File - Virginia C Mueller Gathercole

Transcription

Language Transmission in Bilingual Families in Wales
TABLE 10.1
Distribution of questions according to the four category types
Language use in
Did you attend nursery/crèche?
the past (day
6a. What language did you speak there?
care):
6b. What did you speak with the leader?
6c. What about the other children? What language did they speak?
Language use at
4. What language do you speak to your teacher?
present (school):
5. What language do other children speak to your teacher?
7. In your school now, what language do you speak with your friends at play-time and lunch-time?
11. What sort of things do you learn about at school? Do you learn about these in Welsh/English/both/don’t
know?
12. When you write stories and other things in class, do you do this in Welsh, English, or both?
15. Do you read Welsh books in class with the teacher? Yes/No/don’t know? Do you remember the names of
the books?
Language use in
8. Name your 5 best friends. Do you speak to them in Welsh/English/both?
general (not school 14. Name your 3 favourite books.
specific):
16. Name your 3 favourite TV programmes.
18. What do you do outside of school? Do you do these in Welsh/English/both/don’t know? (Do you like doing
them?)
Attitudinal and
9. Do you like speaking Welsh with your friends? Why? Why not?
choice of language 10. Do you like speaking English with your friends? Why? Why not?
questions:
13. Do you like writing stories and things like that in Welsh?
17. If you had to choose to watch any of these pairs of programmes, which one would you choose? [Note: We
purposely chose items that were identical in content and could be watched in either language.]
Thomas the Tank Engine or Tomos y Tanc?
Planed Plant Bach or CeeBeebies?
Planed Plant or CBBC?
Fireman Sam or Sam Tan?
Bobinogi or Bobinogs?
18. What do you do outside of school? (Do you do these in Welsh/English/or both?) Do you like doing them?
261
TABLE 10.2. Correlations Child and Adult 'Factual' Questions
Lang to Nurser
Teacher y?
(W=5, (Yes
both=3, =1,
E=1,
No=0)
?=0)
Ch
Spearman
speaks rho
Sig. (2tailed)
N
Q 13A Spearman
Friends rho
to Child Sig. (2(ave:) tailed)
N
Q 14 Spearman
Nursery rho
:
Sig. (2tailed)
N
Q 15 Spearman
After- rho
school/ Sig. (2creche: tailed)
N
Q 16A
Teachers in
class
(ave:)
Q 16B
Teachers
outside
class
(ave:)
262
Spearman
rho
Sig. (2tailed)
N
Spearman
rho
Sig. (2tailed)
N
.073
Lang to Lang Lang to Lang to Lang to Lang to Lang to activity activity activity activity activity activity activity activity activity activity
Nurs
spoken friend 1 friend 2 friend 3 friend 4 friend 5 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Teacher now
(W=5, (W=5, (W=5, (W=5, (W=5, (W=5, (W=5, (W=5, (W=5, (W=5, (W=5, (W=5, (W=5, (W=5, (W=5,
(W=5, (W=5, both=3, both both=3, both=3, both=3, both=3, both=3, both=3, both=3, both=3, both=3, both=3, both=3, both=3, both=3,
both=3, both=3, E=1, =3,
E=1,
E=1,
E=1,
E=1,
E=1,
E=1,
E=1,
E=1,
E=1,
E=1,
E=1,
E=1,
E=1,
E=1,
E=1, ?=0)
E=1, ?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
-.285
.338
.243
.225
.169
.194
.042
.368
.468
.434
.619
.658
.365
.187
.498
.750
.866
.
.590
.033
.014
.071
.092
.208
.147
.761
.007
.024
.005
.102
.108
.040
.429
.172
.144
.333
.
57
.145
56
.065
52
.527
56
.678
57
.638
57
.552
57
.569
55
.438
53
.403
23
.278
40
.432
8
.410
7
.810
32
.481
20
.447
9
.170
5
.335
3
1.000
1
.
.287
.635
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.001
.003
.200
.006
.314
.027
.006
.055
.661
.581
.
.
56
-.105
55
.376
51
-.119
55
-.196
56
-.108
56
.011
56
-.200
54
-.058
52
-.119
23
-.092
39
-.222
8
.
7
.
31
-.225
19
-.365
9
.
5
-.395
3
.
1
.
.436
.004
.402
.148
.423
.938
.136
.672
.396
.675
.169
.
.
.215
.113
.
.510
.
.
