oliviero C, Heinonen M, Valros A, Hälli O, Peltoniemi O (2008). Effect of the environment on the physiology of the sow during late pregnancy, farrowing and early lactation. Anim Reprod Sci. 105:365-377.
21. Oliviero C, Kokkonen T, Heinonen M, Sankari S, Peltoniemi O (2009). Feeding sows with high
fiber diet around farrowing and early lactation: impact on intestinal activity, energy balance related
parameters and litter performance. Res Vet Sci. 86:314-319.
22. Papadopoulos G, Maes D, Van Weyenberg S, van Kempen T, Buyse J, Janssens GPJ (2009).
Peripartal feeding strategy with different n-6:n-3 ratios in sows: effects on sow’s performance, inflammatory and periparturient metabolic parameters. Br J Nutr. 101:348-357.
23. Papadopoulos G, Vanderhaeghe C, Janssens GPJ, Dewulf J, Maes D (2010). Risk factors associated with postpartum dysgalactia syndrome. Vet J. 184, 167-171.
24. Quiniou N, Noblet J (1999): Influence of high ambient temperatures on performance of multiparous lactating sows. J Anim Sci. 77:2124–2134.
25. Wang J, Wang M, Ma J, Jiao L, Zhou X, Lindberg J (2006). The influence of intramammary
Lipopolysaccharide infusion on serum Ca, P, Vitamin D, cytokines and cortisol concentrations in
lactating sows. J Vet Med A. 53:113–118.
26. Widowski T, Curtis S, Dziuk P, Wagner W, Sherwood O (1990). Behavioural and endocrine responses of sows to prostaglandin F2a and cloprostenol. Biol Reprod. 43:290–297.
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59
Session 6
An update on pathogenesis and control of Salmonella infections in pigs.
Filip Boyen
An update on pathogenesis and control of
Salmonella infections in pigs
Filip Boyen, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty
of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke,
Belgium
Pathogenesis of Salmonella infections in pigs
In order to be able to come up with efficient control measures to combat Salmonella infections in pigs, for example by means of vaccination, detailed knowledge
of the pathogenesis should be the starting point.
Transmission of Salmonella between pigs is thought to occur mainly via the faecal–oral route. Depending on the inoculation dose and the used strain, experimental oral infection of pigs with Salmonella Typhimurium may result in clinical
signs and faecal excretion of high numbers of bacteria. During ingestion, Salmonella enters the tonsils in the soft palate and persists in the tonsillar crypts. The
palatine tonsils are often heavily infected in pigs and should, therefore, not be underestimated as a source of Salmonella contamination during slaughter. Surprisingly little information has been gathered on how Salmonella interacts with and
persists in the porcine tonsillar tissue. Persistence of Salmonella on the superficial
epithelium of the tonsillar crypts has been reported (Van Parys et al., 2010). The
mode of colonization of the tonsils is probably very different from the mechanism
of colonization of the intestines (Boyen et al., 2006). Very recently, various genes
that are expressed in the porcine tonsils during persistent infection have been
identified using the in vivo expression technology (Van Parys et al., submitted).
Bacteria that are swallowed and survive passage through the stomach, reach the
gut. In the distal parts of the intestine, adherence to the intestinal mucosa is generally accepted to be the first step in the pathogenesis of Salmonella infections
in pigs. It has recently been shown that in epithelial cells, reversible adhesion of
Salmonella Typhimurium is mediated by type 1 fimbriae and irreversible adhesion
(docking) is Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 (SPI-1) mediated (Misselwitz et al.,
2011). Both type 1 fimbriae and SPI-1 have been shown to contribute to the colonization of the porcine intestinal tract. Following adhesion, Salmonella invades
the intestinal epithelium. Salmonella Typhimurium can be found within the porcine
enterocytes and mesenteric lymph nodes at 2 h after oral inoculation. Recently, it
has been shown that the virulence genes encoded in the SPI-1 mediate this invasion step and that these genes are crucial for the colonization of the porcine gut
and GALT. The rapid growth of Salmonella Typhimurium in the porcine gut and
subsequent induction of pro-inflammatory responses may explain why pigs in
most cases confine Salmonella Typhimurium infection to the intestines, whereas
slow replication of Salmonella Choleraesuis may enable it to evade host immunity
and subsequently spread beyond the intestinal boundaries.
The systemic part of a Salmonella Typhimurium infection in pigs is not welldocumented. It is generally accepted that Salmonella can spread throughout
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an organism using the blood stream or the lymphatic fluids and infect internal
organs, although this has not yet been studied in detail in swine. The colonization of the gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), spleen and liver can result in
prominent systemic and local immune responses. Macrophages are the cells of
interest for Salmonella to disseminate to internal organs of different host species.
The bacteria replicate rapidly intracellularly and cause the systemic phase of the
infection, while interfering with the antibacterial mechanisms of the macrophages
and inducing cell death. In pigs, non-typhoidal serotypes such as Salmonella
Typhimurium, can reach liver and spleen shortly after experimental inoculation,
but are cleared from these organs a few days after inoculation. At this time, the
bacteria are still found in the gut, gut-associated lymph nodes and tonsils. These
infections may result in long-term asymptomatic carriage of the bacterium. Since
this carrier state in pigs is difficult to detect in live animals, either by bacteriological or serological methods, these pigs can bias monitoring programmes. Very
few researchers have made an attempt to unravel the mechanism of the concealed, but prolonged infection in carrier pigs. Recent evidence suggests that
Salmonella Typhimurium interferes with seroconversion in pigs, and that this
phenomenon might be related to strain-dependent persistency capacities (Van
Parys et al., 2011).
Stress-induced excretion of Salmonella Typhimurium by carrier pigs transported
to the slaughterhouse may cause contamination of shipping equipment and
holding areas, resulting in preslaughter transmission of Salmonella to non-infected pigs. Although the mechanism of this stress-induced excretion is not known,
there are some indications that catecholamines and/or cortisol may play a role.
It has been shown that Salmonella Typhimurium can “sense” catecholamines
and as a result increase its growth rate. It has very recently been shown that the
presence of cortisol has marked effects on the intracellular fate of Salmonella
Typhimurium in porcine macrophages (Verbrugghe et al., 2011). The mechanism
and the bacterial factors playing a role in this phenomenon are currently under
investigation.
Designing control measures based on insights in the
pathogenesis
Organic acids
The last few years, there is a widespread interest in “natural methods” to inhibit
the spread of pathogenic bacteria in farm animals. Commercial preparations
consisting of different kinds of organic acids not only appear to improve feed
conversion and growth of animals, but also pathogen control has been reported,
especially in poultry. The antibacterial effect of these products depends on the
type of organic acid, the bacterial species, the used concentration and the
physical form through which it is administered to the animals. The composition
of the currently used products is mostly empirically determined. Recent research suggests that Salmonella Typhimurium mainly uses two distinct sites and
mechanisms for colonization of pigs, namely the tonsils on the one hand and
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the intestine and associated lymph nodes on the other hand. In order to combat Salmonella infections in pigs, measures that interfere with both tonsillar and
intestinal colonization will probably yield the best results. Since the mechanisms
of colonization of these sites seem to be different, the control measures should
be designed accordingly.
Upper gastrointestinal tract
Contaminated feed is a well-known source for Salmonella introduction to the
farm. The original concept of incorporating acids into the feed of poultry was
based on the notion that the acids would decontaminate the feed itself and prevent Salmonella uptake. Even though no thorough research has been conducted
concerning the control of a Salmonella infection at the tonsillar level, it seems
likely that a similar effect could be achieved in the oral cavity. The type of acid
and the concentration used would very important. The administration of acidified drinking water in pig farms has been reported to lower the prevalence of
serologically positive pigs, even though this could not be confirmed in a recent
controlled study (De Ridder et al., 2011). On the other hand, acid adaptation and
acid tolerance genes have been described in Salmonella Typhimurium. Therefore,
acidification of drinking water might even pre-condition Salmonella to survival in
acid conditions, possibly reducing the effectiveness of the antibacterial barrier of
the stomach.
Lower gastrointestinal tract
Orally administered organic acids are rapidly taken up by epithelial cells along
the alimentary tract, thereby disappearing from the highly relevant lower parts
of the gastrointestinal tract (ileum, caecum, colon). Therefore, researchers have
attempted to transport the organic acids further down in the gastrointestinal
tract by micro-encapsulation, which should prevent absorption of the acids in
the upper tract. Certain short- and medium-chain fatty acids have been shown
to decrease Salmonella invasion in enterocytes through the downregulation
of SPI-1 encoded genes (Boyen et al., 2008). The concentrations of the acids
necessary for this effect are below those necessary to exert a direct antimicrobial
effect. Considering the importance of invasion in the colonization of the porcine
gut, one could expect that any measure that interferes with this invasion step
will decrease the bacterial load in the gut. Indeed, using coated butyric acid, we
were able to lower intestinal colonization, spread between pigs and bacterial
shedding in the faeces in independent and controlled studies (Boyen et al., 2008;
De Ridder et al., 2011).
Vaccinating against Salmonella in pigs
Considering the positive effects of vaccination of laying hens on prevalence of
Salmonella Enteritidis in eggs and Salmonella Enteritidis infections in humans,
vaccination could also be a major tool to control Salmonella in pigs. The evidence available in scientific literature suggests that Salmonella vaccination is in
fact associated with reduced Salmonella prevalence in swine at or near harvest.
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In addition, there are indications that even subclinical Salmonella infections can
lead to weight gain losses in pigs indicating that vaccination to control salmonellosis in pigs may have an economic incentive for pig producers as well (Boyen et
al., 2009; Farzan and Friendship, 2010).
Activating innate, mucosal, humoral and/or cellular immune response?
Vaccination might be able to reduce porcine carcass contamination and subsequently infections in humans in different ways, by interfering at different stages
of the pathogenesis: inhibit early colonization, reduce excretion thereby lowering
infection pressure at farm level, decrease spread between pigs by increasing the
infective dose threshold, interfere with the development of the carrier state in the
various target organs (gut, GALT and tonsils) and prevent the stress-related reexcretion at slaughter. To inhibit early colonization, adhesion to and/or invasion in
epithelial intestinal cells should be blocked. This could probably be best achieved
by attaining high levels of mucosal IgA. There are no indications which porcine immune response(s) are most important for reducing excretion shortly after infection,
during the carrier state or in stress-related re-excretion periods. To interfere with
the development of the carrier state, it can be expected that both the humoral and
cellular immune response will be important. Probably innate, mucosal, humoral
and cellular immunity all play a role in increasing the infective dose threshold.
Using live attenuated or inactivated vaccines for optimal effects?
At present, live vaccine strains are considered to offer a better protection against
Salmonella infections compared to inactivated vaccines, probably due to the
more pronounced cellular immune response and the induction of mucosal IgA
production. Additional advantages of live vaccine strains are the possibility to administer these vaccines at a very young age, despite the presence of maternal
antibodies, the flexibility of a live vaccine strain to switch to different colonization
strategies at different target organs (gut-tonsils) and the possibility to administer
it by mixing it in feed and/or water supply. The most difficult aspect of creating a
good live attenuated vaccine is finding the perfect balance between attenuation
to assure safety on the one hand and residual potency to assure the induction of
a protective immune response on the other hand.
Bacterial attenuated vaccine strains can be divided in three types: (1) strains,
which are attenuated without the attenuation being localised or characterised, (2)
strains with mutations in genes that are important for the bacterial metabolism, for
example auxotrophic mutant strains, (3) strains in which specific (virulence) genes
were removed. The advantage of the latter group is that the vaccine strains are
very well characterised and that reversion to the wild-type phenotype is extremely
unlikely. Strains that lack one or more virulence genes important for clinical
salmonellosis or for the induction of persistent infections in pigs might represent
promising candidates for future vaccine development. Recent research has identified various virulence genes, playing a role in different stages of the pathogenesis
of Salmonella Typhimurium infections in pigs. These findings may contribute to the
development of more efficient and safer live attenuated vaccines.
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Vaccinating sows or piglets?
Various researchers have reported that Salmonella prevalence at slaughter age is
predominantly a result of infection during the finishing period, especially in multisite herds. Therefore, currently, most control measures, including vaccination,
are mainly focussed on older piglets and slaughter pigs. These strategies may
indeed influence Salmonella prevalence and shedding at the end of the production cycle, but are not able to interfere with infection pressure and spread of the
bacterium at younger stages of life. These early stages of the production cycle,
can nevertheless be a crucial factor for the initial contamination of pig batches,
especially in pig farms where biosecurity and cleaning-disinfection protocols are
good to excellent. It has been shown that early infection, occurring between birth
and weaning, seemed to be a critical point for the Salmonella spread within a pig
batch, and possibly within a herd and that sows may play an important role in
the maintenance of Salmonella infections in farrow-to-finish herds (Nollet et al.,
2005).
Interference of vaccination with Salmonella monitoring programmes
The purpose of monitoring and control programs is to reduce the risk of public
health problems arising from the consumption of contaminated pork, reducing
human disease and maintaining consumer confidence. Implementation of monitoring programs and coordination of control measures at harvest and post-harvest, are being used worldwide to prevent non-typhoidal Salmonella infections
in humans from contaminated pork. Extensive national monitoring and control
programs at the farm level (preharvest) are mostly conducted in the European
countries. Most European monitoring programmes are based on serological
screening, thus categorising the pig herds according to their assessed risk of
carrying Salmonella into the slaughter plant Farmers with herds belonging to the
category with the highest risk of introducing Salmonella into the slaughterhouse
are assisted by the national governments to reduce the Salmonella load of their
herd. There is currently one Salmonella vaccine registered for use in pigs in Europe which is a live attenuated vaccine. Even though this vaccine has promising
features to decrease the Salmonella load on farm, the induced immune response
interferes with the national control programmes of most of the European member
states. A variant of this vaccine that enables differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) has been described (Selke et al., 2007). However, to differentiate vaccination with this DIVA strain from infection in the European monitoring
systems, a new ELISA detection system should be implemented and validated
in all European member states, which is very time consuming and expensive. A
marker vaccine that would not interfere with the European (and/or other) control
programmes would mean a huge step forward. Recent research by Leyman et
al. (2011) has shown that the deletion of an LPS encoding gene might create
a DIVA marker strain that would not interfere with the current European control
programmes.
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References
Boyen, F., Haesebrouck, F., Vanparys, A., Volf, J., Mahu, M., Van Immerseel, F., Rychlik, I., Dewulf,
J., Ducatelle, R. & Pasmans, F. (2008). Coated fatty acids alter virulence properties of Salmonella
Typhimurium and decrease intestinal colonization of pigs. Veterinary Microbiology, 132, 319-327.
Boyen, F., Pasmans, F., Van Immerseel, F., Donné, E., Morgan, E., Ducatelle R. & Haesebrouck, F.
(2009). Porcine in vitro and in vivo models to assess the virulence of Salmonella enterica serovar
Typhimurium for pigs. Laboratory Animals, 43, 46-52.
Boyen, F., Pasmans, F., Van Immerseel, F., Morgan, E., Adriaensen, C., Hernalsteens, J. P., Decostere, A., Ducatelle, R. & Haesebrouck, F. (2006). Salmonella Typhimurium SPI-1 genes promote
intestinal but not tonsillar colonization in pigs. Microbes and Infection, 8, 2899-2907.
De Ridder, L., Butaye, P., Maes, D., Dewulf, J., Pasmans, F., Boyen, F., Crombé, F., Méroc, E. &
Van Der Stede, Y. (2011). Transmission study of Salmonella in pigs with three intervention strategies.
Proceedings of the 19th Safepork Congres, Maastricht, The Netherlands, Accepted.
Farzan, A. & Friendship, R. M. (2010). A clinical field trial to evaluate the efficacy of vaccination in
controlling Salmonella infection and the association of Salmonella-shedding and weight gain in pigs.
Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 74, 258-263.
Leyman, B., Boyen, F., Van Parys, A., Verbrugghe, E., Haesebrouck, F. & Pasmans, F. (2011).
Salmonella Typhimurium LPS mutations for use in vaccines allowing differentiation of infected and
vaccinated pigs.Vaccine, Accepted.
Misselwitz, B., Kreibich, S. K., Rout, S., Stecher, B., Periaswamy, B. & Hardt, W.-D. (2011). Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Binds to HeLa Cells via Fim-Mediated Reversible Adhesion and
Irreversible Type Three Secretion System 1-Mediated Docking. Infection and Immunity, 79, 330-341.
Nollet, N., Houf, K., Dewulf, J., De Kruif, A., De Zutter, L. & Maes, D. (2005). Salmonella in sows: a
longitudinal study in farrow-to-finish pig herds. Veterinary Research,36, 645-656.
Selke, M., Meens, J., Springer, S., Frank, R. & Gerlach, G.F. (2007). Immunization of pigs to prevent
disease in humans: construction and protective efficacy of a Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium live negative-marker vaccine. Infection and Immunity, 75, 2476-2483
Van Parys, A., Boyen, F., Leyman, B., Verbrugghe, E., Haesebrouck, F. & Pasmans, F. (Submitted).
Salmonella Typhimurium genes expressed during persistence in pigs. PLoS one, Submitted.
Van Parys, A., Boyen, F., Volf, J., Verbrugghe, E., Leyman, B., Rychlik, I., Haesebrouck, F. & Pasmans, F. (2010). Salmonella Typhimurium resides largely as an extracellular pathogen in porcine
tonsils, independently of biofilm-associated genes csgA, csgD and adrA. Veterinary Microbiology,
144, 93-99.
Van Parys, A., Boyen, F., Leyman, B., Verbrugghe, E.,Maes, D., Haesebrouck, F. & Pasmans F.
(2011). Salmonella Typhimurium interferes with the porcine adaptive immune response. Proceedings
of the 19th Safepork Congres, Maastricht, The Netherlands, Accepted.
Verbrugghe, E., Haesebrouck, F., Boyen, F., Leyman, B., Van Deun, K., Thompson, A., Shearer, N.,
Van Parys, A. & Pasmans, F. (2011). Stress induced Salmonella Typhimurium re-excretion by pigs
is associated with cortisol induced increased intracellular proliferation in porcine macrophages. Proceedings of the 19th Safepork Congres, Maastricht, The Netherlands, Accepted.
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66
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Role of nutrition (dietary strategies) on salmonella prevention.
Josef Kamphues
Role of nutrition (dietary strategies) on
salmonella prevention
Josef Kamphues, Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine
Hannover - Foundation
Zoonotic microorganisms are a challenge at all levels of the food production
chain, including pork production. With regard to the highest reachable safety
standards for all kinds of food not only the consumer will make demands on
special standards in the food production but the market partners as well. Against
this background the appearance of Salmonella in pig stocks deserves special
attention.
With the new Pig-Salmonella-Regulation (17.03.2007) in Germany adequate
controls and measures will be obligatory to reduce the prevalence of Salmonella
in pigs. Among all others the livestock owners are especially charged. Apart
from general hygiene measures (stock shielding, rodent control, etc.) feeds and
feeding should also be included within those efforts. In the past especially feeds
were seen as a possible way of entry for Salmonella, whereas today feeds and
feeding are considered as measures to reduce the Salmonella–prevalence. From
different epidemiological and experimental studies it is known that there are
advantages (which means minimizing the Salmonella-prevalence) by using less
intensively ground ingredients (with larger particle size) in the feed and coarse
meal, respectively, compared to pelleted diets. Regarding a “coarser structure”
the type of ingredients is of importance as well. In Denmark the advice has been
given for many years to use higher proportions of barley, whereby (even though it
is ground like wheat) a “coarser structure” will be obtained.
In addition to that, positive effects regarding Salmonella-prevalence have been
observed by using special feed additives (organic acids and their salts).
The effect of these additives is explained by reducing counts of bacteria in the
cranial digestive tract, while the coarser particles of the meal act in the stomach
(supporting acidification of the stomach content; very finely ground feed sticks
together, inhibiting acidification), but even to a higher extent in the hindgut:
increased amounts of starch entering the caecum and colon followed by a higher
production rate and concentration of propionic and butyric acid in the chyme.
The efficiency of the coarse diets, considering the Salmonella-prevalence, can be
explained by recent investigations and results from constitutive microbiological
groups which deal with the matter of certain organic acids for gene expression
(invasion genes) in Salmonella.
Because of the lower grinding intensity adverse effects on the energetic value for the
pig is certainly involved and higher values for the feed conversion ratio are therefore
expected. It should also be emphasised that these dietetic concepts are only applied in cases of special need, meaning individual farms with relevant problems.
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Josef Kamphues
Finally grinding more coarsely has additional favourable effects regarding the occurrence of gastric ulcers which are not seldom seen in sows and fattening pigs
fed pellets with higher proportions of fine particles.
Keywords: pigs, feeds, feeding, grinding, diets’ physical form, Salmonella-prevalence, experiments, field studies
Table 1:Prevalence of Salmonella spp. in samples of feed and drinking water on
farms producing porc in Germany
Table 2:Results on Salmonella detection in rectal swaps (individual testing) and
feces (pooled samples within one group) of piglets during rearing period on flat
deck under the influence of two dietary strategies tested parallelously (control: diets
ground finely and pelleted; experimental group: diets ground coarsely, non pelleted
diet) on two farms affected by a higher Salmonella prevalence (OFFENBERG 2007)
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Josef Kamphues
Table 3:Characterization of diets/dietary treatments used in two consecutive fattening trials on three farms in the field studies of VISSCHER (2006)
Table 4a: Prevalence of Salmonella in meat juice (positively tested = optical
density (%) ≥ 40; n/n = positive samples / tested in total) as well as in organs/tissues/samples of pigs at slaughter; pigs of three farms with different two feeding
strategies during the whole fattening period (finely/coarsely ground diets; different feed additives in use)
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Josef Kamphues
Figure 1: Starch concentrations in cecum contents of pigs (at slaughterhouse)
fed diets differing in their physical form (control pigs: finely ground diets; experimental pigs: coarsely ground diets) based on VISSCHER et al. (2009)
Lawhon et al. 2002:
(Molecular Microbiology 46, 1451 - 1464)
“It is likely then that Salmonella can use the SCFA conditions of the mammalian intestinal tract as a signal for invasion. Low total SCFAs (– 30 mmol) with a predominance
− of acetate induce invasion
− whereas
− high toal SCFAs (– 200 mmol) with greater concentrations of
− propionate and butyrate suppress it.”
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Figure 2: Ideas behind the concept „coarse diets against Salmonella“ in pork
production (based on different published studies including own experimental
work and field surveys)
Literature:
1. Battenberg, L. (2003): Versuch der Eintragsquellenanalyse von Salmonellen in ausgewählten bayrischen Schweinehaltungsbetrieben. Diss., Tierärztliche Fakultät München.
2. Betscher, S., Beineke, A., Schönfeld, L., Kamphues, J. (2010): Effects of diet’s physical form
(grinding intensity; meal/pellets) on morphological and histological parameters (e.g. ratio of neutral to
acid mucins) of the gastrointestinal tract in weaned piglets. Livestock Science 134 (2010) 149 - 151
3. Blaha, T. (2005): Salmonellenbekämpfung im Schweinebestand. bpt-info 2, 14 - 16
4. Coma, J. (2003): Salmonella control in pork: effect of animal nutrition and feeding. Pig New Inform.
24, 49 - 62
5. Gantois, I., Ducatelle, R., Pasmans, F., Haesebrouck, F., Hautefort, I., Thompsen, A., Hinton, J. C.,
Van Immerseel, F. (2006): Butyrate specifically down-regulates Salmonella pathogenicity island I gene
expression. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72, 946 - 949
6. Hedemann, M. S., Mikkelsen, L. L., Naughton, P. J., Jensen, B. B. (2005): Effect of feed particle
size and feed processing on morphological characteristics in the small and large intestine of pigs and
on adhesion of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium DT12 in the ileum in vitro. J. Anim. Sci. 83,
1554 - 1562
7. Kamphues, J., Papenbrock, S., Brüning, I., Amtsberg, G., Verspohl, J. (2005): Effects of grinding
intensity combined with potassium diformate (KDF) as feed additive in reared piglets experimentally
infected with Salmonella Derby. In: Proc. Soc. Nutr. Physiol., Stuttgart, Germany, 14, 68
8. Kamphues, J., Brüning, I., Hinrichs, M., Verspohl, J. (2006): Investigations on counts of Salmonella Derby in the content of the alimentary tract in piglets 4–6 hours after experimental oral infection
related to dietary influences (grinding intensity, use of potassium diformate). In: Proc. 19th IPVS
Congress, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1, 208.
9. Kamphues, J., Papenbrock, S., Visscher, C., Offenberg, S., Neu, M., Verspohl, J., Westfahl, C.
Häbich, A.C. (2007): Bedeutung von Futter und Fütterung für das Vorkommen von Salmonellen bei
Schweinen (Effects of feeds and feeding on Salmonella-prevalence in pigs). Übers. Tierernährg. 35
(2007) 233 - 279
10. Kamphues, J., Brüning, I., Papenbrock, S., Mößeler, A., Wolf, P., Verspohl, J. (2007a): Lower
grinding intensity of cereals for dietetic effects in piglets? Livest. Sci. 109, 132 - 134
11. Lawhon, S. D., Maurer, R., Suyemoto, M., Altier, C. (2002): Intestinal short-chain fatty acids
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alter Salmonella Typhimurium invasion gene expression and virulence through BarA/SirA. Molecular
Microbiol. 46, 1451-1464
12. Lo Fo Wong, D. M. A., Hald, T., Van Der Wolf, P. J., Swanenburg, M. (2002): Epidemiology and
control measures for Salmonella in pigs and pork. Livest. Prod. Sci. 76, 215 - 222
13. Meyer, C. (2004): Qualitative und quantitative Risikofaktoren für die Einschleppung und Verbreitung von Salmonellen in unterschiedlichen Produktionsverfahren beim Schwein. Diss., ChristianAlbrechts-Universität Kiel.
14. Mikkelsen, L. L., Naughton, P. J., Hedemann, M. S., Jensen, B. B. (2004): Effects of physical
properties of feed on microbial ecology and survival of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium in
the pig gastrointestinal tract. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70, 3485 - 3492
15. Offenberg, S. V. (2007): Untersuchungen (Feldstudie) zur Salmonellenprävalenz bei Absetzferkeln
unter dem Einfluss einer Kombination von gröberer Futtervermahlung und Futteradditiven (organische
Säuren bzw. Kalium-diformiat). Diss., Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover.
16. Papenbrock, S., Stemme, K., Amtsberg, G., Verspohl, J., Kamphues, J. (2005): Investigations
on prophylactic effects of coarse feed structure and/or potassium diformiate on the microflora in the
digestive tract of weaned piglets experimentally infected with Salmonella Derby. J. Anim. Physiol.
Anim. Nutr. 89: 84 - 87.
17. Taube, V., Neu, M., Hassan, Y., Verspohl, J., Beyerbach, M., Kamphues, J. (2009): Effects of dietary additives (potassium diformate/organic acids) as well as influences of grinding intensity (coarse/
fine) of diets for weaned piglets experimentally infected with Salmonella Derby or E. coli. J. Anim.
Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 93: 350 - 358.
18. Van Immerseel, F., Russel, J. B., Flythe, M., Gantois, I., Timbermont, L., Pasmans, F., Haesebrouk, F., Ducatelle, R. (2006): The use of organic acids to combat Salmonella in poultry: a mechanistic explanation of the Efficacy. Avian Pathology 35: 182 - 188.
19. Visscher, C. (2006): Untersuchungen (Feldstudie) zur Salmonellen-Prävalenz bei Mastschweinen
unter dem Einfluss einer gröberen Futtervermahlung sowie von Futteradditiven (organische Säuren
bzw. Kaliumdiformiat). Diss., Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover.
20. Visscher, C., Winter, P., Verspohl, J., Stratmann-Selke, J., Upmann, M., Beyerbach, M., Kamphues, J. (2009): Effects of feed particle size at dietary presence of added organic acids on caecal
parameters and the prevalence of Salmonella in fattening pigs on farm and at slaughter. J. Anim.
Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 93: 423 - 430.
21. von Altrock, A., Schütte, A., Hildebrandt, G. (2000): Untersuchungsergebnisse aus Deutschland
zu dem EU-Projekt „Salmonella in Pork (Salinpork)“ - 1. Mitt.: Untersuchungen in den Beständen.
Berl. Münch. tierärztl. Wschr. 113: 191 - 201.
22. Vonnahme, J. (2005): Serologische und epidemiologische Untersuchungen zur Identifikation von
Risikofaktoren für die Ausbreitung von Salmonellen in Aufzuchtbeständen. Diss., Stiftung Tierärztliche
Hochschule Hannover.
23. Waldmann KH, Wendt M (2004): Lehrbuch der Schweinekrankheiten. 4. Aufl., Verlag Parey,
Berlin.
24. Wingstrand, A., Jørgensen, L., Christensen, G., Thomsen, L. K., Dahl, J., Jensen, B. B. (1996):
Reduction of subclinical Salmonella infection by feeding coarse ground feed and adding formic acid
to water. In: Proc. 14th IPVS Congress, Bologna, Italy, 177
25. Wolf P, Kamphues J (2007): Magenulzera bei Schweinen – Ursachen und Maßnahmen zur
Prophylaxe (Gastric Ulcers in Pigs – Reasons and Prophylactic Measures). Übers. Tierernährg. 35:
161–190.
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73
Session 7
Immunization by vaccination of pigs.
Enric Mateu
Immunization by vaccination of pigs
Enric Mateu, Departmanent de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals-Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona (UAB)/Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)
Nowadays, the maintenance of a high health status in pig farms of Europe has
become a key element for the swine industry. Firstly because of the need and
obligation to produce healthy foods; secondly because disease costs money as a
consequence of direct losses, because of complicating conditions and because
the need to administer treatments to diseased animals. Also, there is an increasing
pressure coming from the public opinion –and from regulatory agencies as wellfor decreasing the use of antimicrobial agents. In this context, the affirmation that
“better to prevent than to treat” has become now, more than ever, an axiom. When
dealing with infectious diseases, hygiene and vaccines are the kernel of prevention.
In pigs, as in other livestock production, immunization through vaccination must
be understood as a herd intervention which general objectives can range from just
controlling the appearance of clinical outbreaks or minimizing the incidence of cases
of a given disease – without elimination of the pathogen- to eradication. Moreover,
the particular objectives of vaccination in pigs will differ depending on what group of
animals is to be vaccinated, namely, gilts, sows or piglets. The aim of vaccination in
gilts is primarily to induce for the first time immunity against those pathogens actually present –or potentially present- in the farm as a part of what is usually denominated the acclimatization period. A typical example of this is could be vaccination
against porcine parvovirus. Usually, the goal of vaccination in sows is to produce
memory/boost responses against pathogens for which previous vaccination has
been performed either as a mean to protect the sow or as a mean to transfer immunity to piglets (see later). In this instance, vaccination is usually focused, but not
always, in late pregnancy and aims to produce high levels of antibodies in colostrum
or milk. With regards to this, it is worth to remember here that while immunoglobulins in colostrum will be absorbed through the gut (only for 24-36 h of birth) producing thus systemic immunity, inmunoglobulins in milk will not be absorbed and will
have a local, but extremely important effect in intestines, mainly through IgA.
Both in gilts and sows, use of vaccines can be determined by the physiological status of the females, particularly regarding the use of attenuated (replicative) vaccines
or strong adjuvants in pregnant sows.
Vaccination in piglets is mainly aimed to the prevention of systemic or respiratory
diseases and often confronts the problem of interference with maternal-derived
antibodies. The sooner piglets are vaccinated, the sooner will be protected but the
stronger the interference with maternal antibodies. The practical significance of this
blocking by maternal antibodies can range from nil to extremely important.
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Enric Mateu
In some instances, commercial vaccines are not available or are available only
against a few subtypes of a given pathogen. In those cases, auto-vaccines are
an alternative. Generically, auto-vaccines can be defined as vaccines produced
“on demand” made from the specific strain or isolate causing a problem in a given
farm. These types of vaccines are most often directed to bacterial pathogens such
as streptococci, haemophili, etc. Although these vaccines can be very useful in
particular situations, extremely care has to be applied in all the process, including a
very accurate diagnosis of the cases and to the correspondence of isolates of the
bacterial agent with the pathogenic strain when virulent and avirulent variants can
be found in a farm. Also, the inactivation of the product, the follow-up of potential
adverse reactions and the monitoring of the efficacy are important elements to be
taken into account.
From a practical point of view, the main causes for “vaccine failures” (in a very broad
sense) can be classified in three categories: a) inadequate vaccination procedures;
for example, injection of the vaccine in the fat of the neck area or incomplete delivery of the vaccine doses; b) inadequate vaccination schedules; for example, giving
just one dose in a two-doses vaccine schedule and, c) interference with maternal
antibodies. Besides this, in other cases protection afforded by a given vaccine can
be limited to a number of strains or serotypes of a given pathogen. For example,
protection in influenza is highly dependent of the subtype and even within a subtype
(i.e. H1N1 or H3N2), different variants can have more or less cross-reactivity or,
when colostral protection against enterotoxigenic E. coli is sought, correspondence
of the antigens included in the sow’s vaccine with the virulence factors of E. coli
circulating in piglets is crucial. In these cases, accurate pre-vaccination diagnoses
are strongly needed.
Another important issue is how to verify the efficacy of the vaccination program.
At a basic level, the clinico-pathological monitoring of the farm and keeping good
records of productive/reproductive parameters is an important element. Secondly,
serological monitoring can be used in different ways. In some instances, for example in countries where Aujeszky’s disease virus (ADV) vaccination is performed,
serology may be useful to assess infection/immunization status because of the
differential nature of ADV vaccines. In other instances, for example porcine parvovirus, serology may be used in a reverse way, that is, to assess if gilts are adequately
immunized and to detect inadequate vaccination procedures or schedules (i.e.
seronegative animals entering the sow’s stock). In other instances, monitoring of
vaccine efficacy would be only limited to a more or less thoroughly search (virological, bacteriological, etc.) of the pathogen against which vaccination is performed.
In summary, vaccination is one of the more valuable tools for preventing infectious
diseases in pigs. The efficacy of the vaccination programs will depend on the definition of clear objectives, well-defined schedules and planned monitoring programs.
In the near future, more and newer vaccines will help to increase the health of pig
herds.
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76
Session 7
How To Design Vaccination Programmes For Pig Herds.
Enric Marco
How To Design Vaccination Programmes For Pig
Herds
Enric Marco, Marco i Collell, Spain
Introduction
Vaccines have been applied in pig herds for many years with great success. Vaccination was originally designed to control clinical signs of disease. However the
evolution in vaccine production has brought about the possibility of using marked
vaccines for the eradication of diseases, as is the case with Aujeszky’s Disease or
Classical Swine Fever. Vaccination programmes are more important today than they
were some years ago. The change in the perception of pig production: “Twenty
years ago we produced pigs, but today we produce food” has had a big influence.
The pressure to reduce antibiotic usage to avoid resistance problems in humans
has made vaccines indispensable in the control of diseases in pig farms.
A series of decisions has to be taken when designing a vaccination programme:
which diseases have to be covered by vaccines, which type of vaccine has to be
used, when the vaccines will be applied, how many revaccinations are needed,
etc. These decisions will differ from farm to farm as they will depend on a number
of factors: the official requirements in each particular country, the most risky
diseases for the farm based on their bisosecurity, the enzootic problems present
on the farm to be covered, type of herd, the efficiency of a specific vaccine, the
safety of the vaccine, the return over investment ratio, etc… This paper will try to
review this decision process.
Which diseases have to be included in a particular vaccination
programme?
Vaccination programmes vary from country to country. Availability of vaccine
products is different as registration processes are not the same. National authorities will decide which vaccines are compulsory and how they have to be applied
in practice, and also which vaccines are forbidden and consequently cannot be
included in the programme. In those cases in which the country is considered
officially free from a particular disease, any measures which could represent a risk
for the detection of the presence of such disease has to be forbidden. This is the
case with vaccination against Foot and Mouth Disease or Classical Swine Fever
in most EU countries, or vaccination against Aujeszky’s Disease in Denmark
or the United Kingdom, which are considered free of such diseases. However,
when a country is still suffering from the presence of a particular disease which
affects the normal trading of animals, a national eradication programme for it will
frequently be in place (Katharina DC, 2006). The first aim of any eradication plan
would be to control the disease. Vaccines are commonly included as one of the
key tools during the control phase. Aujeszky’s Disease eradication programmes
would be a good example of this (Bätza H.J. 2000). During the control phase,
vaccination with marked vaccines would be compulsory. Where Classical Swine
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Enric Marco
Fever or Foot and Mouth Disease are still endemic, the OIE will recommend
vaccination and most of the affected countries will follow this recommendation.
Marked vaccines for Classical Swine Fever will be the preferred ones during the
control phase if the final aim is eradication (Martens, 2003).
In order to proceed with the designing of the programme it is necessary to know
what infectious diseases the herd is free from. The most common use for a vaccine
is to prevent the clinical signs of the disease and therefore reduce financial losses.
However disease prevention will depend also on farm location, replacement source
(sows and boars) and biosecurity measures:
• Good location can avoid vaccinating against airborne diseases which are not
present in the herd. This will be the case with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae or
Aujeszky’s Disease (when it is not compulsory). Of course location has to be combined with a clean and safe replacement source and good biosecurity.
• Good health control of the replacement source will be critical to skip vaccination
against diseases which need direct or close contact to be transmitted; such is the
case with Atrophic Rhinitis or Actinobacillus pleuropneumonae.
• Assuming the herd has a safe replacement source, biosecurity will become critical
to prevent diseases transmitted by faeces, such as Swine Dysentery or by vectors
such as PRRS.
But in those particular situations where there is a known risk of disease introduction, before including a vaccine in the farm vaccination programme, a financial
analysis should be carried out. Vaccines have to be considered as an investment
and not just as a cost. As in any business where money is invested, a return over
this investment is expected. The aim would always be the same: to invest the
least amount of money possible to get the maximum benefits (Morrison, 2010).
Sometimes, especially for those diseases which can be treated with antibiotics,
perhaps a more economical option would be to substitute the vaccination by a
fast treatment when the first signs of the disease appear. This would be the case
with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Brachyspira hyodysenteriae or Actinobacillus
pleuropneumoniae.
Most infectious pig diseases will become enzootic once they have been introduced into a herd. Vaccines will be very useful in these cases to avoid clinical signs and to reduce financial losses. For Aujeszky’s Disease, Circovirosis,
Atrophic Rhinitis, or M. hyopneumoniae, vaccination has become the best tool
to control them. The production system will influence disease dynamics helping
to control diseases, this is especially true in three site systems (Sibila M. 2004)
where an all in - all out technology will be strictly applied, allowing in some situations vaccination to be avoided, as is the case with M. hyopneumoniae. However
for an A. pleuropneumoniae, PRRS, or Swine Dysentery infection, the vaccines
available are not so efficient and therefore variable results could be expected. For
an A. pleuropneumonae or PRRS infection vaccine, efficiency will also depend
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on the particular strain present in the herd; therefore the decision to include the
vaccine in the vaccination programme will vary from farm to farm.
There are some pathogens the introduction of which cannot be prevented by a
good location, control over replacement source or biosecurity measures. Clostridium perfringens, E. coli, Lawsonia intracellularis, Salmonella ssp., Haemophilus parasuis, Parvovirus or Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae would be good examples of this.
We know that some of these pathogens can produce problems unless action is
taken. Parvovirosis is a good example. Parvovirus will be present in faeces and will
infect non-immune animals. Gilts can have maternal antibodies up to 180 days of
age, losing their protection very close to the moment when they will be introduced
into the reproductive herd. This circumstance will make them the most susceptible
population to infection, putting their gestation at risk. Vaccination against Parvovirosis in this particular group will prevent the clinical signs of the disease, gilts will
become infected but no detrimental effects will be derived from this. In most cases
other pathogens can be controlled just by practicing good hygiene in the herd. This
would be the case with Clostridium perfringens, E. coli, Lawsonia intracellularis,
Salmonella spp. and Erysipelothirx rhusiopathiae. Vaccination against these pathogens cannot be approached as a general rule; each particular farm will need its own
programme. However because the damage that some of them can produce could
be very important, some veterinarians will prefer to vaccinate. For instance E. coli,
as well as Clostridium perfringens infection could produce high mortality amongst
non immune piglets if they are infected during the first days of life, the gilts’ offspring
being the most susceptible population and vaccination is a good way of reducing this particular risk. The same applies to Erysipelas. When the pathogen infects
pregnant sows, abortion would be, in most cases, the first obvious sign and when
it infects baby piglets, mortality losses can be very high. Erysipelas vaccines can
prevent clinical signs very efficiently, avoiding their financial impact. When we consider Lawsonia intracellularis the situation is different, clinical signs are seen mainly
during the growing or finishing phases, the clinical presentation being very variable: from acute to chronic. Vaccination has to be applied to piglets which means
a higher vaccination cost, not only due to the number of doses needed but also
