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Operation and profitability enhancement
of CHP systems in residential buildings
using home automation
EEDAL 2015
8th International Conference
Luzern, 26th to 28th August 2015
Sven Kühnel, Viktor Grinewitschus, Michael Schmidt,
Maren Wenzel, Marcel Schönknecht
EEDAL 2015 Luzern
Tanja Lovrić
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Outline
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Introduction
100-CHP-project
Economic feasibility in residential homes
Analysis of conventional CHP operation
On-site energy management
Outlook
EEDAL 2015 Luzern
Tanja
Lovrić
Sven Kühnel
2
Introduction – initial situation
• Transformation of the energy system in Germany
(‘Energiewende’)
• Paradigm shift
o fossil
renewable
o central
decentral
• Increasing fluctuating electricity generation in Germany:
• 8.6% Wind
at the gross power generation (2014)
• 5.8% PV
• Basic trends
o technical: less base load, higher demand for flexibility
o economical: baseload price decreases, electricity price for
private households has increased considerably
EEDAL 2015 Luzern
Tanja
Lovrić
Sven Kühnel
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Introduction – challenges
• Challenge 1: matching electricity generation to electricity
consumption
• Challenge 2: security of electricity supply
• When taking these challenges into account:
re-definition of the role of CHP in the energy system
EEDAL 2015 Luzern
Tanja
Lovrić
Sven Kühnel
Outlook
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Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
•
•
•
•
Micro-CHP Pel > 2.5 kWel
Nano-CHP Pel < 2.5 kWel
Myth: “electricity-generating heating system”
Application of micro- and nano-CHP systems examined in
today’s energy system + outlook provided into the new energy
world of the future
EEDAL 2015 Luzern
Tanja
Lovrić
Sven Kühnel
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100-CHP-project – Overview
• 100 CHP systems installed in residential homes in Bottrop
• Goals
reduce CO2-emissions by 50% until 2020
o increase quality of life
Monitoring
o
•
750 L
• In-depth analysis in 10 selected buildings
• In 6 buildings sufficient measurement data
EEDAL 2015 Luzern
Tanja
Lovrić
Sven Kühnel
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100-CHP-project – Micro-CHP system
1 Multi-family home
o Vaillant ecoPower 4.7
o 1.5 – 4.7 kWel
o 4.7 – 13.8 kWth
EEDAL 2015 Luzern
Tanja
Lovrić
Sven Kühnel
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100-CHP-project – Nano-CHP systems
1 Single family home
o Vaillant ecoPower 1.0
o 1 kWel , 2.5 kWth
4 Twin-houses
o Brötje EcoGen WGS 20.1
o Viessmann Vitotwin 300W
o 1 kWel , 5.6 kWth
nano-CHP systems with
Stirling engine
EEDAL 2015 Luzern
Tanja
Lovrić
Sven Kühnel
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Economic feasibility – Regulatory and economic
conditions
Regulatory conditions for application of micro-/nano-CHP
systems in residential buildings in Germany (2015)
CHP bonus
5.41
ct / kWhel
all kWhel generated by CHP unit
Compensation for
electricity feed-in *
3.21
ct / kWhel
all kWhel fed into grid
Compensation for avoided
power network use
0.8
ct / kWhel
all kWhel fed into grid
Refund of energy tax
0.55
ct / kWhgas all kWhgas consumed by CHP unit
* average EEX baseload price (CHP index) in the first quarter 2015
Energy prices: Electricity purchase = 26 ct / kWh
Natural gas purchase = 6 ct / kWh
EEDAL 2015 Luzern
Tanja
Lovrić
Sven Kühnel
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Economic feasibility – Micro-CHP system
26 ct / kWh
4 ct / kWh
52%
21%
EEDAL 2015 Luzern
Tanja
Lovrić
Sven Kühnel
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Economic feasibility – Nano-CHP system
49%
EEDAL 2015 Luzern
Tanja
Lovrić
Sven Kühnel
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Monitoring of heat-led CHP operation (“Heating
system“)