57
-.073
56
.146
52
-.100
56
-.073
57
.006
57
.075
57
.093
55
.064
53
-.056
23
.144
40
-.350
8
.059
7
-.214
32
.029
20
-.093
9
.475
5
.395
3
.000
1
.
.594
.286
.485
.596
.968
.585
.496
.647
.694
.523
.027
.891
.645
.874
.696
.197
.510
1.000
.
56
55
51
55
56
56
56
54
52
22
40
8
7
32
20
9
5
3
1
.009
.006
.285
.303
.328
.237
.429
.133
-.021
-.221
.022
.174
.194
.225
.387
-.214
-.333
1.000
.
.947
.967
.045
.026
.014
.081
.001
.344
.882
.311
.894
.709
.713
.232
.113
.581
.667
.
.
55
.275
54
-.009
50
.400
54
.326
55
.336
55
.326
55
.435
53
.203
51
.199
23
.073
38
.196
7
.174
6
.112
30
.348
18
.295
9
-.214
4
-.333
2
1.000
0
.
.042
.951
.004
.016
.012
.015
.001
.145
.161
.741
.239
.709
.833
.060
.235
.581
.667
.
.
55
54
50
54
55
55
55
53
51
23
38
7
6
30
18
9
4
2
0
TABLE 10.2. Correlations Child and Adult 'Factual' Questions (continued)
Lang to Nurser
Teacher y?
(W=5, (Yes
both=3, =1,
E=1,
No=0)
?=0)
Q 16C
Child in
class
(ave:)
Q 16 D
Child
outside
class
(ave:)
Q 18
Child
Activities:
Lang to
Teacher
Nursery
?
Lang to
Nurs
Teacher
263
Spearman
rho
Sig. (2tailed)
N
.239
Spearman
rho
Sig. (2tailed)
N
Spearman
rho
Sig. (2tailed)
N
Spearman
rho
Sig. (2tailed)
N
Spearman
rho
Sig. (2tailed)
N
Spearman
rho
Sig. (2tailed)
N
Lang to Lang Lang to Lang to Lang to Lang to Lang to activity activity activity activity activity activity activity activity activity activity
Nurs
spoken friend 1 friend 2 friend 3 friend 4 friend 5 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Teacher now
(W=5, (W=5, (W=5, (W=5, (W=5, (W=5, (W=5, (W=5, (W=5, (W=5, (W=5, (W=5, (W=5, (W=5, (W=5,
(W=5, (W=5, both both=3, both=3, both=3, both=3, both=3, both=3, both=3, both=3, both=3, both=3, both=3, both=3, both=3, both=3,
both=3, both=3, =3,
E=1,
E=1,
E=1,
E=1,
E=1,
E=1,
E=1,
E=1,
E=1,
E=1,
E=1,
E=1,
E=1,
E=1,
E=1,
E=1, E=1, ?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
?=0) ?=0)
-.158
.359
.364 .308
.243
.452
.242
.121 -.068
.261
.174
.393
.268
.414 -.214 -.333 1.000
.
.082
.258
.010
.007
.023
.076
.001
.084
.404
.757
.119
.709
.440
.153
.088
.581
.667
.
.
54
53
50
54
54
54
54
52
50
23
37
7
6
30
18
9
4
2
0
.251
.138
.386
.320
.256
.220
.380
.143
.076
.049
.207
.174
.201
.305
.414
-.214
-.333
1.000
.
.064
.320
.006
.018
.059
.107
.004
.306
.596
.825
.213
.709
.703
.101
.088
.581
.667
.
.
55
.047
54
.104
50
.371
54
.393
55
.451
55
.306
55
.354
53
.280
51
.119
23
.223
38
.484
7
.464
6
.500
30
.495
18
.319
9
.086
4
-.112
2
-.866
0
.
.739
.464
.009
.004
.001
.026
.009
.047
.414
.332
.002
.247
.312
.005
.183
.827
.858
.333
.
53
1.000
52
-.121
49
-.043
52
.026
53
.152
53
.146
53
.118
51
.136
49
.106
21
.065
39
.136
8
.000
6
.
30
.281
19
-.062
9
.225
5
.
3
.
1
.
.
.374
.761
.848
.259
.278
.382
.324
.448
.767
.404
1.000
.
.120
.795
.560
.
.
.
57
56
1.000
52
.
56
.003
57
.206
57
.169
57
.071
55
-.073
53
.015
23
.
40
.058
8
.