to the labour required. When a vaccine is administered the return over investment
is clear if clinical signs are present, but the possibility of using metaphylaxis to also
control symptomatology makes the decision become a financial one, unless there
are special restrictions on the use of medication in finishing, as is the case in some
supermarket contracts. Because Haemophilus parasuis vaccines will not protect
against all strains, the decision to vaccinate will depend amongst other reasons
on the type of strain present in the farm. Salmonella infection in pig production is
typically endemic and in most cases asymptomatic. It has become a substantial
concern amongst food safety bodies, prompting voluntary and legislative responses
aimed at monitoring and reducing the number of Salmonella-infected animals (Macewen, 2006). Vaccines have been seen as a possible tool to reduce the number of
infected animals (A. D. Wales, 2011). In those countries where Salmonella control
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programmes are having an effect on the viability of positive pig farms, maybe vaccination has to be considered.
Which type of vaccine will be the best?
Basically three types of vaccines can be found on the market: modified live, inactivated and toxoid vaccines. The most common ones are modified live and inactivated vaccines. Both types have advantages and disadvantages:
TYPE
Inactivated
Modified live vaccine
ADVANTAGES
No reversion to virulence
Safe for pregnant animals
Safe for immunocompromised
animals
No shedding of the virus
Stronger and long lasting immune
response
Rapid immune response
Parenteral or mucosal administration
Less frequent adverse reactions
DISADVANTAGES
2 doses required in most cases
Higher potential for vaccine to
induce disease
Virus shedding
Virus replication could be risky for
pregnant or immunocompromised
animals.
Easily inactivated by mishandling
It is not always possible to choose the type of vaccine. For many processes there
is just one type of product available on the market. But when the possibility of
choosing does exist, making the right choice is very important. Where Aujeszky’s
Disease is still a problem it would be better to base the vaccination programme on
marked modified live vaccines: a higher viral load is required to infect, less shedding
of virus when animals become infected, minimal risk to induce disease (vaccines
have been on the market for more than 20 years and to date there are no records
of induced disease because of the vaccine) (Vannier, 1991). Vaccination against
PRRS with either modified live or inactivated vaccines alone has not produced good
results in practice. Recently it has been shown under experimental conditions that
the combination of both vaccines (modified live vaccination followed by inactivated
vaccination) resulted in a rapid increase in seroneutralizing antibodies and immunized pigs had reduced viremia and lung lesions associated with PRRS following
the challenge (Nulibol, D. 2007). Live vaccines could also be used on mucosa to
develop a stronger local immunity and also to allow overtaking maternal immunity.
Aujeszky’s modified live vaccine could be used intranasally in very young animals
independently of their maternal antibody titters, producing a good protection (Van
Oirschot JT, 1987). Vaccines against mucosal agents will give better results when
the vaccine used is a modified live one, this is for example the case with vaccination
against Ileitis (Messier, 2008) or E.coli enterotoxigenic which will need the development of mucosal immunity in order to protect the animals (Haesebrouck, F. 2004).
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Toxoid vaccines include inactivated toxins that will develop immunity against toxins of different pathogens responsible for clinical signs. These types of vaccine
are employed to control diseases produced by bacteria producing exotoxins,
such as E.coli, Clostridium, Atrophic Rhinitis and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. The degree of protection induced by such vaccines varies, depending on the
pathogenesis of the disease amongst other factors. E.coli vaccines include the
most important fimbrial agents plus inactivated thermo-labile toxin. These vaccines can prevent neonatal diarrhoea but they do not work so well against diarrhoea present after the first week, since to do so IgA are needed in the intestine,
which a vaccine administered parenterally will not produce. Porcine Clostridium
perfringens vaccines will just work against type C, which is the one producing
toxin ß responsible for the intestinal damage and included in the vaccine as toxoid. Atrophic Rhinitis vaccines will protect pigs from suffering the clinical disease;
we know today that in the pathogenesis of the disease the dermonecrotic toxins
produced by both B. brochiseptica and P. multocida type D play a crucial role.
The best vaccines on the market will include toxoids from dermonecrotic toxins
apart from other bacteria somatic antigens to develop a good protection, but
they will not eliminate responsible bacteria. Auto-vaccines against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae are whole cell bacterins. They can help to reduce losses
when infection is due to the same strain, but they will not develop heterologous protection against other strains. However heterologous protection can be
achieved when the vaccine contains toxoid from ApxI, ApxI and ApxIII which
are the toxins involved in the lung damage produced when pigs suffer from this
infection. Unfortunately however Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae vaccines are
not so powerful and the reason is that they do not include the agents responsible for the adhesion of the bacteria to the epithelial cells of the lung. It is known
today that when bacteria are adhered to the cells they will produce toxins directly
to them avoiding in this way being neutralized by toxin antibodies (Haesebrouck,
F. 2004).
Which animals should receive the vaccine and when?
To prevent those diseases which affect reproduction, vaccines have to be administered to the sows, taking into account that immunity has to be developed before
clinical signs can appear. This is the case with vaccination against Aujeszky’s
Disease, Parvovirosis, Erysipelas or PRRS, gilts will be vaccinated twice before first
mating, and against PRRS the combination of a live and inactivated vaccine would
probably be the best approach as we have said before. It is important to avoid
administering the vaccines too close to the mating time as reproduction can be
negatively influenced. The best vaccination protocol for multiparous sows would
be whole herd vaccination at different times a year (3 times a year is recommended
for Aujeszky’s Disease vaccine). This will avoid creating subpopulations in the herd
which are not very well protected.
Sows will also be vaccinated against those diseases which affect piglets early on
in their life. This is the case with E.coli, Clostridium perfringens or Atrophic Rhinitis.
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These vaccines have to be administered to sows in the last part of gestation to
assure maximum maternal derived immunity in piglets and revaccination will also
be necessary in first gestation sows. Vaccinating sows too close to the farrowing process will sometimes result in premature farrowing, increasing the risk of
pre-weaning mortality and also the risk of piglets receiving less maternal immunity
(Martineau, GP. 2009).
In those particular herds endemic for M.hyopneumoniae or A. Pleuropneumoniae,
vaccination of new incoming gilts will be recommended when they come from
negative sources (Ridremont B., 2006).
To protect pigs produced on a farm against M.hyopneumoniae, L.intracellularis,
Erysipelothirx rhusiopathiae, H. parasuis, Classical Swine Fever, Foot and Mouth
disease, PCV2 or A. pleuropneumoniae amongst others, piglets or weaners will
have to be vaccinated. Vaccination time will depend on the properties of the
vaccination to develop immunity in the presence of maternal derived antibodies
(MDA). There are some vaccines such as L. intracellularis or some M. hyopneumoniae that can be applied in lactating piglets, as they will be little or not affected
by maternal derived antibodies. While others such as Aujeszky’s Disease, Erysipelothirx rhusiopathiae, H. parasuis, Clasical Swine Fever, Foot and Mouth disease, PCV2 or A. pleuropneumoniae will have to be applied later on as maternal
antibodies can affect vaccination. The time of vaccination will not be the same
for all animals as it will depend on MDA duration, which can vary depending on
the disease, farm and type of production. As an example vaccination against A.
pleuropneumoniae has to be applied in some cases not earlier than 8-10 weeks
or the Aujeszky’s Disease vaccine will be applied at 10 and 13 weeks of age.
Aujeszky’s Disease MDA can be avoided if an intranasal vaccination is administered to piglets; this has been a popular practice to reduce the risk of getting
the infection in those dense pig areas where the disease is endemic, as there will
be no immunity window to give the wild virus the chance to infect. When MDA
could represent a risk to vaccine efficiency, a double dose vaccination would be
recommended. When a vaccination procedure is doubtful, a double vaccination will also reduce the risk of leaving animals without the right dose. Stress or
other diseases present in the herd will also affect the vaccine’s efficacy therefore
having vaccination coincide with these situations should be avoided (Loula, TJ,
2010)
Conclusions
Designing a vaccination programme is not easy. It requires a good knowledge of
the health situation in the country and area, as well as a good knowledge of the
farm in terms of: biosecurity, pig flows, hygiene standards, facilities, management
procedures and, of course, health status. It will depend also on the products
available, their efficiency to control disease and the properties of the product
in terms of MDA influence, onset of immunity, need for a booster vaccination,
etc. However we cannot forget that pig production is a business and money will
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Enric Marco
influence most of the decision making processes. The designing of vaccination
programmes will not be different and therefore the cost of vaccines will also have
to be taken into consideration.
References
Bätza H.J. 2000. Eradication of Aujeszky’s Diseases in Germany. The 16th International Pig Veterinary
Society Congress, Melbourne, Australia, 17-20 Sept. 2000, pp 611.
FitzSimmons M., 2010. Challenges to the science of optimized immunity: Factors that influence vaccine
decisions in practice. AASV Annual Meeting: Implementing Knowledge p 553-554
Haesebrouck F., Pasmans F., Chiers K., Maes D., Ducatelle R., and Decostere A. Efficacy of vaccines
against bacterial diseases in swine: what can we expect?. Veterinary Microbiology, Volume 100, Issues
3-4, 3 June 2004, Pages 255-268
Katharina D.C. Stärk, 2006. Decisions based on porcine health data - do they pay off?. Proceedings of
the 19th IPVS Congress, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2006 · Volume 1, pp36-42
Loula TJ., 2010 Challenges to the science of optimized immunity: Factors that influence vaccine decisions in practice 2010 AASV Annual Meeting: Implementing Knowledge p 555-556
McEwen SA. 2006. Food safety in relation to antibiotic resistance. Proceedings of the 19th IPVS Congress, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2006 · Volume 1, p 10-13
Martens M., Rosales C., Morilla A., 2003 . Evaluation of the use of a subunit classical swine fever marker
vaccine under field conditions in Mexico. Journal of Swine Health and Production— Volume 11, Number
2, pp 81-85
Martineau, GP. 2009. New neonatal diarrhoea syndrome in France. The 1st European Symposium on
Porcine Health Management. Copenhagen 2009.
Messier S., Sanford E. 2008. Cost Benefit of Ileitis Vaccination vs In-Feed Medication in a Multi-Site
System Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society Congress, 2008 - Durban, South Africa,
Morrison RB, 2010. Vaccinating comes at a cost, but what is it? And how do we estimate the benefit?.
2010 AASV Annual Meeting: Implementing Knowledge p 381-384
Nilubol D., Thacker B.J., and Thacker E.L. Antibody response of pigs vaccinated with modified live and
killed PRRSv vaccines followed by challenge with high and low virulent strains of PRRSv. 5th International Symposium on Emerging and Re-emerging Pig Diseases - Krakow, Poland 2007.
Ridremont B., Delisle G. 2006. Combined APP and ERY+PARVO vaccination in gilts: results from a field
trial in France. Proceedings of the 19th IPVS Congress, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2006 · Volume 2, p 242
Sibila M., Calsamiglia M., Vidal D., Badiella Ll., Aldaz A., and Jensen JC. Dynamics of Mycoplasma
hyopneumoniae nfection in 12 farms with different production systems. Canadian Journal of Veterinary
Reserche. 2004 January; 68(1): 12–18.
Van Oirschot JT. Intranasal vaccination of pigs against Aujeszky’s disease: comparison with one or two
doses of attenuated vaccines in pigs with high maternal antibody titres. Reserche Veterinary Science,
1987 Jan; 42 (1): 12-6.
Vannier P., Hutet E., Bourgueil E., Cariolet R. Journées Recherche Porcine en France, 1991, 23:207-216
Wales A. D., Cook A. J. C., and Davies R. H. Producing Salmonella-free pigs: a review focusing on
interventions at weaning. Veterinary Record 2011 168: 267-276
World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial
Animals 2010. Volume 1 part 2 section2.1 chapter 2.1.2 Aujeszkys’s disease (a), and Volume 2 part 2
section 2.8 chapter 2.8.3 Classical swine fever (hog cholera) (b). Volume 1 part 2 section2.1 chapter
2.1.5 Food and mouth disease (c)
http://www.oie.int/en/international-standard-setting/terrestrial-manual/access-online/
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Oral
presentations
86
reproduction
Oral presentation
Long duration of farrowing affects fertility of sows
ClaudioOliviero1, Saija Vehmas1,Silke Haen1, Mari Heinonen1, Anna Valros1, Olli
Peltoniemi1, Department of Production Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki
Failure to get sows pregnant within a short time after weaning is still a major
cause of economic loss in modern swine production. Many factors can be
responsible of rebreeding in sows. Very little research is available on factors
happening during farrowing, and which could be their effect on the subsequent
fertility. Our aim was to explore if parity, piglets born alive, piglets stillborn, body
condition, duration of farrowing and weaned piglets are associated with the
fertility of the sows at the following breeding in a farm with 440 sows (Yorkshire
x Landrace). We recorded farrowings with video cameras, the beginning and the
end of parturition were established by reviewing the recordings. Sows (n=93)
were of parity 4.7±1.9 and their average back fat 3 weeks prior and at farrowing
was 15.5±4.2 mm and 14.3±3.6, respectively. The sows had 11.9±3.2 piglets
born alive, 1.0±1.6 stillborn and 9.7±1.5 weaned. The mean duration of farrowing was 283±157 minutes. After weaning, 11 % of the sows failed to get pregnant at the first insemination (n=10). This percentage is in accordance with the
historical reproductive performances of this herd. A logistic regression model was
used in order to find significant predictors between rebred sows and successfully
pregnant sows. The mean duration of farrowing in the rebred sows was 434±259
minutes, while in the pregnant sows it was 264±144 minutes (P < 0.01). No significant differences were found in the other parameters observed. In conclusion,
longer duration of farrowing significantly increased the risk of rebreeding.
87
Enteric diseases
Oral presentation
Increased quantitative excretion of Lawsonia intracellularis is
associated with decreased average daily gain in weaned pigs
Ken Steen Pedersen1, Rikke Skrubel1, Marie Staahl2, Øystein Angen2, Helle
Stege1, Jens Peter Nielsen1, University of Copenhagen National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark
Introduction
The objective was to investigate association between average daily gain (ADG)
and quantitative faecal excretion of Lawsonia intracellularis (LI) in weaned pigs.
Material and Methods
A longitudinal study (n=166 pigs) was performed in a Danish herd from day 30
to 48 post weaning (mean weight at day 1 = 15.7 kg, standard deviation = 2.7
kg.). Every third day all pigs were weighed, subjected to a clinical examination
and faecal samples were obtained. All faecal samples were subjected to dry
matter determination (1). Retrospectively, 49 pigs with and 49 pigs without diarrhoea were selected for LI qPCR testing at day 1 and 19. The selected pigs were
matched according to start-weight, gender and pen.
Association between ADG and quantitative excretion of LI (log10 cells /g faeces; average excretion of day 1 and day 19) were investigated in a linear mixed
model, including pen, gender and start-weight.
Results
A 1 log10-unit increase in the average LI excretion was associated with a 56 g
decrease in ADG (p<0.0001) in both pigs with and without diarrhoea, figure 1.
Discussion
The results of this preliminary study suggested that quantitative measurement of
faecal LI excretion can be applied as a tool for assessment of economic effect
of LI infection. Interestingly the association between LI and ADG seemed to be
independent of development of diarrhoea based on examinations performed
every third day.
Figure 1. Association between Lawsonia intracellularis excretion and average daily gain in 19 days
Average daily gain (kg)
References
1. Pedersen, et al., 2009.
Proc 1st ESPHM: p. 67.
2. Staahl, M. et al.,
Abstract, Advances in
qPCR 2008.
Average (day 1 and day 19) Lawsonia intracellularis excretion (log10 cells/g faeces) in the
individual pigs
88
rd
Proceedings
of the 3 ESPHM, Espoo, Finland 2011
Respiratory diseases
Oral presentation
Efficacy of chlortetracycline against a clinical outbreak of
respiratory disease in fattening pigs
Rubén Del Pozo Sacristán1, Annelies Sierens1, Alfonso López1, Katleen Vranckx2,
André Dereu3, Freddy Haesebrouck2, Dominiek Maes1, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Ghent University AlPharma Animal Health
EMEA
The efficacy of chlortetracycline in feed medication to treat pigs with clinical respiratory disease (RD) was determined. The study was conducted in a
farrow-to-finish pig herd infected with M. hyopneumoniae and with clinical RD
in growing pigs. In total, 353 pigs were included. They were vaccinated once
against M. hyopneumoniae and PCV2 at weaning. At 14 weeks of age (D0),
at onset of clinical RD, they were randomly allocated to one of the following
treatment groups: chlortetracycline(CTC)(14 days, n=180) or tylosin(T)(21 days,
n=173). Clinical parameters (respiratory disease score RDS), performance and
lung lesions at slaughter were assessed. The % of pigs coughing per pen during
5 minutes was assessed twice per week. Daily weight gain (DWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and mortality were measured during D0-D21. Therefore, all pigs
were weighted individually at D0 and D21, and the total feed consumed per
pen was assessed. Pneumonia and pleuritis lesions were assessed at slaughter
(CTC=52, T=59). Data were analysed using univariate ANOVA (RDS and DWG,
FCR), Kruskal-Wallis test (DWG) and Chi-square test (mortality and lung lesions).
The average (±SD)RDS, DWG, FCR and mortality during D0-D21 in groups CTC
and T were: CTC=13.36±4.38, T=13.96±6.37 (P=0.788); CTC=0.542±0.015,
T=0.517±0.024, (P=0.902); CTC=2.59±0.17, T=2.57±0.22, (P=0.948) and
CTC=0, T=5, (P=0.022), respectively. The % of pigs with pneumonia and pleuritis lesions at slaughter was [CTC=80.8, T=84.7, (P=0.579)] and [CTC=9.6,
T=15.3, (P=0.372)], respectively. The study showed a similar effect on performance for both medication protocols and a slight improvement of clinical parameters, being mortality statistically different in CTC protocol.
89
Health management
Oral presentation
Effect of PCV2 maternally derived antibodies on serum viral
load in postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome affected
farms
Sergio López-Soria a, Marina Sibila a, Miquel Nofrarías a, Maria Calsamiglia a,
Humberto Ramírez-Mendoza b, Almudena Mínguez c, José M. Serrano c, Óscar
Marín c, François Joisel d, Catherine Charreyre d, Joaquim Segalés a,e
a Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain. b Facultad de
Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,
Mexico City, 04510, Mexico. c Swine Veterinarians, Valencia, Spain,d Merial SAS,
Lyon, 69007, France. e Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat
Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
*Email address of corresponding author: [email protected]
The present study aimed to assess the effect of PCV2 maternally derived antibodies (MDA) on postweaning PCV2 serum viral load dynamics and average
daily gain (ADG) in postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) affected farms. Thus, 117 sows from 2 different farms (Farm A=58 sows; Farm B= 59)
were bled one week before farrowing. One to two pigs per sow were selected
(Farm A=88 pigs; Farm B= 85), which were bled at 3, 9, 15 and 21 weeks of age
and weighted at 3 and 21 weeks of age. Sera from sows and 3 week old pigs
were tested for PCV2 antibodies by means of an immunoperoxidase monolayer
assay (IPMA) technique. A standard PCV2 PCR was performed in all sow and
pig serum samples, and those that tested positive were also analyzed by means
of real time quantitative PCR (qPCR). Area under the curve of qPCR (AUCqPCR)
and ADG from 3 to 21 weeks of age were assessed. Relationships among variables were assessed by means of Spearman’s Rank correlation analyses. All
sow serum samples tested negative to standard PCR. IPMA antibody titres from
sows and pigs at 3 weeks of age were positively correlated (Þ=0.433; p<0.001).
Moreover,lower IPMA antibody titres in both sows (Þ=-0.234; p=0.002) and 3
week old pigs (Þ=-0.331; p<0.001) were correlated with a higher AUCqPCR.
However, despite a negative correlation between AUCqPCR and ADG was found
(Þ=-0.261; p<0.001), IPMA antibody titres from sows or 3 week old pigs were
not associated with ADG.
90
Enteric diseases
Oral presentation
Differencies in growth reduction in finishing pigs with diarrhea
MarkkuJohansen1, MaiBritt Friis Nielsen1, Jan Dahl1, Øystein Angen2, Tim Kaare
Jensen2, Marie Ståhl2, Lars Ole Andresen2, Charlotte Sonne Kristensen1, Poul
Bækbo1, Pig Research Centre, Danish Agriculture & Food Council, Denmark
National Veterinary Institute, Danish Technical University, Denmark
Introduction
The objective of this study was to estimate the effect of diarrhea on average daily
gain in grower-finisher pigs in 5 herds with diar-rhea.
Materials and Methods
A prospective cohort study was carried out in 5 herds with a history of diarrhea
and seroconversion to Lawsonia intracellularis in the grower-finisher pigs. In each
herd 60 pigs from four pens were ear tagged. The pigs were weighed at the
beginning of the study and at the end of the 6–8 weeks observation period. No
routine flock medication against diarrhea was used. Blood and fecal sam-ples
from each pig were collected with two weeks interval. Fecal score was assessed
visually. Diarrhea was defined as fluid fecal score. At the end of the observation
period 5 slow growing pigs and 5 fast growing pigs from each herd were euthanized and selected for laboratory examination. The selected pigs were tested for
Lawsonia antibodies by Elisa (1), presence of Lawsonia in feces by q-PCR (2),
and Lawsonia in the intestine by immunohistochemistry (IHC)(3) .
The impact of diarrhea on average daily gain was estimated in a linear regression
model with pen and start weight as covariates in each herd.
Results
An active Lawsonia infection was seen in herds 1, 3, and 4 (Figure 1+2). In the
same herds Lawsonia was detected by ICH, and the highest Lawsonia load in
feaces, and the highest reduction of ADG was observed. The results indicate
that the impact of diar-rhea on ADG is dependent of an active Lawsonia infection
in the herd.
91
Health management
Oral presentation
Table 1. Estimated negative effect of fluid diarrhea on average daily gain in all
pigs during grower finisher period in 5 herds, Law-sonia in intestine detected by
immuhistochemistry, and average maximum Lawsonia load in faeces in the killed
pigs
Herd
1
2
3
4
5
Number
of pigs
included in
the analysis
Proportion
of pigs with
diarrhea %
ADG in pigs
without
diarrhoea,
g/day
48
60
60
58
57
10.4
5.0
8.3
27.6
5.3
996
557
782
777
970
Estimate of
reduction in
ADG, g/day
due to diarrhoea
155
42
371
207
67
95% CI
P-value
67-244
-107-191
185-557
90-324
-79-215
0.001
0.57
0.0002
0.0009
0.36
Lawsonia in
intestine by
immunohistochemistry,
pos/total
9/10
0/10
2/10
11/11
0/10
Average maximum Lawsonia
load in faeces,
log10/g faeces
5.2
1.1
4.9
6.0
3.8
Figure 1. Average level of antibodies in serum against Lawsonia, OD % in 5
herds (the killed pigs)
Figure 2. Average Lawsonia load in faeces in 5 herds (the killed pigs)
References
1. Boesen, H. T., Jensen, T. K., Moller, K., Nielsen, L. H., & Jungersen, G. 2005, “Evaluation of a
novel enzyme-linked immunosor bent assay for serological diagnosis of porcine proliferative enteropathy”, Vet.Microbiol., vol. 109, no. 1-2, pp. 105-112
2. Lindecrona, R. H.. Jensen, T. K , Andersen, P. H., Møller, K. 2002., Application of a 5′ Nuclease
Assay for Detection of Lawsonia intracellularis in Fecal Samples from Pigs, J Clin Microbiol. March;
40(3): 984–987..
3, Jensen, TK., Vigre, H., Svensmark, B., Bille-Hansen, V. 2006. Distinction between Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Enteritis and Por-cine Proliferative Enteropathy caused by Lawsonia intracellularis. J.
Comp. Pathol. 135:176-182.
92
Health management
Oral presentation
Ethical, environmental and economical aspects on health
status of pigs
Per Wallgren1, Nils Lundeheim2, Carl-Johan Ehlorsson3, National Veterinary Institue,
751 89 Uppsala, Sweden Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences,750 07 Uppsala, Sweden Swedish Animal Health Service, 272 64 Ängelholm Sweden
Pigs in Sweden are healthy and perform well. Annually, 136,400 sows rear 22
pigs to market weight (three million fatteners). Still, losses due to suboptimal
production are substantial. Mortality from birth to weaning (17%) causes annual
losses of 5.9 million €. Mortality postweaning (2.3%) and during fattening (2.4%)
another 8.9 million €, and reproduction failures 1.4 million €.
The average age at slaughter (118 kg) is 181 days. SPF pigs reach market weight
at 141 days, reducing rearing costs with 28€ per pig (daily cost for a fattening pig
is 0.7 €). Vaccinations costs ranged from 9 to 60 € per sow in conventional herds
(5 € in the SPF herd). The SPF herd annually treated 4 kg pig per sow with antimicrobials at a cost of 1 €. Conventional herds treated 0-1639 kg (0-29 €).
The total annual cost for suboptimal production corresponded to 120 million €
per year (875 € per sow), while the mean net profit (slaughter income – rearing
costs for the offspring) from each sow was 677 €. The net profit per sow in the
top herds was 891 €, and 1,355 € in the SPF herd.
If one extra pig could be reared to market weight from each litter, the annual
production would increase with 300,000 pigs (10%). Healthy animals are environmentally friendly. Swedish pigs consume 4,500 tonnes of feed/day, annually
loading the environment with 5,000 tonnes of nitrogen. Any improvement of the
feed utilisation with 1% will reduce that loading with 65 tonnes.
Table. Productivity in an SPF herd and in conventional pig herds
SPFPigWin Control prograsm, 2009
Annual production per sow
Sero
Best 25%
Mean
Last 25%
Stillborn piglets
(n)
3,7
2,0
2,2
2,4
Piglets born alive
(n)
29,7
29,2
27,0
22,9
Weaned piglets
(n)
25,2
25,4
23,0
19,0
At allocation (30 kg)
(n)
25,2
25,0
22,5
18,7
Slaughtered pigs
(n)
25,1
24,5
22,0
18,1
Age at 30 kg bw
(days)
70
80
83
86
30 kg – market weight
(days)
71
91
98
106
Birth to market weight
(days)
141
171
181
192
Mortality
Preweaning
(%)15,5
14,8
17,0
20,7
Postweaning
(%)0,1
1,6
2,3
3,6
During fattening period
(%)
0,5
1,8
2,4
3,2
Sows (estimated)
(%)
0,2
1,0
2,0
3,0
Reproduction
Repeat breeding (%)
8,0
6,0
8,3
10,2
Abortions
(%)0,2
1,0
1,5
2,0
93
Reproduction
Oral presentation
Economical Analysis of PRRSv-Outbreaks of in Nine Sow
Herds.
Nienke Nieuwenhuis1,2, TomDuinhof2, Henk Hogeveen1, Arie Van Nes1, GD Animal
Health Service, PO Box 9, Deventer, The Netherlands Department of Farm Animal
Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht Univer
Introduction
After the first recognition of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome
virus (PRRSv) in 1987, nowadays PRRSv is endemic in most pig-producing
countries, including the Netherlands.
The epidemic phase of the disease presents itself by massive reproductive failure
during the last month of gestation. (Collins et al. 1991) and the economic losses
of PRRS are considered to be huge (Holck 2003). The aim of this study was to
quantify the economical effects of an outbreak of PRRSv.
Materials en methods
Nine breeding herds were selected based on a confirmed PRRSv outbreak.
The economical impact during the outbreak (18 weeks) was calculated from the
reduced technical results and other costs (medication, diagnostics, labour etc.)
compared to 26 weeks preceding the outbreak. We also calculated the costs
after the outbreak, e.g. costs to eradicate the disease..
Results and Discussion
The economical impact varied between €59 and €329 per sow per eighteenweek period outbreak (Table 1). The two nucleus production herds had the biggest losses per sow per outbreak, with an average loss of €305 per sow during
the period of outbreak (herd numbers 2 and 8, Table 1). The average loss in a
regular sow herd was €75 per sow per outbreak. An overall loss per sow per
outbreak was €126.
The costs after the outbreak, varied greatly from €3 to €160 per sow, due to the
variety in decisions of farmers to eradicate PRRSv or just stabilize the herd.
The calculated costs in this study are in line with the costs of the initial outbreak
in the Netherlands (€98/sow, Brouwer et al, 1994).
94
Reproduction
Herd Type of
herd *
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
M
B
M
B/M
M
M
M
B
M
# sows
No. of
Prepiglets born weaning
alive/litter mortality
rate (%)
Absolute Absolute
change
change
375
-1.39
+2.1
250
-1.62
+16.5
275
-0.20
+6.6
440
-0.20
+3.6
385
-1.10
+3.0
360
-1.38
+3.6
1175
-0.67
+1.9
585
-1.50
+4.5
1075
-0.50
+3.7
Oral presentation
PostFarrowing- No. of sold Total loss Loss/sow Loss/sow
weaning
index
feeder pigs
after the
mortality
outbreak
rate (%)
Absolute Absolute Percentile
change
change
change
(€)
(€)
(€)
+0.8
-0.05
-15,5%
31,522
83
5
+3.5
-0.12
-38.6%
95,725
379
164
+3.1
-0.01
-12.5%
33,523
85
16
+2.1
+0.07
-4.7%
27,853
59
60
+2.1
-0.19
-20.2%
35,040
81
5
+1.7
+0.05
-14.4%
26,084
61
3
+1.1
-0.26
-19.2%
105,854
90
3
+1.5
-0.04
-20.8%
134,292
230
66
==
-0.19
-15.9%
68,293
64
5
Table 1. Losses during and after the period of outbreak.
* M=Multiplier, B=Breeder
References
Brouwer J., et al. PRRS: effect on herd performance after initial infection and risk analysis. (1994)
Veterinary Quarterly (16) 2, pp 95-100
Collins, J.E., et al. Swine infertility and respiratory syndrome (mystery swine disease). (1991). In Proceedings of Minnesota Swine Conference for Veterinarians, University of Minnesota, MN.
Holck JT, Polson DD. Financial impact of PRRS. In: Zimmerman JJ, Yoon K-J, eds. The porcine
reproductive and respiratory syndrome compendium. 2nd ed. Des Moines: National Pork Board,
(2003) 51–58.
Neumann E.J.,et al. Assessment of the economic impact of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome on swine production in the United States. (2005) Journal of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, 227 (3), pp. 385-392.
95
Health management
Oral presentation
Persistence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) after cleaning and disinfection procedures in pig
holdings
Giuseppe Merialdi1, Elena Galletti1, Carlo Rosignoli1, Giovanni Alborali1, Enrico
Giacomini1, Antonio Battisti2, Giulio Granito3, Antonella Mazzaro1, Paolo Martelli4,
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia RomagnaIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lazio e Toscana Veterinary practitioner Parma
University
This study was carried out to evaluate the persistence of MRSA in the environment of colonized herds before and after cleaning and disinfection.
Six colonized herds applying all in all out at least in farrowing and weaning units
were included. Environmental samples were collected from farrowing, weaning,
growing and finishing units. Ten dust samples/unit were taken by using sterile dry
swabs (Sodibox®) before (in the presence of animals, at the end of the productive phase) and after cleaning and disinfection. All samples were cultured for
MRSA.
In populated farrowing crates 5 of 6 herds were contaminated (percentage of
positive dust samples ranging from 30% to 100%). Only one herd showed residual MRSA contamination in farrowing crates after cleaning and disinfection (1
positive out of 10).
Environmental contamination in populated weaning units was recorded in 5 out
of 6 holdings (range 20%-100%); 3 holdings resulted contaminated after cleaning
and disinfection (range 30%-100%).
In populated growing units all herds were contaminated (range 20%-90%) and 5
after cleaning and disinfection (20%-70%).
Populated finishing barns resulted contaminated in all holdings (range 1090%). The environmental contamination persisted after cleaning in 4 out of 6
(range10%-20%).
The overall proportion of positive samples in populated units and after cleaning
and disinfection were 50 and 19%, respectively.
The study suggests that, although current cleaning and disinfection procedures
are likely to be inadequate to completely eliminate MRSA environmental contamination, the more these operations are strict (as in farrowing crates) the more a
significant reduction can be achieved.
96
97
Poster
presentations
98
Poster presentation 1
FIRST ISOLATION OF Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae IN PIGS
IN ISRAEL
Paolo Pozzi1, Irena Dolgkov2, Monika Rabl-Avidor2, Yuval Hadani3, Giovanni
Alborali4, Intervet Israel, Hod HaSharon, Israel Meshek-HY Laboratories, Nahalal, Israel The Veterinary Services, Akko, Israel IZS-LER Animal Health Institute,
Brescia, Italy
Paper illustrates first isolation of A. pleuropneumoniae in Israel.
Farm: 1200 sows close-cycle; acute respiratory cases; mortality up to 8%; lesions at necropsies suggestive of A. pleuropneumoniae.
Lungs samples from different episodes sent to a local laboratory, for isolation and
sensitivity tests.
Culture: on MacConkey agar, 5% sheep blood trypticase agar, and on Chocolate agar (with both X and V factors). Isolates obtained from Chocolate agar only
after 24 hours incubation at 37ºC, aerobic conditions. Isolates inoculated on 5%
sheep blood trypticase agar with Staphyloccocus aureus streak then incubated
24 hours at 37ºC, aerobic conditions
Isolation validation: colonies streaked on Chocolate agar with 1% blood –agar;
incubated 24 hours at 37º C; 3 replicates forwarded to Animal Health Institute
“IZSLER”, Brescia, (Italy).
Serology: 30 frozen blood sera sent to Intervet International Laboratory, Boxmeer (The Netherland) for serological investigations towards respiratory antigens
and towards Apx I, Apx II, Apx III, OMP antigens with an “in house” antibodyELISA test.
Typization: 3 isolated strains replications submitted to Ring Precipitation Test, on
rabbit antisera – antigen reaction.
Laboratories investigations confirmed A. pleuropneumoniae:
Culture: no growth on MacConkey or Blood agar. Colonies on Chocolate agar
plates appeared coccobacilli Gram negative, with satellitism to S. aureus. Colonies on Blood agar showed beta haemolysis. Satellism to S. aureus is indicative
of App bio-variant 1, NAD dependent.
Biochemical tests and CAMP phenomenon confirmed A. pleuropneumoniae
strains’identity
Typization: RPT and PCR tests confirmed isolates belong to A. pleuropneumoniae sero-type 13.
Serology: all 30 samples resulted positive to A. pleuropneumoniae antigens.
99
Influence of simultaneous use of Porcilis
clinical
Influence of simultaneous use of Porcilis® M on
Hyo
and performance an
Porcilis® PRRS on clinical performance
and
lung
lesions
Influence of simultaneous use of Porcilis
on clinical performance
an
1
1
1
1
Teija Maria Stricker , Andrea Ladinig , Christiane Lang , Mathias Ritzmann , Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vie
diseases in combination with lung lesions (1). This study
Materials
& the
Methods
investigated
simultaneous use of Porcilis M Hyo and
The
blinded
field
trial
took place
on aperformance
piglet producing
Porcilis
PRRS
with
regard
to clinical
and farm
lung
and
a wean-to-finish farm in Austria, with respiratory
lesions.
problems associated with M. hyo and PRRSV. One
thousand
week old suckling piglets were divided into
Materialsone
& Methods
five
were
either
non
or vaccinated
The groups,
blinded which
field trial
took
place
onvaccinated
a piglet producing
farm
against
M. hyo and/orfarm
PRRSV
(table with
1). respiratory
and a wean-to-finish
in Austria,
The
body associated
weight was with
evaluated
fourPRRSV.
times (table
problems
M. hyoatand
One 2) and
clinical
examinations
were
performed
weekly.
Individual
thousand
one week old
suckling
piglets
were divided
intolung
scoring
(2) was
conducted
for all
animals
at theor vaccinated
five groups,
which
were either
non
vaccinated
slaughterhouse.
against M. hyo and/or PRRSV (table 1).
The body weight was evaluated at four times (table 2) and
st
rd
clinical examinations
were performed
lung
Group
Product:
1 weekly.
week Individual
3 week
scoring
conducted
for all animals at the
A (2) wasPorcilis
PRRS
X
slaughterhouse.
Materials & Methods
The blinded field trial took place on a piglet producing farm and a wean-to-finish
farm in Austria, with respiratory problems associated with M. hyo and PRRSV.
One thousand one week old suckling piglets were divided into five groups, which
were either non vaccinated or vaccinated against M. hyo and/or PRRSV (table 1).
The body weight was evaluated at four times (table 2) and clinical examinations
were performed weekly. Individual lung scoring (2) was conducted for all animals
at the slaughterhouse.
Table 1: Vaccination of the different
groups
* Concurrent use: vaccines are given
at the same time, but at different sites.
** Simultaneous use: lyophilised Porcilis
PRRS dissolved in Porcilis M Hyo is
given in one injection at one site.
Table 2: Mean ± standard deviation of
the average daily weight gain in gram/day.
No significant differences were detected
between the study groups.
100
Proceedings of the
B
Group
C
A
B
D
Porcilis M Hyo
X
X
Diluvac Forte 1st week 3rd week
Product:
X
X
(Placebo)
Porcilis
PRRS
X
Porcilis M
PRRS
X*
Porcilis
Hyo
X
X
Porcilis
Hyo
X
X*
DiluvacMForte
C
X
X
Porcilis
PRRS
(Placebo)
E
X**
Porcilis M
Hyo
X
PRRS
X*
TableD1: Vaccination
of the
different groups
Porcilis
M Hyo
X
X*
* Concurrent use: vaccines are given at the same time, but
Porcilis
PRRS
at different
sites. ** Simultaneous use: lyophilised Porcilis
E
X**
Porcilis
MM
Hyo
X in one injection at
PRRS dissolved
in Porcilis
Hyo is given
one
site.
Table
1: Vaccination of the different groups
at different sites. ** Simultaneous use: lyophilised
Porcilis
Weaning
PRRS dissolved
in Porcilis M Fattening
Hyo is given in one injection at
Nursery
Group
to last
one
site.
period
period
weighing
412
836
655
Weaning
A
Nursery
Fattening
±63.30
±87.72
±56.76
Group
to
last
period
period
weighing
831
649
407
B
±63.82
±92.30
±60.15
412
836
655
A
416
838
656
±63.30
±87.72
±56.76
C
±69.61
±98.08
±62.44
407
831
649
B
D
409
833
651
±63.82
±92.30
±60.15
±70.87
±97.57
±63.94
416
838
656
C
E
413
827
650
±69.61
±98.08
±62.44
±67.73
±101.56
±64.19
D
409
833
651
Table 2: Mean±70.87
± standard deviation
daily
±97.57of the average
±63.94
weight gain in gram/day. No significant differences were
E
413the study groups.
827
650
detected
between
±67.73
±101.56
±64.19
Table 2: Mean ± standard deviation of the average daily
Results
Significant
differences
could groups.
only be observed in the lung
detected between
the study
lesion score of the affected lungs from the different groups
(figure 1). The scores from all three Porcilis M Hyo
vaccinated
groups
were lower
than the scores from the non
Results
3rd ESPHM,
Espoo,
Finland
2011
Porcilis
M Hyo
vaccinated
groups.
Significant
differences
could
only be observed in the lung
3,5
3,0
2,5
sum of score sum of score
Introduction
Introduction
studies have
shown
the interaction of hyoPRRSV and
Several studies have shown the interaction Several
of PRRSV
and
Mycoplasma
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyo) in causing respiratory
in combination
with lung lesions with
(1). Thislung
study
pneumoniae (M. hyo) in causing respiratorydiseases
diseases
in combination
investigated
Introductionthe simultaneous use of Porcilis M Hyo and
lesions (1). This study investigated the simultaneous
use
of Porcilis
M Hyo
and
Porcilis
regard
to clinical
performance
and
lung
SeveralPRRS
studieswith
have
shown
the interaction
of PRRSV
and
lesions.
Mycoplasma
hyopneumoniae
(M. hyo) in causing respiratory
Porcilis PRRS with regard to clinical performance
and
lung lesions.
3,5
2,0
3,0
1,5
2,5
1,0
2,0
0,5
1,5
0,0
1,0
Figur
0,5
affec
0,0
*1 p=
Figur
Disc
affec
The l
*1 p=
vacci
Thes
(3).
DiscS
ADW
The l
infec
vacci
this
Thesfa
lesion
(3). S
migh
ADW
well.
infec
this fa
Ackn
lesion
This
migh
well.
Refe
(1)
T
Ackn
R,
Th
This
(2) G
Wood
Refe
(3)
D
(1) T
Egge
R, Th
(2) G
Wood
(3) D
Egge
®
®
Influence
of simultaneous
Porcilis
PRRS2
Respiratory
diseases use of Porcilis M Hyo and
Poster
presentation
on clinical performance and lung lesions
Results
Significant differences could only be observed in the lung lesion score of the affected lungs from the different groups (figure 1). The scores from all three Porcilis
M Hyo vaccinated groups were lower than the scores from the non Porcilis M
Hyo vaccinated groups.
Figure 1: Mean +standard deviation of
the severity code of affected lungs from
the different treatment groups.
*1 p=0.006 (A:E), *2 p=0.02 (A:D),
*3 p=0.022(C:E)
Materials
& Methods
The blinded field trial took place on a piglet producing farm
and a wean-to-finish farm in Austria, with respiratory
problems associated with M. hyo and PRRSV. One
thousand one week old suckling piglets were divided into
five groups, which were either non vaccinated or vaccinated
against M. hyo and/or PRRSV (table 1).
The body weight was evaluated at four times (table 2) and
clinical examinations were performed weekly. Individual lung
scoring (2) was conducted for all animals at the
slaughterhouse.
3,5
3,0
2,5
sum of score
Introduction
Several studies have shown the interaction of PRRSV and
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyo) in causing respiratory
diseases in combination with lung lesions (1). This study
investigated the simultaneous use of Porcilis M Hyo and
Porcilis PRRS with regard to clinical performance and lung
lesions.
*1 *2
*3
2,0
1,5
*2
1,0
*1 *3
0,5
0,0
A
B
1
C
GROUP
D
E
Discussion & Conclusions
Figure 1: Mean +standard deviation of the severity code of
affected lungs from the different treatment groups.
The lungs from pigs which received the simultaneous
use vaccination suffered
*1 p=0.006 (A:E), *2 p=0.02 (A:D),*3 p=0.022(C:E)
the least from the infection with M. hyo. These results are supported by previous
laboratory studies (3). Since no significant differences
in clinical signs and ADWG
The lungs from pigs which received the simultaneous use
could be detected, it can
be
assumed
that
the
infectious
pressure
PRRSV
vaccination
suffered the
least from theof
infection
with M.and
hyo.
st
rd
Group
Product:
1 week 3 week
These results are supported by previous laboratory studies
M.Ahyo was
not
high
on
this
farm.
Even
though,
significant
differences
in
lung
(3). Since no significant differences in clinical signs and
Porcilis PRRS
X
ADWG
could be detected,
it can
be assumed
that thein
lesions
could
observed.
pressure
might
have
resulted
B
Porcilisbe
M Hyo
X A higher
X infectious
infectious pressure of PRRSV and M. hyo was not high on
Diluvac
Forte
significant
differences
in
ADWG
as
well.
this
farm.
Even
though,
significant
differences
in lung
C
X
X
(Placebo)
Porcilis PRRS
D
Acknowlegements
Porcilis M Hyo
X
This work
was PRRS
supported
Porcilis
E
Porcilis M Hyo
X
X*
X*
lesions could be observed. A higher infectious pressure
might have resulted in significant differences in ADWG as
well.
by Intervet/Schering-Plough.
Acknowlegements
X**
This work was supported by Intervet/Schering-Plough.
Table 1: Vaccination of the different groups
References
(1) Thacker, E.L.,
P., Ross,
R.,J
Thanawongnuwech,
(1)different
Thacker,
Halbur,
Ross,Porcilis
R., Thanawongnuwech,
R,Halbur,
Thacker,
B.,
Clin Micro
at
sites. **E.L.,
Simultaneous
use:P.,
lyophilised
R, Thacker, B., J Clin Micro (1999) 37, 620-627
PRRS
dissolved
in Porcilis M Hyo is given in one injection at
(1999)
37, 620-627
(2) Goodwin, R.F.W., Hodgson, R.G., Whittlestone, P.,
one site.
(2) Goodwin, R.F.W., Hodgson, R.G., Whittlestone,
P., Woodhams,
R.L,
J Hyg (1969)
Woodhams,
R.L, J Hyg (1969)
67,465-476
(3) Drexler, C.S., Witvliet, M.H., Raes, M., van de Laar, M.,
67,465-476
Weaning
Thacker, E.L,
Vet RecThacker,
(2010) 166, 70-74
Fattening
(3) Drexler,Nursery
C.S., Witvliet,
M.H., Raes, M., van deEggen,
Laar,A.A.S.,
M., Eggen,
A.A.S.,
E.L,
References
Group
period 166,period
Vet Rec (2010)
70-74
A
B
C
D
E
412
±63.30
407
±63.82
416
±69.61
409
±70.87
413
±67.73
836
±87.72
831
±92.30
838
±98.08
833
±97.57
827
±101.56
to last
weighing
655
±56.76
649
±60.15
656
±62.44
651
±63.94
650
±64.19
Table 2: Mean ± standard deviation of the average daily
detected between the study groups.
Results
Significant differences could only be observed in the lung
vaccinated groups were lower than the scores from the non
Porcilis M Hyo vaccinated groups.
rd
Proceedings of the 3 ESPHM, Espoo, Finland 2011
101
FUGATO-RePoRI: Functional and positional analyses for
the identification of candidate genes for resistance to
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) in swine
Gerald Reiner1, Natalie Bertsch1, Hermann Willems1, Doris Hoeltig2, Karl-Heinz
Waldmann2, FUGATO-RePoRI Consortium, Dep. Veterinary Clinical Sciences,
JLU Giessen, Germany Clinic for Swine, Small Ruminants and Forensic Medicine, Hannover, Germany
A. pleuropneumoniae is among the economically most important pathogens of
the respiratory tract in swine. Using pigs with a higher resistance to the pathogen
might be an important part of future prophylaxis, to improve economy, animal
welfare and concumer protection. Preliminary studies provide evidence for relative differences in resistance/susceptibility within and between pig breeds. Transcriptomic analyses identified several hundreds of differentially expressed, functional candidate genes. Aiming towards essential candidate genes to be used
as markers in commercial breeding programs and to improve our knowledge on
disease and pathogenesis, we have set up an experiment that combines functional and positional analyses. F2-families were produced from relatively resistant
Hampshire (HA) and relatively susceptible German Landrace (DL) populations.
170 F2 pigs were challenged and phenotyped based on exactly standardised
procedures, allowing minimal environmental effects.
Expression data from lung tissues of the 50 most and the 50 least susceptible
pigs were generated with a 24k whole genome Affymetrix microarray. All pigs
were genotyped on a genomic basis and phenotypes and genotypes were associated to map quantitative trait loci (QTL). QTL-analysis resulted in 30 significant
clinical QTL, concentrating on 8 chromosomes. Expression of almost 90% of the
differentially expressed genes was regulated by genes on other chromosomes
