Note Taking Guide - Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute

Transcription

FIRE INSPECTOR I
Note Taking Guide
PILOT
Fall 2012
Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute
University of Maryland
Steven T. Edwards, Director
The Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute of the
University of Maryland is the State’s comprehensive training and education system for all
emergency services.
The Institute plans, researches, develops, and
delivers quality programs to enhance the ability
of emergency service providers to protect life,
the environment, and property.
Fire Inspector I
Lesson 1-1
Duties and Authority of a
Fire Inspector
Student Performance Objective
Given information from discussion,
handouts, and reading materials, describe
the duties and authority of a fire inspector.
MGMT 204-PPT-1-1-1
Overview
Fire Inspector Duties
Fire Inspector Authority
MGMT 204-PPT-1-1-2
1
Public organizations
• Fire and life safety inspection programs may be
located in the fire, building, or code enforcement
departments
• The size and complexity of the local government
may determine the location of the program
MGMT 204-PPT-1-1-3
• Fire department
Fire Marshall
Staffing
Sworn vs. non
non--sworn personnel
Common responsibilities
MGMT 204-PPT-1-1-4
• Building department
Staffing
• Code enforcement department
Staffing
MGMT 204-PPT-1-1-5
2
Private Organizations
• Risk management programs
• Third
Third--party inspectors
• Insurance inspectors
MGMT 204-PPT-1-1-6
Inspectors
• NFPA 1031, Level I Inspectors
Handle citizens complaints related to fire and life
safety
Interpret and apply adopted codes and standards
Perform fire and life safety inspections of new and
existing structures
MGMT 204-PPT-1-1-7
Inspectors
• NFPA 1031, Level I Inspectors
Determine occupancy loads for singlesingle-use
buildings
Participate in legal proceedings involving fire
and life safety code issues
Verify water supply fire flow capacity to
determine the ability of water supply systems to
provide the required level of protection
MGMT 204-PPT-1-1-8
3
MGMT 204-PPT-1-1-9
Inspectors
• NFPA 1031, Level II Inspectors
Interpret and apply adopted codes
Determine occupancy loads for multimulti-use buildings
Testify at legal proceedings
Perform plan reviews
MGMT 204-PPT-1-1-10
Inspectors
• NFPA 1031, Level II Inspectors
Apply fire and life safety codes requirements to
complex situations
Analyze and recommend modifications to fire and
life safety codes
Evaluate code compliance in the manufacture,
storage, and use of flammable and combustible
liquids, gases, and hazardous materials
MGMT 204-PPT-1-1-11
4
Categories of inspections
• Annual (routine)
• Issuance of a permit
• Response to a complaint
• Eminent hazard
• Change in occupancy
• Owner/occupant requests
MGMT 204-PPT-1-1-12
Professional Development
• Training requirements
• Sources of training
• Continuing education
• Recertification
• Professional organizations
MGMT 204-PPT-1-1-13
Federal laws
• Inspectors are not usually responsible for
enforcing Federal laws
• Federal and some state/provincial
p
buildings
g are
not required to comply with local codes
MGMT 204-PPT-1-1-14
5
• Types of Federal laws
Employee safety
HazMat transportation
Health care safety
Handicap accessibility
Housing standards
MGMT 204-PPT-1-1-15
Federal laws
• Federal housing standards
• Military facilities
• Other Federal facilities
MGMT 204-PPT-1-1-16
• State laws
May delegate inspection activities
Can define building construction and maintenance
details
May empower agencies to issue regulations
MGMT 204-PPT-1-1-17
6
Types of state laws
–
Fire and life safety inspections
–
Building construction
–
Labor laws
State delegation to local jurisdictions
MGMT 204-PPT-1-1-18
• Local laws and ordinances
Adoption of state laws, regulations and codes
–
By reference
–
By enabling acts
Legal establishment of fire departments
Delegation of authority
Establishment of fire, life safety and building codes
MGMT 204-PPT-1-1-19
Local Laws and Ordinances
MGMT 204-PPT-1-1-20
7
The legal status of inspectors
• Defines the amount of authority granted to the
inspector, the responsibility to act, and the
protection against legal action that the
j i di ti provides
jurisdiction
id
MGMT 204-PPT-1-1-21
• Public sector inspectors
Non--sworn vs. sworn employees
Non
State vs. local authority
Chain of command
MGMT 204-PPT-1-1-22
Examples of inspector powers
–
Arrest or detain
–
Issue a summons
–
Issue a citation
–
File a complaint
–
Issue a warrant
MGMT 204-PPT-1-1-23
8
• Private sector inspectors
May have less specific legal status than that of
inspectors in the public sector
Must be familiar with legal basis for performing
inspection and code enforcement
Must be familiar with local codes
MGMT 204-PPT-1-1-24
• Conflict between public and private
requirements
Insurance companies focus on property
conservation
Life safety code issues must take precedence over
property conservation
Public and private efforts must be coordinated
MGMT 204-PPT-1-1-25
Liability considerations
• Liability limits
Changes resulting from lawsuits and challenges
continually alter limits of liability
In general, inspectors are not held liable for
discretionary acts
MGMT 204-PPT-1-1-26
9
• Liability limits
Most model fire codes contain language that
limits the liability of the jurisdiction
Codes can also limit the liability of inspectors
Jurisdictions still have to perform competently
MGMT 204-PPT-1-1-27
• Indemnification
Jurisdictions normally indemnify inspectors from
personal liability
Inspectors have a special duty to protect the public
MGMT 204-PPT-1-1-28
• Duty to inspect
Codes normally require enforcement of all
aspects of the code
Codes do not allow selective enforcement
Codes sometimes require a prepre-determined
number of inspections for specific occupancies
MGMT 204-PPT-1-1-29
10
• Civil rights
Inspectors cannot discriminate against certain
groups of people or classifications of
businesses
Certain practices can result in litigation
MGMT 204-PPT-1-1-30
Outside technical assistance
• Unusual or firstfirst-time code reviews may require
additional expertise
• Outside technical assistance must be executed
in accordance with local code
MGMT 204-PPT-1-1-31
Right of entry
• Property owners can require a proper warrant to
allow inspection
Administrative warrant
Search warrant
• Property owners can sign a refusal form or a
consent--to
consent
to--enter form
MGMT 204-PPT-1-1-32
11
the duties and authority of a fire inspector.
MGMT 204-PPT-1-1-33
Review
MGMT 204-PPT-1-1-34
12
Fire Inspector I
Lesson 1-2
Standards, Codes, and Permits
(Part
(
1 of 2))
the standards that guide the development
of fire and life safety codes, the
implementation and enforcement of such
codes, and the permit issuance and review
process for specific activities or operations.
MGMT 204-PPT-1-2-1
Overview
Standards
Codes
MGMT 204-PPT-1-2-2
13
Standards
Consensus standard: A set of principles,
protocols, or procedures that is developed
by a committees of industry experts
through a consensus process
MGMT 204-PPT-1-2-3
Standards
Consensus standards organizations
• National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
NFPA 1, Uniform Fire Code
NFPA 13,
13 Standard
St d d for
f the
th Installation
I t ll ti off S
Sprinkler
i kl
Systems
NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe
and Hose Systems
MGMT 204-PPT-1-2-4
Standards
• NFPA
NFPA 25, Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and
Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection
Systems
NFPA 70, National Electric Code
NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code
NFPA 101, Life Safety Code
MGMT 204-PPT-1-2-5
14
Standards
• NFPA
NFPA 241, Standard for Safeguarding Construction,
Alteration and Demolition Operations
NFPA 704, Standard System for the Identification of
the Hazardous Materials for Emergency Response
NFPA 1031, Standard for Professional Qualifications
for Fire Inspector and Plan Examiner
NFPA 5000, Building Construction and Safety Code
MGMT 204-PPT-1-2-6
Standards
• Handbooks to accompany NFPA codes
Uniform Fire Code Handbook
Life Safety Code Handbook
National Fire Alarm Code Handbook
Automatic Sprinkler System Handbook
Fire Protection Handbook
MGMT 204-PPT-1-2-7
Standards
• ASTM International
E84-07, Standard Test for Surface Burning
Characteristics of Building Materials
E108-07a, Standard Test Method for Fire Tests of
Roof Coverings
E119-07a, Standard Test Method for Fire Tests of
Building Construction
MGMT 204-PPT-1-2-8
15
Standards
• Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (UL)
UL 260 (2004), Standard for Dry Pipe and Deluge
Valves for Fire-Protection Service
UL 268 (1996), Standard for Smoke Detectors for Fire
Alarm Signaling Systems
UL 299 (2002), Dry Chemical Fire Extinguishers
MGMT 204-PPT-1-2-9
Standards
• UL
UL 1626 (2001), Standard for Residential
Sprinklers for Fire-Protection Service
UL 2244 (1999), Standard for Above-ground
Flammable Liquid
q
Tanks Systems
y
• Other standards organizations
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
Standards Council of Canada
MGMT 204-PPT-1-2-10
Codes
• Definitions
Codes – Legal documents that govern activities at
various levels of government
Model Codes – A set of requirements developed
by standards organizations that can be used as a
model by jurisdictions having authority to create
codes
Code Adoption – The process of using model
codes to create local codes
MGMT 204-PPT-1-2-11
16
Codes
• Model code organizations
The International Code Council (ICC)
– International Fire Code (IFC)
– International Building Code (IBC)
MGMT 204-PPT-1-2-12
Codes
The NFPA
– NFPA 1, Uniform Fire Code
– NFPA 101, Life Safety Code
– NFPA 220, Standard on Types of Building
Construction
– NFPA 5000, Building Construction and Safety
Codes
MGMT 204-PPT-1-2-13
Codes
The Department of Defense
– Unified Facility Criteria (UFC)
MGMT 204-PPT-1-2-14
17
Codes
• Other pertinent codes (referenced in fire code)
Mechanical
Electrical
Plumbing
• Multiple code requirements
• Application of codes to new and existing
structures
MGMT 204-PPT-1-2-15
Codes
Current codes and standards
• Model code updates
• Local code amendments
• Transition to revised codes
Codes and standards must be consistent
• Between the different codes (e.g. fire, life
safety, construction, etc.)
• Within each individual code
MGMT 204-PPT-1-2-16
Codes
Performance-based options
• Are based on performance outcomes of
specific construction assemblies or
techniques
• Require acceptance of testing criteria,
results analysis, and approval procedures
• Require extra effort by inspectors to ensure
safety over the life of the structure
MGMT 204-PPT-1-2-17
18
Codes
The Local Code Development Process
• Identify why a new code or amendment is
needed
In most instances, the age of the existing code
drives any change
A code may need minor changes between major
code adoptions because of new situations in the
community or technological changes in fire
protection
MGMT 204-PPT-1-2-18
Codes
• Identify affected stakeholders
The individuals affected by new codes should be
involved in their development
Stakeholders may include members of the building
industry,
y, chambers of commerce,, insurance
companies, and local citizen groups
– Explain what the benefits of the new code are
– Disclose the costs of making the changes
MGMT 204-PPT-1-2-19
Codes
MGMT 204-PPT-1-2-20
19
Codes
• Form a code development task force
Conduct meetings
Prepare the final report
MGMT 204-PPT-1-2-21
Codes
• Draft the proposed code
The code is written by the fire and life safety code
official with the assistance of other fire department
members
The language of the code should proceed from broad
to specific
If amendments are being made to model codes, they
should be numbered using the same numbering
system as the model codes
MGMT 204-PPT-1-2-22
Codes
• Submit the code for legal review prior to
adoption
Review by legal counsel will ensure that code
meets legal standards of community, state, and
federal g
governments
After the legal review, the final draft is returned to
the code drafting committee and then the code
official who prepares the proposal for adoption
MGMT 204-PPT-1-2-23
20
Codes
The Code Adoption Process
• Preparation of formal resolution to adopt new
code language
Nature of the legislation
Location of the legislation within framework of
municipal code group
Authority of community to adopt language
MGMT 204-PPT-1-2-24
Codes
• Preparation of formal resolution to adopt new
code language (continued)
Need of the community to adopt a new edition of
code to reflect local changes
Authority of the community to enforce the legislation
Term or sunset provisions
Proposed implementation date
MGMT 204-PPT-1-2-25
Codes
• The study session
The proposed code is discussed by the legislative
body
Proponents and opponents of the legislation
express
p
their views
MGMT 204-PPT-1-2-26
21
Codes
• Formal consideration by the governing body
Formal consideration takes place after the code has
progressed through the board study process
The presentation is made to the legislative body by
one of several people
The presentation may include a detailed explanation
of code changes
Members of the public may make comments
MGMT 204-PPT-1-2-27
Codes
• Passage
After discussion, the board chairperson calls for a
motion
Once the motion has been made and seconded, a
vote of present members is conducted
In most communities, a simple majority is required
for passage
MGMT 204-PPT-1-2-28
Codes
• The introduction of new codes
The new legislation is posted and the entire code
is available for public review
The effective enforcement date is contained within
the resolution
When the new code language is adopted, the
code official should immediately begin a formal
notification and information process within the
community
MGMT 204-PPT-1-2-29
22
Codes
The code appeals process
• The Board of Appeals is composed of three to
seven members who have experience in the
field
• The inspector should be familiar with issues
involving the appeals process
• Appeals must be submitted within a specified
time period
MGMT 204-PPT-1-2-30
the standards that guide the development
of fire and life safety codes, the
implementation and enforcement of such
codes, and the permit issuance and review
process for specific activities or operations.
MGMT 204-PPT-1-2-31
Review
Standards
Codes
MGMT 204-PPT-1-2-32
23
24
Fire Inspector I
Lesson 2-1
Standards, Codes, and Permits
(Part
(
2 of 2))
the standards that guide the development of
fire and life safety codes, the implementation
and enforcement of such codes, and the
permit issuance and review process for
specific activities or operations.
MGMT 204-PPT-2-1-1
Overview
Code Enforcement
The Permit Process
MGMT 204-PPT-2-1-2
25
Chapter 1 Review Questions
1. List several types of public inspection
organizations.
2. What are some duties of a Level I Inspector?
3. List several categories of inspections.
4. Are federal buildings required to comply with
local codes? Why or why not?
5. What is a consent-to-enter form?
MGMT 204-PPT-2-1-3
Code Enforcement
Although compliance is the primary goal, it
is occasionally necessary to use stronger
measures
When exercising enforcement power
power, it is
essential that the rights of the accused are
protected and due process is practiced
MGMT 204-PPT-2-1-4
Code Enforcement
In assessing the statutes of local jurisdictions
dealing with code compliance, the inspector should
know
•
If noncompliance with the code is a criminal or civil
violation
•
The processes employed to achieve compliance
•
Whether accurate records have been kept
•
The inducements previously offered to obtain voluntary
compliance
•
Whether penalties are equitable
•
If the penalties will induce compliance
MGMT 204-PPT-2-1-5
26
Code Enforcement
Compliance procedures
• Notification
• Follow-up inspection
• Sanction
• Prosecution
MGMT 204-PPT-2-1-6
Code Enforcement
Case prosecution and the role of the
inspector
• Represent the government
• Be unbiased
• Assist the prosecutor in case preparation
• Follow court procedures and proper
courtroom behavior
MGMT 204-PPT-2-1-7
Code Enforcement
Court procedures and behaviors
• Provide evidence that follow-up inspection has
occurred
• Review files and notes with prosecutor before
entering courtroom
• Resist attempts by others to modify testimony
• Appear in proper uniform or dress neatly
MGMT 204-PPT-2-1-8
27
Code Enforcement
Court procedures and behaviors
• Confine testimony to the facts of the case
• Remain impartial and do not give personal
opinion
p
or p
prejudice
j
• State that you are unable to answer if the
question is beyond your ability to answer
MGMT 204-PPT-2-1-9
The Permit Process
Permits are official documents that grant a
property owner or other party permission to
perform a specific activity
Types of permits include
• Operational
• Construction
MGMT 204-PPT-2-1-10
The Permit Process
Permits
• Ensure that no hazardous situations or
conditions are allowed to develop without the
knowledge of authorities
• Give fire and life safety personnel an opportunity
to ensure conditions meet applicable codes
• Are issued for a specific condition at a specific
location for a specific period of time
MGMT 204-PPT-2-1-11
28
The Permit Process
Each model code has requirements for
permits and permitting processes
• ICC fire code
• NFPA fire code
Local governments may add or subtract from the
lists when adopting model codes
MGMT 204-PPT-2-1-12
The Permit Process
The Permit Process
• Application
• Review
• Issuance
• Expiration
MGMT 204-PPT-2-1-13
the standards that guide the development of
fire and life safety codes, the implementation
and enforcement of such codes, and the
permit issuance and review process for
specific activities or operations.
MGMT 204-PPT-2-1-14
29
Review
Code Enforcement
The Permit Process
MGMT 204-PPT-2-1-15
30
Fire Inspector I
Lesson 2-2
Fire Behavior
Given information from discussion, handouts,
and reading materials, describe the nature of
fire behavior and how building design, building
materials, manufacturing processes, and
human behavior can impact fire behavior.
