Common Carp

Importance and genetic
resources of common carp
world-wide
Raul W. Ponzoni
Project Leader
Genetic Improvement
The WorldFish Center
Outline of
presentation
„
Origin, diversity, evolution
„
Common carp in the world market
„
Biology and genetics
„
Conservation criteria
„
Conservation strategy
„
Concluding remarks
Biology, ecology and
genetics
Wild common carp in
Europe and Asia
Archaeological site - Roman fortress
common carp bones
hard ray of anal fin
jaw, pharyngeal teeth
and opercular bones
From Balon, 1995
Wild common carp
Balon (1957)
Suciu (1996)
Wild common carp
Balon (2006)
wild
feral
Some feral populations are
morphologically close to
ancestral wild stocks
Feral carp from Rhine river
Ecologically re-adapted to fluvial ecosystems
Some domesticated
strains (China)
Hebao red carp (var. wuyuanensis)
Jian carp
Huanghe carp
Hybrid Jianhuang
(Jian carp♀×Huanghe carp♂)
Preferred variants of Japanese koi carp
Shiro-Utsuri
Sanke
TanchoSanke
Kohaku
Asagi
Shiro bekko
Kujaku
Tancho
Shusui
Unique
Hi-utsuri
Goshiki
Production statistics
Common Carp: Global Cultured Production Year 1995-2005
P r o d u c tio n (m illio n m t)
3.5
3
2.59
3.14
2001
2002
2.92
3.04
2.68
2.38
2.5
2.04
2
3.07
3.31
2.18
1.83
1.5
1
0.5
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Year
2003
2004
2005
Common Carp: Percentage of Continental Cultural Production in
2003 (China Excluded)
Europe
13%
Africa
2%
North america
2%
South America
9%
Asia
74%
Common Carp: 2003 Global Cultural Production, China vs Total
Production by Other Countries
China,
2,267,274 mt,
69%
Other
Countries,
1,038,574 mt,
31%
Common Carp: Top Cultured Producers of 2003 (China
Excluded)
Production ( Thousand mt)
500
443
450
400
350
300
250
220
200
150
100
50
50
17
22
Egypt
Mexico
50
16
46
17
16
21
Czech
Republic
Germ any
Poland
15
0
Brazil
India
Indonesia
Lao
Myanm ar
People's
Dem . Rep.
Country
Russian
Federation
Ukraine
Global Production Of Common Carp:
Culture vs Capture (1995-2005)
3.5
3.31
P ro d u c tio n (m illio n m t)
3.07
3.14
2.92
3
2.59
2.68
2.38
2.5
2.04
2
3.04
2.18
1.83
Fam Culture
Capture
1.5
1
0.5
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Year
P ro d u c tio n ( m illio n m t)
Top Cultured Species In Global Production 2005
4.5
4.15
3.91
4.0
3.5
3.05
3.0
2.5
2.21
2.09
2.0
1.70
1.70
1.5
1.24
1.20
catla
Roho labeo
1.0
0.49
0.5
0.0
Common
carp
Grass Carp Silver Carp
Bighead
Carp
Crucian
Carp
Trout
Cultural Species
Nile Tilapia
Alantic
salmon
Concluding about
production…
„
One of the most important cultured species
„
World production dominated by Asia, and
China in particular
„
Farmed production much greater than
capture production
Basic information
„
Middle and lower reaches of rivers and shallow
confined waters
„
Best growth at 23-30°C. Survives cold winter periods
„
Salinity up to about 5‰ is tolerated but growth is
poor even if 3 – 4 ‰ ; optimum pH is 6.5-9.0.
Survives low oxygen concentration (0.3-0.5 mg.l-1)
as well as super-saturation.
„
Omnivorous, high tendency towards the
consumption of animal food (water insects, larvae,
worms, molluscs, and zooplankton).
Basic information
„
Pond farming based on natural food with
supplemental feeding of cereals
„
Daily growth 2 to 4% body weight (bw)
„
Carps can reach 0.6 to 1.0 kg bw in one
season in subtropical or tropical polyculture
„
Slower growth in temperate climate 1.5 2.0 kg bw after 3 rearing seasons
Basic information
„
In Europe, females mature after 11,000 - 12,000
degree-days in the temperate and subtropical
climatic zones; males mature 25-35% earlier.
„
Spawning of European populations starts at 1718°C.
„
Females release 100 to 230 g of eggs per 1 kg bw
on submersed vegetation
„
After contact with water, eggs become adhesive
and swell 3-4 times in volume.
Basic information
„
Embryonic development 60-70 degree-days
„
Hatched fry stick to substrate and live from
yolk supplies
„
Three days after hatching the posterior part
of the swim bladder develops, the larvae
start to swim and consume external food of
150-180 µm size.