(trans), showing the reduced power of solitary functional studies. Hotspots of
gene regulation regarding A. pleuropneumoniae resistance were mapped to
chromosomes 2, 13 und 18 . Our investigation confirms the genetic basis of A.
pleuropneumoniae resistance in swine. The results provide valuable information
on pleuropneumonia pathogenesis and resistance.
102
Optimization of qPCR according to MIQE guidelines for proinflammatory cytokines in PRRSv experimentally infected pigs
ObdulioGarcía-Nicolás2, Juan Quereda1, Jaime Gómez-Laguna4, Inmaculada
Barranco3, Irene Rodríguez-Gómez3, Guillermo Ramis1, Francisco J Pallarés2,
AntonioMuñoz1, Librado Carrasco3, Dpto de Producción Animal. Universidad
de Murcia. Spain Dpto de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas. Universidad de Murcia. Spain Dpto de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas.
Universidad de CordobaCICAP. 14400 Pozoblanco. Córdoba. Spain
Introduction.
Normally quantitative PCR (qPCR) generates lots accumulative errors, which can
induce to imperfect interpretation of results. Following the MIQE guidelines the
researches can obtain data that are more uniform, comparable and reliable.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate qPCR efficiency parameters for
different pig proinflammatory cytokines. Cytokine expression has already been
observed in lung, whereas no significant increases have been observed in blood.
Materials and methods.
mRNA from tonsils of several PRRSV-positive pigs was extracted and purified.
cDNA was obtained by means of a retrotranscriptase-PCR, and it was used as
template for classic PCR. Integrating cDNA in plasmid was quantified. Replicates
of medium and decimals dilutions qPCR for proinflammatory cytokines (IL-12A,
IL-12B, IFN-a and IFN-y), were made, using SYBR-Green. Finally, the efficiency,
coefficient of variation and discrimination factor were calculated for each qPCR.
Results.
Results are shown in Table 1.
Discussion.
The reproducibility (CV) of the qPCRs tested is good. The capacity of differentiate
different numbers of cDNA copies (FD) is good for all the qPCR tested. The discrimination factor indicates that these qPCR differentiate small gene expressions
changes along the dynamic range. It should be considered the quantification error, especially in both IFNs and TNF-a. It can be concluded that these qPCR can
be used to measure gene expression differences of proinflammatory cytokines
between different pigs, considering that calculation of PCR efficiency should be
done in order to normalize qPCR for gene expression.
Medium Values
IFN-α
IFN-γ
IL-12A
0,83049001
0,88258765
Medium efficiency 0,83260752
2,54066214
1,47217833
2,50670741
CV médium (%)
2,7299373
1,67257442
2,09805614
FD medium
Table 1. qPCR medium values for medium and decimals dilutions.
IL-12B
0,8785685
4,10755429
3,20037883
TNF-α
0,8309713
1,48753013
1,50959943
103
Optimization of qPCR according to MIQE guidelines for
immunomodulatory cytokines in PRRSv experimentally
infected pigs.
ObdulioGarcía-Nicolas2, Juan Quereda1, Jaime Gómez-Laguna4, Inmaculada
Barranco3, Irene Rodríguez-Gómez3, Guillermo Ramis1, Francisco J Pallarés2,
AntonioMuñoz1, Librado Carrasco3, Dpto de Producción Animal. Universidad de
Murcia. Spain Dept de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas. Universidad de Murcia. Spain Dpto de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas.
Universidad de CordobaCICAP. 14400 Pozoblanco. Córdoba. Spain
Introduction.
Not optimized quantitative PCR (qPCR) generates lots accumulative errors,
which can induce to imperfect interpretation of results. Following the MIQE
Introduction.
guidelines the researches
can obtain data that are more uniform, comparable
Not optimized quantitative PCR (qPCR) generates lots accumulative errors, which can induce to i
and reliable. Some isolates
of PRRSV
been
proved
inducecananobtain
upregulaof results.
Followinghave
the MIQE
guidelines
the to
researches
data that are more unif
reliable.
Some isolates
PRRSV
have beenon
proved
induce
upregulation
tion of IL-10, but so far few
studies
have ofbeen
focused
the torole
of an
TGFß.
It of IL-10, but so
been focused on the role of TGFβ. It would be interesting to decipher the ability of diffe
would be interesting to decipher
the
ability
of
different
PRRSV
isolates
to
induce
to induce the expression of immunomodulatory cytokines, which may interfere with the syn
and therefore the ability
to control viral
replication.
aim of the with
present
study was to evaluate
the expression of immunomodulatory
cytokines,
which
mayTheinterfere
the
gene expression of pig immunomodulatory cytokines.
synthesis of interferons, and therefore the ability to control viral replication. The
methods. qPCR parameters for gene expression
aim of the present studyMaterials
was toand
evaluate
mRNA from tonsils of several PRRSV-positive pigs was extracted and purified. cDNA was ob
of pig immunomodulatory
cytokines.
retrotranscriptase-PCR, and it was used as template for classic PCR. cDNA was cloned into a p
Replicates of medium and decimals template dilutions for immunomodulatory cytokines (IL-10 an
DNA amplification was detected with SYBR-Green chemistry. Efficiency, coefficient of variation an
Materials and methods.
were calculated for each qPCR.
mRNA from tonsils of several
PRRSV-positive pigs was extracted and purified.
Results.
cDNA was obtained by means
a retrotranscriptase-PCR,
and it was used
Results areof
shown
in Table 1.
as template for classic PCR.
cDNA
was
cloned
into
a
plasmid
and quantified.
Discussion.
Replicates of medium and decimals template dilutions for immunomodulatory
Both qPCRs show high reproducibility (CV). The capacity of differentiate different numbers of cDN
cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-ß)
were
made.
amplification
wasin detected
with
in qPCRs
tested,
so that DNA
can distinguish
slight variations
gene expression.
In conclusion these
gene coefficient
expression of immunomodulatory
cytokines
differences among
pigs, but to norma
SYBR-Green chemistry. assessing
Efficiency,
of variation and
discrimination
facshould be used the efficiency calculate for each qPCR.
tor were calculated for each
qPCR.
Results.
Results are shown in Table 1.
Medium Values
IL-10
TGF-β
Efficiency
1,144159635
0,818047775
CV medium
1,529732887
2,361333821
Discussion.
DF medium
2,226282253
1,63307194
Both qPCRs show high reproducibility (CV). Table 1 qPCR medium values for medium and
decimals dilutions.
The capacity of differentiate different
numbers of cDNA copies (FD) is high in
qPCRs tested, so that can distinguish slight variations in gene expression. In
conclusion these qPCR are suitable for assessing gene expression of immunomodulatory cytokines differences among pigs, but to normalize gene expression it should be used the efficiency calculate for each qPCR.
104
Results
Results are summarized in table 1 and 2.
Results show that pigs were infected with PCV2, PRRSv EU, Mhp and
two strains of SIV.
Proportion of lung affected with catarrhal pneumonia (in
affected lungs)
Proportion of lung affected with chataral pneumonia (in all
lungs)
10,3 %
1,9 %
Discussion
Multiple pathogens were identified, including PCV2, PRRSv-EU and SIV.
Against none of these pigs had been vaccinated. The serological
response to Mhp is commonly seen in vaccinated pigs from infected
farms. It reflects presence of Mhp, but not that it is responsible for
disease.
1
2
The extent of “Mycoplasma-like” lesions is low. They might be caused
by Mhp, but SIV causes very similar lesions that cannot be
differentiated macroscopically. Another finding was a very high
prevalence of pleurisy and especially pericarditis. These lesions are not
caused by Mhp infection, but can explain the persistent coughing
observed, since cardiac insufficiency will cause oedema in lungs and
subsequent coughing. The findings are most pro-bably related to the
impact of several virus infections clearing way for secondary bacterial
infections. Haemophilus parasuis, Strep. suis and/or Mycoplasma
hyorhinis are possible causative agents.
Based on the diagnostic findings, it can be conclu-ded that the clinical
disease was caused by several respiratory pathogens. This case report
demonstrates the importance of thorough differential diagnostics in
cases of respiratory disease.
Differential diagnosis of coughing in Mycoplasma
hyopneumoniae vaccinated finisher pigs – A case report
John Haugegaard , Claus BahneHeisel , Boehringer-Ingelheim Vetmedica LVK
Aim
To identify the cause of respiratory disease in pigs vaccinated twice against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp).
Materials and methods
On a 1200-head finisher farm respiratory disease was observed, with coughing
as main clinical sign. Pigs were vaccinated twice against Mhp. No other vaccine
was given.
Lung examinations and serological investigations were performed.
Results
Results are summarized in table 1 and 2. Results show that pigs were infected
with PCV2, PRRSv EU, Mhp and two strains of SIV.
Table 1 Results from laboratory testing (5 pigs).
Aim
Pathogen
result twice
To identify
the cause of respiratory disease in Laboratory
pigs vaccinated
against Mycoplasma
(Mhp).
PCV2 by PCRhyopneumoniae
– log virus copies
per 6,84
ml
Materials
and
methods
PRRS
EU/US
– ELISA
Positive EU
On a 1200-head
was observed, with
PRRS EU –finisher
IPMA farm respiratory disease
250-1250
coughingPRRS
as main
clinical sign. Pigs were vaccinated
US – IPMA
0-250 twice against
Mhp. NoApp
othertype
vaccine
was given.
2 – ELISA
Negative
Lung examinations
and serological
investigations
were performed.
Influenza H1N1
– HI
Positive
5/5
Influenza H1N2 – HI
Positive 3/5
Results Influenza H3N2 – HI
Negative
Results are summarized in table 1 and 2.
Mhp – ELISA
Positive 5/5
Results show that pigs were infected with PCV2, PRRSv EU, Mhp and
two strains of SIV.
Table 2. Lung examination.
Number of pigs examined (lungs and heart)
Pigs with no lesions
Pigs with small areas of scar tissue in lungs
Pigs with catarrhal pneumonia (”mycoplasmalike”
pneumonia)
Pigs with chronic pleurisy
Pigs with pleurisy above 10 % of lung surface
Pigs with chronic pericarditis
Proportion of lung affected with catarrhal pneumonia (in
affected lungs)
Proportion of lung affected with chataral pneumonia (in all
lungs)
66
42 %
10,6 %
18,2 %
19,7 %
10,6 %
19,6 %
10,3 %
1,9 %
Discussion
Multiple pathogens were identified, including PCV2, PRRSv-EU and SIV. Against
none of these pigs had been vaccinated. The serological response to Mhp is
commonly seen in vaccinated pigs from infected farms. It reflects presence of
Mhp, but not that it is responsible for disease.
The extent of “Mycoplasma-like” lesions is low. They might be caused by Mhp,
but SIV causes very similar lesions that cannot be differentiated macroscopically.
Another finding was a very high prevalence of pleurisy and especially pericarditis.
These lesions are not caused by Mhp infection, but can explain the persistent
coughing observed, since cardiac insufficiency will cause oedema in lungs and
subsequent coughing. The findings are most pro-bably related to the impact of
several virus infections clearing way for secondary bacterial infections. Haemophilus parasuis, Strep. suis and/or Mycoplasma hyorhinis are possible causative
agents.
Based on the diagnostic findings, it can be conclu-ded that the clinical disease
was caused by several respiratory pathogens. This case report demonstrates the
importance of thorough differential diagnostics in cases of respiratory disease.
Discussion
Multiple pathogens were identified, including PCV2, PRRSv-EU and SIV.
Against none of these pigs had been vaccinated. The serological
response to Mhp is commonly seen in vaccinated pigs from infected
farms. It reflects presence of Mhp, but not that it is responsible for
disease.
The extent of “Mycoplasma-like” lesions is low. They might be caused
by Mhp, but SIV causes very similar lesions that cannot be
differentiated macroscopically. Another finding was a very high
prevalence of pleurisy and especially pericarditis. These lesions are not
caused by Mhp infection, but can explain the persistent coughing
observed, since cardiac insufficiency will cause oedema in lungs and
subsequent coughing. The findings are most pro-bably related to the
impact of several virus infections clearing way for secondary bacterial
infections. Haemophilus parasuis, Strep. suis and/or Mycoplasma
hyorhinis are possible causative agents.
Based on the diagnostic findings, it can be conclu-ded that the clinical
disease was caused by several respiratory pathogens. This case report
demonstrates the importance of thorough differential diagnostics in
cases of respiratory disease.
Table 1 Results from laboratory testing (5 pigs).
105
IL-10, IL-12, IFN-γ and IFN-α immunohistochemical expression in lymphoid organs of porcine reproductive and
respiratory syndrome virus-infected pigs
Inmaculada Barranco1, Jaime Gómez-Laguna2, Irene Magdalena RodríguezGómez1, Obdulio García-Nicolás3, Juan José Quereda5, Francisco Javier
Salguero4, Guillermo Ramis5, Francisco José Pallarés3, Librado Carrasco1, Dept
of Anatomy and Comp Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,Cordoba
Unive CICAP, 14400 Pozoblanco, Cordoba, Spain Dept of Anatomy and Comp
Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Murcia Unive Veterinary Laboratories
Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Ki Department of
Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,Murcia Universit
Introduction
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) is characterized by an
impaired host immune response, however, several studies are being carried out
to decipher the mechanisms used by PRRS virus (PRRSV). The aim of this study
was to determine the expression of IL-10, IL-12, IFN-y and IFN-a in lymphoid
organs of PRRSV-infected pigs.
Twenty eight, PRRSV-negative pigs were inoculated with PRRSV field isolate
2982 and killed in groups of four animals at 3, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21 and 24 days
post-inoculation (dpi). Control animals were mock-inoculated and killed at the
end of the study. Samples from mediastinal and retropharyngeal lymph nodes
and tonsil were fixed in Bouin solution for immunohistochemical study. The primary antibodies were used as previously described (Gómez-Laguna et al., 2010).
Results
PRRSV antigen was mainly detected in the cytoplasm of macrophages, displaying a bimodal expression with a first peak at 3-7 dpi and a second peak at 14
dpi. The expression of IFN-a showed an early enhancement at 3 dpi, and both
IL-12 and IFN-y displayed a similar trend in all the lymphoid organs analysed,
showing an increase at 3-7 dpi and at 14-17 dpi. On the other hand, the expression of IL-10 was milder than the one observed for the other cytokines.
Discussion
The milder expression of IL-10 compared with the higher expression of IL-12,
IFN-a and IFN-y detected in this study, points to a possible but not unique role
of IL-10 in the inducement of an equivocal host immune response. Taking into
account the elevated expression of IFNs observed in lymphoid organs, further
studies are being conducted to determine if there is a down-regulation in IFN
signaling pathway.
106
Update on the monitoring of pleural lesions at slaughterhouse
using the S.P.E.S. grid in Italian slaughtered pigs
MicheleDottori1, AndreaLuppi1, Paolo Bonilauri1, Giuseppe Merialdi1, Gianluca
Rugna1, Paolo Martelli2, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e
dell’Emilia Romagna Department of Animal Health - University of Parma - Italy
From February 2008 to January 2011 lungs from 14195 pigs belonging to 139
batches were evaluated using the Slaughterhouse Pleurisy Evaluation System
(S.P.E.S.). Using the SPES grid, a score ranging from 0 to 4 is assigned to
each lung depending on the extension and location of pleural adherences. Two
outputs for each batch are provided: the SPES average value and the App Index
(APPI) giving information on the prevalence and the severity of dorso-caudal
pleuritis (scores 2,3 and 4) highly suggestive of pleuoropneumonia due to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) (Dottori et al., 2007; Merialdi et al., 2008).
42.0% of the lungs showed chronic pleuritis (SPES score ≥ 1). Dorso-caudal
pleuritis (SPES score ≥ 2) was found in 24% of the lungs. Lesions with score 2
were assessed in 14.3% and lesions scoring 3 and 4 were present in 8.3% and
1.6% of pigs, respectively. The mean SPES value of the overall lungs was 0.77.
The mean APPI of all batches was 0.60. The APPI values were organized in four
classes : best quarter < 0.28; intermediate best quarter from 0.28 to 0.53; intermediate worst quarter from 0.53 to 0.81 and worst quarter > 0.81. This study
confirms the high prevalence of dorso-caudal pleuritis in Italy, approximately
twice when compared to the data obtained in Spain by Fraile et al. (2010) using
the same scoring system. The distribution in classes of APPI values obtained
in this study can be used as a tool for ranking a batch in respect of the general
population.
Fig.1: Distribution of APPI values in four classes: APPI < 0.28 (best quarter);
APPI from 0.28 to 0.53 (intermediate best quarter);
APPI from 0.53 to 0.81 (intermediate worst quarter); APPI > 0.81 (worst quarter).
107
SEROPREVALENCE OF H1N1, H3N2 AND H1N2 INFLUENZA VIRUS IN PIG FARMS AFFECTED
BY RESPIRATORY DISORDERS IN ITALY IN 2009
SEROPREVALENCE OF H1N1, H3N2 AND H1N2 INFLUENZA VIRUS IN PIG FARMS AFFECTED BY RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
IN ITALY IN 2009
Giorgio Leotti1, Emmanuela Foni2, Thaïs Vila3, Michel Bublot3, François Joisel3,
Merial Italia S.p.A. , Milano, Italia IZSLER, Parma, Italia Merial S.A.S., Lyon,
France
Introduction
Introduction
The
thestudy
study
evaluate
of SIVs in farms
The objective
objective ofofthe
waswas
to to
evaluate
the the seroprevalence
seroprevalence
SIVs in
farms affected
with acute
Table 1: positive serological results by HI tests (%)
affected
withofacute
respiratory
clinical
signs in Italy.
respiratory clinical signs in Italy.
Tested strain
N°
farms
tested
25
in pigs
25
H1N1 A/sw/Finistere/2899/82
Farms
were
chosen
theyrespiratory
faced acute respiratory
clinical signs
Farms were
chosen
becausebecause
they faced acute
H1N2 A/sw/Italy/1521/98
clinical
signs
in
pigs
at
least
3
weeks
before
sampling
in
least 3 weeks before sampling in the absence of prior
vaccination against SIV.
25
the absence of prior vaccination against SIV.
Table 1: Farms and samples characteristics
Investigated
N°
Samples in each farm from May
farm type
to December 2009
Farrow-to16
10 sows
finish farm
10 fattening pigs before slaughter
Fattening
4
20 pigs before slaughter
farm
Multi-site
5
20 samples were performed in
herds
post weaning unit in 2 cases and
in finisher units in 3 cases.
Total
25
500 sera were sent to IZSLER
laboratory, Parma, Italy, to be
submitted to haemagglutination
1
inhibition tests (HI)
Strains used in the HI tests:
•
H1N1
A/sw/Finistere/2899/82,
Strains
used
in the HI tests:
•
H3N2 A/sw/Gent/1/84 and
• H1N1
A/sw/Finistere/2899/82,
•
two H1N2 strains:
o H1N2
A/sw/Italy/1521/98 and
• H3N2
A/sw/Gent/1/84
o H1N2 A/swine/Italy/284922/09
• two H1N2 strains:
of positivity
for each subtype
Criteria
o H1N2
A/sw/Italy/1521/98
•
Positive samples : if the titre is ≥1/20;
• o H1N2
A/swine/Italy/284922/09
Positive farm
: if at least 2 sera showed a HI titre
≥1/20.
H3N2 A/sw/Gent/1/84
%
positive
farms
at 40
20
56
32
25
76% of the tested farms were positive for at least one SIV
subtype, more than 50% of farms were positive for H1N2.
Table 2: Comparison of the HI titres obtained using the
two H1N2 subtype strains.
Titre
<20 20
40
80
160 320 640 Tot
al
H1N2
483
13
3
1
0
0
0
500
sw/Ital
y/1521
/98
H1N2
373
42
46
28
9
1
1
500
sw/Ital
y/2849
22/09
The
use
of
updated
strains
(H1N2
A/swine/Italy/284922/09)
adapted
to
the
local
epidemiological situation is a major asset for improving the
accuracy of SIV surveillance programmes, same
1
conclusion was observed in France .
Co-infections with more than one subtype were shown in
several farms: 32% of farms were infected with at least 2
subtypes and 20% were positive for the 3 subtypes.
Conclusion
Criteria
of positivity due
for toeach
subtype
Risks of misinterpretation
cross-reactivity
between
SIV infection is enzootic in swine producing regions of Italy
H1N2 and H1N1 strains were decreased by considering
• negative
Positive
samples : if the titre is ≥1/20;
and the highest prevalence (>50%) was found against the
for one antigen a serum that showed higher (3
H1N2≥1/20.
subtype.
HI titre against
• log2)
Positive
farm the
: if other.
at least 2 sera showed a HI titre
References
Foni et al. H1N2
(2009), Proceedings
of the
Risks of misinterpretation due to cross-reactivity1.between
and H1N1
Hannover, Germany, 2010, p104
strains were decreased by considering negative for one antigen a serum that
showed higher (3 log2) HI titre against the other.
108
2
nd
ESPHM,
he
ute
e the
acute
ory
in
iratory
ling in
ay
m
erMay
ghter
in
nd
med in
es and
ER
e
ion
tre
HI
entitre
ng
(3
tween
dering
her (3
Table 1: positive serological results by HI tests (%)
Tested strain
N°
%
farms
positive
Table 1: positive serological results
by HI tests
(%)
tested
farms
Tested strain
H1N1 A/sw/Finistere/2899/82
25 N°
40 %
farms
positive
25
20
tested
farms
H1N2
A/sw/Italy/284922/09
25 25
56 40
H1N1
A/sw/Finistere/2899/82
H3N2
A/sw/Gent/1/84
25 25
32 20
H1N2
A/sw/Italy/1521/98
A/sw/Italy/284922/09
25least one56
76% ofH1N2
the tested
farms were positive for at
SIV
A/sw/Gent/1/84
25positive
32 for
subtype,
more
than
50% of farms
were
positive
for H1N2.
76%H3N2
of
the
tested
farms
were
at least one SIV subtype, more than
50%
of the
farms
positive
for
H1N2.
76%
testedwere
farms
positive
for at
least
Table
2:ofComparison
of thewere
HI titres
obtained
usingone
theSIV
more than
50% of farms were positive for H1N2.
two subtype,
H1N2 subtype
strains.
Titre
<20 20
40
80
160 320 640 Tot
Table 2: Comparison of the HI titres obtained usingalthe
strains.
H1N2two H1N2
483 subtype
13
3
1
0
0
0
500
Titre
<20 20
40
80
160 320 640 Tot
sw/Ital
al
y/1521
483
13
3
1
0
0
0
500
/98 H1N2
sw/Ital
H1N2
373
42
46
28
9
1
1
500
y/1521
sw/Ital
/98
y/2849
H1N2
373
42
46
28
9
1
1
500
22/09
sw/Ital
y/2849 use
The
of
updated
strains
(H1N2
22/09
adapted
to
the
local
epidemiological situation is a major asset for improving the
The
updatedprogrammes,
strains same
(H1N2
accuracy
ofuseSIV of
surveillance
1
adapted
to
the
local
conclusion
in France
.
The
usewas
ofobserved
updated
strains
(H1N2
adapted to the loepidemiological situation is a major asset for improving the
calaccuracy
epidemiological
situation
iswere
a major
of more
SIV than
surveillance
programmes,
Co-infections
with
one subtype
shown same
inasset for improving the accuracy of SIV
1
conclusion
observed
France
.
several
farms: was
32%
of farms in
were
infected
with conclusion
at least 2
surveillance
programmes,
same
was observed in France1.
subtypes and 20% were positive for the 3 subtypes.
Co-infections with more than one subtype were shown in
several farms: 32%
of farms
were
infected
withsubtype
at least 2 were shown in several farms: 32%
Conclusion
Co-infections
with
more
than
one
20% were
positive
for the 3regions
subtypes.
SIVsubtypes
infection and
is enzootic
in swine
producing
of Italy
of farms
were
infected
with
at least
2 the
subtypes and 20% were positive for the 3
and
the highest
prevalence
(>50%)
was found
against
Conclusion
H1N2
subtype.
subtypes.
SIV infection is enzootic in swine producing regions of Italy
and the highest prevalence (>50%) was found against the
References
nd
H1N2etsubtype.
1. Foni
al. (2009), Proceedings of the 2 ESPHM,
Conclusion
Hannover, Germany, 2010, p104
References
SIV
infection is enzootic in swine producing
regions of Italy and the highest
nd
1. Foni et al. (2009), Proceedings of the 2 ESPHM,
prevalence
(>50%)
was
Hannover, Germany,
2010,
p104found against the H1N2 subtype.
References
1. Foni et al. (2009), Proceedings of the 2nd ESPHM, Hannover, Germany, 2010, p104
109
other
Exploratory reference data on hematology and cellular immune
system of multiparous Large White sows
Wolfgang Sipos1, Ilse Schwendenwein2, Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary
Medicine Vienna Central Laboratory, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna
Surprisingly, there is a significant lack of basic hematologic data derived by
modern hematology systems and characterization of leukocyte populations and
cytokine production in adult sows, although these data are of pivotal importance for routine diagnosis of infectious and other diseases. Thirty two clinically
healthy multiparous Large White sows aged 33.5 ± 9.6 months and all of them
one to two months post partum were included into this study. Mean erythrozyte
count was 5.5 ± 0.7 x 106/µl and total leukocyte count was 12.1 ± 2.1 x 103/
µl. Proportion of lymphocytes was 44.7 % and of neutrophils 41.6 %. The ratio
of naïve T helper (Th) cells (CD4+CD8a-) to memory T helper cells (CD4+CD8a+)
was 1:3.1 and the ratio of Th cells to cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) was 1:4.2. Proportions of regulatory T cells, natural killer cells, CD21+ B cells, and plasmacytoid
dendritic cells were lower (3.1, 2.6, 6.0, and 1.6 %) than those of memory Th
cells (ranging from 8.8 to 27.5 %, depending on the subpopulation) and CTLs
(37.3 %). Contrary, yõ T cells were found at significantly higher numbers (19.1 %).
Cytokine expression by leukocytes as measured by flow cytometry was evident
at a low level with the exception of TNF-a and IFN-y with 55.6 ± 10.4 % and 26.1
± 8.5 % positively stained peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
110
other
Impact of immunocastration on meat percentage, growth rate
and feed consumption
Anna Ollila1, Helsinki University, faculty of veterinary medicine, production animal
medicine
Three groups of immunocastrated male (IC, n=80, 77 and 72), surgically castrated male (SC, n=60, 50 and 56) and female (F, n=60 , 62 and 59) finishing pigs
(group 1 and 3: Hampshire x (Landrace x Yorkshire), group 2: (Duroc x Landrace)
x (Landrace x Yorkshire)) were raised on commercial farm in Finland. Pigs of
same treatment group were housed in pens of 10 pigs. The liquid feed consumed by 20 pigs of same treatment group was measured daily. 3-phase feeding
was used (phase 1: days 0-24, phase 2: days 25-56, phase 3: day 57-slaughter).
IC pigs were vaccinated against boar taint with Improvac at 12 and 16 weeks of
age and all pigs were slaughtered when they reached normal slaughter weight.
Meat pergentage was measured by AutoFom .The average meat percentage
was 59,28% on IC pigs and 59,67% on F pigs, these being significantly higher
(p<0,05) than on PC pigs (58,39%). The average feed consumption was 2,88 kg
of feed per 1 kg of meat produced on IC feeders (n =10), 3,02 kg on SC feeders
(n =7) and 2,83 kg on F feeders (n =9). There was significant difference (p<0,05)
in phase 2 feed consumption between IC and SC pigs. There was no significant
difference in total feed consumption, slaughter weight or growth rate between
treatment groups. In these data, immunocastration increased meat percentage
but had no effect on total feed consumption, slaughter weight and growth rate.
111
other
Impact of vaccination of male fattening pigs with Improvac®
on behavioural features
Sabine Elicker1, Ferdinand Entenfellner1, Wolfgang Sipos2, Veterinary Practice
Entenfellner, Stössing, Austria Clinic for Swine, VMU Vienna
Vaccination of male fattening pigs with Improvac® is an alternative for surgical castration of piglets in the first week of life without anaesthesia. This study
analysed the impact of vaccination on behavioural features of 59 animals as
compared to boars (n = 29) and surgically castrated pigs (n = 90). 10 animals
per group were analysed three times per day (morning, midday, evening) starting 10 weeks before slaughter. Vaccinated pigs before the second vaccination
and boars behaved very similarly with more general activity but less feed intake
in contrast to castrated pigs. With aging more sexual behavioural activity such as
longer lasting (> 10 sec) fights, mounting of other pigs, and mating movements
occurred in the former two groups whereas castrated animals never showed any
of these behavioural features. By one week after the second vaccination there
was a signficant reduction in sexual behavioural activity in the respective animals.
So these animals started to behave in a very similar manner as the castrated
pigs. Of great interest was the dependency of the occurrence of specific behavioural features on the time point of observation. Animals were active especially in
the evening and to a lesser degree during midday. In the morning animals were
least active.
112
other
Boar odour - flavour discrimination of androstenone and
skatole in a triangle test
Katharina Riehn1, Julia Jaeger2, Stefan Kleinhans3, Friedrich Schmoll2, Ernst
Lücker1 , Institute of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of
Leipzig Large Animal Clinic for Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
Unive District office Weimarer Land, veterinary inspection office, Nohra, Germany
Surgical castration is routinely practiced in male pigs destined for fattening. The
aim is to prevent, an unpleasant off-flavour which develops in meat of sexually
mature entire males. The two main compounds held responsible for boar taint
are androstenone and skatole.
Surgical castration however, is associated with pain, especially when performed
without anesthesia. An alternative method is the vaccination against boar taint,
using Improvac® (Pfizer Animal Health, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium). Improvac®
is composed of a synthetic GnRH-analogon conjugated to a carrier protein.
Schmoll et al. (2009) demonstrated that vaccination of boars against GnRH reliably controls boar taint. Nevertheless, off-flavours may still occur especially in
cryptorchid and hermaphrodite pigs as well as in sows. Since about 75% of the
consumers are sensitive to boar taint it is necessary to deploy specially trained
personnel at the slaughterline for a reliable identification of carcasses with malodours. The selection of suitable test persons is a key factor in this context and
analytical tests are necessary to distinguish “smellers” from “guessers”.
80 healthy probands (63 females, 17 males) underwent a specially designed
triangle test which examines a probands ability to smell androstenone and skatole. The analysis of the results showed that only approximately one third of the
probands was able to smell both components. Only minor differences could be
identified between males and females. This means, that gender possibly plays
only a subordinate role in a person’s ability to smell boar taint and that other influencing factors have to be elucidated in the future.
113
other
Effects
of essential
oils in pigs – aoils
reviewin
Effects
of essential
pigs - a review
Diego Padoan, Tobias Steiner,
Tobias
Steiner
and Diego
Padoan*
BIOMIN
GmbH,
Industriestrasse
21, 3130 Herzogenburg, Austria
BIOMIN GmbH, Industriestrasse 21, 3130 Herzogenburg, Austria
Plant active ingredients, such as essential oils, are considered an alternative to
*Presenting author
antimicrobial growth promoters. Previous studies have shown that essential oils
affected the intestinal microflora, nutrient digestibility and growth performance of
Plant
active
ingredients,
such as essential
oils, are Effects
considered
alternative
antimicrobial
promoters. Previo
piglets
under
experimental
conditions.
of an
a blend
of to
essential
oilsgrowth
derived
studies have shown that essential oils affected the intestinal microflora, nutrient digestibility and growth performance of pigl
from experimental
oregano, thyme,
and
summarized
in Table
1.
under
conditions.anise
Effects
of acitrus
blend are
of essential
oils derived
from oregano,
thyme, anise and citrus
summarized in Table 1.
Table 1. Effects of essential oils on post-weaning growth performance of pigs
1
Trial
n
Duration
Effects of essential oils on
2
days
ADG
Feed intake
FCR
(% of Control treatment)
US
48
42
+6.2
-2.5
-3.5
Denmark
192
50
+5.2
+1.2
-4.5
Austria
40
21
+5.3
+3.8
-1.9
France
24
20
+3.7
+0.1
-3.4
France
24
20
+4.2
-3.4
-7.2
Austria
30
56
+4.9
+0.2
-4.3
1
n = number of pigs per treatment
2
FCR = Feed conversion ratio
Reference
Sulabo et al. (2007)
Maribo (2000)
Kroismayr et al. (2008)
Steiner et al. (2010)
Steiner et al. (2010)
Unpublished
Furthermore, a field experiment was carried out on a commercial farm in Italy to investigate post-weaning growth performan
of piglets fed supplemental EO. In total 2921 pigs, weaned at three weeks of age and with an average initial BW of 7.21
Furthermore, a field experiment was carried out on a commercial farm in Italy to
were housed in 52 pens and assigned to two groups with 26 pens per group: (1) pigs fed a commercial diet based on co
investigate
post-weaning
growth
piglets
fed
supplemental
EO. In720 g heavie
wheat,
barley and
soybean meal; and
(2) pigs performance
fed the basal diet +ofEO
(500 g/t).
Pigs
fed EO were on average
the
age2921
of 74 days,
indicating
that at
supplementation
of the
diets with
EO
positively
affected growth
rates.
Thus,
total
pigs,
weaned
three
weeks
of
age
and
with
an
average
initial
BW
of average d
gain was 508 g and 522 g and feed conversion ratio was 1.666 and 1.660 in Group 1 and 2, respectively. Mortality was 2
7.21
kg, inwere
housed
52 pens and
assigned
tofed
twosupplemental
groups with
26 pens
and
1.67%
Group
1 and 2,in respectively.
In conclusion,
pigs
EO had
higher per
post-weaning grow
performance
production conditions,
henceon
confirming
results of barley
scientificand
experiments
under experimen
group: (1)under
pigscommercial
fed a commercial
diet based
corn, wheat,
soybean
conditions.
meal; and (2) pigs fed the basal diet + EO (500 g/t). Pigs fed EO were on average 720 g heavier at the age of 74 days, indicating that supplementation of the
diets with EO positively affected growth rates. Thus, average daily gain was 508
g and 522 g and feed conversion ratio was 1.666 and 1.660 in Group 1 and 2,
respectively. Mortality was 2.91 and 1.67% in Group 1 and 2, respectively. In
conclusion, pigs fed supplemental EO had higher post-weaning growth performance under commercial production conditions, hence confirming results of
scientific experiments under experimental conditions.
114
other
Cross-sectional study on the occurrence of MRSA as nasal
colonizer in conventional German pig herds
Diana Meemken1, Birgit Brockers1, Lars Meyer1, Susanne Fischer1, Thomas
Blaha1, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
Introduction:
The phenomenon of the subclinical colonization of pigs with MRSA is known in
several pig producing countries. In 2008 the EFSA carried out a baseline study
on the occurrence of MRSA in sow herds by analysing collective dust samples.
The MRSA-prevalences differ remarkably (0% - >40%) in the European countries.
This paper describes a cross-sectional study on the occurrence of MRSA in sow
and finisher herds in regions with high and low pig density in Germany.
Material and Methods:
Introduction:
The
presented cross-sectional study took place in 2009 and 2010 and was divided
into two
a) occurrence
of isMRSA
in collective
dust
samples
from 32 sow
The phenomenon
of theparts:
subclinical colonization
of pigs with MRSA
known in several
pig producing countries.
In 2008
the EFSA carried
out a baseline study on the occurrence of MRSA in sow herds by analysing collective dust samples. The MRSA-prevalences differ
herds
with
affiliated
nursery
sites
and
56
finishing
herds
according
to
the EFSA´s
remarkably (0% - >40%) in the European countries. This paper describes a cross-sectional study on the occurrence of MRSA in sow and
approach
in
the
baseline
study,
and
b)
occurrence
of
MRSA
in
nasal
swabs
from
finisher herds in regions with high and low pig density in Germany.
14
sow
herds
with
affiliated
nurseries
and
from
15
finishing
herds
with
a
sample
Material and Methods:
size of 60 tested animals per herd to estimate the intra-herd prevalences. All
The presented cross-sectional study took place in 2009 and 2010 and was divided into two parts: a) occurrence of MRSA in collective dust
samples
were selectively enriched and cultured on MRSA-selective chromagar
samples from 32 sow herds with affiliated nursery sites and 56 finishing herds according to the EFSA´s approach in the baseline study, and
plates.
cultured
isolates
were
confirmed
b) occurrence All
of MRSA
in nasal swabs
from 14 sow herds
with affiliated
nurseries andby
fromPCR.
15 finishing herds with a sample size of 60
tested animals per herd to estimate the intra-herd prevalences. All samples were selectively enriched and cultured on MRSA-selective
chromagar plates. All cultured isolates were confirmed by PCR.
Results:
Results:
The
results in Tab. 1 and Tab. 2 show a high proportion of MRSA-positive sow
and
finishing
herds.
proportions
ofsowMRSA-positive
herds
were equal in all
The results
in Tab. 1 and Tab.
2 show a The
high proportion
of MRSA-positive
and finishing herds. The proportions
of MRSA-positive
herds were equal in all tested regions in Germany.
tested
regions in Germany.
Tab. 1: Proportion of MRSA-positive sow herds in different regions in Germany
Region
(pig density)
Collective dust sample:
No. of MRSA-positive sow herds/
No. of tested sow herds
Nasal swabs:
No. of MRSA-positive sow herds/
No. of tested sow herds
Lower-Saxony (high pig density)
North Rhine Westfalia (high pig density)
East Germany (medium pig density)
Bavarian (low pig density)
Total
4/5 (80%)
9/11 (82%)
2/3 (67%)
10/13 (77%)
25/32 (78%)
3/3 (100%)
3/4 (75%)
3/3 (100%)
4/4 (100%)
13/14 (93%)
Tab. 2: Proportion of MRSA-positive finishing herds in different regions in Germany
Region
(pig density)
Collective dust sample:
No. of MRSA-positive finishing herds/
No. of tested finishing herds
Nasal swabs:
No. of MRSA-positive finishing herds/
No. of tested finishing herds
Lower-Saxony (high pig density)
North Rhine Westfalia (high pig density)
East Germany (medium pig density)
Bavarian (low pig density)
Total
16/19 (84%)
21/25 (84%)
2/4 (50%)
5/8 (63%)
44/56 (79%)
3/3 (100%)
3/4 (75%)
2/4 (50%)
4/4 (100%)
12/15 (80%)
Discussion:
Discussion:
ItIt could
could
be shown, that the MRSA is wide-spread in German sow and finishbe shown, that the MRSA is wide-spread in German sow and finishing herds and that the occurrence of MRSA in pig herds is not
resp. not
only depending
the pig density.
ing
herds
andon that
the occurrence of MRSA in pig herds is not resp. not only
depending on the pig density.
115
other
Dietary valine and tryptophan for piglets: feed intake affects
the ideal protein concept
Sam Millet1, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO),
Animal Sciences Unit
Feed formulation is partially based on the ideal protein concept, based on which
the AA requirements are expressed relative to lysine. This theory states that
increasing the supply of one amino acid will improve performance only if no other
amino acid is limiting. The present experiment aimed to investigate the interaction
between valine and tryptophan concentration on growth performance of piglets.
In four batches, 96 pigs were divided over 16 pens, with a total of 386 pigs.
Each pen was randomly assigned to one out of four treatments: low valine, low
tryptophan (LL); low valine, high tryptophan (LH); high valine, low tryptophan (HL);
and high valine, high tryptophan (HH). The pigs received a standard feed (11.5g
lys/kg, 9.8MJ net energy) during the first week after weaning (4 weeks), then
received the experimental feeds between 5 and 9 weeks of age. The animal
performance variables were subject to the univariate ANOVA procedure, with
valine and tryptophan concentration as fixed factor. Valine concentration had a
large effect on feed intake and daily gain (Table 1).
Interestingly, both tryptophan and valine concentration affected the feed conversion ratio, without an interaction between them. This contradicts the ideal protein
concept. The effect on feed intake probably influenced the feed conversion ratio
irrespective of the need for protein deposition. We conclude that in order to obtain a sufficiently high feed intake, an adequate valine content is important in the
newly weaned piglets’ feed.
Table 1. Effect of dietary valine and tryptophan concentration on performance results of piglets
between 5 and 9 weeks of age
SID valine SID tryptophan Daily feed
Means intake (g/day)
Daily weight Means gain (g/day)
Feed
Means conversion ratio
(g/g)
116
LL 0.6 0.18 731 LH 0.6 0.22 735 HL 0.7 0.18 826 HH
0.7 SEM P
0.22 VAL TRP 822 11 <0.001 0.871 VALxTRP
0.952
408 428 504 505 7
<0.001 0.136
0.215
1.79 1.72
1.64 1.63 0.01 <0.001 0.040 0.187
other
Occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Campylobacter
spp. recovered from liver surfaces of slaughtered pigs
Alexandra Von Altrock1, Ahmad Hamedy2, Roswitha Merle3, Karl-Heinz Waldmann1, Clinic for Swine, Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory
Service, Uni Institute of Food Hygiene, University of Leipzig, Germany WHOCollaborating Centre for Research and Training in Veterinary Public Health,
Aim of the study
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the prevalence and the resistance pattern of Campylobacter spp. isolated from liver surfaces of slaughtered pigs.
Occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Campylobacter spp. recovered from liver surfaces of slaug
1,500
liver
surfaces of pigs from 50 herds were swabbed during slaughtering
•
Aim of the study
process. Thermophilic Campylobacter (C.) spp. were isolated by enrichment
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the prevalence and the resistance pattern of Campylobacter spp. isolated fr
in Bolton-Broth and cultured on mCCDA microaerobically. The identity of the
slaughtered pigs.
isolates
was verified by PCR. Susceptible testing of 24 C. coli isolates from liver
surfaces
was performed by a broth microdilution method. NCCLS breakpoints
•
for the family Enterobacteriaceae (for erythromycin, the MIC interpretive standard
1,500 liver surfaces of pigs from 50 herds were swabbed during slaughtering process. Thermophilic Campylobacter (C
of Staphylococcus) were used.
by enrichment in Bolton-Broth and cultured on mCCDA microaerobically. The identity of the isolates was verified by PCR
of 24 C. coli isolates from liver surfaces was performed by a broth microdilution method. NCCLS breakpo
Results
Enterobacteriaceae
(for erythromycin,
MIC interpretive
Staphylococcus)
used.
Out
of 1,500 swabs
from liverthesurfaces,
147 standard
(9.8 %)ofwere
positive were
for Campylobacter spp., with C. coli as the predominant species (78.9 %). The highest
•
Results
resistant
rate of C. coli isolates was recognized for trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole
1). 147 (9.8 %) were positive for Campylobacter spp., with C. coli as the predomina
Out ofand
1,500ciprofloxacin
swabs from liver(Tab.
surfaces,
The highest resistant rate of C. coli isolates was recognized for trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin (Tab.
Table 1: In vitro resistance of C. coli strains of porcine origin
Table 1: In vitro resistance of C. coli strains of porcine origin
Antimicrobial Agent
Erythromycin
Gentamicin
Ampicillin
Ampicillin/Sulbactam
Nalidixic acid
Ciprofloxacin
Tetracyclin
TrimethopimSulphamethoxazole
Breakpoint
(mg/L)
≥8
≥ 16
≥ 32
≥ 32/16
≥ 32
≥4
> 16
≥ 4/76
Portion of resistant
strains
(n=24)
20.8 %
0%
4.2 %
0%
8.3 %
33.3 %
29.2 %
41.7 %
•
Discussion and Conclusion
Discussion
and Conclusion
In
human
medicine
campylobacteriosis
should normally
only require
antibiotic
therapy
if there
is invasive or persistent dis
In human medicine
campylobacteriosis
should
normally
only
require
antibiotic
and fluoroquinolones
the drugsor
of choice
(2). Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole,
ciprofloxacin,
tetracycline and erythrom
therapy
if there isareinvasive
persistent
disease. Macrolide and
fluoroquinoloantimicrobial
which
showed high
rates in C. coli strains isolated from ciprofloxacin,
pig livers. Although porcine C. coli
nes
are theagents,
drugs
of choice
(2).resistant
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole,
considered to play
a major
role in humanare
campylobacteriosis
(1), theagents,
development
of theshowed
resistancehigh
should be monitored
tetracycline
and
erythromycin
the antimicrobial
which
resistant
in C.
coli strains
isolated
fromreinforce
pig livers.
Although
porcine
C.incoli
of the risk ofrates
resistance
transfer.
Additionally,
the findings
the importance
of good
hygiene
the home and ade
meat to avoid cross-contamination.
Proceedings
of the 3rd ESPHM, Espoo, Finland 2011
117
Acknowledgements: The study was financially supported by the Federal Agency for Agriculture and Food on behalf of
other
strains were not considered to play a major role in human campylobacteriosis (1),
the development of the resistance should be monitored, especially because of
the risk of resistance transfer. Additionally, the findings reinforce the importance
of good hygiene in the home and adequate cooking of meat to avoid crosscontamination.
Acknowledgements:
The study was financially supported by the Federal Agency for Agriculture and
Food on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection.
References:
1) De Jong et al. (2009): J. Animicrob. Chemother. 63, 733-44
2) Guevremont et al. (2006): Can. J. Vet. Res. 70, 81-86
118
other
A vitality scoring method based on piglets behaviour
Ramon Muns1, Edgar Manzanilla1, Xavier Manteca1, Josep Gasa1,
SNiBA, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)
The objective was to develop a vitality scoring method, easy to obtain, related
with piglet performance during lactation. From 21 multiparous sows, 266 piglets
were used. After farrowing (day 0), piglets were weighted and individually tested
for 3 parameters (table 1) in a circular enclosure (55cm diameter) receiving a total
MUN’s score (0-6) and weighted again on day 1 and day 20 (weaning). Sows
farrowing information was also registered. Regression analysis was performed
A vitality scoring method based on piglets behaviour
using GLM procedure of SAS. Piglets weaning BW was influenced by birth BW
The objective was
to develop
a vitality
scoring method,
obtain, piglets
related withofpiglet
(P<0.0001),
MUN’s
score
(P<0.05)
and easy
totalto born
theperformance
lactatingduring
sowlactation.
From 21 multiparous sows, 266 piglets were used. After farrowing (day 0), piglets were weighted and individually tested
(P<0.0001);
P-value
<0.0001.
MUN’s
score,
for 3 parameterswith
(table an
1) inoverall
a circularmodel
enclosure
(55cm diameter)
receiving
a total vitality
MUN’s score
(0-6) in
and weighted
again on day 1 and
day
20 (weaning).
Sows
farrowing
information
was also
registered.
Regression
analysis
was
combination
with
birth
BW
and
sow
information
might
be
useful
to
predict
piglet’s
performed using GLM procedure of SAS. Piglets weaning BW was influenced by birth BW (P<0.0001), MUN’s score
performance
lactation
helping
to improve
their<0.0001.
management.
(P<0.05) and totalcapacity
born piglets throughout
of the lactating sow
(P<0.0001);
with an overall
model P-value
MUN’s vitality
score, in combination with birth BW and sow information might be useful to predict piglet’s performance capacity
throughout lactation helping to improve their management.
Table 1:
Movement capacity (M)
0: Unable to keep a voluntary position
1: Voluntary position but NO movement (unable to turn more than 90º)
2: Moving “slowly” (turn more than 90º within 30s.)
3: Moving “fast” (turn more than 90º within 15s.)
Udder searching (U)
0: NO searching or udder stimulation behavior within 30s.
1: Searching or udder stimulation behavior within 30s.
Number of rounds (N)
0: No able to turn 360º nor walk along the limits of the enclosure
1: Able to turn 360º or walk along the limits of the enclosure within 30s.
2: Able to turn 360º or walk along the limits of the enclosure at least twice within 30s.
119
other
C Reactive protein differentiates lymphoid depletion severity
in wasted pigs
Juan Quereda1, Serafín Gómez2, Juan Seva2, Francisco J Pallarés2, Guillermo