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-1
Overview
The Science of Fire
Fire Development in a Compartment
Fire Control Theory
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-2
31
The Science of Fire
The scientific basis of fire
Physical and chemical changes
• Physical changes—
changes—Material remains
chemically the same but changes in size
size,
shape, or appearance
• Chemical changes—
changes—Substance changes from
one type of matter into another
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-3
The Science of Fire
•
Types of chemical changes
Endothermic reaction—
reaction—absorption of energy
Exothermic reaction—
reaction—release of energy
Combustion—exothermic reaction giving off heat
Combustion—
and
d lilight
ht (fi
(fire))
•
Oxidation
Slow
Slow—
—rust
Rapid—
Rapid
—combustion
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-4
The Science of Fire
Fire tetrahedron – the elements of fire
• Heat
• Fuel
• Oxygen
• Chemical chain reaction
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-5
32
The Science of Fire
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-6
The Science of Fire
Fuel
• Fuel is the material or substance being
oxidized or burned in the combustion process
• The scientific term for fuel is Reducing
g Agent
g
• Fuel may be inorganic or organic
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-7
The Science of Fire
• Solid Fuel
Has definite size and shape
May react differently when exposed to heat
Creates fuel gases and vapors when heated through
a process called pyrolysis
Decomposes as it is heated, emitting vapors
Is the primary fuel found during a fire in a room or
compartment, commonly wood, paper, or plastic
Has two attributes that contribute to the development
of fires, surfacesurface-toto-mass ratio and distribution/
orientation of the material
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-8
33
The Science of Fire
• Liquid Fuel
Has mass and volume but no definite shape;
assumes the shape of its container
Has density
– Water has specific gravity of 1
– Substances with a specific gravity less than 1 are
lighter than water and will float on water
– Substances with a specific gravity greater than 1
are heavier than water and will sink in water
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-9
The Science of Fire
Characteristics that contribute to the ability to
ignite and burn liquid fuels include:
–
Vaporization
–
Vapor pressure
–
Fl h point
Flash
i t
–
Flammable or combustible liquids
–
Surface area
–
Solubility
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-10
The Science of Fire
• Gaseous fuels
Have mass but no definite shape or volume
Have vapor density, denoting whether the
gas is heavier or lighter than air
When released from a container, will rise or
sink depending on its vapor density
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-11
34
The Science of Fire
Oxygen
• Oxygen is the primary oxidizing agent in most fires
• Air consists of about 21 percent oxygen
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-12
The Science of Fire
• Oxygen concentrations
At normal ambient temperatures materials ignite and burn at
oxygen concentrations as low as 14 percent
With limited oxygen concentrations there is diminished flaming
combustion but smoldering may continue
At high ambient temperatures flaming may continue at lower
concentrations
Surface combustion can continue when surrounding
environment is at a low temperature
With higher than normal oxygen concentrations materials
exhibit very different burning characteristics
• Other oxidizers (Table 33-1)
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-13
The Science of Fire
• Flammable range
Range of the concentrations of fuel vapor in air
required to combust
Percent by volume of gas or vapor in air for lower
flammable limit (LFL) and upper flammable limit
(UFL)
The flammable ranges of common gases and liquids
are described in Table 33-2
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-14
35
The Science of Fire
Heat is a form of energy which exists
in two states
• Potential energy: a pile of wood
• Kinetic energy: burning wood (moving
heat and light energy)
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-15
The Science of Fire
• Temperature
Temperature measures kinetic energy
Heat energy will move from objects of higher
temperature to those of lower temperature
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-16
The Science of Fire
• As fuel is heated, the temperature increases
• Applying enough heat causes:
Pyrolysis in solid fuels
Vaporization
p
in liquid
q
fuels
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-17
36
The Science of Fire
• Conversion of energy into heat
Starting ignition
Piloted ignition
Auto
Auto--ignition
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-18
The Science of Fire
• Sources of heat
Chemical heat energy
–
Is the energy released when two or more
chemicals combine and react with one
another
–
Is the most common source of heat in
combustion reactions
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-19
The Science of Fire
Self--heating or spontaneous heating
Self
–
Self
Self--heating or spontaneous heating occurs when
material increases in temperature without addition of
external heating
–
For spontaneous ignition to occur:
The insulation properties of the material
surrounding the fuel must be such that heat
cannot dissipate as fast as it is being generated
The rate of heat production must be great enough
to raise the temperature of the material to its
ignition temperature
The available air supply in and around material
being heated must be sufficient to support
combustion
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-20
37
The Science of Fire
Electrical heat energy
–
Is generated as electrical current passes
through a conductor
–
Can generate temperatures high enough to
ignite
g
nearby
y combustible materials
–
Occurs through:
Resistance
Over
Over--current or overload
Arcing
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-21
The Science of Fire
Mechanical heat energy
–
Is generated by friction or compression
Moving two surfaces against each other
creates heat
C
Compressing
i a gas creates
t h
heatt
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-22
The Science of Fire
• Transmission of heat
Heat transfers between objects of different
temperatures
The rate of transmission is related to the thermal
conductivity of the materials involved
Transmission is measured as energy flow involving:
– Conduction
– Convection
– Radiation
Passive agents affect heat transmission
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-23
38
The Science of Fire
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-24
The Science of Fire
Self
Self--sustained chemical reaction
•
Is a complex oxidation process
Combustion causes molecules to break apart
Free radicals are formed as the chain reaction
continues
The process results in combustion byproducts
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-25
The Science of Fire
• Flaming combustion
Is an example of a chemical chain reaction
Occurs when heat causes fuel and oxygen to
form free radicals and initiate selfself-sustained
chemical reaction
Results in fire, which will burn until the fuel or
oxygen is exhausted or an extinguishing agent is
applied
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-26
39
The Science of Fire
• Surface combustion
Involves oxidation at the surface of a fuel
material without initiation or continuation of the
chemical chain reaction found in flaming
combustion
Cannot be extinguished by chemical flame
inhibition
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-27
The Science of Fire
Products of combustion
• Include heat, smoke, and light
• Generate toxic smoke, which causes most
fire deaths
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-28
The Science of Fire
• Common products of combustion include
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Hydrogen cyanide (HCN)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Vapors
Particulates
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-29
40
The Science of Fire
Classification of fires
• Class A fires – solid combustibles
• Class B fires – combustible/flammable liquids
• Class C fires – energized electrical equipment
• Class D fires – combustible metals
• Class K fires – commercial cooking oil/grease
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-30
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-31
The process involves
• A contained space
• Four stages of development
Can be
• Fuel
Fuel--controlled
• VentilationVentilation-controlled
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-32
41
Stages of fire development
• The incipient stage
Is the start of combustion
I dependent
Is
d
d t on the
th
characteristics and
configuration of the fuel
involved
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-33
• The incipient stage
Fire has not yet influenced the environment
Temperatures are slightly above ambient
Occupants can safely escape
Fire detection, alarm, and suppression systems
activate
Transition to growth stage occurs quickly
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-34
• Growth stage
A plume of hot gases and flame rises and
mixes with cooler air in the room
Hot gases spread horizontally across the
ceiling
Fire influences the environment
Fire is influenced by the configuration of the
compartment and the amount of ventilation
and fuel
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-35
42
Courtesy of NIST
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-36
Thermal layering
–
Gases form layers according to temperature
–
The hottest gases are in the top layer; cooler gases
form the lower layer
–
Compartment and contents are heated by radiation
–
Pressure pushes down lower, cooler layers, forcing
them out of compartment openings
–
The pressure of the cool gas layer is lower,
allowing air outside compartment to move inward
–
High and low gases meet at the neutral plane
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-37
Courtesy of NIST
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-38
43
Isolated flames
–
As fire moves through growth stage,
pockets of flames may be observed moving
through hothot-gas layer above neutral plane;
called ghosting
–
I l t d fl
Isolated
flames are classified
l
ifi d as fi
fire-gas
fireignition and may be indicator of developing
flashover
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-39
Courtesy of NIST
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-40
Rollover
–
Occurs when unburned fire gases
accumulated at the top of a compartment
ignite and flames propagate through the hothotgas layer or roll across the ceiling
–
P
Precedes
d fl
flashover
h
b
butt may nott resultlt iin
flashover
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-41
44
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-42
Flashover
–
Occurs when the temperature in a
compartment results in simultaneous
ignition of all combustible contents in
space
–
I preceded
Is
d db
by:
Rapidly increasing temperatures
Involvement of additional fuel
Off--gassing of combustible vapors
Off
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-43
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-44
45
• Flashover video
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-45
Alternative path
–
Flashover does not occur in every
compartment fire
–
Fuel must have sufficient heat energy to
develop flashover conditions
–
Developing fire must have sufficient
oxygen to reach flashover
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-46
• The fully developed stage
The fully developed stage occurs when
–
All combustible materials in the compartment are
burning
–
The burning fuels release the maximum heat
possible, producing large volumes of fire gases
As a result, the fire becomes ventilationventilation-controlled
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-47
46
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-48
• Decay stage
Consumption of fuel
–
Fire becomes fuel
fuel--controlled
–
The heat release rate will drop, but the
temperature
temperat re remains high
Limited ventilation
–
Low oxygen and high release rate can
result in backdraft
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-49
Backdraft
–
Space is filled with unburned fuel (smoke) that
is at or above ignition temperature
–
Fuel only lacks sufficient oxygen to burn
–
Making a horizontal opening provides the
missing component (oxygen) and a backdraft
results
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-50
47
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-51
Factors affecting fire development
• Fuel type
Impacts amount of heat released and time
over which combustion occurs
–
Mass
–
Surface area
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-52
• Availability and location of additional fuel
Building configuration
Contents of the building
Construction of the building
Interior finish materials
Fuel proximity and continuity
Fire location
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-53
48
• Compartment volume and ceiling height
A fire in a large compartment will develop
more slowly than one in a small compartment
The large volume of air in a large compartment
will support the development of a larger fire
before ventilation becomes a limiting factor
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-54
• Ventilation
Exchange of air inside structure with air outside
structure
– Windows and doors
– Heating,
Heating ventilating,
ventilating and air conditioning
(HVAC) system
Preexisting ventilation
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-55
• Thermal properties of a compartment
Insulation
Heat reflectivity
Retention
Conductivity
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-56
49
• Ambient conditions
High humidity and cold temperatures can impede
natural movement of smoke
Strong winds can significantly influence fire
behavior
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-57
• Effects of changing conditions
Factors influencing fire development can change
as the fire extends from one compartment to
another
Changes in ventilation are likely to be the most
significant factor in changing fire behavior
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-58
Fire Control Theory
Temperature reduction
Fuel removal
Oxygen exclusion
Chemical chain reaction inhibition
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-59
50
Fire Control Theory
Temperature reduction
• Is reducing the temperature of fuel to the
point where it does not produce sufficient
vapor to burn
• Is best for use on solid fuels and liquid fuels
with high flash points
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-60
Fire Control Theory
• Use of water in temperature reduction
Water
– Must be applied in a large enough quantity to absorb
heat being generated by combustion
– Can be used to control burning gases and reduce
temperature of hot products of combustion
– Converts to steam at 212 F and expands 1,700
times; can cool a much larger area than water alone
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-61
Fire Control Theory
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-62
51
Fire Control Theory
Fuel removal
• Allowing fire to burn until all fuel is consumed
• Stopping the flow of liquid or gaseous fuel
• Removing solid fuels in the path of the fire
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-63
Fire Control Theory
Oxygen exclusion
• Reduces fire growth and may completely
extinguish fire over time
• Is not g
generally
y used in structure fires,, but
can be highly effective
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-64
Fire Control Theory
Chemical chain reaction inhibition
• Is effective on gas and liquid fuels
• Can occur using extinguishing agents, including:
Dry chemicals
Halogenated agents
Halon--replacement agents
Halon
• Is not effective extinguishing surface fires
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-65
52
and reading materials, describe the nature of
fire behavior and how building design, building
materials, manufacturing processes, and
human behavior can impact fire behavior.
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-66
Review
The Science of Fire
Fire Control Theory
MGMT 204-PPT-2-2-67
53
54
Fire Inspector I
Lesson 3-1
Construction Types and
Occupancy Classifications
and reading materials, describe the types of
building construction and the types of building
occupancies and their relationship to the field
inspection process.
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-1
Overview
Construction Types
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-2
55
Review Questions for Chapter 2
1. What is the purpose of ANSI?
2. List several disadvantages of performance-based
standards.
3. What is the first step of the code development
process?
4. In what ways can the fire and life safety code
official notify the community of a new code?
5. What is a sanction?
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-3
1. What are the four elements of the fire
tetrahedron?
2. Define conduction, convection, and radiation.
3. Describe the five classes of fire.
4. What are the stages of fire development in a
compartment?
5. What are the factors that influence fire
development within a compartment?
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-4
Construction Types
Applicable standards
• The International Building Code (IBC) and the
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-5
56
Construction Types
Building elements
• Structural frame
• Load bearing walls
Interior
Exterior
• Exterior non-bearing walls and partitions
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-6
Construction Types
Building elements (continued)
• Interior non-bearing walls and partitions
• Floor construction
• Roof construction
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-7
Construction Types
• Type I construction – Fire resistive
Has noncombustible or limited combustible
structural members
Uses high fire-resistive materials
Has frame construction using:
– Reinforced concrete
– Precast concrete
– Protected steel
Contains combustible contents
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-8
57
Construction Types
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-9
Construction Types
• Type II construction – Noncombustible
Uses building materials that will not contribute to
fire development or spread
Allows noncombustible materials that do not meet
stricter requirements of Type I
Includes protection through fire suppression and
detection systems
Permits combustible elements
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-10
Construction Types
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-11
58
Construction Types
• Type III construction – Ordinary
construction
Includes churches, schools, apartment
dwellings, mercantile structures
Has exterior and structural materials that are
noncombustible
Can have combustible interior members and
wood or metal wall studs
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-12
Construction Types
• Type III construction
Inspectors must consider
–
Void spaces
–
Modification to older structures
–
New materials that do not have the same loadcarrying capacity as the original
–
Structural load-carrying capacity that exceeds
original design
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-13
Construction Types
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-14
59
Construction Types
• Type IV construction – Heavy timber
Exterior walls are noncombustible
Interior elements are solid wood or laminates
There are no concealed spaces
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-15
Construction Types
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-16
Construction Types
• Type V construction – Wood frame
Uses exterior bearing walls composed entirely
of wood or other combustible materials
Has framing materials that include wood studs,
steel or aluminum studs
studs, or wooden sill plates
Can include wood truss systems
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-17
60
Construction Types
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-18
Classifications
• Define the level of hazard
Fire load
Number and condition of occupants
Code life-safety requirements based on risk of
occupancy
• Establish expectations of protection and risk
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-19
Assembly
Residential
Business
Educational
Residential Board
and Care
Day Care
Storage
Factory/Industrial
Utility/
Miscellaneous
Institutional
Mercantile
Multiple Use
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-20
61
Assembly occupancies
• An assembly occupancy is any building,
structure, or compartment used for gathering
50 or more people
• Sub-classifications are
based on activities and
perceived hazards
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-21
Business occupancies
• Are office environments
• Permit large numbers of occupants
• Are divided into group areas and work spaces
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-22
Educational occupancies
• Hold six or more people
• Include preschool through high school settings
• Present challenges
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-23
62
Factory/Industrial
Occupancies
• Can be
General p
purpose
p
Special purpose
High hazard
• Are not classified
for storage
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-24
Institutional occupancies
• Are where people with physical limitations due to
health or age are cared for or provided medical
treatment
• Are where individuals are detained for penal or
correctional purposes
• Are classified into five categories in NFPA 1 and
NFPA 101
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-25
Health care occupancies
• Health care occupancies are facilities that
provide health or medical services to four or
more individuals who cannot evacuate
themselves during an emergency without
assistance
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-26
63
Ambulatory health care occupancies
• Ambulatory health care occupancies are
buildings that provide medical services to four
or more patients on an outpatient basis
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-27
Detention and correctional occupancies
• Occupants are held under restraint or security
• Occupants are detained behind doors with
locks
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-28
Residential board and care occupancies
• Provide lodging, boarding, and personal care to
four or more residents unrelated to the owner
• Have staff members who are responsible for the
safety and welfare of the residents, but do not
provide medical or nursing care
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-29
64
Day care occupancies
• Provide care, maintenance, and supervision of
persons of any age for periods of less than 24
hours per day
• Provide care by someone other than a relative or
legal guardian of the child
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-30
Mercantile occupancies
• Are buildings that are used to display or sell
merchandise
• Contain large
g q
quantities of combustible materials
and potential for high life loss
• Have arrangements of merchandise that can
result in high fire load and restrict exit access
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-31
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-32
65
Residential occupancies
• Provide sleeping accommodations under conditions
other than health care or detention and correctional
occupancies
• Must meet minimum
fire and life safety
requirements
• Are divided by the
NFPA into five
categories
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-33
One- or two-family dwellings
–
Are defined as structures having no more than two
dwelling units, including detached units,
semidetached units, and duplexes
–
Are not exempted in the model codes
–
Are not subject to periodic inspections in most
jurisdictions, one exception being military base
housing
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-34
Lodging (boarding) or rooming houses
–
Are defined by the NFPA as guest houses, foster
homes, bed and breakfasts, and motels that
provide 24-hour accommodations to sixteen or
fewer individuals, without cooking facilities
–
Pose potential problems because it may be hard to
determine how many individuals are permitted to be
housed in a facility
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-35
66
Hotels
–
Provide sleeping rooms for transients
–
Present a wide range of fire and life safety
challenges
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-36
Dormitories
–
Are buildings in which sleeping accommodations are
provided to 16 or more people who are not related
–
May be one room or a series of smaller rooms
–
Do not have individual cooking facilities
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-37
Apartment buildings
–
Are single or multi-story structures containing three
or more independent dwelling units with cooking
and bathroom facilities in each
–
May have direct access to the exterior or have
interior corridors
–
Are considered high-rise structures if they are more
than seven stories
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-38
67
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-39
Storage occupancies
• Are used to store goods, merchandise, products,
vehicles, or animals
• Are classified by the NFPA as
•
•
•
•
Warehouses
Storage units
Freight terminals
Parking garages
•
•
•
•
Aircraft hangars
Grain elevators
Barns
Stables
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-40
Utility/miscellaneous occupancies
• The ICC classifies buildings or structures that do not
fit into any other classification into the utility/
miscellaneous category
• The buildings or
structures are generally
incidental to the primary
occupancy and do not
pose a hazard to it
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-41
68
Multiple-use occupancies are a Fire
Inspector II topic and not covered in this
course
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-42
and reading materials, describe the types of
building construction and the types of building
occupancies and their relationship to the field
inspection process.
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-43
Review
Construction Types
MGMT 204-PPT-3-1-44
69
70
Fire Inspector I
Lesson 3-2
Building Construction: Materials and
Structural Systems
and reading materials, describe commonly used
building construction materials and structural
systems.
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-1
Overview
Construction Materials
Structural Systems
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-2
71
• The usefulness of materials is determined by their
properties or characteristics
• Materials have shared properties
Combustibility
Thermal conductivity
Rate of thermal expansion
Variation of strength with temperature
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-3
Wood
• Advantages
Inexpensive to produce
Renewable
• Disadvantages
Is combustible
Provides fuel load
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-4
• Types of wood materials
Solid lumber
Laminated members
Panels
Manufactured members
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-5
72
Solid lumber
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-6
Laminated members
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-7
Panels
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-8
73
Manufactured members
–
Are prefabricated from components then
shipped to the construction site for erection
–
Include
T
Trusses
Box beams
I beams
Panel components
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-9
Fire--retardant treatment
Fire
–
Building codes permit the use of firefire-retardantretardanttreated wood for certain applications
–
Treated wood
R i t iignition
Resists
iti
Has increased fire endurance
Should not be confused with materials that
are fire resistive
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-10
–
The two main methods of firefire-retardant
treatment of wood are
Surface coating
Pressure impregnation
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-11
74
• Masonry
Is a fundamental construction technique —
stacking individual units on top of one another
and bonding them with mortar into a solid mass
Is inherently resistant to fire and insects
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-12
• Brick
Is produced from a
variety of locally
available clay and
shale
Is manufactured by
placing clay in
molds, then drying
Is fired in a kiln; intense heat converts material
to a ceramic material
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-13
• Concrete block
The most commonly used concrete block is hollow
concrete block
Concrete blocks are also produced as bricks or solid
bl k
blocks
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-14
75
• Stone
Pieces of rock are
removed from a
quarry and cut to
the desired shape
and size
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-15
• Clay tile blocks
Are used for foundations and walls where
clay is available as a building material
Deteriorate over time and are susceptible to
d
damage
ffrom water
t and
d freezing
f
i
temperatures
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-16
• Gypsum block
Can be used for internal partitions but are
not applicable for exterior use
Are used less now, but can be found in
many existing
i ti buildings
b ildi
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-17
76
Concrete
• Is produced from portland cement, coarse and fine
aggregates, and water
• Gets its strength from
Admixtures
Reinforcement
Water--toWater
to-cement ratio
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-18
Steel
• Advantages of steel
The strongest of
structural materials
Subject to tight
quality control
Relatively
expensive
but can be used in
smaller quantities
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-19
• Disadvantages of
steel
Melts when
exposed to very
high heat
Tends to rust
Loses strength
when exposed
to fire
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-20
77
• Fire protection of steel
In old buildings, the steel framework was
encased in brick, clay or concrete
Structural designers now prefer lightweight
materials
t i l
–
Metal lath and plaster
–
Multiple layers of gypsum board
–
SpraySpray-on cement
cement--like coatings
–
Mineral and fiberboards
–
Intumescent coatings
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-21
Other metals used in building construction
• Aluminum – the low melting point restricts use
• Cast iron – was used in older buildings, but is
brittle and tends to fail
• Copper – is used for decorative purposes
• Zinc – is limited in use; used for construction
hardware and in the production of nails
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-22
Glass
• Is produced in various types
Ordinary, singlesingle-strength annealed
Heat
Heat--strengthened
Fully tempered
Laminated
Glass block
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-23
78
• FireFire-resistant glass
Wired glass
Fire--rated glass
Fire
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-24
Gypsum board (drywall, wallboard, sheetrock)
• Is an inexpensive substitute for lath and plaster
• Is used in fire
fire--resistive assemblies
• Comes in different types and thicknesses
• Has a low surface flammability
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-25
• Types of gypsum board
Regular – used for most applications
Water
Water--resistant – used where moisture is present
Type
yp X – used in firefire-rated assemblies
Type C – used in firefire-rated assemblies
Foil--backed – used as a vapor barrier
Foil
Gypsum backing board – used for multimulti-layer
assemblies
Coreboard – used for shaft walls and solid partitions
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-26
79
Plastic construction materials
• Are manman-made
• Are used for numerous construction components
• Come in a wide variety of types and have a wide
variety of uses
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-27
• Significant issues with plastic materials
Flammability
Fire hazards
Thermal barriers
Exterior veneers
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-28
Fabric
• Is used as part of the enclosing surface in structures
known as “membrane structures”
• Was long
g used for structures such as tents and is
now used as part of existing walls and roofs of
permanent structures
• Must be non
non--combustible
• Can have flammable framework, which must be
protected
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-29
80
Structural Systems
Concrete
• Is used in the construction of all buildings
• Is most commonly used to form
Foundation stem walls
Floor slabs
Driveways
Walks
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-30
Structural Systems
Precast concrete
–
Is placed in forms and cured at a precasting plant
away from the job site
–
Has the following advantages
There
Th
iis a hi
higher
h d
degree off quality
lit control
t l
Buildings can be built using whole precast
modular units
Elements can be assembled in several ways
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-31
Structural Systems
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-32
81
Structural Systems
CastCast-in
in--place concrete
–
Does not develop strength until after placed
–
May be used with several types of frames
Flat--slab concrete frame
Flat
Slab and beam frame
Waffle construction
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-33
Structural Systems
Concrete systems
–
Buildings supported by a concrete frame are
usually enclosed by a nonbearing curtain wall
–
The curtain wall is the building’s exterior
enclosure and can be made of a variety of
materials
–
Knowledge of the concrete system is required
to understand the capability of the system
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-34
Structural Systems
Steel
• Is used for construction of the structural framework
that supports floors, roof, and exterior walls
• Can be used to construct
Beam and girder frames
Steel trusses
Rigid frames
Steel arches
Steel suspension systems
Steel columns
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-35
82
Structural Systems
• Beam and girder frames
The design of the connections in steelsteel-framed
buildings is extremely important
Some means of bracing must also be provided to
resist
i t wind
i d lload
d and
d other
th llateral
t l fforces
Beam and girder frames are classified as
– Rigid
– SemiSemi-rigid
– Simple
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-36
Structural Systems
• Steel trusses
Can carry loads across greater spans more
economically than can beams
May be
– Open web joists
– Bar joists
– Joist girders
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-37
Structural Systems
• Rigid frames
Allow an increase in interior clear space
Are fabricated by welding or bolting steel shapes
and plates together
Have crowns and knees that are designed as
rigid joints with no rotation between members
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-38
83
Structural Systems
• Steel arches
Support roofs on buildings where large unobstructed
floors are needed
Come in two types
– Girder arches
– Trussed arches
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-39
Structural Systems
Steel suspension systems
• Because of its strength steel can be used for slender
forms such as rods and cables
• Slender shapes are
subject to buckling and
therefore are limited to the
support of tension forces
• Steel rods and cables are
sometimes used in
suspension systems to
support roofs
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-40
Structural Systems
• Steel columns
The cross section of steel columns can be very
small compared to their length and this
increases the possibility of buckling
St l column
Steel
l
design
d i can range ffrom simple
i l tto
complex
Columns are critical to structural integrity
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-41
84
Structural Systems
Masonry structures
• LoadLoad-bearing walls
• NonNon-load
load--bearing curtain or partition walls
• Architectural veneer
• Exterior walls
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-42
Structural Systems
• Masonry walls
Have thickness that
varies and depends
on the height and
construction method
Offer strength and
stability
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-43
Structural Systems
Reinforcement
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-44
85
Structural Systems
Openings
Parapet extension
Para
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-45
Structural Systems
• Interior structural
framing
The composition of
interior structural
framing
Beam and joist
placement
– Beam pocket
– Fire cut
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-46
Structural Systems
• Fire resistance of masonry walls
The fire resistance
–
Depends on the type of masonry and the
thickness of the wall
–
Can be rated from 2 to 4 hours
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-47
86
Structural Systems
• Deterioration of
masonry walls
Results from
mortar erosion
C
Causes
cracks
and misalignment
Can be affected by
rotting wooden
interior members
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-48
Structural Systems
Wood structures
• Wood is the basic structural material
• Wood structures are combustible
Wood contributes fuel to the fire
The structural system loses integrity as the wood
is consumed
Lighter-weight wood assemblies increase the
Lighterspeed of failure
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-49
Structural Systems
• Heavy timber design
The framework consists
of beams and columns
made of timbers
Columns are a minimum
of 8” x 8” timber
Beams are a minimum of 6” x 10”
There are load transferring connections
Spans longer than 20’ use laminated members or trusses
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-50
87
Structural Systems
• Post and beam
Dimensions of columns and beams are less than
those used in heavy timber framing but greater than
light--frame construction
light
I t i wood
Interior
d surfaces
f
are lleft
ft exposed
d
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-51
Structural Systems
• Light wood
Light wood framing uses 22-inch nominal pieces
of lumber
Walls are formed from studs
Floors are supported by joists or trusses
Inclined roofs are supported by rafters or light
trusses
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-52
Structural Systems
• Balloon framing
Uses closely spaced studs continuous from the
foundation to the roof
Contributes to rapid fire spread
• Platform framing
Each floor is a platform constructed on top of
the floor below
The plate installed on the top of the studs acts
as a fire stop between floors
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-53
88
Structural Systems
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-54
Structural Systems
• Exterior wall materials
Sheathing
Siding material
Insulation
–
Loose fill material
–
Blown
Blown--in or hand packed
–
Foam plastics
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-55
Structural Systems
• Brick veneer
Is less expensive than
actual masonry walls
Is tied to a wood
wood--frame
wallll
Adds to thermal
insulation
Can look like masonry
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-56
89
and reading materials, describe commonly used
building construction materials and structural
systems.