7
.
32
.157
20
-.043
9
.569
5
.
3
.
1
.
.
.
.985
.128
.214
.603
.602
.914
.
.720
.
.
.392
.858
.109
.
.
.
56
52
1.000
55
.313
56
.169
56
.178
56
.310
54
.147
52
.207
23
.062
40
.215
8
.702
7
.529
32
.220
20
.263
9
-.132
5
.323
3
.866
1
.
.
.024
.231
.206
.025
.310
.159
.778
.196
.052
.222
.234
.277
.755
.596
.333
.
52
52
52
52
52
50
48
23
38
8
7
31
19
8
5
3
1
Lang to
Teacher
(W=5,
both=3,
E=1,
?=0)
Lang Spearman
spoken rho
now
Sig.
N
Lang to Spearman
friend 1 rho
Sig.
N
Lang to Spearman
friend 2 rho
Sig.
N
Lang to Spearman
friend 3 rho
Sig.
N
Lang to Spearman
friend 4 rho
Sig.
N
Lang to Spearman
friend 5 rho
Sig.
N
activity Spearman
1
rho
Sig.
N
264
Nursery
?
(Yes=1,
No=0)
Lang to
Nurs
Teacher
(W=5,
both=3,
E=1,
?=0)
Lang Lang to Lang to Lang to Lang to Lang to activity 1 activity 2 activity 3 activity 4 activity 5 activity 6 activity 7 activity 8 activity 9 activity
spoken friend 1 friend 2 friend 3 friend 4 friend 5 (W=5, (W=5, (W=5, (W=5, (W=5, (W=5, (W=5, (W=5, (W=5, 10
now
(W=5, (W=5, (W=5, (W=5, (W=5, both=3, both=3, both=3, both=3, both=3, both=3, both=3, both=3, both=3, (W=5,
(W=5, both=3, both=3, both=3, both=3, both=3, E=1,
E=1,
E=1,
E=1,
E=1,
E=1,
E=1,
E=1,
E=1,
both=3,
both=3, E=1, E=1, E=1, E=1, E=1, ?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
E=1,
E=1, ?=0) ?=0) ?=0)
?=0) ?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
1.000
.591
.615
.550
.544
.482
.346
.209
-.310
-.446
.345
.340
.120
.000
.
.
.
56
.000
56
1.000
.000
56
.728
.000
56
.565
.000
54
.405
.000
52
.451
.106
23
.453
.201
39
.327
.455
8
.000
.316
7
-.050
.053
32
.524
.142
20
.239
.758
9
.645
1.000
5
.125
.
3
.000
.
1
.
.
57
.000
57
1.000
.000
57
.712
.002
55
.442
.001
53
.557
.030
23
.325
.040
40
.205
1.000
8
.343
.916
7
.208
.002
32
.629
.310
20
.042
.060
9
.548
.841
5
.354
1.000
3
.866
.
1
.
.
57
.000
57
1.000
.001
55
.590
.000
53
.410
.130
23
.180
.205
40
.341
.406
8
.483
.655
7
.546
.000
32
.528
.862
20
.433
.127
9
.528
.559
5
.968
.333
3
.866
.
1
.
.
57
.000
55
1.000
.002
53
.411
.412
23
.202
.031
40
.265
.226
8
-.805
.205
7
-.902
.002
32
.433
.056
20
.235
.144
9
-.139
.007
5
.125
.333
3
.
.
1
.
.
55
.002
53
1.000
.379
21
.212
.108
38
.175
.029
7
-.227
.005
7
-.250
.015
31
.518
.333
19
.260
.767
7
.347
.841
5
.968
.
3
1.000
.
1
.
.
53
.370
20
1.000
.300
37
.243
.624
7
.316
.589
7
.000
.003
30
.436
.297
18
.211
.446
7
.408
.007
5
1.000
.
3
.
.
1
.
.
23
.303
20
.541
6
1.000
5
.280
8
.688
6
.495
5
.
3
.
1
.
0
activity Spear2
man rho
Sig.
N
activity Spear3
man rho
Sig.
N
activity Spear4
man rho
Sig.
N
activity Spear5
man rho
Sig.
N
activity Spear6
man rho
Sig.
N
activity Spear7
man rho
Sig.
N
activity Spear8
man rho
Sig.
N
activity Spear9
man rho
Sig.
N
activity Spear10
man rho
Sig.
