The research on and development of grain quarantine in China

Proceedings of the 7th Internatwnal
Worhng Conference on Stored-product Protectum - Volume 2
The research on and development of grain quarantine in China
Yao Wenguo1 and Guan Lranghua/
Abstract
Tilleiia indica MItra, Peronosclerospora spp., Erunnia
stewartii (E. F. Smith) Dye, Lolium temulenium. L. ,
Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., Sorghum almum Parodi
& Orobanche spp So Chinese quarantme research work on
importmg grain is aimed at those pests, quarantine soft
SCIencesuch as quarantine adrmmstranon and so on, and
research arrangement has been made also
Chinese gram quarantine has got great Improvement
especially in Its fields of scientific research and development
since 1950. ThIS paper bnefly gives the followmg
information. PRA on pests of stored gram, researches on
pests' biology, ecology and regulanty of transnussion as well
as methods of inspection, researches on pest's mvasion
surveillance, researches on technology of quarantine
treatment and ItS facihties, and researches on high and upto-date technology of gram quarantme. General situation
about Chinese Grain Ouaranune is also introduced m thrs
paper.
The Scientific and Technological
Work and Research Programs
Since 1981, Chmese quarantine authonty has been managing
to settle the problems, such as quarantme policy and
technical problems, which existed m gram quarantine.
Specialists from uruversrnes or mstitutes have carried out
researches on these key problems To sum up, mainly there
were 5 research projects in rmplementation with a great
quantity of work.
Introduction
Chma is not only a great gram-producing country, but also a
great country of international grain trade. Many countnes
keep relationship of gram trade WIthChina. Because China's
gram trade has the following characteristics. large quantity,
trailing with quite different countnes, greater possibility of
being mfected/mfested with gram diseases, pest insects and
weeds, It makes the work of gram quarantine complicated
and hard to do (Yao Wenguo and Guan Lianghua, 1998).
Although situation is complicated, Chinese quarantme
authonty has been firmly dealing with those problems
especially paying more attention to grain cargoes (Gu Iianfei
and Qu NengzhI, 1994; LIUJunmm and Ye Bmgyuan, 1994)
since 1950.
According to •The List of the DIseases and Pest Insects as
well as Weeds Dangerous to Chmese Plants' issued by the
MinIstry of Agriculture of the P. R C in 1992, the emphatIc
dIseases, msects and weeds dangerous to Importmg gram are
Trogoderma granarium Everts, Acanthoscelides obtectus
(Say), Callosobruchus analis (FabricIUS), Prostephanus
truncatus (Horn), Callosobruchus phaseoli (Chevrolate),
Zabrotes subfascmtus
(Boheman) , Graphognathus
leucoloma (Boheman) , Tilletia controversa kuhn,
1Adnurustratlon
100026,
2
of Arumal and Plant Quarantme
of PRC,
BeiJing,
Bureau of PRC,
TlanJm,
PRA on pests of stored grain
China ISone of the earlier countries dealing WIth the work
of Pest RIsk Assessment in the world. Since the early time
of 1980s, Chma's research mstrtutes
have made
arrangement to start PRA work on diseases, msects and
weeds, which are dangerous to China's agricultural
production. Then viabihty researches of those pests were
made by China's plant quarantine system, a data base of
those pests was developed before long. In 1991, a Chmese
PRA Working Group was set up formally comprising
entomologIsts, phytopathologists, bIOlogIStS, botanIsts,
admmistrators, quarantme offIcers and computer experts as
well. The workmg group's work m stored gram IS to make
researches on exotic pests' PRA of Chmese main crops;
harmful, exotic weeds' PRA; VIabIlityand countermeasures
of Trogoderma granarmm
Everts; and to make
comparatIve research on development of Zabrotes
subfasciatus (Boh ) IIvmg m Phaseolus 'lJUlgarisand P.
Angular~. These researches proVIded sCIentifIc basis for
deCISIonmakmg of quarantine policy (]I Liang, 1994; Yao
Wenguo, 1995)
The researches on biology, ecology, regularity of
spread, and inspection method, identification
standards of dangerous grain diseases, insects, and
Chma
TlanJm Ammal and Plant
300457, Chma
Quarantme
weeds
Grain pests' biology, ecology and regularity of spread are
1749
Proceedings of the 7 th Internatwnal
Working Conference on Stored-product Protection - Volume 2
the bases of PRA, quarantine inspection and decision making
of quarantine pohcy, so tens of SCientific programs
concermng important pests of gram have been arranged with
the researchmg contents mentioned above such as Ecology
and Morphology of Zabrotes subfasciatus
(Boh. ) ,
Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say), Callosobruchus phaseot«
(Chevrolate), Caryedon serratus (OL.), Callosobruchus
analis (Fabricius), (Zhang Shengfang and Liu Yongpmg,
1989; Li Nanzhi and Song baoshen et al., 1995; Lu Jie,
1994, Lu Jie and Song Baoshen et al., 1996; Pan Orshan,
1989; Pan Qishan and Jiao Xiaopm et al , 1994; Wei Houde
et al., 1995; Huang Shishui and Liang Fengjiao, 1996).
