Untitled - Up to the Theory Home Page

Transcription

Contents
Conference Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Keynote Speaker: Dr. Joanne Wood . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Conference Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Spoken Presentation Session I (9:00-10:15) . . . . . . . . . .
Cognition - 4M46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Social/Personality I - 4M37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Social/Personality II - 4M41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Poster Presentation Session (10:15-11:00) . . . . . . . . . . .
Spoken Presentation Session II (11:00-12:15) . . . . . . . . .
Cognition/Developmental - 4M46 . . . . . . . . . . . .
Social/Personality III - 4M37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Clinical/Health/Social - 4M41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Keynote Address (1:30p): Self-Protective yet Self-Defeating:
Paradox of Low Self-Esteem People’s Self-Disclosures .
Spoken Presentation Abstracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Poster Presentation Abstracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
The
. . .
. . .
. . .
. 4
. 4
. 5
. 6
. 6
. 6
. 6
. 7
. 9
. 9
. 9
. 10
. 10
. 11
. 33
Conference Overview
Time
8:15 – 8:45
Activity
Registration and coffee
8:45 – 9:00
Opening remarks,
Dr. Glenn Moulaison, Dean of
Arts
Dr. Jim Clark, Chair of Psychology
Spoken Presentation
Session I (p.6)
Poster Session and
Coffee Break (p.8)
Spoken Presentation
Session II (p.9 and 10)
Lunch
9:00 – 10:15
10:15 – 11:00
11:00 – 12:15
12:15 – 1:30
1:30 – 2:45
2:45 – 5:30
Keynote Address:
Dr. Joanne Wood,
University of Waterloo
Post-Conference Social Gathering
Location
Lockhart Hall,
4th floor hallway
Manitoba Hall,
4M47
Manitoba Hall (see p. 5)
Lockhart Hall,
4th floor hallway
Manitoba Hall (see p.5)
Convocation Hall,
Wesley Building
Eckhart Gramatté Hall,
Centennial Hall, 3C00
University Club,
4th floor, Wesley Hall
We express our sincere gratitude to the generous sponsors of
this Conference and Colloquia:
Dean of Arts: Dr. Glenn Moulaison
Vice-President, Research and Innovation: Dr. Jino Distasio
Keynote Speaker: Dr. Joanne Wood
Self-Protective yet Self-Defeating: The Paradox of Low
Self-Esteem People’s Self-Disclosures
4
Spoken Presentation Session I (9:00-10:15)
Cognition - 4M46 (Bruce Bolster)
Time Presenter
9:00 Tiffany Humble
University of Manitoba
9:15 Ian Spencer Dimopoulos
University of Winnipeg
9:30 Daniel Kroft
9:45
Alexie Touchette
10:00 Madison Harding
Title
The Sublime: Pleasure and Terror Responses to Visual Images and Literary Texts
The Contribution of Active vs. Passive Navigation on Spatial and Episodic Memory in
a Virtual Environment
Determining Affected Memory Domains in
Patients with Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment Using Computerized and Interactive Tests
The Use of Gaze and Grasp Strategies When
Grasping Moving Occluded Objects
Memory and Theory of Mind
Social/Personality I - 4M37 (Beverley Fehr)
Time Presenter
9:00 Alanna Johnson
9:15 Madison Loewen
9:30 Alexandra Powell
9:45 Alexis Unrau
10:00 Je Hee (Jay) Chun
Title
The Nature of Friendship
Compassionate Love in Close Relationships
Jealousy Types and Their Relation to Female Psychological Aggression
The Subclinical Psychopath in Love: Mediating Effects of Attachment Avoidance
Interactions Among Psychological Needs
and Agreeableness in Relation to Remote
Association Test
6
Social/Personality II - 4M41 (Jeremy Frimer)
Time Presenter
9:00 Ari Decter-Frain
9:15 Ruth Vanstone
9:30 Lauren Lischka
9:45 Rory Waisman
10:00 Vanessa Kisilowsky
Title
To Environmentalists, Is the Earth More
Like a Church or a Hospital?
Does Where You Stand Depend on Where
You Sit (Literally)?
How to Elicit Donations for a Charity
Estimating Composite Reliability of MultiDimensional Tests: Is Omega Better or
Problematic?
Impact of Socio-Cultural Factors on Indigenous Graduation
Poster Presentation Session (10:15-11:00)
Lockhart Fourth Floor Hallway
Poster
1
2
Presenter
Alanna Single
Niki Hryhorchuk
3
Ryan Heckert
4
Sophie Robitaille
5
Amanda Oliver
University of Regina
Title
Self-Compassion and Risk Taking in
Problem and Non-Problem Gambling
Frequency and Correlates of Premenstrual Mood Disturbances in a University Sample
Placement of Summary Information in a
Training Manual to Conduct Behavioral
Assessment
Development and Evaluation of an Online Self-Training Program to Teach Basic Reinforcement Principles
Examining Health Anxiety in Children
and Adolescents with Congenital Heart
Defects
7
Poster
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Presenter
Alex Holt
Title
Adolescent Mothers Knowledge of Infant
Development and Their Infants’ Language Abilities
Carly Cressman
Effectiveness of a Home-Based Modified
University of Winnipeg Incidental Teaching Session to Improve
Compliance
Janelle Lee
Parent-Reported Characteristics of ChilUniversity of Manitoba dren with Nocturnal Enuresis and Toilet
Training Experience
Rebecca Madziak
Adolescents’ Perceptions of Prosocial
University of Manitoba Teasing
Alexandra Haeska
Attributional Retraining Treatments’
University of Manitoba Remedial Benefits: Achievement Differences for At-Risk and Non-Risk Student
Age Groups
Ashley Swiergosz
The Ugly Side of a Selfie: Examining
University of Winnipeg the Relationship Between Selfies, Narcissism, and Self-Esteem
Emma Curry
The Road to Egalitarianism: Gender
University of Manitoba Scripts for Heterosexual First Dates
Hankyeol
(Angela) Facebook Creeping? A Great Way to
Song
Find out About Our Potential Partner!
Lindsay Berard
Passion and Perspective: How Does a
University of Manitoba Perspective Exercise Relate to Obsessive
Passion with Academics?
Michelle Paluszek
What does your Profile tell me about my
University of Manitoba Relationship? Social Comparison Information on Facebook
Tamara Andjelovic
Sadism and the Moral Judgment of InUniversity of Winnipeg ternet Trolls
Tyler Kempe
Likes and Dislikes on Facebook
8
Spoken Presentation Session II (11:00-12:15)
Cognition/Developmental - 4M46 (Hinton Bradbury)
Time Presenter
11:00 Amanda Willyard
University of North
Dakota
11:15 Marie-Christine
Beaulieu
11:30 Nicole Hiebert
11:45 Rachelle DeGagne
12:00 Jake Daniel Matheson
Title
Understanding the Role of Eating Disorder
Symptomology in Media Ideal Prime and
Implicit Measures of Self-Activation
Emotional Recognition Accuracy in Social
Context
The Face of Sarcasm: Visual Intonation and
Sarcasm Comprehension in Deaf Adults
Bullying: Before and After
Predictive Roles of Visual Discrimination
Processes in Decoding in Early ElementarySchool Children
Social/Personality III - 4M37 (Marian Morry)
Time Presenter
11:00 Jamie Pfau
11:15 Jessee Burak
11:30 Kenny
Kee-Choon
Chee
11:45 Heather Krahn
12:00 Jessica Gomes
Title
What Makes a Good Parent in the Age of
Intensive Parenting? The Pivotal Role of
Sacrifice
The Accessibility of Cell Phones on Memory
and Self-control
Please Like My Selfie: How Body Image,
Facebook, and Attachment Affects Relationship Quality
How Do Women Respond to Subtle Sexist
Events?
How Do Women Respond to Subtle Sexist
Events?
9
Clinical/Health/Social - 4M41 (Wendy Josephson)
Time Presenter
11:00 Jared Chizda
11:15 Faithe Wallace Pearson
11:30 Stephanie Kozar
11:45 Kirsten Grom
12:00 Wesley Weaver
Title
The Relationship between Personality Factors and Facebook Use
How Test Anxiety Affects Study Patterns:
Can Test Anxiety Affect How Students
Study?
Sex Differences in Trauma Exposure and
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Winnipeg
Homeless
Effectiveness of the Training Program for
Adult and Youth Facilitators in the Canadian Red Cross “Beyond the Hurt” Training
Program
An Examination of Pathological Gaming
and its Impact on Students Entering University
Lunch (12:15- 1:30)- Convocation Hall
Keynote Address (1:30p) - Eckhart Grammaté Hall
Dr. Joanne Wood, University of Waterloo, Canada
Self-Protective yet Self-Defeating: The Paradox of Low Self-Esteem People’s
Self-Disclosures
• Professor of Psychology and Social Research
Head at University of Waterloo
10
Spoken Presentation Abstracts
Emotional Recognition Accuracy in Social Context
Beaulieu, Marie-Christine., Smith, Stephen.
Student Affiliation University of Winnipeg
Faculty Supervisor: Smith, Stephen
In our everyday interactions, a facial expression is typically encountered as an
integrated part of a whole body rather than as an isolated stimulus. When
identifying emotions conveyed by individuals, the face and the body both
contribute to our ability to accurately recognize a persons emotional state.
In the current study, we examined whether facial expressions or body language provide more useful information for emotional judgments. We also
examine how observers ability to judge facial emotions and body language
is influenced by social context. In Study 1, photographs of happy and sad
faces and bodies were rated from 1 to 9. Faces were identified with significantly more accuracy than bodies as well as positive emotions. In study 2,
we created face-body compounds with either congruent or incongruent emotions. Judgement of emotional expressions was biased toward the emotion
expressed by the face, resulting in greater accuracy for congruent and incongruent compounds with happy faces. In Study 3, the addition of a social
background to the same compounds produced an increase in the importance
of body expressions.
The Accessibility of Cell Phones on Memory and Selfcontrol
Burak, Jessee.
Faculty Supervisor: Sinclair, Lisa
The present study examined the impact of cell phone accessibility on memory and self-control by varying the distance between participants and their
cell phone. Participants cell phones were either accessible (in reach or out
of reach) or not accessible (put away) during the experiment. Participants
11
were asked not to use their phones while they watched a 17- minute video
during which time the experimenter sent them five text messages. Participants then completed a memory test based on the video and filled out some