N
265
act. 2
1.000
act. 3
.929
act. 4
.955
act. 5
.518
act. 6
.429
act. 7
.000
act. 8
.825
act. 9 act. 10
1.000
.
.
40
.001
8
1.000
.003
6
1.000
.013
22
.
.098
16
.
1.000
5
1.000
.086
5
.
.
2
.
.
1
.
.
8
.
3
1.000
.
1
.500
.
1
.500
.
3
.
.
1
.
.
1
.
.
1
.
.
7
.391
5
1.000
.667
3
.413
.
0
.
.
1
.816
.
1
.866
.
1
.
.
32
.079
19
1.000
.
3
.
.184
4
.750
.333
3
1.000
.
1
.
.
20
.
2
1.000
.144
5
.
.
2
.
.
1
.
.
9
.
0
1.000
.
1
1.000
.
0
.
.
5
1.000
.
2
1.000
.
1
.
.
2
.
.
3
.
.
1
.
.
1
.
1
.
1
TABLE 10.3
Correlations Child and Parent Attitudes and Constellation of Speakers
Lang to
Teacher
(W=5,
both=3,
E=1,
?=0)
Ch
Spearman rho
speaks Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Adult
Spearman rho
Categ Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Q 10A Spearman rho
Mother Sig. (2-tailed)
to Ch
N
Q 11A Spearman rho
Father Sig. (2-tailed)
to Ch
N
Q 10B Spearman rho
Ch to
Sig. (2-tailed)
Mother N
(ave)
Q 11B Spearman rho
Ch to
Sig. (2-tailed)
Father N
(ave)
Q 12A Spearman rho
Siblings Sig. (2-tailed)
to Child N
Q 12B Spearman rho
Child to Sig. (2-tailed)
Siblings N
(ave)
Q 13A Spearman rho
Friends Sig. (2-tailed)
to Child N
266
Lang to
language language language language language language likes to
likes to
like writing like writing name 3 TV W v E TV
Nurs
spoken
to friend 1 to friend 2 to friend 3 to friend 4 to friend 5 speak
speak
in Welsh in English progs
progs
Teacher
now (W=5, (W=5,
(W=5,
(W=5,
(W=5,
(W=5,
Welsh?
English
(yes=3,
(yes=3,
(all W=3, (all W=3,
(W=5,
both=3,
both=3,
both=3,
both=3,
both=3,
both=3,
(yes=3,
(yes=3,
no=1,
no=1,
W>E=2,
W>E=2,
both=3,
E=1,
E=1,
E=1,
E=1,
E=1,
E=1,
no=1,
no=1,
?=0)
?=0)
E>W=1,
E>W=1,
E=1,
?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
no W=0) no W=0)
?=0)
.073
.338
.243
.225
.169
.194
.042
.368
.176
.290
.045
.123
.152
.213
.590
.014
.071
.092
.208
.147
.761
.007
.190
.031
.755
.474
.268
.137
57
52
56
57
57
57
55
53
57
55
51
36
55
50
.023
.393
.452
.415
.338
.434
.145
.129
.373
-.015
.063
-.039
.025
.301
.865
.004
.000
.001
.010
.001
.290
.357
.004
.915
.660
.823
.859
.034
57
52
56
57
57
57
55
53
57
55
51
36
55
50
.191
.681
.306
.216
.263
.365
.115
.189
.092
-.002
.016
.060
.234
.158
.155
.000
.022
.106
.048
.005
.403
.174
.497
.988
.909
.729
.085
.273
57
52
56
57
57
57
55
53
57
55
51
36
55
50
.164
.413
.333
.373
.278
.363
.377
.155
.117
-.089
-.151
-.161
-.019
.221
.222
.002
.012
.004
.036
.006
.005
.268
.384
.519
.289
.349
.890
.122
57
52
56
57
57
57
55
53
57
55
51
36
55
50
.224
.678
.392
.246
.348
.435
.212
.260
.191
-.054
.050
.032
.184
.112
.095
.000
.003
.065
.008
.001
.121
.060
.154
.693
.728
.851
.179
.439
57
52
56
57
57
57
55
53
57
55
51
36
55
50
.158
.246
56
.450
.001
51
.290
.032
55
.398
.002
56
.317
.017
56
.400
.002
56
.314
.021
54
.205
.145
52
.107
.431
56
-.052
.709
54
-.145
.317
50
-.208
.230
35
-.014
.917
54
.246
.089
49
.142
.309
53
.148
.286
54
.600
.000
48
.621
.000
49
.372
.007
52
.428