Ramis1, AntonioMuñoz1, Dept de Producción Animal. Universidad de Murcia.
Spain Dept de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas. Universidad de
Murcia. Spain
Introduction
Serum concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP) increases during the acute
phase response and it is a useful marker of clinical disease in pigs (Pallarés et al.,
2008). The aim of this study was to assess the relation between the CRP concentration in serum and the degree of lymphoid depletion in wasted pigs clinically
diagnosed as Post Weaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS).
Material and methods
Mediastinic, traqueobronquial, inguinal and mesenteric lymph nodes, tonsil and
spleen from 50 wasted pigs were fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin and
stained with haematoxylin and eosin for histopathological examination. Lymphoid
depletion was categorized as no depletion (0), low (1), middle (2) or severe depletion (3). Whole blood was obtained and serum levels of CRP were quantified by
commercial ELISA kit. Test of Mann-Whitney’s U was performed.
Results
CRP concentrations depending on lymphocyte depletion score are represented
in table 1. CRP levels presented statistical differences between pigs with no
depletion and pigs with low, middle or severe depletion (p = 0.011; p = 0.023; p
= 0.005 respectively).
Table 1: Concentration of CRP ± standard deviation for each lymphocyte depletion score.
Lymphoid depletionCRP (µg/ml)
0 (n = 16)
55.65 ± 22.06
1 (n =12)
143.88 ± 33.07
2 (n = 9)
140.70 ± 31.75
3 (n = 13)
135.05 ± 23.83
Discussion
CRP levels are elevated in pigs with lymphoid depletion, which could be explained because this protein modulates lymphocyte mediated immune responses
proportionally to its concentration producing diminished proliferative responses
(Mortensen et al., 1977). Elevated CRP levels may modulate cell-mediated immune responses contributing to the immune impairment of wasted pigs. CRP
could be used as a complementary tool to monitor lymphoid depletion in experimental viral infections.
120
other
Reduced feed intake in pigs – due to disorders or
diets`quality?
Petra Wolf1, Josef Kamphues1, Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of
Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Found
A low feed intake belongs to one of the common problems on pig farms and
results in a reduced performance combined with high economic losses. Causes
of a reduced feed intake are possibly an illness of the pigs but also aberrations
within the feed. Besides variations of the botanical composition (high levels of
components with a low taste due to antinutritive factors like rape seed meal,
peas a.s.o.) specifics of the chemical composition (e.g. an excess of nutrients like
calcium, sodium or copper) can also lead to a low palatability in pigs.
Moreover, a microbial contamination (e.g. a reduced hygienic status due to higher levels of colony forming units of yeasts), mycotoxines (especially vomitoxine)
or a physical contamination (e.g. foreign bodies like plastic particles from building
of a new fooder silo) have to be mentioned. Furthermore, diets` physical form
(indirect by gastric ulcers) and an insufficient dry matter content in liquid feeding systems (dry matter intake capacity of pigs as limiting factor) may lead to a
lower amount of ingested feed. Last but not least the water supply and its quality
might influence the feed intake. Beside an evaluation of 215 feed samples sent
in to the consulting service within the last three years with the nutritional history
of a reduced feed intake the diversity of reasons that come into consideration in
this situation will be spotlighted by several case reports in which a reduced feed
intake was observed and reported by the owner or veterinarian.
121
other
Pro-inflammatory and immune cytokines in pbmc of vaccinated and unvaccinated pigs exposed to porcine circovirus type 2
(pcv2) natural infection
Luca Ferrari1, Marina Morganti1, Paolo Borghetti1, Elena De Angelis1, Paolo Martelli1, Department of Animal Health – University of Parma - Italy
The modulation of pro-inflammatory (IL-8, TNF-a) and immune (IFN-y, IL-10) cytokines was evaluated in PBMC of pigs vaccinated with a single dose of a PCV2Cap-based vaccine and in unvaccinated pigs exposed to natural infection. The
cytokine response in unvaccinated-infected animals was evaluated with regards
to clinical signs of PMWS. The piglets of a conventional herd with positive history of PMWS in animals aged older than 15 weeks were weaned at 21±3 days;
at weaning the animals of the vaccinated group were vaccinated with Porcilis
PCV®+adjuvant intramuscularly whereas adjuvant only was administered to controls. Blood samples collected before PCV2 viremia (16 weeks) and after infection/
clinical signs of PMWS (19 and 22 weeks) were tested. Cytokine gene expression
was assessed by real-time PCR in vaccinated (PCV2-vac), unvaccinated infected/
PMWS-free (Ctrl) and unvaccinated infected/PMWS-affected (Ctrl-PMWS+) pigs.
PRO-INFLAMMATORY
AND IMMUNE
CYTOKINES
IN PBMC
OF VACCINATED
AND
IL-8 levels were higher
in Ctrl-PMWS+
pigs
early after
infection
and lower
at the later
UNVACCINATED PIGS EXPOSED TO PORCINE CIRCOVIRUS TYPE 2 (PCV2)
NATURAL INFECTION
stage, testifying a stronger early inflammatory
status and subsequent less efficient
innate responsiveness
(Fig.1). TNF-a (Fig.1) and IFN-y (Fig.2) levels, evidence of inThe modulation of pro-inflammatory (IL-8, TNF-α) and immune (IFN-γ, IL-10) cytokines was evaluated in PBMC of pigs vaccinated with a single
dose of a PCV2-Cap-based vaccine and in unvaccinated pigs exposed to natural infection. The cytokine response in unvaccinated-infected animals
nate and adaptive
responses,
higher
PCV2-vac
animals
atin animals
bothagedtime
was evaluated with
regards to clinical signs were
of PMWS. The
piglets of a in
conventional
herd with positive
history of PMWS
older thanpoints.
15 weeks were weaned at 21±3 days; at weaning the animals of the vaccinated group were vaccinated with Porcilis PCV +adjuvant intramuscularly
whereas adjuvant
only lower
was administered
to controls.
Blood associated
samples collected before with
PCV2 viremia
(16 weeks)
and after infection/clinical
signs of
In Ctrl-PMWS+
pigs,
IFN-y
was
higher
IL-10
(Fig.2)
which
PMWS (19 and 22 weeks) were tested. Cytokine gene expression was assessed by real-time PCR in vaccinated (PCV2-vac), unvaccinated
(Ctrl) and unvaccinated infected/PMWS-affected (Ctrl-PMWS+) pigs.
represents infected/PMWS-free
a
possible
condition
associated
with
the
onset
of
clinical
PMWS.
IL-8 levels were higher in Ctrl-PMWS+ pigs early after infection and lower at the later stage, testifying a stronger early inflammatory status Vacand
subsequent less efficient innate responsiveness (Fig.1). TNF-α (Fig.1) and IFN-γ (Fig.2) levels, evidence of innate and adaptive responses, were
in PCV2-vac
animalsinfection
at both time points.showing stronger IFN-y-related cellular reactivity, no
cinated pigshigher
cope
with
In Ctrl-PMWS+ pigs, lower IFN-γ was associated with higher IL-10 (Fig.2) which represents a possible condition associated with the onset of clinical
PMWS. Vaccinated pigs cope with infection showing stronger IFN-γ-related cellular reactivity, no IL-10-related negative regulatory effects and no
IL-10-related
negative
regulatory
intense
inflammatory status
following infection. effects and no intense inflammatory status following
infection.
®
Fig.1: Pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression in PCV2-vaccinated and unvaccinated naturally infected pigs.
Fig.2: Immune cytokine gene expression in PCV2-vaccinated and unvaccinated naturally infected pigs.
122
other
Pain and Pain reduction in husbandry procedures of suckling
piglets
Nicole Uebel1, Susanne Zoels1, Matthias Eddicks1, Karl Heinritzi1
Clinic for Swine, LMU Munich, Germany
Introduction
The aim of the study was to compare castration pain with pain of the additional
husbandry procedures tail docking and ear tagging. Furthermore the impact of
presurgical NSAID administration to both methods was investigated. Dimension
Pain and pain reduction of husbandry procedures of suckling piglets
of pain and stress was
evaluated by cortisol measurements (1,2,3).
Materials
Introduction and Methods
aim of
studyone-day
was to compare
pain with pain
of the additional
husbandry
docking
AThe
total
ofthe209
old castration
male suckling
piglets,
performed
onprocedures
the 3rdtail
and
4thand ear
tagging. Furthermore the impact of presurgical NSAID administration to both methods was investigated. Dimension of pain and
day
life,
werebyrandomly
assigned
to five treatment groups (Tab. 1). According
stressof
was
evaluated
cortisol measurements
(1,2,3).
to treatment groups, piglets were treated with either Fe3+ or Fe3+and Meloxicam
rd
30
minutes
before
processing.
Blood
samples
from
piglets
before
A total
of 209 one-day
old male
suckling piglets,
performed
on the 3were
and 4thtaken
day of life,
wereall
randomly
assigned
to five
treatment groups
According
to treatment
groups,
treated
with either Fe3+Based
or Fe3+and
Meloxicam
treatment
and(Tab.
30,1).60
minutes,
4 and
24 piglets
hourswere
after
processing.
on
corti30 minutes before processing. Blood samples were taken from all piglets before treatment and 30, 60 minutes, 4 and 24 hours
sol
the impact
of thethevarious
treatments
was was
examined.
aftermeasurements,
processing. Based on cortisol
measurements,
impact of the
various treatments
examined.
Table 1. Treatment groups, treatment and number of animals per group.
Group
Treatment
Processing
n
H
Fe3+ 200mg/inj i.m.
Handling
43
C
Fe3+ 200mg/inj i.m.
Castration
43
CET
Fe3+ 200mg/inj i.m.
Castration, Ear tag, Tail docking
38
CET+M
Fe3+ 200mg/inj + Meloxicam 0.4mg/kg i.m.
Castration, Ear tag, Tail docking
41
C+M
Fe3+ 200mg/inj + Meloxicam 0.4mg/kg i.m.
Castration
44
Cortisol (nmol/l)
Results andand
Discussion
Results
Discussion
Mean cortisol values of C and CET increased significantly compared to H up to 60 minutes and up to 4 hours respectively. From
Mean
cortisol
values
ofCET
C and
CET
increased
significantly
todue
H toupmultiple
to pain and
30 minutes
up to 4 hours
C and
differed
(Fig. 1).
This infers that
serum cortisol compared
concentration rise
distress
like castration,
ear tagging
and tail docking.
After Meloxicam
treatment,
CET+M up
decreased
up
to 4 hours
and C+M at
60
minutes
and
up
to
4
hours
respectively.
From
30
minutes
to
4
hours
C
30 minutes compared to CET and C, respectively. Therefore the application of NSAID before multiple zoo technical surgeries
and
CET
(Fig. application
1). This before
inferscastration.
that serum cortisol concentration rise due
reduced
paindiffered
equally to NSAID
to multiple pain and distress like castration, ear tagging and tail docking. After
Meloxicam treatment, CET+M decreased up to 4 hours and C+M at 30 minutes
a`
compared
to CET and C, respectively.
Therefore the application of NSAID before
500,00
multiple zoo technical surgeriesa reduced pain equally to NSAID application before castration.
400,00
b`,c`
b,c
b`
b
b,d
300,00
b`,d`
a``
200,00
b,d
b``
b``
b``
100,00
0,00
H
basal
C
CET+M
C+M
Proceedings
ofCET
the 3rd ESPHM,
Espoo,
Finland 2011
30 m in
60 min
4h
24 h
123
Mean cortisol values of C and CET increased significantly compared to H up to 60 minutes and up to 4 hours respectively. From
30 minutes up to 4 hours C and CET differed (Fig. 1). This infers that serum cortisol concentration rise due to multiple pain and
distress like castration, ear tagging and tail docking. After Meloxicam treatment, CET+M decreased up to 4 hours and C+M at
30 minutes compared to CET and C, respectively. Therefore the application of NSAID before multiple zoo technical surgeries
reduced pain equally to NSAID application before castration.
other
a`
500,00
a
Cortisol (nmol/l)
400,00
b`,c`
b,c
b`
b
b,d
300,00
b`,d`
a``
200,00
b,d
b``
b``
b``
100,00
0,00
H
basal
C
30 m in
CET
60 min
CET+M
4h
C+M
24 h
Figure 1. Average cortisol concentration ± SD (nmol/l) and P before, 30 min, 60 min and 24 h after treatment of the treatment
groups (ab; cd; a`b`; c`d`; a``b``: P ≤ 0.05).
Since these procedures are painful too (4,5), prior NSAID application should be conducted in the same way than it is discussed
prior castration. It should be taken into consideration to perform all procedures together after presurgical NSAID treatment.
Since these procedures are painful too (4,5), prior NSAID application should
be conducted in the same way than it is discussed prior castration. It should
References
be 1.taken
intoet al.
consideration
all procedures together after presurgical
Prunier
(2005) J Anim Scito
83: perform
216-22
2. Zoels
et al. (2006) Berl Muench Tieraerztl Wochenschr 119: 193-6
NSAID
treatment.
3. Sutherland et al. (2008) Animal 2: 292-7
4.
Kilchling (2009) Diss med vet München
5. Marchant-Forde et al. (2009) J Anim Sci 87: 1479-92
References
1. Prunier et al. (2005) J Anim Sci 83: 216-22
2. Zoels et al. (2006) Berl Muench Tieraerztl Wochenschr 119: 193-6
3. Sutherland et al. (2008) Animal 2: 292-7
4. Kilchling (2009) Diss med vet München
5. Marchant-Forde et al. (2009) J Anim Sci 87: 1479-92
124
other
Co-infections pcv2 associated in post-weaning pigs in italian
herds
Roberta PavesI1, Mariagrazia Zanoni2, Cristian Salogni3, Stefano Giovannini4,
Daniela Gelmetti5, Loris Alborali6, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Lombardia and Emila Roamgna ( IZSLER) V Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of
Lombardia and Emila Roamgna ( IZSLER) V Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale
of Lombardia and Emila Roamgna ( IZSLER) V Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Lombardia and Emila Roamgna ( IZSLER) VIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Lombardia and Emila Roamgna ( IZSLER) V Istituto Zooprofilattico
Sperimentale of Lombardia and Emila Roamgna ( IZSLER) V
Porcine Circovirus type 2 infection is essential to the development of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, but other co-factors are required to induce
clinical signs and lesions. In this study were considered pigs whit post-weaning
problems classified as PMWS and NoPMWS-PCV2positive and co-pathogens
associated.
The 2 categories were identified through a routine diagnostic protocol that involved
necropsy, histologic and immunoistochemistry(IHC) investigations carried out on
samples of lung, ileum, tonsils and lymph nodes. Pigs showing typical histological
lesions (lymphoid depletion, multinucleated or epithelioid giant cells, macrophage
infiltration, amphophilic cytoplasmatic viral inclusions, interstitial pneumonia,
granulomatous enteritis) and IHC positive were diagnosed as PMWS while pigs
IHC positive whitout typical histological lesions were diagnosed as NoPMWS-PCV2positive. Moreover bacteriological isolations, PRRSV and SIV PCR investigation
were performed on all swine.
396 pigs from 217 farms were examined for problems in post weaning. 205
were PCV2 positive, 164 were PMWS and 41 were NoPMWS-PCV2positive. In
both categories the lesions mainly involved the respiratory system. PRRSV was
detected in 116 (70,7%) PMWS and in 32 (78%) NoPMWS-PCV2positive, while
SIV was detected in 15 (9,1%) PMWS and in 7 (17,1%) NoPMWS-PCV2positive.
Were detected by bacteriological investigations Streptococcus sp., Salmonella sp.,
P.multocida, Ac.pleuropneumoniae, H.parasuis, Ac.pyogenes and Pseudomonas
sp. The most frequent pathogen was Streptococcus sp. in PMWS (9,8%) and
NoPMWS-PCV2positive (14,6%), followed by Salmonella sp. 9,8% in both categories and P.multocida in 2,4% and 7,3% respectively.
Co-pathogens can be considered to interact with PCV2 leading up to clinical
disease and they can be isolated and influence the evolution of PCV2 infection in
PMWS and No PMWS-PCV2positive pigs.
125
other
High biosecurity measures help to keep african swine fever
outside the finnish pig population
Jonna Oravainen1, Leena Sahlström1, Tapani Lyytikäinen1, Finnish Food Safety
Authority Evira
African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most threatening diseases for pig husbandry worldwide. ASF has been recently detected near the northern EU border in
Leningrad region (St Petersburg) in 2009 and also in January 2011 representing a
current threat for the member countries. Thus a risk profile for ASF entering Finland
was conducted.
The risk profile identified many different routes of getting ASF into Finland. Some
of them are: infected wild boar entering the country; hunting wild boar in affected
areas; people bringing foodstuffs of animal origin from countries where ASF is
present; and catering waste from means of transport operating internationally.
However, many additional incidents must take place before the infection enters the
commercial pig production.
To maintain the ASF free status in Finland, the farmers contribute by keeping up
a good biosecurity standard. Strict biosecurity measures at the farm level enable
to minimize the risk of contacts with infected pigs, meat products and fomites.
Finnish farmers voluntarily follow the guidelines concerning a 48 hrs waiting period
before going to the piggery after travelling abroad. Swill feeding of pigs is prohibited, but animal products contaminated with ASF illegally brought into Finland by
travellers could be a matter of concern. Contacts with the wild boar population are
very unlikely, because it has been approximated that only 6% of the Finnish pigs
have the possibility to be outdoors. When new diseases are threatening, maintaining strict biosecurity measures is even more essential.
126
other
Outbreak of acute septicaemia by Pasteurella multocida type
B in pigs reared in extensive system in Spain
CarmenBorge1, Inmaculada Barranco2, José María Márquez-del Cid1, Miguel Angel Rodríguez-Guerra1, Alfonso Carbonero1, Librado Carrasco2, Anselmo Perea1,
Department Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty. University of Cordoba. Spain
Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary
Acute septicaemic pasteurellosis is generally considered to be an uncommon
disease in pigs, although sporadic outbreaks have been reported in India and Sri
Lanka (Gamalle et al. 1995). In all cases, clinical symptoms and pathology were
characteristic of those consistently observed in haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) of
cattle and buffalo.
For the first time in Spain, a strain of P. multocida serotype B was isolated from
a haemorrhagic septicaemia outbreak in seven herds of pigs reared in extensive
system in Southwest Spain. The outbreaks showed a mortality and were recorded
during December 2009. The disease presented an acute onset, with sudden death
in 1-2 days in many animals without apparent clinical signs. Only adult pigs (between 4 and 8 months) were affected.
Post mortem examination revealed haemorrhages, congestion of the lungs and
a marked submandibular oedema. Microscopically multifocal areas of necrosis
together with infiltrate of neutrophils and fibrin thrombus were observed in the
adipose tissue.Tissue samples were collected aseptically for bacteriological and
histopathological examination. Impression smears from various organs were also
analyzed by direct microscopy.
P. multocida was isolated from various tissues and 33 isolates were identified
by biochemical (API 20NE) and molecular (PCR) methods, confirming that they
belonged to the species P. multocida. We detected a unique biochemical pattern
common to all isolates. Capsular type determination by PCR (Townsend et al,
1998) allowed the detection of P. Multocida serotype B, wich may be circulating in
our country.
References
Gamage LNA et al., 1995. Vet J 1995;42:15–9.
TownsendKM et al., 1998. JClinMicrobiol 1998;36:1096–100.
127
other
Estimation of live weight Landrace x Large White sows through
morphometric mensuraments as a strategy to control the
amount of feed offered to sows
Piero Silva Agostini, David Sola-Oriol, Ramon, Muns, Edgar, Garcia Manzanilla,
Josep, Gasa, Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments.
In current production systems it is essential to control the amount of feed offered
to sows in order to optimize fat reserves avoiding potential productive and reproductive problems. Many farms use body condition score (BCS) and/or backfat
thickness (BFP2) as a reference to adjust the amount of feed offered. Body weight
(BW) would be a better criterion to decide the amount of feed offered to sows,
but weighting sows is difficult and may compromise animal welfare. Thus, having
a reliable tool to estimate weight would be an improvement in sow management.
The objective of this study was to predict BW using BCS, BFP2, and morphometric measures (HG: heart girth and FF: flank to flank) from Landrace x Large
White sows at different farrowing number (0-10) and at three different physiological
moments. A total of 530 measurements were performed on 168 sows at weaning,
and at 36d and 110d of gestation (moments 1, 2, and 3, respectively). Sows were
weighed in each moment and BCS, BFP2, HG and FF measured. Measurements
HG and FF together showed a better correlation with BW than BFP2 and BCS,
showing the highest values of adjusted R2 (0.81) and lower residual value (15.007).
There was a progressive improvement of prediction value when variables
¨farrowing number¨ and ¨moment¨ were added to the model (BW = – 144.04
– 28.82*Part0 – 18.16*Part1 – 6.43*Part2 – 6.41*Part3 + 20.62*Moment3 +
116.99*FF + 183.55*HG). HG and FF could be a better predictor of BW than BCS
or BFP2 in Landrace x Large White sows.
128
Reproduction
Heritability of the Postpartum Dysgalactia Syndrome in sows
Regine Preissler1,3, Dirk Hinrichs1, Kerstin Reiners2, Holger Looft2, Nicole Kemper3, Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, CAU Kiel, Germany PIC Germany, Schleswig, Germany Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Science, MLU
Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
The Postpartum Dysgalactia Syndrome (PDS) represents one of the most important diseases after parturition in sows. A genetic predisposition for susceptibility to PDS has been discussed in literature and average heritability of 0.10 was
estimated, but current studies are lacking. Therefore, a dataset of 1,680 sampled
sows and their 2,001 clinically examined litters was used for variance components
estimation with a threshold liability model. Sows were defined as PDS-affected
through clinical examination 12 to 48 hours after parturition with emphasis on
rectal temperature, mammary glands, and behaviour changes of sows and piglets
as well. All animals were housed on farms with similar management conditions,
animal health and hygiene standards to provide maximal comparable environmental factors. The posterior distributions of the individual variance and the permanent
environmental variance for the susceptibility to PDS were determined with a single
trait repeatability model. Posterior mean of additive genetic variance was 0.10, and
estimated heritability for PDS averaged 0.09 with a standard deviation of 0.03. The
results are in agreement with those of other studies and emphasize the importance
of optimizing hygiene and management conditions as well as considering the
genetic predisposition.
129
Reproduction
Evolution of back fat thickness of sows and piglet performance throughout lactation in relation to initial body condition
and feeding strategy of sows during the peripartal period
An Cools1,2, Dominiek Maes2, Ruben Decaluwé1,2, Theo van Kempen3,4, Geert P.J.
Janssens1, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University
Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, Ghent University Provimi Research, Veldriel, The Netherlands Animal
Science, North Carolina State University
The present trial investigated the influence of peripartal feeding strategy (ad libitum
versus restricted) and sows’ condition on sow and piglet performance. Based on
back fat thickness at the P2 (day 106 of gestation), sows were divided into three
condition categories (skinny (n=26, back fat<16mm), normal (n=57, back fat 16
to 22mm), fat (n=30, back fat>22mm)). Sows were fed ad libitum or restricted
(decreasing towards farrowing, increasing afterwards) from day 106 of gestation
until day 7 of lactation. Afterwards all sows were fed ad libitum until weaning (day
28 of lactation). Back fat thickness was determined every other day during the
peripartal period and then weekly until weaning. Birth litter weight was determined,
littersize was standardised and litters were weighed at weaning. Ad libitum fed
sows’ back fat increased until farrowing and decreased towards weaning.This
resulted in lower back fat losses between day 106 of gestation and weaning for
ad libitum fed sows (2.2±2.8mm, P=0.092) when compared to restricted fed sows
(3.2±3.0mm). With regard to condition, skinny sows lost significantly (P<0.001) less
back fat (0.9±3.0mm) than normal (2.6±2.5mm) sows which on their turn mobilised less than fat sows (4.5±2.8mm). Birth litter weight was not affected by any
test-factor. Piglets of ad libitum skinny sows were significantly heavier (9.0±0.8kg,
P=0.006) at weaning. Piglets of ad libitum fat (7.7±1.3kg) and restricted normal
sows (7.7±1.1kg) were significantly lighter. In conclusion, skinny sows fed ad libitum performed better implicating that peripartal feeding strategy and condition are
important factors determining sow and preweaning piglet performance.
130
Reproduction
Duration of maternally derived antibodies in Toxoplasma gondii
naturally infected piglets
Ignacio García-Bocanegra1, Anselmo Perea1, Meritxell Simon-Grifé2, Marina
Sibila2, Jitender P. Dubey3, Oscar Cabezón2, 4, Gerard Martín2, Sonia Almería2, 5,
Departamento de Sanidad Animal. Universidad de Córdoba Centre de Recerca
en Sanitat Animal (CReSA) Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and
Natural Resources Institute Servei d’Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS)
Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii,
which infects humans and most warm-blooded animals. Pigs are considered an
important source of infection for humans and T. gondii can cause mortality in neonatal pigs. A longitudinal study was performed to analyze the dynamics of T. gondii
antibodies in naturally infected piglets from 1 to 25 weeks of age. Seventy three
piglets from 20 seronegative sows (modified agglutination test, MAT <1:25) and
20 naturally infected T. gondii seropositive sows (MAT ≥1:25) were analyzed at 1,
3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 22 and 25 weeks of age. Twenty-six of the 73 piglets analyzed
(35.6%; CI95%: 25.5-45.7) were seropositive at some point during the study.
Seroprevalence in piglets at one and three weeks of age was significantly higher
in animals born from seropositive sows as an indication of maternally derived antibodies. The longest persistence (up to six weeks of age) was observed in two piglets whose dam had high T. gondii antibody level (MAT ≥1:500), while persistence
of maternally derived antibodies in the piglets born from sows with low antibody
titers (maximum 1:50) was shorter and lasted only up to 3 weeks of age, when the
piglets were weaned. The risk of horizontal transmission in piglets increased with
age and was higher in piglets during the finishing period. The present results indicate that the decline of T. gondii maternally derived antibodies in naturally infected
piglets is associated with the titers of their dams.
131
Reproduction
Oestrus induction with peforelin, new insights
Jan Jourquin1, Lieve Goossens1, Janssen Animal Health
Peforelin is a GnRH that specifically induces the release of FSH in pigs. It is registered for induction of oestrus (Maprelin®). In a multi-center blinded placebo field
trial, the effect of peforelin treatment on reproductive and litter performance was
evaluated.
Eleven farms were included (4333 sows), randomly spread over parities and treatments. Treatments (peforelin (M) and placebo (P)) were performed according the
registered indication. Wean to oestrus interval (WOI), farrowing success rate (FSR =
litters per 100 treatments) and litter size (total born) were recorded. On nine farms,
individual piglet growth and mortality of a full farrowing batch was recorded (361
litters). For statistical analysis, comparisons controlling for farm were performed.
WOI tended to be shorter (M 5.26 days, P 5.41 days) and FSR was better (M
81.9%, P 79.4%) for M (p<0.05). Litter size was similar (M 13.67, P 13.67). Two
response profiles could be distinguished: 1. Farms with only a positive effect on
FSR in primiparous sows (M 88.2%, P 74.7%) (p<0.001). 2. Farms with only a
positive effect on FSR in gilts and multiparous sows (M 81.9%, P 77.0%) (p<0.01).
The combined effect of peforelin on piglet mortality and body weight gain resulted
in an increased litter weight gain (M 56.6 kg, P 53.3 kg) (p<0.05), independent of
the response profile and parity.
Optimum dosing in relation to the body condition at weaning is the most likely
cause for the differences in FSR between farms. Stimulation of follicle development
with perforelin positively impacts the litter performance.
132
Reproduction
Cross-neutralization and hemagglutination-inhibition between
a porcine parvovirus inactivated vaccine and a new heterologous genotype.
Jaime Maldonado1, Laura Valls1, Maximiliano Cesio1, Juan Antonio Mesonero1
HIPRA (Spain)
Introduction
Recently, a new genotype of the porcine parvovirus (PPV) showing highly pathogenicity in pregnant gilts (high mortality of foetuses) has been described and
characterized.1, 2 In this study, the virus neutralization (VN) and hemagglutination
inhibition (HI) activities with post-vaccination sera (genotype 1) was investigated to
infer in vitro, the protective effects of vaccines against PPV field isolates that differ
from the reference and vaccine strains (genotype 2).1
Six clinically healthy PPV-naïve finisher gilts, were vaccinated twice, 3 weeks apart,
with a 2-ml intramuscularCross-neutralization
dose of PARVOSUIN®
MR (inactivated vaccine containand hemagglutination-inhibition between a porcine parvovirus inactivated vaccine and a
heterologous genotype.
ing PPV and Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in oil new
adjuvant)
(Hipra, Amer, Spain). Serial
dilutions of heat-inactivated
post-vaccination
sera
were
used
for antibody titration
Introduction
Recently, a new genotype of the porcine parvovirus (PPV) showing highly pathogenicity in pregnant gilts (high mortality
by the HI and VN assays,
as
previously
described.
Tests
antigens
consisted of
of foetuses) has been described and characterized. In this study, the virus neutralization (VN) and hemagglutination
inhibition (HI) activities with post-vaccination sera (genotype 1) was investigated to infer in vitro, the protective effects of
homologous NADL-2 (PARVOSUIN®
MRthatvaccine
stock)
and(genotype
heterologous
vaccines against PPV field isolates
differ from the seed
reference and
vaccine strains
2).
PPV-27a strains (prototype
genotype
2).
Materials
and methods
1, 2
1
Six clinically healthy PPV-naïve finisher gilts, were vaccinated twice, 3 weeks apart, with a 2-ml intramuscular dose of
®
PARVOSUIN MR (inactivated vaccine containing PPV and Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in oil adjuvant) (Hipra, Amer,
Spain). Serial dilutions of heat-inactivated post-vaccination sera were used for antibody titration by the HI and VN
®
assays, as previously described. Tests antigens consisted of homologous NADL-2 (PARVOSUIN MR vaccine seed
stock) and heterologous PPV-27a strains (prototype genotype 2).
Results
Five out of 6 post-vaccination
sera tested positive for both antigens in the HI asResults
out of 6 post-vaccination
sera tested
positive 20
for both
HI assay, although
titres were
were rather low,
say, although titres wereFive
rather
low, ranging
from
toantigens
160.in theSimilar
results
ranging from 20 to 160. Similar results were obtained in the VN test, with the same 2 individuals showing low or nonantibodies. (Table 1).
obtained in the VN test,detectable
with levels
theofsame
2 individuals showing low or non-detectable
Table 1. Homologous and heterologous HI and VN assays with 6 post-vaccination sera from adult pigs vaccinated twice
levels of antibodies.
with a PPV-SE inactivated vaccine.
(Table 1).
Homologous HI Heterologous HI Homologous VN Heterologous VN
Serum
(NADL- 2*)
(27 a**)
(NADL- 2)
(27 a)
1:160
1:80
1:160
1:160
2
1:160
1:160
1:320
1:160
3
1:160
1:80
1:80
1:160
4
1:40
1:20
1:20
1:20
5
1:160
1:80
1:320
1:160
6
<1:10
<1:10
<1:10
<1:10
1
Discussion
HI positive titres ≥1:80; * PARVOSUIN MR vaccine seed stock; ** PPV genotype 2 prototype
Discussion
Previous challenge experiments
with pregnant sows have shown that low HI
Previous challenge experiments with pregnant sows have shown that low HI and VN antibody titres at the day of
infection,
conferred
clinical
protection to theconferred
foetuses avoiding mummification.
Although antibody levels
observed in
and VN antibody titres at
the
day
of
infection,
clinical protection
to the
most of the sera analyzed in this study were low, it is reasonable to predict that successive vaccinations in the farm
environment will be sufficient
to confer protection,
even when the
challengeobserved
virus is variant.
foetuses avoiding mummification.1
Although
antibody
levels
in most of
the sera analyzed in thisReferences
study were low, it is reasonable to predict that successive
1. Jóźwik A, Manteufel J, Selbitz HJ, Truyen U. 2009. J Gen Virol. 90(Pt 10):2437-41.
Zeeuw EJ, Leinecker N, Herwig V, Selbitz HJ, Truyen U. 2007. J Gen Virol. 88(Pt 2):420-7.
vaccinations in the farm2.environment
will be sufficient to confer protection, even
when the challenge virus is variant.
®
1
References
1. Jó´zwik A, Manteufel J, Selbitz HJ, Truyen U. 2009. J Gen Virol. 90(Pt 10):2437-41.
2. Zeeuw EJ, Leinecker N, Herwig V, Selbitz HJ, Truyen U. 2007. J Gen Virol. 88(Pt 2):420-7.
133
Reproduction
Improvement of reproductive parameters after sow vaccination with CIRCOVAC® (Merial) in a Bulgarian Farm
Hristov Stoykov1, Stéphane Imbert2, Milena Groseva3, Sophie Longo4, Marion
Pasini2, Francois Joisel2, DVM, farm Brashlen, Russe, BulgariaMerial S.A.S.,
Lyon, FranceSAM BS Ltd, Sofia, BulgariaBPC, Labruguière, France
Improvement of reproductive parameters after sow vaccination with
Introduction
CIRCOVAC® (Merial) in a Bulgarian Farm
The purpose
of this study
was to evaluate
the effect
of CIRCOVAC
Improvement
of reproductive
parameters
after sow
vaccinationsow
withvaccination
CIRCOVAC® (Merial) in a Bulgarian Farm
on reproduction performance.
The study was conducted in a 2,700-sow farrow-to finish, DanBred registered herd
with every 4 days farrowing batches and strict all in/ all out pig flows.
Introduction
Results
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of
There was a major increase in total and live born per litter
Vaccination:
CIRCOVAC sow vaccination on reproduction performance.
and 1.6) meaning for an average of 2.5 reproductive cyc
Introduction
Results the farm: 4.25 and 4 total and live born piglets/ sow/ year.
•
Before
the
observation
period:
Piglets
used
to
be
vaccinated with CIRCOVAC at
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of
There was a major increase in total and live born per litter (1.7
28-30
days
ofonage,
0.5ml,
IM, once.
CIRCOVAC
sow vaccination
reproduction
performance.
and 1.6) meaning
an average
2.5farrowing
reproductive
cycle
in artific
Materials
and Methods
In this for
study,
mortalityof in
pens
was
and 4 total
and
live born piglets/
sow/ year.
study
was 2009:
conducted
in a 2,700-sow
farrow-to finish,the farm: 4.25
increased
by carried
the
elimination
of
underweight
offspring (<84
•The
In
August
a
mass
sow
CIRCOVAC-vaccination
was
out
twice,
3
DanBred registered herd with every 4 days farrowing batches
subsequent to the improvement of the total and liveMaterials weeks
and strict
Methods
In this study,
in farrowing pens was artificially
apart,
followed
prior
farrowing.
and
all
in/ all out
pig flows. by routine booster 2 weeks
piglets.mortality
The study was conducted in a 2,700-sow farrow-to finish,
increased by the elimination of underweight offspring (<840g),
DanBred registered
herd with every 4 days farrowing batches
subsequent to the improvement of the total and live-born
Vaccination:
and strict all
all out pig
Results
• in/ Before
theflows.
observation period: Piglets used to bepiglets. Discussion & Conclusion
The final results corroborated, except for one parameter
vaccinated
CIRCOVAC
at 28-30
age, 0.5ml,
There
was awith
major
increase
in days
totalofand
live born per
litter (1.7 and 1.6) meaning
Vaccination:
results described in many countries that consistently sho
IM, once.
Discussion
& Conclusion
for
an
average
2.5sow
reproductive
inwas
the
farm:improvement
4.25
andin4reproduction
total andparameters
live born
after sow vaccin
• Before
observation
Piglets
used to cycle
be
• the
In August
2009: of
aperiod:
mass
CIRCOVAC-vaccination
corroborated, except for one parameter, the
with CIRCOVAC.
vaccinatedcarried
with CIRCOVAC
at3 28-30
of age,
0.5ml,by routineThe final results
out twice,
weeksdays
apart,
followed
piglets/
sow/
year.
results
described
in
many
countries
that
consistently
showed
IM, once. booster 2 weeks prior farrowing.
improvement in reproduction parameters after sow vaccination
• In August 2009: a mass sow CIRCOVAC-vaccination was
CIRCOVAC.
carried
3 weeks
apart, in
followed
by routine
In out
thistwice,
study,
mortality
farrowing
pens waswith
artificially
increased by the elimination
booster 2 weeks prior farrowing.
of underweight
offspring
(<840g),
subsequent
to
the
improvement
of the total and
Table 1: Reproductive parameters (averages)
Before
After
Δ
p (K.W)
live-born piglets.
Number of service
130.6
136.7
6.1
0.276
Table 1: Reproductive
parameters
(averages)
Returns %
6.0
5.7
-0.3
0.463
Before
After
Δ
p
(K.W)
Conception rates
87.6
90.3
2.7
0.081
Number ofFarrowing
service
130.6
136.7
6.1
0.276
120.8
118.4
-2.3
0.463
Returns %Total born/lit
6.0
5.7
-0.3
0.463
13.4
15.1
1.7
0.000
ConceptionLive
rates
87.6
90.3
2.7
0.081
born/lit
12.0
13.5
1.5
0.000
Farrowing Stillborn/lit
120.8
118.4
-2.3
0.463
1.4
1.6
0.2
0.168
Total born/lit
13.4
15.1
1.7
0.000
Total weanings
117.5
118.8
1.3
0.856
Live born/lit
12.0
13.5
1.5
0.000
Suckling days
28.7
29.2
0.4
0.116
Stillborn/litWeaned per litter
1.4
1.6
0.2
0.168
11.3
11.4
0.1
0.124
Total weanings
117.5
118.8
1.3
0.856
Kg/pig weaned
7.4
7.6
0.2
0.048
Suckling days
28.7
29.2
0.4
0.116
Mortality % in Farrowing pens
12.6
16.6
4.0
0.000
Weaned (KW
per litter
11.3
11.4 different when
0.1p<0.05.
0.124
= Kruskal-Wallis) Results were considered
as significantly
Kg/pig weaned
7.4
7.6
0.2
0.048
Mortality % in Farrowing pens
12.6
16.6
4.0
0.000
(KW = Kruskal-Wallis) Results were considered as significantly different when p<0.05.
®CIRCOVAC is a registered trademark of Merial in the United States of America and elsewhere.
Discussion & Conclusion
The final results corroborated, except for one parameter, the results described in
many countries that consistently showed improvement in reproduction parameters
after sow vaccination with CIRCOVAC.
134
r (1.7
cle in
cially
40g),
-born
r, the
owed
nation
Reproduction
Actinobaculum suis tube agglutination test as a diagnostic tool
in urinary tract infection of sows
Hunor Biro1, A.M. Kertész1, Pig Vet Ltd, Kaposvár, Hungary
Introduction
Actinobaculum suis (A. suis) is a particularly significant causative agents of urinary
tract infection (UTI) in sows. The diagnosis of UTI by bacteriological cultivation and
urine spot tests are frequently unreliable1,2. Serological examination by indirect
immunofluorescence test (IIFT) with A. suis titre 1:16++ could detect the actually
infected animals (sensitivity 100 %)3. Based on some preliminary studies4, we
elaborated a tube agglutination test to detect antibodies against A. suis. A. suis
tube agglutination test (As-TAT) proved to be useful diagnostic tool under farm
condition5.
Agglutinin titre against A. suis was determined using a tube agglutination test as
follows: Phase I.: A. suis ATCC 33144 was cultivated on blood agar under anaerobic conditions for 2 days. Growth was harvested in PBS (pH 7.2) and adjusted by
photometry to contain about 5 x 109 CFU/ml of A. suis.
Phase II.: Sow sera for testing were inactivated at 56 °C for 30 min. Serial two-fold
dilutions of the sera were prepared in PBS (pH 7.2). An equal amount of standardized antigen was added to each dilution. The mixture were incubated at 37 °C for 2
h and subsequently kept at room temperature overnight. The degree of agglutination was expressed as: --, no agglutinated sediment; +++, complete sedimentation, clear supernate. Degree of +++ were regarded as positive. Negative control
tube: the same amount of antigen suspension given to the serial two-fold dilution
of PBS pH 7.2 being free from sera. Positive control tube: serial two-fold dilutions
of the sera of known high titer (> 1:1024) prepared in PBS (pH 7.2).
Results and discussion
As-TAT is a cheap, reproducible diagnostic tool to detect the A. suis infection. IIFT
with 1:16 is equivalent to 1:32 titre in As-TAT.
References
1. Martineau, G.P., G. Almond. 2008. Urinary tract infections in female pigs CAB Reviews 3.
048.
2. Martineau, G.P., B. Fabre, and H. Lefebvre. 2010. Nitrite test for UTI diagnosis is sows:
are we wrong? Proceedings of 21st IPVS Congress, Vencouver, Canada p. 157.
3. Wendt, M. and G. Amtsberg. 1995. [Serologic examinations for the detection of antibodies
against Eubacterium suis in swine] Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. 137(4):129-36.
4. Bíró, H. 2005. Porcine cystitis-pyelonephritis: a pathological condition causing intrauterine growth
retardation in sows. Abstract of poster presentation. Eu COST-925 Program, Greece, Volos 29-30
September.
5. Kertész, A.M., Bíró, H.: Actinobaculum suis tube agglutination titer and production parameters of
sows. In Proceedings of 42 AASV Annual Meeting, Phoenix, Arizona, 3-5 March, 2011.
135
Reproduction
Effect of urinary acidifier on reproduction performance in sows
Renata Urbaityte1, Diego Padoan1, Angela Riemensperger1, BIOMIN Holding
GmbH, Industriestrasse 21, 3131 Herzogenburg, Austria
Urinary tract infections (UTI) are among the most common health problems in sow
herds. From 17 to 40% of sows suffer from UTI, which consequentially leads to
increased non-productive days, early cullings and decreased litters/sows/year. The
48 sows were assigned to two different diets. The control group received commercial gestation and lactation diets, whereas the trial group received the same diets
supplemented with 0.5 % of a blend of phosphoric acid (PA), anionic substances
(AS) and plant extract (PE) (Biomin® pHD, BIOMIN, Austria). The farrowing duration, number of born alive and stillborn, body weights at birth and weaning were
determined. The urinary pH was measured at the beginning of the trial, d 108 and
d 112 of pregnancy, at farrowing, d 14 and d 21 post-farrowing and a day after
weaning and a day after insemination. The results of the present study showed that
supplementation of the blend of PA-AS-PE decreased the urinary pH ranging from
0.08 to 0.41 pH units. The duration of the farrowing time between the first and the
last piglet was shortened by 19% in the trial group. Moreover, the reproduction
performance of sows in the trial group was improved by higher number of born
alive and lower number of stillborns. Moreover, in the trial group litter size and litter
weight at weaning were increased by 24 and 20%, respectively, compared to the
control group. The dietary supplementation with the blend of PA-AS-PE in the diets
improved the farrowing and reproduction performance of sows.
136
Reproduction
Immunoglobulin G in sow colostrum
Vibeke Rootwelt1, Olav Reksen1, Tore Framstad1, Norwegian School of Veterinary
Science, Dep of Production Animal Clinical Scienc
Introduction
Immunoglobulin concentrations of sow colostrum decreases rapidly after farrowing
(1). This is claimed to have negative impact of the last borns of the litter. The aim
of this study as to measure the levels of Immunoglobulin G (IgG), total protein (TP)
and gammaglobulin (y-glob) at the beginning and midway of farrowing, and the
effect of parity number and litter size upon these.
Colostrum at the start of farrowing and after 6-8 piglets (midway) was in 59
Landrace-Yorkshire sows analyzed for IgG on Single Radial Immunodiffusion Plates
(VMRD, Washington) and for TP and y-glob, by serum electrophoresis (Central
Laboratory, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science). Parity number and litter size
were registered. Statistical variance analyses was performed in JMP8.
Results
IgG levels at the beginning of farrowing, but not midway, was significantly associated with parity number (p<0.05), Figure 1. There was no significant association
between TP or y-glob and parity number at any time, nor between any of the
proteins and litter size. There was significant difference in TP and y-glob between
registrations, but not in IgG levels, Table 1.
Figure 1. Colostral Immunoglobulin
G (IgG) levels at the beginning of farrowing,
related to parity number
Table 1. Means of Immunoglobulin G (IgG), total protein (TP) and gammaglobulin
(y-glob) in colostrum at the beginning and midway of farrowing.
Time of farrowing IgG, g/L (SE)
TP*, g/L (SE)
y-glob*, g/L (SE)
Start
59 (2.5)
162 (2.9)
67 (2.2)
Midway 58 (2.8) 157 (2.8)
64 (2.1)
*P<0.01 for difference in concentration of TP and y-glob between registrations.
137
Reproduction
Discussion and conclusion
The IgG levels in this study is within the range of other studies (2), and did not fall
significantly from start- to midway of farrowing. Older sows had increasing colostral
IgG levels. The results of this study do not support that decreasing IgG levels is of
major concern for the later born piglets of a litter.
References
1) Sjaastad, Ø., Hove, K. and Sand, O., 2010. Physiology of domestic animals. Oslo, 2nd
ed
2) Klobasa, F. and Butler, J.E., 1987. Absolute and relative concentrations of immunoglobulins G, M, and A, and albumin in the lacteal secretions of sows of different lactation
numbers. Am J Vet Res, 48, 176-82
138
Reproduction
Effects of GnRH down-regulation using deslorelin (Suprelorin®) on sexual function in boars with unilateral abdominal
crypthorchidism
Johannes Kauffold1, Sandra Hoopler2, Axel Wehrend2, University of Pennsylvania
University of Giessen University of Giessen
Down-regulation with the Suprelorin® (contains 4.7 mg of the GnRH analogue
deslorelin) has been shown to suppress sexual functions in intact boars up until
market weight. This study was conducted to test the effect of Suprelorin® on
testis function in boars with unilateral abdominal crypthorchidism (n = 6) versus
intact boars (n = 4). Insertion of the implant occurred at the age of 12 weeks.
Animals were observed until castration at 24 weeks and the testicles morphologically examined. Blood was collected for analyses of testosterone. Testicles of the
crypthorchid boars were all markedly smaller compared to intact boars. Moreover,
in two boars with unilateral crypthorchidism, the intraabdominal testicle could not
be detected at surgery. Most noticeable, the concentrations of testosterone were
close to zero in Suprelorin® treated boars and thus much lower than in intact
boars. Results indicate that suppression of sexual functions due to GnRH downregulation using deslorelin through an implant such as Suprelorin® is possible in
boars with unilateral abdominal crypthorchidism, and thus may be used as an
alternative for surgical testis removal.
139
Reproduction
Genetic variation of the Postpartum Dysgalactia Syndrome in
sows
Regine Preissler1,3, Jens Tetens1, Kerstin Reiners2, Holger Looft2, NicoleKemper3,
Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, CAU Kiel, GermanyPIC Germany,
Schleswig, GermanyInstitute of Agricultural and Nutritional Science, MLU HalleWittenberg, Germany
Postpartum Dysgalactia Syndrome (PDS) in sows is an important disease after
parturition, affecting sows’ and piglets’ health and welfare. Genetic predisposition
