VIOM TOI - kysucongnghe

VIOM TOI,
M OT G CSC C HO LON
Nguyin Van Tan CN1
TuOi dai cang cao, ngmei ta cang nher chuyen
di, nhirt là nhfing chuyen thei tha au, nher I6i
x6m, tiller Ong ha cha mc, nher tntong hoc, nher ban
be, thay co, nguai throng ke , ghet, nher mOt ban
nhac, vai trO choi tre con ..., roi lan them len, nha
nhcing lan di thi, bat du thich cac co ... Nhi-mg
chuyen khong dau nhtmg moi khi vui dUa vai ddm
chau nOi, ngoai, dang lem là dau Oc t6i lai nhe lam
sao nhcmg ngdy minh can the nhu chimg.
Tir may nam gan day, m6i , lan thay tren bao
hay tren Internet ce bai viet v ngay xua Or VN,
nhe nha nha que, dc biet la que mien Nam Id ted
nhirt dinh phai dgc. T8i rat thich doe nhang DecSan ciia cdc hOi the,tinh thanh Mien Nam;
M6i khi gap nhimg nguai loi ca tu8i toi, t6i co the
ngOi hang gia nghe ke nhitng chuyen tnrerng lang,
truang tinh, bat ca., nuoi chim chew, nuoi ga cla
chuyen Saigon, Cho Lan, Gia Dinh
Nai toi trai qua then con nit (cdi thin , ma ai
cling "kieu" chimg ted là "tgi con nit"), r6i nien
thieu, là met ch6 thi tft on ao, dU truerc nha khong
có cho,blia nhtmg lAc nao ding giOng nhu "Thi tai
mon tien nao" trong bai "chit Nhan" cna Nguyen
Cong Trd, ma "nguyet lai mon" thi ding khong
"ha than" chnt nao. DUng vay, lOc nao ding On
ao, du Ira& cCra khong c6 nh6m chg, dO tang
thanh ce hien ngay truck nha. Day thuOc thanh
pho Ch? Lon, dc biet IA khu quart 5 dm thu do
Saigon. Luc toi duoc 16i bon, nam tuoi gi de,
ding Saigon co 3 thanh pho rieng rê, dirge phan
chia ro rang. Thanh pho Cholon dirge Phdp ggi
là Cholon Ville, khac \red khu ngoai 0 Cho Lan
c6 ten la Province De Cholon (Tinh Cholon).
Cho Len ra Saigon van cOn nhimg khu ao viing
thing trai nam gitra hai thanh pho.
128 • Dac San SO 5 K2 Su Cong Ngh0
Luc bay gier, nguoi ta chi "kieu", (goi) -Mit&
la "con nit tai bay", hay la "xay 10 co" theo tieng
ngueri Hoa. Ma da IA con nit thi chi dugc phdp
ned chuyen vai con nit then. Nhang lan dirge tiep
xiic Arai nguoi lern la khi tui toi duoc sai Neu lam
chuyen gi do hay Mtge day c16 (dung ra là bat bu0c)
la each song phai nhu vay nhu vay Ngued lern
nOi chuyen kh8ng &roc "xia" v8, hoc bi che
"an noi tam xam cil de", "cdi thang ba xi ba
nOi nang thong ra cai ddm an nao het; thang xao
ke di ch8 khac chai ". Vi vay, con nit tai t6i gap
nhau ned chuyen "tia ha" nhtmg gap ngued lern thi
im Fang phang phac. May 8ng gid (thiet ra chi loi
ten 30 tad tiled) ray con cai "N6i, vai tui bay nhu
nuec d6 lá mon; nhu nuot de dau vit; nhu
khdy tai frau; cdi thang an ned nhu dOi dye cham
maim nem ..." Day la nhang gia-dinh co hgc thirc
phan nao, can nhung gia-dinh binh clan lao dOng
cc nhoc toi ngay thi ray con nhu chued Ion, lam
khi Wc flu nira. Nhung hay cai cho IA sau nay con
nit Ali tOi lan len, dO tr gia-dinh kha gia hay bib
clan ngheo, tat cd du ton kith cha mg.
Viet bai nay, Lei co 5r rang clang nialng,tir
kic, ding ch6 then ay, bat dau 4-5 Mei, 161 194243 gi do, khi ,tri 6c toi bat dau biet ghi nher,
cam ve
s8 so viec. Thiet ra, giay ghi noi sanh
toi IA An Phuom, Ben Tre. MA t8i noi "tao sanh
may a lang MST" LOng". Hinh nhu khi t6i dirge
3- 4 tuOi gi de, Ba ilk xin d6i ve day hoc a Binh
Wong thuOc tinh Chg Len bay gia. TO Ben Tre,
que ngoai, gia dinh toi don vea XOm Ciii, Chg
Lon, gan que' nei cUa tOi. , Ong NOi toi a lang
Lac, each cau Cha VA, Cau Nhi Thien Dtheng loi
5-6 cay s6 thrai, cach , cau Ong Thinh chimg 2-3
cay s6, cay cau gan Can Giu0c tren lien tinh 10 di
GO C8ng. Liic bay gia lang Phil Lac hoan toan
met vimg que vai nha elm thua that, rung &mg
khap nth.
Ng tai XOm Cu met theri gian thi gia-dinh
don ve so 286 duOng Armand Rousseau, gan nha
thuong Chg Ray. Ngay truok mat nha, ben kia
duong la vach tuang nha thuang Chg Ray. Ve
phia trai co con throng Marechal Foch, ten met
I the chien (sau la Nguy'en
/Ong th6ng che theri
Van Thoai, L9 Thuthg Kit) roi tad hang rugu bia
Con Cop BGI voi may cai "villa" del) cho Tay Cr.
Cach met con duerng la san "da bath" (van dung)
Renault, sau dei la "sari van (ging Ceng Hoa".
Tnnk mat "san banh" co "dal thanh" tay Chg Lon
(nghia-clia), ,c6 ma (me) hoc-sinh Tran Van On va
rat nhieu mo ma Phap, Viet rat cil, ghi dü ten tuoi
nguesi chet. Duerng Armand Rousseau sau dolt ten
thanh J J Rousseau, roi Nhan Vi, roi Tran Hoang
Quan (Nguyen Chi Thanh), throng Marechal Foch
thanh Nguyen Van Thoai, roi L Thueng
Dat Thanh Tay bi pha b6, duck xay cat lE lam met
chung cu. Thiet la chuyen clang tiec vi do la met
nghla dja kha xua, co the la met ncri de tharn vieng
cho khach du lich. Nhieu nuot tren the giOi van
gift gin Icy luong cac nghla-dia, va Ewe rat nhieu
du khkh khap nth den tham, noi tieng co nghladia xua O. New Orlean, Louisiana. "Dat Thanh
Tay" dugc bao hoc bei met rao tubing gach cao
chimg met thu6c. Ben trong CO nha a cho ngueri
gac-dan nghla-dia, vi vay mo ma, cac loi di, cay
coi du dugc chain sec sach se. Khu We nay rat
yang, mE Ian met minh di qua do t6i sg lam. Cho
toi bay gi6, thinh thoang toi van chiem bao thay
met minh di qua nghia dia vira run vita chay. Sau
nay, nhitng con dining xung quanh san van dung
duck dung lam ch0 tap lai xe va thi lay bang
xe. Sau nam 1975 thi nghla dia d8 thank' Saigon
duerng HE Ba Tnmg, nth can có nhang ng8i me
rat xua cling nhu nhimg ngoi me dm nhimg nhan
vat noi, tieng met theri, cling hi pha be. Thiet la
dang tiec. Sao ma giong nhu Gia Long tra thu vua
Quang Trung va tuemg si cUa ngai.
a
Gia dinh toi a can phe thu'ec met day ph6 lau
19 can, bat dau tir s8 nha 270, nha CO nuot "may",
CO den dien, cO cau tieu "may". Chit "may" CO
nghia la chi van cai vOi la CO nu& chay ra, chi
keo sgi day la thee xà xueng rira sach eau tieu.
Tire nhien, day la loai cau ngei chom Mm, nhung
vay cling la sang lam r8i. Nhieu nha xung quanh
con phai ding eau tieu thing, phai ra "phOng ten
nuac" (tir chit Phap "fontaine") ganh timg &ôi
nu& ve xai. 1Chi thing day thi CO phu tad dem di
do. Truot 1975, cac thanh pho mien Nam khong
noi nao c6n eau tieu thing nen, nhung bay gia
nai "dinh cao tri tue", ngay Ca Ha Nei, ngueri ta
IchOng b6 phi ma "recycle" cai mon Eu Mn dm
"tit khodi" va tu cho minh giei nhirt the giai. Vai
thang sau 4/75, met ban KSCN dirge di c8ng tac
6 Ha Nei, ye thuat lai la da 16e mat (lac mat) khi
tha'y dm hang an uong nha these c6 treo cai bang
"Cam Ngued Ngoai Vao Lay Nuac Vai ". Nu&
vai cling la "phi!) , san dm de tit khodi", qu9 jam
che be. Vi 4y can gin gift can than, khong dugc
de bon phan deng vo trem "dm cai nha
Chuyen ganh nuerc reang n nhu vay ma chi c6
dan ha con gai lam. Cai "phong ten" (vOi nu&
cong ceng) nam tren duemg A. Rousseau, gan nha
toi lam. Ban dem, xe ce yang tanh, tieng thing
thiec, deo ganh Ichua ran, doi khi kern theo tieng
chin len gianh gigt dm may ha, may cO, co !chi
ding luon ca nhilng tieng tyc flu nhu d. Me, d.