.001
53
.328
.016
53
.378
.005
54
.279
.043
53
.316
.020
54
.525
.000
53
.538
.000
54
.361
.009
51
.331
.017
52
.160
.271
49
.175
.224
50
.158
.260
53
.217
.115
54
-.124
.386
51
-.137
.333
52
-.035
.814
47
-.027
.857
48
-.055
.766
32
-.043
.810
33
.127
.368
52
.114
.422
52
.224
.126
48
.204
.159
49
.145
.287
56
.527
.000
51
.678
.000
55
.638
.000
56
.552
.000
56
.569
.000
56
.438
.001
54
.403
.003
52
.190
.161
56
-.308
.024
54
.012
.936
50
-.289
.092
35
.211
.125
54
.189
.195
49
TABLE 10.3
Correlations Child and Parent Attitudes and Constellation of Speakers (continued)
Lang to
Teacher
(W=5,
both=3,
E=1,
?=0)
Q 13B
Ch to
Friends
(ave)
Q 16A
Teachers
in class
Spearman
rho
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Spearman
rho
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Q 16B
Spearman
Teachers rho
outside Sig. (2-tailed)
class
N
Q 16C
Spearman
Child in rho
class
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Q 16 D Spearman
Child
rho
outside Sig. (2-tailed)
class
N
Lang to Spearman
Teacher rho
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Lang to Spearman
Nurs
rho
Teacher Sig. (2-tailed)
N
267
Lang to
language language language language language language likes to
likes to
like writing like writing name 3 TV W v E TV
Nurs
spoken
to friend 1 to friend 2 to friend 3 to friend 4 to friend 5 speak
speak
in Welsh in English progs
progs
Teacher
now (W=5, (W=5,
(W=5,
(W=5,
(W=5,
(W=5,
Welsh?
English
(yes=3,
(yes=3,
(all W=3, (all W=3,
(W=5,
both=3,
both=3,
both=3,
both=3,
both=3,
both=3,
(yes=3,
(yes=3,
no=1,
no=1,
W>E=2,
W>E=2,
both=3,
E=1,
E=1,
E=1,
E=1,
E=1,
E=1,
no=1,
no=1,
?=0)
?=0)
E>W=1,
E>W=1,
E=1,
?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
?=0)
no W=0) no W=0)
?=0)
.108
.478
.610
.586
.495
.515
.319
.347
.151
-.204
-.001
-.250
.292
.102
.423
57
.009
.000
52
.285
.000
56
.303
.000
57
.328
.000
57
.237
.000
57
.429
.018
55
.133
.011
53
-.021
.261
57
.026
.135
55
-.075
.994
51
-.111
.141
36
-.140
.031
55
.076
.480
50
.153
.947
55
.275
.045
50
.400
.026
54
.326
.014
55
.336
.081
55
.326
.001
55
.435
.344
53
.203
.882
51
.199
.849
55
.267
.591
53
.111
.448
49
-.063
.430
34
-.027
.587
53
.190
.300
48
.086
.042
55
.239
.004
50
.359
.016
54
.364
.012
55
.308
.015
55
.243
.001
55
.452
.145
53
.242
.161
51
.121
.049
55
.089
.429
53
.059
.666
49
-.108
.879
34
-.114
.174
53
.045
.561
48
.077
.082
54
.251
.010
50
.386
.007
54
.320
.023
54
.256
.076
54
.220
.001
54
.380
.084
52
.143
.404
50
.076
.521
54
.130
.680
52
.058
.462
49
-.071
.527
33
-.041
.752
52
.031
.605
47
-.018
.064
55
1.000
.006
50
-.043
.018
54
.026
.059
55
.152
.107
55
.146
.004
55
.118
.306
53
.136
.596
51
.106
.344
55
.136
.681
53
.219
.629
49
.166
.819
34
.287
.828
53
.120
.905
48
.172
.
57
.761
52
1.000
.848
56
.313
.259
57
.169
.278
57
.178
.382
57
.310
.324
55
.147
.448
53
.207
.313
57
-.049
.108
55
-.074
.244
51
-.120
.090
36
-.205
.381
55
.316
.234
50
-.162
.