Other quarantine stored product msects ' researches on
morphology and identification standards were included.
Furthermore, the carried on gram diseases' researches are
on the inspection methods and identification standards of
Tiiletia controversa Kuhn; the spread role, inspection
method & identification standards of Tilletia indica Mitra;
the researches of inspection methods and identification
standards of Erunmia stewartii (E. F. Smith) Dye and
Peronosclerospore spp.; the inspection methods and
identification standards of Lolium temulentum L. and
Sorghum halepense (L ) Pers.
The researches on pests' invasion surveillance
Quarantme surveillance is the prerequisite and important
measure to practise quarantine control, which is the reason
why Chinese authority of arnmal and plant quarantine has
taken it so senously. In recent years Suophilu» granartus
Lmnaeus, Trogoderma granartum Everts and some other
important stored product insects have been placed under
surveillance for systematically and deeply researches
mcludmg study of lures and pheromones as well as traps,
also including the study of storage msects' tendency to lures
& pheromones.
Speaking of the utilization of surveillance achievement, a
practice for surveillance of Khapra beetle had been carried
out by 32 organizations which located at 16 border entrances
m Shandong, Guangdong, and Yunnan provinces as well as
Tibet Autonomous RegiOns from August 1993 to July 1994
228 traps were placed m 6 types of stores, after one-year
surveillance, there were 3420 insects trapped belongmg to a
different claSSification, 37 families and 53 speCies m total.
However Khapra beetle had not been found yet (Jiang
Xiaolong and Wang Wenlong, 1995) . Moreover Chmese
scholars had made study on some storage insect's sound and
soundmg mechanism for the surveillance of the msects
hidden in a big gram stack Evidence shows that they have
done it very well.
The researches on technology
treatment and its facilities
of
treatment senously. Because of the time challenge,
quarantine treatment and fumigation techniques are facing
very hard situation. In recent years, the studies on
alternative substance of traditional fumigant and treatment
facilities as well as technical standardization of grain's
quarantine treatment have been arranged mcludmg over 20
research programs (Zhu Werzu, 1994), so that quarantine
service is able to adapt to the new speedy developing
situation of import & export trade, to satisfy the needs of
qtnckerung inspection and passing through at the border
entrances, especially to push towards international trade and
to serve plant quarantme well in the meantime. A set of
efficient technical standardization of grain treatment has
been managed to find out. In plant pesticide, Chmese
scholars have done some plant 011 researches on (Deng
Yongxue and Lan Jianghua et al., 1996) some plant
extract's effect such as oleander's stems and leaves (Jiang
Xiaolong 1995), meanwhile they have done some fumigation
researches such as mixed gas fumigation, controlled
atmosphere of gram. A kmd of gas concentration meter has
been researched and developed successfully.
Researches on high and up- to-date technologies of
grain quarantine
When doing common researches, some research programs
of high and up-to-date technology have been arranged timely
to trace the advanced technology of plant quarantine m the
world and to develop mainly the fast, accurate and efficient
techmques of both mspection and treatment of gram. The
programs carried out were: computer expert system for pest
insects identificanon (Li Zhihong et al., 1998); utilization
of SEM and TEM to analyze the fine-structure and ultrastructure; RAPDfor insect identificatiom DNAnail vein and
PeR for fungi's identification of plant quarantine disease;
legume's Viruses ELISA and PCR diagnose-box's research
and spread.
By means of putting emphasis on gram-quarantine's
scientific program, and in a planned way, facilitate the
management of gram quarantine, safeguard the preshge of
trade and promote the trade development of grain import and
export. Now the services of animal and plant quarantme m
Chma are domg their scientifIc programs m a centrahzed
way formmg a mechanism, which has the characters of
takmg the apphcahon of technology as main pomt, baSiC
research of the apphcahon of technology as the secondary
pomt, givmg considerahon to personnel trammg, SCientific
research and their development, utihzahon as well as
spread.
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