for PDS has been discussed, but has never been investigated in detail. Therefore,
genetic variation was evaluated in a genome-wide association (GWA) approach
with a family-based case-control study. Five German farms were selected for data
recording. All selected farms had similar husbandry and feeding management
as well as hygiene standards to provide best possible assimilable environmental
factors. Sows were identified as affected when they showed rectal temperatures
above 39.5°C and/or clinical signs like reddening, swelling or hardening of mammary glands and/or affected piglets. Paternal half- or fullsib sows were chosen
on the farm as a matched sample. In these control sows, rectal temperature was
measured and their mammary glands and piglets were clinically assessed, too. The
PorcineSNP60 BeadChip from Illumina was used for genotyping on 62,163 Single
Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). After quality control, 585 sows (314 affected
versus 271 unaffected control sows) and 49,740 SNPs remained for GWA analysis.
Statistical analysis included principal components analysis to correct for genomic
kinship in an adjusted score test. Statistics were done in use of the package
GenABEL within the R statistical environment. Putative chromosomal regions were
identified to be associated with PDS. Positional candidate genes in these regions
as well as functional candidate genes were evaluated.
140
Health management
A safe and efficacious MLV vaccine contributes to control and
eradication of PRRSV
Marc Martens1, Alberto Aguilera1, Alex Eggen1, Intervet SPAH Boxmeer The
Netherlands
Introduction
PRRSV infections still have a major impact on pig production, even though vaccines have been in use for more than 15 years. Inactivated vaccines have a limited
efficacy (Scortti 2007, Zuckermann) but, in contrast, Modified Live Virus (MLV)
vaccines have been shown to be effective in the main. In the US, stabilization and
subsequent eradication have been achieved largely by herd closure and partial depopulation (Corzo), the basic concept being to prevent the presence of susceptible
animals. All incoming gilts are exposed to PRRS field or vaccinal virus.
A major concern with respect to MLV vaccines was, and still is, a particular aspect
of their safety: the vaccinal virus of all MLV PRRS vaccines spreads, at least to
some extent (Scortti 2006).The risk with these vaccines, especially the potential to
revert to virulence (which actually occurred with a US strain MLV vaccine [Botner]),
has long been the subject of discussion. This paper aims to show that not all MLV
vaccines are similar in this respect.
In Denmark, a trial was carried out to measure the spread of vaccinal virus between sows. Nine pens of weaners (78 in total) were vaccinated with Porcilis®
PRRS, a MLV vaccine based on an EU strain. Two other pens of weaners located
between these pens, were left unvaccinated to provide sentinel piglets. Also, 15
sentinel unvaccinated sows were housed in the same building but without direct
(nose to nose) contact with the piglets. Blood samples were taken from the sows
six times at 3-weekly intervals (Astrup).
Five further trials were undertaken to determine the transmission of Porcilis PRRS,
in two of which the spread was compared to that of another PRRS MLV vaccine
based on the US strain. Some piglets were vaccinated and some left as sentinels,
and blood samples were taken regularly from all of them up to 9 weeks after vaccination. The samples were checked for PRRS antibodies, And the transmission
ratio (R0) was calculated from the number of seropositives.(R0 is the number of
animals that will be infected by a single infected animal).
Results
The Danish trial showed that all vaccinated piglets showed serovonversion in a
PRRS ELISA. Only four sows seroconverted and a single piglet of the sentinel
groups. Virus was isolated from 23 samples of vaccinated pigs and one sentinel
sow taken 3 weeks post-vaccination (and in only one piglet 6 weeks after vaccination.) Based on these data, R0 was calculated to be 0.06 ±0.09(Astrup).
The results from the five comparative trials are shown in Figure 1.
141
weeks post-vaccination (and in only one piglet 6 weeks after
vaccination.) Based on these data, R0 was calculated to be 0.06
±0.09(Astrup).
The results from
the five comparative trials are shown in Figure
Health
management
1.
Figure 1 Transmission experiments in weaners
Piglets
Serocon
Vaccine
Trial
verted
SentiVacc
sentinels
nel
Porcilis
1
10
4
2
PRRS
2
60
11
2
3a
30
6
1
4
6
6
1
5a
16
24
2
PRRS
3b
30
6
5
US
5b
16
24
8
strain
R0
0.20
0.04
0.03
0.10
0.10
>0.3
0.40
For trial 5, the chance of R0 > 1 was estimated. For Porcilis®
For
trialthis
5,was
thecalculated
chancetoofbeR0
> 1 was
estimated.
For Porcilis® PRRS this was
PRRS
0.001%,
and for
the PRRS MLV
US strain vaccine
10%, withand
the consequent
possibility
of US strain vaccine to be 10%,
calculated
to beto be
0.001%,
for the PRRS
MLV
virus spreading through a pig population (Intervet SPAH data on
with
file). the consequent possibility of virus spreading through a pig population (Intervet
SPAH data on file).
Discussion
Discussion
These trials showed that the modified virus of both vaccines does indeed spread
to sentinel pigs but to different extents. On a Lithuanian farm, a US strain MLV
vaccinal virus circulated for at least 3 years after vaccination (Cepulis 2009). In the
field, in Germany where both PRRS-MLV vaccines are used, substantial differences have been found between them (Grosse Beilage). If MLV vaccines are to be
used in programs intended to eradicate the PRRS field virus from a farm, or group
of farms, it is extremely important that the vaccinal virus does not add substantially
to the amount of field virus in circulation. Intensive vaccination of sows in combination with high standards of internal biosecurity and hygiene will reduce the vertical
transmission of PRRSV which will assist in producing PRRSV-free progeny (van
Groenland). Porcilis PRRS has been shown to be a useful tool in this respect on
Italian, French, Austrian and Dutch farms (Martelli 2000,Gambade, Voglmayr, Houben and van Groenland).
References
Astrup P, H J Riising Proc. IPVS 2000 Ames USA p 555
Botner et al 1997 Vet Rec 141 19 p 497-499
Cepulis ph.D Kaunas Lituania 2009
Corzo et al Virus Research 154 (2010) 185-192
Gambade P. et al IPVS Vancouver 2010 p 208
van Groenland et al IPVS Vancouver 2010 p 240
Grosse Beilage et al IPVS Vancouver p O114
Houben M et al IPVS Vancouver 2010 p 249
Martelli IPVS 2000 Ames p486
Scortti, M et al 2007. Vet Rec. 161, 809–813.
Scortti M et al The Vet Journal 172 (2006) 506-514
Voglmayr TierAerzltliche Praxis 2006
Zuckermann, F.A.,et al . Vet Microb. 123,69–85.
142
Health management
Reduction of mortality and culling by the use of Porcilis® PCV
and / or Porcilis® Glaesser
Christiane Lang2, Marc Martens1, Alfred Griessler3, Thomas Voglmayr3, Rebecca
Langhoff1, Mathias Ritzmann1, Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine,
Vienna Intervet Schering Plough AH, Boxmeer, The Netherlands Traunkreis VetClinic, Ried im Traunkreis, Austria
Introduction
The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of Porcilis® PCV and / or
Porcilis® Glaesser (Intervet Schering Plough AH, Boxmeer, The Netherlands) in reducing
mortality and culling. The study was performed at a large 45pig breeding and
Introduction
®
The objective
study was
the efficacyofoflosses
Porcilis mainly in the nursery. Clinical
fattening
farmofinthis
Russia
withtoaassess
high number
®
40
PCV and / or Porcilis Glaesser (Intervet Schering Plough AH,
signs
and high mortality rates indicated an involvement of PCV2,35in spite of other
Boxmeer, The Netherlands) in reducing mortality and culling. The
infectious
the farm.
was a common
study was agents
performeddetected
at a large on
pig breeding
andAdditionally,
fattening farm polyserositis
in
30
Russia at
with
a high number of losses mainly in the nursery. Clinical
finding
necropsy.
25
signs and high mortality rates indicated an involvement of PCV2, in
spite of other infectious agents detected on the farm. Additionally,
Materials
polyserositis and
was a methods
common finding at necropsy.
%
20
15
The study was carried out on a Russian farm according to a randomised,
con10
trolled
and
blinded
design.
A
total
of
15
638
suckling
piglets
were
5 divided in 8
The study was carried out on a Russian farm according to a
randomised,
andwere
blinded
design. A
638treatments. 0Group A vac
groups
(tablecontrolled
1). Piglets
assigned
to total
one ofof 15
four
A vac A non-vac B vac B non-vac C
suckling
piglets were
in 8 groups
(table 1).BPiglets
werevaccinated with
was
vaccinated
withdivided
Porcilis®
PCV, group
vac was
Porcilis®
assigned to one of four treatments. Group A vac was vaccinated
®
®
PCV
well PCV,
as Porcilis®
Glaesser
and group
C vacPCV
was vaccinated with PorciMortality
group B vac
was vaccinated
with Porcilis
with as
Porcilis
®
Glaesser
and were
group C
vac was vaccinated
with
as well
as Porcilis
lis®
Glaesser.
The
vaccines
administered
as
a
two-shot
vaccination
on
the
Figure 1: Mortality
rates
and number o
®
The
vaccines were administered as a two-shot
Porcilis
groups
14th
andGlaesser.
35th day
of
th live. Inth the group with combined vaccination (group B vac),
vaccination on the 14 and 35 day of live. In the group with
drugs
were
administered
at
separate
sides
of
the
neck.
Piglets
of the five remaincombined vaccination (group B vac), drugs were administered at
Discussion
®
separate
sides
of theas
neck.
Piglets of the five
remaining
groups
with Porcilis PCV and
ing
groups
served
non-vaccinated
controls
(table
1). LettersVaccination
A-D ®represented
®
served as non-vaccinated controls (table 1). Letters A-D
PCV
/
Porcilis
Porcilis
subsequent
batches. In batch A-C pigs were splitted in vaccinated and non-vacci- Glaesser si
represented subsequent batches. In batch A-C pigs were splitted
losses during this study.. This indicate
nated
animals.
from batch
D were
theinterfere
degreewith Porcilis P
in vaccinated
andPigs
non-vaccinated
animals.
Pigs splitted
from batchinDtwo
weregroups to
notshow
negatively
in two
groups
to show the degree
of variation
within
non- and number
with Porcilis
Glaesser
had no beneficia
ofsplitted
variation
within
non-vaccinated
pigs.
Mortality
rates
of cullings
were
vaccinated pigs. Mortality rates and number of cullings were
the time of study conduction Haemoph
documented
until
slaughter.
documented until slaughter.
not major problems on the farm In co
PCV2 had a significant influence on
had to be killed on this farm
other trials where mortality was
vaccination against PCV2 (1, 2, 3). L
still relatively high. Other infectious ca
have to be considered on farm level.
Table1:
1: Number
Number of of
animals
(n) and
of the study
died or
Table
animals
(n)vaccination
and vaccination
of the study groups
groups
Group
A vac
A non-vac
B vac
B non-vac
C vac
C non-vac
D non-vac 1
D non-vac 2
Vaccination
®
Porcilis PCV
no vaccination
®
®
Porcilis PCV / Porcilis Glaesser
no vaccination
®
Porcilis Glaesser
no vaccination
no vaccination
no vaccination
n
1 913
1 902
1 883
1 965
1 911
2 069
1 892
2 103
References
1. Bollo et al. (2010): Proc. 21st IPV
2. Vizcaino et al. (2010): Proc. 21st
3. Geurts et al. (2010): Proc. 21st IP
Results
Figure 1 is showing the total losses segmented in mortality rates
Results
and number of cullings. The total losses of batch D were summed
Figure
1 is showing the total losses segmented in mortality rates and number of
up, because results of both groups did not differ significantly.
cullings.
total losses
were
Between The
non-vaccinated
pigsof
of batch
batch DDand
pigssummed
of group A up,
vac because results of both
as well as group B vac a significant difference
in total losses of
of=the
3rd ESPHM,
Espoo,
18.0 % (p ≤ 0.002) Proceedings
and 16.8 % (p
0.002),
respectively,
wasFinland
shown in favour of the vaccinated animals. Furthermore significant
differences could be determined between group A vac and group
2011
143
Health management
groups did not differ significantly. Between non-vaccinated pigs of batch D and
pigs of group A vac as well as group B vac a significant difference in total losses
of 18.0 % (p ≤ 0.002) and 16.8 % (p = 0.002), respectively, was shown in favour
of the vaccinated animals. Furthermore significant differences could be determined between group A vac and group B vac when compared to group C vac (p
= 0.001). The losses of group C vac and D non-vac were comparable within the
range of the common variation of this farm. Within the batches A-C the total losses
of the non-vaccinated animals where higher than those of the vaccinated ones
showing significant differences in groups with pigs vaccinated against PCV2 (A:
16.4 %, p ≤ 0.001; B: 13.4 %, p = 0.020; C: 0.2 %, p = 0.290).
45
®
s
H,
he
in
cal
in
ly,
40
35
30
%
20
15
10
a
38
re
ed
CV
ith
hot
ith
at
ps
-D
ed
re
nre
5
0
A vac
A non-vac
B vac
B non-vac
Mortality
C vac
C nonvac
D nonvac 1
D nonvac 2
Culling
Figure 1: Mortality rates and number of cullings in the different
groups
Figure 1: Mortality rates and number of cullings in the different groups
Discussion
®
Vaccination with Porcilis PCV and combined vaccination with
®
®
Discussion
Porcilis PCV / Porcilis Glaesser significantly reduced the total
Vaccination
with
Porcilis®
PCV and
combined
vaccination
with Porcilis® PCV /
losses during this study.. This indicates
that Porcilis
Glaesser
does
not negatively
interfere significantly
with Porcilis PCV.
The factthe
that total
vaccination
Porcilis®
Glaesser
reduced
losses during this study.. This
with Porcilis Glaesser had no beneficial effect suggests that during
indicates
that Porcilis
Glaesser
does
not negatively
interfere with Porcilis PCV. The
the time of study
conduction
Haemophilus
parasuis
infections were
fact
that problems
vaccination
with
Glaesser
had no
beneficial effect suggests that
not major
on the
farmPorcilis
In conclusion
vaccination
against
PCV2 had
significant
influence
on the number
of animals that
during
theatime
of study
conduction
Haemophilus
parasuis infections were not
died or had to be killed on this farm. This is in line with several
major
problems
the farm
conclusionreduced
vaccination
other trials
where on
mortality
wasIn significantly
after against PCV2 had a signifivaccination
against
(1, 2, 3). Losses
after vaccination
cant
influence
onPCV2
the number
of animals
that diedwere
or had to be killed on this farm.
still relatively
Other
infectious
causes
management
faultswas significantly reduced
This
is in linehigh.
with
several
other
trialsorwhere
mortality
have to be considered on farm level.
after vaccination against PCV2 (1, 2, 3). Losses after vaccination were still relatively
References
high.
Other infectious causes or management faults have to be considered on farm
1. Bollo et al. (2010): Proc. 21st IPVS, p. 392.
level.
2. Vizcaino et al. (2010): Proc. 21st IPVS, p. 395.
3
2
3
5
1
9
2
3
es
ed
ly.
ac
of
as
ant
up
25
3.
Geurts et al. (2010): Proc. 21st IPVS, p. 450.
References
1. Bollo et al. (2010): Proc. 21st IPVS, p. 392.
2. Vizcaino et al. (2010): Proc. 21st IPVS, p. 395.
3. Geurts et al. (2010): Proc. 21st IPVS, p. 450.
144
Health management
Agreement of dam and piglet PCV2 ELISA titres
Fabio Ostanello1, Giulio Granito2, Gianluca Rugna3, Davide Lelli3, Giorgio Leotti4,
Giuseppe Merialdi3, Mauro Bianchi4, Francois Joisel5, Department of Veterinary
Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy Veterinary practitionerIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-RomagnaMerial
Italia S.p.A., Milano, ItaliaMerial S.A.S., Lyon, France
A controlled, blinded and randomized study was performed on an Italian 1500-sow
farrow-to-weaning farm. The objective of this evaluation was to assess the correlation of sows and offspring ELISA antibody titres. Twenty-four sows selected to
be representative for parity and genetic characteristics of breeding were randomly
allocated to 2 groups (group A: 12 sows, group B: 12 sows). Sows in group A
received 2 ml Circovac®
i.m.
weeks
andPCV2
3 weeks
before delivery. Subjects
Agreement
of 6
dam
and piglet
ELISA titres
in group B were kept as unvaccinated controls. From litters of these sows was
randomly selected a sample of about 3 subjects per litter (group C, piglets born
to sows vaccinated: 31 animals; group D, piglets born to unvaccinated sow: 34
subjects). Blood samples were collected from sows 10 days after delivery and from
piglets
at 10blinded
days
age. The
sera
wereon tested
for antibodies
against
by
A controlled,
and of
randomized
study was
performed
an Italian 1500-sow
farrow-to-weaning
farm. ThePCV2
objective of
this evaluation was to assess the correlation of sows and offspring ELISA antibody titres. Twenty-four sows selected to be
ELISA
(Serelisa®PCV2
Ab,
Synbiotics).
Animals
were
assigned
into
4
categories
representative for parity and genetic characteristics of breeding were randomly allocated to 2 groups (group A: 12 sows, group B: 12
sows).
Sows inon
group
A received
2 ml of
Circovac®
i.m.ELISA
6 weeks and
3 weeks
in group
B were
keptsows
as
based
the
median
log10
titre:
low before
titre delivery.
sowsSubjects
(<3.74),
high
titre
unvaccinated controls. From litters of these sows was randomly selected a sample of about 3 subjects per litter (group C, piglets born to
sows(≥3.73);
vaccinated: low
31 animals;
D, piglets
born to unvaccinated
sow:piglets
34 subjects).
Blood samples
collected
from sows 10 of
titregroup
piglets
(<3.91),
high titre
(≥3.91).
Thewere
titre
distributions
days after delivery and from piglets at 10 days of age. The sera were tested for antibodies against PCV2 by ELISA (Serelisa®PCV2 Ab,
sowsAnimals
and were
piglets
are
in Fig.
Sows
and
piglets
titres
designated
Synbiotics).
assigned
into reported
4 categories based
on the1.
median
of log10
ELISA
titre: low titre
sows by
(<3.74),
high titre sows low/
(≥3.73); low titre piglets (<3.91), high titre piglets (≥3.91). The titre distributions of sows and piglets are reported in Fig. 1. Sows and
high
appear
inappear
tablein table
1. Percent
agreement
of low
piglets
piglets
titres categories
by designated low/high
categories
1. Percent agreement
of low sows-low
pigletssows-low
and high sows-high
piglets and
titres [(30+26)/65] was 86% with a Kappa of 0.72 (substantial agreement). Vaccination of the sows provides high maternal antibody
high sows-high piglets titres [(30+26)/65] was 86% with a Kappa of 0.72 (substantitres in piglets with a substantial agreement between high sows-high piglets PCV2 titres.
tial agreement). Vaccination of the sows provides high maternal antibody titres in
piglets with a substantial agreement between high sows-high piglets PCV2 titres.
145
Health management
A field study in Austria to determine the effects of the simultaneous and concurrent use of Porcilis®PCV and Porcilis®M Hyo
on average daily weight gain
Bernhard Heißenberger1, Erwin Herbich2, Andrea Barz1, Christiane Lang1,
MathiasRitzmann1, Veterinary University of Vienna - Clinic for Swine
Traunkreis
VetClinic,
Ried
Traunkreis,
A field study
in Austria
to im
determine
the Austria
effects of the simultaneous and concurrent
use of Porcilis®PCV and Porcilis®M Hyo on average daily weight gain
Introduction:
Introduction:
Vaccinations against M. hyo and PCV2 have meanwhile become routine proceThe
higher ADWG observed following vaccination against
Vaccinations
against M.the
hyo and
PCV2 have meanwhile
dures.
Recently,
simultaneous
use of Porcilis®M
Hyo and Porcilis®PCV has
M. hyo or PCV2 alone can be further increased, if both
become routine procedures. Recently, the simultaneous
vaccines
are shall
administered
simultaneously
or concurrently.
been
described
in aPorcilis
laboratory
study (1). This field
study
provide
more data
M Hyo and
PCV has been
use of Porcilis
Any negative interference between the two vaccines can
described in a laboratory study (1). This field study shall
about
the
efficacious
and
safe
simultaneous
use
of
both
vaccines.
therefore be ruled out. Together these data suggest that
provide more data about the efficacious and safe
®
®
simultaneous use of both vaccines.
®
simultaneous or concurrent use of Porcilis PCV with
®
Porcilis M Hyo is safe and efficacious. It contributes to
animal welfare and reduces time and resources for the
farmer.
randomised
field trial and 598 piglets
Materials
and Methods:
Materials and Methods:
The study was conducted as a blinded and
The study was conducted as a blinded and randomised
from
5 and
consecutive
batches
were
included
and followed
until slaughter. For the
Acknowlegements
field trial
598 piglets from
5 consecutive
batches
were
This work
was supported by Intervet/Schering-Plough
includedallocation
and followed until
slaughter.
For the group
group
and
vaccination
scheme see table
1.
Animal Health.
allocation and vaccination scheme see table 1.
Animals
were
weighed
12 ofand
Animals were
weighed
at 1, 3, 12at
and1,
253,
weeks
age 25 weeks of age and local reactions after
References:
and local reactions
after vaccination,
and as well as lung
vaccination,
mortality
and mortality
morbidity,
lesions at slaughter were
1: Taneno et al., Proc. 20 IPVS Congr. 2008
morbidity, as well as lung lesions at slaughter were
recorded.
recorded.
th
Table 1: vaccination scheme of the study groups
Group
Product:
1st week
3rd week
A
Porcilis PCV
X
B
Porcilis M Hyo
X
X
Diluvac Forte
C
X
X
(Placebo)
Porcilis PCV
X*
D
Porcilis M Hyo
X
X*
Porcilis PCV
E
X**
Porcilis M Hyo
X
* Concurrent use: vaccines are given at the same time, but at
different sites. ** Simultaneous use: 50ml Porcilis PCV and 50ml
Porcilis M. Hyo mixed in a third 100ml vial and is given in one 4ml
injection at one site.
Results:
Results:
During
fattening
period,
animals
with either Porcilis®M hyo or
During thethe
fattening
period, animals
vaccinated
with vaccinated
either
PCVmore
gained more
body
Porcilis M hyo or Porcilis
Porcilis®PCV
gained
body
weight
/
day
than
control animals (14 and 19g/
weight / day than control animals (14 and 19g/day). An
day).
An even
ADWG
(22-26
could be observed when animals reeven higher
ADWG higher
(22-26 g/day)
could be
observedg/day)
when
animals received both vaccines simultaneously or
ceived
both vaccines simultaneously or concurrently (Table 2)
concurrently (Table 2)
No significant
difference
between the
study groups
wasstudy groups was observed in terms of morNo
significant
difference
between
the
observed in terms of mortality, morbidity and lung lesions.
tality,
morbidity
and
lung
lesions.
Following vaccination, one animal from group A and C
respectively, showed
a transient one
swelling
at the injection
Following
vaccination,
animal
from group A and C respectively, showed a
site. None of the animals developed any adverse events.
transient swelling at the injection site. None of the animals developed any adverse
Table 2: Average daily weight gain and standard deviation
events.
®
146
®
(Difference compared to control group C)
Weaning to End
Fattening period
(3-25 weeks of age)
(10-25 weeks of age)
1
1
ADWG + STD
Diff.
ADWG + STD
Diff.
A
664.2 + 76.8
+9.6
844.2 + 112.1
+14.1
B
663.7 + 72.1
+9.1
849.1 + 92.5
+19.0
C
654.6 + 88.8
830.1 + 132.0
Proceedings
of the+26.7
3rd ESPHM,
D
665.1 + 81.0
+10.5
856.8 + 116.9
E
665.3 + 77.5
+10.7
852.4 + 121.3
+22.3
1
Difference: Vaccinated group (A, B, D, E) minus Control
Espoo, Finland 2011
concurrently (Table 2)
No significant difference between the study groups was
observed in terms of mortality, morbidity and lung lesions.
Following vaccination, one animal from group A and C
respectively, showed a transient swelling at the injection
site. None of the animals developed any adverse events.
Health management
Table 2: Average daily weight gain and standard deviation
(Difference compared to control group C)
Fattening period
Weaning to End
(3-25 weeks of age)
(10-25 weeks of age)
1
1
ADWG + STD
Diff.
ADWG + STD
Diff.
A
664.2 + 76.8
+9.6
844.2 + 112.1
+14.1
B
663.7 + 72.1
+9.1
849.1 + 92.5
+19.0
C
654.6 + 88.8
830.1 + 132.0
D
665.1 + 81.0
+10.5
856.8 + 116.9
+26.7
E
665.3 + 77.5
+10.7
852.4 + 121.3
+22.3
1
Difference: Vaccinated group (A, B, D, E) minus Control
group (C)
The higher ADWG observed following vaccination against M. hyo or PCV2 alone
can be further increased, if both vaccines are administered simultaneously or
concurrently. Any negative interference between the two vaccines can therefore
be ruled out. Together these data suggest that simultaneous or concurrent use of
Porcilis®PCV with Porcilis®M Hyo is safe and efficacious. It contributes to animal
welfare and reduces time and resources for the farmer.
Acknowlegements
This work was supported by Intervet/Schering-Plough Animal Health.
References:
1: Taneno et al., Proc. 20th IPVS Congr. 2008
147
Health management
Pandemic influenza H1N1 outbreak in Norway 2009/10: A
case-control study in swine nucleus and multiplier herds on
the protective effects of commonly used biosecurity measures
Carl Andreas Grøntvedt1, Chiek Er2, Britt Gjerset2, Anna Germundsson2, Tore
Framstad1, Edgar Brun2, Anne Jørgensen3, Bjørn Lium2, Norwegian School of
Veterinary Science Norwegian Veterinary Institute Animalia
Introduction
The aim was to study the protective effects of biosecurity measures for infection of
H1N1pdm in Norwegian nucleus and multiplier swine herds.
The study population comprised 118 nucleus and multiplier herds. Three herds
were excluded on the basis of uncertain infection status at the time of the study. Of
the 115 remaining herds, 47 were nucleus herds, and 68 multiplier herds. All herds
were tested serologically or by rRT-PCR during the risk period (30th September
2009 till 31st October 2010). Information on clinical history of humans and pigs
were collected by questionnaire and telephone interview.
We calculated the odds ratios (OR) for each risk factor and used one-sided Fisher’s
exact test to calculate statistical significance.
Results
Response rate from farmers was 100%. A total of 20 (43%) of the nucleus herds
and 28 (41%) of the multiplier herds were classified as positive.
Table 1: The strength of the protective effects (OR) and statistical significance
Biosecurity measures, Farmworkers
OR
p-value
Hands washed before entering
0.8
0.42
Hands washed when leaving 0.87
0.55
Disposable gloves (used once)
0.40
0.12
Facemask (unspecified type)
0.79
0.52
48hrs quarantine after travel
0.66
0.45
Biosecurity measures, visitors
Hands washed before entering
0.88
0.44
Disposable gloves (used once)
0.32
0.06
Facemask 0.48
0.44
Discussion
The results indicate that the protective effects of the biosecurity measures were
slight, and the large p-values reflect the fact that these biosecurity measures were
implemented in equal proportion in both positive and negative herds. The results may
also be indicative of the high infectivity of the H1N1pdm virus in the naïve Norwegian
pig population, and the challenges associated with protecting susceptible pigs from
infection by this virus. However the use of disposable gloves stands out as having a
statistical significant and larger protective effect than the rest of the measures.
148
Health management
Investigation on IDEXX PRRS X3 compared to 2XR-ELISA with
sera from PRRS defined german breeding herds
Robert Tabeling1, Tilman Kühn3, Markus Naber2, Veterinärgesellschaft BHZP,
Uelzen Praxis Thesings Kreuz, Vechta synlab.vet, Leipzig
Introduction:
Serological testing of anti-PRRS antibodies with the IDEXX PRRS 2XR Elisa
showed false positive reactors (in expected negative herds; 0,5-2,0 %). Due to this
IDEXX developed the PRRS X3 Elisa with improved specifity.
Material:
1. 26 false positive samples (2XR, PCR negative, 16 farms) checked with X3 Elisa
2. 420 sera from PRRS positive herds (n=17) tested in 2XR and X3
3. 388 samples from known PRRS negative herds (n=28) measured in 2XR and X3
Investigation on IDEXX PRRS X3 compared to 2XR-ELISA with sera from PRRS defined german pig breeding herds
4. 10418 monitoring samples (10/2009 -2/2011) from PRRS negative herds
Introduction:
(n=48).
Serological testing of anti-PRRS antibodies with the IDEXX PRRS 2XR Elisa showed false positive reactors (in expected
negative herds; 0,5-2,0 %). Due to this IDEXX developed the PRRS X3 Elisa with improved specifity.
Material:
Results:
1. 26 false positive samples (2XR, PCR negative, 16 farms) checked with X3 Elisa
2. 420
sera from
herds (n=17)
in 2XR
X3
1.
From
26 PRRS
falsepositive
positive
sera tested
(2XR)
oneandserum
was positive in X3-elisa (reduction
3. 388 samples from known PRRS negative herds (n=28) measured in 2XR and X3
96
%).monitoring samples (10/2009 -2/2011) from PRRS negative herds (n=48).
4. 10418
Results:
2.
The test agreement was 95 % in PRRS positive herds.
1. From 26 false positive sera (2XR) one serum was positive in X3-elisa (reduction 96 %).
2. The test agreement was 95 % in PRRS positive herds.
PRRS samples
X3 positive
2XR positive
X3 negative
328
11
2XR negative
10
3. Samples from known negative herds had 99.2 % congruent results in X3 and 2XR Elisa.
71
PRRS samples
X3 positive
2XR positive
0
X3 negative
1
2XR negative
2
385
4. 10418 sera (10/2009-2/2011) showed 7 false positive results (0.07 %; 99.93 % specifity).
Discussion:
In the IDEXX X3 Elisa tested samples a reduction of false positive results for >90 % compared to the 2XR Elisa and a specifity
of >99 % were observed.
Conclusion:
For testing known PRRS negative herds the IDEXX X3 PRRS-ELISA is a valuable progress due to the significant reduction in
false positive sample compared to the 2XR Elisa.
4. 10418 sera (10/2009-2/2011) showed 7 false positive results (0.07 %; 99.93 %
specifity).
Discussion:
In the IDEXX X3 Elisa tested samples a reduction of false positive results for >90 %
compared to the 2XR Elisa and a specifity of >99 % were observed.
Conclusion:
For testing known PRRS negative herds the IDEXX X3 PRRS-ELISA is a valuable
progress due to the significant reduction in false positive sample compared to the
2XR Elisa.
149
Health management
Treatment of a case of trichurosis (Trichuris suis) in pigs
Yannick Caron1, Valery Delleur2, Bart De Bock3, Cathy Ardiès2, Bertrand Losson1,
Emilio Serrano Amador4, Martine Laitat2, Parasitology, University of Liège, Faculty
of Veterinary Medicine, Belgium Swine Clinic, University of Liège, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Belgium Quartes, Belgium Lur Berri, France
A case of trichurosis was diagnosed in a farrow-to-finish Belgian pig herd. Except
in the farrowing room, all pig production stages were kept on or have access to
sawdust deep litter. Infrequent renewal of sawdust, continuous pig flow and mixing
of fattening pigs from different batches contributed to permanent re-infestation of
animals. The infection was associated with severe and persistent diarrhea, growth
retardation and even emaciation and anaemia in 10 recently purchased gilts. As
there was a good (90 %) clinical response to levamisole given individually per os to
gilts (8 mg/kg BW), it was decided to treat groups of affected fattening pigs (showing persistent diarrhea and growth retardation) with the same medication.
This poster reports the effect of consecutive anthelmintic treatments on the evolution of eggs of Trichuris suis per gram of faeces (EPG, determined by a McMaster
egg counting technique) collected in 9 batches of fattening pigs (ñ=36), between
Augustus 2009 and December 2010. Treatments were based on levamisole in
drinking water,
febantel
in feed
or on flubendazole
inin drinking
water
and were adA case of trichurosis
was diagnosed
in a farrow-to-finish
Belgian pig herd. Except
the farrowing room,
all pig production
kept on or have access to sawdust deep litter. Infrequent renewal of sawdust, continuous pig flow and mixing of
ministratedstages
at were
3pigsto
5different
weeks
The re-infestation
quality ofofanimals.
administrated
treatments
was
fattening
from
batchesintervals.
contributed to permanent
The infection was associated
with
severe and persistent diarrhea, growth retardation and even emaciation and anaemia in 10 recently purchased gilts. As there
indirectly assessed
aresponse
low (<100)
for Ascaris
suum.
was a good (90 %)by
clinical
to levamisole EPG
given individually
per os to gilts (8
mg/kg BW), it was decided to treat groups
of affected fattening pigs (showing persistent diarrhea and growth retardation) with the same medication.
At the beginning of the treatment period, it was difficult to reduce EPG with levThis poster reports the effect of consecutive anthelmintic treatments on the evolution of eggs of Trichuris suis per gram of
(EPG, determined
McMaster egg counting
technique)
collected in 9 batches
pigs (ñ=36),
between
amisole orfaeces
febantel.
Thisby asituation
could
be explained
byof fattening
the short
administration
Augustus 2009 and December 2010. Treatments were based on levamisole in drinking water, febantel in feed or on
flubendazole in drinking
water
and
were administrated
at 3 to 5 weeks (1
intervals.
The quality
of administrated
treatments
was
period of levamisole
(4
to
6
hours)
or
febantel
day)
compared
to
flubendazole
indirectly assessed by a low (<100) EPG for Ascaris suum.
(5 days). Moreover,
drug
ingestion
could
have
been
impaired
by
the
course
of the
At the beginning of the treatment period, it was difficult to reduce EPG with levamisole or febantel. This situation could be
explained by the short
administration
period of levamisole
(4 to 6 levamisole
hours) or febantel (1 day)
compared to effective
flubendazole (5 days).
disease. Thereafter,
both
flubendazole
and
seemed
to
maintain
Moreover, drug ingestion could have been impaired by the course of the disease. Thereafter, both flubendazole and levamisole
a low EPG.seemed effective to maintain a low EPG.
Levamisole in water
10000
EPG evolution according to treatment
Febantel in feed
Flubendazole in water
9000
8000
Eggs per gram of faeces
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
10/12/01
10/10/01
10/08/01
10/06/01
10/04/01
10/02/01
09/12/01
09/10/01
09/08/01
150
Health management
Serological study in piglets vaccinated and not vaccinated
born from vaccinated and not vaccinated sows against PCV2
Esther Maiques1, Juan 2, Livia Mendonça2, Juana Maria Abellaneda2, Juan Manuel Herrero-Medrano2, García-Nicolás Obdulio3, Guillermo Ramis2, Francisco J
Pallarés3, Antonio Muñoz2, Pfizer Salud Animal. SpainDpt de Producción Animal.
Universidad de Murcia. SpainDpt de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas. Universidad de Murcia. Spain
Introduction
Swine practitioners suggest that vaccination of piglets and sows could be a solution for the treatment of PCV2 associated diseases but doubt if could be interference with maternal antibodies (MA). The aim of this study was to evaluate the
length of MA in piglets born from vaccinated and not vaccinated sows against
PCV2 and to check possible interference with piglets´ vaccination.
20 piglets (10 from vaccinated sows and 10 from not vaccinated sows) were vaccinated against PCV2 at 3 weeks of life. Four groups were established: group 1
(vaccinated piglets from vaccinated sows, n=10), group 2 (not vaccinated piglets
from vaccinated sows, n=10), group 3 (vaccinated piglets from not vaccinated
sows, n=10) and group 4 (not vaccinated piglets from not vaccinated sows, n=10).
Blood samples were obtained from all piglets at 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks of life and
IgG against PCV2 were measured by kit Ingezim circo IgG (Ingenasa, Spain).
Results
Piglets from vaccinated sows had 6 fold more concentration of MA than piglets
from not vaccinated sows. MA of piglets from not vaccinated sows suddenly fall
at week 6 while in piglets from vaccinated sows fall gradually. All piglets in group
3 were seropositive at week 12 while the percentage of seropositive animals were
60, 90 and 80 in groups 1, 2 and 4, respectively. No increase in the antibodies titer
was observed in group 1 during the experiment.
Discussion
Vaccination of piglets from not vaccinated sows produced similar antibodies titer
than vaccination of piglets from vaccinated sows. Since an interference with MA
was observed, in farm where sows and piglets are vaccinated against PCV2, late
vaccination of piglets should be done to avoid the interference.
151
Health management
Research on correlation between animal welfare measures
and mortality rate in fattening swine herds in northwest Italy
Giuseppe Martano, Asl TO3 Pinerolo
Introduction : the aim of this study is to evaluate animal welfare conditions and
mortality rate in 26 fattening pig herds and assess the respective relationship.
Materials and methods : Data were collected about animal welfare ( overcrowding, concentration of ammonia in the air, tail and ear biting prevalence,
anomalous behaviours, structure of buildings ) and mortality rate in 26 intensive
fattening pig herds located in Asl To3 district, northwestern Italy.
The herd’s size ranged from 420 to 4050 pigs, for a total of 31.000 pigs.
A survey was performed relating to health practices, status of animal welfare and
average mortality rate.
Swine herds were divided into two clusters according to their characteristics;
A: farms with good animal welfare conditions and adequate health care management.
B: farms with inadequate animal welfare measures and with poor health management.
Results :The average mortality rate in cluster A resulted 3,62 % with standard
deviation ± 1,46; in cluster B was 5,20 % with standard deviation ± 1,67. Mortality
percentage in the single herds in cluster A ranged from to 1,28 % to 5,83 % ; in
cluster B ranged from 2,80 % to 9,12 %.
Discussion : The mortality rate was significantly lower ( t test, p<0,05 ) in farms
with good animal welfare conditions. This shows that it is essential to adopt appropriate measures to improve the state of animal welfare in intensive farms. Breeders
to improve the welfare of the animals have a significant economic gain.
152
Health management
Evaluation of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of
18 antibiotics against Salmonella choleraesuis
Gianluca Rugna1, Giuseppe Merialdi1, Alberto Ermanno Cevidalli2, Mario D’Incau1,
Andrea Luppi1, Paolo Martelli3, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, Italy Intervet Schering-Plough Animal Health, Italy Faculty
of Veterinary Medicine - University of Parma, Italy
Salmonella choleraesuis causes an acute systemic disease in pigs. Antibiotics
used for the treatment of the associated disease can be administered by injection or by in feed medication. The choice of the antibiotic should be based on the
results of susceptibility tests and pharmacokinetic considerations.
Forty nine Salmonella choleraesuis isolated in Northern Italy during 2009, were
tested for
susceptibility to 18 antimicrobials by micro-dilution broth method. CLSI
Evaluation of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 18 antibiotics against Salmonella choleraesuis
clinical breakpoints for Salmonella choleraesuis are available only for ceftiofur and
Salmonella choleraesuis
causes
an acute
systemic disease
pigs.
Antibiotics
used for susceptible
the treatment of the associated d
florfenicol.
According
to these
breakpoints,
all inthe
isolates
resulted
can be administered by injection or by in feed medication. The choice of the antibiotic should be based on the res
to
ceftiofur tests
(breakpoints
(µg/ml):considerations.
S≤2; I=4; R≥8) and 77.6% were susceptible to
susceptibility
and pharmacokinetic
Forty nine Salmonella
choleraesuis
isolated
in Northern
Italy during
2009,distribution
were tested for(µg/ml)
susceptibility
florfenicol
(breakpoints
(µg/ml):
S≤2;
I=4; R≥8).
The MIC
wasto 18 antimicrob
micro-dilution broth method. CLSI clinical breakpoints for Salmonella choleraesuis are available only for ceftiofur and florf
calculated
for
those
antibiotics
without
a
defined
breakpoint
value.
The
results
are
According to these breakpoints, all the isolates resulted susceptible to ceftiofur (breakpoints (µg/ml): S≤2; I=4; R≥8) and
reported
in
table
1.
Low
MIC50
and
MIC90
values
were
observed
for
fluoroquinolowere susceptible to florfenicol (breakpoints (µg/ml): S≤2; I=4; R≥8). The MIC distribution (µg/ml) was calculated for
antibiotics
without a defined breakpoint value. The results are reported in table 1. Low MIC50 and MIC90 values were obs
nes
and gentamicin.
for fluoroquinolones and gentamicin.
Table 1 - MIC50 (µg/ml) and MIC90(µg/ml) values of antibiotics tested against 49
Salmonella
choleraesuis isolates
Table 1 - MIC50 (µg/ml) and MIC90(µg/ml) values of antibiotics tested against 49 Salmonella choleraesuis isolates
Antibiotic
MIC50 MIC90
Ampicillin
>16
Ceftiofur
1
1
>16
>16
Clindamycin
Chlortetracycline
>16
>8
>8
Danofloxacin
<0,12
1
Enrofloxacin
<0,12
1
2
>8
Florfenicol
Gentamicin
<1
<1
Neomycin
>32
>32
Oxytetracycline
>8
>8
Penicillin
>32
>32
Spectinomycin
64
>64
Sulphadimethoxyne
>256
>256
Tiamulin
>32
>32
Tilmicosin
>64
>64
Tylosin tartrate
>4
>4
Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole >2/38 >2/38
Tulathromycin
8
16
153
Health management
Five years (2006-2010) results of wild boar (Sus scrofa)
sanitary monitoring in Emilia-Romagna region (Northern Italy)
Gianluca Rugna1, Giuseppe Merialdi1, Matteo Frasnelli1, Chiara Garbarino1,
Santina Grazioli, Elio Licata2, Andrea Luppi1, Enrica Sozzi1, Marco Tamba1, Paolo
Martelli3, Istituto Zooprofilattico della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, Italy
Regione Emilia-Romagna, DG Sanità e Politiche Sociali, ItalyFaculty of Veterinary
Medicine - University of Parma, Italy
The study reports the results of a 5 years (2006-2010) monitoring program of
hunted wild boar (Sus scrofa) implemented in Emilia-Romagna region, a high
density pig populated area in Northern Italy. Samples from 39,302 wild boars were
collected during 5 hunting seasons. Blood sera were analysed for the presence of
antibodies against Swine Vesicular Disease Virus (SVDV), Classical Swine Fever
Virus (CSFV) and Aujeszky’s Disease Virus (ADV); samples of muscular tissue were
examined for the presence of Trichinella spp. larvae and Toxoplasma gondii (PCR
and ELISA on meat juice); viscera were analysed for Mycobacterium spp. and
Brucella spp. No antibodies against CSFV (0/9,386) and SVDV (0/8,503) were
detected. Conversely 2,425 out of 8,238 sera were positive to ADV. The ADV
prevalence rates were 31.9, 35.2, 21.6, 31.3 and 31.7% in 2006, 2007, 2008,
2009 and 2010, respectively. Seroprevalence against Toxoplasma gondii was 19%.
Trichinella pseudospiralis larvae were detected in 1 out of 39,302 muscolar tissue
samples. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex by PCR was demonstrated in 6
of 414 samples. Isolation and typing of the strains is ongoing. Brucella spp. has
been evidenced by PCR in 8/403 samples. In three samples Brucella suis biovar 2
has been successfully cultured and identified. Although, as expected, there are no
evidences of SVDV and CSFV circulation in the wild boar population, the presence
of ADV, Brucella suis and Toxoplasma spp. suggests maintenance and implementation of biosecurity measures in order to prevent the contact between wild boars
and domestic confined pigs.
154
Health management
Efficacy of piglet vaccination with CIRCOVAC® in five Spanish farms
Efficacy of piglet vaccination with CIRCOVAC® in five Spanish
farms
AntonioCallen1, José Luis Lorenzo2, Maia Luisa Rosas2, Sophie Longo3, Francois
4
Efficacy
of 4piglet
vaccination
with CIRCOVAC®
in five Spanish
farms
Joisel
, Marion
Pasini
, Merial
Laboratorios
S.A.,
Barcelona,
Spain,Maporc,
SC,
Introduction
All farms were clinically PCVD and serologically PRRS positive.
The objective ofSpain
this studyBPC,
was to confirm
that PCV2 vaccination
PCVD status
was lab-confirmed
in the 3 farms by specific lesions
Segovia,
Labruguière,
France Merial
S.A.S.,
Lyon, France
with CIRCOVAC in piglet could improve the performance
and IHC.
parameters under Spanish conditions.
Introduction
In each farm, piglets were divided into 2 groups:
•
the control
non-vaccinated group
Materials
and Methods
The
objective
of
this
study
was
to
confirm
that
PCV2
vaccination
with(C)CIRCOVAC
•
the vaccinated
group
(V) was
intramuscularly
with
The study included 5 Spanish farrow-to-finish farms where
All
farms
were clinically
PCVD
and injected
serologically
PRRS positive.
Introduction
a
0.5
ml
of
CIRCOVAC,
once
atconditions.
weeks
of age. lesions
Piglets
piglets
are
weaned
at
21
days
of
age
and
moved
to
the
finishing
in
improve
thethatperformance
Spanish
PCVD statusunder
was lab-confirmed
in the
33-4
farms
by specific
Thepiglet
objectivecould
of this study
was to confirm
PCV2 vaccination parameters
units,
after 5 to 6 weeks
in a nursery.
with CIRCOVAC
in piglet
could improve the performance
parameters under Spanish conditions.
Table 1: Production type and farm size
were born from non-vaccinated sows.
and IHC.
200
C
400
D
400
E
A
550
500
2,050
1,472
B
200
4,404
Yes
No
C
400
13,726
No
D
400
5,787
E
550
2,050
Yes
Yes (subclinical)
Yes
5,787
Yes
Yes
Yes (subclinical)
Yes
Yes
No
Lab conf.
Pathol.
4,404
13,726
Clinical
diagnosis
Farm
B
Total N° of
piglets
monitored
Yes
N° of sows
Table
1: Production
type
and farm size Yes
A
500
1,472
Lab conf.
Pathol.
units, after 5 to 6 weeks in a nursery.
Clinical
diagnosis
Total N° of
piglets
monitored
Farm
N° of sows
Results
the PCVD
form was considered
as sub-clinical in farm
•farms
the control
non-vaccinated
Materials
and Methods
The
study
included 5 Spanish farrow-to-finishDAlthough
where
pigletsgroup
are(C)weaned
at and
withthe
a vaccinated
rather low mortality,
in nursery with
•
group (V)the
wasmortality
injectedrates
intramuscularly
The study included 5 Spanish farrow-to-finish farms where
finishing
were
decreased.
21
days
of age
to the
units,
5of CIRCOVAC,
to 6 weeks
aweeks
nursery.
aafter
0.5
ml significantly
once atin3-4
of age. Piglets
piglets
are weaned
at 21 and
days ofmoved
age and moved
to the finishing
finishing
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
were born from non-vaccinated sows.
Piglet
vaccination with CIRCOVAC led to significant improvement
Results
of
mortality
in the
nursery
(farm A, Cas
and
D) and fattening
Although
therate
PCVD
form
was considered
sub-clinical
in farm
period
C, D
E) and the
a significant
reduction
of the runt
D with (farm
a rather
lowand
mortality,
mortality rates
in nursery
and
rates
(farm
A,
B
and
E).
finishing were significantly decreased.
This large study including more than 27,000 piglets demonstrates
the
positiveand
impact
of CIRCOVAC piglet vaccination on
Discussion
Conclusion
performance
data with
in pigCIRCOVAC
producing farms
Spain. improvement
Piglet vaccination
led to in
significant
of mortality rate in the nursery (farm A, C and D) and fattening
period (farm C, D and E) and a significant reduction of the runt
rates (farm A, B and E).
This large study including more than 27,000 piglets demonstrates
the positive impact of CIRCOVAC piglet vaccination on
performance data in pig producing farms in Spain.
Table 2: Mortality and runt rates results in farms
Pig in V & C
%mortality
% mortality
Farm
% runts
ADWG
FCR
groups
nursery
fattening
a
a
C
1092
20.6
8.8
A
b
b
V
380
8.2
3.4
a
a
a
C
2613
2.6
4.5
7.7
B
a
a
b
V
1791
2.3
3.8
1.0
Table 2: Mortality and runt rates results in farms
a
a
12.5
3.1
C
7631
4.2
C
b
b
Pig
in
V
&
C
%mortality
%
mortality
V
6095
2.2
4.4
2.85
Farm
% runts
ADWG
FCR
groups
nursery
fattening
a
a
C
3786
2.9 a
4.1
- a
D
b
C
1092
20.6
- b
8.8
V
2001
1.7
3.1
-A
b
b
a
V
380
8.2
- a
3.4
C
998
- a
10.9
18
0.493
2.826
a
a
E
b
b
C
2613
2.6
4.5
7.7
V
1052
- a
2.4 a
7 b
0.694
2.394
B
V
1791
2.3
3.8
1.0
a,b
adifferent groups in aeach farm are statistically differing, Chi-square test, p<0.05).
figures
with
different
superscripts
in
the
(
C
7631
4.2
12.5
3.1
C
b
b
V
6095
2.2
4.4
2.85
a
a
C
3786
2.9
4.1
D
b
b
V
2001
1.7
3.1
a
a
C
998
10.9
18
0.493
2.826
®CIRCOVAC
E is a registered trademark of Merial in the United States ofb America and elsewhere.
b
V
1052
2.4
7
0.694
2.394
All farms were clinically PCVD and serologically PRRS positive. PCVD status was
lab-confirmed in the 3 farms by specific lesions and IHC.
(
a,b
figures with different superscripts in the different groups in each farm are statistically differing, Chi-square test, p<0.05).
• the control non-vaccinated group (C)
is a registered group
trademark (V)
of Merial
in the
