SITE A - Airuse

Overwiev of AIRUSE project issues
by ARPA Lombardia
Cristina Colombi
Vorne Gianelle
AIRUSE
ABOUT THE “PM PROBLEM’S”:
 identification of sources responsible for exceeding PM limits in
specific areas
 determination of the relative contribution of different emission
sources of PM
 evaluation on the effect of air quality mitigation measures
 develop of targeted mitigation measures for the most important
and relevant PM sources
Our experiences and approaches…….
ARPA LOMBARDIA
Regional Environmental Protection Agency in Lombardy (Northern Italy – Po Valley).
Our main policies:
1. Evironmental Control
2. Environmental Monitoring
3. Thecnical support to the regional administration
4. Information
About the AIR QUALITY:
1.
industrial emissions, evaluations of environmental impact studies on
projects, etc…
2.
Air Quality Network management, compliance with EU and national
standard, evaluation of specific monitoring campaigns, etc…
3.
studies (experimental campaigns and modeling applications) to suggest
mitigation measures, evaluation of their effects a priori and after, etc…
4.
Air Quality Reports (data measured and modeling maps), etc…
SOME EXAMPLES:
 In the 80’s-90’s in Milan and in whole Lombardy, due to very hight SO2
concentrations, we suggested to use fuels at ‘low sulphur content’ before the
national law release
SO2 and PM concentration trends abatement
SO2 monthly trend
 At the end of 90’s we supported a fast change
of gasoline vehicles-catalyst in Lombardy
with economical facilities (Regional and
National)
PM monthly trend
Carbon monoxide monthly trend
SOME OTHER EXAMPLES:
 In the 2000 we suggested to change heating fuel from oil combustion to methane
and we supported the district heating use with advantages on NO2 and PM
pollution
NO2 monthly trend
PM monthly trend
 In the 2000 we pressed to use of Diesel Particulate Filter
 ‘Area Ecopass’ carried out by Milan Municipality - evaluation: this approach don’t
produce the expected benefits due to small area of interest vs. whole Milan
conurbation
 Industrial plants decentralisation through building authorisations
 Biofix, TiO2, … experimental evaluation
 ….
ABOUT THE AIR QUALITY
We developed specific projects (in collaboration with universities and others):
Urban area (Milan), daily sampling
 2002-2003: PUMI Project PM10 and its chemical speciation
(traffic exhaust profile)
 2003-2004: 4+4 Project
From the
‘diagnosis‘
PUMI extension on 4 different
sites (Urban and Suburban) and
on PM10 and PM2.5
 2004-2008: PARFIL Project
‘4+4’ extension on 11 different
sites (Urban, Suburban and
Rural) in whole Lombardy and
regarding PM10 and PM2.5
sampling, and chemical and
physical characterisation.
To the
‘treatment ‘
OUR CURRENT METHODOLOGY
Our current methodology is the ‘MULTI-APPROACH-THECNIQUE’.
It consists in the following steps:
 Meteorological analysis
 Study of site (local and human activities, industries, traffic…)
 Regional database of emission inventories (INEMAR)
 Chemical characterisation
 Physical characterisation (OPC’s, SEM …)
Area investigation
and source profiles
identification
Data collection
and evaluation
 Statistical analysis (cluster analysis and pollutants rose,..)
 Receptor modeling application
Data processing
TARGET: determining the relative contribution of different sources of PM and
identifying the effect of mitigation measures or their possible developement
TO CONTEXTUALIZE THE PROBLEM: OUR APPROACH
AT OFFICE
Pollutants rose
Wind rose
SITE
Meteorological data:
local and wind roses
Regional database of
activities (i.e.
INEMAR)
Study of area
Local visit with
photographs
IN SITU
Verify human
activities
Satellite
map
Industrial list for local
environmental planning (i.e.
unhealthy industries)
Identification of local sources
Samples collection
SOIL DUST PROFILE
Lombardy is a very anthropized region and it has different kind of soil, depending on human
activities also!
i.e. urban site
i.e. suburban and rural site
Traffic
Tramline
Industries (ex.
cement production)
in agricultural sites
Building site
Development of a method to
evaluate
the
local
soil
resuspension fingerprint.