individual difference measures. Results indicated that individuals were more
likely to pick up their phone and also to do worse on the memory test when
their phone was in reach compared to when it was out of reach or put away.
In addition, memory was negatively correlated to state anxiety, problematic
phone use and perceived attachment to ones cell phone. Implications for cell
phones and learning will be discussed.
Please Like My Selfie: How Body Image, Facebook, and
Attachment Affects Relationship Quality
Chee, Kenny.
Student Affiliation University of Manitoba
Faculty Supervisor: Morry, Marian
I used the vulnerability-stress-adaptation (VSA) model to examine whether
enduring vulnerabilities (attachment styles, body image) interacted with a
stressful event (Facebook “Likes” are or are not important) to predict adaptive processes (emotions, state self-esteem) and relationship quality (satisfaction, commitment). Three hundred and twelve female participants were
randomly assigned to one of two conditions, Facebook “Likes” are or are not
important. The findings indicated attachment anxiety predicted a negative
body image, negative emotions, and lower level of state self-esteem (H1a
and b). Attachment anxiety and body image had main effects for all adaptive processes, but the interaction between attachment and body image only
predicted negative emotions (H2a and b). Independent t-tests examining
stress on enduring vulnerabilities were not significant (H3 not supported).
However, stress, attachment, and body image interacted to predict negative
emotions but not positive emotions and state self-esteem (H4). Finally, the
adaptive processes predicted relationship quality (H5).
12
The Relationship between Personality Factors and Facebook Use
Chizda, Jared.
Faculty Supervisor: Svenningsen, Louis
The internet, including social networking services, changes the way people interact (Ross et al. 2009). Personality has been proven to have a relationship
with use of Facebook, but the significance of the relationship differs depending on what aspect of Facebook use is focused on and whether data is gathered
using self-report measures or direct observation of Facebook pages. For this
current study self-report measures were used and the focus was on content on
wall, self-presentation on Facebook and general Facebook use. Participants
completed the Big Five Inventory (BFI John & Srivastava, 1999;) and a Facebook use measure focusing on amount of Facebook friends, amount of time
spent on Facebook, and content of walls posts and profile pictures. Correlational analyses revealed that extraversion and openness to experience were
significantly related to multiple different aspects of Facebook use, as was age.
The remaining personality factors were not found to be significantly related
with Facebook use, with the unexpected exception of conscientiousness being
significantly related with profile pictures. Neuroticism was not found to be
significantly related to Facebook use, despite neuroticism being significantly
related to Facebook use when direct observation of Facebook use was used
(Moore & McElroy, 2012)
Interactions Among Psychological Needs and Agreeableness in Relation to Remote Association Test
Chun, Je Hee (Jay).
Faculty Supervisor: Caza, Arran
Most adults spend the majority of their waking hours at work, making
achievement at work very salient for individuals and their organizations. As
a result, contributing to improved experiences at work has been an important role for organizational psychology. Self-Determination Theory argues
13
that people have three fundamental psychological needs: autonomy, relatedness, and competence, each of which should contribute to work motivation
and performance. However, what is less well understood is the role of agreeableness. High agreeable individuals tend to be altruistic and willing to help
others and they are often playing essential part to create welcoming work
environment as well as work performance. However, some correlational studies have found an unexpected result that feeling of psychological needs is
negatively correlated with agreeable individuals work performance. To investigate this unexpected correlation, I examined the interactions between
agreeableness and each psychological need in influencing task performance
and which psychological need can interact the most with agreeableness to
produce positive or negative outcome. To explore these issues, I manipulated
167 participants feelings of psychological need satisfaction while measuring
their agreeableness, and used both to predict their task performance by using Remote Association Test. Total eight conditions were introduced to each
session and each condition manipulated all three of psychological needs (e.g.,
high autonomy/high relatedness/high competence). The results revealed interesting interactions between autonomy with regard to agreeableness. The
results may contribute both of theories and to the organization to provide
suggestions to improve ones work performance based on the motivation supports and ones agreeableness.
Bullying: Before and After
DeGagne, Rachelle.
Faculty Supervisor: McIntyre, Michael
The purpose of this study was twofold. Firstly, it was designed to explore
psychological correlates of a history of bullying. Secondly, it was designed
to examine the utility of a measure called “vulnerability” by observing its
relation to bullying history and other psychological measures including attachment, compassion for others, self-compassion, mindfulness, and psychological wellbeing. Analyses demonstrated that bullied individuals were more
likely to score highly on the vulnerability scale (t = 2.37, p = 0.18). Bullying history did not differentiate any of the other factors. A correlational
analysis showed that the vulnerability measure was positively correlated with
14
disordered adult attachment (r = .664, p = < .05) and, paradoxically, with
self-compassion (r = .336, p = < .05). Negative correlations were observed
between vulnerability, mindfulness, and psychological wellbeing. In addition,
mindfulness was negatively correlated with disordered attachment (r = -.240,
p = < .05) and positively correlated with psychological wellbeing (r = .286,
p = < .05). The clearest set of relationships on the traits measured were
obtained with our vulnerability scale. The scale may be useful in the bourgeoning area of bullying research.
To Environmentalists, Is the Earth More Like a Church
or a Hospital?
Decter-Frain, Ari.
Faculty Supervisor: Frimer, Jeremy
What makes liberals adopt pro-environmental attitudes? Perhaps liberals
think of the Earth as being like a hospital–the ecosystems job is to care for
the inhabitants and to nurture life. Alternatively, liberals may think of the
Earth as being like a churchthe Earth is pure and sacrosanct, and requires
interventions to preserve in its natural form. The conflation of harm and
impurity in most environmental issues (e.g., oil spills) makes liberal condemnation of environmental damage ambiguous with respect to this question.
However, one climate engineering proposal, called the garden hose to the sky
(pumping sulphur into the upper atmosphere to reflect sunlight), decouples
purity and harm–it likely activates perceptions of impurity (gross sulphur)
and yet harm-reduction (preventing global warming). Thus, it provides an
opportunity to decouple harm and purity motives in liberals. We experimentally manipulated the perceived impurity of the garden hose and measured
support for it in a sample of 366 Americans. The manipulation failed to
change liberals support for the garden hose method. Within each condition,
liberalism marginally predicted support. These results suggest that liberals
think about the environment as a hospital, relying on harm (and not purity)
to form their opinions.
15
The Contribution of Active vs. Passive Navigation on
Spatial and Episodic Memory in a Virtual Environment
Dimopoulos, Ian.
Faculty Supervisor: Bolster, Bruce
Individuals process experiences differently depending on whether they are
engaged in an action, or simply watching someone perform that action. Research suggests that active processing improves performance in some memory
tasks, but not others. Spatial memory represents information about ones environment and orientation within it, while episodic memory is the capacity to
remember events of the past in detail. One component of episodic memory is
the ability to remember events in sequence. We wanted to discover whether
active vs. passive processing would differentially affect spatial vs. sequential
memory. To test this hypothesis, we created a spatial navigation paradigm
using a virtual island. Participants either searched the island for eight nonidentical objects (active), or watched a video of someone doing this (passive).
The objects were hidden in identical tents for half of the participants and
in featurally unique buildings for the other half. The participants were then
told to replace the objects into the structures where they were found and
in the order in which they found them. Contrary to expectation, active exploration did not differentially benefit sequential vs. spatial memory where
unique buildings were involved. Surprisingly, it actually impaired sequential
memory for objects hidden in identical tents compared to passive viewing.
This suggests that local features are stored implicitly when actively exploring
novel environments, and that the absence of such features degrades episodic
memory performance. Interestingly, spatial memory for object location was
unaffected by viewing condition, suggesting that spatial information about
locations within an environment is processed automatically and independent
of the observers interaction with that environment.
How Do Women Respond to Subtle Sexist Events?
Gomes, Jessica., Krahn, Heather.
Faculty Supervisor: Sinclair, Lisa
16
The present study used a mixed method design to examine the types of
subtle sexist events that female undergraduate students encounter and their