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-57
Review
Structural Systems
MGMT 204-PPT-3-2-58
90
Inspector I
Lesson 4-1
Building Construction: Components
and reading materials, describe the non
non-structural components of a building.
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-1
Overview
Walls
Roofs
Floors
Ceilings
Stairs
Doors
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-2
91
Overview
Fire Doors
Windows
Interior Finishes
Building Services
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-3
1. How many types of construction are recognized
by the International Building Code® (IBC®)?
2. What is heavy timber construction?
3 What type of occupancy is a jail?
3.
4. How many stories must an apartment building
be to be considered a highhigh-rise structure?
5. List several types of incidentalincidental-use areas.
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-4
1. What are some disadvantages of wood as a
building construction material?
2. In what ways can firefire-retardant treatment be
applied to wood?
3 How
3.
H
can glass
l
b
be used
d when
h fifire resistance
i t
iis
required?
4. What advantages are presented by the use of
fabric as a construction material?
5. Discuss several ways in which masonry walls can
be reinforced.
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-5
92
Walls
Fire walls
• Limit the maximum spread of fire
• Act as absolute barriers to fires under
conditions of a total burnout on either side
• Are freestanding or tied
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-6
Walls
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-7
Walls
• Fire walls
Must extend beyond walls and roofs to
prevent the radiant heat of flames from
igniting adjacent surfaces
Subdivide a building into smaller areas so
that a fire in one portion of a building is
limited to that area and does not destroy
the entire building
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-8
93
Walls
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-9
Walls
• Fire wall openings
All door openings in fire walls must be
protected by automatic or selfself-closing fire
doors
When
Wh ducts
d t ffor h
heating,
ti
ventilating,
til ti
and
d airair
iconditioning (HVAC) systems penetrate fire
walls with a firefire-resistance rating of 2 hours
or more, ducts must be equipped with fire
and smoke dampers
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-10
Walls
Party walls
Fire partitions and fire barriers
Enclosure and shaft walls
Curtain walls
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-11
94
Walls
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-12
Walls
Movable partitions
• Make it possible to subdivide the interior of a
building to suit different needs
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-13
Roofs
Roofs
• Are fundamental parts of all buildings
• Provide protection from weather
• Can contribute to fire hazards in a building
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-14
95
Roofs
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-15
Roofs
Trusses
• Are framed structural units made of a group of
triangles in one plane
• Are vulnerable to earlyy failure under fire
conditions due to reduced mass of
components and interdependence of those
components
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-16
Roofs
Roof coverings
• Roof coverings provide water
water--resistant barriers for
roof systems
• The type of roof used
for a structure
depends on
The form of the roof
structure
The climate
The desired
appearance
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-17
96
Roofs
Roof coverings
• Asphalt shingles
• Wood shingles and shakes
• Clay,
Clay slate
slate, and cement tiles
• Metal
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-18
Floors
Floor construction materials
• Concrete
• Terrazzo
• Clay tiles
• Wood
• Brick
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-19
Floors
Floor supports
• Steel
• Wood
• Masonry
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-20
97
Floors
Floor coverings
• Include:
Carpet
Paint
Laminated wood
Vinyl
Ceramic tile
• Can conceal the actual floor system beneath
• Can be flammable
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-21
Floors
Floor penetrations and openings
• Elevators, stairways and service shafts must
include firefire-resistive enclosures
• Large
g multi
multi--storyy open
p areas like shopping
pp g malls
and atriums should have automatic sprinklers
and smoke management systems
• Unprotected openings contribute to fire and
smoke spread
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-22
Ceilings
Ceilings
• Are a nonnon-structural component
• Frequently have a functional role
• Can be used as return
return--air plenums
• If used as a plenum, should be inspected
to ensure that materials are
noncombustible or rated for plenum use
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-23
98
Stairs
Types of stairs
• Protected or enclosed stairs
Are part of the required means of egress; must
provide protection for occupants as they travel to
safety
f t
• Access or convenience stairs
Are not required to be a part of means of egress
system and typically connect no more than two
levels
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-24
Stairs
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-25
Stairs
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-26
99
Stairs
• Stairs provide a means of egress from all
levels of a structure
• Several types of stairs are used to protect
occupants when escaping from a fire
Protected stairs
Exterior stairs
Fire escapes
Smoke--proof enclosures
Smoke
Unprotected stairs
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-27
Stairs
• Protected stairs
Are enclosed, with firefire-rated construction
depending on building height
Generally serve two or more stories and are
partt off the
th required
i d means off egress
• Exterior stairs
Are open to air or enclosed
Are protected by limiting openings near stairs
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-28
Stairs
• Fire escapes
Are open metal stairs and landings attached to
the outside of a building
Are not permitted in new construction
May not be able to support the required live
load created during emergency evacuations or
fire suppression operations
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-29
100
Stairs
• SmokeSmoke-proof stair enclosures
Smoke-proof stair enclosures are required
Smokeby building codes under certain
circumstances
Stair enclosures use either active or passive
smoke control
–
Mechanical ventilation
–
Natural ventilation
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-30
Stairs
• Unprotected stairs
Are not protected from fire and smoke in the buildings
they serve
Are not enclosed with firefire-rated construction and thus
may serve as paths of spread for fire
Are allowed in buildings when connecting only two
adjacent floors above basement level
Can be used as part of an exit system in a twotwo-story
building
– Open stairs are allowed in buildings equipped with
automatic sprinkler systems
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-31
Doors
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-32
101
Doors
• Swinging doors
Rotate around a vertical axis by means of
hinges secured to side jambs of doorway
framing
C b
Can
be single
i l or d
double
bl acting
ti
Are generally required as exit doors in means of
egress
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-33
Doors
• Sliding doors
Are suspended from an overhead track
Are never allowed as part of a means of egress
• Folding
F ldi d
doors
Are hung from an overhead track with rollers
Must meet very specific requirements and be
tested and listed for use in a means of egress
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-34
Doors
• Vertical doors
Can be raised manually, mechanically via
chain hoist, or powerpower-operated
Must meet code requirements
• Revolving doors
Are constructed with three or four sections
Are designed to minimize flow of air through
a door opening
Are required to employ a collapsing
mechanism
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-35
102
Doors
Door construction
• The materials used in constructing a door
influence its effectiveness as a fire barrier and the
degree to which it can be forced open during an
emergency
Fire resistance
• The fire resistance rating is not based on the
materials of construction
• Doors are manufactured according to specific
requirements established by an independent
testing laboratory
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-36
Doors
• Wood panel and
flush doors
Panel door
Flush door (slab
door))
–
Solid
Solid--core
–
Hollow
Hollow--core
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-37
Doors
• Glass doors
Are used for both exterior and interior applications
Can be frameless or framed
Must be made of tempered
p
g
glass that resists
breakage
• Metal doors
Are commonly hollow and made from steel or
aluminum
Can be constructed of heavy corrugated steel
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-38
103
Fire Doors
Fire doors
• Protect openings in firefire-rated walls
• Are effective at limiting the spread of fire
and total fire damage
g
• Are different from ordinary doors
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-39
Fire Doors
Classifying fire doors
• Fire doors can be classified by
An hourly firefire-protection rating
An alphabetical letter designation
A combination of hour and letter
– Alphabetical letter designations and combination
hour/letter designations are no longer used but may
be encountered
• Inconsistencies may exist between door
ratings and enclosure ratings
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-40
Fire Doors
Testing fire doors
• Fire doors are tested in accordance with
NFPA 252, Standard Methods of Fire Tests
of Door Assemblies
• Rated fire doors are identified with a label
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-41
104
Fire Doors
Door frames and hardware
• The door must be equipped with hardware
that holds the door closed under stresses and
pressures created by fire exposure
• If the door is installed in a frame, the frame
must also withstand exposure
• Hardware has two classifications
Builder’s
Fire door
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-42
Fire Doors
Rolling Steel
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-43
Fire Doors
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-44
105
Fire Doors
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-45
Fire Doors
• Special types – available for several uses
Passenger and freight elevators
Service counter openings
Securityy doors
Dumbwaiters
Chutes
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-46
Fire Doors
• Glass door panels
Glass door panels can be used on doors rated
up to 3 hours
Restrictions exist on the allowable area of
glass
l
• Louver doors
Permit ventilation while the door is closed
Must close in the event of fire to protect the
opening
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-47
106
Fire Doors
• Door closing devices
Automatic closing
door
Self--closing door
Self
Fire door closers
Electromagnetic door
holders
Door operating
devices
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-48
Fire Doors
• For a fire door to close, some type of detection
device must first sense a fire or smoke from a fire
Fusible link
Smoke detector
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-49
Windows
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-50
107
Windows
Window types
• Fixed windows (non(nonoperable)
• Movable windows
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-51
Windows
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-52
Windows
Window security
• May be especially important where windows
are accessible from the ground or adjacent
roofs
• May include bars and metal screens
• May make access difficult for firefighters
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-53
108
Windows
Fire windows
• Fire windows are manufactured with steel
frames
• Wire g
glass is the most commonly
y used for
exterior openings
• A fire window is used where it is necessary to
block the communication of fire through a
window opening
• Fire windows are the most practical protection
from a standpoint of cost or appearance
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-54
Interior Finishes
Interior finishes are
materials used for
exposed surfaces
of the walls and
ceilings of a
building
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-55
Interior Finishes
An interior finish contributes to
combustibility
• Contributes to fire extension by flame spread
• Affects rate of fire growth to flashover
• Adds intensity to a fire because it contributes
fuel
• Produces smoke and toxic gases that can
contribute to life hazard
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-56
109
Interior Finishes
• Flame spread ratings
The Steiner Tunnel Test
–
Produces a numerical evaluation of the
flammability of interior materials
–
Compares the surface flammability of a
material to standard materials under
controlled test conditions (flame(flame-spread
rating)
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-57
Interior Finishes
• The smokesmoke-developed rating
Is provided by the tunnel test
Is a measure of the relative visual obscurity
created by smoke from a tested material
–
Measured by a photoelectric cell and a light
source located at the end of the tunnel
furnace
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-58
Interior Finishes
• FireFire-retardant coatings
Can reduce flameflame-spread rating of some
interior finishes
May be
– Intumescent paints
– Mastics
– GasGas-forming paints
– Cementitious and mineral
mineral--fiber coatings
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-59
110
Building Services
The elevator hoistway
• Is the vertical shaft in which the elevator car
travels; includes elevator pit
The pit extends from lowest floor landing to the
bottom of the hoistway
• Is constructed of firefire-resistive materials
• Is equipped with firefire-rated door assemblies
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-60
Building Services
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-61
Building Services
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-62
111
Building Services
Moving stairs
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-63
Building Services
Utility chases
• Vertical pathways in a building that contain building
services, including:
Plumbing
Electrical raceways
Telecommunications
Data cables
Ductwork for
HVAC and grease
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-64
Building Services
Vertical shafts
• Refuse chutes
• Linen chutes
• Grease ducts
• Light shafts
• Material lifts
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-65
112
Building Services
Heating, ventilation, and airair-conditioning
systems (HVAC)
• Are provided in buildings to maintain a
comfortable environment for occupants
• Have the potential to significantly affect any fire
event by providing a path for smoke and flames
• Are governed by codes
Codes specify requirements for smoke and fire
dampers and smoke detection devices
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-66
Building Services
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-67
Building Services
Conveyor systems
• Are used to transport items and materials
• Provide a horizontal path through fire barriers
• Must be protected
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-68
113
Building Services
Electrical systems
• Electrical service panels
• Switch gears
• Generators
• Transformers
• Emergency power supplies
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-69
and reading materials, describe the non
non-structural components of a building.
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-70
Review
Walls
Roofs
Floors
Ceilings
Stairs
Doors
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-71
114
Review
Fire Doors
Windows
Interior Finishes
Building Services
MGMT 204-PPT-4-1-72
115
116
Fire Inspector I
Lesson 4-2
Means of Egress
and reading materials, describe the
requirements of and relationship between
means of egress systems; occupant load; and
the calculations to determine the required
number of exits in a structure.
MGMT 204-PPT-4-2-1
Overview
Means of Egress Systems
Occupant Load
Means of Egress Calculations
MGMT 204-PPT-4-2-2
117
Egress systems are continuous and
unobstructed paths of vertical and horizontal
egress or exit that travel from any occupied
point in a building or structure to a public way
MGMT 204-PPT-4-2-3
Egress systems
• Rely on a number of components
• Must be accessible to persons who are
wheelchair
wheelchair--bound
• Must terminate in a public way
MGMT 204-PPT-4-2-4
Elements of a means of egress system
• Exit access
• Exit
Exit passageways
Horizontal exits
Smoke--proof enclosures
Smoke
• Exit discharge
MGMT 204-PPT-4-2-5
118
MGMT 204-PPT-4-2-6
• Doors
Must open in the direction
of exit travel
Must be wide enough to
accommodate the
expected number of people
traveling through
Must provide a minimum
clearance of 32”
Must open easily when the
building is occupied
MGMT 204-PPT-4-2-7
• Doors
Cannot obstruct more than half of the required exit
width during any point of the swing radius
Must have appropriate panic hardware as required by
code
May be self closing
May only use locking devices approved by local code
MGMT 204-PPT-4-2-8
119
• Walls
Are used to separate designated exits from other
parts of the building or structure
Are firefire-resistance
resistance--rated
Are finished with various materials depending on
the type of occupancy group
MGMT 204-PPT-4-2-9
• Ceilings
Complete the enclosure for the exit or exitexit-access
corridor
May conceal heating, ventilating, and airairconditioning (HVAC) ductwork
ductwork, or wiring
May act as return air plenums
MGMT 204-PPT-4-2-10
• Floors
Must be constructed with approved materials allowed
by building code
May be constructed with unapproved materials used
during remodeling
–
Floor coverings must meet flame and smoke tests and
be installed in accordance with code
MGMT 204-PPT-4-2-11
120
• Stairs
Stairs must be separated from other parts of the
building with firefire-resistant construction
Stairs must be protected by selfself-closing, fire
fire-resistance-rated exit doors
resistanceExit stairways should not be used for any purpose
other than means of egress
Exterior stairs are permitted with codecode-compliant
construction
MGMT 204-PPT-4-2-12
• Ramps
Must be at least 44
inches wide with a
maximum slope of 1 to
12 (1 foot of rise for
every 12 feet of
horizontal distance)
Can have a maximum
length of 30 feet without
a landing
Must be enclosed by firefire-resistance
resistance--rated construction
MGMT 204-PPT-4-2-13
• Fire escape stairs
May not be used in new construction
Are still allowed on old buildings
Must be exposed to the smallest number of door or
window openings possible
MGMT 204-PPT-4-2-14
121
MGMT 204-PPT-4-2-15
• Fire escape ladders and slides
Ladders are allowed only for limited purposes
Slides (slidescapes)
–
Are used where specifically authorized
–
Must be an approved type and rated at one exit
unit per slide with a rated capacity of 60 persons
MGMT 204-PPT-4-2-16
MGMT 204-PPT-4-2-17
122
• Exit illumination and markings
The NFPA has standards for illumination and
marking
Requirements for illumination and markings vary
with the occupancy classification
When illumination is required, it must be continuous
while the building is occupied
Lighting must be configured so that the failure of any
one unit will not leave an area in darkness
MGMT 204-PPT-4-2-18
• Illumination
Emergency lights are powered by batteries or
an auxiliary power system
Emergency lights must provide the proper
amount of illumination when normal power for
lighting is interrupted
MGMT 204-PPT-4-2-19
• Markings
Direct occupants through a structure to the nearest
exit
Are positioned so that no point in the exit access is
more than 100 feet from the nearest visible sign
MGMT 204-PPT-4-2-20
123
• Floor
Floor--level exit signs
Allow occupants crawling through smoke to identify
the exits
Are used in addition to standard signs
Must be between 6 and 8 inches above the floor
surface
MGMT 204-PPT-4-2-21
MGMT 204-PPT-4-2-22
• Auxiliary power
Can originate from batteries or generators
Is used to power emergency lighting and exit signs
Should have a switchover device
Must be tested monthly and annually in accordance
with code
MGMT 204-PPT-4-2-23
124
Occupant Load
Occupant load
• Is the total number of persons who may occupy
a building or a portion of it at any one time
• Should be established during
gp
plans review
• Must be posted on a sign near the building entry
MGMT 204-PPT-4-2-24
Occupant Load
Model codes
• Give officials the ability to determine the number
of people who may safely occupy a building
• Provide the means to determine how manyy
people may safely exit a structure during an
emergency
• Provide building officials a means to determine
several aspects of occupant load
MGMT 204-PPT-4-2-25
Occupant Load
Occupant load = Net floor area/area per
person
• Factor: Table 7.1 from the IBC
• Maximum floor allowances per occupant
• Occupancy type
• Gross vs. net
MGMT 204-PPT-4-2-26
125
Occupant Load
MGMT 204-PPT-4-2-27
Occupant Load
Examples from the textbook
page 279
• Example 1: Occupant load calculation for single
single-use occupancy
• Example
p 2: Occupant
p
load calculation for singlesingle
g use occupancy
• Example 3: Occupant load calculation for multimultiuse occupancy
• Example 4: Occupant load calculation for multiple
occupancies in one structure
MGMT 204-PPT-4-2-28
Capacity
• Exit capacity
• Total exit capacity
• Required number of exits
MGMT 204-PPT-4-2-29
126
Arrangement
• Location of exits
• Maximum travel distance to an exit
Dead
Dead--end corridor
Common path of travel
MGMT 204-PPT-4-2-30
For an inspector to determine whether means of
egress in a particular structure meets code
requirements, he must determine
• The occupant load
• The clear width of each component
• The egress capacity of each component
• The most restrictive component of each route
• If egress capacity is sufficient
MGMT 204-PPT-4-2-31
requirements of and relationship between
means of egress systems; occupant load; and
the calculations to determine the required
number of exits in a structure.