52
.024
52
.231
52
.206
52
.025
52
.310
50
.159
48
.729
52
.609
50
.411
49
.253
33
.026
50
.286
45
TABLE 10.3
Lang to
Teacher
(W=5,
both=3,
E=1,
?=0)
language Spearman
spoken rho
now
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
language Spearman
to friend 1 rho
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
language Spearman
to friend 2 rho
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
language Spearman
to friend 3 rho
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
language Spearman
to friend 4 rho
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
language Spearman
to friend 5 rho
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
268
Lang to
Nurs
Teacher
(W=5,
both=3,
E=1,
?=0)
language
spoken
now (W=5,
both=3,
E=1,
?=0)
language
to friend 1
(W=5,
both=3,
E=1,
?=0)
language
to friend 2
(W=5,
both=3,
E=1,
?=0)
language
to friend 3
(W=5,
both=3,
E=1,
?=0)
language
to friend 4
(W=5,
both=3,
E=1,
?=0)
language
to friend 5
(W=5,
both=3,
E=1,
?=0)
likes to
speak
Welsh?
(yes=3,
no=1,
?=0)
likes to
speak
English
(yes=3,
no=1,
?=0)
like writing
in Welsh
(yes=3,
no=1,
?=0)
like writing
in English
(yes=3,
no=1,
?=0)
name 3 TV W v E TV
progs
progs
(all W=3, (all W=3,
W>E=2,
W>E=2,
E>W=1,
E>W=1,
no W=0) no W=0)
1.000
.591
.615
.550
.544
.482
.355
-.323
.274
-.135
.105
.062
.
56
.000
56
1.000
.000
56
.728
.000
56
.565
.000
54
.405
.000
52
.451
.007
56
.407
.017
54
-.298
.052
51
.233
.441
35
-.213
.448
54
.126
.671
49
.249
.
57
.000
57
1.000
.000
57
.712
.002
55
.442
.001
53
.557
.002
57
.470
.027
55
-.317
.100
51
.270
.212
36
-.243
.358
55
.004
.081
50
.093
.
57
.000
57
1.000
.001
55
.590
.000
53
.410
.000
57
.499
.018
55
-.352
.056
51
.253
.153
36
-.171
.978
55
.026
.522
50
.226
.
57
.000
55
1.000
.002
53
.411
.000
57
.269
.008
55
-.366
.073
51
.278
.319
36
-.225
.851
55
.023
.115
50
.171
.
55
.002
53
1.000
.047
55
.310
.007
53
-.019
.053
49
.500
.193
35
.084
.870
53
.154
.245
48
-.072
.
53
.024
53
.896
51
.000
47
.635
34
.281
51
.636
46
TABLE 10.3
Lang to
Teacher
(W=5,
both=3,
E=1,
?=0)
likes to Spearman rho
speak Sig. (2-tailed)
Welsh? N
likes to Spearman rho
speak Sig. (2-tailed)
English N
like
Spearman rho
writing Sig. (2-tailed)
in Welsh N
like
Spearman rho
writing Sig. (2-tailed)
in
N
English
name 3 Spearman rho
TV
Sig. (2-tailed)
progs
N
WvE
TV
progs
269
Spearman rho
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Lang to
Nurs
Teacher
(W=5,
both=3,
E=1,
?=0)
language
spoken
now (W=5,
both=3,
E=1,
?=0)
language
to friend 1
(W=5,
both=3,
E=1,
?=0)
language
to friend 2
(W=5,
both=3,
E=1,
?=0)
language
to friend 3
(W=5,
both=3,
E=1,
?=0)
language
to friend 4
(W=5,
both=3,
E=1,
?=0)
language
to friend 5
(W=5,
both=3,
E=1,
?=0)
likes to
speak
Welsh?
(yes=3,
no=1,
?=0)
1.000
.
57
likes to
speak
English
(yes=3,
no=1,
?=0)
-.138
.315
55
1.000
.
55
like writing
in Welsh
(yes=3,
no=1,
?=0)
.422
.002
51
.039
.790
49
1.000
.
51
like writing
in English
(yes=3,
no=1,
?=0)
.014
.935
36
.412
.012
36
.172
.331
34
1.000
.
36
name 3 TV W v E TV
progs
progs
(all W=3, (all W=3,
W>E=2,
W>E=2,
E>W=1,
E>W=1,
no W=0) no W=0)
-.017
.899
55
.153
.273
53
.023
.874
49
.238
.175
34
.398
.004
50
-.009
.949
48
.183
.234
44
.292
.118
30
1.000
.
55
.134
.364
48
1.000
.