responses to these events. Participants were asked to write about an ambiguous sexist event, that is one where they might have been treated differently due to their gender and to describe their response to this event.
They then completed closed-ended questions about their different goals in
dealing with this event. Individual difference measures of ambivalent sexism,
self-compassion and self-esteem were also examined. Coding of narratives
revealed that most students wrote about four types of events: Assumptions of Inferiority, Second-Class Citizenship, Assumptions of Traditional
Gender Roles, and Sexual Objectification. Coding also revealed four overall response themes with subthemes: Psychological (Resistance, Acceptance,
Internalized Emotions, Externalized Emotions, Resiliency, and Uncertainty),
Non-confrontational (Avoidance and Passivity), Confrontational (Pursuit of
Social Justice and Assertion), and Nothing (no response). For the most part,
individual differences were not related to the coded narratives. Implications
for responding to subtle sexist events will be discussed.
Effectiveness of the Training Program for Adult and
Youth Facilitators in the Canadian Red Cross “Beyond
the Hurt” Training Program
Grom, Kirsten., Josephson, Wendy.
Faculty Supervisor: Josephson, Wendy
This study examines the effectiveness of the Canadian Red Cross “Beyond
the Hurt” Training Program administered to Adult Educators and Youth
Facilitators. Effectiveness was examined by measuring gains in knowledge
and self-efficacy for delivering the Beyond the Hurt (BTH) program. Participants were 68 Adult Educators and Youth Facilitators who signed up
for the BTH training program and provided informed consent. Participants
filled out measures of knowledge and self-efficacy before and after the BTH
training program. A repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance was
conducted with knowledge and self-efficacy as the dependent variables; the
17
independent variables were group (Adult Educators vs. Youth Facilitators)
as the between subjects variable and time (before training vs. after training)
as the within-subjects variable. Both Adult Educators and Youth Facilitators showed a significant improvement in knowledge and self-efficacy after
completion of the BTH training program. There was a main effect for group
on the knowledge variable, in which Adult Educators had significantly more
knowledge than Youth Facilitators both before and after the BTH training
program.
Memory and Theory of Mind
Harding, Madison.
Faculty Supervisor: Smith, Stephen
Theory of Mind (ToM) is the ability to understand and make inferences
about ones own mental and emotional states as well as those of other people.
These mental states include thoughts, beliefs, knowledge, intentions, desires,
and emotions that consequently influence behaviour. ToM ability is therefore important because it allows us to engage in complex social interaction by
accurately predicting and responding to others mental states. Neuroscience
studies of ToM have found that it involves activity in a number of different
brain areas, including different parts of the frontal and temporal lobes. The
fact that several different brain areas are active during ToM tasks suggests
that ToM might actually be a group of interrelated abilities, not just a single
ability. The current research examines ToM ability in relation to memory
and indicates a relationship between the two cognitive functions.
The Face of Sarcasm: Visual Intonation and Sarcasm
Comprehension in Deaf Adults
Hiebert, Nicole.
Faculty Supervisor: Glenwright, Melanie
Sarcasm is a nonliteral speech act where the speaker does not intend for the
18
listener to take their words literally. Interlocutors rely on various cues to determine if a speaker is using sarcasm, such as incongruity between statement
and context and paralinguistic cues including intonation, laughter, facial expressions, and body language. Little is known, however, about how Deaf
people detect sarcasm. In sign language, specific movements of the upper
face comprise a visual intonation system. The current study aimed to examine the extent to which Deaf adults rely on visual intonation in sign language
when determining whether a signer is using sarcasm versus literal language.
Thirty-five Deaf and 10 hard-of-hearing participants watched a series of 12
videos in four separate visual intonation conditions (i.e., Eyes, Mouth, No
Face, and Control) counterbalanced across three statement types (i.e., sarcastic criticisms, and literal criticisms and compliments). Written responses
indicated the degree to which visual intonation influenced their perceptions
of speaker belief, humor, and attitude. The results showed that participants
ability to infer the signers meaning was impacted by how much of the signers
face was visible for sarcastic criticisms but not literal criticisms. Deaf participants best understood sarcasm when they could see the signers eyes but
access to facial cues did not influence their perceptions of the signers attitude
or humor. These findings highlight the importance of the signers eyes as a
paralinguistic cue to sarcasm in ASL.
The Sublime: Pleasure and Terror Responses to Visual
Images and Literary Texts
Humble, Tiffany.
Faculty Supervisor: Leboe-McGowan, Jason
My study focuses on the intersection of aesthetics and emotion, examining
the affective responses of terror and pleasure to visual images and literary
texts, generated through Edmund Burkes eighteenth-century aesthetic properties of the “sublime” and the “beautiful.” Burkes notion of the sublime is
defined as the perception of something that evokes mutual feelings of intense
fear and astonishment, causing one to experience terror (negative affect) and
pleasure (positive affect) simultaneously. Conversely, he hypothesizes that
the perception of beauty results solely in pleasure. Over the past decade,
19
neuroaesthetics has emerged as a growing field of interdisciplinary research
concerned with the underlying biological, cognitive, and physiological bases
of aesthetic experiences. The proposed study will compare two conditions,
literary texts and visual images, in order to investigate participants emotional responses to the aesthetic properties of the sublime and the beautiful.
The goals of this study are to determine whether there will be a similar
correlation between levels of terror and pleasure experienced in the literary
text condition as has been previously found involving visual representations,
to determine whether positive emotion (pleasure) and negative emotion (terror) will be experienced simultaneously by participants in response to sublime
stimuli, and to investigate the validity of Burkes eighteenth-century aesthetic
theory through the modern understanding of quantitative analysis and neural functioning.
The Nature of Friendship
Johnson, Alanna.
Faculty Supervisor: Fehr, Beverly
Both men and women report many benefits to engaging in cross-sex friendships. However, research has shown a gender difference such that women are
more likely than men to believe in the potential for purely platonic (i.e., no
attraction) friendship. I examined motivations and benefits for engaging in
cross-sex compared with same-sex friendship. I predicted that men would
view their female friends as potential romantic partners, whereas women
would not. Instead, for women, male friends would serve to reassure them of
their desirability as romantic partners. Respondents evaluated the benefits
of a same- or cross- sex friendship, their friends potential value as a mate,
and their degree of attraction. Whereas I expected that the highest rated
friendship benefits would vary across the conditions, I found, consistently,
female same-sex friendship was the highest rated across all friendship functions. Both males and females rated stimulating companionship as the most
important friendship function. This finding suggests that friendship is seen
the same way regardless of gender. Furthermore, men and women are the
same when it comes to perceiving how attracted their cross-sex friend is to
them, but they are different in terms of how much attraction they report
20
to their cross-sex friend, with men reporting more attraction to their female
friends than vice-versa. These new findings highlight both similarities and
differences in men and womens cross and same-sex friendships.
Impact of Socio-Cultural Factors on Indigenous Graduation
Kisilowsky, Vanessa.
Faculty Supervisor: Deer, Frank
Indigenous students are graduating from secondary school at a rate considerably lower than their non-Aboriginal counterparts. This statistic remains relatively stable despite increasing Indigenous programming in secondary schools. This article outlines the results of an exploratory qualitative
research study of two males and four female Indigenous students from a Manitoba university. Through a one time, one to one interview, their experience
at secondary school will be explored to determine what, if any, socio-cultural
factors existed that they felt contributed to student success and ultimately
secondary school diploma attainment. Much of the current research focuses
on reasons Indigenous students are not completing high school through the
lens of failure. Viewing this issue through the eyes of students with a focus
on positive outcomes could help identify factors leading to success. Using
Grounded Theory and constant comparative to analyze the data resulted
in the emergent themes of relationship support, motivation and educational
programming. Two additional themes emerged regarding educational deficits
and personal adversity. It is of great importance that educators realize the
socio-cultural factors that students feel contribute to their success as well as
the importance of providing support to meet the demand of the deficits and
adversity Indigenous students face in high school.
21
Sex Differences in Trauma Exposure and Post-Traumatic
Stress Disorder in Winnipeg Homeless