Ma, do an cai nay, cai no .... Canh ttrgng a phong
ten nu6c luon hien nao nhiet tit himg sang cho
tin Ichuya, chi trir nhimg ngay mua. CO nhitng co
kink manh tir que len, chuyen di ganh nu& muth
kiem s8ng. Ngay qua ngay, nth thanh thi, cac c6
cling biet An mac cluing dien bath bao. Dan thi
thanh co cai mieng ac dee, keu ho la "Marie La
Fontaine". Bay gib, trir nhang ngtred c8ng gido
dung ten Earth vol chit Phap, ai co ten thy la "le"
jam. Nhtmg ten doe "Marie Phong Ten" la de ha
the nguai con gai mien hem nhap vo dOng chanh
elm thanh thi khi ho bat dau biet an mac dcp. Tei
nghiep, thiet la by ba. RE den khi nguai Bac
54 chay ton ceng san, vo Nam, thi chit "con sen"
(chi co gai gillp viec nha Cr mien Bac) bien thanh
"sen", rei c6 danh tir mai "Marie Seri" chi nhimg
ngueri that hoc, thieu tu each ma muon lam sang.
Bon nay thiet ra sau 75 xuat hien nhieu lam. Ca
dao thE di goi ho la cE dam khoai lang" va
"lii khi rimg". Cac chi be d'ei di be qua nhieu nen
Dac San SO 5 Ky Sir Cling Nghe • 129
&Ong chun , bu t6 chang, than ,minh trOn tria nhu
het mit, giong khoai lang lam.
Nha lac bay girls toi cO met se ban di ten My,
nhu Robert, Joseph, Charle, Pierre, Henri ....
NguM binh dan Viet hOa tat ca thanh "thang Ro
Be", R6, Sat, De, Ri Ten Tay cho con gai toi
khong biet nhieu. X6m t8i co vai ten nhu con
Marie thanh ra Ma-ri, , Agnes thanh con ,Nhet,
Henriette thanh con Ret Sau 75, may tay
cling an lam viec ding tem Dai-Sir Phap cO loi
doe ng0 lam (??), ha khong be sot chit nao. "Nay,
ai ten The Re Xe? (Therese), c6n ai la Ni CO Le?
(Nicole)?"
, ThOng thuemg, theo 16i xay cat xua dia thanh
pito lac do thi mat tin duemg là nhcmg day nha
tuang gach quet vOi trang nhung sau lung cac day
pho do la nhcmg mint nha Id chat chOi, kitting din
nuerc, chi ding cau tieu thing. Trong Van nha Id,
c6 rat nhieu con duang ngoan ngoeo. Ngtrai mai
vo bi lac d dang. CO Mn may thang lem du may
dim nho tui t8i, nod clan di hot lang quang nuoi
cá ha thia, nhtmg ,lai chay ton b6 may dim nhO
phai tim ca may tieng &Ong ho mai thay &rang di
ra, thieu dieu muon khOc. Ngay vach tuang sau
nha tOi (thong co cira sau) là ca met x6m nha
ngheo. CO Ian toi theo met thang ban lan hcm
coi no danh bai gid dach (Black Jack) T6i Ichong
cO tien chai, ngoi, buon, ng6 qua phong ben, kia
biet
thi thay had ong Mm hitt (sau nay fed
phien), du gac len cai gen bang cay len nuerc
bang Mang, din mat cir lim dim. Nhcmg ngued
ngheo chin tgc là chuyen thuemg. Chong dap xich
16, nha hay di lam thue, lam =ern, &ion ban
lax vat. Sang tnra chieu ten, lire ndo toi ding c6 the
nghe ba vg chiri ring chong ; " D.m. May theo
con di ngua do. BO may tieing cdi mau quan que
cia no sao ma u me qua vay? D.m. ba no .
Xin loi cac ban, ten biet co vai nguai chtra cO lan
nao nghe ngued x6m bit clan, ngheo kho, ca
\rad cuec song hang ngay, gap chuyen gi ding chiri
tuc dugc. Buon chili, tire chin, ma vui mimg ding
chin; ghet chin ma thucmg ding chin; ganh ti chin
ma khoe khoang ph8 trucrng ding chin Won. CO
ngued chid tvc nhieu net red thong cOn thay tuc
nita. Vg chi:511g chin nhau nhu vay nhtmg cho di
130 4 Dac San SO 5 Kit. Su Ceing Nghe
khu nha fed Icheng dirge nghe tieng c6i xe ha lac
4 ,gier sang sem clanh thirc mai ngueri, ma M qua, si
so cai dam con nit dr thay tang them mau ch6ng.
Thiet ra, Ito van Id nguai tot. Lang gieng he co
chuyen thi thuemg ho chay qua lai ginp de Ian
nhau ngay. Ngheo ‘nhtmg lac nao ding áp ding
can "dm it long nhieu", dua chuyen cho nhau chai
dau ci IA Mac Su, dau Nhi Thien duOng, cat) gin
cho nhau. Ngheo nhtmg ha san king chia xe. Luc
bay gia, \ring Saigon Chq lan thuang cO nhing
nhOm ngtrai hat dao kiem tie'n. Mei nhom gôm c6
met hoac hai ngued mi, via dant' tong, vita dem
ca NM met nguiri binh thuang dan di. Ho v8 cac
x6m nha la, cir danh tr6ng "thing , thing, thing
thing ...,." Mei lan nghe tieng tong la con nit
tui ten noi g6t di theo h ngay. Tuy Id Vim nha
Id ngheo, nhtmg the nao ding co nha keu vO,
c6 giUp da vita dugc nghe ban nhac in thich.
Thiet tinh, toi chin thay met nha nao loai khd gia
tra len ma meri nhang ngued nay ca hat cho nghe.
Ho dung truot eira, ca cac ban nhac theo you cau
cia chi nha. Con nit va ca nhfing ngued Win 16i
xOm bu lad xung quanh nghe ke, cOn goi la ",nghe
cop", tire la dugc nghe ma thông phai tra tien gi.
Cdc ban nhac yeu can thuemg là binh dan nhu
L6ng Me VN cia Le Thuang "Ba Tu ban hang cO
4 ngueri con ....Thang hai da lern ba em hay cOn
...", con nit sira lai " Ba Tu ban hang c6 met
ngan thang con, thang hai linh thiy ba em nhay di
....; ban Him Vong Phu 1 "L'enh vua hanh quan
.....Qua thien san kia ai chen nrom via tan.. "con
nit ca lai la "met hai ba thang cha ban keo que gi6,
cOn met gig di keo xe trau".; bai Nha Chien Khu
"Chieu nay tren chien khu trongyang
con nit ca lai là "chieu nay kien can cu...xtmg
tit di, thong tien mua thick dan nO xtmg them
hoar. Bay gia nhe lai, toi thay là thuer do Ara lam
ca nhang thap nien 60, 70 truerc 1975, con nit chi
din liti ca hai ba can la di vui roi. Khong nhu
may nava dau sau 75, tin con nit SA sira deli led ca
nguyen ca ban nhac, nhu ban "Tnrang San [Yong,
Truang San Tay", "Em ma gap Bac Ho" v. .v...
Hoi do, khOng bao giô tOi nghe xOm nha là yeu
eau hat "Buon Tan Thu", "Thien Thai",.. c6 he
kh8ng thich hop \rod ngued binh clan. Nhtmg Co
Tdm toi (hoc tr6 nei frit Gia Long) thi lai thich hat
rihring bai nay. Dan bay gier, m 6t i Ian nghe ban
nhac Burin Tan Thu IA ten nha tai hinh anh Co toi
lUc nghi he ve que, lang Phu Lac. Co toi dcp, cep
mai toe dai kep sau king. CO tôi da be minh trong
theri Nam BO Khang Chien. CO Mc tôi nghi teu
mOt chth " phai chi nhiing nghesT ma hat dao nay
c6n song sau 1975 thi ved phep la au Bac va dang
bay gig chk ho da duct sang mat. Lilc JO di dau
6 Saigon, ai cling nghe don ri tai nho nho là nhac
si ma tai hoa Van Vi bOng nhien dirge sang mat".
Con nit Vim tot &Oa song tai thanh thi nhtmg
van rat me da de, nuoi cá 1th thia, nu8i ga tie, ga
nOi. Sau rthia Tat, c6 nhang ngueri ban cla do
ngay tnrerc san tnrang tieu hoc, va dc biet la khu
Chita BA cim ngtreri Hoa duemg Cay Mai (Nguyen
Trai) hay khu throng Mann (sau la Dong Khanh)
va khu Chg Thiec, thi Mc nao cling co ban. De
trong ca ca tra'm con, mau do de lOra, mau den de
than hay lai pha fan nhau goi IA lai than lai Era,
gay ren rat lien tvc. Tat ca dirge dung trong long
tre throng (dan) kin. Chung toi thgc tay vo, tir
chgn lira Emg con bat ra rèñ tra tien Neu ban do
dài tay, ngued ban bat cluing t8i phai xan thy do
len de kh6i An cap de v8 thy áo.