MGMT 204-PPT-4-2-32
127
Review
Occupant Load
MGMT 204-PPT-4-2-33
128
Fire Inspector I
Lesson 5-1
Water Supply Distribution Systems
and reading materials, describe water supply
distribution systems and their importance in
waterwater-based firefire-suppression systems.
MGMT 204-PPT-5-1-1
Overview
Public Water Supply Systems
Private Water Supply Systems
Water Supply Analysis
MGMT 204-PPT-5-1-2
129
1. What is the purpose of fire walls?
2. Why do fire escapes pose a high level of
potential danger?
3. In what ways does the combustibility of an
interior finish contribute to the behavior of fire?
4. What is a smokesmoke-developed rating?
5. List three components of a heating, ventilating,
and air
air--conditioning (HVAC) system.
MGMT 204-PPT-5-1-3
1. What are the three basic elements of a means
of egress system?
2. Where do exit discharges exist?
3. What is the purpose of firefire-resistantresistant-rated
walls?
4. What is the purpose of emergency lighting?
5. How is occupant calculated?
MGMT 204-PPT-5-1-4
MGMT 204-PPT-5-1-5
130
Water sources
• Groundwater
• Aquifer
• Ocean
MGMT 204-PPT-5-1-6
Treatment or processing facilities
• Water must be processed to remove impurities
and minerals
• Water is treated at:
Water treatment plants
Desalination plants
Filtration systems
MGMT 204-PPT-5-1-7
Means of moving water
• Gravity systems
• Direct pumping systems
• Combination systems
MGMT 204-PPT-5-1-8
131
Distribution systems
• Are networks that carry water under pressure
• Are located throughout a community or service
area
• Include the following components:
Piping
Storage tanks
Control valves
Fire hydrants
MGMT 204-PPT-5-1-9
• Piping
Grid or gridiron
Primary feeders
Secondary feeders
Distributors
MGMT 204-PPT-5-1-10
• Storage tanks
Are elevated and
located throughout
the system
Create pressure on
the system through
gravity
Generate higher
head pressure with
higher elevations
MGMT 204-PPT-5-1-11
132
• Control valves
Interrupt the flow of
water in a designated
part of the water system
Should be exercised
once a year
Can be indicating or
nonnon-indicating
MGMT 204-PPT-5-1-12
MGMT 204-PPT-5-1-13
• The drydry-barrel
hydrant
Is used in climates
with freezing
temperatures
p
Has a control valve
on a distribution line
located below
the frost line
MGMT 204-PPT-5-1-14
133
• The wet
wet--barrel
hydrant
Is filled with
water at all times
Is used in mild
climates
MGMT 204-PPT-5-1-15
• Standard hydrant
discharge outlets
Pumper outlet
nozzle or steamer
connection ((4 or
4½ -inch outlet)
Two hose outlet
nozzles for 2½ inch hose
couplings
MGMT 204-PPT-5-1-16
MGMT 204-PPT-5-1-17
134
Water sources
• Reservoirs
• Suction tanks
• Pressure tanks
• Gravity tanks
MGMT 204-PPT-5-1-18
Piping, valves, and fire hydrants
• Are located on private property
• Are maintained by the property owner
• Are housed in small structures containing
standpipe connections and large hoselines
reconnected to a discharge outlet
• May have fixed nozzles that can be directed
at potential hazards
MGMT 204-PPT-5-1-19
Water supply should be analyzed:
• Periodically
• When the distribution system is altered or
expanded
p
• When applications are made for new
construction
MGMT 204-PPT-5-1-20
135
Types of analysis
• Actual flow testing
• Review of data supplied by water provider
Terms
• Static pressure
• Residual pressure
• Fire flow
• Water flow
MGMT 204-PPT-5-1-21
Fire--flow tests
Fire
• Amount of water flow from individual hydrants
• WaterWater-flow pressures
• Gallons available at any pressure
• Pressure available across a wide range of flows
MGMT 204-PPT-5-1-22
Fire hydrant inspections
• Are performed on an annual basis to monitor
physical condition of hydrants
• Mayy be performed
p
as p
part of firefire-flow tests
• May be performed by inspectors or emergency
response companies
MGMT 204-PPT-5-1-23
136
What to check for during hydrant inspections
• Obstructions near hydrant
• Direction of hydrant outlets
• Mechanical damage to the hydrant
• Condition of paint for rust or corrosion; ensure
discharge outlet caps are not painted shut
• Water flow, by having the hydrant fully opened
• DryDry-barrel hydrants drain when the valve is closed
MGMT 204-PPT-5-1-24
MGMT 204-PPT-5-1-25
Using a pitot tube and gauge
• Step 1 – Open petcock
• Step 2 – Edge blade into stream
• Step 3 – Read the velocity pressure
• Step 4 – Drain the petcock
MGMT 204-PPT-5-1-26
137
Fire flow calculation
• Gpm = (29.83) x Cd x d2 x √P
• Where:
Cd = Coefficient of discharge
d = Actual diameter of hydrant or nozzle
orifice in inches
P = Pressure in psi as read at orifice
The constant (29.83) is derived from
physical laws
MGMT 204-PPT-5-1-27
Required residual pressure
• The required residual pressure is established
by firefire-protection engineers as 20 psi
minimum when computing the available water
in
i a flflow ttestt
• Enough pressure is needed to overcome
friction inside any of the following:
A short 66-inch branch pipe
A hydrant
An apparatus intake hose
MGMT 204-PPT-5-1-28
Fire flow test procedures
MGMT 204-PPT-5-1-29
138
Fire flow test
• Enough hydrants should be opened to drop
static pressure by at least 10 percent; 25
percent for more accurate results
MGMT 204-PPT-5-1-30
• Precautions to be taken before firefire-flow test
Notify water department official
Notify residents and businesses in the area to
reduce the number of false reports of water main
breaks
Wear protective equipment
Use traffic safety devices
MGMT 204-PPT-5-1-31
• Obstructions
Encrustations
Sedimentation deposits
Malfunctioning valves
Malfunctioning pipes
Malfunctioning pumps
Foreign matter other than deposits
Increased friction loss
MGMT 204-PPT-5-1-32
139
• Available firefire-flow test results computations
Graphical analysis method
–
Determine which gpm scale should be used
–
Locate and plot the static pressure on the vertical
scale at 0 gpm
–
Locate the total water flow measured during test on
the chart
–
Locate the residual pressure noted during test on
the chart
MGMT 204-PPT-5-1-33
Plot the residual pressure above the total water flow
measured
Draw a straight line from the static pressure point
through residual pressure point on the waterwater-flow
scale
Read the gpm available at 20 psi and record the
figure; this reading represents the total available
water
MGMT 204-PPT-5-1-34
Mathematical method
• Qr = (Q
(Qf x hr0.54) ÷ hf0.54
Qr = the flow available at the desired residual
pressure
Qf = the flow during test
hr = the drop in residual pressure
hf = the pressure drop during test
MGMT 204-PPT-5-1-35
140
and reading materials, describe water supply
distribution systems and their importance in
waterwater-based firefire-suppression systems.
MGMT 204-PPT-5-1-36
Review
MGMT 204-PPT-5-1-37
141
142
Fire Inspector I
Lesson 5-2
Water-Based Fire-Suppression Systems
the installation, inspection, testing and
maintenance of waterwater-based firefiresuppression systems.
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-1
Overview
Automatic Sprinkler Systems
Water Spray Fixed Systems
Water Mist Systems
Foam--Water Systems
Foam
Standpipe and Hose Systems
Stationary Fire Pumps
Inspection and Testing
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-2
143
• Are the first line of defense against fires
• Must be simple, reliable, and automatic
• Should use an inexpensive extinguishing agent
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-3
• Automatic sprinkler systems can fail under the
following conditions
Improperly maintained
Inadequate/shut off water supply
Incorrect design
Obstructed spaces
Partially protected spaces
Intentionally set fires
• There are four basic types of automated
sprinkler systems
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-4
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-5
144
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-6
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-7
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-8
145
• Other types of automatic sprinkler systems
Antifreeze sprinkler system
Circulating closedclosed-loop sprinkler system
Combined dry pipe and prepre-action sprinkler system
Gridded sprinkler system
Looped sprinkler system
Multi--cycle sprinkler system
Multi
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-9
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-10
Components of automatic sprinkler systems
• Water supplies
• Water
Water--flow control valves
• Operating valves
• Water distribution pipes
• Sprinklers
• Detection and activation devices
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-11
146
• Water supplies
Must have adequate volume and pressure
Must have a reliable source
Must have adequate
q
water flow for:
– The hazard being protected
– The occupancy classification
– The fuel
fuel--loading of the occupancy
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-12
• Water supplies
Must be able to deliver required volume to
highest or most remote sprinkler while
maintaining a minimum residual pressure in
the system
Must have a primary water source
Can be required to have a secondary water
source
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-13
• Water
Water--flow control valves
Are installed on either side of the check valve
Are used to turn off or isolate the water supply
to the system
Are located between the water supply and the
sprinkler system
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-14
147
Outside Stem and Yoke (OS&Y)
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-15
Post Indicator Valve (PIV)
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-16
Wall Post Indicator Valve (WPIV)
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-17
148
Post Indicator Valve Assembly (PIVA)
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-18
• Operating valves
Alarm--test valves
Alarm
Check valves
Drain valves
Globe valves
Ball
Ball--drip valves
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-19
• Water distribution pipes include:
An underground water supply main
System risers
Cross mains
• Requirements for piping are determined by:
Pipe schedule tables from NFPA 13
Hydraulic calculations
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-20
149
• Sprinklers
Apply water or foam to a fire or other
hazard
Emit water in form of small droplets over a
given
i
area
Are defined by orientation or by NFPA
definitions
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-21
NFPA 13 types of sprinklers
– Early suppression fastfast-response (ESFR)
– Extended coverage (EC)
– Large drop
– Old style or conventional
– Open
– Quick
Quick--response early suppression (QRES)
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-22
NFPA 13 types of sprinklers
– Residential (RES)
– Special
– Specific application control mode
– Standard spray (SS)
– Nozzle
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-23
150
Sprinkler variations
– CorrosionCorrosion-resistant
– Dry
– Institutional
– Intermediate level or rack storage
– Ornamental or decorative
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-24
Sprinkler
orientation
– Concealed
– Flush
– Pendent
– Recessed
– Sidewall
– Upright
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-25
Detection and activation devices
– Sprinkler activation
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-26
151
Electronic heat detector
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-27
Water
Water--flow alarms
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-28
Residential systems
• Design and operation
Operate more quickly
Have less coverage
• Water supply and flow
Have lower supply requirements
Are normally connected to the public water
supply
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-29
152
• Are not automatic sprinkler systems
• Discharge water over an area or surface
• Provide protection to specific hazards or
hazardous processes
• May be activated by automatic heat
heat--detection
system or manual activation system
• Are covered by NFPA 15
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-30
Components of water spray fixed systems
• Reliable water supply
• Piping
• Automatic or manual detection and activation
device
• Water
Water--flow control valve
• Water spray nozzles
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-31
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-32
153
Water Mist Systems
Water Mist Systems
•
Control or extinguish fire by displacing oxygen and
blocking radiant heat production
•
Raise humidity of room high enough to halt combustion
•
Are limited in use
•
Are replacements for fixed firefire-suppression systems
that used halogenated hydrocarbon agents
•
Work similarly to traditional deluge sprinkler systems
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-33
Water Mist Systems
Three types of water mist systems
• Low
Low--pressure system
• Intermediate
Intermediate--pressure system
• High
High--pressure system
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-34
Water Mist Systems
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-35
154
Foam--Water Systems
Foam
Foam--water systems
Foam
• Are hybrid sprinkler systems
• Are manual or automatic
• Discharge water
water, foam or both intermittently
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-36
Foam--Water Systems
Foam
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-37
Components of standpipe and hose systems
• Hose stations
• Water supplies
• Water
Water--flow
control valves
• Risers
• Pressure
Pressure--regulating devices
• Fire department connections (FDCs)
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-38
155
Class I - Firefighters
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-39
Class II – Trained building occupants
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-40
Class III - Combination
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-41
156
Types of standpipe and hose systems
• Automatic
Automatic--wet
• Automatic
Automatic--dry
• Semiautomatic
Semiautomatic--dry
• Manual
Manual--dry
• Manual
Manual--wet
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-42
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-43
Water supplies and residual pressure
• Water supply depends on:
Size of standpipe
Needed fire stream
Length of time to be used
• Class I and III must supply 500 GPM for 30
minutes with a residual pressure of 100 psi
• Class II must supply 100 GPM for 30 minutes
with a residual pressure of 65 psi
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-44
157
High--rise buildings
High
• The height of the building and the class of
service determine the size of the standpipe riser
• Classes I and III require
4-inch risers for buildings under 100’ high
6-inch risers for buildings over 100’ high
• Class II requires
2-inch risers for buildings under 50’ high
2 ½½-inch risers for buildings over 50’ high
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-45
High--rise buildings
High
• Combination standpipe and sprinkler systems
require a 66-inch riser
Standpipe
p p connections should be within 130’
of any portion of the floor
Standpipe connections must be with 6’ of the
floor
Class I or III require a 2½” roof outlet under
certain conditions
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-46
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-47
158
Pressure--regulating
Pressure
devices
• Categories
Pressure
Pressure--restricting
Pressure--control
Pressure
Pressure--reducing
Pressure
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-48
Fire department connections (FDCs)
• Class I or III buildings require one or more
FDCs
• When working in high rises
rises, note that
A normal engine cannot supply above 450’
High rises require special highhigh-pressure
engines and piping in system
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-49
• Fire department connections
Should have no shutoffs between the FDC and the
standpipe
Must have a female National Standard Thread (NST),
National Standard (NS) or National Thread (NT)
connection
Must be equipped with
standard cap plugs or
approved breakaway
covers
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-50
159
• Fire department connections
May be protected with Knox® locking intake
caps that require a special key
Must be designated by a raisedraised-letter sign on
a plate
l t or fitting
fitti
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-51
• Increase the pressure of water
• Are needed to supply sprinkler or standpipe
systems
y
because the available water supply
pp y
source does not have adequate pressure
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-52
Horizontal split-case pump
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-53
160
Vertical split-case pump
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-54
Vertical inline pump
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-55
Vertical turbine pump
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-56
161
End suction pump
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-57
Pressure-maintenance pump
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-58
Pump drivers
• Electric motor driver
• Diesel engine driver
• Steam turbine
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-59
162
Controllers
• Are used to start pumps automatically whenever
the firefire-suppression system starts
• Can have
Electric motors
Diesel motors
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-60
Opportunities to review, inspect, and witness
tests
• During plans review and approval process
• During construction phase
• During acceptance test
• During periodic inspections, tests, or reviews
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-61
Plans review must determine if the firefiresuppression system is:
• Appropriate for type of occupancy, hazard, and
construction type
• Correctly designed
• In compliance with NFPA® and building code
requirements
• In possession of all documentation to permit an
accurate assessment of design
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-62
163
Pre--acceptance inspection
Pre
• Is performed during installation
• Should include a comparison of the installed
components
p
to those shown on the p
plans or
construction documents; any changes must be
justified
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-63
• Steps to be taken before an inspection
Review records of previous inspections and
identify make, model, and type of equipment,
including area protected by system
Determine whether occupancy classification has
changed
Review building permits to determine whether any
approved alterations have been made to structure
or facility
Obtain permission from owner/occupant
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-64
• Automatic sprinkler systems
Systems should be inspected during any
scheduled building inspection
Firefighters must ensure that all valves
controlling water supplies to sprinkler system
and within system are open
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-65
164
• Automatic sprinkler systems
Check the water
water--flow control valve
Examine the main drain
Perform a main drain test
Inspect the drydry-pipe sprinkler system
Observe an alarmalarm-trip test
Inspect the sprinkler cabinet and sprinklers
Examine the sprinkler piping and hangers
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-66
• Water spray fixed systems
Inspecting water spray fixed systems is
similar to inspecting automatic sprinklers
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-67
• Verify servicing of water mist systems
Lubricating control valve stems
Adjusting packing glands
Bleeding moisture and condensation from air
compressors and air lines
Cleaning strainers
Replacing corroded or painted nozzles
Replacing damaged or missing pipe hangers
Replacing damaged valve seats or gaskets
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-68
165
• Foam
Foam--water systems
Inspect the water side of the system
Inspect the foam side of the system
– Determine the type
yp of p
proportioner
p
– Verify the valve position based on the type of
proportioner
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-69
• Standpipe and hose systems
Verify that building management has
performed monthly tests
Check standpipe and hose systems
– All water supply valves are sealed in open
position
– Power is available to fire pump, and it is in
operating condition
– Individual hose valves are free of paint,
corrosion, and other impediments
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-70
Checking standpipe and hose systems
– Individual hose valves are operable
– Hose valve threads are not damaged
– Hose valve wheels are present and not
damaged
d
d
– Hose cabinets are accessible
– Hose is in good condition, is dry, and is
properly positioned on rack or reel
– Discharge outlets in dry systems are closed
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-71
166
Checking standpipe and hose systems
– Dry standpipe is drained of moisture
– Access to the FDC is not blocked
– The FDC is free of obstruction, swivels rotate
f l and
freely,
d caps iin place
l
– Water supply tanks are filled to proper level
– PressurePressure-regulating devices are tested as
manufacturer requires
– DryDry-pipe systems are hydrostatically tested every 5
years
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-72
• Stationary fire pumps
Building management personnel should
have the pump tested weekly
Some codes require inspectors to witness
t t periodically
tests
i di ll
Electrical power should be verified
Incoming water pressure should be
checked
Flow tests should be conducted
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-73
• Private water supply systems
Flow tests should be performed every five
years
Hydrant tests should be performed every year
Gravity tanks, pressure tanks, and groundground-level
reservoirs should be inspected to ensure that
they are full
Hose houses must contain required items
Monitors must be unobstructed, accessible,
and operational
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-74
167
maintenance of waterwater-based firefiresuppression systems.
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-75
Review
Water Mist Systems
Foam--Water Systems
Foam
MGMT 204-PPT-5-2-76
168
Fire Inspector I
Lesson 6-1
Special-Agent Fire-Extinguishing
Systems and Extinguishers
maintenance of specialspecial-agent fire
fire-suppression systems and extinguishers.
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-1
Overview
Special--Agent FireSpecial
Fire-Extinguishing Systems
Portable Fire Extinguishers
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-2
169
1. What is the primary source of water in North
America?
2. Discuss methods for moving water through a
system.
y
3. How do dry
dry--barrel hydrants work?
4. For what purpose are gravity tanks used?
5. What can cause encrustations on inside walls of
water mains?
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-3
1. How does a looped sprinkler system work?
2. What is the traditional method for designing
sprinkler systems?
3 What is a jockey pump?
3.
4. Discuss the steps in performing a main drain test.
5. What general items on a water spray fixed system
should be inspected?