Kozar, Stephanie.
Faculty Supervisor: Sareen, Jitender
Within this study it was found that the homeless population experienced
higher rates of trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
than in the general population. PTSD and trauma have been studied within
both sexes and researchers have found trauma relating to intimate partner violence, sexual assault and overall rates of PTSD to be more common among females whereas physical abuse and accidents are more common
among males. However, there has been little literature that has examined
sex differences with respect to trauma rates and its relation to PTSD rates
within the homeless population. This study serves to examine this topic
by analyzing sex differences in trauma exposure and the conditional probability of developing PTSD within a subsample of homeless individuals that
were included in the At Home/Chez Soi Study. It was found that women are
more likely to experience sexual assault, spousal abuse, kidnapping and being
stalked and less likely to experience other accidents besides those relating to
motor vehicles. In this sample, 97.5% of individuals had experienced at least
one traumatic event in their lifetime. In addition, 60% of females and 37%
of males reported having a PTSD diagnosis at some point in their lifetime.
Overall females were more likely to receive a PTSD diagnosis. Specifically,
females who had experienced a natural disaster or having a child with a life
threatening illness were 4 times more likely to receive a PTSD diagnosis.
Determining Affected Memory Domains in Patients with
Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment Using Computerized and Interactive Tests
Kroft, Daniel.
Faculty Supervisor: Modirrousta, Mandanna
22
Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), presenting as memory impairment without dysfunction in any other cognitive domains, represents the
MCI subtype with the highest conversion rate to dementia. A standard
protocol for diagnosing aMCI does not yet exist, but currently diagnosis is
usually based on below-average scores on tests of verbal or autobiographical
memory. In this study, object, temporal, and spatial memory were assessed
in aMCI patients with two protocols: one computerized, and one requiring
participants to interact with objects during encoding. There was a performance trend across both groups showing object > spatial > temporal memory
performance, with a more pronounced slope for the aMCI group. Patients
showed significant deficits in temporal and spatial memory, but no significant differences in object memory compared to healthy control subjects. All
participants scored higher on the interactive test than on the computerized
test, and patients scored lower than controls on both tests. These results
both build on previous research suggesting that object-location paradigms
may be useful in evaluating aMCI patients, and suggest a novel avenue for
factoring out the processes that contribute differentially to memory deficits
in aMCI.
How to Elicit Donations for a Charity
Lischka, Lauren., Frimer, Jeremy.
How might promoters of social causes encourage financial support? Previous
research found that using warm, prosocial language and facing up and to the
viewers right in portraits can make a favourable impression on others. We
reasoned that language and portrait imagery might also increase charitable
donations to crowd-funded campaigns. To test this, we asked participants
(N = 565 Americans) to (hypothetically) allocate $100 between a target and
a second crowd-funded campaign. The target campaign depicted the contact person as either (a) looking straight-level or up-and-right, and (b) the
message was either prosocial or a control message (2 × 2 between-subjects
design). We also asked participants to rate the character of the founder. The
target campaign with prosocial language received more donations than the
campaign with neutral language whereas head-tilt did not influence dona23
tions. Character attributions followed the same pattern. Within a naturalistic setting, language does and head-tilt appears to not increase charitable
donations.
Compassionate Love in Close Relationships
Loewen, Madison.
Faculty Supervisor: Fehr, Beverley
The purpose of this study was to compare levels of compassionate love and
related variables in two types of close relationships: mother-child relationships and romantic relationships. Introductory psychology students completed questionnaires that measured compassionate love experienced, compassionate love received, relationship maintenance, closeness, affective solidarity, obligation, willingness to sacrifice, relationship satisfaction, and life
satisfaction. Overall, participants reported higher levels of compassionate
love for their romantic partners than their mothers. Women reported higher
levels of compassionate love than did men. With the exception of obligation
as a motivation for caregiving, the secondary dependent variables were correlated with both compassionate love experienced and received. However,
the secondary dependent variables did not indicate the same pattern as compassionate love, showing greater variation in gender and relationship type.
In general, while males frequently reported higher scores for their romantic
partners compared to their mothers, females did not make a distinction between relationship types. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Predictive Roles of Visual Discrimination Processes in
Decoding in Early Elementary-School Children
Matheson, Jake., Kruk, Richard.
Faculty Supervisor: Kruk, Richard
This longitudinal study investigates the predictive influences of visual backwards masking abilities on growth in regular, irregular and nonword decod24
ing. Participants were 171 children in Grade 1 who were followed over five
waves of testing until the end of Grade 3. The five waves of testing were
carried out in spring and fall across 12 public schools in Winnipeg, Canada.
Based on initial diagnostic tests of reading, children were categorized into
above and below average initial reading ability groups. Speeded visual discrimination indicated by a backward masking task was found to influence
outcomes of regular and irregular word decoding after accounting for phonological awareness, orthographic knowledge, morphological processing, and
vocabulary knowledge. Non-speeded visual discrimination indicated by matrix reasoning was found to influence initial outcomes of nonword decoding,
but not regular or irregular word decoding. Additional measures indicate
a relationship between speeded visual discrimination processes and nonalphanumeric rapid naming (RAN), suggesting a mediating relationship on
the outcome of regular word decoding. Further examination shows that children who performed well on backward masking but below average on regular
word decoding indicated an interaction between backward masking and rapid
naming on reading ability. This study demonstrates the unique contributions
of visual processes on reading acquisition through word decoding outcomes.
How Test Anxiety Affects Study Patterns: Can Test
Anxiety Affect How Students Study?
Pearson, Faithe.
Faculty Supervisor: Bradbury, Hinton
Research on test anxiety and its effect on test taking is a common research
topic, but research on study patterns and test anxiety is scarce. This study
will provide a foundation for others who are interested in delving further
into how anxiety can affect how students study for tests. This study explores
whether it is possible, that before examination, the routine study practise,
defined by either good or poor study strategy, of the participants could be
disrupted due to test anxiety. This study also explores whether a students
habits in studying changes depending on whether they are studying for the
course they perceive to be their best subject or worst subject. Finally, this
study explores whether anxiety and study pattern differences are related to
25
the gender of the student. Findings from the data analysis suggest that there
is a relationship between anxiety and poor study strategy regardless of perceived subject. No significant differences between gender scores were found
in this study. When isolating data by separation of gender, it was found that,
female data yielded from poor study practice scores on their worst subject
were significant. The results of this study reveal that there is some evidence
that corresponds to previous research loosely related to this topic. Despite
the small number of findings, with improvement through better self-report
measures and an increase of participant retention, this study could possibly
offer more accurate information about how anxiety is related to study strategies and practice.
What Makes a Good Parent in the Age of Intensive
Parenting? The Pivotal Role of Sacrifice
Pfau, Jamie., Gaucher, Danielle., Friesen, Justin.
Faculty Supervisor: Gaucher, Danielle
The current research investigates lay perceptions of good parenting. Given
the strong influence of intensive parenting ideologies – that is, the prescriptive beliefs that parenting should be highly, and often solely, child-focused –
I hypothesized that people use high sacrifice (i.e. parents who focus solely on
their child needs and put parental health, leisure, and career goals second)
as a cue for good parenting. Moreover, I sought to investigate whether the
role of sacrifice is more relevant for judgments of mothers than fathers, and
whether sexism influences the importance of sacrifice in parenting judgments.
To test my hypotheses, participants were exposed to one of four vignettes
about a parent, in which the gender of parent (male or female) and level of
sacrifice (high or low) were systematically varied. Next, all participants were
asked to make a series of judgments about the parent. In general, findings
supported the hypothesis that sacrifice plays an important role in peoples
judgments of parenting “goodness.” Specifically, parents who were high in
sacrifice were (a) most likely to be nominated for a parent award; (b) rated
