Description of US Trial Site

Evolving Innovations in
Technology – Grid System
Planning for Wind
www.inl.gov
Jake P. Gentle
Warren L. Parsons
Michael R. West
Shaleena Jaison
WindSim Americas – User Meeting
Orlando, FL
December 4, 2014
Introduction
Introduction
Description of U.S. Grid, Climate, and Load
Description of U.S. Trial Site
Methodologies/Results
Time Series Analysis
Future Work and Conclusion
Administration and DOE Priorities
2014
3
Idaho National Laboratory – Vision
•  INL’s vision encompasses
nuclear energy, national security,
energy and environment,
education, industry and
international, and government
collaboration components.
•  INL’s Wind and Power Systems
Program is part of the Energy and
Environment directorate.
2014
4
EERE Wind Energy Overview
Wind and Power Systems Program
• The Wind and Power Systems Program conducts research, development, demonstration, and deployment activities.
• Activities are conducted in partnership with industry, academia, DOD, and other national laboratories for
land-based utility-scale, offshore/island, distributed, and community scale wind.
• Goals are to reduce cost of wind energy, improve
wind-integrated plant and turbine performance, and facilitate wind
energy’s rapid market deployment by reducing market barriers.
• Market barriers to wind energy include:
–  Streamlining siting and permitting
–  Addressing environmental concerns
–  Improving wind integration into the electric
transmission system.
• One program goal is for wind energy to compete, unsubsidized,
with the lowest cost fossil fuel (i.e., natural gas, projected as
$.06/kWh) and achieve 20% of U.S. electricity
generation by 2030 (300 GW).
2014
5
DOE/INL Wind and Power Systems Program Focus Areas
INL supports the WWPTO through WE 8.0, “Grid
System Planning for Wind,” Agreement 22496:
“Concurrent Cooling Model and Beta System.”
• The Concurrent Cooling Model Project continued
model creation to accurately determine dynamic line
ratings (DLRs) with given loading and weather
conditions.
• Wind power production will directly and most
immediately benefit from increased transmission
capacity through improved DLR systems due to
environmental effects.
• The system being developed and tested
improves overall DLR quality and leads
to average capacity improvements of
20 to 40% or more in certain areas.
New or better use of existing power system
infrastructure to help source 20 percent of nation’s
wind energy by 2030.
Develop and improve partnerships with external
stakeholders, including regulators, state
governments, system operators, and utility
and transmission planners.
Continue development of the INL-Idaho Power concurrent
cooling transmission line analysis to include assessment of
DLR procedures, development of potential regulatory
guidelines, and publishing of results.
Increase deployment of wind energy through systems
integration, interconnection, and technical outreach
to promote education for private, Native American,
and government entities.
2014
6
DLR Introduction
Concept
–  Limit of a current carrying
conductor is its temperature
–  Maximum operational
temperature should not be
exceeded.
–  Maximum temperature is
used to calculate maximum
current capacity
–  Energy balance in overhead
line
I 2 R(Tc ) + qs = qc + qr
Fig 1: Energy Balance in an overhead line (OHL)
between environmental conditions and the Joule
Effect
DLR Introduction (cont’d)
•  Application
–  Planning
–  Design
–  Operation
•  Benefits
–  Increasing capacity for
potential wind generation
–  Mitigate need for network
reinforcement
•  Current Status: Concurrent Cooling:
Dynamic Line Rating (DLR)
–  United States
•  Deployed on a real network
•  Operation is imminent
•  Deliver a capacity boost at
lower cost with improved, known
accuracy
Background - Concept
IEEE Std. 738-2012
qS = αQSE sin(θ ) Aʹ′
Solar Heating
I 2 R(Tc ) + qs = qc + qr
⎡⎛ T + 273 ⎞ 4 ⎛ T + 273 ⎞ 4 ⎤
q r = 0.0138Dε ⎢⎜ C
⎟ − ⎜ a
⎟ ⎥
100
100
⎠
⎝
⎠ ⎥⎦
⎢⎣⎝
Radiative
Cooling
I=
qC + q r − q S
R(TC )
q C1
⎡
⎛ DVW Pf
= ⎢1.01 + 0.0372⎜
⎜ µ f
⎢
⎝
⎣
qC 2
⎡
⎛ DVW Pf
= ⎢0.0119⎜
⎜ µ f
⎢
⎝
⎣
⎞
⎟
⎟
⎠
0.6
⎞
⎟
⎟
⎠
0.52
⎤
⎥ k f K angle (TC − Ta )
⎥
⎦
⎤
⎥ k f K angle (TC − Ta )
⎥
⎦
Convection
Cooling
Description of Grid, Climate, and Load
Introduction
Description of U.S. Grid, Climate, and Load
Description of U.S. Trial Site
Methodologies/Results
Time Series Analysis
Future Work and Conclusion
Description of Grid, Climate, and Load
United States
•  Grid
-  >150,000 miles of high-voltage transmission
lines (100+ kV)
-  Western, Eastern, and Texas interconnects
-  Four main utility types that handle generation,
transmission, and distribution (>3200 utilities)
1.  Non-utility (Independent) power producers
2.  Investor-owned utilities (IOUs)