Gan nha tOi cep thang ten Sang Mani lem hcrn
toi nam sau twit thIch nuoi ga nen. MOt horn, CO
Nam, ma thang Ba Lim (dung ra no banh bao che
khong Iiin),nha 0 khit ben, co mua con ga tau
trong 0 Chg Thiec, ,than minh churn cang to lan,
cOt truac cira nha, sap lam thit. Con nit tvi toi
"Tvi bay cho hai con da l'On di " Ba Lim do dir, sg
ba gia ray, nhtmg bi ca dam doc thee "Truck sau
thi cling lam thit ma!" Vay la con ga tau dirge thao
66 day, va xap tract vori con ga mai. Red chi trong
vai co dap canh nhay len xuting, qua lai kh8ng qua
5 phut la con ga tau da bi ga noi them tang dui
mat, mau me dO dau. Tran chin ga dirge ket thac
mau lp nlumg chuyen chua het vi thang Ba Urn bi
Co Nam girth mOt tart "Bi may ma con ga cUa tao
bi tray trim, bam minh barn may, an het ngon roi "
Khu fed 6 ngueri Hoa &mg hcm ngu gi Via rat
nhieu, dc biet viing clueing Tong Doc Phuong,
clueing Mann (Deing Khanh), khu "San Tai Lvc
che" vii tnrang Arc En Ciel (geoc Tan Da & D'ong
Khanh), khu Chg Lem Mai, duang Frere Louis
(Cay Mai rOi Nguyen Trap...Phan &Ong nhang
ngueri Hoa may khu nay thuOc tang lap bu'On
ban giau c6. ,Rat nhieu nguai khong Met tiang
Viet, khOng can hoc, con cai ho hgc cac throng
Hoa, tuy giau ngheo, bit dgc via tieng boa cling
&rot, nu kh8ng thi chi bit clOng ban toan la &I
lam an. Cha mg là boa thi khong bao gag cho
con gai minh lay con trai Via Nam, hien cà khi
mg Viet ma cha là Hoa thi con gai clang phai theo
cai luat dO. Toi nghi day la anh Sang , dm thin
Phap thaw. Ngtrai Phap danh rat nhieu quyen
lgi cho ngoai kieu, dac biet cho rigtrai boa, ngugi
Cha (An do, Pakistan, Java Nam Ducmg) luOn ca
nguai Mien g8c tir Nam Vang Ngueri Hoa cO tai
buon ban Mon lach gioi lai them dirge sir Int di
elm thirc dan Phap, nen ho chang can hOi nhap
vao noi da nuoi clueing ho sung ttc. That dang
buon khi ta nhor lti may tram nam ve tnrac, chinh
nhang ngued boa tranh sir cai tri elm nha Man
Thanh, dirge Chita Nguyen cho lap nghiep tai
mien Nam Ho c6 c al ng rat lem trong viec khai
khan mien Nam. H9 va con chau ho da chap nhan
you throng que hucmg mai dm ho, sing hba minh
vai mgi ngueri xung quanh, lap mot que hucmg
med tni phU giau c6, dien hinh là cac \gang HA
Tien, Rach Gia, Bac Lieu, Tra Vinh, Sec Trang,
y Tho, Bien Hem, ThU Dau Mot ...Bay gi g, con
chau ho nhu clang ho Mac Ciro, dong ho cita hai
Wang quan n'ai tieng Throng Ngan Dich, Tran
Thupmg Xuyen va tat ca thy tong dm h9 lai bi
chinh nhiing ngueri boa mai IcSr thi hien trong vie
gia-dinh Thiet ra thi Or gan khu nha toi cling
co nhcmg ngueri Hoa ngheo, song lam vie sieng
nang cgc kho h6a ln yogi nguei Via. Con nit tvi
toi hoc dirge mOt soa tieng boa (Quang Bong) tir
nhcing ngueri nay, a Net IA nhiring tieng chili the.
Ngueri Hoa binh dan a Chg Lan Ira chin "tieu na
" gi8ng nhu ngueri birth dan Via-Nam \rang
Saigon-Chg Lan tra xai chg D.M. Den khi Cv
Ngeo Dinh Diem len lam TOng Thong, cai to hanh
chanh, quan dOi, gido-dgc Phap khong cOn
quyen hanh gi nith thi ngued boa xi-Ong Chg lan
bat dau thay d'Oi, hga nhap nhieu hon. MOt so lon
bat dau hgc cac lap tieng Via.
Duang Armand Rousseau (Tran Hoang Quan)
Doc San SO 5 Kt Su aing NghO + 131
truck nha fel c6 hai , hang cay dau thang dung
cao ngat, che mat sulk con duemg. Tod mita mua,
c6 gi6ng giO, cac bong khO (hay trai?) rai rung
quay trem nhu cai b8ng vp (con vu). Sau nay de
reng (Mang, met hang cay bi don, rei vai nam
sau met hang cay can lai cang bi don 1u8n. Con
duang khong can dep nth xua nita. M8i sang
sem, xe the m0 (xe ngua), c6 treo long den da'u,
chay loc c8c, cher ngueri, cher hang ra clic/ semi.
COn nhung loai xe khac, nhu xe be di cà rich ca
tang (chain). Xe be thuong cha hang nang nhu tre
dal, cay (go) cid cua, mia cay Nhang lac xe
Ming khemg, tui toi thuang chay theo sau, thOt len
ngoi im ru. Chi di dirge ,do4n ngan thoi la "ngueri
clanh xe be" (phu xe) Met lien, Ong ta chi qua nhe
nhe cay roi ye phia sau la tui Mit hoang him, phai
nhay xu6ng. Nhung kh6ng Net each nhay, Mc xe
dang di tai ma nhay au la bi te egiut nguoc lai "be
dit" (mOng) nhu chai, chi con let vo le duang ng6i
xoa mong cho bert, dau. De xe be di cham nth vay
nhtmg cling co the xay ra tai nan Teri biet c6 met
anh ngoi chcri tren le duang, vo y de chun xuong
clueing, bi xe be can be may ngon chum, phai bi
cat be. Lai la chuyen "Ngua Tai Ong", vi cei tat
chum men sau nay art Ay throe mien quan dich.
Xe be, Mc do cling dirge deng nhur xe rac, ngtroi
phu h8t rác dr di canh xe be, ted m6i dating rac
tnrec cira nha thi hai tay bung tilling rac d8 len
xe be da c6 vimg vach cay,, tan bon ben. Viet tai
day toi lai nhe chuye'n ba thang chau nOi toi a My,
dila 6 tuoi nthi va hai dim 3 tuoi rued; Cir thir ba
trong tuan co chiec xe truck hot rac den timg nha.
Ngtrai tai xe xe dieu lchien chiec cang that to, Om
nguyen cai thung rác lern telt do het rac vo thing
xe. Cong viec lam that mau le va gon gang, killing
chitt rac nao bi rat lai. Ba d nhei me man chay
ra coi xe do rac melt cach than phuc. Thang lem
nOi nho nhe "Uh, when I grow up, I want to be a
dump (garbage) truck driver". Hai thang em ding
Ice ben cling thi tham " Me too". Con dau tin gat
dau nen "U &roc, strong qua, nhu \Tay tao khoi
nuoi tui bay lau ".
Nei tâixe be di charn toi lai nhcir tOi xe hit
16 (rouleau compresseur, roadroller hay ,steamroller) de can nhua dueyng theri ay. Xe rat nang
132 t Dc San SO 5 Icr Sir Cong Nghe
ne, c6 chi& can chay bang may hai nuac nita,
chOm ri, thua Mon nguti di b0. Ngueri Saigon ua
the dee " Anh ma tied lao Arai em thi cho xe hit 16
can chet di ". The nhir vay là cha'c an lam, khong
gi phai so, vi xe hO lo chay qua chOm nhu rim be
thi c6 can ai dirge, co gi ma lo. Nhtmg ma lin bi
hit 18 can thi chi bi dep nhu cai banh tang then
(bait da). M8i Ian xe hO 18 chay gan )(Om nao
tui con nit taa ra ding ben le nhin khodi tra. CO
khi rinh Mc tai xe la la, tui toi ling xuong truerc
bath xe fal10 vai vat gi do de coi hit 10 can ra sao.
O g6c duerng Nguyen Van Thoai (14 Thuang
Kiel) va &rang Tran I-thang Quan (Nguyen Chi
Thanh) c6 met "tiem thee cita ngueri Hoa. Day
la tiem an binh dan ban Mt tieu, ml, banh bao,
xiu mai, ha cau, gia chao, quay, bath lieu, banh
be .... Sang sem tiem rat &mg kith. Thong
tithing nguai ta "kieu", m0t tach ca phe den hoc
sita, them met tO hit tieu hay cai banh bao (dich
chit Tay cho vui la Gateau Sac).... Tay ph8 ki,
hay ho ki gi dO (ngueri chay ban), thuong ban do
thun trang ba 16 (tank top) vai quan xa lan hay
quart cut (short), nge v8 phia trong la lan " dach
co phe nai", rei ngie ra cai xe het tieu ngay cira la
" dach c8 phan...n... aaa ", "luang co tai
bao" (2 cai, banh bao). Th8ng thuemg anh ta keo
dai chit cuoi this de bao hieu cham cau. Thong
khi rat nhen nhip bn ao. Anh chang nau ml,
tieu thuong thuang bOn cal do thun trang nga mau
thanh yang xam, thing vi tieing nix do dung gan
le Ma nen anh ta cit ,xan keo cai do thun len tea
Mira bung, iron mit me hoi. Sau 1954, chart phil
c6 lenh bat tat ca Mu bap phai mac do day dir
tong sach se' hon.
Luc bay gib, dir ngtrari dan phan iihreu ngheo
mining '1114 tho yin co du tien thinh thoang vo
tiem nuac An. Lu8n Mon dual cai ban ten the,
vai may cal ghe dau xung quart, la co met Ong
nho bang dOng hay nh8m (spittoon). Xin ke
them mot chuyen toi duoc doe: Ong Dang Tieu
Binh, Mc vim len lath ciao xir Tau, di vieng th'a'm
Singapore, dirge Ong LS, Quang Dieu khuyen la ye
Tau, hay the tieu cai 8ng nh8 di, tai cac nha hang
va Mon ca O cac pitting hop au cat Ong nera. Nhu
vay mai tien bo ni. Va 'Ong D.T.B. a thuc hien
dieu do. CO lAn Ong nOi tôi d'an fel va nguei chit
12 dm toi qua An t8 hU tieu. Chit toi dugc &mg
tach ca phe den. Tach ca. phe dugc de tren cai dia.