higher in warmth and competence, and; (c) rated lower in negative traits.
Sacrifice played an important role for both mothers and fathers, and am-
26
bivalent sexism influenced only judgments of fathers. Implications of these
findings for parenting and current roles will be discussed.
Jealousy Types and Their Relation to Female Psychological Aggression
Powell, Alexandra.
Faculty Supervisor: Bradbury, Hinton
Previous studies have shown that women are more likely to engage in psychological aggression to harm a romantic partner, while men typically use
physical aggression. Psychological aggression has been found to correlate
significantly with lower levels of relationship quality, as well as with jealousy.
Jealousy is usually defined as an emotional and/or behavioural response to
a romantic partner engaging in a sexual act with a third party, but Buunk (1997) distinguished between three different types (reactive, preventive,
and anxious). University students completed the Revised Anticipated Sexual
Jealousy Scale (Buunk, 1997), the subscales for psychological aggression and
victimization from the Measure of Aggression and Victimization (Morales &
Crick, 1998) and the Revised Conflicts Tactics Scale (Straus et al., 1996), and
the Relationship Assessment Scale (Hendrick, 1988). Preventive jealousy and
anxious jealousy significantly correlated with both measures of psychological aggression. Separate multiple regressions indicated that both preventive
and anxious jealousy predict the use of psychologically aggressive behaviours,
when controlling for psychological victimization.
The Use of Gaze and Grasp Strategies When Grasping
Moving Occluded Objects
Touchette, Alexie., Langridge, Ryan., Marotta, Jonathan.
Faculty Supervisor: Marotta, Jonathan
Grasping a moving object requires information about the objects shape, lo27
cation, velocity, and direction. Our visual system integrates this information
to program an appropriate reach towards the eventual location of the object.
Previous eye-hand coordination research involving 2D blocks show that the
eyes follow the blocks leading edge until the initiation of a reach, at which
point the gaze shifts to the position where the index finger will land. This
study explored the strategies of visual pursuit and grasping when visual feedback is removed. Eighteen undergraduate psychology students participated
in a simple viewing and grasping task to explore how the direction of a horizontally translating computer-generated block and the nature of its occluder
influenced gaze and selection of grasp points. Eye movements and grasp
kinematics were recorded using an Eyelink II, Optotrak Certus 3D technology and MotionMonitor software. Data was combined into one comparable
frame of reference. Grasping results replicate patterns found in previous
studies, showing that participants tend to overshoot when reaching towards
leftward moving targets. No differences were found in fixation or grasp accuracy between the two occluding conditions, indicating that the nature of the
occluder does not impact gaze or grasp kinematics. Between Reach Onset
and End of Trial, mean fixations fell well behind the target block, suggesting that an error in judgment occurs between these two time points. These
results could lead to further understanding of visual strategies used to guide
actions.
The Subclinical Psychopath in Love: Mediating Effects
of Attachment Avoidance
Unrau, Alexis.
Previous research indicates that psychopathic traits may be related to attachment styles, which in turn, influence various aspects of relationship quality.
Although evidence suggests that primary and secondary psychopathy are
similar to dismissive and fearful avoidance, respectively, a model specifying
the relations between psychopathy, attachment, and romantic relationships
has not been proposed. The main objective of the current study was to test a
model where attachment avoidance mediates the relations between the sub-
28
types of psychopathy and romantic relationship quality and behaviours. Due
to their emotional detachment, it is predicted that primary traits and dismissive avoidance will have a stronger negative impact on various aspects of
relationship quality and behaviours, relative to secondary traits and fearful
avoidance. One hundred and sixty-seven first year students (77 males, 89
females) completed self-report questionnaires to measure psychopathy, attachment, and various relationship qualities and behaviours. A self-report
measure was created to assess the use of secondary attachment strategies. Logistic and linear regressions, univariate analyses, multivariate analyses, and
bootstrapping were used to test the hypotheses. While primary significantly
predicted only one relationship outcome, secondary psychopathy significantly
predicted all indicators of relationship quality, and all but one of the relationship behaviours. The relations indicate that secondary is associated with
poor relationship quality, higher engagement in destructive behaviours, and
lower engagement in constructive behaviours. Furthermore, avoidance was
found to significantly mediate the relations between secondary psychopathy
and the relationship outcomes. Results indicate that a poor child-caregiver
relationship may aggravate the relational consequences of secondary psychopathy.
Does Where You Stand Depend on Where You Sit (Literally)?
Vanstone, Ruth., Frimer, Jeremy.
People automatically and intuitively encode many aspects of faces, such as
emotions and distinguishing features. We tested whether people also automatically and intuitively encode spatial orientation. Past research in our lab
found that, in portrait images, subjects looking up and to the viewers right
tend to seem warm, proud, heroic, and future-minded. We tested whether
these right = virtuous and up = virtuous heuristics in the perceiver are at
play in a real life situation in which perceivers are probably not attending to
face orientations. We randomly assigned 582 participants to seats in a theatre. They listened to a speaker make a pitch for a charitable organization.
29
Participants then divided $1.00 among the speakers cause and another cause
(the Red Cross) they also completed a questionnaire, rating the speaker
and the speech on various attributes. If people automatically encode spatial
orientation of faces, participants seated in the bottom right of the theatre
would see the speaker facing up to their right and would therefore donate
the most to the speakers charity and rate the speakers character the most
favourably. We found no support for this hypothesis despite having 80%
statistical power. Neither horizontal nor vertical dimensionality predicted
donation amounts or character ratings, suggesting that encoding facial orientations may be a deliberative process.
Estimating Composite Reliability of Multi-Dimensional
Tests: Is Omega Better or Problematic?
Waisman, Rory., Johnson, Li.
Faculty Supervisor: Johnson, Li
Reliability is a critical psychometric property with implications for the interpretation of data collected using tests and measurement scales. Cronbachs
alpha (Cronbach, 1951) is the most widely employed reliability estimate, but
it relies on the assumptions that are violated in multi-dimensional scales that
are commonly used in psychological research and clinical settings (Sijtsma,
2009). In recent years, some researchers have recommended the reporting of
McDonalds (1999) omega-total, an estimate of reliability that is more robust
to violation of the assumptions required for alpha (Dunn, 2014; Revelle &
Zinbarg, 2009). Our simulation study evaluated the performance of alpha
and omega-total across 2,736 conditions. The results revealed critical conditions in which omega-total can be problematic. There is a tendency for
omega-total to overestimate the true population omega-total. This problem
is compounded by the fact that true population omega-total itself overestimates true composite reliability in some conditions (Simsek & Noyan, 2013).
In general, the upward-bias of omega-total becomes more extreme and concerning when true reliability is low, sample sizes are low, general factor loading is high, and number of items is low. Our results reveal biases as high
as 13%. Just as underestimation of reliability by alpha has raised concerns,
30
its overestimation raises a cautionary note with respect to the reporting and
interpretation of omega-total.
An Examination of Pathological Gaming and its Impact
on Students Entering University
Weaver, Wesley.
Faculty Supervisor: Josephson, Wendy
The American Psychiatric Association included Internet gaming disorder
(IGD), or also known as pathological gaming, in the appendix of the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)
as a disorder needing further study. This study examines the detrimental impacts pathological gaming can have on an individuals life and personal psychological well-being among first year University students. More specifically,
I hypothesized first-year University students that are pathological gamers
would positively correlate with increased time playing video games and with
aggression and depression; while negatively correlating on measures of prosociality, satisfaction with life, self-esteem and academic achievement. Furthermore, I hypothesized that scoring higher on a pathological gaming scale would
increase the likelihood of that individual being single, rather than being in
a romantic relationship. The results supported my hypothesis for the above
correlates with IGD. Relationship status was found to be insignificant, but
the sample size for pathological gamers was extremely small. There are significant differences between non-gamers, gamers and pathological gamers as
well most notably the hours per day spent playing video games and levels
of aggression. If the DSM-5 threshold for diagnosis is met, the prevalence
of IGD among 17 through 22-year-olds is approximately 3.5%. Among those
individuals who are gamers, the prevalence rises to 8.5%.