Embryonic phase
Basic information
The common carp has been the subject
of innumerable studies, of many
different types
Qualitative genetics
according to Probst
(1953), Kirpichnikov
(1981)
•Negative pleiotropic effects of genotypes
of scaliness on growth, survival, oxygen
demand and some haematological and
immunological parameters
Population genetics
„
1 species, common carp Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus
(1758)
„
2 subspecies, C. c. carpio from Europe and C. c.
haematopterus from Asia; populations of the Asian
subspecies may be further subdivided into Central
Asian and East/Southeast Asian ones (C.c
haematopterus and C.c. viridioviolaceus)
„
Lower variability of some domesticated forms
compared to wild populations (Kohlmann & Kersten,
1999; Kohlmann et al., 2003, 2006)
-founder effect (small Ne)
Population genetics
„
Low genetic distance among European breeds
(Kohlmann et al., 2003)
-all probably established upon ‘Danube wild carp’
populations
„
The genetic structure of wild populations is not well
understood
„
Most studies have been conducted on farmed stocks
Quantitative genetics
ƒ
Most studies on survival, growth and
carcass traits, reproductive traits (see
e.g. Hulata 1995, Linhart et al. 2002, Vandeputte
2003, Hartvich et al. 2004, Kocour et al. 2003, 2005).
ƒ
Also on stress response, disease
resistance, flesh quality (Kirpichnikov et al.
1974, 1993, Vandeputte 2003).
Heritabilities
„
Experiments of various authors critically reviewed by Vandeputte
(2003)
„
Highly variable h2 among experiments, many h2 estimates suffer
from environmental biases
„
Moderate estimates concluded:
„
h2 of growth rate (weight, length) about <0.3
„
Strong genetic variation for cortisol stress response, hypoxia
resistance and gonad weight
„
Lower genetic variation for % malformed larvae and fat content.
Present breed
utilization
• Most of the production is based on unimproved strains
• Breeding programmes are mostly based on crossbreeding (Hulata, 1995, 2003;
Vandeputte, 2003)
• Crossbreeding of breeds developed from both subspecies (C. c. carpio and
C. c. haematopterus) largely improved:
-survival rate of fry (Pokorný et al., 1995)
-cold resistance (Kirpichnikov et al., 1974)
-disease resistance (dropsy Kirpichnikov et al., 1993, KHV Shapiro et al., 2005)
Future?
ƒ Within breed selective breeding programs may be more
successful if base populations are established sampling
sufficient number of fish from unrelated populations and
creating a new synthetic one
ƒ Production quantity vs. quality
ƒ Molecular genetic tools
ƒ progeny assignment for selection programme
ƒ Wild carp threatened
ƒ Domesticated forms occur in open waters for more than 100
years (farm escapees, restocking of angling grounds)
ƒ some with decreased genetic variability
ƒ introgression of genes of C. c. haematopterus into C.c. carpio
Chromosome and gene
manipulations
„
Meiotic/mitotic gynogenesis
„
Androgenesis
„
Triploidy (cold/heat/pressure shocks) = reduced gonad development, no
increased growth (Cherfas et al. 1994).
„
Attempts to produce 3n by mating 4n x 2n failed due to poor survival of
4n fry (Cherfas et al. 1993)
„
Monosex female stocks = 7 to 8% enhanced production yield in fish
matured prior to market size
„
Transgenics have been produced in China; resulted in greater growth rate
and food conversion efficiency; not released commercially
Conservation efforts
„
Live gene banks are kept at a number of
locations
•
Szarvas, Hungary
•
Golysz, Poland
•
Vodnamy, Czech Republic
Selecting strains for conservation:
criteria
¾
Degree of endangerment
¾
Adaptation to a specific environment
¾
Genetic uniqueness
¾
Traits of economic importance
¾
Unique traits
¾
Cultural or historical value
Effective population size
Inbreeding per generation can be
calculated from Ne
Rate of increase per generation:
F = 1 / 2Ne
For Ne = 50, F = 1 %
For an effective
population size of 50
Random
selection
Phenot.
selection
Within
family
Sires
Dams
Sires
Dams
Sires
Dams
25
25
35
35
13
13
20
34
30
45
12
14
16
56
25
65
10
50
14
116
20
300
9
1000
Closing remarks
„
The common carp has been farmed for many years
„
Production is important in both absolute and relative
terms, compared to other species
„
Although knowledge will never be considered complete,
several biological and genetic aspects of common carp
have been thoroughly studied
„
Successful farming and other factors have resulted in
threats to wild strains
„
The challenge is how to enable the common carp to
progress as a cultured species, while preventing the loss
of potentially valuable genetic variation present in the
remaining wild relatives
Thank you for your
attention !