50
TABLE 10.4
Reasons for Liking or Disliking Speaking Welsh and English
WELSH
Positive reasons:
(1) Language spoken by friends:
(i)They speak Welsh too
(ii)Achos mae ffrindiau'n siarad Cymraeg (“because
friends speak Welsh”)
(iii)Am fod fo'n siarad Cymraeg (“because he speaks
Welsh”)
(iv)Dyna ‘di iaith nw (“that’s their language”)
(v)Because they speak Welsh
ENGLISH
(i)Iwan speaks English
(ii)Maen nhw'n deall Saesneg (“they understand English”)
(iii)Efo rhai, pan efo plant Saesneg (“with some, when
with English children”)
(2) Attitudes towards the language:
(i)likes to speak more than one language
(ii)Jyst lecio (“(I) just like”)
(2) Attitude towards the language:
(i)Achos 'dw i'n hoffi (“because I like”)
(ii)I like Welsh
(iii)Achos ‘dw i'n hoffi Cymraeg (‘because I like Welsh”)
(iv)Byw yng Nghymru (“living in Wales”)
Negative reasons:
(i)‘Dw i ddim yn lecio Cymraeg (“I don’t like Welsh”)
(ii)I don’t like speaking Welsh
(i)Dim ond rhai sy'n deall Cymraeg (“only a few
understand Welsh”)
(1) Language of the school:
(i)Achos fe fydd Mrs Thomas yn gweiddi! (“because Mrs.
Thomas will shout!”)
(ii)‘cause it's a Welsh school
(iii)Because ‘da ni ddim i fod i (“because we’re not
supposed to”)
(i)Well gen i siarad Cymraeg (“I prefer to speak Welsh”)
(3) Perceived competence:
(i)Galetach (“harder”)
(ii)I cannot speak English
(iii)Methu siarad Saesneg (“cannot speak English”)
270
NR/DK
40.0
0.9
0.8
25.0
1
10.0
W&E
10.0
W
7.1
FIGURE 10.1
Language Spoken to Teacher (Child Response)
60.0
0.3
80.0
0.4
75.0
0.5
92.9
0.6
100
PERCENT
0.7
0.2
0.1
0
W-W
W-E
E-W
Adult Category
271
BIL
E-E
FIGURE 10.2
Q16A: Language Spoken by Teacher to Child in Class (Parental
Response)
W&E
W-E
50.0
0.2
22.2
22.2
55.6
28.6
W-W
0.3
72.7
0.4
90.0
0.6
90.9
PERCENT
0.7
14.3
0.8
0.5
mostly E
9.1
18.2
0.9
10.0
9.1
1
mostly W
7.1
W
0.1
0
E-W
Adult Category
272
BIL
E-E
FIGURE 10.3
Q16B: Language Spoken by Teacher to Child Outside the Classroom
(Parental Response)
9.1
0.8
21.4
0.9
18.2
10.0
21.4
0.4
50.0
0.3
72.7
0.5
90.0
0.6
100
PERCENT
0.7
11.1
1
DK/NR
22.2
mostly E
44.4
W&E
0.2
44.4
mostly W
7.1
W
0.1
0
W-W
W-E
E-W
Adult Category
273
BIL
E-E
FIGURE 10.4
Q16C: Language Spoken by Child to Teacher in Class (Parental
Response)
W&E
mostly E
7.1
50.0
0.3
0.2
25.0
37.5
0.4
72.7
80.0
0.5
7.1
0.6
100
PERCENT
0.7
25.0
28.6
0.8
18.2
10.0
0.9
7.1
9.1
1
DK/NR
12.5
mostly W
10.0
W
0.1
0
W-W
W-E
E-W
Adult Category
274
BIL
E-E
FIGURE 10.5
Q16D: Language Spoken by Child to Teacher Outside the Classroom
(Parental Response)
11.1
11.1
22.2
50.0
0.3
0.2
0.1
33.3
0.4
72.7
80.0
100
0.5
7.1
0.6
NR/DK
22.2
0.7
PERCENT
7.1
9.1
0.8
14.3
10.0
0.9
E
21.4
1
mostly E
9.1
W&E
9.1
mostly W
10.0
W
0
W-W
W-E
E-W
Adult Category
275
BIL