Electricity self-consumption
100%
90%
80%
70%
TH1
60%
TH2
50%
TH3
40%
TH4
30%
SFH
20%
10%
0%
Dec
Jan
EEDAL 2015 Luzern
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Mar
Apr
May
Tanja
Lovrić
Sven Kühnel
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SFH … Single Family Home
TH … Twin-house /
End-terrace house
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Monitoring of heat-led CHP operation (“Heating
system“)
EEDAL 2015 Luzern
Tanja
Lovrić
Sven Kühnel
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On-site energy management – electricity-oriented CHP
operation
Electricity-oriented operation of the CHP unit
1. Mandatory criteria
• TMin < TBuffer tank < TMax
• Ensure the minimum level of electricity self-consumption
2. Optimization
• Shift of operating times into hours of highest electricity demand
• Power modulation if feasible ( ecoPower 4.7)
EEDAL 2015 Luzern
Tanja
Lovrić
Sven Kühnel
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On-site energy management – Buffer tank
capacity
Buffer tank capacity
• V ≈ 750 L
• ∆T ≈ 29 K
• ∆Q ≈ 25 kWh
Multi-family home
Twin-house
Single family home
CHP unit
ecoPower 4.7
1 kWel Stirling
ecoPower 1.0
Pth,max
4.7 - 13.8 kWth
5.6 kWth
2.5 kWth
toperation
≈2-5h
≈ 4.5 h
≈ 10 h
EEDAL 2015 Luzern
Tanja
Lovrić
Sven Kühnel
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On-site energy management – Potentials
Multi-family homes
• Power modulation
• Shifting of CHP operating hours
• Advanced heat management that involves the thermal
inertia of the entire building mass
• Integration into a virtual power plant
Outlook
Single family homes / Twin-houses
• Shifting of CHP operating hours
• Adapt electricity consumption of the building to the
electricity generation of the CHP unit
automatically via plug adapters (home automation)
manually by assistance of a visualization
EEDAL 2015 Luzern
Tanja
Lovrić
Sven Kühnel
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On-site energy management – Visualization
displayed by an app or website
EEDAL 2015 Luzern
Tanja
Lovrić
Sven Kühnel
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Outlook – Realization of on-site energy
management
Home Automation System with GUI – HRW prototype
Z-Wave Gateway or
Z-Wave-Stick for PC
Sensor for temperature, CO2 and humidity
over Raspberry PI B+
Thermostat
Contact sensors at doors/
windows
Database
Open Hab-App for Android and iOS
EEDAL 2015 Luzern
Tanja
Lovrić
Sven Kühnel
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Outlook – Virtual power plant
Several micro-CHP systems are interconnected via ICT
• form a larger unit
• central control
electricity generation of CHP unit is also modulated
according to external requirements
micro-CHP systems can participate in the balancing power
market and obtain additional revenues
Example: RWE
• 22 micro-CHP systems interconnected
• participate in the balancing energy market via the RWE
tertiary control pool
EEDAL 2015 Luzern
Tanja
Lovrić
Sven Kühnel
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Conclusions
EEX baseload price
(CHP index)
• Baseload price decreases
EEDAL 2015 Luzern
Tanja
Lovrić
Sven Kühnel
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Q1 2008
Q4 2008
Q3 2009
Q2 2010
Q1 2011
Q4 2011
Q3 2012
Q2 2013
Q1 2014
Q4 2014
€ / MWh
(electricity feed-in into grid)
• Demand for balancing power
increases
• New role of CHP:
providing system services
(balancing power) additionally to
electricity and heat generation
additional revenues
• Concept of “electricity generating
heating system” is misleading
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Thank you very much for your attention !
Sven Kühnel, M.Sc.
Hochschule Ruhr West
Ruhr West University of Applied Sciences
Institute Energy Systems and Energy Business
[email protected]
EEDAL 2015 Luzern
Tanja
Lovrić
Sven Kühnel
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