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-4
Special--Agent
Special
Fire--Extinguishing Systems
Fire
• Special
Special--Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems
Are used where waterwater-based systems are not
appropriate
Are used in areas containing:
– Flammable and combustible liquids and gases
– Water
Water--reactive metals or chemicals
– Food
Food--preparation equipment
– File storage or archives
– Sensitive electronic equipment
– Electrical transformers and switches
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-5
170
Special--Agent
Special
Fire
• Classification system
Based on type of fire they extinguish
Found on labels affixed to tanks
– Class A: Ordinary solid combustibles
– Class B: Flammable liquids and gases
– Class C: Energized electrical equipment
– Class D: Combustible metals
– Class K: Commercial cooking oil/grease
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-6
Special--Agent
Special
Fire
DryDry-chemical firefire-extinguishing systems
• Are used for rapid fire extinguishment with
unlikely rere-ignition
• Most
M t commonly
l
protect:
Flammable liquid storage
Dip tanks
Paint spray booths
Exhaust duct systems
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-7
Special--Agent
Special
Fire
• Dry chemical fixed systems
Consist of agent storage tanks, expellant storage
tanks, heatheat-detection and activation system,
piping, and nozzles
• Dry chemical handheld hoseline systems
Rely on trained personnel to apply dry chemical
from hose stations connected directly to the
agent and expellant storage containers
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-8
171
Special--Agent
Special
Fire
• DryDry-chemical fire
fire--extinguishing agents
Sodium bicarbonate (Class B/C)
Potassium bicarbonate (Purple K) (Class B/C)
Monoammonium phosphate (Class A/B/C)
Class D agents
– NA
NA--X
– MET
MET--L-X
– LITH
LITH--X
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-9
Special--Agent
Special
Fire
• Components
Storage containers for the drydry-chemical agent and/or
expellant gas
– May contain agent and pressurized expellant gas
– Have a pressure gauge that indicates the stored
pressure (ranges from 30 to 100 psi)
– Must be located as close to the discharge point as
possible
– Must be in areas with temperature ranges of -40oF to
120oF
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-10
Special--Agent
Special
Fire
Piping to carry the agent and gas
– Piping to carry the agent and gas is pre
pre--engineered
and designed to account for the unique flow
characteristics of the specific agent
– Design requirements include:
Pipe size
Number of bends and fittings
Pressure drop (friction loss)
Nozzles to disperse the agent
– Are attached to system of fixed piping
– Have no standard nozzle design
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-11
172
Special--Agent
Special
Fire
The actuating mechanism
– Releases the agent into the piping system in response
to an activated heatheat-detection device
– Allows the flow of the agent and expellant gas by
melting a fusible link that activates a mechanical or
electrical release device
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-12
Special--Agent
Special
Fire
Systems with automatic actuation should be equipped
with an audible warning signal
Most systems are capable of manual release and are
equipped with automatic fuel or power shutoffs
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-13
Special--Agent
Special
Fire
• Maintenance of dry chemical systems
The maintenance of dry chemical systems is the
responsibility of firefire-protection system companies
Owner/occupant representatives or fire inspectors
should be able to inspect for:
– The presence of mechanical damage or corrosion
– Proper nozzle positioning
– Proper pressures readings
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-14
173
Special--Agent
Special
Fire
Inspection procedures for dry chemical systems
– Records should be kept indicating when periodic
inspections were made
– Problems should be corrected immediately
– Semi
Semi--annual inspection must be conducted
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-15
Special--Agent
Special
Fire
– If the system actuator is controlled by a fusible link, the
link should be replaced:
At least annually
More frequently, if specified by the manufacturer
More frequently if it is distorted from heat exposure
– Hydrostatic tests must be conducted every 12 years
– Auxiliary functions should be checked during the
inspection
Visual or audible alarms
Power shutshut-down devices for equipment or
ventilation fans
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-16
Special--Agent
Special
Fire
WetWet-chemical extinguishing systems
•
Are best suited for applications in:
Commercial cooking hoods
Plenums
Ducts
Associated cooking appliances
•
Contain extinguishing agents effective for fires involving:
Flammable liquids
Gas
Grease
Ordinary combustibles
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-17
174
Special--Agent
Special
Fire
• WetWet-chemical system agents
Are composed of water and either potassium
carbonate, potassium citrate, or potassium
acetate delivered in spray form
Can use alkaline
alkaline--type extinguishing agents for
Class K fires (commercial cooking grease or oil)
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-18
Special--Agent
Special
Fire
• Inspection of wet
wet--chemical systems
All systems parts are in correct location
All manual actuators are unobstructed
Tamper indicator/seals are intact
Maintenance tags are in place and up to date
Any obvious damage is noted
Gauges are within operational limits
Any equipment modifications or repairs are noted
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-19
Special--Agent
Special
Fire
CleanClean-agent fire extinguishing systems
• Are effective on Class A, B, and C fires
• Will not conduct electricity
• Must have room integrity to ensure total
flooding of the agent
• Leave no residue
• Are stored as a liquid
• Cool and smother burning materials
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-20
175
Special--Agent
Special
Fire
CleanClean-agent fire extinguishing systems
• Are approved by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA)
• Formerly
halogenated
F
l used
dh
l
t d agents,
t which
hi h
damaged the atmosphere when released
• Now use new agents that cause no damage to
atmosphere
• Can be fixed systems for local application or
total flooding
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-21
Special--Agent
Special
Fire
Clean--agent fire extinguishing systems
Clean
•
Agents include:
Halotron
Inergen
FM-200
ECARO-25
FE-36
• Components include:
–
Fixed systems (local or total flooding)
–
Actuation devices
–
Agent storage containers
–
Piping
–
Discharge nozzles
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-22
Special--Agent
Special
Fire
• Inspection of clean agent systems
Inspection must be conducted annually by qualified
personnel
The quantity and pressure of the clean agent must be
checked semiannually
Inspection records must be maintained and available for
review
Storage containers require hydrostatic testing
Hoses must be pressure tested annually
Protected enclosures must be inspected annually
The inspector may be required to witness installation
acceptance tests
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-23
176
Special--Agent
Special
Fire
Carbon dioxide systems (CO2)
• Are effective for extinguishing most combustible
material fires
• Have limitations due to life safety issues
Pose an asphyxiation hazard
Can freeze skin
• Displace oxygen from the atmosphere to
extinguish fires
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-24
Special--Agent
Special
Fire
• CO2 components
Means of actuation
– Automatic operation
– Normal manual operation
– Emergency manual operation
High-- or lowHigh
low-pressure systems
Containers, connected to
discharge nozzles through fixed
piping
Nozzles
– HighHigh-velocity
– Low
Low--velocity
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-25
Special--Agent
Special
Fire
• CO2 inspection
Maintenance and testing is performed only by firefiresuppression system contractors who are licensed
representatives of the system manufacturer
Agent cylinders should be checked semiannually
and changed if necessary
Hydrostatic testing is required for storage
containers
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-26
177
Special--Agent
Special
Fire
•
Foam firefire-extinguishing
systems work through
Smothering
Separating
Cooling
Suppressing
•
Foam firefire-extinguishing systems create a foam blanket
which
Is generally formed by foam applied on top of burning fuel
Excludes oxygen
Stops the burning process
Cools adjoining hot surfaces
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-27
Special--Agent
Special
Fire
Fixed foam systems
• Are complete installations piped from the
central foam station
• Automatically
A t
ti ll di
discharge
h
ffoam th
through
h fifixed
d
delivery outlets
Fixed foam system pumps (where required)
are usually permanently installed
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-28
Special--Agent
Special
Fire
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-29
178
Special--Agent
Special
Fire
Semi--fixed type A foam systems
Semi
•
The foam discharge piping is in place, but the pipes are
not attached to a permanent foam source
•
p
q
A separate
mobile foamfoam-solution source is required
Semi--fixed type B foam systems
Semi
•
A foam solution is delivered to foam hydrants for
connection to hoselines and portable foam application
devices
•
The system provides a foam solution source that is piped
throughout a facility
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-30
Special--Agent
Special
Fire
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-31
Special--Agent
Special
Fire
High expansion foam systems
• Are designed for local applications or total
flooding in commercial and industrial
applications
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-32
179
Special--Agent
Special
Fire
Foam--water systems
Foam
• Foam
Foam--water systems are deluge sprinkler
systems with foam introduced
• FoamFoam
-water
are used
the ffoam
F
t systems
t
d where
h
th
concentrate supply is limited but the water
supply is unlimited
• If the foam supply becomes depleted, the
system operates as water
water--based automatic
sprinkler system
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-33
Special--Agent
Special
Fire
• Foam generation
There are two stages
– Proportioning
– Aerating
Components must be hydraulically
engineered and matched to work
effectively
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-34
Special--Agent
Special
Fire
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-35
180
Special--Agent
Special
Fire
• Foam proportioning rates
Concentrations
Foam concentrates and type of fuel
– Foams for hydrocarbon fires will not extinguish
polar solvents fires
– Foams for polar solvents fires may be used on
hydrocarbon fires
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-36
Special--Agent
Special
Fire
• Foam expansion rates
Low
Medium
High
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-37
Special--Agent
Special
Fire
• Foam concentrate types
Fluoroprotein foam
Film forming fluoroprotein
((FPPP)) foam
Aqueous film forming foam
(AFFF)
Alcohol-resistant aqueous film forming foam
Alcohol(AR--AFFF)
(AR
Medium
Medium--and highhigh-expansion foams
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-38
181
Special--Agent
Special
Fire
• Proportioner types
Balanced pressure proportioner
Around
Around--thethe-pump proportioner
Pressure proportioning tank system
Coupled water motormotor-pump proportioner
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-39
Special--Agent
Special
Fire
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-40
Special--Agent
Special
Fire
• Inspection and testing of foam systems
Valves and alarms must be checked
semiannually
Foam concentrates,, foam equipment,
q p
, and
foam proportioning systems must be checked
annually
Qualitative tests must be performed on the
concentrate and the condition of the
concentrate tank
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-41
182
•
Are the first line of defense against incipient fire
•
Are not substitutes for automatic firefire-detection or
g
g systems
y
fire
fire--extinguishing
•
Must meet the following requirements
Readily visible and accessible
Suitable for the hazard being protected
In good working order
Of a sufficient size to control a fire
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-42
Classification systems
• No single extinguisher is suitable for use on
every type of burning fuel
• The
Th system
t
iis b
based
d on th
the fifive classifications
l
ifi ti
of fire (A,B,C,D,K)
• The labels indicate the appropriate class of fire
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-43
Ratings
•
The rating system determines the amount of fire that can
be extinguished
Class A: 1A to 40A
Class B: 1B to 640B
Class C: No numerical rating
Class D: No numerical rating
Class K: Same rating as Class A
•
The pictorial system shows the class of fire with a picture
•
The letter
letter--symbol system shows the class of fire with a
letter
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-44
183
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-45
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-46
Types
• Water extinguishers
Are used to
extinguish fires in
class A materials
Work primarily by
cooling burning fuel
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-47
184
• Carbon dioxide (CO2)
extinguishers
Contain a colorless,
noncombustible gas
that is heavier than air
Are suitable for Class
B and C fires
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-48
• Foam extinguishers
Contain a foam concentrate, which is added to water
to increase extinguishment effectiveness
May
y contain AFFF or FFFP solutions
Are suitable for Class A and Class B fires
Are effective on:
– Class A Fuels
– Tightly packed fuels
– Flammable liquid fires
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-49
• Dry chemical agents
The agent consists of very small solid
particles
The agent
g
does not dissipate
p
into the
atmosphere as rapidly as gases, making it
especially suitable for outdoor fires
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-50
185
• Dry chemical agents
Sodium bicarbonate
Potassium bicarbonate
Monoammonium
phosphate
Urea potassium bicarbonate
Potassium chloride
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-51
• Wet chemical extinguishers
Contain water and one of the following agents:
– Potassium carbonate
– Potassium citrate
– Potassium acetate
Are intended for use with:
– Class K fixed systems
– Commercial kitchens
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-52
• Clean agent extinguishers
Clean agent extinguishers leave no residue
Extinguishers using halon
halon--replacement agents
contain inert g
gases
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-53
186
• StoredStored-pressure extinguishers:
Contain expellant gas and an extinguishing agent
in a single chamber
g
g a
Have g
gas p
pressure that forces the agent
though
siphon tube
Usually require special charging equipment for
pressurization
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-54
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-55
• Cartridge
Cartridge--operated extinguishers
A cartridgecartridge-operated extinguisher stores expellant gas
in a separate cartridge attached to the side of the
agent cylinder
Expellant gas is released into the agent cylinder when
the extinguisher is actuated
The pressure of the gas
forces the agent into the
application hose
Discharge is controlled by a
handheld nozzle/lever
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-56
187
• PumpPump-operated
extinguishers
Discharge the agent
by manual operation
of a pump
Are limited to the use
of water as an
extinguishing agent
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-57
Selection and location of extinguishers
•
Number and types of extinguishers
•
Location of extinguishers
•
Nature of hazard to be mitigated
NFPA® 10 classifications
– Light
Light--hazard occupancy
– Ordinary
Ordinary--hazard occupancy
– Extra
Extra--hazard occupancy
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-58
Extinguisher size is determined by the quantity of
burning fuel an extinguisher can extinguish
– Class A fuels
– Class B fuels
– Class C fuels
– Class D fuels
– Class K fuels
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-59
188
Installation and placement
• Must be readily visible and marked
with legible signage
• Must not be blocked byy storage
g or
equipment
• Should be near points of egress or
ingress
• Should be near normal paths of
travel
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-60
Extinguisher Standard
Mounting Heights
Standard mounting height and weight
• The gross weight cannot exceed 40 pounds
• The top of the extinguisher cannot be more than
5 ffeett above
b
th
the floor
fl
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-61
• When the gross weight is greater than 40
pounds (except wheeled extinguishers) the top
of the extinguisher cannot be more than 3½ feet
above the floor
• The clearance between the bottom of the
extinguisher and the floor should never be less
than 4 inches
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-62
189
• Physical environment
Temperature
Other factors:
– Snow
– Rain
– Corrosive fumes
• Outdoors, extinguishers can be protected with
plastic bags or placed in cabinets
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-63
• Situations that can impair extinguisher
readiness include
Stolen, misplaced, or obstructed devices
Damage as result of being struck by vehicle
Lack of pressure
Use on a fire and then replacement on the mount
without being recharged
Clogged discharge hose or nozzle
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-64
Periodic inspections
•
•
•
NFPA® 10 recommends monthly inspections
Accurate records must be maintained
Verification of inspections is the responsibility of
the jurisdiction’s fire inspectors
What to look for during an inspection:
Proper location
Lock pin intact
Unobstructed access
No physical damage
Collar tag current
Signage in place
Tag up to date
Fully charged
Instructions legible
Nozzle/hose not
obstructed
Pressure gauge at
operating level
Appropriate type for
hazard present
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-65
190
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-66
Maintenance
• Should be performed when the inspection
reveals a need or when due as required by the
manufacturer
• Must be performed by trained, certified
personnel
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-67
Training
• The effectiveness of extinguishers is limited by
the ability of those who use them
• The
Th inspector
i
t is
i nott responsible
ibl ffor ttraining
i i b
butt
can inquire about how well
well / how often potential
users are trained
• Fire departments can provide training if no other
source is available
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-68
191
maintenance of specialspecial-agent fire
fire-suppression systems and extinguishers.
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-69
Review
Special--Agent FireSpecial
Fire-Extinguishing Systems
MGMT 204-PPT-6-1-70
192
Fire Inspector I
Lesson 6-2
Fire Detection and Alarm Systems
(Part 1 of 2)
and reading materials, describe fire detection
and alarm systems.
MGMT 204-PPT-6-2-1
Overview
Detection and Alarm System Components
Automatic Alarm
Alarm--Initiating Devices
MGMT 204-PPT-6-2-2
193
Detection and Alarm
System Components
• Are designed by fire protection engineers or
technical personnel
• Mayy require
q
code authority
y approval
pp
of design
g
and installation
• Should be tested by nationallynationally-recognized
testing laboratories
MGMT 204-PPT-6-2-3
Detection and Alarm
System Components
Fire alarm control panels (FACPs)
• Process signals from detection devices
• Transmit signals to alarm system alerting devices
• Contain
C t i allll controls
t l ffor th
the system
t
• May also control the security system
MGMT 204-PPT-6-2-4
Detection and Alarm
System Components
MGMT 204-PPT-6-2-5
194
Detection and Alarm
System Components
Power supplies
• Primary supply
• Secondary supply
• Trouble signal indicator
MGMT 204-PPT-6-2-6
Detection and Alarm
System Components
Alarm initiating system devices
• Are activated manually or automatically
• Can be activated by the
presence of fire,, smoke,, flame,, or heat
p
• Send a signal to the FACP
• Include signaling devices such as:
Alarm bells
Recorded announcements
MGMT 204-PPT-6-2-7
Automatic Alarm
Automatic alarm
alarm--initiating devices
• Continuously monitor the atmosphere of a
structure or area
• Send a signal to the FACP when the atmosphere
changes
• Come in four basic types based on detection
method
Heat
Smoke
Fire gases
Flames
MGMT 204-PPT-6-2-8
195
Automatic Alarm
MGMT 204-PPT-6-2-9
Automatic Alarm
Fixed--temperature heat detectors
Fixed
• Are placed in areas where heat is expected to
accumulate
• Have a temperature rating that
is slightly above normal ceiling
temps expected in area
• Are colorcolor-coded and marked
with operating temperatures
MGMT 204-PPT-6-2-10
Automatic Alarm
• FixedFixed-temperature heat detectors use one of
the following principles of physics to detect
heat
Heat causes expansion of various materials
Heat causes melting of certain materials
Heated materials have thermoelectric properties
that are detectable
MGMT 204-PPT-6-2-11
196
Automatic Alarm
Fusible links
– Hold open a spring device in the detector
– Melt and drop away when melting point is reached
– Cause the spring to release and touch an electrical
contact that completes circuit and sends an alarm
signal
– If activated, must be replaced to restore the detector
MGMT 204-PPT-6-2-12
Automatic Alarm
MGMT 204-PPT-6-2-13
Automatic Alarm
The frangible bulb
– The frangible bulb holds two electrical contacts apart
– Liquid in the bulb expands as the temperature
increases, compressing an air bubble in glass and
causing the bulb to shatter
– The contacts are closed to complete the circuit and
send an alarm signal
– If activated, the bulb must be replaced to restore the
detector
MGMT 204-PPT-6-2-14
197
Automatic Alarm
Bimetallic heat detectors
– Use two types of metal with different heat
heat-expansion ratios that are bonded together
– Work because when heated, one metal expands
faster than the other
other, causing the strip to arch and
complete a circuit
– May be positioned with one or both ends secured in
the device
– Automatically reset, but should be checked for
damage
MGMT 204-PPT-6-2-15
Automatic Alarm
MGMT 204-PPT-6-2-16
Automatic Alarm
MGMT 204-PPT-6-2-17
198
Automatic Alarm
Rate--of
Rate
of--rise heat detectors
• Send a signal when the rise in temperature
exceeds 12°
12° to 15°
15°F per minute
• Are reliable and not subject
j
to false activations
MGMT 204-PPT-6-2-18
Automatic Alarm
• Pneumatic raterate-of
of--rise line heat detector
Metal pneumatic tubing is arranged over a wide area
A flexible diaphragm
responds to increases in
pressure from
f
heated
h t d air
i
in the tubing
The diaphragm activates
the alarm signal
MGMT 204-PPT-6-2-19
Automatic Alarm
The pneumatic raterate-ofof-rise spot heat detector
– Operates on the same principle as the pneumatic raterate-of
of-rise line heat detector
– Differs from the rate
rate--of
of-rise line heat detector
because
The spot heat detector is
self
self--contained
The alarm wiring extends
from the detector to the
FACP
MGMT 204-PPT-6-2-20
199
Automatic Alarm
RateRate-compensation heat detectors
– Are used in areas subject to regular temperature
changes at rates slower than those of fire conditions
– Have outer bimetallic sleeves
MGMT 204-PPT-6-2-21
Automatic Alarm
The electronic spotspot-type heat detector
– Consists of one or more thermistors
– Is activated when there are large amounts of current flow
– Bleeds or
dissipates small
amounts of current
to reduce the
chance of a small
temperature
change activating
the alarm
MGMT 204-PPT-6-2-22
Automatic Alarm
Smoke detectors
• Sense fire more quickly than heatheat-detection
devices
• Must be tested,, certified,, and listed by
y thirdthirdparty testing services
• Must respond to the same fire tests regardless
of type
MGMT 204-PPT-6-2-23
200
Automatic Alarm
• Photoelectric smoke detectors
Respond more quickly to smoldering fires
Consist of a photoelectric cell with a specific light
source
Include two types
– Projected
Projected--beam
– Refractory
MGMT 204-PPT-6-2-24
Automatic Alarm
MGMT 204-PPT-6-2-25
Automatic Alarm
MGMT 204-PPT-6-2-26
201
Automatic Alarm
Ionization Smoke Detectors
MGMT 204-PPT-6-2-27
Automatic Alarm
Flame detectors
• Are also called light detectors and are of three types
UV
detectors
IR detectors
Combination
UV/IR
detectors
MGMT 204-PPT-6-2-28
Automatic Alarm
MGMT 204-PPT-6-2-29
202
Automatic Alarm
Fire--gas detectors
Fire
• Monitor carbon dioxide
and carbon monoxide
• Operate faster than heat
detectors but not as fast as
smoke detectors
• Use semiconductors or
catalytic elements to sense
gas and trigger an alarm
MGMT 204-PPT-6-2-30
Automatic Alarm
Combination detectors
• Include
Fixed rate/raterate/rate-ofof-rise detectors
H t/
Heat/smoke
k d
detectors
t t
Smoke/fire
Smoke/fire--gas detectors
• Have the benefit of the complementary protection
offered by each type of detector
MGMT 204-PPT-6-2-31
Automatic Alarm
Water--flow devices
Water
• Are automatic initiating devices required on
automatic sprinkler systems
• Activate a gong or bell when water begins
flowing through system
• May notify the FACP
MGMT 204-PPT-6-2-32
203
Automatic Alarm
Tamper switches
• Supervise automatic sprinkler systems
Monitor the main water shutoff valve that supplies
the sprinkler system
Monitor the air pressure in drydry-pipe sprinkler
systems
• Display a trouble signal on the FACP when
activated
MGMT 204-PPT-6-2-33
and alarm systems.