Chit do ca phe ming ra cal dia, lac qua lai nhe nhe,
hai hoi qua cho bat nong rOi meri ung. Tin
thay thich cal dOng tdc do lam nhtmg ,khong dtrgc
8ng NOi cho Whig ca phe. TO hU tieu dugc che
vo them *it mang cà phe mg heo co may tep
thit heo barn, vai lat thit xá xiu meng teng,
them he va mOt phan tu Id cal. Truck khi An, c6
the b6 them vai lat ert chua, hot cai (mustard). Neu
khong muon, c6 61 hay gia thi tay pito ki la ion
cho nguei nau ml "matt lac chieu, matt ngd x8i ".
Neu c6 tien muon An ngon hem thi mua them cai
xieu mai do vg to, mua cái "gin chao quay" nhfing
vu nuOc leo cho mm met nil mei cAn An. NAM
2007, toi ye VN, ra Nha Trang, toi co "order" mOt
t8 hi tieu nhu vay a Chg Dam An yd'n cOn thay
ngon het xay ya may la khong bi dau bung gi het.
Ted ca nguoi ban rat math an Mel Chu Nhut, tv
dAi minh met t8 hi tieu, anh phai mua kern them
riga 8 banh ml loai IOn, xin them chat nuerc leo de
chain banh ml thi an meri thay dii no.
Ngay truerc tiem nuerc, cOn c6 mot xe hit tieu
ml chi ma ban bu8i chieu, Ichi tiem nuerc Icheing
con ban hit tieu nfra. Xung quanh xe nay co Mn
nam cai ghe din de khach ng8i. Toi thu gng ngoi
An ma cfr khodi ng6 may cac hinh ye tren kieng.
Nao là Quan Cemg, mat do loin yoi ham ra'u den
thui, ng8i tram tinh dMth cer trong khi Hoa DA (??)
nao vet thrrang a vai d nit min ten ra, c6 ve them
may gigt man de the xu8ng, c6 Chau Xuang va
Quan Binh ding Mu hai ben ; nao Tri'eu Tfr Long
mat dep nhtr con gdi, cal ngtra, met tay am dfra be
(Trieu Tfr Long doat au child) met tay vung cay
xà mau vu khi ( trueng throng) gift ba quan
Vai nai khac, xe hfr tieu dugc ye hinh Tam Tang
di thinh kinh, ceri con ngga bach co hai nguei hau:
Trtr Bat Dal (Gi gi) mat heo, than nguOi vat cal
bung that by cam chla ba (dinh ba); Te Thien Di
Thanh, minh ngugi mat Ichi vac thugc bang tren
vai, vat ve lilac. Gan xe ho tieu IA mOt xe nage
dá cfm mOt ngtroi Hoa khac. Keu là xe na ge dá
nhtmg thiet ra c6 ban cla bao nhuyen vat che clau
xanh, du do, xtmg sáo, xtmg sa het ltru. It tien
nen con nit tui tin thuang mua "dá nhan" Day la
ly dá bao nhuyen doge than ep chat xu6ng bang
tay r8i che (rot) len mat met chili "xi-ro" (syrup)
nggt mau xanh, hay do gi do, them Mgt chin din
chuoi cho, tharn. Xong rgi, ly dugc lat Up lai,
nhe nhe d8 kh8i dá bao ep cling rat ra. Tui nhO cir
cam "cue dá bdo ma Mit tir tir nuerc nggt lanh tan
ra tir da bao.
mOt geoc &rang thfr hai ciia Nguyen Van
Thoai ya. Tran Hod/1g Quart la mOt quan tra Hue
(hay Que?). Tra dugc Mu rat dam dc trong cai
noi dat lem, chum ciii. Quan con ban keo dau
banh beng, banh in bet linh dung trong
ye keo va c6 ca. mOt chai rugu de nfra. Ngueri di
dueng ghe qua, mua cai keo du plumg them met
t8 tra ming. Cho quan lay ra met to sSh iOn, dung
cai gdo can dai mfic ntrac tra tieing gin nhu sOi do
v8 chimg mOt nfra to, xong do them nuac nguOi
cho day to. Khach hang thu gng la nosed lao dung
chum tay, ,nhirt IA phu xich 18, bung t6 Wong img
An mieng keo. Ngugi phu xich 16 cid dip chay
xe do day khdp thanh pito nen nghe thay nhieu
chuyen, roi try suy din ke cho nhau nghe theo
minh CO khi lam ly han, cO khi khfmg khiep hon.
Tin tfrc mau hcm ca ra-c18, bao chi bay gin. H9 khe
kha nth chuyen trai mua treri gi6, tai nan xe ce,
va. chi loai tin don do day (khong can biet trong
tat) trong thanh pho nhu vg chong danh ghen let
quan do, anh re lam bay dinh ket voi em vg, phai
cher xich 18 di nha thuong de Oa red ra, Ong Tay
trOm tien clued ghe nggi xe xich 10 bi cua kep
mint nao cfm "chi em ta" bi ,b6 rap ...., dO da ga.
be bung be
bi ga. da, xe can ch6 bi cho cAn xe
bung, ngua da be cna quST Khgng can phai lat
dat chay xe di kiemthem tien, Ong xich 16 nen
nghi ca tieng thing , r8i mat tir tir dfmg day day
xe di lam. CO Ichi no bung rai l brig ben lc& cal xe
den bong mat clued tang cay dau, lay ter bao (phan
nhieu deu biet dgc) dap len mat che bo rt dnh sang,
ngam nga vdi cau yang c8 "bit Ion" (hoai lang?),
ngil teri chieu chieu meri day xe di kiem mOi. CuOc
song theo 181 biet dil IA dii dm lig tong thiet thoai
mai.
IsAdy ngugi phu xich 16 nay &Mg IA dan "Nam
Kr. Ai cling chay xe mugn, nhtmg fel nghl neu
Dag San SO 5 K2 Su Cling Nghg • 133
he thiet tan lien, c6 gang lam ngay am thi c6
ngay sé du tin mua chic xich 16 ca, xich 18
mon may h6i. Nhung "tieing" nhu he coi chuyen
nay phien pharc mat ding, cu di mtran xe cho
xong viec. va au may ra ma ho co ser haru met
xe xich 18 thi chac he lai cho ngueri khac mtran,
red cü nam nha An ngil. Dan oc ay ngay nay van
c6n O mien Nam. T6i duet nghe mat anh ban
My, gee thing bang ,Cau ,Long ke chuyen: " Anh
nghi coi, ve VN thay thang, ern phai muern xe de
chay xe Om kiem song. Thay tei nghiep n6 qua.
Da viec tin lam lac co Mc khong,nhtmg tvi t6i tien
tan de danh rOi gen tien cho no mua chi& xe mei.
CO tien mua xe gân may mei, n6 geri the qua cam
on cho biet cuec song dugc kha hon. Ming chua
dugc bao Mu, thi ten lai, duce the n6 xin tien sera
xe, cang ngay cang nhieu. Hei ra mâi biet la no
chi chay xe Om met lac th8i. Roi vai thang sau,
no cho ngueri khac muen chay xe Om, cem n6 Min
nha uong ruo:u."
Con hai gee duang ara caa Nguyen_Van
Thoai va Tran Hoang Quan thi met gew la ch8 sin
xe may (kheng phai xe gan may ma la xe dap),
g6c kia la sap ban bao. Bart bay gio co nam bay
ter, t6i nhor ea Than Chung, Ting Dei .... Dan
bit te Than Chung c6 dang tieu thuyet vei tit
tir anh hang la Hoang Ngec An, Bach Xi Ma lai
xe dua, co hinh clang diet' xi-ga, kh8n ngoan, ve
gi6i, ban sting sau (sling lye) "pas che" và met se
cac tap nia5 chuyen Tau cil, in lai phat ,hanh rat
man, nhu Thien Dai Thanh, Thuyet Dueng,
Tam Oa& Chi, .... Tieu thuyet caa bao Than
chung rat an khach. Sap bao can c6 bao Tay, ter
Journal D'extreme Orient. Goc ben kia dueng,
nguen sera xe may chi cO met thang , nghe nh6,
met Ong barn, met thau nuerc a de tim chi-) xi hai
cila ruOt xe.
Thinh thoang c6 doan xiec nhO cOa ngueri Hoa
goi la "xiec Son Deng" chiem met phan l dueng
elm nga tu de ban cao don hoan tan va Neu din
chay xe dap met banh, hai tay quang ba Mn trai
bath nh6 len lin chap lai ..; ; din con khi the biet
nhay lon meo theo lenh, biet di xe dap ; c6 Ong
tv xtmg Tieu Lye Si than hinh rat tang kien, quan
Minh den dai, buec that lung vari den hay dO, ngvc
134 4 Da San SO 5 Kt Su Cling Nghe
tan, bieu din vai duong quyen, ram con kiem
tering, al) mat, nhtmg man hap clan nhirt la anh ta
dat dau met thanh tre c6 gan mieng sat nhon ngay
can ca, dau kia duet melt nguefi day math tai nhu
la dam vo c6 anh ,ta ma anh ta kh6ng h han gi.
Gala cac phan bieu then nay la phan (pang cao
ththic, ,tvi ten con nit phai ngoi kien nhan duet
coi bieu din tiep. , Ong Tau chuyen quang cao
thu8c nen tu bat tan, dai nhach nhtmg nghe
rat vui tai. Toi khong muon ke het lai ,cac can
quang cap, vi c6 vai ba trang giay cling viet khong
het. Xin ke dOi cau hap dan r "Qu9 Ong qu9 pa,
dau thac cai lung then, dau chang cai cla,duari,
cai lay tell
vai, ha..
tire cai ngtrc mai
Ichong ltrec (age), khong ra (di i?), u8ng
do met vien la thay het lien. Qu9 Ong qu9 pa hei
"day cha cat thuoc gi ma hay qua day? Xin thua
HOm nay ban gia quang cao nen mua met
tang met. A, or day co anh Hai mua, ben kia co
thim TIT mua "Ha ... a... con cai lay la Tam Tinh
Hai Cau BO Than Hoan. Qu9 Ong pi m'eng tinh, di
flit, "pet " tinh, sang nga day thay cai quan uert,
khOng sao Itheing sao, m 67 i am tiring do melt vien
la het lien ". Tai toi con nit kh8ng hieu gi cá chi
ng6 dam ngueri len cued th6i.