31
Understanding the Role of Eating Disorder Symptomology in Media Ideal Prime and Implicit Measures of SelfActivation
Willyard, Amanda M., Ramseth, Kelsey J., Weigel, Stephanie H.,
Markis, Teresa A., McLennan, Conor T., Ferraro, F. Ric.
Student Affiliation University of North Dakota
Faculty Supervisor: Ferraro, Ric
Research has demonstrated individuals with an eating disorder selectively
attend to stimuli related to their concerns. However, there has been little
consistent evidence with non-clinical samples. In order to better understand
how women respond when body image concerns are activated, attentional
biases were examined in a non-clinical sample with varying levels of eating
disorder symptomatology (EDS) primed with images of the media ideal body.
Two separate analyses were conducted. The first analysis addressed whether
priming a non-clinical sample with the media ideal lead to attentional biases.
Findings revealed null effects. The second analysis addressed whether the relationship between prime and interference scores was moderated by EDS. A
hierarchical multiple regression revealed EDS moderated the impact of prime
on interference scores as evidenced by the addition of the interaction term
explaining an additional 5.1% of the total variance, F(1, 68) = 3.991, p = .05.
Simple slopes analysis revealed that there was a significant negative relationship between EDS and interference scores in the control prime group (b =
-0.637, SE = .225, p = .006), and a nonsignificant relationship between EDS
and interference scores in the media ideal prime group (b = .156, SE = .327, p
= .634). Findings from the current study suggest the importance of treating
measures of EDS as a continuous variable and that activation of body image
concerns may not explain the inconsistent findings with non-clinical samples.
32
Poster Presentation Abstracts
Examining Health Anxiety in Children and Adolescents
with Congenital Heart Defects
Amanda M. Oliver., Kristi D. Wright., Marta C. Erlandson., Corey
R. Tomczak.
Student Affiliation University of Regina
Faculty Supervisor: Wright, Kristi
Health anxiety refers to anxiety or concerns regarding bodily symptoms and
the belief that these symptoms may be indicative of a serious illness. While
health anxiety has been examined extensively in adults, there is a limited, yet
growing, body of research examining the construct in school-aged children
and adolescents. Currently, there is no research examining health anxiety in
specialized child or adolescent health populations. The purpose of this study
was to examine self-reported health anxiety and associated constructs (i.e.,
intolerance of uncertainty, anxiety sensitivity, DSM-IV anxiety symptom categories) in children and adolescents with congenital heart defects (CHD). We
hypothesized that children with CHD would demonstrate significantly higher
levels of health anxiety and associated constructs than typically developing
children. Twenty-nine children with CHD and 24 typically developing children ages 7 to 15 years (mean age = 11.42, SD = 2.41) completed a battery
of measures designed to assess health anxiety and associated constructs. Results demonstrated a statistically significant difference between groups across
all measures, as well as statistically significant associations between health
anxiety and associated construct measures. This investigation has provided
additional knowledge about health anxiety in children and adolescents in
general and, more specifically, for children with CHD. Understanding the relationship between health anxiety and associated constructs in children with
CHD may aid in the development and implementation of appropriate interventions.
33
Sadism and the Moral Judgment of Internet Trolls
Andjelovic, Tamara., Trapnell, Paul.
Faculty Supervisor: Trapnell, Paul
Recent findings suggest internet trolling is positively associated with sadistic
and callous interpersonal traits. The purpose of the current research was to
evaluate the specificity of the trolling relation to sadism in two studies. In
Study 1, I tested whether that association is due to a nonspecific tendency
to endorse antisocial behavior traits. Substantial positive correlation was observed within each of two measurement time points between Internet trolling
and dispositional sadism, however, as hypothesized, general aggressiveness
and hostility did not explain that association at either time point. Trait
aggressiveness mediated less than a third of that association when sadism
was narrowly defined, and none of that association when sadism was broadly
defined to include callous (but not impulsive) features of psychopathy. In
Study 2, a moral judgment task was used to evaluate whether persons who
self-identify as Internet trolls exhibit moral judgment response patterns similar to those recently observed to be characteristic of sadism. Replicating
previous research, sadism was positively correlated with positive feeling when
morally evaluating intentional and attempted, but not accidental, harm scenarios. Moral judgment results for trolling were similar to those of sadism,
as were the callous but not the impulsive aspect of psychopathy. Aggression
and hostility were unrelated to these positive affect ratings. These ratings
also significantly mediated a portion of the sadism and trolling association
with judgments of the wrongness, guilt, and punishment worthiness of a perpetrator. In summary, results in both studies suggest internet trolling may
have a specific, nontrivial association with sadism and callousness.
Passion and Perspective: How Does a Perspective Exercise Relate to Obsessive Passion with Academics?
Berard, Lindsay D H ., Johnson, Edward., Wang, Yunqiao.
Faculty Supervisor: Johnson, Edward
34
When an individual is passionate about an activity, it becomes a part of
their self-identity. Although self-concepts can change, obsessively passionate
individuals tend to possess a more rigid self-identity, with higher levels of
defensiveness (especially surrounding their beloved activity). If the activity
is threatened, their self-identity is negatively affected. Research has shown
that self-affirming tasks, when completed after a threat induction, can reduce
the effects of a threat, however, little research has been done to determine the
effectiveness of similar ‘self-concept widening’ tasks. Introductory Psychology students with varying levels of obsessive passion for academics recalled
a time when negative academic feedback was received. Students in the limited perspective condition were then asked to draw a ‘wedge’ on a self-circle
diagram, to outline how much success in academics represents who they are.
Those in the expanded perspective condition completed a perspective activity (ranking 8 domains in order of importance to self) prior to completing the
self-circle diagram. A significant difference, F(1, 171) = 52.94, p < .05, was
found when comparing academic wedge angle sizes between conditions, with
academics representing a larger portion of the self in the limited perspective.
Effectiveness of a Home-Based Modified Incidental Teaching Session to Improve Compliance
Cressman, Carly., Martin, Toby., Summers, Jessica.
Faculty Supervisor: Martin, Toby
Modified Incidental Teaching Sessions (MITS) were used by parents in a
home setting to teach compliance behaviours to 2 children aged 3-3.5 with
autism. In MITS, a child mands for the reinforcer prior to the session, and
sessions are repeated instantly for maximum impact. Participating families
identified three instructions to which their child typically responded incorrectly, parents then attempted to introduce MITS in a multiple baseline
across behaviours design. Parents were unable to master MITS successfully,
and both families dropped out of the study. They did not react favourably to
the treatment, with one family saying it was detrimental to the relationship
with their child. This research indicates that for MITS to be an effective
way to teach compliance behaviours in the home, the method needs to be
35
changed to be easier for the parents to learn and teach to their children.
The Road to Egalitarianism: Gender Scripts for Heterosexual First Dates
Curry, Emma., Cameron, Jessica.
Faculty Supervisor: Cameron, Jessica
Initiating romantic relationships typically entails uncertainty and anxiety.
Social norms, however, provide a script in which men and women are expected to play their roles. Studying these gender scripts and how they change
across time may reflect larger social changes in gender roles. In two studies, community and undergraduate participants completed online surveys to
examine the association between gender and gender scripts for romantic relationship initiation. Participants were randomly assigned to think about a
heterosexual couple going on a first date where no further information was
provided (traditional condition), or they had been told the couple had met
online (online condition) or were originally friends (friends-first condition).
Participants then indicated which partner (the man, the woman, both, or
neither) would engage in each of 31 behaviours on a heterosexual first date.
Undergraduate students also completed questionnaires on their sex role attitudes and attitudes towards women. We predicted that women would be
more egalitarian than men and that egalitarianism scores would be greatest
when the couple were friends first. Consistent with hypotheses, women were
more egalitarian than men in the community sample, yet there were no gender difference within the undergraduate sample, which was inconsistent with
predictions. Furthermore, undergraduate students held stronger egalitarian
attitudes for friends-first dates and community participants held stronger
egalitarian attitudes for both traditional and friends-first dates. Overall,
gender scripts for first dates have become more egalitarian than those reported 15 years ago.
36
Attributional Retraining Treatments’ Remedial Benefits: Achievement Differences for At-Risk and Non-Risk