3.  Public-owned utilities (POUs)
4.  Electric cooperatives
–  Other Acronyms:
–  ISO, RTO, TO, PMA, PUC, CC, PP
Description of Grid, Climate, and Load (cont’d)
United States
•  Climate
-  Assortment of climate types
including, but not limited to:
•  Temperate
•  Tropical
•  Sub-arctic
•  Desert
-  Too diverse to quote meaningful
average temperatures
Description of Grid, Climate, and Load (cont’d)
United States
•  Load Parameters
-  Peak in the late afternoon during hottest seasons
-  Some high loads in morning and evening during cold seasons
Fig 2: Example of daily load changes in various climates and seasons
Description of U.S. Trial Site
Introduction
Description of U.S. Grid, Climate, and Load
Description of U.S. Trial Site
Methodologies/Results
Time Series Analysis
Future Work and Conclusion
Description of Trial Sites
United States
•  Small corridor along the
Snake River Plane in Idaho
-  600 square miles of
complex terrain
-  Canyon formed around
the Snake River
•  Terrain
-  Elevation approximately
745m to 1,198m
-  444m estimated total
change in height
Fig 4: U.S. trial site in southern Idaho, showing local terrain,
conductors, weather stations, and model points
Background –Test Bed
•  Originally 600mi^2,
now > 2400mi^2
•  20+ Weather Stations
•  ~1 - 5 miles apart
•  Mid-span height (10m)
Environmental Measurements
•  Wind Speed
•  Wind Direction
•  Ambient Air Temperature
•  Solar Irradiance
Wide Area Terrain Modeling
• 
• 
Completed CFD model updates, including new weather stations.
Expanded area includes the same four transmission lines modeled in the
alpha phase, but it incorporates an end-to-end solution for testing and
validation at an operational scale.
–  Modeled terrain area increased from about 600 to 6,600 mi2
–  INL identified 47 total weather station locations needed to support a
DLR of more than 450 line miles: two lines at 230 kV and two lines at
138 kV.
INL Software Development for DLR
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
Developed beta programming/software with databasing of historical trends and patterns for validation and
comparison.
Attended and presented at IEEE and UVIG conferences.
Work with Idaho Power continued on programming developments and databasing of historical trends and
patterns and software programming for line ampacity calculations
Reported IEEE and UVIG conference meeting attendance.
Continued Java LineAmp Beta programming and debugging for DLR line ampacity
and temperature calculations.
INL and Idaho Power Equipment Tests
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
INL and Idaho Power worked together to design, build, test, and implement
multiple versions of wind data loggers.
–  Version one included all “off-the-shelf” hardware integrated to create
a customized working system.
–  Version two integrated custom communications and improved
battery and solar panel sizing for added reliability.
–  Version three is a fully redesigned logger system with custom
enclosure and mounting hardware, Idaho Power designed boardlevel wind data logger and chipset cellular communications hardware
to reduce equipment costs and improve installation efficiencies.
Initiated battery failure
analysis/replacement and
logger upgrades.
Designed integrated
system with on-board
diagnostics.
Field validation tests.
Climate Chamber Testing
Rev 1
Rev 2
Rev 3
Partners, Subcontractors, and Collaborators:
• 
• 
Boise State University – Boise, ID
–  Graphical processing units CFD research (GIN3D)
–  Masters student thesis work related to DLR standard development
• 
Durham University – Durham, UK
• 
–  Field validation subcontract (3 months)
Idaho Power Company – Boise, ID
–  Test area
–  Equipment funding and installation
–  Engineering support
• 
Idaho State University – Pocatello, ID
–  Graduate student intern (1.5 years) – full-time position hire
–  2010 to 2011 Senior Design Project (4 students)
–  2011 to 2012 Senior Design Project (4 students)
• 
Montana Tech of the University of Montana –
Butte, MT
–  Undergraduate student intern (4 years)
–  Graduate student intern (2 years)
University of Idaho – Moscow, ID
–  PhD student intern supporting multiple publications
–  Undergraduate student intern (3 years)
–  Research collaborator and methodology validation and comparison
–  Joint publications
• 
Promethean Devices, LLC – Fort Mill, SC
• 
WindSim AS – Tonsberg, Norway
–  Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software collaborator
and development partner
–  Subcontracts
–  Joint publications
Communications and Technology Transfer:
•  Publications – Presentations: IEEE PES Transactions,
DistribuTECH, and IEEE PES T&D, UVIG Fall Technical
Workshop, Western Energy Policy Conference.