Duerng Armand Rouuseau (Tran Hoang Quan,
Nguyen Viet Thanh)) co dueng xe bu9t chay
Saigon — Binh Tay, ang ra la fir dig Saigon vo
cher Binh Tay (Che Len Mei) Ira ngua lai. Xe
butt xuat hien lam xe, the, mt) Saigon - Cholon
mat kith. TOi nhor hot nho tin chi dui:7c di clay
Saigon vao dip Tet thin, ma di bang xe the) me Ira
thee day thiet sem vi can ca tieng Jong he, mei
tad ncri.
Khu &rang A. Rousseau ngang qua tnreng
dua PhO The bay gie rat yang, phan len la dat caa
quan dOi Phap 1Chu cu xá Lit Gia va TT KT Phil
The ding la vuem cao-su hien. Doan duerng tir "
Lit Gia — Trung Tam, Quoc Gia Thuat Phil The
" tad nga tu Bay Hien hoan toan bi cam, co khu
vuem cao-su, veri kho dan cim quan den Phap
xa tvi t8i thay flitting m8 dat to len bang hai ba
cai nha, dirge nghe noi la trong do chin an dirge.
Tac gia VC nao deo, dia qua (ba 'car)) ve \fa em
Le Van Tam tam xang chay vo kho dan hit Tay.
Khong biet kho nao chit cai kho nay thi ,deri nao ai
tea gan dirge. Cling may phuac, Mc bay giä khu
Trung Tam QG KT Phil Tho chua dirge xay cat
neu khong chac 8ng tac gia do cang cho "no"
co sec gido due eüa phe ta. Trifling Dua Phü Thy
dirge rao bed 4 bite ttrong ,dai, loi 1 km mei canh,
tao thanh hinh vuong. Hang nam, cac cueic dua
xe dap thuang dirge t8 chirc tai day, khong sg trer
ngai hru th8ng c8ng cOng. Cua ra (coureur) chay
20 veng bang 16i 80 km
Dia ban rong chai dm con nit Vim t6i ce khoang
kheing gian rOng fira nhu hinh vuong, chimg 2 km
min canh. T8i con nher vai ten cluong song song
vai Armand Rousseau (Nguyen Chi Thanh) nhu
clueing 11 eme Ric va Charles Thompson (Hung
Vucmg va Hong Bang) c6 duerng xe lira Saigon
— My Tho, &rang Frere Louis (con goi la throng
Ca'y Mai, roi Nguyen Trai) cep Chita Ba rat xua
eila nguai Hoa, dining Mann (Ding Khanh, Tran
Hung Dao) c6 hang team tiem nguei boa, )(Om ban
che ml hit tieu Jaccardo San Tai Lye (throng Tan
DA) gan nhA hang Are En Ciel, khu nga tu Mann
(Wong 1Chanh) va Lacase (Nguyen Tri Phuong).
Lk do toan khu nha Nguyen Tri Phuang chi toan
go ma (nghia-dia) eu, khong ai a. Con nit tui ten
tra nil than lay xe dap chay chai len 16i dua vori
nhau gala nhang ge ma. Gan d6 c6 xom "May
Da". Du con "May Da." thuerng danh lOn yeti du
con x6m "1-Tha Hao" nam phia sau day ph6 lau toi
er. Ten g9i x6m Hoa Hao vi c6 con doing ten Hem.
Hao chay qua xom nay cher kh8ng an thua gi yeti
dao 1-16a Hao, khong thay c6 co sO nao elm dao
tai day. Truk cira nha thucmg Chg Ra' y la clueing
Thuan Kieu, qua khoi ,dueng ray xe lira (song
song vai Hong Bang) doi thanh duerng rang Doc
Phucmg (bay gio la Chau Van Liem), lay ten cita
Ong Do Hem Phucmg. D6 Hay Phucmg là cOng
tk vien dac lire cUa Phap. Ong nay c6 nguai con
là DZS Him Vi, lai may bay du quan dOi
Phap, ter trait trong dai chien the giai thir nhirt.
Saigon tarok day c6 ten dtremg D6 WM Vi, khong
r8 nam 0 dau. Gan &rang Hang Wang va L2
Thuerng Kiet cO truong tieu hoc Do WM Phircmg
( hinh nhu truerc do c6 ten la trifling Ong Xa), sau
mO rOng thanh trung h9c Hitng Vucmg.
Duang Teing D6c Phucmg dit ngan nhung rAt
thi tir. Co 4 rap hat, Eden, Trung Ott& va. Casino
la dm ngtroi Hoa, Majestic la cita Phap Cac rap
Eden, Trung Quoc va Casino thuerng chieu phim
hanh dOng nhu Zoro, phim gangsters va phim Cao
Bed ma toi tôi goi la phim "Linh Kin An Cuap".
Rap Majestic, chieu phim Phap, my, Italy au 104i.
Luc bay gia tat ca phim au n6i tieng Phap. Th8ng
thming trong khi cher dgi chieu phim, rap hat cho
nghe the ban nhac PM)) do Tino Rossi, Josephine
Parker, Maurice Chevalier ... ca, nhu ban J'ai
Deux Amours, J'Attendrai, La Vie En Rose.
, V() rap Cine Tau co nai phai thing day chao
pot thieu Tau den Tuang Gi6i , Thach. Thiet
tire, may thang Tay dux dan chang coi dan Viet
Nam ra gi. (Hy \Tong là canh nay se kh8ng bao gi&
tai dien ???. vOi tinh hinh Trung - Viet ngay nay).
Lite bay gib canh sat king an do Ta'y , hoan toan
lam "sip". Con nit tui tOi cling dA hieu biet nen
khOng bao gier dung day chao quk k2 elm Trung
Hoa Dan Quoc. 0 My, the cOng d8ng di dan mei
khi cep hop mat le 10c, nguoi ta cling c6 chao la ca
que Sang ca, nhung luon luon c6 nghiem chinh
chao quoc-k5' my trunk. Toi vita nh'an inept e-mail
fira "Chg Lem Xua", toi thay hinh mat day ph6'
(hinh nhu 0 chrerng Mann hay Tan Hung Dao)
tat ca du treo cer, niumg chi c6 cb Phap va
Thong Gioi Thach, kitting co VN. CO le ay la dip
le "Song Thai)" elm ngueri Hoa.
a
khong viet nlurt 14,,, chi mu6n ghi lai mOt
,
theri con nit song Or met pie nho
s8 sr viec
thanh ph6 Chg Len khoang 1943-50. Dinh niter
dau viet do, nhtmg cang viet thi nhang hinh anh
xua cit Mi tip quay ve, c6 the cOn
phai keM dai ang lam, killing het dirge. Vay nen,
xin noi theo 18i h9c trO thi reit bo cuOc lire bay gia:
" Xe phi ni " (C'est fini) hay la "un point final".
Khi viet am ta (dictee) ma nghe 6ng thay ned "un
point final" thi, mimg kited nen, cha noi "un point
a la ligne" (cham xu8ng hang) la can cang thang
dài dai.
NGUYEN VAN TAN
Dc San SO 5 Kt Su Ging Ngli am 135
THU GO BAN:
LA M C AM
Nguyin Hung Hgnh
Than giri cac anh,
Met cau noi hay met viec lam din khi kho co
the xac dinh re rang la no co thuOc ye lgm cam
hay khong? DOi Inc, lam cam, no cO ye nhu "ham
hap", hay pha Ian lOn cal &mg voi cal sal, trang
\mai den, hay co luc tuerng nhu "lap di" lam cho
nhcmg nhan vat thuOc doi tuyng cua sr viec lam
cam ay phai buOn cued, hay khe chill, hay có khi
tire gin nua.
Chinh vi cai kho khan xac dinh me:1 cach chinh
the ye str viec Icim dim ay nen toi c6 anh ban cd
ty trach minh là qua 1dm cam vi anh ta da de danh
mat met doi giay cii rach, size 6, da di hai nam,
trong 111c anh ta di tap the duc o r met "gym" ding
cOng; Va ciing them vao do, melt str kien this hai
lai xay ra sau dO Ichong lâu, d6 la anh ta da mua
qua Sinh nhat tang vy, cat ky qua nen den gib ma
qua thi tim khOng thay.
an la anti ta
Toi viet hai la thu clueri day
dung vOi tu qua bi quan ye cai gia lcim cam cua
minh cho timg truong hyp.
CAU CHUYeN LAM CAM THe NHAT:
MAT D61 GIAY
Ban than,
Nay dye thu anh, toi ca twang tuyng ra cai
a
136 1.: floc San SO 5 Kt Su COng Nghe
thang toi mat giay. Loay hoay, ngo ngaz, ten tim
tim kiem kiem cai "deli giay so 6" (size 6), doi
giay mang ten só 6 cir nhu mang cai bi danh hay
am so dm melt truyen trinh than) gia tuemg nao do
nhu truyen "Doan Hung" cUa cai died tOi c6n tam
truOng chay tong ng6ng, hay truyen "Gni thu8c
la" dm The Lit cüa cai then tOi con di hoc, cai tiled
hoc thi it ma liec thi nhieu, hay liec sang ban ben
canh thin may "em" O lira Pith "8 mai" thap the an
vung me chua trong 16p.