Our protocol:
Collecting samples
Treatment of sample
Resuspension system
Quarry activities
SOIL DUST PROFILE - Experimental system
Silicone pipe: 1.5m
length and 50mm
diameter
Sampling
filter
Homogeneisation
chamber
Standard
cone
O.P.C.
3lt tailed flask
Optical Particle Counter
Low Volume
Pump

Sample of soil dust
WITH THE SAME APPROACH…..
BRAKE WEAR PROFILE
PM samples were collected in a mechanical shop with technical support of the staff, using same
last protocol. This PM weight had no variations when heated up to 100° C and leached with water:
ionic components were not present in significant amounts. From the color there was no evidence
for the presence of carbon.
WHY DID WE MAKE THEM?
Just an example:
dust profiles:
elements
Soil dustSoil
profiles:
elemental
composition
2.0E-01
SUPVR-C
1.8E-01
RSOILMIX-E
EPA Speciate
Paved road Composite EPA
1.4E-01
Fraction (g/g)
Our local profiles
UPVR-P
1.6E-01
3.2
1.2E-01
1.0E-01
8.0E-02
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
Al
Si
S
Cl
K
Ca
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Ni
Cu
Zn
Br
Rb
Pb
Sr
BIOMASS BURNING PROFILES
Domestic wood combustion is considered a major source of particulate matter in the Alpine region, but
wood stoves and open fires are also used throughout Lombardy for recreational purposes.
ARPA Lombardia - Regione Lombardia. Emissions in
Lombardy in 2007 by fuel :
no fuel
100%
90%
others
80%
fuel oil
natural gas
70%
wood
60%
kerosene
50%
LPG
40%
gasoil
30%
refinery gas
20%
diesel
10%
coal
0%
VOC
CH4
CO
PM2.5
PM10
TSP
O3
Precurs.
The contribution of biomass burning to PM in
Sondrio and surroundings appears higher than the
one from the other heating systems and the resuspension of soil and road dust seems to be more
important than the combustion component of road
traffic.
gasoline
PM10 - Emissions in Sondrio in 2007 by fuel
1%
19%
fuel oil
wood and similar
natural gas
0%
gasoil
11%
LPG
gasoline
1%
diesel
0%
2%
66%
0%
other
no fuel
BIOMASS BURNING PROFILES – Fireplace and stove – REAL CONDITIONS
Water cooling of
exhaust
Two independent chimneys
Closed fireplace
Transparent
silicon pipe
for a visual
inspection of
condensation
= 15-25 l/min
t =10-20 minutes
Pellet stove
Beech
Pine
Low-volume
pump
BIOMASS BURNING PROFILE – Open burning - REAL CONDITIONS
Individual filters were exposed either during the burning
phase, or during the embers phase, which in case of
brushwood can be significantly long. The filters were
weighed using the same procedure as for ambient
aerosol and stored at 20°C until analysis.
GRAPEVINE and GARDEN BRUSHWOOD
SOME OUTPUT WITH CMB8.2 WITH OUR SOURCE PROFILES
PM10 Suburban site:
Cantù average 2004-2007
8%
PM10-Cantù: 2004-2008 mean period
3.4%
R2
33%
Rural-Industrial site
Erba - March 2006
Statistical
parameters
0.95
c2
1.51
97.7
% mass
Statistical
parameters
c
2.66
% mass 96.6
30.1%
23.6%
3%
31%
PM10-ERBA: March-April 2006 mean period
R2
17.4%
25%
0.89
2
17.9%
1.5%
22%
40%
4.2%
1.9%
Traffic
Wood burning
Pellet burning
Industry
Fertilizer
Soil dust
Secondary
7% Urban background site:
PM10-Milano via Pascal 2004-2008 mean period
Milano 2004-2007
10%
R2
0.87
Urban background
site: Milano 20042007
21%
Statistical
parameters
c2
% mass
2.34
99.8
Not assigned
WHY WE USE OUR METHODOLOGY?
We use this Multi-Approach (MA) methodology always when we need to
identify and/or argue the pollution’s cause, such as……
 a local government problem (ex. Quarry impact)
 public health impact (subway meausurements)
 mitigation measures evaluation and possible/real effect
Two simple examples….