•  Senior design – capstone projects with Idaho State University.
•  Masters thesis with Boise State University.
•  Masters thesis project with University of Idaho
•  PhD Dissertation with Durham University – UK.
•  Additional discussions, collaborations and workshops with
Idaho Power, Southwest Power Pool, ERCOT, PJM, and
Electric Power Research Institute regarding DLR projects
and technology/methodology validation and
industry acceptance.
Communications and Technology Transfer:
•  INL 1st Annual DRL Workshop an industry
conference/seminar to receive focused feedback from
existing and potential collaborators, which included
utilities, universities, and other commercial entities
interested or involved with DLR.
•  It provided INL and DOE EERE better exposure to
research and an opportunity to receive feedback from
interested parties regarding the validity of the beta
system.
•  INL and Idaho Power’s 1st Annual DLR Workshop
was completed successfully with 20+ attendees.
•  A 2nd annual workshop is highly desired by attendees.
•  Discussions were held with the Alberta Electric
System Operator, AltaLink, ATCO Electric, and
University of Calgary about DLR project support in
Alberta.
•  Two (2) Cooperative Research and Development
Agreements (CRADAs)
Methodologies/Results
Introduction
Description of U.S. Grid, Climate, and Load
Description of U.S. Trial Site
Methodologies/Results
Time Series Analysis
Future Work and Conclusion
Methodologies/Results
Methods developed for Dynamic Line Rating
–  Line sag and temperature monitors
–  Line Tension Monitors
–  Models which mimic line conditions and weather effects
•  Largest concern lies with a lack of measurements to accurately assess
varying climate conditions, line temperatures, and sags along each
span:
–  Each span cannot be easily assessed for DLR point-by-point
modeling
–  Sufficient equipment must be used in order to accurately
understand line conditions and weather effects across each span
Methodology
Pole Mounted
Weather Instruments
Computational Fluid
Dynamics (CFD)
Software
Weather Data, CFD
data, and line currents
to calculate ampacity
Analysis, Results,
Animation
Climatology
Climatology (cont.)
•  Weather station data may
point to “hot spot” locations
•  WS01 and WS39 have lowest
wind speeds
• Active weather around 6:00a.m.
and 6:00p.m.
• Passive behaviors elsewhere
Climatology (cont.)
IEEE 738 Practical Applications
IEEE 738-based Transmission Line
Routing and Planning
Results
Time Series Analysis
Introduction
Description of U.S. Grid, Climate, and Load
Description of U.S. Trial Site
Methodologies/Results
Time Series Analysis
Future Work and Conclusion
Time Scales in Transmission Lines
•  Transmission Line
̶  fast electrical dynamics
•  Model
Short-length Line < 50 miles
̶  slow thermal dynamics
Time Scale Analysis
State-space model
decoupling electrical dynamics thermal dynamics •  Control design
•  Future Analysis
̶  Model order reduction
̶  Medium-length line
̶  Real-time/offline controllers
̶  Long-length line
Future Work and Conclusion
Introduction
Description of U.S. Grid, Climate, and Load
Description of U.S. Trial Site
Methodologies/Results
Policies
Future Work and Conclusion
Additional Work in Progress
•  Center for Advanced Energy Studies
at INL
•  Computer Assisted Virtual
Environment (CAVE)
–  Advanced 3D Visualization “4
Wall” System
–  Power System displays
–  LiDAR data
–  WindSim 3D wind flows
–  Dynamic Line Rating Capacity
calculations and thermal limits
–  Public acceptance of new
transmission and distribution
–  Operation control room display
R&D, prototyping, and training
Conclusion – “Intro to the Future”
•  Usable capacity increases between 10-40% above static rating
•  Strongest opponent to deployment of DLR centers around issues
of reliability and adoption of new techniques and models
•  Number of data collection instruments (weather stations) is CRITICAL for accurate
modeling.
•  WindSim partnership to advance CFD simulation efforts to support wide-area models
(Bigger than the Big_Model)
•  Future
•  Improved weather forecasting methods
•  CFD assumptions including steady-state, boundary conditions, imperfect terrain
shape, roughness modeling
•  Time Scale Analysis of electrical and thermal subsystems.
•  IEEE and CIGRE Standards Development
•  Commercial Deployment