Student Age Groups
Haeska, Alexandra., Perry, Raymond P., Parker, Patti C., Hamm,
Jeremy M.
Faculty Supervisor: Perry, Raymond
High school-to-university transitions can make previously successful students
struggle academically due to uncertain life experiences and lack of perceived
control. Within competitive achievement settings, researchers recognize the
influence of a control-enhancing treatment, Attributional Retraining (AR),
in altering students explanatory thinking from maladaptive (i.e., uncontrollable) to adaptive (i.e., controllable), with implications for academic performance. However, there is no empirical research about the effectiveness of a
recent AR variation: AR + causal attribution map (CAM). Unlike AR, AR
+ CAM augments explanatory thought by encouraging deep processing of information. This study examined cognitive, affective, and performance effects
of different motivational treatments for students making direct high schoolto-university transitions, using a quasi-experimental 2 (young, mature) × 3
(no-AR, AR, AR + CAM) factorial design. AR treatment (vs. AR + CAM
and no-AR) was hypothesized to be the best treatment for young students,
while AR + CAM would be more effective for mature students. Longitudinal data were collected online from Introductory Psychology students (N
= 1,184) over two academic terms. For young students, AR + CAM (vs.
AR and no-AR) was the most effective treatment at improving achievement.
For mature students, both AR and AR + CAM were ineffective in boosting
achievement performance, but AR was the least detrimental treatment. The
findings suggest young and mature students are distinct risk groups due to
life experience, based on an age main effect for cognitive elaboration. Investigation into treatment efficacy and risk groups can be used in applied
settings to refine resources that benefit at-risk students and reduce student
attrition.
37
Placement of Summary Information in a Training Manual to Conduct Behavioral Assessment
Heckert, Ryan., Yu, C.T.., Julio-Martin, Flavia.
Faculty Supervisor: Yu, C.T.
It is important to find preferred items among individuals with intellectual
and developmental disabilities because preference may offer a proxy of the
reinforcing value of different items. Preference can be assessed using stimulus
preference assessment procedures. However, to properly conduct these assessments, individuals need to be trained. Self-instructional manuals can be
effective to teach the multiple-stimulus-without-replacement (MSWO) procedure to individuals who do not have any prior knowledge of the procedure.
The present study consisted of a component analysis, in order to investigate
the effectiveness of replacing information summaries distributed throughout
a MSWO self-instructional manual versus summaries presented at the end of
each unit. The manual was divided into two parts, and simulated assessments
were completed after each part. The performance accuracy of the assessments
was examined among six university students. A between and within subjects
comparison design was used to assess whether or not the modification was
effective. There were significant improvements for both the distributed and
end-of-unit summaries over baseline. However, no format was better than
the other at improving the overall performance accuracy of the participants.
Further analyses indicated that participants performed better on the second
half of the manual regardless of summary placements. This may indicate
that a potential task effect was present, and further investigation would be
required. Future studies should examine which components of a training
manual are critical, and result in the most effective learning.
Adolescent Mothers Knowledge of Infant Development
and Their Infants Language Abilities
Holt, Alex., McDivitt, Karmen., Soderstrom, Melanie.
Faculty Supervisor: Soderstrom, Melanie
38
The present study examined the relationship between the language abilities of infants born to adolescent mothers and the mothers knowledge of
infant development using 22 mother and infant pairs. The LENA digital
processor (DLP) was used to record the home language environment and
the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory was used to
assess the infants language abilities. The mothers knowledge of infant development was assessed using the Knowledge of Infant Development Inventory
and then compared to a normative sample of adult mothers. As predicted,
it was found that as knowledge of infant development increased, the infants
understanding and production of speech increased. The adolescent mother
sample had less knowledge of infant development compared to the normative sample, but greater knowledge than a comparison teen mother and older
mother sample that were of a low socioeconomic status. There was no significant relationship found between maternal knowledge and maternal age of the
study sample, or between maternal knowledge and the productive language
abilities of the infant as computed by the LENA software. These findings
imply that the language development of infants born to adolescent mothers
could potentially be at risk if the mother has less knowledge of infant development and this may be an area worthy of future research and intervention
strategies.
Frequency and Correlates of Premenstrual Mood Disturbances in a University Sample
Hryhorchuk, Niki.
Faculty Supervisor: Rockman, Gary
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) has created a great deal of controversy within the clinical world. PMDD was first introduced in 2013 as
an official disorder in the Fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual (DSM). There has been concern that current high levels of PMDD
may be compared to major depression and justify a prescription for antidepressants. The present study examined the prevalence of characteristics of
PMDD among a university student population along with possible predictors
of PMDD. Participants were a total of 162 undergraduate female students
39
(N = 162). It was hypothesized that women would report many symptoms
of PMDD. It was suggested women who report many symptoms of depression, anxiety, rumination, and self-criticism during postmenses, would also
report symptoms of PMDD. Finally, women who reported many symptoms of
PMDD would report fewer symptoms of: depression during postmenses. In
this present study, 45.5% females (n=81) reported moderate to severe symptoms of PMDD. All four variables: depression, anxiety, rumination, and selfcriticism were highly correlated with PMDD. Although, women who reported
severe depression did report moderate to severe PMDD, of those women who
reported moderate to severe PMDD (n=81), only 4.9% (n=4) reported symptoms of severe depression. This study demonstrated that women who report
characteristics of PMDD, may in fact not present symptoms of severe depression, and therefore may not require medication for anti-depressants as
studies have suggested.
Likes and Dislikes on Facebook
Kempe, Tyler., Nesca, Marcella.
Facebook is changing the way people in engage in romantic relationships.
People often use Facebook to gather additional information about a romantic interest. We asked participants with an active Facebook account (N=331)
in our online questionnaire whether or not people’s level of romantic interest
was affected by the contents of the prospective partners profile, and if so
what that content was. Participants were asked if they had looked for warning signs and what qualified as a warning sign. Attractive photos, interests,
and personality positively affected participants views of prospective partners.
Unattractive photos, different interests, and immaturity negatively affected
participants views of prospective partners. The majority of participants did
look for warning signs that would indicate the romantic interest was not a
suitable prospect. Partying and drug use were the most commonly warning
sign, followed by inappropriate content and rudeness to others such as bullying. Our findings suggest that, especially if one is single, treat all content
you post to social media content as though one is making a first impression
- because you very well could be.
40
Parent-Reported Characteristics of Children with Nocturnal Enuresis and Toilet Training Experience
Lee, Janelle Boram., Soderstrom, Melanie., Eaton, Warren O.
Faculty Supervisor: Soderstrom, Melanie; Eaton, Warren
Nocturnal enuresis (NE) refers to an involuntary voiding of urine during
nighttime sleep into inappropriate locations, such as clothing and beds. Elimination Communication (EC) is a form of infant toileting in which potties
and elimination receptacles other than diapers are introduced to babies very
early, sometimes right at birth. The current online survey explored parentreported characteristics of their childrens NE severity and EC experiences.
The online survey methodology was used to explore the associations between
NE and various predictors, and provide an exploratory comparative analysis
of bedwetting experiences and child rearing methods between EC and nonEC groups. Of 216 completed survey responses, 112 were eligible for data
analysis. The hierarchical multiple regression model of the child NE severity
indicated that only child age was a significant predictor for child NE (r =
-0.06. p < .05). Comparisons of the EC and non-EC group suggested that
non-EC children were more likely to show no bedwetting behaviours than
EC children, and more EC parents were likely to use baby carriers and have
breastfed their children. The findings of the current study are an important contribution to research that addresses the expected outcomes of EC
practices, as well as a valuable addition to the medical and psychological
literatures examining the topic of childhood NE.
Adolescents’ Perceptions of Prosocial Teasing
Madziak, Rebecca., Glenwright, Melanie.
Faculty Supervisor: Glenwright, Melanie
Prosocial teasing is a playful behavior that functions to teach social norms
and enhance closeness. The goal of this study was to determine whether