Toi luc ta nay, tOi keo tU kia, moi moi m6c
moc, hart ha hat hai, tang 'tang chay ra chay vao,
chay tai chay lui di tim. Hot hoang, nghi nger, bye
tac cai thang nao dam "cam nham" cua "Ong". Ted
se' tim cho ra cai thang nhai ranh tuoi 13 hay con
be xinh xinh a cai alai 15 di vita dôi giay s8 6 ay.
TherAi, yeti deli chan tran giong nhu trong phim
"Nit bá tit& di chan khong" ngay nao, toi cit dao
qua dao lai, mat truot mat sau, thin nguqc nhin
xuen, thin tit tren thong duoi, thin ca 11111:mg chi;
kh0ng the di giay duqc cüa nhOng dita ten nghi de
tim cho ra Jai giay.
The rai tOi that vyng, chat) clurang, mai met
vi kh6ng the tim ra dunrc cai dim "cam nham"
The rei (lai the r6i), tOi di ra "front desk", xin
&rye met chiec dep mOn, chi co melt chic thoi,
that tha that theu, chan thap chan cao, Ichap kha
khap khieng buck ra xe.
Trong lOng t8i nhu e6 chat gi lo fang, bai hai
khi lai xe y e nha. Va ten cOng cam thay nhu c6
clult gi ben len, ngop ngimg khi gap Nang dang
dang chef chong ngoai nguang cira, mat lo dang
nhin ye cCii xa xam. Toi ngoco dau, met tay xoe
ra dua ve phia truerc khua khua ra dau nhu int:A
dim tre con vita mat Iwo, met tay chi , xu6ng doi
ban chan, bu8ng theng met cau: "mat roi", nhu
de phan bua veri nang. Nang lanh limg thin fai
ma chang nei, ngoanh mat buerc vao nha lam barn
dieu gi ma tai kh8ng nghe rO. T6i rut re len len
theo sau, trong lOng lai thoang co cai gi vui vui,
hi hang. Hi hang vi ,ngay mai duqc mua dOi giay
cai nglii ay, toi xoa hai tay, mieng
tilm tim,, thu minh khom lung than nhay buck vao
phong tam, khe huyt sao vai ban tinh ca uert at.
T8i biet toi khong lam cam, toi chi la ngn
nhein cüa cai ten "cam nham" di vita doi giay so
6 cua UM, toi da di hai nam va da rach ma khong
them tra lai, ten nay mai dich thac la lam cam".
CAU CHUFF: N LAM CAM THC HAI: DAU
QUA GIANG SINH.
Ban than,
Nhan sang nay toi lai xe ye gan tai nha, ngang
qua met tram "xe butt" &Ong cOng cüa thanh pho,
ten thay met nguai clan Ong di doi giciy hien Bata
mai toanh (mai tinh), clang ngueri Ichoe math, at
han Ong ta phai la nguei di tap the due hang ngay.
Ngueri ay cid dau di yang quanh ben chiec ghe dai
danh cho Ichach ch6 xe veri met van toc rat deu,
Ichong nhanh ma thing khong cham lam. Ong ta c6
y e tram ngam, thinh thoang ngimg lai ngam nghia
Ted ,giay mai dang di thi ngeng chiec da'u teic bac
murk tieu rat dep thin len trod cued tam tim roi
bau met minh nhu dang raii chuyen yen ai.
Tei thAy la, ngimg xe lai quan sat. Ong ta cir
lap di lap lai cai ging the ay, nghia la vAri thrac,di
au au quanh chiec, ghe, cid dau tram tir, ngam
nghia ded giay rnoi, roi lai ngimg dau nhin len trei
cuei cuOi lam bam met minh.
Vim khi chic xe but fro ted. Toi nghil the nao
ngued dan Ong ay cling len xe lchi elm chiec xe
vim ma, nhung khong,,Ong ay chi deng nhin chiec
xe but ay met cach rat vo tu. Khi chiec xe tit tit
dOng cita tra lai va chuyen bath thi Ong hap tap
duel theo, phOng minh, bau viu, du len. Toi lac
dau mim cued: "Lam ccim that!"
Ve tai nha, toi, ngai doe thir anh Toi thay anh
tu trach minh dAJam cam, mua,qua Sinh nhat cho
wy, cat k qua de khong tim thay no ding gie
qua. Ted thay anh c6 lam cam gi dau. Ted co gang
hinh dung ra met cai gi lam cam nai anh thi
that tei kheing dao dau ra dirge cai hinh anh ay.
Anh ma co lam cam thi khoi có them ccii lam cam
áy cim anh. Nghi- tad day, toi in ke cau chuyen ye
cal them lain cam nay the. Chuyen có that. Cued!
Se la the nay. Met horn, co hang xom &Au
nab nha ted, ten Meng, nglith la cai c8 "to Ian dAy
a lam sao" nhu tOi da nhac tth vai lan vài anh,
than ngay sinh nhat ea co, c6 da mei tat ca cac
Ong hang xem Ian cac co hang xorn khu fel tad
nha co An banh "cake" va hat, hang. Bin do, ted
cling duerc mai vi dang ngoi au lao veld may 'Ong
hang Vim khac tai phong lehach. Cau chuyen dang
ngon tran, no ran. Chat dau t8i thay may cO hang
xrim cir di qua di lai tnrac mat fel ma bvm mieng
cued. Tei lay lam la. CO chU nha thi cir nhi nhay
chi tr6 ra hieu cho fed dieu gi ma toi kthing hieu.
Vi kh8ng hieu nen toi 16.
Hinh ,nhu co dieu gi co chit nha murin ned vai
COI ghe lam, co dr lap 10, 6. phOng trong vay vay
t8i vao. Van vi kheng hieu nen toi van 16. Co ay
Ichong chiu nth ncra goi fed toang len:
- Anh ! Anh vao day em nthe met tS.
Tei ling Itheng dung len di vao nhir c6 tO ye
ra cho med nguth biet la minh Ichong quan tam chi
den may co hang x6m. Co he'd to them:
- Anh thing ca phe loai nao?
Toi ,nghT co nay that lAm cAm, c6 the ma cling
lam nhang len. Nhung hei On ben canh cai "lern
giong" kia la met cai giong rat nh6 nhung rat sac,
that ra tilt nhfing ke rang cua co ay:
- Deng cira s6 vao! Deng vao nhanh len!
- Deng dm s6 nao? Tin nga ngued hOi.
CO hang xeom nha fed ved dua mat ra clau xueing
nth "cira so" ay. Toi giat minh khi nhan ra su viec
viii dua tay keo cai Zipper len cai scat. Toi do mat
chong che:
- Anh cir hay quen may cai "lam cam" nay.
CO hang iccim liEc xdo fed met cai that dai,
cued cued:
-Anh ma lAm cam! Cho em xin cai Mm cAm
ay
anh di!
- Cho cai gi? Toi hem hinh hOi.
CO nhur biet minh 161M, vei dap.
- Never mind! (Chong co chi!)
Rei co tdt ti bo di d'e can tiep don nhimg Ong
hang Vim keo teri cang hue cang d8ng. Toi
buoy ra phong ngoai, de lai phia sau lung nheng
tieng cued klific khich day rieu cert [An dii an elm
nhcmg cô hang x6m xinh dep khac. Tel liec yr:5i
xuong dued dat xem c6 ke her nao de t8i c6 the
chui xuong day dirge khong vi nguerng.
Anh ban ai. Ted hoi that anh, trong cau chuyen
co that (lai cued) vim rOi toi co lam cam kheing
Dc San So 5 Su Gong Ng110 • 137
ha. anh? TOi dau c6 lam cam phai thong, tot chi
quen thoi ma. Ma quen thi cling chi la chuyen
xay ra rat thong thuang, thong thuang nhu anh
cat ky m6n qua. Sinh , nhat , cila chi ky qua thanh
tim khong ra. CO gi lam cam dau nhi. Cat k thi
khac vOi deiu day nhe. Tram chuyen vä dau xe tai
cling chi vi chit , "&iu". , Nha. cat 197 chit dimg dou
kji cal gi hay dieu gi day.
Nay nhe: CO ai trach anh la lam cam khi anh
dang deo kinh (mat kieng) tren mat ma ch di tim
kinh loan ca nha len dau. CO ai trach anh khi anh
ra met may xe rôi cit chay vao nha kiem chia kh6a
de ra no may xe dau. CO ai trach anh sang sang di
lam, ngay nao cling nhu ngay nay, mat nira gia
dong he hot ha hat hai nao tim del vO, dOi giay,
chum chia khod hay cai vi a dau.
"Dim dau 176 cluoi" mOtthat la lam cam. Cai
lam cam te hai nay thi no chang phan biet Mei the
hay chimg tec gi ca. NO chang phan bit là noi
niem rieng hay nen niem chung, no cling chang
can biet "meit khoang treri rieng" (ten mOt thi
pham a San Jose, nui t8i dang 6) hay khoang tad
chung gi ca. CU dau ma hi loi ra la chet, chet met
each rat lam cam, dau throng. Nhtr dau vg de
tieu het tien thueng thang thir muai ba hay tien
"bonus", fel lai bat nga, trong met ngay dep treri
nao do, lam cam than vai vg là tien throng nam
nay it qua. Trod hem do c6 Op each may cang
t6i sam.
N6i vay thoi, khOng phai cai lam cam nao
cang dang sor ca dau. CO nhang cai lam cam cling
Mt de , thuung, vi c6 cai lam cam nao giOng cai
lam cam nao dau. Nhu ca met lan co hang x6m
xinh dcp truac cira nha toi hei toi met cau lam
cam that rat clang yeu:
-Em nha tei horn qua em di ngit , mac quan
phai, sao sang nay tinh day em lai thay em mac
quan trai?