E-E
FIGURE 10.6
Language Spoken Now (Child Response)
0.6
7.1
55.6
25.0
0
W-W
W-E
Adult Category
22.2
BIL
14.3
0.1
22.2
21.4
E-W
30.0
0.2
50.0
0.3
72.7
0.5
0.4
276
NR/DK
57.1
60.0
0.7
PERCENT
E
25.0
0.8
10.0
0.9
18.2
1
W&E
9.1
W
E-E
FIGURE 10.7
Child Speaks (Parent Response)
E
20.0
1
7.1
W&E
8.3
W
0.9
70.0
0.4
92.9
0.5
91.7
0.6
80.0
PERCENT
0.7
63.6
0.8
E-W
BIL
E-E
10.0
0.1
20.0
0.2
36.4
0.3
0
W-W
W-E
Adult Category
277
FIGURE 10.8
Language to Nursery Teacher (Child Response)
E
NR/DK
10.0
1
W&E
12.5
9.1
W
22.2
55.6
42.9
0.3
70.0
0.4
62.5
0.5
7.1
0.6
90.9
PERCENT
0.7
50.0
12.5
0.8
20.0
12.5
0.9
22.2
0.2
0.1
0
W-W
W-E
E-W
Adult Category
278
BIL
E-E
Yes
No
NR/DK
10.0
9.1
FIGURE 10.9
Like Speaking Welsh (Child Response)
0.9
40.0
0.8
28.6
16.7
1
71.4
0.4
83.3
0.5
100
0.6
90.9
PERCENT
0.7
50.0
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
W-W
W-E
E-W
Adult Category
279
BIL
E-E
FIGURE 10.10
Top 3 TV Programmes
All W
W>E
W=E
E>W
All E
1
0.9
100
W&E
NR/DK
14.3
mostly W
7.7
always W
14.3
9.1 9.1
9.1
9.1
0
15.4
0.1
7.7
0.2
23.1
0.4
0.3
All E
23.1
0.5
100
71.4
53.8
63.6
0.6
15.4
PERCENT
0.7
53.8
0.8
mostly E
Language(s) spoken by friends to child (adult response)
280
FIGURE 10.11
Welsh vs. English TV
10.0
7.7
50.0
15.4
20.0
0.3
30.8
55.6
45.5
0.4
57.1
0.6
0.5
All E
30.8
0.7
PERCENT
E>W
45.5
0.8
W=E
22.2
0.9
W>E
14.3
1
14.3
All W
W-W
W-E
E-W
Adult Category
281
BIL
20.0
15.4
9.1
0
22.2
0.1
14.3
0.2
E-E
FIGURE 10.12
Language Spoken to Nursery Teacher (Child Response)
20.0
0.8
27.3
40.0
0.4
33.3
0.5
57.1
0.6
92.3
PERCENT
0.7
NR/DK
14.3
33.3
0.9
E
45.5
3.8
1
W&E
20.0
3.8
W
always W
W&E
mostly E
Language(s) spoken by mother to child
282
14.3
mostly W
0
14.3
27.3
0.1
20.0
0.2
33.3
0.3
always E
FIGURE 10.13
Language(s) Spoken Now at School (Child Response)
W&E
E
NR/DK
3.4
W
54.5
60.0
0.6
66.7
PERCENT
0.7
34.5
0.8
62.5
13.8
0.9
20.0
1
0.5
0
always W
mostly W
W&E
mostly E
Language(s) spoken by mother to child
283
37.5
27.3
20.0
0.1
18.2
0.2
33.3
0.3
48.3
0.4
always E
mostly W
W&E
33.3
0.2
0.1
31.3
42.9
0.3
60.0
0.4
25.0
0.5
100
37.5
28.6
0.6
85.0
PERCENT
0.7
NR/DK
66.7
20.0
0.8
E
6.3
W&E
28.6
W
20.0
0.9
5.0
1
10.0
FIGURE 10.14
Language Spoken to Nursery Teacher (Child Response)
0
always W
mostly E
always E
Language(s) spoken by father to child
284
NR/DK
FIGURE 10.15
Language Use Now at School (Child Response)
E
NR/DK
43.8
100
75.0
57.1
40.0
0.6
25.0
0.1
25.0
0.2
42.9
0.3
60.0
0.4
31.3
0.5
65.2
PERCENT
0.7
21.7
0.9
0.8
W&E
8.7
4.3
1
W
0
always W
mostly W
W&E
mostly E
always E
Language(s) spoken by father to child
285
NR/DK

File - Virginia C Mueller Gathercole

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Index to Volume XI - Middle Tennessee Genealogical Society