United States
of America and elsewhere.
•®CIRCOVAC
the vaccinated
was
injected
intramuscularly
with a 0.5 ml of CIRCOVAC, once at 3-4 weeks of age. Piglets were born from non-vaccinated sows.
155
Health management
Results
Although the PCVD form was considered as sub-clinical in farm D with a rather low
mortality, the mortality rates in nursery and finishing were significantly decreased.
Piglet vaccination with CIRCOVAC led to significant improvement of mortality rate
in the nursery (farm A, C and D) and fattening period (farm C, D and E) and a significant reduction of the runt rates (farm A, B and E).
This large study including more than 27,000 piglets demonstrates the positive impact of CIRCOVAC piglet vaccination on performance data in pig producing farms
in Spain.
156
Health management
Impact of CIRCOVAC® vaccination in an integrated system
suffering from PRDC and wasting pigs
®
Impact of CIRCOVAC vaccination in
suffering from PRDC and
Florentina Cuestas1, Lorenzo Fraile2, Antonio Callén3, Francois Joisel4, Ingafood,
S.A., Spain CRESA, Barcelone, Spain Merial Laboratorios S.A., Barcelona, Spain
Merial S.A.S., Lyon, France
Introduction
The objective of this paper is to assess theIntroduction
impact of PCV2 vaccination in piglets
The objective of wasting
this paper isand
to assess
the impact sympof PCV2
on productivity in an integrated system experiencing
respiratory
vaccination in piglets on productivity in an integrated system
toms both in weaners and fatteners in spite
of having
implemented
exhaustive
experiencing
wasting
and respiratory
symptoms both in
weaners and fatteners in spite of having implemented
PRRS control measures.
exhaustive PRRS control measures.
Figu
con
slaughter_weight
Average production performances of the fattening periods of
44 consecutive batches of fatteners issued from one single
Average production performances of the fattening
periods of 44 consecutive
1200-sow herd, were recorded. Only fattening units receiving
piglets
from a singleherd,
source were
included
in the analysis.
batches of fatteners issued from one single
1200-sow
were
recorded.
Only
fattening units receiving piglets from a single
source
were and
included
in thewere
analysis.
Respiratory
symptoms
delayed growth
observed in
this system for a long period before PCV2 vaccination was
applied in spite of the implementation of specific PRRS control
Respiratory symptoms and delayed growth
werethat
observed
this system
measures
only partiallyin
improved
the results.for a
long period before PCV2 vaccination was PCVD
applied
in
spite
of
the
implementation
of
were diagnosed from 3 piglets, as previously described
In the vaccinated
groups,
all piglets
were vaccinated IM at
specific PRRS control measures that only (1).
partially
improved
the
results.
weaning with 0.5 ml of CIRCOVAC.
Average of production
parameters
using
PCVD were diagnosed from 3 piglets, as previously
described
(1).have
In been
the compared
vaccinated
parametric (Student-T test) or non parametric (U of Mann
Whitney) tests
after 0.5
performing
of normality (Kolmogorov
groups, all piglets were vaccinated IM at weaning
with
ml ofa test
CIRCOVAC.
Smirnoff).
Average of production parameters have been
compared using parametric (StuResults
dent-T test) or non parametric (U of MannLaboratory
Whitney)
tests
after
performing
results
indicated
a subclinical
infectionaoftest
PCV2.of
normality (Kolmogorov Smirnoff).
Table 1: Productivity results in the 44 fattening batches
Results
Laboratory results indicated a
subclinical infection of PCV2.
Period
Number of batches (Number
of pigs)
Av. Number of pigs at entry
(Min.-Max.)
Av. Weight at entry (rank)
Av. Days on feed (rank)
Mortality rate (%) (rank)
Feed conversion rate (FCR,
kg/kg)
Corrected FCR (kg/kg)
Average Daily Weight Gain
(ADG, g/day)
Av. Slaughter weight (kgs.)
Cost of medication (€/kg l.w.)
*p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001
Disc
Mor
Dea
age
A cl
first
®
CI
else
During
Before
vaccination
vaccination
21/03/0820/05/0805/05/09
13/04/09
23
21
(13,892)
(15,800)
604 ± 144.6
752±133.1
(330-940)
(620-1000)
17.82±1,6
18.15±1.3
(15.78-23.32) (15.65-21.10)
139.4 ±6.1
133.9±6.5
**
(122-152)
(131-151)
***
16.1 (9.6-23.3) 6.5 (3.3-9.9)
3,13±0.21
2.88±0.17
**
(2.89-3.50)
(2.63-3.14)
3.12±0.22
2.85±0.17
**
(2.81-3.55)
(2.61-3.11)
0.636±2.82
0.595±3.17
(0.587(0.555-0.676)
***
0.691)
102.40±3.08
99.87 ±4.76
(99.50(89.45-109.03)
*
110.86)
4.86±2.83
1.82±0.55
***
(2.0-10.8)
(0.5-3-0)
Ref
1. w
157
Health management
Figure. 1: Box and whisker plot of the slaughter weight of the
control (G1) and vaccinated animals (G2)
PCV2
ystem
th in
ented
Box Plot
slaughter_weight
115,00
ds of
single
eiving
ed in
was
ontrol
107,50
100,00
92,50
85,00
cribed
IM at
G1
G2
Groups
References
1. www.pcvd.eu
References
1. www.pcvd.eu
using
Mann
gorov
Discussion
Mortality rate fell after vaccination from 16.1% to 6.5%.
Deaths in vaccinated animals were caused by infectious
agents not related to PCV2.
A clear cut improvement was observed in the herd since the
first vaccinated batch and remained.
Discussion
Mortality rate fell after vaccination from 16.1% to 6.5%.
Deaths in vaccinated animals were caused by infectious agents not related to
CIRCOVAC is a registered trademark of Merial in Spain and
PCV2.
elsewhere.
A clear cut improvement was observed in the herd since the first vaccinated batch
and remained.
2.
®
g
tion
0809
0)
3.1
00)
1.3
1.10)
6.5
52)
***
9.9)
.17
**
14)
.17
**
11)
2.82
7-
® CIRCOVAC is a registered trademark of Merial in Spain and elsewhere.
***
3.08
0*
6)
.55
***
0)
158
Health management
The ResPig program as a tool for identifying risk factors affecting technical performance and post-mortem results at the
slaughterhouse on Dutch pig farms and sero prevalence of
infections.
Victor Geurts1, Toine Cruijsen1, Bert Cornelis2, Marc Martens3, Intervet ScheringPlough Nederland Veterinary Practice De Kempen Intervet Schering-Plough
International Introduction
The pig industry nowadays faces complex diseases such as Porcine Multi Systemic Wasting Syndrome and Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex. These
disease entities are often caused by multiple infections combined with suboptimal
conditions. The presence of risk factors for infectious diseases often results in the
use of preventive and curative antibiotic treatments that allows the development
and selection of more antibiotic-resistant bacteria (1). ResPig is a digital diagnostic
and monitoring program for veterinarians with regular cross-sectional serological
investigations for the presence of PRRSV, PCV2, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae,
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Influenza and Haemophilus parasuis. It also includes
an objective scoring system for possible risk factors (environment, management,
housing, biosecurity) on different respiratory problems. The program helps the veterinarian towards a structured approach to prevent respiratory disease with restrictive use of antibiotics. Because of the high number of participating farms and the
standard sampling protocols it is possible to analyze the epidemiology of infections
on participating farms by sero-prevalence and to determine relations between the
presence of infectious as measured by serology and technical- and slaughterhouse
performance parameters of finishers as presented in this study.
1. In 2008-2009, three-hundred farms were sampled cross-sectionaly (sows,
replacement gilts, 5-, 10-, 16-and 22-weeks old pigs, 5 animals per group) with a
total of 936 investigations. During this time (2008-2009), performance data (average daily gain (ADG), mortality), slaughterhouse results and vaccination history was
recorded. Odds ratios were calculated between the presence of infectious and
technical and slaughterhouse results. Definitions for the technical- and slaughterhouse performance were taken from the farm comparison 2008-2009 of Agrovision’s management system (calculates the average performance of Dutch pig
farms) (2) and VION farmingnet slaughterhouse scores for 2008. These definitions
are listed in Table.1 together with serological definitions.
159
Health management
Table 1:defintions
def.:
sam pl.
result
App +
average titer
≥ 14 omp elisa*
high mortality
>2.5%
PRRS +
average titer
>0.4 idexx elisa
sub optimal ADG
<786 gr
high pleuritis
≥16.5%
high pneumonia
≥11.7%
M hyo +
tech.-/slaughterhouse
% sampl+
> 20% idexx elisa
Infl +
average titer
≥ 9 log2 HI
PCV2 +
average titer ≥ 10 log2 int.elisa
result
*antibody Elisa on the 42 kD outer membrane protein of A. pleuropneumoniae (3)
2. Sero-prevalence of PRRS, PCV2, A. pleuropneumoniae and M. hyopneumoniae
of the same farms was calculated for 10-weeks-old pigs and 22-weeks-old fatteners.
When all 5 tested pigs were negative the investigation was considered as negative.
Results
1.Table 2: Relationships: odds ratio betw een serology and peformance results
serology techn. / slaughter results
O.R.*
P
4.7
(< 0.0001)
high pleurisies + pneumonia
4.3
(< 0.0001)
high pleurisies
8.O
(= 0.0029)
high pleurisies + pneumonia
6.2
(= 0.0028)
PCV2 +
sub optimal ADG
1.9
(= 0.0425)
M hyo +
high mortality
2.9
(= 0.0014)
App +
PRRS +
high pleurisies
* Significant associations (P<0.05) P-value based on Fisher’s exact test
2.Tabl 3. seroprevalance infections of farms (2008-2009)
piglets 10 w eeks
fatteners 22 w eeks
% investigations (all
% investigations (all
samples tested negative) samples tested negative)
PRRS (idexx)
55.4% (514/927)
13.2% (79/595)
App (omp elisa)
24.0% (223/929)
2.2% (13/598)
PCV2 (in house elisa)
M hyo (idexx elisa)
2.4%
(6/391)
1.5%
(6/391)
42.3% (251/593)
Conclusions and discussion
Several significant relations were found as listed in table 2. As expected, the presence high A. pleuropneumoniae-OMP titers was related with high pleurisy scores
since A. pleuropneumoniae is a major cause of pleurisy. More surprising, also
PRRS was a risk factor for pleurisy at slaughter, possibly due to co-infections with
other secondary infections. Positive M. hyopneumoniae serology was a risk factor
for high mortality in finishers. Early infections and disturbances in the clearance
mechanism and integrity of the upper respiratory tract could be a possible reason.
High PCV2 titers in finishers were a risk factor for suboptimal Average Daily Gain
(ADG). Serology as used in the ResPig protocols, together with disease history and
technical-/slaughterhouse results makes it possible to identify infections that lead
to poor results in technical performance during finishing and in slaughter scores.
This helps the veterinary adviser to develop more successful preventive programs.
Moreover, continuous monitoring of infections on a farm or in an area (table 3.) by
ResPig makes benchmarking possible and gives additional information regarding
the efficacy of different preventive strategies.
References
1.Beers, H.van, Mevius,D., Dier en Arts, 2010 vol.12 p.473
2.Agrovision, Bedrijfsvergelijking BV (6-2008 – 6-2009).
3.Kobisch.M, et al., 1992, Proc 12th IPVS, The Hague. p. 216
4.CVI Lelystad, MARAN Rapport 2008, p 17.
160
Health management
Comparative efficacy of piglet vaccination with CIRCOVAC®
versus another PCV2 piglet vaccine under Portuguese condition
Rui Tomás1, José Miguel Lopes Jorge2, Marion Pasini3, Sophie Longo4, Francois
Joisel3, Eurocereal S.A., Malveira, Portugal Merial Portuguesa - Sáude Animal Lda.,
Rio de Mouro, Portugal Merial S.A.S., Lyon, France BPC, Labruguière, France
Introduction
Porcine circovirus diseases (PCVD) have been shown to be controlled by CIRCOVAC vaccination in sows and piglets. PCV2 vaccination of piglets is frequently used
as an indirect field diagnosis tool to confirm a blur impact of PCVD. The objective
of this randomized and blinded trial was to compare the efficacy of CIRCOVAC versus another PCV2 piglet vaccine.
®
Comparative efficacy of piglet vaccination with CIRCOVAC versus another PCV2 piglet
®
vaccine
under Portuguese
condition
Comparative efficacy of piglet
vaccination
with CIRCOVAC
versus another PCV2 piglet
vaccine under Portuguese condition
Five weekly piglet batches were involved. At 25 days of age (weaning), half of
each litter was randomly allocated to groups vaccinated with 1 dose of one of the
two vaccines (CIRCOVAC or vaccine A). Pigs from the two experimental groups
were housed co-mingled, but sorted by sex and weight. Mortality was recorded.
Introduction
weaning weights (no individual weighing) were obtained by
Weaning-to-slaughter
durations
ranged
from
166 and
204 days
(no average
Porcine
circovirus diseases (PCVD) have
been shown
to
group weighing
and average
carcass weights
obtained at duraIntroduction
weaning
weightshouse.
(no individual
weighing)
were obtained
by
be
controlled by CIRCOVAC vaccination in sows and
the
slaughter
Mortality
rates were
statistically
tion
available)
in
the
experimental
pigs.
Average
weaning
weights
(no
individual
Porcine
circovirus
diseases
(PCVD)
have
been
shown
to
group
weighing
and
average
carcass
weights
obtained at
piglets. PCV2 vaccination of piglets is frequently used as
compared using Chi² test.
be indirect
controlled
bydiagnosis
CIRCOVAC
vaccination
in sows
and
the slaughter house. Mortality rates were statistically
an
field
tool
to
confirm
a
blur
impact
of
weighing)
were
obtained
by group
andusing
average
piglets.
PCV2
vaccination
of randomized
piglets is frequently
usedtrial
asweighing
compared
Chi² test. carcass weights obtained
PCVD.
The
objective
of this
and blinded
Results and
conclusion
an
indirect
field diagnosis
to confirm
aversus
blur impact
of
was
to
compare
the efficacytool
of CIRCOVAC
another
During
fattening, the vaccinated
pigs experienced
less test.
at
the
slaughter
house.
Mortality
rates
were
statistically
compared
using Chi²
PCVD. The objective of this randomized and blinded trial
Results and conclusion
PCV2 piglet vaccine.
was to compare the efficacy of CIRCOVAC versus another
PCV2 piglet
vaccine.
Materials
and
methods
Five weekly piglet batches were involved. At 25 days of
Materials
and
age (weaning), methods
half of each litter was randomly allocated to
Five weekly
piglet with
batches
were
25vaccines
days of
groups
vaccinated
1 dose
of involved.
one of theAttwo
age (weaning),
of each
litter was
allocated to
(CIRCOVAC
or half
vaccine
A). Pigs
from randomly
the two experimental
groups
vaccinated
with
1
dose
of
one
of
the
two
vaccines
groups were housed co-mingled, but sorted by sex and
(CIRCOVAC
or vaccine
Pigs fromWeaning-to-slaughter
the two experimental
weight.
Mortality
was A).
recorded.
groups
were
housed
but sorted
by sex
and
durations
ranged
fromco-mingled,
166 and 204
days (no
average
weight. Mortality
recorded.
Weaning-to-slaughter
duration
available) was
in the
experimental
pigs. Average
durations ranged from 166 and 204 days (no average
duration available) in the experimental pigs. Average
digestive problems (no difference between both vaccinated
During
theonvaccinated
pigsantimicrobials
experienced costs
less
groups).fattening,
A decrease
the injectable
digestive
problems
(novaccinated
difference groups.
betweenMortality
both vaccinated
was
observed
in the
records
groups). A
decrease
on thewith
injectable
antimicrobials
showed
similar
mortality
a tendency
to a bit costs
less
was
observed
the vaccinated
groups. Mortality records
mortality
for theinCIRCOVAC
group.
showed
similarCIRCOVAC
mortality with
a tendency
a bit
less
In conclusion,
and Vaccine
A didtobring
clinical
mortality
for the
CIRCOVAC
group.of mortality.
improvement
and
similar reduction
In conclusion, CIRCOVAC and Vaccine A did bring clinical
improvement
similar reduction
mortality.
®Circovac
is aand
trademark
of Merial of
Limited
in Portugal and
elsewhere.
®Circovac is a trademark of Merial Limited in Portugal and
elsewhere.
Results and conclusion
During fattening, the vaccinated pigs experienced less digestive problems (no difference between both vaccinated groups). A decrease on the injectable antimicrobials costs was observed in the vaccinated groups. Mortality records showed
similar mortality with a tendency to a bit less mortality for the CIRCOVAC group.
In conclusion, CIRCOVAC and Vaccine A did bring clinical improvement and
similar reduction of mortality.
Table 1: Farm characteristics
Table 1: Farm
characteristics
Number
of sows
Type of operation
Number
of sows mortality rate
weaning-slaughter
Type ofpicture
operation
clinical
weaning-slaughter
PCVD
Diagnosis mortality rate
clinical
picture identified
Other pathogens
PCVD
Diagnosis health issues
Other noticeable
Other pathogens identified
Other noticeable health issues
550
farrow-to-finish
550
8,9%
farrow-to-finish
evocative
of PCVD (wasting, delayed growth and heterogeneity)
8,9% suspicion was established clinically but no lab confirmation.
Clinical
evocative
PCVD (wasting, delayed growth and heterogeneity)
PRRS+, Mofhyo+
Clinical
suspicion
wasdisorders
established clinically but no lab confirmation.
intermittent
digestive
PRRS+, M hyo+
intermittent digestive disorders
Table 2: Mortality and raw growth data in the 2 vaccinated groups
Table 2: Mortality and raw growth data in the 2 vaccinated
groups
Before PCV2
Farm S
vaccination
Before PCV2
Weaned piglets Farm
n
S
vaccination
5.1%
Mortality
rate post
Weaned piglets
n weaning
4.0%
Mortality rate
rate fattening
5.1%
Mortality
post weaning
8.9%
Mortality
farrowing-slaughter
4.0%
Mortality rate
rate fattening
Weaning
b.w.farrowing-slaughter
(kg)
8.9%
Mortality rate
Slaughterb.w.
carcass
Weaning
(kg) weight (kg)
Slaughter carcass weight (kg)
CIRCOVAC
Vaccine A
delta %
Chi2 (p)
740
CIRCOVAC
740 A
Vaccine
delta %
Chi2 (p)
2.7%
740
2.5%
2.7%
3.9%
740
3.5%
3.9%
-1.2%
0.191
-1.0%
-1.2%
-2.2%
-1.0%
91.7
6.5
90.5
6.5
0.0
-2.2%
1.2
0.0
0.260
0.191
0.085
0.260
90.5
1.2
5.1%
2.5%
6.5
5.1%
91.7
7.3%
3.5%
6.5
7.3%
0.085
161
Health management
Presence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) on pig carcasses surface at the end of the slaughtering process.
Elena Galletti1, Giuseppe Merialdi1, Carlo Rosignoli1, Maria Grazia Zanoni1, Andrea
Grassi1, Alessia Franco2, Sauro Guerzoni3, Antonella Mazzaro1, Paolo Martelli4,
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna Istituto
Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lazio e Toscana Veterinary practitioner Parma University
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been found in pigs and
there are many evidences of transmission from pig to humans. The potential of human infection by pork meat is controversial.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of MRSA on pig carcasses at
the end of the slaughtering chain.
Three MRSA colonized herds, were enrolled in the study. At slaughter-house sixty
nasal swabs per herd were taken immediately after jugulation and twenty samples
were gathered using sterile dry swabs (Sodibox®) from the skin of the throat region
at the end of the slaughter line, just before cutting or chilling. All samples were
cultured for MRSA, nasal swabs were cultured in pools of ten each.
Six pools of nasal swabs (100%) resulted positive in two herds and three (50%) in
the other one. At the end of the slaughter line, before cutting or chilling, carcasses
surface resulted contaminated by MRSA with a prevalence of 20%, 45% and 40%
respectively.
Genotyping of isolates is in process in order to evaluate the homology/heterogeneity within isolates from nasal swabs and from carcasses.
These results provide evidence of MRSA contamination of pig carcasses from
naturally colonized herds, at the end of the slaughter line. Further investigations are
needed in order to better understand the risk of human colonization through the
food chain.
162
Health management
PCV2 infection dynamics and production parameters in a PCV2
double vaccination (sow and piglets) schedule
Lorenzo Fraile1,2, MarinaSibila1, Miquel Nofrarías1, Rosa López-Jimenez1, Sergio
López-Soria1, Diego Pérez1, Eva Huerta1, Anna Mª Llorens1, Alex Eggen3,
Joaquim Segalés1,4, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA). Spain
Universitat de Lleida Intervet Schering/Plough International BV, The Netherlands
Departament de Sanitat i d’Anatomia Animals. Facultat Veterinària. UAB. Spain
A field trial was designed to study the effect of PCV2 double vaccination (sows and
piglets) on PCV2 viremia, serology and productive parameters. One week before
mating, 26 and 31 sows were injected with 2 ml Porcilis PCV® and 2 ml PBS,
respectively. At weaning, 476 healthy piglets were distributed into 2 groups. From
each sow, half of the litter was vaccinated with Porcilis PCV® and the other half
non-vaccinated (PBS), obtaining 4 study groups: non-vaccinated sows-non-vaccinated pigs (NV-NV, n=134), non-vaccinated sows-vaccinated pigs (NV-V, n=135);
vaccinated sows-non-vaccinated pigs (V-NV, n=104); vaccinated sows-vaccinated
pigs (V-V, n=103). Blood samples from 75 piglets of each group were taken at
3-4 (weaning), 8, 12, 16, 21 and 26 weeks of age and tested by PCV2 IPMA and
PCR. Weight was recorded from all the animals at weaning and 12, 16, 21 and 26
weeks of age. Mortality was registered throughout the trial. Results showed that
a single vaccination in sows before mating induced high antibody titres to their
piglets at weaning and a delay in PCV2 infection compared to piglets coming from
NV sows. Piglet vaccination (independently of sow treatment) caused an earlier
seroconversion, a lower percentage of PCV2 infected pigs as well as an improvement in weight, ADG, mortality rates and homogeneity of the batch at slaughter
age compared to the NV piglets. Double PCV2 vaccination strategy reduced PCV2
infection and achieved the best production parameter results (not significantly
different from NV-V ones), but caused some interference in piglet humoral vaccineelicited response.
163
Health management
PCV2 infection and seroconversion patterns in PCV2 vaccinated and non-vaccinated pigs coming from vaccinated and
non-vaccinated sows
Marina Sibila1, Lorenzo Fraile2, Miquel Nofrarías1, Rosa López-Jimenez1, Sergio
López-Soria1, Diego Pérez1, Eva Huerta1, Anna Mª Llorens1, Alex Eggen3, Joaquim
Segalés1,4, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Spain Universitat de
Lleida, Spain Intervet Schering/Plough International BV, The Netherlands
Departament de Sanitat i d’Anatomia Animals, Facultat Veterinaria. UAB, Spain
PCV2 vaccination has become a major practice in pig farms worldwide due to its
great efficacy. However, levels of maternal immunity and viremia of the piglet at the
time of vaccination may affect PCV2 infection dynamics of vaccinated population.
Therefore, the objective of this work was to analyse the different PCV2 infection
and seroconversion patterns in a population of pigs vaccinated (Porcilis PCV®) and
non-vaccinated against this virus, coming from vaccinated and non-vaccinated
sows. A total of 476 healthy piglets from vaccinated (Porcilis PCV®) and nonvaccinated sows were distributed into 4 groups: non-vaccinated sows-non-vaccinated pigs (NV-NV, n=134), non-vaccinated sows-vaccinated pigs (NV-V, n=135);
vaccinated sows-non-vaccinated pigs (V-NV, n=104); vaccinated sows-vaccinated
pigs (V-V, n=103). Blood samples from 75 piglets of each group were taken at 3-4
(weaning), 8, 12, 16, 21 and 26 weeks of age and tested by PCV2 IPMA and PCR.
A cluster analysis of PCV2 antibodies and PCR results was done. Four different
profiles were obtained: 1) PCV2 non-infected animals with medium and high IPMA
titres through the trial (mainly from NV-V and V-V treatments); 2) PCV2 viremic
piglets with an increasing antibody levels against this virus over the time (mainly
NV-NV treatment); 3) animals with late PCV2 infection as well as seroconversion
(mostly from V-NV treatment); and 4) animals with a decreasing PCV2 antibody
titres with occasional viremia (mainly from V-V and NV-V groups). These results
indicate that different subpopulations of animals in regards PCV2 viremia and antibodies co-exist within each treatment group.
164
Health management
Effectiveness of sow vaccination with CIRCOVAC® (Merial) in a
PCV2-positive but PCVD-free herd under Italian conditions
MicheleDrigo1, Eliana Schiavon2, Giacomo Bortoletto1, Fabio Rampin2, Giorgio
Leotti3, Sophie Longo4, Marion Pasini5, Francois Joisel5, Dept. Public Health, Comparative Pathology and Veterinary Hygiene, Padua Univers IZS Venezie, Italy Merial
Italia S.p.A., Milano, Italia BPC, Labruguière, France Merial S.A.S., Lyon, France
Introduction
The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of CIRCOVAC sow vaccination, in reducing mortality and improving growth of the offspring, in a PCV2 positive, PMWS negative herd (absence of PCVD), under Italian conditions.
Materials & Methods
Farm: 170-sow farrow-to-finish farm using a 3-week farrowing batch management.
PCV2 presence was confirmed from previous serological monitoring but no clinical
signs of PCVD were observed.
Vaccination:
Batches 1, 3 and 5 of sows were vaccinated: CIRCOVAC, 2mL IM, 40-50 days
before farrowing and a second shot 20 days before farrowing.
Batches 2, 4 and 6 were used as controls.
Investigations:
• Mortality in piglets for the 6 groups.
• Weight of 50 animals at weaning and one week before slaughtering.
• Presence of PCV2 antibodies by ELISA tested from serum of ten pigs randomly
selected from the progeny of batches 1 and 2.
Results
Figure 1: Percentage of piglets with PCV2 antibodies detected in serum in experimental groups
IMMUNITY vs PCV2
120
Prevalence for
Abs_PCV2
100
* Statistical significance, p<0.05,
Mann-Whitney test confirmed by
Kruskal-Wallis test.
80
60
40
20
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
WEEK
PCV2 VACCINATED
PCV2 NON-VACCINATED
165
Health management
Table 1: Growth results
Non-vaccinated
Vaccinated
ADWG (kg)
Weaning – 68D 0.36±0.08
0.33±0.04
ADWG (kg)
68D – 120D
0.52±0.03
0.63±0.09
ADWG (kg)
120D - Slaughter 0.72±0.04
0.77±0.07
Mortality was statistically lower in the vaccinated group: 2.42% vs 7.82% (p<0.0001).
Figure 2: Batch mortality
Mortality per groups(%)
14
12
10
8
PCV2 vaccinated
6
PCV2 non-vaccinated
4
2
0
1-2
3-4
5-6
Groups
Discussion
Sow vaccination with CIRCOVAC, induced a significant improvement in overall
piglet (1142) mortality rate. An increase of the ADWG was seen from 68 days to
slaughter.
The longitudinal seroprofiles obtained for the pigs belonging to the two experimental groups showed a better transfer of maternal immunity to the piglets of the
vaccinated dams.
166
Health management
A comparison of different PCV2 vaccines given to piglets
Jake Waddilove1, MA VetMB, MRCVS, Eastgate Veterinary Group, Cotton Lane,
Bury St Edmunds, IP33 1
Introduction
The purpose of this trial was to compare two different PCV2 vaccines given to
piglets on a farm with a high disease burden in the rearing herd.
Farm
• 750 sow farrow-to-finish unit in Eastern England.
• Significant disease burden: PCVD, PRRS, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae,
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and secondary bacterial infections.
• Experienced:
o high levels of respiratory disease,
o wean to finish mortality of 8%,
o poor growth rates,
o high levels of treatment.
• Control measures used:
o PRRS-MLV and PCV2 vaccination of sows and pigs,
o Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccine for pigs,
o antibiotic treatments.
Trial:
Piglets from each litter were randomly allocated into 2 groups, and were vaccinatent PCV2ed
vaccines
given
to piglets
at weaning
(23-25
days of age).
• Group V: 0.5ml CIRCOVAC® (Merial) IM,
• Group F: 1.0ml CIRCOFLEX® (Boehringer Ingelheim) IM.
V2
en
us
nd
Results
No adverse reactions were observed following the administration of either vaccine.
In the entire trial group clinical disease was at better levels than normal, but one
outbreak of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae occured during the trial. This was controlled by individual injection with Ceftiofur and water medication with Amoxycillin.
Table 1: Average Daily Gain in gms
Number of pigs
ADG
Wean
to
Finish
ADG
Wean
to
Grower
ADG Grower to
Finish
NS: Non Significant
Student
T-test
Group V
Group F
344
353
540
536
NS
436
436
NS
593
585
NS
The main cause of death in both groups was
Actinobacillus
Proceedings of the 3rd ESPHM,
Espoo,
pleuropneumoniae.
No deaths were attributed to PCVD.
The main cause of death in
both groups was Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae.
No deaths were attributed to
PCVD.
Finland 2011
167
nd
NS: Non Significant
The main cause of death in both groups was Actinobacillus
pleuropneumoniae.
Health
management
No deaths were attributed to PCVD.
Table 2: Weaning-to-finish mortality rate
Group V
Group F
Mortality rate
3.5%
4.5%
NS: Non Significant
Chi2
NS
Discussion
Discussion
This trial
trial shows
shows that
was
no no
significant
difference
in
This
thatthere
there
was
significant
difference
in growth rates and mortalgrowth rates and mortality levels between piglets vaccinated
ity
levels
between
piglets
vaccinated
with
0.5ml
CIRCOVAC
or 1.0ml CIRCOFLEX.
with 0.5ml CIRCOVAC or 1.0ml CIRCOFLEX. Marginal
Marginal
forwere
CIRCOVAC
benefits forbenefits
CIRCOVAC
observed. were observed.
ps,
M.
he
els
lus
ed
with
168
Health management
Economic benefits of the control of sarcoptic mange in
fattening
pigs benefits
under Italian
conditions
Economic
of the control
of sarcoptic mange in fattening pigs under
Claudio Genchi1, Giorgio Leotti2, Michele Mortarino1, Marco Genchi1, Giancula
Prevedi3, Diego Zamperlin2, Francois Joisel4, Dipartimento di Patologia Animale,
Igiene e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Univers Merial Italia S.p.A., Milano, Italia
Libero professionista Merial S.A.S., Lyon, France
Introduction
The aim of this study was to evaluate the productivity improvement and the ecoDiscussion
Introduction
nomic
benefits of IVOMEC® PREMIX (Merial) in the control of sarcoptic
mange in
This controlled, blinded and ran
aim of this study was to evaluate the productivity
anThe
herd
producing
Italian
ham
(Parma
and
San
Daniele).
Sarcoptes can infest pigs up to sla
improvement and the economic benefits of IVOMEC® PREMIX
(Merial) in the control of sarcoptic mange in an herd producing
The results confirmed the high eff
Italian ham and
(Parma
and San Daniele).
Materials
Methods
the control of sarcoptic mange (1).
The farm produced around 25,000 slaughter pigs per year.
• Pigs
entered at 35-40 kg and stayed 40 days in a separate site.
At entry, all aniThe economic benefit of IVOMEC
The farm produced around 25,000 slaughter pigs per year.
mals
treatedatwith
benzimidazoles.
€ per pig.
• were
Pigs entered
35-40
kg and stayed 40 days in a separate
• At 50-60
pigs
moved
to a 2nd
up to slaughter (150-160 kg).
site. Atkg,
entry,
all were
animals
were treated
with site
benzimidazoles.
•
nd
At 50-60 kg, pigs were moved to a 2 site up to slaughter
(150-160
kg). with IVOMEC PREMIX (100 mg/kg live
were
treated
Pigs
days) at entry in fattening units.
Pigs were treated with IVOMEC PREMIX (100 mg/kg live weight
(LW)/day for 7 days) at entry in fattening units.
weightReferences
(LW)/day for 7
1. Genchi C et al.,
146.
(2002) Atti So
Evaluation The treatment efficacy was evaluated by ear scraping (ES) and feces
®IVOMEC is a trademark of Meria
Evaluation
Theinternal
treatment
efficacyinwas
evaluated
by ear animals.
analysis
(FE) for
parasites
live and
slaughtered
The average
of America and elsewhere.
scraping (ES) and feces analysis (FE) for internal parasites in
dermatitis score (ADS) was measured at slaughter (1).
live and slaughtered animals. The average dermatitis score
(ADS) was measured at slaughter (1).
The economic improvement was calculated based on the live weight difference (g)
The economic
improvement
was calculated
the livewith February 2010 data (€).
between
the 2 groups
multiplied
by marketbased
value on
updated
weight difference (g) between the 2 groups multiplied by market
value updated with February 2010 data (€).
Results
Results
Table 1: Sarcoptic mange analysis results
Control group
Treatment group
Start
End
Start
End
Jun.
Nov.
Jun.
Nov.
2002
2002
2002
2002
ADS
/
0.77
/
0.35
(positive>0.
5)
a
b
c
d
ES
7/30
16/30
12/30
0/30
FE
0/30
0/20
0/30
0/20
a, b
c, d
(p=0.034);
(p<0.001), Chi-square test
Table 2: performances and economic results
Control group
IVOMEC
group
No of pigs
519
520
rd
Proceedings
of the
3 ESPHM,
Espoo,
169
Total group
bodyweight
at start
(kg) Finland 2011
29,760
29,470
Mean individual bodyweight at start (kg)
57.34
56.67
PR
a
b
7/30
16/30
12/30
0/30
0/20
0/30
c, d
4);
(p<0.001), Chi-square test
c
0/30
0/20
d
Health management
Table 2: performances and economic results
Control group
IVOMEC PREMIX
group
No of pigs
519
520
Total group bodyweight at start (kg)
29,760
29,470
Mean individual bodyweight at start (kg)
57.34
56.67
No of pigs slaughtered
491
500
No of dead pigs
17
14
No of wasting pigs
11
6
Total group slaughtered and wasting pigs 81,405
83,340
bodyweight (kg)
Mean individual slaughtered and wasting 162.16
164.70
pigs bodyweight (kg)
Total group increase of bodyweight during 5 1 , 6 4 5
53,870
fattening period (kg)
Total group bodyweight increase in IVOMEC + 2,225
group (kg)
1
Total group additional economic benefit
€ 2,752.3
Additional economic benefit per pig
€ 4.88
1
bodyweight increase (kg) x 1.237 € (quotation of slaughtered pigs in February 2010 in Italy)
Discussion
This controlled, blinded and randomized study showed that Sarcoptes can infest pigs
up to slaughter (9-10 months of age).
The results confirmed the high efficacy of IVOMEC PREMIX in the control of sarcoptic
mange (1).
The economic benefit of IVOMEC PREMIX treatment was 4.88 € per pig.
References
1. Genchi C et al., (2002) Atti Soc. It. Pat. All. Suino 28:137-146.
170
Health management
Clinical chemistry in non treated boars and boars vaccinated
with Improvac® at different ages and times after 2nd vaccination
Tatjana Sattler1, Julia Jäger1, Friedrich Schmoll2, University Leipzig, Large Animal
Clinic for Internal Medicine, Leipzig, Germany AGES, Institute for veterinary Disease
Control, Mödling, Austria
Objectives
Vaccination of boars with Improvac® is a successful and animal friendly alternative
to surgical castration. The objective of the study was to determine selected clinical
chemical parameters of the protein and mineral metabolism at the time of slaughtering in boars and boars vaccinated with Improvac® that went to slaughterhouse
at different ages and times after 2nd vaccination.
569 blood samples were collected during exsanguination from 140 boars (from 26
to 29 weeks of age) and 429 Improvac® vaccinated boars the same age. Improvac® treated animals received 2nd vaccination 5 to 10 weeks prior slaughter.
Alkaline phosphatase (AP), urea, creatinine, inorganic phosphate (P) and calcium
(Ca) were analyzed in blood serum.
Results
Urea was significantly higher (median 6.3 to 7.3 mmol/l) in Improvac® vaccinated
boars than in boars (5.4 to 5.8 mmol/l) the same age. AP, on the other hand, was
significantly lower (128 to 148 U/l) in vaccinated boars than in boars (139 to 184
U/l) the same age. No age dependency was detected in both parameters. Creatinine increased significantly age dependent from 133 to 149 µmol/l in boars but
stayed at the same high level (around 150 µmol/l) in vaccinated boars. No significant differences were detected in Ca and P.
Discussion
Parameters of the protein metabolism were age dependent in boars and differed
from those of Improvac® vaccinated boars. The differences should be considered
relevant for feeding and food ingredients of boars and Improvac® treated boars.
171
Health management
Effect of vaccination against gnrh with improvac®, on performance parameters and body composition under field
Zilinskas, H. Sutkeviciene, N., Garlaite, K, Januskauskas, A, Lithuanian University
of Health Sciences, veterinary Academy Pfizer SARL Luxemburg branch office in
Lithuania
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of vaccination against GnRH
on performance traits as well as body composition of pigs under commercial
farming conditions. A total of 592 cross-bred pigs (male, and gilts) (112 castrated
males, CM); 168 males to be vaccinated with Improvac, IM); and 312 females, F)
included into the trial. Animals of CM group were castrated at the age of 3 days.
The two vaccinations (Improvac®) were applied at a mean age of 84 and 129 days
of age.
After weaning animals were kept in groups of 45 and during fattening in groups of
50 animals/ pen recording individual pen feed intake. All pigs were fed the same
farm-made diet depending on the growth phase. At the beginning of each stage of
the cycle – at weaning (d.21) at the age of transfer to fattening phase (d.83) and on
the day of slaughter (d.168) animals were weighed in groups of 7 to 10 animals. At
the day of slaughter backfat thickness (FT) and loin-muscle depth (LD) were also
recorded ultrasonically. During growing phase IM animals presented a lower growth
rate compared to CM and F (P < 0.05), whereas in the fattening phase their growth
rate compared was significantly higher (P<0.05). IM food consumption was lower
by 7.06% and by 1.23 % lower as for CM and F animals. Final lean meat percentage of F was 56.85%, for IM 55.5% and for CM was 53.1 %. Results from this
study indicate that vaccination against GnRH, improves productive parameters of
the fattening pigs.
172
Health management
Facilitating nursing behavior of sows at farrowing has a positive
effect on piglet development
Jan Jourquin, Lieve, Goossens, Janssen Animal Health
Sow behavior during early lactation has an impact on the colostrum distribution.
Nursing behavior can be improved with azaperone, a sedative registered for pigs.
In a multi-center field trial, the impact of an azaperone injection of the sow on piglet
development until weaning was evaluated.
998 sows from 11 farms were randomly spread over parities and azaperone
treated or leftFacilitating
untreated.
The treatment was an IM injection of 320 mg azaperone
nursing behavior of sows at farrowing has a positive effect on piglet development
(8 ml Stresnil®) at expulsion of the placenta. The live born piglets were weighed
Sow behavior during early lactation has an impact on the colostrum distribution. Nursing behavior can be improved with azaperone, a
and
indentified
birth
and weaning.
Mortality,
weight,
weight
gain until
sedative
registered forat
pigs.
In a multi-center
field trial, the
impact of anweaning
azaperone injection
of thelitter
sow on
piglet development
weaning was evaluated.
and
percent
of
piglets
reaching
6
kg
at
24
days
were
the
main
parameters.
Mixed
998 sows from 11 farms were randomly spread over parities and azaperone treated or left untreated. The treatment was an IM injection
) at expulsion
of the placenta. The live born piglets were weighed and indentified at birth and
of 320 mg were
azaperone
(8 ml for
Stresnil
models
used
statistical
analysis.
weaning. Mortality, weaning weight, litter weight gain and percent of piglets reaching 6 kg at 24 days were the main parameters. Mixed
An
overview
the results
models
were used of
for statistical
analysis.is shown in table 1.
®
An overview of the results is shown in table 1.
Table 1: Results
Number sows
Piglets alive at start
Birth weight (kg)
Piglets weaned
Mortality (%)
Weaning weight (24d) (kg)
% piglets reaching 6 kg at 24d
Litter weight gain (24d) (kg)
Azaperone
502
11.72
1.39
10.25
12.6%
6.84
70.6%
53.54
Untreated
496
11.62
1.41
10.18
12.4%
6.71
66.5%
51.73
p-value
p>0.05
p<0.02
p<0.01
p<0.04
Piglets of the treated group consistently grew faster (+6 g/day) independent of birth weight. In farms with also a mortality decrease,
more light weight piglets (< 1 kg) survived (71.5% versus 60.9%), neutralizing but not reversing the growth advantage. The effect is
bigger in younger parities.
Improved nursing behavior of the sow during the colostrum phase results in a better development of her litter until weaning.
Piglets of the treated group consistently grew faster (+6 g/day) independent of
birth weight. In farms with also a mortality decrease, more light weight piglets (<
1 kg) survived (71.5% versus 60.9%), neutralizing but not reversing the growth
advantage. The effect is bigger in younger parities.
Improved nursing behavior of the sow during the colostrum phase results in a better development of her litter until weaning.
173
lameness
PK/PD integration of tiamulin (Denagard®) by injection against
mycoplasmal joint infections
David Burch1, Ulrich Klein2, Octagon Services Ltd Novartis Animal Health Inc.
Introduction
Tiamulin injection (Denagard® – Novartis AH Inc.) has been used for the treatment
of mycoplasmal arthritis caused by M. hyosynoviae (MHS) and M. hyorhinis (MHR).
It was the purpose of this study to compare the pharmacokinetics (PK) of tiamulin
in joint fluidPK/PD
withintegration
the pharmacodynamics
(PD) or minimum inhibitory concentrations
of tiamulin (Denagard®) by injection against mycoplasmal joint infections
(MIC) of the mycoplasmas involved.
Introduction
Tiamulin injection (Denagard® – Novartis AH Inc.) has been used for the treatment of mycoplasmal arthritis caused by M.
hyosynoviae (MHS) and M. hyorhinis (MHR). It was the purpose of this study to compare the pharmacokinetics (PK) of tiamulin
in joint fluid with the pharmacodynamics (PD) or minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the mycoplasmas involved.
Materials and method
Pharmacodynamics: Tiamulin’s activity against MHS and MHR (Hannan et al,
Materials and method
1997)
is summarised
in Table
Pharmacodynamics:
Tiamulin’s activity
against1.
MHS and MHR (Hannan et al, 1997) is summarised in Table 1.
Table 1. Susceptibility of various mycoplasma strains to tiamulin
PK/PD integration of tiamulin (Denagard®) by injection against mycoplasmal joint infections
Species
No isolates
MIC 50 (µg/ml)
MIC 90 (µg/ml)
MIC range (µg/ml)
Introduction
MHS
18
0.005
0.025
0.0025-0.1
Tiamulin injection (Denagard® – Novartis AH Inc.) has been used for the treatment of mycoplasmal arthritis caused by M.
MHR
20hyorhinis (MHR). It was 0.1
0.25to compare the pharmacokinetics
0.025-0.5
hyosynoviae
(MHS) and M.
the purpose of this study
(PK) of tiamulin
in joint fluid with the pharmacodynamics (PD) or minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the mycoplasmas involved.
Goodwin (1985) showed that the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was approximately 2 times the MIC for MHS and 1
for MHR. and method
Materials
Goodwin (1985) showed that the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was
Pharmacodynamics: Tiamulin’s
activity
MHR and
(Hannan
al, 1997)
is summarised in Table 1.
approximately
2 times
theagainst
MICMHS
for and
MHS
1 etfor
MHR.
Pharmacokinetics: Tiamulin is primarily a bacteriostatic and therefore the area under the curve over 24h (AUC 24h) was
considered
the most suitable
PK mycoplasma
parameter to strains
use. McKellar
et al (2004) demonstrated that the AUC 24h for tiamulin in plasma
Table 1. Susceptibility
of various
to tiamulin
was 8.79µg.h/ml following an injection at 15mg/kg bodyweight. Combined data from McKellar et al (1993) and Skov & Nielsen
Species
No isolates
MIC 50 (µg/ml)
MIC 90 (µg/ml)
MIC range (µg/ml)
(1988) showed that there was an average joint fluid concentration at 40% of the plasma concentration giving an AUC 24h of
3.52µg.h/ml.
MHS
18
0.005
0.025
0.0025-0.1
MHR
20
0.1
0.25
0.025-0.5
Pharmacokinetics: Tiamulin is primarily a bacteriostatic and therefore the area under the curve over 24h (AUC 24h) was considered the most suitable PK parameter
to use. McKellar et al (2004) demonstrated that the AUC 24h for tiamulin in plasma
Goodwin
(1985) showed
the minimum
bactericidal
(MBC)
was
approximately
the MIC for MHS
and 1
was
8.79µg.h/ml
following
an
injection
at 15mg/kg
Combined
data
Table 2.
Results
of PK/PDthat
integration
for tiamulin
using concentration
AUC24h
/ MBC
(= MIC
xbodyweight.
MBC/MIC
ratio)2 times
for MHR.
Species
fluid
50
MBC 90
AUC/MBC 90
from
McKellarAUC
et24h
al joint
(1993)
and MBC
Skov
& Nielsen
(1988) AUC/MBC
showed50 that there
was an
MHS
0.01
0.05
352 the curve over 24h
70 (AUC 24h) was
Pharmacokinetics: 3.52
Tiamulin is primarily a bacteriostatic
and therefore
the area under
average
joint
fluid
concentration
40%
the plasma
giving
MHR
0.1at
0.25
35concentration
considered
the
most3.52
suitable
PK parameter to use.
McKellar
etof
al (2004)
demonstrated
that the AUC 24h for14
tiamulin inan
plasma
was 8.79µg.h/ml
following
an injection at 15mg/kg bodyweight. Combined data from McKellar et al (1993) and Skov & Nielsen
AUC
24h
of
3.52µg.h/ml.
Using
AUC/MIC
(= MBC)
for bactericidal
antimicrobials
(Toutain,
≥24 AUC/MIC
ratiogiving
for bacteriostatic
(1988)≥100
showed
that there
was ratio
an average
joint fluid
concentration
at 40% 2003)
of the and
plasma
concentration
an AUC 24h of
inhibitory
antibiotics, tiamulin injection would appear to exert primarily an inhibitory effect at a dose of 15mg/kg bwt against
3.52µg.h/ml.
MHR at the MBC 50, but a strong mycoplasmacidal effect against MHS’s MBC 50. The efficacy was confirmed clinically by
Burch & Goodwin
(1984), markedly reducing lameness in gilts caused by MHS and Talummuk et al (2010) in nursery pigs
Results
and discussion
affected with MHR polyarthritis, following treatment with tiamulin injection.
Table 2. Results of PK/PD integration for tiamulin using AUC24h / MBC (= MIC x MBC/MIC ratio)
References
Species
AUC 24h joint fluid
MBC 50
MBC 90
AUC/MBC 50
AUC/MBC 90
Burch & Goodwin, (1984) Vet. Rec., 115, 594-595.
MHS
3.52
0.01
0.05
352
70
Goodwin (1985) Res. Vet. Science, 38, 124-125.
MHR
3.52
0.1
0.25
35
14
Hannan et al (1997) Antimicrob. Agents & Chemother., 41, 9, 2037-2040.
McKellar et al (1993) Leo Report
Using
≥100
AUC/MIC
(= MBC)
ratio
for bactericidal
McKellar
et al
(2004) Proc.
IPVS
Congress,
2, 622. antimicrobials (Toutain, 2003) and ≥24 AUC/MIC ratio for bacteriostatic
inhibitory
antibiotics,
tiamulin
injection would appear to exert primarily an inhibitory effect at a dose of 15mg/kg bwt against
Skov & Nielsen
(1988)
Leo Reports
MHR
at
the
MBC
50,
but
a
strong
mycoplasmacidal
effect against MHS’s MBC 50. The efficacy was confirmed clinically by
Talummuk et al (2010) Proc. IPVS Congress, 2, 1012.
Burch
Goodwin
(1984),
markedly&reducing
Toutain& (2003)
J. Vet.
Pharmacol.
Therap., lameness
26, (Suppin
1),gilts
1-7.caused by MHS and Talummuk et al (2010) in nursery pigs
affected with MHR polyarthritis, following treatment with tiamulin injection.
Using ≥100 AUC/MIC (= MBC) ratio for bactericidal antimicrobials (Toutain, 2003)
and ≥24 AUC/MIC ratio for bacteriostatic inhibitory antibiotics, tiamulin injection
would appear to exert primarily an inhibitory effect at a dose of 15mg/kg bwt
References
against
MHR(1984)
at the
50,
but a strong mycoplasmacidal effect against MHS’s
Burch & Goodwin,
Vet. MBC
Rec., 115,
594-595.
MBC
50. The efficacy was confirmed clinically by Burch & Goodwin (1984), markHannan et al (1997) Antimicrob. Agents & Chemother., 41, 9, 2037-2040.
McKellar
et al (1993)lameness
Leo Report
edly
reducing
in gilts caused by MHS and Talummuk et al (2010) in nursMcKellar et al (2004) Proc. IPVS Congress, 2, 622.
ery
affected
with
MHR polyarthritis, following treatment with tiamulin injection.
Skovpigs
& Nielsen
(1988) Leo
Reports
Toutain (2003) J. Vet. Pharmacol. & Therap., 26, (Supp 1), 1-7.
174
lameness
References
Burch & Goodwin, (1984) Vet. Rec., 115, 594-595.
Hannan et al (1997) Antimicrob. Agents & Chemother., 41, 9, 2037-2040.
McKellar et al (1993) Leo Report
McKellar et al (2004) Proc. IPVS Congress, 2, 622.
Skov & Nielsen (1988) Leo Reports
Toutain (2003) J. Vet. Pharmacol. & Therap., 26, (Supp 1), 1-7.
175
lameness
Ulna epiphyseolysis by housing deficiencies in nursery pigs-a
case report
Karl Heinz Lahrmann1, Karen Schugart2, Olivia Kershaw3, Patricia Arnan4, Klinik Für
Klauentiere, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany Schweinebestandsbetreuende Praxis,
Bad Belzig, Germany Institut für Tierpathologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
Klinik für Pferdekrankheiten, Allgemeine Chirurgie und Radiologie, Freie Univers
Introduction
This case report from a new established piggery (1.700 sows, 7.000 weaners)
demonstrates in addition to a former observational study (1), that extreme housing
failure can cause ulna epiphyseolysis already in nursery pigs.