MGMT 204-PPT-6-2-34
Review
Automatic Alarm
MGMT 204-PPT-6-2-35
204
Fire Inspector I
Lesson 7-1
Fire Detection and Alarm Systems
(Part 2 of 2)
and alarm systems.
MGMT 204-PPT-7-1-1
Overview
Manual AlarmAlarm-Initiating Devices
Alarm--Signaling Systems
Alarm
Inspection and Testing of Detection and
Alarm Systems
MGMT 204-PPT-7-1-2
205
1. What is the purpose of an actuating mechanism?
2. List several types of hazards that CO2 can
protect.
3 How does a fixed foam fire3.
fire-extinguishing system
work?
4. What is an aroundaround-thethe-pump proportioner?
5. List several situations that can impair extinguisher
readiness.
MGMT 204-PPT-7-1-3
Manual Alarm
• Allow occupants to manually initiate a fire
alarm signaling system
• Must be red with white lettering
g
• May be protected with glass, wire, or
plastic
MGMT 204-PPT-7-1-4
Manual Alarm
Location requirements of NFPA 72
• On the wall between 3.5 and 4.5 feet from the
floor
• In p
plain sight
g without obstruction
• At least one station per floor
• No more than 200 feet from any point on the
floor
• Within 5 feet of every exit
MGMT 204-PPT-7-1-5
206
Manual Alarm
MGMT 204-PPT-7-1-6
Manual Alarm
The single
single--action pull
station device
• The singlesingle-action pull
station is operated by single
motion
• When the lever is pulled,
the lever is moved into
alarm position and a signal
is sent to the FACP
MGMT 204-PPT-7-1-7
Manual Alarm
The doubledouble-action pull
station device
• The operator lifts a cover to
access alarm control
• An alarm lever, switch, or
button is then operated
to send a signal to the
FACP
MGMT 204-PPT-7-1-8
207
Alarm
Alarm Signaling Systems
• Quickly alert occupants and emergency response
organizations
• Range from simple to complex
• Have requirements contained in NFPA 72
• Include five major types of systems
Protected premises (local)
Auxiliary firefire-alarm system
Proprietary system
Central station system
Remote receiving system
MGMT 204-PPT-7-1-9
Alarm
• Alarm Signaling Systems—
Systems—two additional types
Emergency voice/alarm communications system
(notifies occupants of emergency and directs them in
proper course of action)
Parallel telephone system (connects fire alarm
boxes or protected occupancies directly to fire
department)
MGMT 204-PPT-7-1-10
Alarm
A protected premises alarm system
• Transmits a visible and audible alarm within the
immediate premises
• Does
D
nott reportt offoff
ff-site
it
• Can be activated manually or automatically
• May supervise itself
MGMT 204-PPT-7-1-11
208
Alarm
• A nonnon-coded local alarm system
When an alarmalarm-initiating device sends a signal to the
FACP, all devices operate simultaneously
The FACP is not able to identify a specific device;
personnel must check visually
Non-coded alarm systems are practical only in small
Nonoccupancies
MGMT 204-PPT-7-1-12
Alarm
• A nonnon-coded local alarm system (continued)
The FACP
– Serves as a local control unit
– Enables the fire alarm to have a distinct sound
Non-coded alarm systems can be simple or complex
Nonsystems
MGMT 204-PPT-7-1-13
Alarm
• A zoned/annunciated alarm system
Enables responders to identify the general location of
a fire quickly and accurately
Indicates an area
coinciding
i idi with
ith th
the
location of an
operating alarmalarminitiating device
Identifies zones
within the structure
on an annunciator
panel
MGMT 204-PPT-7-1-14
209
Alarm
• An addressable alarm system
Each alarmalarm-initiating device is connected to a
specific, visible indicator on the FACP or
annunciator panel
The system pinpoints a specific activated device
The system reduces the time it takes to locate and
respond to actual emergencies
MGMT 204-PPT-7-1-15
Alarm
An auxiliary fire alarm system
• Alarms are transmitted to a public fire tele
tele-communications center where the appropriate
response is arranged
• There are two types of systems
Local energy systems
Shunt systems
MGMT 204-PPT-7-1-16
Alarm
Proprietary systems
• Each building/area has its own system wired
to a common, remote receiving point
• A trained operator
p
summons the fire
department
• The system may also monitor the security
system
MGMT 204-PPT-7-1-17
210
Alarm
MGMT 204-PPT-7-1-18
Alarm
Central stations
• A receiving point is located outside protected
premises and monitored by a contracted
services provider
• Central station employees receive the alarm
information and notify the fire department and
the occupants
MGMT 204-PPT-7-1-19
Alarm
Remote receiving systems
• Are connected directly
to fire department
telecommunications
centers via radio or
leased telephone line
• Should still have a local
alarm capability
MGMT 204-PPT-7-1-20
211
Alarm
Emergency voice/alarm communication
systems
• Are supplementary signal systems
• Mayy be stand alone or integrated
g
directly
y into the
overall system
• Are of two types
One--way systems
One
TwoTwo-way systems
• Have emergency phones connected in the
stairwells and other locations
MGMT 204-PPT-7-1-21
Alarm
Parallel telephone systems
• Are dedicated telephone lines between each
alarm box or protected property and the fire
department telecommunications center
• Should not be used for any other purpose
MGMT 204-PPT-7-1-22
Alarm Systems
Service testing and periodic inspection
• General inspection should be conducted and
documented on a routine basis by the AHJ and the
building owner/occupant
• Testing and inspection intervals vary with local
codes/ordinances
• Inspectors need to have a working knowledge of the
systems
MGMT 204-PPT-7-1-23
212
Alarm Systems
• Testing and inspection of alarmalarm-initiating devices
Alarm-initiating devices must be in working order or the
Alarmentire system is ineffective
Items to check are listed on pages 478/479 of the
textbook
Inspection should be conducted in accordance with
local guidelines, manufacturer’s specifications, and
NFPA 72
Permanent records must be maintained
MGMT 204-PPT-7-1-24
Alarm Systems
Periodic tests recommended by NFPA 72 and the
manufacturer include inspection of
– Restorable heat detection devices
– Fusible
Fusible--link detectors with replaceable links
– Pneumatic detectors
– Smoke detectors
– Flame and gas detection devices
MGMT 204-PPT-7-1-25
Alarm Systems
• Testing and inspection of fire alarm control panels
(FACPs)
Check to ensure all parts are working properly, including
– Auxiliaryy devices
– Receiving signals
MGMT 204-PPT-7-1-26
213
Alarm Systems
Timetables for inspection and testing
• Local alarm systems
• Central station systems
• Auxiliary firefire-alarm systems
• Remote station and proprietary systems
• Emergency voice/alarm systems
MGMT 204-PPT-7-1-27
and alarm systems.
MGMT 204-PPT-7-1-28
Review
Alarm
Inspection and Testing of Detection and Alarm
Systems
MGMT 204-PPT-7-1-29
214
Fire Inspector I
Lesson 7-2
Fire Hazard Recognition
and reading materials, describe behaviors and
conditions that constitute a fire hazard.
MGMT 204-PPT-7-2-1
Overview
Unsafe Behaviors
Unsafe Conditions
MGMT 204-PPT-7-2-2
215
Unsafe Behaviors
Poor housekeeping
Ignoring ignition sources
Open burning
Improper use of
electricity
Careless use of
flammable and
combustible liquids
MGMT 204-PPT-7-2-3
Unsafe Conditions
Electrical hazard conditions
• Worn electrical equipment
• Improper use of electrical equipment
• Defective or improper electrical installations
• Power surges
• Static electricity
MGMT 204-PPT-7-2-4
Unsafe Conditions
Electrical hazard conditions
• There are two ways to dissipate static electricity
Bonding
Grounding
MGMT 204-PPT-7-2-5
216
Unsafe Conditions
Material storage
• Lumberyards
Open
Open--storage yards
Big
Big--box retail lumber outlets
MGMT 204-PPT-7-2-6
Unsafe Conditions
Material storage facilities
• Warehouses and high
high--piled
storage
Heavy fuel load
Wide variety of material
Overwhelmed fire suppression
systems
MGMT 204-PPT-7-2-7
Unsafe Conditions
• Tire storage facilities
Fires produce intense heat and enormous
amounts of smoke and toxic oil
Codes must be followed for
–
Inside storage
–
Outside storage
MGMT 204-PPT-7-2-8
217
Unsafe Conditions
• Pallet storage facilities
Wrapping materials may
hinder fire suppression
efforts
Wrapping may fail in a
fire causing collapse of
materials
Space between pallets
creates a natural path
for fire spread
MGMT 204-PPT-7-2-9
Unsafe Conditions
• Recycling facilities
The primary dangers
are
–
Bulk storage of
combustibles
co bus b es
–
Hazardous
processes
MaterialMaterial-handling equipment is also located inside
facilities
Trucks may have access inside facilities
MGMT 204-PPT-7-2-10
Unsafe Conditions
• Waste
Waste--handling facilities
Carry out disposal of nonnon-recyclable materials
Potentially involve hazardous waste
May transfer materials to a dump site
Present a significant risk to communities and
emergency response personnel
MGMT 204-PPT-7-2-11
218
Unsafe Conditions
• Incinerators
Reduce the bulk of
waste as much as 95
percent
Due to air quality
concerns, are less
common
Are found in the
disposal of hazardous
waste
MGMT 204-PPT-7-2-12
Unsafe Conditions
HVAC equipment
• HVAC systems have a variety of components
• HVAC system rooms are found in large
facilities
• HVAC systems present two primary hazards
Heating appliances introduce heat and fuel to the
structure
Fire and smoke can spread through the ventilation
system
MGMT 204-PPT-7-2-13
Unsafe Conditions
• Boilers
Boilers come in two common
types
–
Fire
Fire--tube
–
W
WaterWater
t -tube
t b
The combustion process in a boiler results from a
continual introduction of fuel and air in a flammable
mixture
Operators must receive proper training
Proper housekeeping is essential
MGMT 204-PPT-7-2-14
219
Unsafe Conditions
• Types of furnaces
Gravity (no fans)
Forced--air
Forced
Floor
Wall
MGMT 204-PPT-7-2-15
Unsafe Conditions
• Unit heaters
Unit heaters are
–
Self
Self--contained
devices
–
A tomaticall
Automatically
controlled
–
Mounted on floors or
suspended from walls
or ceilings
The heating element and fan are enclosed in a common
operating unit
MGMT 204-PPT-7-2-16
Unsafe Conditions
• Room heaters
Are self
self--contained units designed to heat the
immediate surrounding area
Use the circulation of radiant heat as the heating
medium
Include solid fuel heaters, which have significant
hazards
MGMT 204-PPT-7-2-17
220
Unsafe Conditions
• Temporary/portable heating equipment
Temporary and portable heating equipment is
extremely hazardous
Inspectors should verify specific information
regarding use
MGMT 204-PPT-7-2-18
Unsafe Conditions
• Air conditioning systems
Are refrigeration systems where air is filtered,
cooled, and dehumidified
Use a variety of liquids and gases
MGMT 204-PPT-7-2-19
Unsafe Conditions
• Ventilating systems
Provide air movement where no cooling or heating
of air occurs
Present a potential source for fire and smoke spread
Are usually tied into the HVAC system
MGMT 204-PPT-7-2-20
221
Unsafe Conditions
• Filtering devices
Filtering devices clean air and remove particulate dust
and pollens
Underwriters Laboratories
classifies filters into two
categories based on
flame propagation and
smoke development
– Class 1 filters
– Class 2 filters
MGMT 204-PPT-7-2-21
Unsafe Conditions
• Smoke
Smoke--control devices
Are used to control smoke, instead of the HVAC
system
–
Smoke
Smoke--control devices are common in atriums, high
rises,
ses, a
and
d aud
auditoriums
o u s
–
If the HVAC is used for smoke control, it operates in
a special mode
Maintain smokesmoke- and heat
heat--free exit routes for
occupants
Give occupants sufficient time to evacuate
MGMT 204-PPT-7-2-22
Unsafe Conditions
Cooking equipment
• Residential and commercial occupancies
• Commercial cooking equipment
MGMT 204-PPT-7-2-23
222
Unsafe Conditions
• General conditions to look for in commercial
kitchens
Proper clearance is maintained
from combustible materials
E i
Equipment
t iis iin proper working
ki
order
There is no excess grease and
dirt buildup
Proper fire extinguishers are
present
MGMT 204-PPT-7-2-24
Unsafe Conditions
• Ventilation hood, exhaust, and firefire-protection
systems
Protect by drydry- or wetwet-chemical firefire-extinguishing
systems
Inspect
MGMT 204-PPT-7-2-25
Unsafe Conditions
• SolidSolid-fuel cooking equipment
Protect with ventilation system
Make sure spark arrestors and grease removal
devices are present
Clean once a week
Install on noncombustible floors
Allow only a oneone-day fuel supply inside the same
room as the appliance
MGMT 204-PPT-7-2-26
223
Unsafe Conditions
Industrial furnaces and ovens
• Furnaces and ovens are found in a number of
industrial applications
• Explosions
p
constitute a p
potential loss of life,,
property, and production
• Hazards can be reduced with proper
housekeeping
• Safety controls must be present
MGMT 204-PPT-7-2-27
Unsafe Conditions
Powered industrial trucks
• Industrial trucks use a variety of fuels
• When inspecting facilities that contain powered
industrial trucks,, ensure that
Chargers for batterybatteryoperated units are clear
of combustible materials
Trucks are not fueled
inside the building
MGMT 204-PPT-7-2-28
Unsafe Conditions
• When inspecting facilities that contain powered
industrial trucks, ensure that: (continued)
Repairs are made in designated areas
Trucks are used only in the intended atmosphere
Trucks are properly marked for safe use
Trucks are maintained in accordance with
manufacturer’s specifications
Trucks are clean and free of lint, oil, and grease
Fuel is stored in accordance with code
MGMT 204-PPT-7-2-29
224
Unsafe Conditions
Tents and air
air--supported membrane structures
must
• Be made of flameflameresistant materials
• Meet the NFPA 701
standard
• Be located according to adopted fire and building
codes
• Meet means of egress requirements
MGMT 204-PPT-7-2-30
Unsafe Conditions
Tents and air
air--supported membrane
structures (continued)
• Tents must have at least 10 feet between stake
lines
• Use of pyrotechnics or flames is prohibited in
tents
• Tents must be kept free of vegetation inside and
outside up to 10 feet around
MGMT 204-PPT-7-2-31
and reading materials, describe behaviors and
conditions that constitute a fire hazard.
MGMT 204-PPT-7-2-32
225
Review
Unsafe Behaviors
Unsafe Conditions
MGMT 204-PPT-7-2-33
226
Fire Inspector I
Lesson 7-3
Site Access
the requirements for fire department access
to building and facility sites.
MGMT 204-PPT-7-3-1
Overview
Fire Lanes and Fire Apparatus Access
Roads
Construction and Demolition Sites
Structure Access Barriers
MGMT 204-PPT-7-3-2
227
Fire Lanes and Fire Apparatus
Access Roads
Fire lanes
• Are roads or passageways required to ensure
means of access and parking for fire apparatus
and other emergency vehicles
• Are not designed or intended for other purposes
• Must be designated and identified; unauthorized
parking must be prohibited
MGMT 204-PPT-7-3-3
Access Roads
Fire apparatus access roads – streets or
highways that provides access for
emergency vehicles
MGMT 204-PPT-7-3-4
Access Roads
Fire lanes and fire apparatus access roads
• Must be wide enough to allow unimpeded
passage around facility
• Must p
provide the radius of turns based on
requirements of vehicles expected to use them
• Are usually required to extend to within 150 feet
of all portions of a building
MGMT 204-PPT-7-3-5
228
Access Roads
Fire lanes and fire apparatus access roads
• Must meet minimum width requirements
16 feet for oneone-way travel
24 feet for twotwo-way travel
• Must have a vertical clearance over passage
passage-ways of 13.5 feet minimum
• Must be designed and maintained to support the
expected load of emergency vehicles that will
use them
MGMT 204-PPT-7-3-6
Access Roads
MGMT 204-PPT-7-3-7
Access Roads
Dead--end access roads
Dead
• Are those that extend farther than 150 feet from
a public street or road
• If g
greater than 150 feet,, must conform to
turnaround requirements
T or hammerhead
Cul--de
Cul
de--sac
Alley dock
• Must be marked and maintained and parking
and materials storage must be prohibited
MGMT 204-PPT-7-3-8
229
Access Roads
MGMT 204-PPT-7-3-9
Access Roads
MGMT 204-PPT-7-3-10
Access Roads
MGMT 204-PPT-7-3-11
230
Access Roads
Road markings and signs
• Provide indications to
Emergency personnel about what areas will
support the weight of apparatus and what the
mostt efficient
ffi i t access paths
th are
The public about the areas that must be kept clear
for emergency operations
MGMT 204-PPT-7-3-12
Access Roads
Road markings and signs
• Have two primary forms
Painted curbs
Signs
• Must be present in multistory structures that are
surrounded by parking garages, indicating fire
lanes and the areas that will support the weight
of fire apparatus
MGMT 204-PPT-7-3-13
Access Roads
MGMT 204-PPT-7-3-14
231
Buildings under construction are dangerous
• Buildings under construction are subject to rapid
fire spread
Lack of doors and walls
Lack of fire protection systems
• There is increased fire load due to the materials
present
MGMT 204-PPT-7-3-15
Buildings being demolished are dangerous
• Fire protection systems may be disabled
• There is high collapse potential
MGMT 204-PPT-7-3-16
Site monitoring
• Sites should be inspected regularly
• Inspectors should understand the code
requirements
q
for the work being
g done
• Site access must be maintained
MGMT 204-PPT-7-3-17
232
Site access
• Should be maintained during the construction
and demolition processes
• Should be included in architectural drawings
g and
site plans
• Must be kept unobstructed and maintained in
serviceable condition
MGMT 204-PPT-7-3-18
Additional site requirements
• Lock boxes
• Portable firefire-extinguishing equipment
• Command post
• Other access requirements
MGMT 204-PPT-7-3-19
Exterior access
• Access should be unobstructed for firefighters
to use and position apparatus and equipment
• The existence of obstructions should be
noted during an inspection
• The AHJ should specify driveway and
entrance requirements
MGMT 204-PPT-7-3-20
233
Exterior access
• Access requirements should be based on the
largest fire apparatus available
• The design
g of driveways
y should be performanceperformance
p
based and designated as fire lanes or fire
apparatus access roads with the applicable
criteria
• Illegal parking must be
prohibited
MGMT 204-PPT-7-3-21
Exterior access
• Access inspection must also
consider:
Overhead obstructions
Landscape issues
Topographical conditions
Seasonal climate conditions
MGMT 204-PPT-7-3-22
Interior access
• Requirements are included in current building
codes
• Access mayy be insufficient in existing,
g, older
buildings
• Most codes require that windowless stories or
buildings be protected by automatic sprinkler
systems
MGMT 204-PPT-7-3-23
234
Interior access
• Inspectors must be able to determine
acceptable alternatives if installing a sprinkler
system on an existing building is not possible.