41
having access to relationship information between the speaker and the addressee would influence adolescents interpretations of prosocial teasing. To
assess these interpretations, questions were asked about the speakers sincerity and intentions, and the addressees feelings. Sixty adolescents watched 12
videos containing either a prosocial tease or a sincere compliment directed
toward the speakers child, sibling, or friend. It was predicted that adolescents written responses would show that they interpret prosocial teases as
less sincere and more teasing than sincere compliments, and that adolescents
would indicate that addressees feel less happy after receiving prosocial teases
compared to literal compliments. Given the importance of friendships in
adolescence, I expected to see that teases delivered by peers would result in
the addressees feeling happier than those delivered by parents or siblings.
The results showed that adolescents rated parents delivering prosocial teases
as less sincere than when peers did so, and that teases made by both peers
and siblings were seen as less teasing than those that were made by parents.
Adolescents believed the addressee was more pleased receiving a prosocial
tease from a parent, than when they received a prosocial tease from a peer
or sibling. Adolescents have favorable views of prosocial teases exchanged
with parents, and this finding suggests that the parent-child relationship
represents an ideal forum for children and teens to learn about teasing and
ambiguous communication.
What Does Your Profile Tell Me About My Relationship? Social Comparison Information on Facebook
Paluszek, Michelle., Penniston, Trinda., Morry, Marian.
Social comparisons are common in our everyday lives. We make these comparisons to evaluate our performance relative to others. Social comparisons
are also a good source of information for making sense of our relationships.
People frequently use social media as a means to share information about
their relationships. In this study, we examine how viewing Facebook profiles
influence the thoughts one has about their own relationship. Research on social comparisons demonstrated that when individuals engage in off-line social
42
comparisons they tend to make three different interpretations: (1) upward
positive, (2) downward positive, and (3) negative (Morry & Sucharyna, in
press). These interpretations have been shown to have various implications
on relationship outcomes and the self. Participants were 170 introductory
psychology students in a romantic relationship who viewed fictional Facebook
profiles that portrayed a couple as doing better or worse off than the typical
relationship. Participants were asked to make implications about the relationship after making a social comparison. Hierarchical regressions indicated
that social comparison direction was marginally significant in predicting individuals happiness and state self-esteem. Additionally, social comparison
interpretations are important predictors of ones own relationship quality and
perceptions of the self. Contrary to our predictions, the direction of the
profiles had less of an impact than expected. Research suggests that social
comparisons impact perceptions of the self when comparisons are made to
a similar other (Wood, 1989). As the Facebook profiles displayed strangers,
they should have less of an impact relative to a close friend.
Development and Evaluation of an Online Self-Training
Program to Teach Basic Reinforcement Principles
Robitaille, Sophie., Roy-Wsiaki, Geneviève., Yu, C. T.
Faculty Supervisor: Roy-Wsiaki, Geneviève
The prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is approximately 1 in 68
children (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2014). A treatment that has been supported to be most effective for children with ASD is
Early Intensive Behavioural Intervention (EIBI) based on Applied Behaviour
Analysis (ABA). Often, the number of individuals requiring EIBI treatment
surpasses the availability of service providers, such that children must wait to
receive treatment. The purpose of my study was to develop and evaluate the
effectiveness of a self-training program intended to teach basic reinforcement
techniques to parents of children with ASD who have been placed on a waitlist. Components of the self-training program were first evaluated with two
university students, using an online Computer-Aided Personalized System of
Instruction (CAPSI). The self-training program consisted of 2 modules that
43
each included: reading materials, demonstration videos, and study questions.
A modified multiple-baseline design across two training modules was used,
with measures taken at baseline, training, and follow-up. Social validity
questionnaires were also administered during follow-up for each of the two
modules. Results demonstrated that one of the participants demonstrated
an improvement in performance accuracy following training across modules
1 and 2, with improvements maintaining at follow-up for module 1. Overall,
these findings lend support to the effectiveness of this self-training program.
With future revisions, this training program has the potential to offer parents
direct online access to helpful resources and information on how to reinforce
and increase their childs desirable behaviours.
Self-Compassion and Risk Taking in Problem and NonProblem Gambling
Single, Alanna., Schellenberg, Ben., Bailis, Dan.
Faculty Supervisor: Bailis, Dan
Self-compassion is a trait that leads to adaptive consequences after a loss or
failure. Little research has examined self-compassion prior to risky decisionmaking, but, in theory, it could result in either adaptive or maladaptive
consequences. The present study examined the influence that ones selfcompassion has on risky decision-making in the context of gambling. Furthermore, this influence was compared between individuals with relatively
high-risk or low-risk of problem gambling. A mass-testing survey had collected data on individuals levels of self-compassion and their degree of risk
for problem gambling. Introductory Psychology students (n = 179) from
the University of Manitoba were recruited for the study, consisting of individuals at little- to no-risk of problem gambling (n = 85) and moderate- to
high-risk of problem gambling (n = 94). Participants completed a simulated
card game known as the Iowa Gambling Task, which allowed for assessment
and discrimination between relatively risk-prone and risk-averse decisionmaking. Among non-problem gamblers, regression analyses showed that selfcompassion had no significant influence on Iowa Gambling Task performance.
However, among problem gamblers, higher self-compassion was significantly
44
associated with lower Iowa Gambling Task performance. These findings suggest that self-compassion could contribute to poor gambling outcomes by
promoting risky gambling play, and clinicians should be wary of promoting
self-compassion in problem gambling patients who continue to play.
Facebook Creeping? A Great Way to Find out About
Our Potential Partner!
Song, Hankyeol (Angela)., Nesca, Marcello., Petty, Sarah., Morry,
Marian.
Facebook creeping (the act of profiling and investigating a persons Facebook) has become the dominant form of investigating personal information
for romantic partners. A sample of 331 participants who identified as active
Facebook users completed an online questionnaire. We examined how the
participants used Facebook to learn more about a potential partner they had
met in real life, and some of the reasons of Facebook creeping were looking
for their photos, friends, relationship status, interests, career, and so on. The
participants stated their first, second, and third reasons in looking at a potential partners Facebook profile. In addition, we looked at specific qualities
that participants looked for when creeping on a potential partners Facebook
profile. The results of our study indicated that the majority of the participants searched their potential partners Facebook page within a week, and
the general reasons were to learn more about them. Participants also reported that when they are looking at a potential partners Facebook profile,
they tend to focus mostly on photogenic qualities, followed by looking for
mutual friends. Lastly, the primary quality that participants looked for was
personality with attractive photos being a close second.
45
The Ugly Side of a Selfie: Examining the Relationship
Between Selfies, Narcissism, and Self-Esteem
Swiergosz, Ashley.
Faculty Supervisor: Rockman, Gary
Selfies have become popular worldwide; however, much is unknown about
the relationship between selfies, narcissism, and self-esteem. We hypothesize
that people who score higher on the 40-item Narcissistic Inventory (NPI) will
take and post more selfies online compared to people who score lower on the
NPI. In addition, we predict that people who score lower on self-esteem will
take and post more selfies online compared to people who score higher on
self-esteem. In the current study, 130 undergraduate students were given 3
questionnaires assessing selfie frequency, narcissism, and self-esteem. As predicted, narcissism was positively correlated with selfies. However, contrary
to our second hypothesis, self-esteem was marginally positively correlated
with selfies. Future research should focus on understanding the causal relationship selfies play in narcissism and self-esteem.
46

Untitled - Up to the Theory Home Page

Transcription

Similar documents

Please join us on Facebook: www.facebook.com/einsteinaward

HERE - Manitoba Heavy Construction Association

Application Form and Information

HAVE YOUR PET FEATURED!

PDF - The Projector

Division Memo No. 101, s2015

Summer 2014 - Winnipeg Transit

A Guide to Cancer Services in Manitoba

Summer Fall 2006 - the Fire Commissioners Office of Manitoba

Your Guide - CancerCare Manitoba

The Winnipeg Arts Council

inside - The Uniter

A History of Electric Power in Manitoba