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

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

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

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        







     
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         



    


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


              

  
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


     
            
    
                 


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            
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



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
               
          



On herd investigation focused on disease frequencies, housing and feeding. Further examinations were performed in 4 selected cases and 5 controls.
Results
From weaning (day 21) to delivery (9 weeks later) frequencies of forelimb weakness and lameness increased steadily to 40 %. Side-symptoms were slipping on a
wet surface of the fully slatted plastic floor due to splashed liquid feeding 10times
a day, or standing predominantly on the claw cleft due to bars of 8 and slats of
13 mm (a). Living space was 0.17 m2/ pig. Cases demonstrated bilateral carpal
flexions, convex deviations of the forearm, spreaded claws (b) and an average daily
weight gain of 503 g vs. 330 g in controls. Blood examinations were without significant findings. Radiography demonstrated in cases bilaterally widened epiphyseal
lines of the ulna with radiolucent zones in the adjacent metaphysis (c). Histology
already showed in controls (age 7 weeks) segmental thickening of the hypertrophic
zone with retention of cartilage extending into the metaphysis (d). In cases (age 11
weeks) fissure formation appeared as a result of chondrocyte necrosis.
Discussion
Fast growing and housing in disagreement with the Pig Husbandry Law (2) are
the basis for pathogenesis of growing cartilage dyschondroplasia. Immediately,
restricted feeding, and an early reconstruction of housing is recommended for such
problem herds.
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176
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Proceedings of the 3 ESPHM, Espoo, Finland 2011
rd
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lameness
Microbial etiology of infectious arthritis in nursing piglets
Marie Sjölund1, Maria Lindberg2, Helle Ericsson Unnerstad1, SVA National Veterinary
Institute Swedish Animal Health Service
Approximately 10% of nursing piglets in Sweden are affected by arthritis and will
consequently be treated with antimicrobials. However, little is known of the etiological cause. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the bacterial pathogens
associated with arthritis in nursing piglets to provide a basis for an optimal treatment
regime.
One nursing piglet with clinical signs of arthritis from herds with ≥100 sows (n=113)
were euthanized and stored at -20°C before being submitted for necropsy. At
necropsy, two affected joints per piglet were sampled for bacterial cultivation.
Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by broth microdilution using VetMIC™
(SVA, Uppsala). Epidemiological cut-off values according to EUCAST were used
to determine resistance (www.eucast.org). Isolates of Staphylococcus hyicus were
examined for penicillinase production by the “clover-leaf” method.
The preliminary results obtained from 113 piglets, demonstrated bacterial isolation
from 111 of 226 sampled joints (Table). The dominant finding was Streptococcus
equisimilis, isolated from 72 joints. Mycoplasma spp. and Haemophilus spp. could
not
be isolated. All streptococci were susceptible to penicillin. However, 12 of 19
Microbial etiology of infectious arthritis in nursing piglets
S. hyicus isolates were penicillinase producers which would imply some cases of
Approximately 10% of nursing piglets in Sweden are affected by arthritis and will consequently be treated with antimicrobials. However, little
treatment
penicillin.
coli and
alltheS.bacterial
hyicus
isolates
were
susceptiis known of the failure
etiological using
cause. Therefore,
this studyAll
wasE.
conducted
to identify
pathogens
associated
with arthritis
in nursing
piglets to provide a basis for an optimal treatment regime.
ble
to trimethoprim.
One nursing piglet with clinical signs of arthritis from herds with ≥100 sows (n=113) were euthanized and stored at -20°C before being
submitted for necropsy. At necropsy, two affected joints per piglet were sampled for bacterial cultivation. Antimicrobial susceptibility was
determined by broth microdilution using VetMIC™ (SVA, Uppsala). Epidemiological cut-off values according to EUCAST were used to
determine resistance (www.eucast.org). Isolates of Staphylococcus hyicus were examined for penicillinase production by the “clover-leaf”
method.
In this study, treatment with penicillin would potentially be successful in 57 of 79
piglets suffering from arthritis. Consequently, penicillin should be considered the
The preliminary
results and
obtained
from 113 piglets, demonstrated bacterial isolationthe
from second
111 of 226 sampled
(Table). for
The dominant
drug
of choice
trimethoprim-sulphonamides
handjoints
choice
treatfinding was Streptococcus equisimilis, isolated from 72 joints. Mycoplasma spp. and Haemophilus spp. could not be isolated. All streptococci
wereinfectious
susceptible to penicillin.
However,
12 of 19 S. hyicus
isolates were penicillinase producers which would imply some cases of treatment
ing
arthritis
in nursing
piglets.
failure using penicillin. All E. coli and all S. hyicus isolates were susceptible to trimethoprim.
In this study, treatment with penicillin would potentially be successful in 57 of 79 piglets suffering from arthritis. Consequently, penicillin
should be considered the drug of choice and trimethoprim-sulphonamides the second hand choice for treating infectious arthritis in nursing
piglets.
Table. Bacterial cultivation from 226 joints from 113 nursing piglets with lameness.
The table shows the microbial findings and sensitivity to the drug of choice for
Table. Bacterial
cultivation If
from
226 joints from 113
piglets with
Thewas
table shows
the microbial
and sensitivity
to
treating
arthritis.
resistance
tonursing
the drug
oflameness.
choice
found,
the findings
sensitivity
to the
the drug of choice for treating arthritis. If resistance to the drug of choice was found, the sensitivity to the second choice antimicrobial was
analyzed
second choice antimicrobial was analyzed.
Microbe
Isolated from
2 joints per
1 joint per
pig
pig
Total number
of isolates
Penicillin
Sensitive to
Trimethoprim
at least one of the
drugs tested
Strept. equisimilis
Staph. hyicus
+
Strept. suis
E. coli.
A. pyogenes*
Staph. aureus
Not yet identified
24
2
2
3
1
-
24
15
4
2
1
4
72
19
8
6
4
1
4
72 / 72
7 / 19
7/7
2/2
1/1
-
19/19
6/6
-
72 / 72
19/ 19
7/7
6/6
2/2
1/1
-
TOTAL
32
50
114
89 / 101
25 / 25
107 / 107
+ One isolate not yet susceptibility tested
* Two isolates not yet susceptibility tested
177
lameness
Case report: Tetracycline overdose in weaned pigs
Verena Gotter1, Ulrich Brinkmann2, Petra Wolf3, Josef Kamphues3, Elisabeth grosse
Beilage1, Heiko Nathues1, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Field Station
for Epidemiology Veterinary Practice ‘an der Maiburg’ University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Institute for Animal Nuitrition
A piglet producer housing 730 sows and their offspring was unable to sell his
weaners due to severe distortions of the limbs and joints of the fore and/or hind
legs. Three affected pigs were sent to necropsy. Via various microbiological and
molecular examinations detecting Haemophilus parasuis, Streptococcus suis, porcine Mycoplasma species, etc., no infectious agent could be identified. Moreover,
an in-depth examination of the feed revealed no evidence of malnutrition. Further
information being required, an on-farm investigation was performed. It was seen
that suckling piglets as well as one to two week weaned piglets were unaffected.
Older pigs however, displayed various stages of lameness, splaying of claws and
distortions of joints and limbs of the fore and/or hind legs. The severity of the clinical manifestation increased with age and weight. Genetics, malnourishment and
housing conditions could be ruled out as the main cause. Thorough questioning of
the farmer revealed that the pigs had been receiving tetracycline for seven to eight
weeks via the water supply because of a continuous respiratory infection. A recalculation exposed that instead of the animals receiving 40 mg / KG body weight,
they had actually received up to 168 mg / KG body weight, which is four times the
recommended dosage. This overdose was maintained by a misuse of the water
medication system. Change of antimicrobial substance, as well as an appropriate
use of the medication equipment was recommended. After 5 weeks, no further
clinical symptoms were observed in piglets newly introduced in the nursery unit.
178
lameness
Development of a device for automatic detection of lameness in
sows
Liesbet Pluym1,2, Dominiek Maes2, Jürgen Vangeyte1, Stephanie Van Weyenberg1,
Annelies Van Nuffel1, Technology and Food Science Unit, Institute of Agricultural and
Fisheries Resear Dept. of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health; Ghent University; 9820 Merel
Lameness in sows is an important welfare concern as well as a cause of considerable economic loss. Early detection of lameness is required to prevent unnecessary
distress of sows and to avoid huge financial losses due to medical costs and early
culling. In general, lameness in sows is evaluated by visual scoring of the gait. However, visual assessment is a subjective technique with low reproducibility. The natural
stilted locomotion of sows and their instinct to suppress clinical signs of lameness,
make detection even more difficult. Considering the importance of lameness in
sows, the need arises for more accurate and objective methods with a high sensitivity/specificity to enable an early and correct detection of the condition. Therefore, a
detection system, based on force plate analysis and image processing, was developed. The construction, basically a transportable cage, is built in aluminum. After a
sow entered, the box is closed and a static measurement is performed. The bottom
of the cage contains load cells to analyze the force exerted by each of the four legs.
By use of a camera and through calculating specific angles on the derived pictures
the posture of the hind legs can be assessed. The idea behind this approach is that
a lame sow will exert less force/weight on the lame limb and, to obtain this, will also
adopt a different posture. Validation of the detection method is ongoing and the first
results will be presented on the poster at the conference.
179
Enteric diseases
Application of the DIVA principle to Salmonella Typhimurium
vaccines avoids interference with serosurveillance programmes
in pigs
Freddy Haesebrouck1, Bregje Leyman1, Filip Boyen1, Alexander Van Parys1, Elin
Verbrugghe1, Frank Pasmans1, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian
Diseases, Ghent University
Salmonellosis is one of the most important bacterial zoonotic diseases in humans
and Salmonella infections are often linked with the consumption of contaminated
pork. Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium (Salmonella
Typhimurium) is most frequently isolated from pigs and it is also the most prevalent
serovar in humans. Vaccination has been proposed to control Salmonella infections
in pigs. However, pigs vaccinated with the current vaccines cannot be serologically
discriminated from infected animals. We therefore examined which LPS encoding
genes of Salmonella Typhimurium can be deleted to allow differentiation of infected
and vaccinated pigs, without affecting the vaccine strain’s protective capacity. For
this purpose, deletion mutants in Salmonella strain 112910a, used as vaccine
strain, were constructed in the LPS encoding genes: rfbA, rfaL, rfaJ, rfaI, rfaG and
rfaF. Inoculation of BALB/c mice with the parent strain, rfaL, rfbA or rfaJ strains but
not the rfaG, rfaF or rfaI strains protected significantly against subsequent infection
with the virulent Salmonella Typhimurium strain NCTC12023. Immunization of piglets with the rfaJ or rfaL mutants resulted in the induction of a serological response
lacking detectable antibodies against LPS. This allowed a differentiation between
sera from pigs immunized with the rfaJ or rfaL strains and sera from pigs infected
with their isogenic wild type strain. In conclusion, applying deletions in the rfaJ or
the rfaL gene in Salmonella Typhimurium strain 112910a allows differentiation of
infected and vaccinated pigs in an LPS based ELISA without reducing the strain’s
protective capacities in mice.
180
Enteric diseases
Genome sequence of Helicobacter suis supports its role in
gastric pathology
Freddy Haesebrouck1, Miet Vermoote1, Tom Vandekerckhove2, Bram Flahou1,
Annemieke Smet1, Dominic De Groote3, Frank Pasmans1, Richard Ducatelle, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Ghent University Laboratory for Bioinformatics and Computational Genomics, Ghent University Department
of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University
Helicobacter suis has been associated with chronic gastritis, ulcers of the pars oesophagea and decreased daily weight gain in pigs, and with gastritis, peptic ulcer
disease and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma in humans. In order to
obtain better insights in the genes involved in pathogenesis, the genome of two H.
suis strains isolated from the gastric mucosa of swine was analysed. This microorganism possesses genes allowing it to resist the very low pH of the gastric lumen
and to move away from acid towards the gastric mucosa which has a neutral pH.
H. suis also harbours several putative outer membrane proteins, of which two
similar to the H. pylori adhesins HpaA and HorB which may play a role in adhesion
to mucus and gastric epithelial cells. Genes encoding factors possibly involved
in induction of lesions were also detected. These include the proinflammatory
neutrophil-activating protein and y-glutamyl transpeptidase which causes necrosis
of gastric epithelial cells. It was concluded that although genes coding for some
important virulence factors in H. pylori, such as the cytotoxin-associated protein
(CagA), are not detected in the H. suis genome, homologs of other genes associated with colonization and virulence of H. pylori and other bacteria are present.
181
Enteric diseases
Zero prevalence of salmonellosis in wild boars in Finland
Outi Hälli1, Olli Peltoniemi1, Mari Heinonen1, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Studies of salmonellosis among wild boars in Europe report 10-50 % seroprevalence. In contrast to that, Finnish nationwide surveillance system reports under
1% salmonella prevalence in the pig . The aim of our study was to determine the
prevalence of salmonellosis in farmed wild boars in Finland. Based on a national
record of wild boar farmers, a sampling frame was compiled. Every farm on that list
was contacted first by mail and the non-responders received a phone call from the
research group. All volunteer farms were included. A faecal sample was obtained
from all animals slaughtered in the study farms during 2005-2008. Salmonella spp.
were detected with faecal culture (ISO 6579:2002, amd. 2007). Altogether 196
samples were collected from 28 different farms, an average of 6.8 samples (1-41)
per farm. Individual samples were pooled in the laboratory before culturing. One
pooled sample contained a faecal sample from 1-7 individual animals. In total, 51
pooled samples were cultured and they all proved to be negative. In conclusion,
zero prevalence of salmonellosis in farmed wild boars is in accordance with the
overall salmonella prevalence in the pig in Finland.
182
Enteric diseases
Clostridium perfringens type A associated piglet diarrhea in a
sow herd: vaccination with a new alpha- and beta 2-Toxoid vaccine
Isabel Hennig-Pauka1, Johannes Heßler1, Jutta Verspohl2, Karl-Heinz Waldmann1,
Sven Springer3, Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, University of Veterinary
Medicine,Hannover Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover Research and Development Department, IDT Biologika GmbH, Dessau-Rosslau
Aim of the study
Clostridium perfringens type A (CPA) strains expressing a- and ß2-toxins are often
involved causing diarrhea in sucking piglets. Vaccination of pregnant sows with
herd specific CPA strains does not result in high antitoxic antibody levels. In this
field trial in a sow herd with a high prevalence of piglet diarrhea (36%) and a constant detection of ß2-positive CPA strains in feces samples the preventive effect of
a new commercial CPA vaccine (IDT Biologika) containing standardized amounts of
both toxins was examined.
After the identification of involved pathogens, 34 sows from one breeding group
out of a herd with 300 sows were randomly distributed into the vaccine group
(n=18) and the control group (n=16). Sows were vaccinated twice, in the 5th and in
the 2nd week ante partum. Local and systemic reactions as well as piglet weights
and the incidence of diarrhea were recorded within the two groups.
In the vaccine group 217 piglets (21% diarrhea, 6.5% losses) and in the control
group 197 piglets (25.4% diarrhea, 9.1% losses) were born. Temporary mild local but no systemic reactions occurred in vaccinated sows. Anti-toxin-titers were
significantly increased in the colostrum of vaccinated sows and positively correlated with litter weights at day 4 post partum. Because of the high immunogenicity
the CPA Toxoid vaccine will be an appropriate measure for the prevention of CPA
associated piglet diarrhea. Nevertheless, the sow´s health status is decisive for the
mostly multifactorial problem of piglet diarrhea.
[Relative
units/ml]
Weight [g]
*
3000
200
2500
150
2000
100
*
1500
1000
50
500
anti-α-toxin
in serum
prior to
vaccination
anti-α-toxin
in colostrum
anti- β2 -toxin in
colostrum
N=217
N=69
N=62
N=197
Weight at birth
Daily growth
nd
(birth -2 week)
The boxes represent the
50% between 25% and
75% quartiles. The line
inside the box indicates
the median. The top and
bottom lines denote maximum and minimum values.
Significant differences
(p<0.05) are indicated by
asterisks.
Vaccinated sows,
control group.
183
Enteric diseases
Isolation of Brachyspira spp. from pigs and rodents
AnnetteBackhans1, Claes Fellström1, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine and Animal Scie
Aim
To detect all occurring variants of Brachyspira in pigs and rodents, two different
isolation methods were used.
Samples were taken from growers and fatteners and from rodents caught in pig
houses. Two plates of solid selective media with different antibiotic concentrations
were used; Medium I, ordinary medium for routine diagnostics of Brachyspira spp.
and Medium II, developed for the isolation of the human spirochaete B. aalborgii
with fewer and lower concentrations of antibiotics. One culturette was used for inoculation of both media. Medium II was always inoculated first and the plates were
incubated for up to ten days in 42OC (Medium I) and up to three weeks in 37OC
(Medium II).
Results
From 11 of 48 positive pig samples, and eight of 37 positive rodent samples, two
or more phenotypes were recovered from one individual swab. For rodent and pig
isolates all together, 64% (70/110) of the total amount of isolates were recovered
from Medium I, and 50% (55/110) from Medium II. Using both media enhanced the
outcome with 57% when adding Medium II and 100% when adding Medium I.
Discussion
Although a limited number of animals and farms studied, the results indicate
a larger diversity of spirochaetes in individual pigs and rodents than previously
presumed. The use of two different isolation methods increased the total output of
unique rodent and porcine isolates by 57-100%. The conclusions are that for optimal recovery of Brachyspira spp. from pigs and rodents, different isolation methods
should be used in parallel.
184
Enteric diseases
Correlation between quantitative faecal excretion of Lawsonia
intracellularis and fecal dry matter in pigs without gross lesions
of proliferative enteropathy
Ken Steen Pedersen1, Marie Staahl2, Øystein Angen2, Roberto Guedes3, Tim Jensen2,
Sven Erik Jorsal2, Helle Stege1, Jens Peter Nielsen1, University of Copenhagen National
Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark Veterinary School, Universidade
Federal de Minas Gerais
Introduction
The objective of the current study was to investigate association between the
quantitative faecal excretion of Lawsonia intracellularis (LI) and faecal dry matter in
pigs without gross lesions of proliferative enteropathy (PE).
Material & Methods
Data previously obtained from 5 herds with a high prevalence of LI (>75% of sampled pigs) in pigs with diarrhoea (1) was used.
In each herd the samples had been obtained by selecting a simple random sample
of 8 pigs with and 8 pigs without diarrhoea during acute outbreaks of diarrhoea in
weaners. All pigs were subjected to necropsy, faecal qPCR testing (2) and faecal
dry matter (DM%) determination (3).
Association between the quantitative LI excretion (log10 LI cells/gram faeces) and
faecal dry matter was investigated in LI positive pigs without gross PE lesions using
a linear mixed model.
Results
A total of 53 LI positive pigs without lesions of PE were included in the analysis. An
increase of 1 log10 LI cells/gram faces was associated with a 1.03 DM% decrease
(p=0.026), figure 1.
We observed a correlation between increasing LI excretion levels and decreasing DM%. This implies that LI may be the cause of diarrhoea even in pigs without
gross lesions of PE. However, further conclusions awaits results of histological and
further microbiological examinations.
30
Figure 1. Association between faecal excretion of LI and faecal DM% in LI positive pigs without gross PE lesions
20
15
10
Faecal dry matter (DM%)
1. Pedersen, et al., Proc 2nd ESPHM:
pp. 49-50.
2. Staahl, M. et al., Abstract, Advances in
qPCR 2008.
3. Pedersen, et al., 2009. Proc 1st ESPHM:
p. 67.
25
References
3
4
5
6
7
Faecal excretion of Lawsonia intracellualris (LI) in log10 cells/gram faeces
Observations
8
95% CI
Regression line
185
Enteric diseases
Clinical predictors of diarrhoea
Ken Steen Pedersen1, Helle Stege1, Poul Bækbo2, Jens Peter Nielsen1, University of
Copenhagen Pig Research Centre, Danish Agriculture and Food Council
Introduction
Diarrhoea is an intermittent clinical sign. The objective was to identify permanent
clinical predictor signs for identification of individual pigs with diarrhoea and estimation of diarrhoea prevalence.
A cross sectional study was conducted in 20 herds in Denmark. During outbreaks
of acute diarrhoea a systematic random sample of 80 pigs was subjected to a
clinical examination. Faecal samples were obtained. Loose and watery consistency
was considered diarrhoea (1). Potential clinical predictor signs of diarrhoea were
examined in a predictive mixed model. For the most promising predictors a combined diagnostic sensitivity (SE) and specificity (SP) were calculated.
Results
A total of 1585 pigs were included in the analysis (range of with-in batch diarrhoea
prevalence: 0.25 to 0.67). Peri-anal irritation and/or perineal faecal staining were
identified as predictors of diarrhoea (SE = 0.19; SP = 0.98). Positive (PPV), negative
(NPV) predictive values and apparent prevalence are displayed in figure 1 and 2.
Discussion
The PPV and NPV imply that false negatives are a larger problem than false positives. Relying exclusively on these clinical signs for identification of individual pigs
for treatment of diarrhoea can not be recommended and they will underestimate
the occurrence of diarrhoea when used on batches of pigs. The results in this
study are only valid for diarrhoea prevalence between 0.25 and 0.67
References
1. Pedersen, K.S., Toft, N., 2011. Intra- and inter-observer agreement when using a descriptive classification scale for clinical assessment of faecal consistency in growing pigs. Preventive veterinary
medicine, 98 p. 288-291.
Figure 2. Association between true and apparent prevalence of diarrhoea using per-anal irritation and/or perineal faecal staining
as clinical markers of diarrhoea
Figure 1. Positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predicitive values using peri-anal irritation and/or perineal
faecal staining for identification of pigs with diarrhoea
0.14
1.00
0.90
Positive and negative predictive values
0.70
0.60
PPV
NPV
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
Apparent prevalence of diarrhoea
0.12
0.80
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.10
0
0.25
0.
67
0.
65
0.
63
0.
61
0.
59
3
0.
57
0.
55
0.5
0.
51
7
0.
49
0.4
1
0.
45
0.
43
0.4
5
0.
39
0.
37
0.3
0.
33
0.
31
0.
29
0.
27
0.
25
0.00
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
True prevalence of diarrhoea
True prevalence of diarrhoea
186
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
Enteric diseases
Estimation of diarrhoea prevalence using diarrhoeic faecal
pools on the pen floor
Ken Steen Pedersen1, Helle Stege1, Jens Peter Nielsen1, University of Copenhagen
Introduction
The objective was to investigate association between the number of diarrhoeic faecal floor pools and diarrhoea prevalence in a batch of weaned pigs.
Diarrhoeic faecal pools on the floor of the pens were counted during outbreaks of
acute diarrhoea in pigs 10-70 days post-weaning. A systematic random sample of 80
pigs was subjected to faecal consistency examination. Loose and watery faecal consistency was considered diarrhoea (1). All examinations were performed at the same
time of the day. The association between the number of diarrhoeic floor pools and diarrhoea prevalence in a batch was analysed by linear regression analysis. In the analysis
the number of diarrhoeic pools was standardized to a room containing 300 pigs.
Results
One outbreak in each of 20 herds was investigated. The with-in batch diarrhoea
prevalence ranged from 0.25 to 0.67. A linear relationship between the number of
diarrhoeic floor pools and diarrhoea prevalence was demonstrated (p=0.01), figure 1.
Discussion
The observed correlation between diarrhoeic floor pools and diarrhoea prevalence
in a batch of pigs was expected. However, estimation of diarrhoea prevalence
using diarrhoeic floor pools should be applied with caution since 95% confidence
limits were wide. Further, the reported linear association was highly influenced by
the two largest numbers of diarrhoeic pools. Removing these values resulted in a
non significant linear association.
Figure 1. Association between the number of diarrhoeic faecal floor pools and diarrhoea prevalence in a batch of weaned pigs
.4
0
.2
Diarrhoea prevalence
1. Pedersen, K.S., Toft, N.,
2011. Intra- and inter-observer
agreement when using a descriptive
classification scale for clinical
assessment of faecal consistency in
growing pigs. Preventive veterinary
medicine, 98 p. 288-291.
.6
.8
References
0
20
40
60
80
100
Faecal pools/300 pigs
Observations
95% confidence limits for the mean
Regression line
95% confidence limits for single observation
187
Enteric diseases
Diurnal variation of diarrhoeic faecal pools on weaner pig pen
floors
Ken Steen Pedersen1, Jens Peter Nielsen1, University of Copenhagen
Introduction
The objective was to investigate the diurnal variation in the number of diarrhoeic
pools on the floor of pens containing weaned pigs.
In each of two herds, 30 pens were selected at convenience. Diarrhoeic faecal
pools on the floor of each pen were counted at time points 8am, 9am, 11am,
12pm and 15pm during one day. Loose and watery faecal consistency was considered diarrhoea.
Results
In herd number one a U-shaped occurrence in the total number of faecal pools
were observed, figure 1. Eleven pens showed a more or less U-shaped number of
diarrhoeic pools, figure 2, while the remaining pens showed various trends. In herd
number two the overall number of diarrhoeic pools was equal at time points 8am,
11am and 12pm. Compared to 8am the number had increased by 32% at 9am
and decreased by 22% at 15pm.
Discussion
Prevalence of faecal pools at the pen floor is widely used to for decision making regarding antibiotic treatment of diarrhoea in pig herds. The current small scale study
demonstrates that a pronounced with-in day variation in number of faecal pools
exists at the pen level. The U-shaped occurrence in herd number two implies that
the variation can not be explained by outbreak initiation or termination only.
In conclusion: The time point of faecal pool observations may influence the clinical
picture of diarrhoea on the batch level and thereby decisions on treatment strategy.
Figure 2. Eleven pens in herd 1 showing U-shaped occuence in numbers of diarrhoeic pools on the pen floor
Pen 2
Pen 3
Pen 6
Pen 8
Pen 10
Pen 19
Pen 20
Pen 22
Pen 23
Pen 24
Pen 25
0
10 15 20
5
0
10 15 20
1
0
0
5
2
4
6
Diarrhoeic pools per pen
5
8
10 15 20
Figure 1. Mean number per pen of diarrhoeic pools on the pen floor during one day (herd 1, n=30 pens)
8am
9am
11am
Diarrhoeic pools with loose consistency
188
12pm
15pm
Diarrhoeic pools with watery consistency
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
Examination time
X-axis: 1=8am, 2=9am, 3=11am, 4=12pm, 5=15pm
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
Enteric diseases
Comparative investigations about the occurrence of Salmonella
spp., Yersinia spp. and Campylobacter spp. in fattening pigs
and their carcasses
Benjamin Mueller1, Frederik Wilms-Schulze Kump1, Matthias Eddicks1, Andreas Palzer1,
Susanne Zoels1, Karl Heinritzi1, Clinic for Swine, LMU Munich, Germany
Introduction
The health status of fattening pigs concerning Salmonella, Yersinia and Campylobacter spp. was compared to the status of their carcasses. The aim of this study
was to determine the most suitable time to have a correlation between the results
of farm sampling and examinations at slaughter.
545 pigs from 10 farms were examined serologically for Salmonella and Yersinia
(ELISA) and by faecal swabs for Campylobacter spp. (PCR) at the middle and the
end of fattening. At slaughter, meat juice samples were examined for Salmonella
and Yersinia (ELISA) and swabs from the carcass surface for Campylobacter spp.
(PCR).
Results
With 0.8% (≥40 OD%) the proportion of Salmonella positive animals was low. Using a cut-off ≥20 OD%, a tenfold increase was observed.
At the end of fattening 56.1% of animals were Yersinia spp. positive in comparison to 60.0% at slaughter. Campylobacter spp. was detected by PCR in 100% of
the faecal swabs, but various detection rates (5.1% - 64.2%) appeared in surface
swabs according to abattoir.
Discussion
Due to low detection rates of Salmonella spp. with current European Swine-Salmonella cut-off ≥40 OD%, a reduction of cut-off up to ≥20 OD% could be suitable
to detect infected farms. The high prevalence of Yersinia spp., indicates serological
examination as a practicable tool for farm screening. The occurrence of Campylobacter spp. is improperly for farm screening but a suitable indicator for a faecal
cross-contamination at abattoir. Present results indicate, that the most suitable
timeframe for a farm screening is within 14 days prior to slaughter.
189
Enteric diseases
Palatability problems with zinc oxide and zinc sulphate as
diarrhea treatments.
Roger Davin Edgar, Garcia, Jaime Figueroa, David Solà-Oriol, José FranciscoPérez
Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
Therapeutic doses of in-feed ZnO (3000ppm) have become a common practice
in some EU countries to prevent or treat diarrhea in weaning pigs. However, high
doses Zn are not retained by the animals, provoking a high Zn excretion in the
slurry and environmental concerns. Alternative more soluble sources of Zn, such as
Zn sulphate (ZnSO4), may allow for a likely reduction of in-feed Zn doses. However, the presence of soluble Zn in the mouth may provoke palatability problems
and feed refusal. In the present trial we evaluated the palatability of a range dose
of ZnO and ZnSO4 in feed by double-choice feeding trials. Two-hundred and forty
28 days old piglets were weaned and allocated by sex and weight in twelve pens
(20 pigs / pen). Pens were initially distributed to six different treatments at random:
1000, 2000 and 3000 ppm of ZnO or 300, 600 and 900 ppm of ZnSO4, and
rotated in three periods following a crossover design for each Zn source. The six
treatments were compared with a control diet without added zinc. Both, ZnO and
ZnSO4 showed a lower preference than the control diet at doses of 3000ppm for
ZnO (25.09% of the total intake, p-value=0.0005) and 600 ppm and 900 ppm for
ZnSO4 (32.83% and 27.07%, p-values=0.0259 and 0.0261, respectively). On a
fourth period 3000 ppm of ZnO was compared vs 900 ppm of ZnSO4 in all pens.
Animals fed previously on ZnSO4 showed a preference for the ZnSO4 (62%), animals fed on ZnO did not show any preference.
190
Enteric diseases
In vitro comparison of carvacrol, formic acid, and zinc oxide
effects on hindgut fermentation of pigs fed four different diets
Piero da Silva Agostini, Edgar Garcia Manzanilla, Roger Davin, Alexey Armando, Guerra, Josep Gasa, Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments. Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona
The ban of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in the EU intensified the search for
alternatives in the last decade. So far, ZnO and acidifiers are the most successful
alternatives. Other additives as plants extract have shown promising results
but more studies are needed to optimize its use. Some studies have shown
already the importance of different ingredients on the effects of plant extracts on
hindgut fermentation and growth of bacteria. This in vitro study compared
the effects of carvacrol (100 and 1000ppm) to those of formic acid (1.5%) and zinc
oxide (3000ppm) on hindgut fermentation using intestinal contents from pigs fed 4
different diets with different fiber sources; standard corn (SC), coarse ground corn
(CGC), sugar beet pulp (SBP) and wheat bran (WB). Gas produced by fermentation
and growth of coliform bacteria, enterobacteria, clostridium, total aerobic bacteria,
and lactobacilli on cecal contents were measured.
Carvacrol at 1000ppm totally and formic acid partially inhibited gas production in
the 4 diets studied. Carvacrol decreased growth of clostridium, total aerobic bacteria and lactobacilli but formic acid affected only clostridium. These differences on
bacterial growth inhibition could be related to the different levels of gas production
inhibition. The diet containing SBP and the treatment with ZnO showed a different
gas production kinetic over time than all other treatments and diets. Both showed
a delay in gas production and showed a higher total gas production. Carvacrol at
doses normally used (100ppm) showed no effects on hindgut fermentation.
191
pigs less sensible to LI (1). This study
examined the effect of LI infection on the
performance of tultrazuril treated pigs by
Enteric diseases
comparison of non-vaccinates and pigs
vaccinated against ileitis.
Improves performance in toltrazuril
against ileitis
with antibiotics in batches of n
vaccinated pigs compared to p
vaccinated
against
ileitis
Poster
presentation
88
Product
No
p-va
Enterisol
vaccine Ileitis
treated pigs by vaccination
# batches
7756
7900
-
Material & Methods
# pigs
1000 pigs every week. All piglets were treated
weaning
3734
3274
1
1
Hanne
Bakwas
, Poul
HenningSPF
Rathkjen
Boehringer Ingelheim
Nordic
The herd
a Danish
herd ,weaning
treated for
a
Introduction
diarrhoea
with toltrazuril, but antibiotics were used only
Lawsonia
intracellularis
(LI) causes ileitis and is highly prevalent in modern pig
when disease
was observed.
# pigspigs less2845
520
production. Treatment with tultrazuril is claimed to make
sensible to
LI
treated
for
(1).
study
examined
the effect
of LIevery
infection on the performance
of tultrazuril
TheThis
study
included
16 batches
of pigs;
b
ileitis
®
treated
comparison
non-vaccinates
second pigs
batchbyvaccinated
withofEnterisol
Ileitis and pigs vaccinated against ileitis.
(2 ml/pig administered at 31 days of age in
a
<0.00
<0.00
: Diarrhoea in the first 3 weeks after wean
Material
& Methods
drinking water
just before the pigs were
treated
with
either
sulfa/TMP
The
herd was a Danish SPF herd weaning 1000 pigs
every week. All piglets were
weaned).
aminoglycoside.
Diarrhoea
morewas
thanobserved.
3 weeks after wean
treated with toltrazuril, but antibiotics were used onlyb: when
disease
For study
comparison
and every
non- second
treated
oxytetracycline.
The
includedof16 vaccinates
batches of pigs;
batchwith
vaccinated
with EnteriSignificant
difference
between
vaccinates,
with atantibiotics
sol®
Ileitis (2group
ml/pigtreatments
administered
31 days of age *in=drinking
water
just before
the numbe
pigs treated in vaccinated and non-vaccina
and
carcase
weight
was
recorded,
and
pigs were weaned).
batches.
average
daily gain
and number
days to
For
comparison
of (ADG)
vaccinates
and non-vaccinates,
group treatments with antibiotslaughter
was calculated
on the
individual