CO ma Thanh Net. floi nhu the mai that IA
lam cam. Thai, tepi lam cam tao lao cau chuyen
vol anh met ty, lcim ca'm nhu co hang xom hei toi
tai sao sang ra tinh day lai thay minh mac quan
trai vay. Cued.
NGUYEN HONG HANH
138 + pac San S6 5 Kt Su Cong Nghe
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Dec San SO 5 K9 Su C8ng Nghe • 141
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142 4 Doc San Se 5 Kt Su Cong Nghe
ODA, FDI:
Nov cling va tham nhiing 6* Viet Nam
Lam Van Be
Montreal, QC, Canada
Ngtrai k9 sir muan lam phein sy cho chu wan,
beto y e mot truang cho dung mac, can c6 die an
tot, clau tw, nhein cong va tai nguyen tot Bern dye
se hieu them ye hien tinh dau tit va vien try, va
mac no cling cna CHXHCNV1V„
, veri nhang con
so gay sting sot, va se nhin thay twang quan chat
che clic' no vol t nony tham nhang mac di) kinh
hoeing. Bon doe thdy vi sao c6 nhang dg On scin
bay, xa 10 aye duct ra khap nai, nha may lam
throng 6 yang khong trong mia, nha may hai san
6 yang treng Ina, hoeic bang each nao kj nghe lap
rap tiep tay cho viec rim tien, de an lap nhang
nha mciy Ion gay lieu clang cho clan vi non chMm
u ruOng clat va too ca hai dciu ca cho cac Ong
lan, die On khai thcic tai nguyen thien nhien nham
tryc 191 nhanh ma coi re mot trwerng va sac khoe
ding nhan. D6 la nhiing dê teti suy tit cho the he
icy sir ngay nay vet twang lat. Nguyen la gilt° sw
Wu& 1975 va sau là giam doc this Wen cita thanh
pho Montreal, tac gia dwyc biet nhieu qua nhang
bat khao luan ye cac van cle xei hai va van h6a.
Thang nam 1975, cac dep rau non coi tit
Tnrang, San, tir mien Bac xa hei chit nghia tran
vao mien Nam on Nggy». NM-mg ngueri chien
thang ngei ch8m helm tren xe, nuoi heo tren cao
nga ngac tnr6c canh song tur do sung tile ma
da 30 nam hg chin bao giô dirge trong thay. 1-19
va vet cüa cai cüa nguai dan mien Nam, va trong
heath trang mang ye que quan, it nha't co ba bao
vat ma, hg hang ma uerc chiee xe dap, chiec
&Ong h8 va cai radio (dap-dong-dai). Tir nam ay,
COng San da th8ng nhat ngheo doi va che de dee
tai tren toan cOi Viet Nam.
De elm giiip Viet Nam thoat ra Iched tinh trang
cham tien va ban cling, thang 11 nam 1993, met
se quec gia phat trien va cac guy tien te quec t6
chap nhan tai trg cho Viet Nam
hgp tai Paris
vOi chuang trinh ODA va,tnrerc dO vai nam, met
so doanh thucmg ngoai quec ding da bat dau dem
von den Viet Nam Mu tu clued clang FDI.
a
Ngoai te ao at d vao Viet Nam. Met s8 ha
tang co 56 dugc thing tu phat trien, cac tea nha
choc trait cim gied tit ban dirge clang len tai cac
thanh pho lorn. , B0 mat dm xa hei chit nghia da
nhanh ch6ng doi thay cling nhip vai sir thay hinh
del dang ala cac can ng8. Met giai cap med tu
ban do xuat hien, lam giau vai met van toc phi
ma bang tham nhiang tren so ngoai t tai trg va
tai san qu8c gia, khien Mt nuac ben ,ngoai trong
co ve «van minh» han, niumg the giau ben trong
met thirc trang phan each giau ngheo tram trgng,
so ng cling them cheng chat va vg that thoat 5
tSr my kim ala ding ty Vinashin la dien hinh
chanh sach tham nhiing va bao lire dm Viet Nam
horn nay.
Bai viet de cap den m'Ot van de tuy «da nghe,
da dgc», nhung nhitng con so kinh hoang se giiip
dee gia Met re han met hiem hga dé nang tren
vai ala nhieu the he nguai Viet ye nhcmg men ng
ding ma tap doan tham nhang ding san tit nhieu
thap nien qua da vu vet tan tinh.
Phan 1. ODA
ODA la chit Mu dm cum tir Official
Development Assistance la chucmg trinh tai trg
ala cac nuem giau, cac quy tien t quoc te
cho chinh phu cac nuac cham tien de phat trien
kinh te, x6a dOi giam ngheo. SO tien tai trg thuerng
dueri hai hinh thirc la cho vay khong ,phai hoan lai,
ggi la vin trg va cho vay vOi lai suat nhe, thuang
Doc San SO 5 Kt Su Cling Nghe •• 143
dueri 3%, theri gian cho vay dai han (30-40 nam)
veri an hart khoang 10 nam. Trong theri gian 10
nam an han chi phai tra tien leri, , den nam thd 11
thi mari bat du phai tra läi ran van. Tity theo tinh
trang kinh te cfa them nhan tai trg, so tien vin
trg thuang chiem khoang 20-25% trong tong so
hen tai trg.
Su gifip do nay, tuy dem Igi ich cho cac nuot
ngheo, nhtmg cling gop phan cho cfic nut tii
try nhfing lgi ich kith re, chinh tri va chien
trong then gian tai trg va sau de.
Ve kinh te, nu& than tai trg pith chap than
be, clan hang rao quan thue, danh in tien cho hang
Ma dm nu& tat trg. Truang hgp nhu VN la nuarc
than nhieu tai trg nhat cüa Nhat Ban, VN phai
nhap cang in tien xe hai va cac dung cu, may m6c
ern. Nhat. Tuy nuac nhan tien ODA, ten nguyen
the, cO toan quyen sir dung va pan tri cac du an
tai trg, nhtmg trong thuc te, sir tham gia cüa cac
chuyen vien, nhieu khi ca nhan cOng cUa nuem tai
trg trong cac giai ,doan chuan bi va time hien, la
diet' kien can thiet de chi an dugc d dang chap
thu'an Ngoai ra, cac nguyen lieu, trang bi cung
cap cho du an cling phai mua in tien tir nuerc tai
trg, chi phi dao tao than vien, chi phi hanh chanh
dugc huh trong sr) tien tai trg hay vien trg.
Ve lat suat cho vay, tuy in dAi, nhtmg só tien
1M va von khi tra ng tang len rat nhieu, vi phai ti nh
them t9 Ye
, pha gia dong bac dm quec gia thieu
ng. MOt yeu to khac can tac hai hcm la ng phai
tra bang USD, dieu nay se ,dua den viec tang ng
vi khac bit hoi suat gifia clOng tie'n cüa nuerc cho
vay va deing tien doi ra la USD. Viet Nam ng
Ban nhieu anat., (long yen la dOng tin math, do
do khi dong tien yen tang giá, VN phai tra phan
phu trOi‘ gitla Wag yen va &Ong bac VN, Ong
them phan phu trOi gift dong yen va USD.
ye chi& lugc, ODA la mOt loi khi chinh tri va
an ninh gilt& thong cho nuac cung cap ODA, thi
du nhu Hoa Ky cung cap m6i nam ten 5 t9 ODA
cho Do Thai va Ai Cap cat la de bao dam sr ca
trong vfmg dat chien lugc nay.
mat cüa Hoa
ODA ViOt Nam
Cho den nay, VN la mOt tong 5 quoc c gia
144 4 Woe San SO 5 Kt Su Cong Ngho
thrng dau tren the OM Pep nhan ODA dm 51 nha
tai trg trong do có 28 nha tai trg song phucmg
(quOc gia tai trg true tip cho VN) NT& 23 nha
tai itrg ,da phuang (cac quy tien te, cdc, ccr quan
quoc te). Ngoai the queic gia thuOc khoi OECD
(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development Om 34 gate gia hau ky- nghe va phat
trien tren the gieri) can cO Trung Quoc và vai quoc
gia kh6i Lien SO ca (Nga, Hung Gia Lc& Serbie).
Nhat la, quelc gia tai trg ODA nhieu that cho VN
trong so cac nha tai trg song phucrng, chiem,30%
trong tong s6 ODA cho VN. Ngan Hang The giai
(WB= World Bank) dung clan trong sO cac nha tai
trg da phucmg von 14 t9 USD, chiem 20% ODA.
Ve, vien trg kheing hoan lai, Phap la quan trgng
that, ke la Dan Mach. Trung binh, m6i n'a'm VN
than dugc khoang 2 tSi nam gan day fang
len den hcrn 5 t9. Cho den cu6i narn 2011, tong se
tai trg cam ket cho Viet Nam len den hcrn 64 t9
USD, so giai ngan ho-n 34 t9, chiem 53% tong so
ODA cam ket (theo Vu Kith Te den ngoai, BO Ke
hoach Dau tu).
Trong phien hap gicra cac nha tai trg va VN
ngay 6 thang, 12 nam 2011 Mit Ha Noi, BO Truong
Ke hoach Dan tu BUi Quang Vinh da tuyen be:
'(Tong da'u tie xã hal van con phcii tang ien,do
nu* ta cdn ngheo clang ph& trien, nhu cau ye lig
king reit Ian va ncr cong a mire cao hien nay, tier
giam dtiu tie cong tie ngtin scich nha ntrac la mat
trong nhfing bin phap ma chanh phi( quyet tam
theo dual. ».