• Underground structures are considered
windowless structures
MGMT 204-PPT-7-3-24
Interior access
• Inspectors must consider fire department
access
Building door access
Fence and gate access
Fire escapes
Roof access
Below
Below--grade access
MGMT 204-PPT-7-3-25
requirements for fire department access to
building and facility sites.
MGMT 204-PPT-7-3-26
235
Review
Fire Lanes and Fire Apparatus Access
Roads
MGMT 204-PPT-7-3-27
236
Fire Inspector I
Lesson 8-1
Hazardous Materials: Descriptions
and Identification Methods
hazardous materials classifications and
identification methods.
MGMT 204-PPT-8-1-1
Overview
Hazardous Materials Descriptions
Hazardous Materials Identification
Methods
MGMT 204-PPT-8-1-2
237
Review Questions – Chapter 11
1. Discuss the two models of continuouscontinuous-line
heat detectors.
2. What is a photoelectric smoke detector?
3. How do twotwo-way emergency voice/alarm
communications systems work?
4. What information should be included in the
record of a detector test?
5. How often should auxiliary firefire-alarm systems
be inspected and tested?
MGMT 204-PPT-8-1-3
1. What are some unsafe behaviors related to
ignition sources?
2. What is a power surge?
3. What is the difference between bonding and
grounding?
4. What information should be gathered at a
warehouse inspection?
5. How do firefire-tube boilers work?
MGMT 204-PPT-8-1-4
1. What is the difference between a fire lane and
fire apparatus access road?
2. What is a culcul-de
de--sac?
3. How may fire lanes and fire apparatus access
roads be marked?
4. What conditions must exist at construction and
demolition sites?
5. How might thunderstorms restrict site access?
MGMT 204-PPT-8-1-5
238
• Hazardous materials are everywhere
• Inspectors must be familiar with the types of
hazardous materials encountered, their
properties and the need for safe storage,
handling and use
MGMT 204-PPT-8-1-6
Flammable and combustible liquids
• Flammable and combustible liquids are hazardous
because the vapors they give off will ignite
• Flammable and combustible liquids have a
flashpoint, which is the temperature where a
particular liquid will give off sufficient vapor to
ignite
• Flammable liquids have a flashpoint below 100o F
• Combustible liquids have a flashpoint at or above
100o F
MGMT 204-PPT-8-1-7
Flammable liquids include
Class
Flashpoint
Boiling Point
Examples
Class I A
Below 73o F
Below 100o F
Acetaldehyde
Cyclohexane
Ethel ether
Class I B
Below 73o F
At or above
100o F
Acetone
Benzene
Gasoline
Class I C
At or above
73o F
Below 100o F
Hydrazine
Styrene
Turpentine
MGMT 204-PPT-8-1-8
239
Combustible liquids include
Class
Flashpoint
Boiling Point
Examples
Class II
At or above
100o F
Below 140o F
Acetic acid
Diesel fuel
Naptha
Stoddard solvent
Class III A
At or above
140o F
Below 200o F
Cyclohexanol
Formic Acid
Nitrobenzene
Class III B
At or above
200o F
N/A
Formalin
Motor oil
Picric acid
MGMT 204-PPT-8-1-9
Compressed and liquefied gases
• Compressed gases exist as a gas when
compressed at normal temperatures
• Liquefied
q
g
gases exist as both a liquid
q
and a
gas when compressed at normal
temperatures
• Both types of gases represent a significant
fire and life safety hazard
MGMT 204-PPT-8-1-10
Compressed and liquefied gases
• Have four classifications based on use
Fuel gases
Industrial gases
Medical gases
Specialized toxic gases
• Must be used, stored and secured properly
MGMT 204-PPT-8-1-11
240
Cryogenic liquids
• Exist as gas is turned into liquid through
refrigeration
• Have a boiling
gp
point of -130
130°°F
• Are hazardous because
The gas itself can be a hazard (can burn or explode)
The expansion rate upon release is very high
The liquid is stored at extremely low temperatures
that can damage human tissue
MGMT 204-PPT-8-1-12
Flammable solids
• Are any solids other than explosives that are
capable of causing a fire through
Friction
Absorption of moisture
Spontaneous chemical reaction
Retained heat
MGMT 204-PPT-8-1-13
Flammable solids
• Have an ignition temperature of less than
212
212°°F
• Include a varietyy of materials with specific
p
hazards
Can spontaneously combust
Can generate heat when exposed to air
Can explode when exposed to water
MGMT 204-PPT-8-1-14
241
Toxic materials
• Can cause serious illness or death upon
exposure
• Have threshold limit values (TLVs) that
describe the amount of material that will cause
harm
• Have two levels of exposure hazard
Acute toxicity – damage from a single
exposure
Chronic toxicity – damage from long
long--term
exposure
MGMT 204-PPT-8-1-15
Toxic materials may enter the body through various paths
MGMT 204-PPT-8-1-16
Oxidizers
• Are chemicals that initiate or promote
combustion in other materials, causing fire by
themselves or through the release of oxygen or
other
th gases
• Decompose when exposed to heat
• Can cause rapidly accelerated fire growth,
explosions or spontaneous combustion
MGMT 204-PPT-8-1-17
242
• Common oxidizers include:
Sodium nitrate
Potassium nitrate
Cellulose nitrate
Nitric acid
Potassium chlorate
Calcium hypochloride
Perchloric acid
MGMT 204-PPT-8-1-18
Radioactive materials
• Can be found in a wide variety of quantities
and forms
• Have distinct markings
g and labels that
inspectors must recognize
• Should be protected from fire
MGMT 204-PPT-8-1-19
• Radioactive materials exist as ionizing
radiation in 5 forms
Alpha – the least penetrating; can be stopped by
cloth or paper
Beta – can be stopped by aluminum
Gamma – easily penetrates human tissue, must
be shielded with concrete or lead
X-Ray – can be stopped by a thin layer of lead
Neutron – can be stopped by hydrogenhydrogen-rich
material such as water or polyethelene
MGMT 204-PPT-8-1-20
243
Corrosive materials
• Cause visible destruction or irreversible harm
to skin tissue
• Are classified as acids or bases
• Can be liquid or solid
• Can be flammable or combustible
• Can release toxic or explosive products
MGMT 204-PPT-8-1-21
Explosives and blasting agents
• Inspectors must understand the nature of
these materials, as well as the precautions
needed to protect them
• Inspectors must become familiar with the
locally adopted codes governing explosives
storage and handling
MGMT 204-PPT-8-1-22
• Explosives are classified into six divisions
Division 1.1 – mass explosion hazard
Division 1.2 – projected explosion hazard
Division 1
1.3
3 – fire hazard and minor blast
hazard
Division 1.4 – minor explosive hazard
Division 1.5 – insensitive explosives
Division 1.6 – extremely insensitive
explosives
MGMT 204-PPT-8-1-23
244
Hazardous Materials
Identification Methods
Safety Data Sheets (SDSs)
• Are prepared by manufacturers to give information
on:
Hazardous ingredients
Ph i l and
Physical
d chemical
h i l properties
ti
Physical and health hazards
Routes of exposure
Precautions for handling and use
Emergency response
Control measures
• Are available at the site or through CHEMTREC
MGMT 204-PPT-8-1-24
Hazardous Materials
Transportation placards, labels, and
markings
• The UN system
Identifies 9 classes of hazards
Serves as the basis for the Department of
Transportation (DOT) system
• UN commodity identification numbers
Are fourfour-digit identifiers
Are contained in the Emergency Response Guide
(ERG)
MGMT 204-PPT-8-1-25
Hazardous Materials
• DOT placards
Are diamonddiamond-shaped, color
color--coded signs that
shippers provide to identify materials in
transportation containers
• DOT labels
DOT labels are the printed matter on 3.93.9-inch
square
square--onon-point diamonds
Each hazard class has assigned pictograms and
division numbers
MGMT 204-PPT-8-1-26
245
Hazardous Materials
• DOT markings
DOT markings are descriptive names,
identification numbers, weights, or specifications
that include instructions, cautions, or UN marks
DOT markings are required on the outer
packaging of hazardous materials or goods
MGMT 204-PPT-8-1-27
Hazardous Materials
• Review of DOT tables
Table 14.9 – Unique DOT labels
Table 14.10 – Unique DOT markings
Table 14.11 – Hazardous materials placard
requirements
MGMT 204-PPT-8-1-28
Hazardous Materials
• Other markings
Manufacturer’s labels and warning words
–
CAUTION
–
WARNING
–
DANGER
–
POISON
MGMT 204-PPT-8-1-29
246
Hazardous Materials
Military markings
–
Are used on fixed facilities
–
May be used on military vehicles
–
Are not necessarily uniform
–
May not be marked on some buildings/areas for
security reasons
Markings are described in Table 14.12
MGMT 204-PPT-8-1-30
Hazardous Materials
Pipeline markings
–
Must be at sufficient intervals to identify the pipe’s
location to anyone working in the rightright-of
of--way
–
Do not always mark the exact location of the pipeline
–
Include signal words
Warning
Danger
MGMT 204-PPT-8-1-31
The NFPA® 704 System
– The NFPA 704 system is not designed for
transportation or general public use
– The ratings use a system of numbers from 0
(minimal hazard) to 4 (severe hazard)
MGMT 204-PPT-8-1-32
247
Hazardous Materials Identification Methods
• Resource guidebooks
The Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG)
–
Identifies the UN identification number in the yellowyellowbordered pages
–
Identifies material names in the bl
blue
bluee-bordered pages
–
Identifies transportation placards and the threethree-digit
guide codes in the table of placards and initial
response guide
MGMT 204-PPT-8-1-33
Hazardous Materials
The NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
(NPG)
–
Is a reference source for general industrial hygiene
information
–
Provides key information/data for over 600 chemicals
or groups of chemicals
–
Is designed for occupational safety personnel,
employers, and employees
MGMT 204-PPT-8-1-34
Hazardous Materials
The Hazardous Materials Guide for First
Responders
–
Was prepared as a result of study by the USFA to
determine the resources available to emergency
responders
–
Contains material not found in the ERG or NPG
MGMT 204-PPT-8-1-35
248
Hazardous Materials
The Hazardous Materials Information Resource
System (HMIRS)
–
Is an automated DoD system
–
Serves as a central repository for SDSs for the U.S.
military services and civil agencies
–
Contains information including HAZCOM warning
labels and transportation information
MGMT 204-PPT-8-1-36
hazardous materials classifications and
identification methods.
MGMT 204-PPT-8-1-37
Review
Hazardous Materials Identification
Methods
MGMT 204-PPT-8-1-38
249
250
Fire Inspector I
Lesson 8-2
Hazardous Materials:
Storing, Handling, Dispensing, Transporting,
Using, and Disposing Of
and reading materials, describe the storage
and transportation of hazardous materials
and the concerns this creates for inspectors.
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-1
Overview
Hazardous Materials Storage and
Transport Containers
Hazardous Materials Inspection Concerns
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-2
251
Hazardous Materials
Storage and Transport Containers
Fixed--site storage tanks
Fixed
• Vary in capacity
• Have three classifications
Above--ground
Above
Underground
Inside buildings
• Must be installed in accordance with nationally
recognized standard or code
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-3
Hazardous Materials
• Above
Above--ground fixed
fixed--site storage tanks
May contain flammable and combustible liquids,
compressed and liquefied gases, or cryogenic liquids
Are designed and classified based on pressures they
are intended to contain
– Atmospheric pressure
– Low pressure
– High pressure
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-4
Hazardous Materials
Courtesy of Rich Mahaney
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-5
252
Hazardous Materials
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-6
Hazardous Materials
Above-ground storage tanks should be inspected to
Aboveconfirm:
–
Adequate support, mounting and anchoring to a
foundation
–
Protection from impact or collision by vehicles or other
objects
–
Fire protection for tank supports
–
The absence of stored materials near tanks
–
Appropriate setset-back as required by codes
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-7
Hazardous Materials
Above-ground storage tanks should be inspected to
Aboveconfirm:
–
Proper spacing between tanks
–
Proper emergency pressure
pressure--relief venting
–
Appropriate structural integrity of the tank
–
Compliance with codes for the specific type of tank
installed
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-8
253
Hazardous Materials
• Underground storage tanks
Are possibly the safest form of storage for flammable
and combustible liquids
Are of two basic types
–
Buried
–
Vaulted
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-9
Hazardous Materials
Underground storage tanks must be designed for the
intended use and be installed correctly, considering:
–
The pressure exerted by soil/pavement
–
Water table levels
–
Appropriate construction
materials and protection
in the ground
–
Code
Code--compliant fillfill-pipe
configuration
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-10
Hazardous Materials
• Tanks inside buildings
Tanks inside buildings are used to store fuel oil for
heating or waste oil
If the amount stored is greater than 660 gallons, that
portion of the building must be considered a
hazardous occupancy and be isolated from the rest
of the building in a firefire-resistant room or enclosure
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-11
254
Hazardous Materials
• Tanks inside buildings
(continued)
The enclosure must have a raised, noncombustible
door or liquidliquid-tight ramp installed at all door openings
into the tank room to prevent liquid from flowing into
the structure if a leak occurs
Tanks containing Classes IA through IC, Class II, or
Class IIIA liquids must have overflow protection
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-12
Hazardous Materials
• Ventilation
Proper ventilation is required for all types of tanks
Vents used in underground storage tanks must be
large enough to prevent liquid or vapor being forced
out of the tank during filling
Vents must be protected to prevent clogs
Vents must have flame arresters
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-13
Hazardous Materials
Tanks with more than one fill or discharge connection
must have vents with sizes based on maximum
possible simultaneous flow
Vent discharges must be arranged to prevent flame
impingement on any part of the tank or nearby tanks
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-14
255
Hazardous Materials
Common pressurepressure-relief devices to control pressure
in cryogenic containers include
–
PressurePressure-relief valves
–
Frangible disks
–
Safety vents in insulation space
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-15
Hazardous Materials
NonNon-bulk packaging
• The DOT defines non
non--bulk packaging as
vessels or containers used to transport or store
liquids in quantities of 119 gallons or less
• The many types of non
non--bulk packaging include:
Cans
Carboys
Bottles
Cylinders
Drums
Bags
Boxes
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-16
Hazardous Materials
• Flammable and combustible liquids containers
Flammable and combustible liquids containers may
be stored inside or outside structures
The amount of liquid stored depends upon:
–
Occupancy classification
–
Storage conditions
–
Local fire codes
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-17
256
Hazardous Materials
Storage requirements
Occupancy
Class IA through IC or
Class II
Class III A
Dwellings
(3 or fewer
fe er units)
nits)
No more than 25 gallons
No more than 60
gallons
Assembly spaces
No more than 10 gallons
No more than 60
gallons
Office, education and
health care
Quantities needed for
operations, 2 gallon or less
containers
Mercantile and retail
No more than needed for
display or operations
Normal operating
areas
Small quantities in
approved storage cabinets
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-18
Hazardous Materials
Types of containers for flammable and combustible
liquids include
–
Glass containers : suitable for corrosives, amount
of flammable/combustible liquids restricted
–
Metal containers : cans up to 10 gallons and drums
up to 55 gallons
–
Safety cans : maximum of 5 gallons
–
Polyethylene containers: used for compatible
materials
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-19
Hazardous Materials
Types of containers for flammable and combustible
liquids include (continued)
–
Storage cabinets: designed primarily for
flammable/combustible liquids, required by OSHA
–
Storage rooms: storage of quantities beyond the
capability of storage cabinets, requirements detailed in
model codes
–
Outside containers: require fencing or other security
measures, must have spill containment capability,
approved location and approved construction materials
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-20
257
Hazardous Materials
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-21
Hazardous Materials
• Compressed and liquefied gas containers
Contents should be
marked in large letters
near top of cylinder
There are numerous
storage considerations
Cylinders must be built
according to DOT
specifications
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-22
Hazardous Materials
• Flammable solids packaging
There are a variety of containers
Design strategies are employed to prevent contact
with elements that will cause reactions
Correct labeling must be present
Incompatible materials should not be stored or
handled near each other
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-23
258
Hazardous Materials
• Oxidizer containers
Come in a variety of sizes and types
Must be transported in accordance with DOT
standards
Must be stored in accordance with local codes
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-24
Hazardous Materials
• Radioactive materials packaging
Container and packaging requirements are
defined in Title 49 CFR 143
Materials are generally found in small quantities
State and Federal laws specify warning sign and
label requirements as well as storage container
requirements
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-25
Hazardous Materials
• Corrosive materials containers
Inside storage and material handling requirements
are outlined in model codes
The containers used depend on the properties of the
materials
Corrosive liquids are heavier than other liquids, which
must be considered when storing them
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-26
259
Hazardous Materials
• Explosives and blasting agents containers
Consist of wood, plastic, fiberboard, or metal
Have internal cushioning of polystyrene foam
padding
May be singlesingle-use or multi
multi--use
Must be marked in accordance with federal
regulations
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-27
Hazardous Materials
Explosives and blasting agents containers must be
stored in specially designed facilities called
magazines, which are of 5 types
–
Type 1: permanent facilities
–
T
Type
2 : portable
t bl or mobile
bil ffacilities
iliti
–
Type 3 : portable, temporary storage that is guarded
–
Type 4: for explosives that are not bullet sensitive
–
Type 5: facilities that store blasting agents
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-28
Hazardous Materials
Bulk packaging
• Bulk packaging refers to packaging, other than
that on a ship or barge, in which materials are
loaded with no intermediate form of
containment
• Transport vehicles, freight containers,
intermediate bulk containers (IBCs), and
intermodal (IM) containers are bulk packaging
types
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-29
260
Hazardous Materials
• To be considered bulk packaging, one of the
following criteria must be met
Maximum capacity is greater than 119 gallons as a
receptacle for a liquid
Maximum net mass is greater than 882 pounds, or
maximum capacity is greater than 119 gallons as a
receptacle for a solid
Water capacity is 1,001 pounds or greater as a
receptacle for gas
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-30
Hazardous Materials
• Bulk packaging can be divided into three main
categories
Railroad cars (railway transportation)
Cargo tank trucks (highway transportation)
Intermodal containers (railway, highway and/or
marine vessel transportation)
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-31
Hazardous Materials
• Railroad tank cars
Tank cars
– Non
Non--pressure
– Pressure
– Cryogenic liquid
Hopper cars
Box cars
High--pressure tube cars
High
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-32
261
Hazardous Materials
• Cargo tank trucks
Transport hazardous materials via roadways
Are covered by DOT tanktank-safety specifications
Have motor carrier (MC) designations and a three
three-digit code
If not constructed to meet one of the common MC or
DOT/TC specifications, are referred to as nonnon-spec
tanks
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-33
Hazardous Materials
• Intermodal containers
Are freight containers used interchangeably in
multiple modes of transport
Fall into two categories
–
Freight containers
–
Tank containers
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-34
Hazardous Materials
Inspection Concerns
Storage of hazardous materials is controlled
by federal and state regulations, which
cover:
• Design and construction of containers and
storage buildings
• Fire and explosion separation requirements
• Fire
Fire--suppression system requirements
• Hazard identification markings
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-35
262
Hazardous Materials
Inspection Concerns
• Storage of flammable/combustible liquids and
compressed/liquefied/cryogenic gases
No sources of ignition
Closed storage containers or systems
Correct tank identification markings
Containment dikes as required
Adequate ventilation
No combustibles stored in the containment area
Portable fire extinguishers and trained personnel to
use them
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-36
Hazardous Materials
Inspection Concerns
• Storage of flammable solids
Tightly secured lids
Containers filled with an inert medium or
liquid as appropriate
Proper container marking
Portable fire extinguishers and trained
personnel
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-37
Hazardous Materials
Inspection Concerns
• Storage of toxic materials
Tightly sealed containers
Personal protective equipment
Fixed detection systems and decontamination
stations
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-38
263
Hazardous Materials
Inspection Concerns
• Storage of oxidizers
Manual or automatic shutoff valves
Spill containment and drainage features
Tank separation distances
Heat and smoke venting systems
Explosion--control systems
Explosion
Standby power
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-39
Hazardous Materials
Inspection Concerns
• Storage of explosives and blasting agents
Elimination of detonatordetonator-initiating devices,
flammable/combustible liquids, and sparksparkproducing tools
Separation of lowlow-density oxidizers and fuels
Powder kegs stored in proper orientation
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-40
Hazardous Materials
Inspection Concerns
• Storage of explosives and blasting agents
(continued)
Explosives stored according to brand and grade,
with markings visible
No storage of ammunition with explosives
Proper warning and content signs visible
Portable fire extinguishers and trained personnel
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-41
264
Hazardous Materials
Inspection Concerns
• Storage of radioactive material
Radiation detection devices in storage areas
Alarm panels located away from the storage area
Radioactive warning signs at entrances to storage
areas
Storage in appropriate containers
Outside storage in firefire-resistant containers
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-42
Hazardous Materials
Inspection Concerns
Handling of hazardous materials includes:
• Moving hazardous materials from storage areas
to the place of use
• Using
U i h
hazardous
d
materials
t i l
• Dispensing hazardous materials
• Disposing of hazardous materials
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-43
Hazardous Materials
Inspection Concerns
• Handling of small amounts of flammable/
combustible liquids
Classes IA through IC and Class II liquids must be
kept in covered safety containers
Classes IA through IC liquids must not be used in the
presence of any possible ignition source
Classes IA through IC liquids cannot be stored in
containers that are pressurized with air
Appropriate electrical bonding and grounding
procedures must always be followed
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-44
265
Hazardous Materials
Inspection Concerns
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-45
Hazardous Materials
Inspection Concerns
• Handling of compressed and liquefied gases
Workers must be properly trained and under
competent supervision
Company administrative and engineering control
policies/guidelines should be reviewed to identify
potential unsafe behavior
Control of hazards must be exercised
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-46
Hazardous Materials
Inspection Concerns
Dispensing hazardous materials
• Hazardous liquids
Loading and unloading stations for Class IA
through IC liquids must be at least 25 feet from
storage tanks, property lines or structures
Loading and unloading stations for Class II and
Classes III A and III B must be at least 15 feet from
tanks, property lines or structures
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-47
266
Hazardous Materials
Inspection Concerns
Loading and unloading stations must be constructed
on level ground
Curbs, drains, natural ground slope or other means
are required to keep spills in the area of origin
Adequate ventilation must be maintained for loading
and unloading stations
Tanks must be bonded and grounded to prevent
static buildup
Flow must not be gravity or siphoning fed
Control valves must be located at easily accessible
points along piping to control flow
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-48
Hazardous Materials
Inspection Concerns
• Compressed/liquefied gases
Compressed/liquefied gases are usually
transferred by refilling cylinders or replacing
cylinders
SOPs must exist for the transfer process
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-49
Hazardous Materials
Inspection Concerns
• Flammable solids, explosives or blasting
agents
Spills of flammable solids or explosive are easier
to contain, clean up than liquids
Disposal of spills must conform to regulations
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-50
267
Hazardous Materials
Inspection Concerns
Transporting hazardous materials
• Inspectors must be familiar with the local fire and
zoning codes regulating parking of hazardous
materials vehicles
• Inspectors must be aware of
mixed--content shipments
mixed
where hazardous materials
are part of a larger shipment
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-51
Hazardous Materials
Inspection Concerns
Guidelines for use of hazardous materials
• Wear correct PPE
• Provide proper ventilation
• Separate products containing chlorine from
ammonia or acidacid-based cleaners
• Limit the use of flammable or combustible
materials to areas without ignition sources
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-52
Hazardous Materials
Inspection Concerns
• Keep hazardous materials in their original
containers or in approved and marked
secondary containers
• Check storage twice a year
• Never combine or mix products
• Keep storage and work areas clean
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-53
268
Hazardous Materials
Inspection Concerns
• Prohibit eating, drinking, and smoking while
working with hazardous materials
• Wash
W hh
hands,
d fface, and
d other
th exposed
d areas
with soap and water
• Ensure that employees are familiar with the
SDS
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-54
Hazardous Materials
Inspection Concerns
• Ensure that containers are clearly labeled as to
their contents
• Ensure
E
that
th t employees
l
follow
f ll
established
t bli h d
emergency preparedness procedures
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-55
Hazardous Materials
Inspection Concerns
Disposal of hazardous materials
• Disposing of hazardous materials waste is
strictly controlled by federal and state
authorities
• Improper disposal can result in fires, fatalities,
illnesses, or environmental damage
• Inspectors may notify the appropriate authority
when a violation is suspected
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-56
269
Hazardous Materials
Inspection Concerns
Disposal of hazardous materials
• Spills, releases, and leaks must be contained
and cleaned up immediately
• Nonreturnable flammable/combustible liquid
and compressed/liquefied gas containers must
be disposed of properly
• Empty packing materials used to store and
transport explosives and blasting agents must
be disposed of by remote burning by trained
personnel
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-57
and reading materials, describe the storage
and transportation of hazardous materials
and the concerns this creates for inspectors.