ics
and carcase
weight was
recorded,
andpigaverage daily gain (ADG) and number
level. to
Statistical
used on
Students
tdays
slaughtercomparison
was calculated
the individual
pig level. Statistical comparison
test, Kolmogorov-Smirnoffs
test or chi-square test or chi-square test with p= 0.05 as
used
Students t-test, Kolmogorov-Smirnoffs
test with
p= 0.05 as level of significance.
level
of significance.
Fig. 1: Administration of vaccine via proportioner. Left: Addition of vaccine solution to
drinking water. Right: Pig drinking the vaccine solution from a drinking nipple.
Fig.
1:
Administration
of
vaccine
via
Fig. 2: Production figures from weaning
slaughter for pigs treated with toltrazuril.
Illustration of the effect of vaccination aga
ileitis. Based on slaughterhouse data from
batches vaccinated against ileitis (2083 p
and 5 non-vaccinated batches (1388 pigs).
* = Significant difference between result
vaccinated and non-vaccinated batches.
Results
proportioner. Left: Addition of vaccine
In
the nursery,
group treatments
weaningtreatment
diarrhoea
and ileitis
solution
to drinking
water. were
Right:given
Pigagainst Despite
with toltrazuril, performa
(table
1). Inthe
finishers,
only one
batch from
(vaccinated)
received
(Tilmicosin,was significa
drinking
vaccine
solution
a
of pigstreatment
until slaughter
drinking nipple.
respiratory
disease). Slaughterdata were obtained from
the last
batches with
and LI, shown
impaired
by10infection
showed significantly higher carcase weight, fewer days
to slaughter
and higher
improved
performance
in pigs vaccina
against ileitis.
ADWG in vaccinates (fig. 2).
Results
In the nursery, group treatments were given
References
against weaning diarrhoea and ileitis (table 1).
1. McOrist et al.(2010): The pig Jounal 63,
In finishers, only one batch (vaccinated)
79.
received treatment (Tilmicosin, respiratory
were of
obtained
from Espoo, Finland 2011
Proceedings
the 3rd ESPHM,
192 disease). Slaughterdata
ake
udy
ng
he
ed
by
nly
igs
ry
tis
ng
in
ed
re
nly
nery
cs
itis
nd
toin
ere
ig
tre
onics
nd
to
pig
s tare
ia
ne
ig
a
via
en
ne
1).
Pig
d)
a
ry
m
en
1).
ed)
ory
om
Table 1: Number of nursery pigs treated
#with
pigs antibiotics
3734 in 3274
<0.001*
batches of
nontreated
for
Enteric
vaccinateddiseases
pigs compared to pigs
weaning
vaccinated
against ileitis
a
diarrhoea
Product
No
p-value
Enterisol
vaccine Ileitis
# pigs
2845
520
<0.001*
# batches
7756
7900
treated for
b
ileitis
# pigs
3734
3274
<0.001*
atreated for
: Diarrhoea in the first 3 weeks after weaning,
weaning
treated a with
either
sulfa/TMP
or
diarrhoea
aminoglycoside.
b
: Diarrhoea more than 3 weeks after weaning,
# pigs
2845
520
<0.001*
treated with oxytetracycline.
treated for
* = Significant
difference between number of
b
ileitis
pigs treated in vaccinated and non-vaccinated
batches.
a
: Diarrhoea in the first 3 weeks after weaning,
treated
with
either
sulfa/TMP
or
aminoglycoside.
b
: Diarrhoea more than 3 weeks after weaning,
treated with oxytetracycline.
* = Significant difference between number of
pigs treated in vaccinated and non-vaccinated
batches.
Table 1: Number of nursery pigs treated with
antibiotics in batches of non-vaccinated pigs
compared to pigs vaccinated against ileitis
a: Diarrhoea in the first 3 weeks after
weaning, treated with either sulfa/TMP or
aminoglycoside.
b: Diarrhoea more than 3 weeks after weaning, treated with oxytetracycline.
* = Significant difference between number of
pigs treated in vaccinated and non-vaccinated batches.
Fig. 2: Production figures from weaning to
Illustration of the effect of vaccination against
ileitis. Based on slaughterhouse data from 5
batches vaccinated against ileitis (2083 pigs)
* = Significant difference between result in
ileitis. Based on slaughterhouse data from 5
Discussion
& Conclusions
Despite
treatment
with
toltrazuril,
of pigs until slaughter was signifiand 5 non-vaccinated
batches
(1388performance
pigs).
cantly
impaired by
infectionbetween
with LI, shown
by improved performance in pigs vac* = Significant
difference
result in
cinated
against
ileitis.
vaccinated
and non-vaccinated
batches.
References
Despite
treatment
withThe
toltrazuril,
performance
1.ileitis.
McOrist
et al.(2010):
pig Jounal
63, from
73-79.5
Based
on slaughterhouse
data
of pigs until slaughter was significantly
impaired by infection with LI, shown by
improved performance in pigs vaccinated
* = Significant difference between result in
against ileitis.
References
1. McOrist et al.(2010): The pig Jounal 63, 73Despite treatment with toltrazuril, performance
79.
of pigs until slaughter was significantly
impaired by infection with LI, shown by
improved performance in pigs vaccinated
against ileitis.
References
1. McOrist et al.(2010): The pig Jounal 63, 7379.
193
tail biting
Tail biting alters feeding behavior of victim pigs
Elina Viitasaari1, Laura Hänninen1, Marja Raekallio2, Mari Heinonen1, Anna Valros1,
Research Centre for animal welfare, University of Helsinki, Finland Faculty of veterinary medicine, University of helsinki, Finland
Tail biting is painful to the victim pigs and impairs daily weight gain. However, little is
known about the effect of pain on the feeding behaviour of victim pigs. Therefore,
we studied computerized feeder data from 13 tail-bitten pigs weighing 30 – 90
kilograms in 7 pens from 5 days before to 5 days after the bite wound was first
noticed at day 0. Pigs with fresh bite wounds were selected from a finishing herd
with one automatic one-space feeder per group of 11 pigs.
We calculated daily duration at feeder, mean daily intervals between feeder visits
and mean daily feeding efficiency (feed consumed in grams divided by time spent
at feeder in seconds). The differences between observed days were compared
with repeated measures mixed models.
The time spent in feeder, feeding efficiency and feeder visit intervals differ significantly between days (p<0.001 for all). The duration in feeder decreased from day
-1 to day 0 and increased again until day 2 (p<0.05). Feeding interval increased
from day 0 to on day 2 (p<0.05) and feeding efficiency elevated significantly during
days -1 and 2 (p<0.05).
Tail-biting altered feeding behaviour of victims in a single-space feeder system,
where the victim’s tail is exposed to other pigs’ manipulation while feeding. Observed change in feeding efficiency from day -1 indicates the difficulty in detecting
tail-biting damage and behavioural changes being more sensitive. We suggest
that these feeding pattern changes at the onset of tail-biting might be due to pain
experienced by the victim pigs.
194
tail biting
Effect of tail presence on the welfare status of italian heavy
pigs
Guido Di Martino1, Katia Capello1, Annalisa Scollo2, Flaviana Gottardo2, Annalisa
1 PRESENCE ON THE WELFARE
EFFECT
OF TAIL
STATUS
OF ITALIAN1,HEAVY
PIGS Bonfanti1,
Stefani1, Fabio
Rampin
, Eliana Schiavon1, Stefano
Marangon
Lebana
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padova, Italy Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine,
University of Padova, Italy
Directive 2008/120/CE prohibits tail-docking as a routine intervention in pigs, due to the cruelty of the action and the
possible development of painful neuromas. In Italy, producers might not routinely apply this provision due to the pig
aggressive behaviour that can trigger tail biting. This work aims at evaluating the welfare implications and the
Directive
2008/120/CE
prohibits
a routine
intervention
in pigs,
due
management
feasibility of avoiding
tail-dockingtail-docking
within the Italian as
heavy
pig production
system, on which
no scientific
is available.
toliterature
the cruelty
of the action and the possible development of painful neuromas. In
The study involved 672 commercial hybrid pigs (sex ratio and docked/undocked ratio 1:1). From 80 to 290 days of age,
Italy,
not
routinely
apply this
to thewere
pignotaggressive
pigs producers
were reared in might
a fattening
farms
equally distributed
in 24 provision
pens (males due
and females
mixed). Serum
haptoglobin (Hp), A/G ratio and cortisol concentrations were determined on 6 randomly selected pigs per pen at 122,
behaviour
that
can
trigger
tail
biting.
This
work
aims
at
evaluating
the
welfare
im210 and 274 days of age. In all the 672 animals tail and ear lesions were scored (from 0 to 2) at 130, 207 e 288 days.
Each pen, whose
matter
intake was daily recorded,
was weighted
at 81, 130,
207 and 288 days.
plications
anddrythe
management
feasibility
of avoiding
tail-docking
within the Italian
At 274 days of age females presented higher values of Hp than males (P<0.001). No significant differences among the
heavy
on which
nowere
scientific
literature
isatavailable.
groups pig
were production
detected for skinsystem,
scores 1 (fig.1);
tail lesions
more frequently
identified
210 days, whereas ear
lesions
progressively
decreased.
Score 2 for tail lesions
(undocked
0% atand
130, 1.2%
at 210 and 0% at 274
The
study
involved
672 commercial
hybrid
pigsonly)
(sexwasratio
docked/undocked
days. No significant differences among groups were observed for live weights and gain to feed ratios.
ratio 1:1). From 80 to 290 days of age, pigs were reared in a fattening farms
Castrated males
Undocked
Tail lesions (%)
10
20
30
40
30
20
Tail lesions (%)
0
10
0
130
207
288
130
207
130
288
207
288
130
207
288
.
.
Days of age
Days of age
Undocked
Castrated males
Females
0
40
0
20
20
40
Ear lesions (%)
60
60
80
80
Docked
Ear lesions (%)
Females
40
Docked
130
207
288
.
130
207
288
130
207
288
130
207
288
.
Days of age
Days of age
Fig.1: tail and ear scores 1 (%) in docked vs. undocked, males vs. females Italian heavy pigs at 130, 207 and 288 days of age.
195
tail biting
equally distributed in 24 pens (males and females were not mixed). Serum haptoglobin (Hp), A/G ratio and cortisol concentrations were determined on 6 randomly
selected pigs per pen at 122, 210 and 274 days of age. In all the 672 animals tail
and ear lesions were scored (from 0 to 2) at 130, 207 e 288 days.
Each pen, whose dry matter intake was daily recorded, was weighted at 81, 130,
207 and 288 days. At 274 days of age females presented higher values of Hp
than males (P<0.001). No significant differences among the groups were detected
for skin scores 1 (fig.1); tail lesions were more frequently identified at 210 days,
whereas ear lesions progressively decreased. Score 2 for tail lesions (undocked
only) was 0% at 130, 1.2% at 210 and 0% at 274 days. No significant differences
among groups were observed for live weights and gain to feed ratios.
196
tail biting
Tail and ear biting in undocked Italian heavy pigs during
fattening period
AnnalisaScollo1, Guido Di Martino2, Lebana Bonfanti 2, Paola Prevedello1, Flaviana
Gottardo1, Department of Animal Science, University of Padua - Italy Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezia - Italy
In the prolonged fattening cycle of Italian heavy pig, tail docking is still performed
even if it is forbidden by legislation due to the tail biting observed in undocked pigs.
Occurrence of this behaviour could be also increased by the absence of adequate
environmental enrichments, such as straw. Aim of the study was to evaluate the
feasibility of fattening undocked pigs under the specific Italian farming conditions,
considering the effect of the presence of straw as environmental enrichment.
The study was
out according
a factorial
design
2x2 to test
the effects of
TAILcarried
AND EAR BITING
IN UNDOCKED to
ITALIAN
HEAVY PIGS
DURING FATTENING
PERIOD
TAIL AND EAR BITING IN UNDOCKED ITALIAN HEAVY PIGS DURING FATTENING PERIOD
presence of tail and availability of straw in a rack. The study lasted 30 weeks and
TAIL
AND
EAR
BITING
IN UNDOCKED
HEAVY
PIGS
DURING
FATTENING
adopted
672
pigs
housed
in 24
pens
ofis28
pigs
each.
monitor
the development
In the prolonged
fattening
cycle
of Italian
heavy
pig,ITALIAN
tail docking
still
performed
even if itTo
is PERIOD
forbidden
by legislation
due to the tail biting
In
the prolonged
fatteningpigs.
cycleOccurrence
of Italian heavy
pig, behaviour
tail dockingcould
is stillbe
performed
even if it by
is forbidden
by legislation
due toenvironmental
the tail biting
observed
in undocked
of this
also increased
the absence
of adequate
ofenrichments,
tail and
ear
biting,
direct
observations
(behavior
sampling)
were
carried
out
at 3,
observed
in undocked
pigs.
Occurrence
of
this
behaviour
could
be
also
increased
by
the
absence
of
adequate
such as straw. Aim of the study was to evaluate the feasibility of fattening undocked pigs under the specific environmental
Italian farming
In enrichments,
the prolonged fattening
cycle
of
Italian
heavy
pig,
tail
docking
is
still
performed
even
if
it
is
forbidden
by
legislation
due
to
the
tail
biting
such
as of
straw.
Aim of
study
was
evaluate
theThe
feasibility
of fattening
undocked
pigs under the specific
Italian farming
conditions,
considering
thefattening
effect
of the
the
presence
ofto
straw
as environmental
enrichment.
9,
18,
wks
4
h/each.
risk
analysis
1)
showed
observed
in29
undocked
pigs. Occurrence
of thisfor
behaviour
could be also
increased
byfactor
the absence
of adequate(table
environmental
conditions,
considering
the effect of the
of
straw2x2
as environmental
enrichment.
The studysuch
was
carried
apresence
factorial
design
to test
the effects
of presence
of the
tail specific
and availability
of straw in a rack. The
enrichments,
as
straw. out
Aimaccording
of the studytowas
to evaluate
the feasibility
of fattening
undocked
pigs under
Italian farming
that
the
risk
of out
tail
and
ear
biting
increased
when
straw
was
not
available
whereas
The
was
to
a factorial
design
to testofthe
of
presence
of tailthe
and
availability
ofofstraw
in aear
rack.
The
studystudy
lasted
30carried
weeks
andaccording
672
pigs
housed
in2x2
24 pens
28effects
pigs each.
To monitor
development
tail and
biting,
conditions,
considering
the effect
ofadopted
the presence
of
straw
as environmental
enrichment.
study
lasted
30
weeks
and
adopted
672
pigs
housed
in
24
pens
of
28
pigs
each.
To
monitor
the
development
of tail and ear biting,
The
studyobservations
was carried
out
according
to a factorial
design
2x2both
toout
testatthe
effects
of
of
tail and for
availability
of straw in a rack.
The
direct
(behavior
sampling)
were
carried
3,
9, 18,
29presence
wks
of fattening
4 h/each.
in
docked
pigs
is
was
lower
for
tail
and
ear
biting.
Regardless
of
the
presence
direct
observations
(behavior
sampling)
were
carried
out
at
3,
9,
18,
29
wks
of
fattening
for
4
h/each.
study
30 weeks
and adopted
672showed
pigs housed
in 24risk
pens
pigsear
each.
To monitor
the when
development
tailnot
andavailable
ear biting,whereas in docked
Thelasted
risk factor
analysis
(table 1)
that the
of of
tail28and
biting
increased
straw of
was
of
tail
and
straw
the
risk
ofbiting.
observing
tail
and
ear
biting
decreased
over whereas
time.
The
The
risk
factor
analysis
(table
showed
that
risk
of tail
and
biting
increased
when
straw
available
docked
direct
observations
(behavior
sampling)
were
carried
outthe
at
3,
9, 18,
29 of
wks
ofear
fattening
for
4 h/each.
pigs
is was
lower
for both
tail1)and
ear
Regardless
the
presence
of
tail and
straw
thewas
risk not
of observing
tail and in
ear
biting
The
riskisfactor
analysis
(table
1) showed
that
thebiting.
risk of Regardless
tail and ear biting
increased
whenofstraw
was not
available
whereas
in docked tail and ear biting
pigs
was
lower
for
both
tail
and
ear
of
the
presence
tail
and
straw
the
risk
of
observing
decreased overof
time.
presence
tail
could
be
a
risk
factor
for
tail
and
ear
biting,
however
the
provision
pigs
is
was
lower
for
both
tail
and
ear
biting.
Regardless
of
the
presence
of
tail
and
straw
the
risk
of
observing
tail
and
ear
biting
decreased
overoftime.
The
presence
tail
could
be
a
risk
factor
for
tail
and
ear
biting,
however
the
provision
of
straw
seems
to
prevent
these
behaviours
even
decreased
over time.
presence
of tail could
a risk factor
for
tail and
ear pigs,
biting,allowing
howevertoeven
the
provision
of straw
seems to prevent
even
of
straw
seems
tobeprevent
these
behaviours
if the
fattening
cyclethese
is behaviours
prolonged
ifThe
the
fattening
theand
case
heavy
rear
undocked
The
presence
of tailcycle
couldisbeprolonged
a risk factorasforintail
ear of
biting,
however the
provision of
straw
seems topigs.
prevent these behaviours even
if the fattening cycle is prolonged as in the case of heavy pigs, allowing to rear undocked pigs.
if the fattening
is prolonged
as in the case
of heavyallowing
pigs, allowing to
undocked
pigs.
as
in thecycle
case
of heavy
pigs,
torearrear
undocked
pigs.
Table 1. Risk factors analysis on tail and ear biting during fattening in heavy pigs.
Table
1. Risk factors analysis on tail and ear biting during fattening in heavy pigs.
Risk factor
Tail
biting
Tail
biting
Tail biting
Ear
biting
Ear
biting
Ear biting
Risk Risk
factorfactor
1
1
StrawStraw
1
2
Straw
Tail2 Tail2
Week of fattening
1
Levels
Levels Levels
9 vs.
18
vs.29
29
18 vs. 29
Odds ratio
95% confidence interval
12.98
4.40
4.40
9.41
3.12––17.91
6.21
3.12 – 6.21
Odds ratio Odds ratio
95% confidence
interval
95%
confidence P
interval
2.50
1.83 – 3.42
1.83 – 3.42
<0.001
2.50
1.83 –
– 0.48
3.42
0.35
0.25
0.25 – 0.48
<0.001
0.35
0.25––39.89
0.48
17.17
7.54
7.54 – 39.89
<0.001
17.17
7.54 –
– 22.46
39.89
4.18 – 22.46
<0.001
9.69
4.18
9.69
4.18
1.34 – 8.28
0.01
3.33
1.34––22.46
8.28
3.33
1.34 – 8.28
1.37 – 1.69
<0.001
1.52
1.37 – 1.69
0.72 – 0.88
<0.001
1.52
1.37 –
– 0.88
1.69
0.80
0.72
12.34 – 23.35
<0.001
0.80
0.72 –
– 23.35
0.88
16.98
12.34
9.41 – 17.91
<0.001
16.98
12.34
–17.91
23.35
12.98
9.41
–
3.12 – 6.21
<0.001
No vs. Yes
No vs. Yes
2.50
No vs. Yes
Docked
vs. Undocked0.35
Docked vs.
Undocked
Tail
Docked
vs. Undocked
3
vs.
29
3 vs. 29
17.17
3 vs.
vs. 29
29
WeekWeek
of fattening
9 vs. 29 9
9.69
of fattening
Week of fattening
9 vs.
18 vs. 2918
3.33
vs.29
29
1
18 vs. 29
StrawStraw1
No vs. Yes
1.52
No vs. Yes
2
1
Tail Straw
Docked vs.
0.80
No Undocked
vs. Yes
Tail22
Docked
vs. Undocked
3
vs.
29
16.98
Tail
Docked
3 vs. 29 vs. Undocked
Week of fattening
9 vs. 29
12.98
3 vs. 29
Week of fattening
18 vs. 299 vs. 29
4.40
No = absence of straw as environmental enrichment; Yes = straw always available in a metal rack.
2
1
Docked
pigs submitted
to tail
in the firstenrichment;
week of life; Undocked
= pigs
not submitted
to in
tailadocking.
No = =absence
of straw
asdocking
environmental
Yes = straw
always
available
metal rack.
P
P
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.01
0.01
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
1
2No = absence of straw as environmental enrichment; Yes = straw always available in a metal rack.
Docked = pigs submitted to tail docking in the first week of life; Undocked = pigs not submitted to tail
2
docking.
Docked = pigs submitted to tail docking in the first week of life; Undocked = pigs not submitted to tail docking.
197
Authors’ index
Abellaneda Juana Maria ...........................151
Aguilera Alberto ........................................141
Alborali Giovanni ........................................ 96
Alborali Loris ............................................125
Almería Sonia ...........................................131
Andresen Lars Ole ..................................... 91
Angen Øystein ..............................88, 91, 185
Ardiès Cathy ............................................150
Armando Guerra Alexey ...........................191
Arnan Patricia ...........................................176
Backhans Annette ....................................184
Bækbo Poul .......................................91, 186
Bak Hanne ...............................................192
Barranco Inmaculada .......................106, 127
Barz Andrea .............................................146
Battisti Antonio ...................................96, 133
Bertsch Natalie .........................................102
Bianchi Mauro ..........................................145
Biro Hunor ................................................135
Blaha Thomas ..........................................115
Bonfanti Lebana ...............................195, 197
Bonilauri Paolo .........................................107
Borge Carmen .........................................127
Borghetti Paolo ........................................122
Bortoletto Giacomo ..................................165
Boyen Filip .........................................60, 180
Brinkmann Ulrich ......................................178
Brockers Birgit .........................................115
Brun Edgar ...............................................148
Bublot Michel ...........................................108
Burch David .............................................174
Cabezón Oscar ........................................131
Callén Antonio ..........................................157
Calsamiglia Maria ....................................... 90
Capello Katia ............................................195
Carbonero Alfonso ...................................127
Caron Yannick ..........................................150
Carrasco Librado .............103, 104, 106, 127
Cesio Maximiliano ....................................133
Cevidalli Alberto Ermanno ........................153
Charreyre Catherine ................................... 90
Consortium FUGATO-RePoRI ..................102
Cools An ..................................................130
Cornelis Bert ............................................159
Cruijsen Toine ...........................................159
Cuestas Florentina ...................................157
da Silva Agostini Piero ......................128, 191
Dahl Jan ..................................................... 91
Davin Roger .....................................190, 191
De Angelis Elena ......................................122
De Bock Bart ...........................................150
198
De Groote Dominic ..................................181
Decaluwé Ruben ......................................130
Del Pozo Sacristán Rubén ......................... 89
Delleur Valery ............................................150
Dereu André ............................................... 89
Di Martino Guido ..............................195, 197
D’Incau Mario ...........................................153
Dolgkov Irena ............................................. 99
Dottori Michele .........................................107
Drigo Michele ...........................................165
Dubey Jitender P. .....................................131
Ducatelle Richard .....................................181
Duinhof Tom ............................................... 94
Eddicks Matthias ..............................123, 189
Eggen Alex ...............................141, 163, 164
Ehlorsson Carl-Johan ................................. 93
Elicker Sabine ..........................................112
Entenfellner Ferdinand ..............................112
Er Chiek ...................................................148
Ericsson Unnerstad Helle .........................177
Fellström Claes .........................................184
Ferrari Luca ..............................................122
Figueroa Jaime .........................................190
Fischer Susanne ......................................115
Flahou Bram ............................................181
Foni Emmanuela ......................................108
Fraile Lorenzo ...........................157, 163, 164
Framstad Tore ..................................137, 146
Franco Alessia ..........................................162
Frasnelli Matteo ........................................154
Galletti Elena ......................................96, 162
Garbarino Chiara ......................................154
Garcia Manzanilla Edgar ...........128, 190, 191
García-Bocanegra Ignacio .......................131
García-Nicolas Obdulio .................................. .........................................103, 104, 106, 151
Gasa Josep ......................................128, 191
Gelmetti Daniela .......................................125
Genchi Claudio ........................................169
Genchi Marco ..........................................169
Germundsson Anna .................................148
Geurts Victor ............................................159
Giacomini Enrico ........................................ 96
Giovannini Stefano ...................................125
Gjerset Britt ..............................................148
Gómez Serafín .........................................120
Gómez-Laguna Jaime ..............103, 104, 106
Goossens Lieve ...............................132, 173
Gottardo Flaviana .............................195, 197
Gotter Verena ...........................................178
Granito Giulio .....................................96, 145
Authors’ index
Grassi Andrea ..........................................162
Grazioli Santina ........................................154
Griessler Alfred .........................................143
Groseva Milena ........................................134
grosse Beilage Elisabeth ..........................178
Grøntvedt Carl Andreas ............................148
Guedes Roberto ......................................185
Guerzoni Sauro ........................................162
Hadani Yuval .............................................. 99
Haen Silke .................................................. 87
Haesebrouck Freddy ..................89, 180, 181
Hamedy Ahmad .......................................117
Haugegaard John ....................................105
Heinonen Mari ............................87, 182, 194
Heinritzi Karl .....................................123, 189
Heisel Claus Bahne ..................................105
Heißenberger Bernhard ............................146
Hennig-Pauka Isabel ................................183
Herbich Erwin ...........................................146
Herrero-Medrano Juan Manuel ................151
Heßler Johannes ......................................183
Hinrichs Dirk .............................................129
Hoeltig Doris ............................................102
Hogeveen Henk ......................................... 94
Hoopler Sandra ........................................139
Huerta Eva .......................................163, 164
Hälli Outi ...................................................182
Hänninen Laura ........................................194
Imbert Stéphane ......................................134
Jaeger Julia ..............................................113
Janssens Geert P.J. .................................130
Jensen Tim Kaare ...................................... 91
Jensen Tim ..............................................185
Johansen Markku ...................................... 91
Joisel François ...............................................
................ 134, 145, 155, 157, 161, 165, 169
Jorsal Sven Erik ........................................185
Jourquin Jan ....................................132, 173
Jäger Julia ................................................171
Jørgensen Anne .......................................148
Kamphues Josef ........................67, 121, 178
Kauffold Johannes ...................................139
Kemper Nicole .................................129, 140
Kershaw Olivia .........................................176
Kertész A.M. ............................................135
Klein Ulrich ...............................................174
Kleinhans Stefan ......................................113
Kristensen Charlotte Sonne ........................ 91
Kühn Tilman .............................................149
Ladinig Andrea .........................................100
Lahrmann Karl Heinz ................................176
Laitat Martine ...........................................150
Lang Christiane ........................100, 143, 146
Langhoff Rebecca ....................................143
Lelli Davide ...............................................145
Leotti Giorgio ....................108, 145, 165, 169
Leyman Bregje .........................................180
Licata Elio .................................................154
Lindberg Maria .........................................177
Lium Bjørn ................................................148
Llorens Anna Mª ...............................163, 164
Longo Sophie ..................134, 155, 161, 165
Looft Holger .....................................129, 140
Lopes Jorge José Miguel .........................161
López Alfonso ............................................ 89
López-Jimenez Rosa .......................163, 164
López-Soria Sergio ..........................163, 164
Lorenzo José Luis ....................................155
Losson Bertrand ......................................150
Lundeheim Nils .......................................... 93
Luppi Andrea ...................................153, 154
Lücker Ernst .............................................113
Lyytikäinen Tapani ....................................126
Maes Dominiek ....................54, 89, 130, 179
Maiques Esther ........................................151
Maldonado Jaime ....................................133
Manteca Xavier ........................................119
Manzanilla Edgar ..............................119, 191
Marangon Stefano ...................................195
Marín Óscar ............................................... 90
Márquez-del Cid José María ....................127
Martano Giuseppe ...................................152
Martelli Paolo ..............96, 107, 153, 154, 162
Martens Marc ...........................141, 143, 159
Martín Gerard ...........................................131
Mazzaro Antonella ..............................96, 162
Meemken Diana .......................................115
Mendonça Livia ........................................151
Merialdi Giuseppe ..........................................
.......................... 96, 107, 145, 153, 154, 162
Merle Roswitha ........................................117
Mesonero Juan Antonio ...........................133
Meyer Lars ...............................................115
Millet Sam ................................................116
Morganti Marina .......................................122
Mortarino Michele ....................................169
Mueller Benjamin ......................................189
Muñoz Antonio .........................................151
Muns Ramon ...................................119, 128
Naber Markus ..........................................149
Nathues Heiko .........................................178
Nielsen MaiBritt Friis ................................... 91
199
Authors’ index
Nielsen Jens Peter .....88, 185, 186, 187, 188
Nieuwenhuis Nienke .................................. 94
Obdulio García-Nicolás ....103, 104, 106, 151
Oliviero Claudio .......................................... 87
Ollila Anna ................................................111
Oravainen Jonna ......................................126
Ostanello Fabio ........................................145
Padoan Diego ..................................114, 136
Pallarés Francisco J ....................................... .................................103, 104, 106, 120, 151
Palzer Andreas .........................................189
Pasini Marion ...................134, 155, 161, 165
Pasmans Frank ................................180, 181
Pavesi Roberta .........................................125
Pedersen Ken Steen ...................................... ...................................88, 185, 186, 187, 188
Peltoniemi Olli .....................................87, 182
Perea Anselmo .................................127, 131
Pérez José Francisco ...............................190
Pérez Diego .....................................163, 164
Pluym Liesbet ..........................................179
Pozzi Paolo ................................................ 99
Preissler Regine ...............................129, 140
Prevedello Paola ......................................197
Prevedi Giancula ......................................169
Quereda Juan ..................103, 104, 106, 120
Rabl-Avidor Monika .................................... 99
Raekallio Marja .........................................194
Ramírez-Mendoza Humberto ..................... 90
Ramis Guillermo .......103, 104, 106, 120, 151
Rampin Fabio ...................................165, 195
Rathkjen Poul Henning .............................192
Reiner Gerald ...........................................102
Reiners Kerstin .................................129, 140
Reksen Olav .............................................137
Riehn Katharina ........................................113
Riemensperger Angela .............................136
Ritzmann Mathias ....................100, 143, 146
Rodríguez-Gómez Irene Magdalena .........106
Rodríguez-Gómez Irene ...................103, 104
Rodríguez-Guerra Miguel Angel ...............127
Rootwelt Vibeke .......................................137
Rosas Maia Luisa .....................................155
Rosignoli Carlo ...................................96, 162
Rugna Gianluca ................107, 145, 153, 154
Sahlström Leena ......................................126
Salguero Francisco Javier ........................106
Salogni Cristian ........................................125
Sattler Tatjana ..........................................171
Schiavon Eliana ................................165, 195
Schmoll Friedrich .............................113, 171
200
Schugart Karen ........................................176
Schwendenwein Ilse ................................110
Scollo Annalisa .................................195, 197
Segalés Joaquim .......................90, 163, 164
Serrano José M. ......................................... 90
Serrano Amador Emilio ............................150
Seva Juan ................................................120
Sibila Marina .......................90, 131, 163, 164
Sierens Annelies ......................................... 89
Silva Agostini Piero ...........................128, 191
Simon-Grifé Meritxell ................................131
Sipos Wolfgang ................................110, 112
Sjölund Marie ...........................................177
Skrubel Rikke ............................................. 88
Smet Annemieke ......................................181
Sola-Oriol David ...............................128, 190
Sozzi Enrica .............................................154
Springer Sven ..........................................183
Staahl Marie .......................................88, 185
Stefani Annalisa ........................................195
Stege Helle .........................88, 185, 186, 187
Steiner Tobias ..........................................114
Stoykov Hristov ........................................134
Stricker Teija Maria ...................................100
Ståhl Marie ................................................. 91
Tabeling Robert ........................................149
Tamba Marco ...........................................154
Tetens Jens ..............................................140
Tomás Rui ................................................161
Uebel Nicole .............................................123
Urbaityte Renata ......................................136
Waddilove Jake ........................................167
Waldmann Karl-Heinz ...............102, 117, 183
Valls Laura ................................................133
Valros Anna ........................................87, 194
van Kempen Theo ....................................130
Van Nes Arie .............................................. 94
Van Nuffel Annelies ...................................179
Van Parys Alexander ................................180
Van Weyenberg Stephanie .......................179
Vandekerckhove Tom ...............................181
Vangeyte Jürgen ......................................179
Vehmas Saija .............................................. 87
Wehrend Axel ...........................................139
Verbrugghe Elin ........................................180
Vermoote Miet ..........................................181
Verspohl Jutta ..........................................183
Viitasaari Elina ..........................................194
Vila Thaïs ..................................................108
Willems Hermann .....................................102
Wilms-Schulze Kump Frederik .................189
Authors’ index
Voglmayr Thomas ....................................143
Wolf Petra ........................................121, 178
Von Altrock Alexandra ..............................117
Vranckx Katleen ......................................... 89
Zamperlin Diego .......................................169
Zanoni Maria Grazia .........................125, 162
Zoels Susann ...................................123, 189
201
Notes
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207
May 25th – 27th, 2011 Dipoli Congress Center, Espoo Finland
3rd European Symposium of
Porcine Health Management

3rd european symposium of porcine health Management

Transcription

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