EXAMPLE 1: QUARRY ACTIVITIES IMPACT (TRANSPORT)
Location: Parabiago (Milan Agglomerate)
Wind Rose
N
NO
O
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
NE
Problem:
local
citizen
complained to the mayor
about the quarry activities
E
SITE B
SO
 350m from the quarry
 Residential area (Background site)
SE
S
Pollutants rose - Site A
N
100
QUARRY
NO
80
NE
60
SITE A
 30m from the road
to the quarry
 Suburban
residential
High PM
concentration
40
20
O
E
0
0.25÷0.70 µm
0.70÷10.0 µm
> 10 µm
SO
SE
S
Site B
Site A
RESULTS: QUARRY ACTIVITIES IMPACT (TRANSPORT)
It was required to step up street cleaning in the area next to the quarry
EXAMPLE 2: SUBWAY IMPACT TO INDOOR PM LEVELS
Problem: How is the indoor subway ambient ? And why?
PLATFORM
Daytime
MEZZANINE
Nighttime
6 stations
6 am – 3 pm
+ Gravimetric systems
3-12 pm
+ chemical characterization
0-6 am
+ OPC’s
Sources
related with
train
operations
have the
dominant
impact!
PM10 (µg/m³)
350
PM10 concentration
Platform Daytime
300
Platform Nighttime
250
Mezzanine Daytime
200
Mezzanine Nighttime
150
100
50
0
Station 1
Station 2
Ambient outdoor
RESULTS 1: SUBWAY IMPACT TO INDOOR PM LEVELS
While SEF values around 1 are observed for the Crustal oxides,
Undetermined component indicating no significant internal source;
values are found for ‘Wheel&Brake dust’ (up to 19.5) and for ‘Electric
The highest values for the platform levels are found at Crocetta and,
Duomo.
Other oxides and the
significantly enhanced
cable dust’ (up to 6.9).
for the mezzanines, at
20
Source Enrichment Factor
19.5
18
16
Ratio (#)
14
14.7
12
10
8
6
3.8
4
2
10.6
7.8
6.9
1.1
0.5
1.4
0.5
2.2
0.9
0.7
2.7
3.3
0.9
1.7
0.8
0.8
Mezzanine-D
Mezzanine-N
0
Platform-D
Crustal oxides
Platform-N
Other oxides
Electric cables
Wheel&Brake Dust
Undetermined
1.0
RESULTS 2: SUBWAY IMPACT TO INDOOR PM LEVELS
The existance of the internal sources is confirmed also by optical
measurements:
NUMBER SIZE DISTRIBUTION ∂Cnum/∂log(d)
1.0E+06
1.0E+06
Platform
Line Green - Station Piola - platform
Mezzanine
Line Green Station Piola - mezzanine
1.0E+05
1.0E+05
Daytime
Daytime
Nighttime
Nighttime
1.0E+04
∂Cnum/∂log(d) (pp/l)
∂Cnum/∂log(d) (pp/l)
1.0E+04
1.0E+03
1.0E+02
1.0E+01
1.0E+03
1.0E+02
1.0E+01
1.0E+00
1.0E+00
1.0E-01
1.0E-01
1.0E-02
1.0E-01
1.0E+00
1.0E+01
Diameter (µm)
1.0E+02
1.0E-02
1.0E-01
1.0E+00
1.0E+01
1.0E+02
Diameter (µm)
Municipal Transport Company is testing reduction measures of PM as a
follow-up
AT THE END:
We use this Multi-Approach (MA) methodology always when we need to
identify and/or argue the pollution’s cause, such as……
 a local government problem (ex. Quarry impact)
SHORT-TERM
RESULTS
 public health impact (subway meausurements)
 mitigation measures evaluation and possible/real effect
LONG-TERM RESULTS BY STRUCTURAL
MEASURES
CONCLUSIONS
BEFORE just PM sampling and mass closure …..
To respect the EU
limits
NOW we are heading to the PM components
speciation trought EC/OC, BC, other
ions,……
To idendify the cause
(primary and secondary
sources)
PM Levels reduction is a very difficult problem and it requires long times to reach
current legislation’s levels, with severe standard for Southern European countries.
Also for that we are working with Universities, to evaluate also toxicological aspects
(ex. HIRE3P LIFE) becuse if we couldn’t reduce mass concentration than we would
give more attention to more important toxicological components.
[email protected]
[email protected]