p
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-58
Review
Hazardous Materials Storage and
Transport Containers
Hazardous Materials Inspection Concerns
MGMT 204-PPT-8-2-59
270
Fire Inspector I
Lesson 9-1
Plans Review and Field Verifications
building/ structure plan views and system
plans and field verification procedures.
MGMT 204-PPT-9-1-1
Overview
Plan Views and System Plans
Field Verification Procedures
MGMT 204-PPT-9-1-2
271
1. What is a weapon of mass destruction (WMD)?
2. What test methods can determine flash points?
3. Where may inspectors find compressed and
liquefied
q
g
gases in use?
4. What is a toxic material?
5. How do oxidizers react when exposed to heat?
MGMT 204-PPT-9-1-3
6.
With what types of ionizing radiation should
inspectors be familiar?
7.
How are explosives classified?
8.
What sections must be included in a safetyy data
sheet (SDS)?
9.
What is a DOT marking?
10. How does the NFPA® 704 system work?
MGMT 204-PPT-9-1-4
1. What is an emergencyemergency-relief device?
2. What types of containers may be used for
packaging flammable solid materials?
3. What are the categories of bulk packaging?
4. Upon what factors do the requirements for
storing oxidizers depend?
5. What are the restrictions of transporting
explosives?
MGMT 204-PPT-9-1-5
272
There are four primary views in working
drawings
• Plan
• Elevation
• Sectional
• Detailed
MGMT 204-PPT-9-1-6
Each plan view includes a title block
MGMT 204-PPT-9-1-7
Plan views
• Are twotwo-dimensional views of the site or
building as seen from directly above the area
• Provide information concerning
g the overall
layout of the site or building
MGMT 204-PPT-9-1-8
273
MGMT 204-PPT-9-1-9
MGMT 204-PPT-9-1-10
MGMT 204-PPT-9-1-11
274
Elevation views
• Elevation views are twotwo-dimensional views of a
building as seen from the exterior
• There are four exterior elevation views on anyy
rectangular building, labeled using one of two
methods
Compass orientation
Street orientation
MGMT 204-PPT-9-1-12
Elevation views
• Contain information about exterior components
• Include utility service line connection points and
FDCs
MGMT 204-PPT-9-1-13
Sectional views
• Are vertical views of a building
• Show the internal construction of each
assembly
y
• Are of three types
Cross section of the complete building
Typical cross section of a common construction
feature (like a wall)
Detailed cross section of a construction feature
(like an atrium)
MGMT 204-PPT-9-1-14
275
Sectional Views
MGMT 204-PPT-9-1-15
Detailed views
• Show features in larger size than what is on the
small--scale floor plan or elevation drawings
small
• Are p
provided on a separate
p
drawing
g sheet
MGMT 204-PPT-9-1-16
MGMT 204-PPT-9-1-17
276
• Mechanical systems
Provide the building’s occupants with mechanical
services
– HVAC
– Plumbing
Pl bi and
d electric
l ti
– Elevators, escalators and lifts
Should be designed by a mechanical engineer or
building systems engineer
Include detection and alarm systems and control
dampers
MGMT 204-PPT-9-1-18
• Mechanical systems
Should include fire and/or smoke dampers where
ductwork penetrates firefire-resistive walls or floors
Include code requirements for structures containing
commercial kitchens
MGMT 204-PPT-9-1-19
MGMT 204-PPT-9-1-20
277
• Electrical systems
Must be designed and installed in accordance with
NFPA 70, National Electrical Code
Must have adequate exit illumination
Also include components such as:
–
Auxiliary power supplies
–
Electronic door locks
MGMT 204-PPT-9-1-21
MGMT 204-PPT-9-1-22
• Plumbing systems
Include the layout of the water distribution system
in the structure
Must be reviewed to determine if the water supply
is adequate to support fire
fire--protection systems in
the structure
MGMT 204-PPT-9-1-23
278
• Sprinkler systems
A field inspection checklist is included in the text,
Appendix I
Inspectors must determine the applicable standard
prior to inspection
inspection, as determined by:
–
Occupancy hazard
–
Storage commodity
Inspectors must verify the design, system
components, and water supply
MGMT 204-PPT-9-1-24
MGMT 204-PPT-9-1-25
• Standpipe and hose systems
Plans should be used to determine
–
System type
–
System classification
–
FDC location
–
Water supply main location and capacity
–
Riser control valve type and location
MGMT 204-PPT-9-1-26
279
Plans should be used to determine (continued)
–
Location of hose cabinets or discharges
–
Discharge control valve locations
–
Pressurized air supply type, capacity, and locations
Combination standpipe and sprinkler systems must
include waterwater-flow calculations
MGMT 204-PPT-9-1-27
• Special
Special--agent fire
fire--extinguishing systems
Definition of area or equipment to be protected
Type of system
Type of extinguishing agent
Amount of agent required
Concentration of extinguishing agent
Storage container size
Type of expellant gas
MGMT 204-PPT-9-1-28
• Special
Special--agent fire
fire--extinguishing systems
Rate of discharge
Duration of flow
Layout and type of piping included
Location and type of discharge nozzles
Methods of actuation and auxiliary alarm functions
Type of prepre-signaling devices used
Area and volume of the protected space
MGMT 204-PPT-9-1-29
280
• Fire detection and alarm systems
Components used
System functions
Sources for system information
–
Manufacturers
–
Construction documents
Detailed system specifications
MGMT 204-PPT-9-1-30
Field verifications are conducted to verify that
construction activities conform to approved plans
submitted for review and permit
Field verifications require a team effort because
inspections are frequently carried out by inspectors
other than the plan reviewer
Plan changes may not be approved during field
verification inspections
Inspectors must have appropriate PPE
Inspections must be documented
MGMT 204-PPT-9-1-31
building/structure plan views and system
plans and field verification procedures.
MGMT 204-PPT-9-1-32
281
Review
MGMT 204-PPT-9-1-33
1. What is the purpose of a site plan?
2. How is a sectional view drawn?
3. What is detailed view?
4
4.
What information should be included in
documentation of special
special--agent fire
fire-extinguishing systems?
5. What clothing and equipment is approved for
site visits?
MGMT 204-PPT-9-1-34
282
Fire Inspector I
Lesson 9-2
Inspection Procedures
the procedures necessary to inspect an
occupancy.
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-1
Overview
Interpersonal Communications
Inspection Preparation
Follow
Follow--Up Inspections
Emergency Planning and Preparedness
Complaint Management
Administrative Duties
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-2
283
Listening skills
• Attending – focusing on the speaker
• Understanding – interpreting what is said
• Remembering – who said what
what, when
• Evaluating – analyzing what was said
• Responding – giving feedback based on what
was said
Hearing versus listening – hearing is
physiological; listening is a skill
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-3
• Methods to improve listening skills
Listen to speeches or stories on audiotape
Take notes while listening
Focus on the speaker and the message
Overcome the distraction of your own internal voice
Overcome psychological barriers
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-4
Conversing skills
• Involve exchanging thoughts and opinions
in speech
• Consist of verbal and nonverbal
communications
• Can be improved
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-5
284
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-6
• To improve verbal communication
Engage in dual perspective
Take responsibility for personal feelings and
thoughts
Show respect for the feelings and thoughts of the
other person
Be aware of any special needs of the receiver
Avoid speaking or addressing a problem while angry
or emotional
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-7
• Improving nonverbal communication
Eye contact
Body language
Facial expression
Gestures
Poise
Personal appearance
Touch
Proximity
Use of time
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-8
285
• Persuading skills
Attention
Need
Satisfaction
Visualization
Action
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-9
Personal appearance
• The inspector must
look professional
• The inspector
p
may
y be
dressed in a uniform
or in civilian attire, but
neat appearance is
always mandatory
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-10
Equipment lists
• Items commonly used for fire inspection
PPE
Equipment
Reference materials
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-11
286
Scheduling an inspection
• Factors that influence the length and complexity
of inspection
y or occupancy
p
y
Size of facility
Complexity of operations or
processes in the occupancy
Whether the inspection is a
regular inspection or followfollow-up
Location
Familiarity with occupancy
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-12
Scheduling an inspection
• Use of electronic scheduling tools
• Scheduling the inspection and notifying the
owner/occupant
p
• Unscheduled inspections
• The need to inspect during business hours
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-13
Inspection records review
• Reports
First inspection
Previous inspections
• Special hazards
• Code review
• Emergency incident reports
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-14
287
General inspection practices
• Inspections are a series of activities resulting
in a complete examination of a facility or
occupancy
• Begin inspections before arriving for the
scheduled inspection; the inspector can make
observations regarding the general vicinity
and the exterior of the premises
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-15
• Observations made from a distance
Conditions, barriers, or obstructions that may affect
fire
fire--department access
Locations of all hydrants, alternative water sources,
and FDCs
Building name and address
Address numbers
Exterior maintenance or housekeeping problems
Type of occupancy
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-16
• Observations made from a distance
Number of stories of the structure
Proximity to other structures or potential exposures
Construction, renovation, or demolition activities
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-17
288
• Inspections should begin at the scheduled time
• Inspectors should immediately greet the
owner/occupant or building representative
and provide official identification
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-18
• The inspector should explain the purpose of the
visit and answer any questions
• Established routines should be followed
Exterior inspection routine
Interior inspection routine
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-19
Inspection concerns
• Code requirements
• Table 17.1, Occupancy Category Requirements
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-20
289
Photographs
• Illustrate existing conditions and serious
problems
• Are used in conjunction
j
with sketches and
drawings
• Provide an accurate portrayal of the scene
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-21
Photographs
• Document violations that result in a citation or
legal action
• May be taken
when the
occupancy
is safe and in
compliance
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-22
Inspection checklists
• Provide a reminder of common items to be
checked during inspection
• Establish a record of the inspection
p
• Can be purchased commercially and modified to
reflect local codes
• Should include the items listed on page 740 of
the textbook
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-23
290
Inspection drawings
• Field sketches
Are rough drawings
Are not to scale, but note dimensions
Are of three types
– Plot plan
– Floor plan
– Elevation view
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-24
Inspection drawings
• Final inspection drawings
Are retained in the inspection file
Must have a title or label
Must have a creation date
May be created with a computer graphics program
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-25
Building occupancy changes
• Building occupancy changes occur when old
structures are remodeled
remodeled / renovated
• Changes
g in occupancy
p
y can affect several fire
and life safety code requirements
Egress
Fire detection/protection systems
Emergency lighting
Occupancy load
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-26
291
Results interviews
• Discuss the results of inspection with
owner/occupant or property manager
• Note both g
good and bad conditions
• Discuss in general terms
• Prepare followfollow-up written documentation
• Deal with the reactions of the owner/occupant
• Treat the inspection as a learning opportunity
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-27
• When discussing violations,
Ensure that codecode-related issues are correct
Listen to the owner/occupant concerns
Treat all owner/occupants fairly
Offer solutions to correct the problems
Set a date for a followfollow-up inspection
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-28
InspectionInspection-related letters and reports
• Are the official record of an inspection
• Serve as the basis for legal action when required
• Must clearly present the results of the inspection
• Are not necessarily required to be formal
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-29
292
InspectionInspection-related letters and reports
• Must include an explanation of the violations
noted
• Should be sent byy registered
g
mail,, sent via a
process service, or handhand-delivered by the
inspector
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-30
Follow
Follow
Follow--up inspections
• Are conducted to ensure that violations found
during the inspection have been corrected
• Are p
performed only
y on p
problem areas
• May be followed by an additional inspection if
work has started but is not yet complete
• May require the dispensing of a final notice if no
effort has been made to correct violations
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-31
Emergency Planning
and Preparedness
Plans and procedures are
needed for evacuation and
preparation of occupants,
residents, and facility staff
members to respond
p
to any
y
type of emergency
Requirements for planning
and occupant training are
addressed in the model
codes
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-32
293
Emergency Planning
and Preparedness
Plans must establish
• Evacuation routes
• Monitor duties
• Employee/occupant duties
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-33
Emergency Planning
and Preparedness
Emergency evacuation drills are
• Performed regularly to test the effectiveness
of evacuation plans
• Discussed with all levels of management
g
and
supervisory staff
• Conducted in all types of occupancies
• Conducted at least twice per year, at different
times of the day
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-34
Emergency Planning
and Preparedness
• Emergency evacuation drills in educational
facilities
All persons in building must participate
Drills may be required monthly
Drills should be executed at different times of day
Direction should be provided on where and how
students should report if an alarm sounds at times
other than normal hours
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-35
294
Emergency Planning
and Preparedness
• Emergency evacuation drills in health care
facilities
Conduct drills quarterly on each shift
Include all emergency notification signals
Include an update of the written plan if
modification is needed
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-36
Emergency Planning
and Preparedness
• Emergency evacuation drills in health care
facilities
Phase 1 activities – a single room
Phase 2 activities – an entire zone
Phase 3 activities – an entire floor and zones above
the incident
Phase 4 activities – the entire building
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-37
Emergency Planning
and Preparedness
• Emergency evacuation drills in correctional
facilities
Must include maintenance of the firefire-detection
system, keykey-control system, and written emergency
preparedness
p
p
p
plan
Must be made available to inmates
Must be constantly reviewed and upgraded
depending on changing conditions, especially
inmate population
Must include two means of access to each main
cell block
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-38
295
Emergency Planning
and Preparedness
• Emergency evaluation drills in hotels and
motels
Require installation of reliable fire detection and
alarm systems
Must include employee training
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-39
Citizen complaints
• Should be met with
courtesy and
genuine interest
• Should be promptly
investigated
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-40
Complaint procedures
• Respond consistently to each complaint
• Record all pertinent information
• Give owner/occupant advance notice if possible
• Carry and display appropriate identification
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-41
296
Complaint procedures
• Explain purpose of inspection, especially if it
is unannounced
• Formallyy notifyy and thank person
p
that lodged
g
the complaint
• Remember that accurate recordkeeping is
essential
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-42
Complaint form information
• Date/time complaint received
• Location of perceived violation
• Name of person reporting complaint
• Name of owner/occupant
• Nature of complaint or perceived violation
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-43
Complaint form information
• Date/time of inspection
• Date/time of followfollow-up inspection
• Resolution of complaint
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-44
297
Courtesy of Ralph E. Tingley
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-45
Written communications
• Are required of all inspectors
• Can include
Memos
Email
Formal letters
Reports
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-46
• Memos
Are short documents intended to convey simple
messages for interoffice use
Are designed to serve as permanent records of
decisions and can be somewhat informal
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-47
298
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-48
• E-mail
Has limitations
Is considered to be an official document
Should be saved as a record of communication;
hard copies should be printed and placed in the
inspection file
Is neither private nor protected under First
Amendment rights
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-49
• Formal business letters
Must not be misleading, threatening, rude, or
poorly written
Must be grammatically correct, neatly formatted,
and reflect a positive professional attitude
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-50
299
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-51
• Reports
Document serious or numerous fire code
violations
Put in writing construction plans reviews
Must be neat and legible
May be typewritten or computercomputer-generated
Must be written in complete, grammatically
correct sentences
Should use words in the appropriate context,
spelled correctly
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-52
Files and records
• Provide a historical
perspective of
inspection and code
enforcement
f
t activities
ti iti
• Provide the basis for all
future inspection and
code enforcement
activities
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-53
300
Files and records
• Must be kept within the organization’s
records--management system
records
• Are normallyy maintained by
y the inspection
p
organization
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-54
• Retention of files and records
Records should be maintained for all properties or
facilities
At a minimum, records should be maintained on
certain occupancies
Records should be maintained on a building or
facility for its lifetime
Files and records are considered public domain
documents
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-55
Hard copy: old inspection records generated before
computerization or hard copy documents used in
addition to computer files
– Cataloging and storing
– Microfilm/microfiche
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-56
301
Electronic records
– Methods of retention
– Considerations to be made
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-57
the procedures necessary to inspect an
occupancy.
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-58
Review
Follow
Emergency Planning and Preparedness
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-59
302
1. What is the difference between hearing and
listening?
2. What nonverbal communications concepts should
be applied by inspectors?
3. How does electronic scheduling work?
4. What inspection items can be observed from a
distance?
5. What are the primary methods by which data may
be logged into a computer system?
MGMT 204-PPT-9-2-60
303
304

Note Taking Guide - Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute

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