Ng cong ma Ong b0 trueng de cap den la meii
lo au Hieing phai cho chinh phii cita Ong ma cho ca
nhieu the N nguni V*. Dai dien cua Ngan Hang
The Giai (WB) tai VN da tuyen b6 tong hOi nghi
la ''Tong so no cong cua VN :sac lacing bang 57%
GDP trong do no chanh phn la 46%, no. &roc
chinh phit bao lcinh la 11%. Ngoai ra, can phai ke
them no cüa khu vuc ngoai quoc doanh boo
ccic khoan vay dill doanh nghiep nha war va
nhcin khang duce chanh phit bac) liinh len den
11%9». (Bao cao cfla NHTG tai HOi Nghi cac nha
tai trg cho VN, 6/12/2011). Nhu vay, theo WB, t9
le mac ng cüa VN den cuOi nam 2011 la 68%.
Nhtmg theo ten si Le Dang Doanh, nguyen
Vien Trueng Vien Quan Ly Kinh ta Trung ucrng
a Ha N0i, tong so ,ng cong cna VN cao hcrn rat
nhieu so \Teri con so cüa WB uoc tinh. a/N ,hien
nay dang no. 15 quoc gia va 8 to chgc queic te,
churl id ccic ngtin pang thttcmg mai và ccic 1w nhan
nam cac trai phieu ma chmnhphüphát hanh bang
ngoai t tri gia 1 ty my" kim trong nom 2010. Tinh
den nam 2010, VN me& ngoai 32,5 tY, chiem
42,2% GDP vii so no nay tang them hang ham,
chi trong 5 nam at 2005 den 2010, no nu& ngoai
cna VN del tang gdp doi. Ntim 2011, na c 'Ong la
58,7% GDP. Ngoai m7 cna chinh phü vay, chinh
phn con boo Minh no cho mat sa cong ty guoc
doanh nhu vay tinh tang so no/ cling ya no/ cila
cling ty gully doanh thi no/ ctia VN JO &On 100%
GDP » (nguon: VN ng nuerc ngoai 32,5 ty. BBC
ngay 15/8/2011).
Theo khuyen cao cüa Quy Tien Te Quec TO
(IMF), tYl vay ng cüa mOt quoc gia khong nen
vucrt qua 50% cfia GDP bao dam sr on dinh cim
nen kinh te Tuy nhien, tiem nang kinh te, num
dich vay ng va cach sir dung ng la di'eu quan tong
han. Truang hop mOt s8 quOc gia có tyl vay ncy
cao so vai GDP nhu Nhat Ban 200%, Phap 87%,
Canada 82%, Hoa lcY 69% nhung van dirge xem
la nhemg quec gia co nen kinh te viIng manh ben
le he vim la con ng ma clang vim la thU ng. Ngoai
ra, co can kinh te, tai nguyen thien nhien, trinh do
nhan luc va Icy thuat cüa cac quoc gia nay dam
bao sij phat trien kinh te va di nhien kha nang tra
ng. Trai lai, mOt so quoc gia khac nhu Y, Hy Lap
có ng &Ong cao (Hi Lap . 135%, t: 120%) vim bi
khfing hoang tien te, h8n loan Idnh te ,trong mita
he 2011, bei lam phat, ca ca'u sari xuat yen kern
va dan chang mat niem tin y e kha nang lath dao
dm chart phU. (Nhgng thong ke tren dga vao The
a
Economist. The Global debt clock)
D& vâi VN, bai le ng cong d'A vucrt qua «
nguang an toan» ma tiem ,nang kinh te cling nhu
kha rang quan tri con you kern, dc biet tham
nhang dA tit thanh mOt quOc nan, van de ng clang
dang la mOt de dea lan cho sr On dirt kinh te xa
hOi va la mOt gait nang cho nhieu the he' phai tra
men no nay.
1- TOng s nu. cling VN
Bang 1: Sa nv cong ciia VN nAm 2010
Co. quan
Tang sa (tS. USD )
Economist
Factbook of CIA
World Bank
BO Tai Chanh VN
50.7
32.8
35.1
32.5
%
GDP
51.7
57.1
56.6
42.2
tOng s6 ng cong cüa VN, cac theng ke c8ng
b8 nhimg con so !thong hoan toan giong nhau
dinh nghia ng cong va phuang phap stru tap du
lieu khong gi8ng nhau, nhung cac ca quan quoc te
deu dong thuan tren mOt diem la tYl ng ding cfm
VN da vuo:t qua 50% GDP vao nam 2010.
Rieng veri VN, BO Tai Chanh cling bei chi c6
42.2% ben le VN la mOt trong so rat it quoc gia
tren the giari Ichong cong nhan ng cfm cac doanh
nghiep nha nuarc (DNNN) là ng c8ng. Dieu cling
d8 hieu vi sinh hoat kit te cim VN chit yeu
vao cac DNNN, chit phu phai barn tin thuang
xuyen cho cac DNNN vi lam an luon thua 18 do
tam nhiing va lang phi.
Hien nay, VN ce 4200 DNNN dugc nha nu&
ba von &Au tu 100% hay mOt ,phan. Vori‘ cac doanh
nghiep dugc nha nuerc be v8n mOt phan thi phai
di vay von a cac ngan hang trong nuerc hay ngoai
nuac theo nguyen tic tu vay ,tv tra, chanh phi)
khong có trach nhiem gi y e so ng nay. Ve diem
nay, dang COng San VN thirc mut rnO Ichi lap ra
cac DNNN track nhiem tau han mOt thanh vien,
khong c6 HOi Dong Quan Tri, chi giao cho mOt
thanh vien larn chit rnà khong ai khac han la be
dang. Sau lchi di vay vung vit, chia nhau tau tan tai
san cna ding ty rOi lchai 18, pha san, quit ng, n6i
van y e theo ngon tir cOng sari la khoanh ng. Vii
kien cfm clang ty Elliot Advisors tai Tea An Anh
Queoc khai to cong ty nha nu& Vinashin dei phai
tra 600 tri'eu ma Vinashin da vay hoi nam 2007
veri s Ung ho» , (support) cna chinh phit, nhung
chinh phil tir choi tra ng vi fang ho Ichong phai la
bao lanh (co-sign) DO la tro chai chit trong cac
van kien phap ly va các din tit, ser truing
cOng san.
Doan van sau day (tang trong bao dien tit «An
Ninh Thu DO», ca quan thong tin cna TP Ha NO
Doc San SO 5 K? Su Gong Ngh 4 145
khien ngu g i doe phai kinh hodng nhu cai tga. «
Hien nay ca ntrac có tren 1200 DNNN la cong
ty trach nhiem hint km mat themh vien. Trong
narn 2009, theo beto cao cfra Chinh phi( gal Quac
Hai ngay 1-11-2010 thi no cita 81/91 tap doan,
tong cong ty nha nu& (churl tinh Vinashin)
813 435 03 clang (khoting 40 tY USD) Nau tinh cá
no Vinashin, theo baa ccio du: Bo Ted Chinh la
86 000 tj, tang (khoang 4.3 0) USD) thi ncr cira
khu vyr DNNN din 2009 khong ki 10 tap dam,
tang cong ty chua cc, sa lieu da len clan 54.2%
GDP nam 2009.... Theo so lieu cua Ngcin Hang
The Giol, hien ale DNNN chiem till 60% tin clung
cute tngan hang, dac biet, mtic nçrcáaDNNNdang
chiem den 70% no xau ccic ngcin hang. Tinh den
het tiding 8-2011, no xcht toan nganh ngan hang
O Fmk tren 76 000 0, clang (khocing 3.5 0) USD)
vet có xu htrang tang » (Nguon: Nh gng con so
kinh hoang /An Ninh Thu DO 26/11/2011). Cho
thich: con so bang mS-r kim trong dau ngoec
cUa ngu gi viet.
Do la met trong nhemg ly do gidi thich tai sao
ng cüa eac doanh nghiep nhd nuarc khong duce
chinh phir ke Id ng cong, va tuy mac ng da hang
chac nem, VN chi mad ban ISM «Luat Ng Cong»
vdo nam 2009 va van dung ben ngodi aim nhang
luat l tai chinh gu g e tã. NM-mg dg an tai cau true
DNNN, bai tit tham nhang do thet tueng Nguya'n
Tan Dung ho hao ma cac chuyen vien kinh te
thanh tin nhu Büi Ngoe San cho là hien tugng
«trao dau dira lau cho sach», vi kien Vinashin ya
nhang scandales tham nhang ,ODA lien Om xay
ra ti nhieu nam nay va van tiep dian, da lam mat
uy tin VN ten thi truang tin ding the gieri. Alain
Cany, Chit rich Phong Throng Mai Au chau
tuyen Niem tin cira gith clau tw chau Au dal
voi VN dang suy githm (BBC 1/12/2011. VN ben
hap dAn y in nha dau tu)
2- Nor cong tang voi t6c da lay nen
Ng cling VN tang fat nhanh, chi trong 10 nam,
tit 2001 den 2010, s8 ng &Ong da tang tir 8.5 ty den
50.7 ty, de bit nhimg nam gan day, m8i nam
tang tir 5 den 10 ty
146 4 Dec San SO 5 Kt Su Cong Nghe
, Theo is& tinh bao kinh -re' The Economist,
t6ng s8 ng cong cüa VN vac nam 2010 la 50.7 tY
USD, chiam 51.7% GDP. Neu tinh theo lgi the
clang nien trung binh cOa 66i nguai dan a 1160
USD theo thong ka cfra WB, thi nam 2010, mill
ngwoi din VN phai, no.,50% tren In tot dang
nien. Nhtmg phai hien rang ,hon, 70% ngtrai Viet
s8ng a nong thon, lgi tire rat thap, VN horn nay
c6 23% nguai dan s6ng dual: ngu gng ngheo tuyet
alai theo chi s8 aim WB (1.25 USD/ngay). Theo
BO xa Hai va. Thucmg Binh Viet Nam, ngueng
ngheo nam 2011 áp cgmg a thanh ph6 ld 6 trieu
dong /nam (300 USD) va 6 Wing then ld 5 trieu
ding (250 USD), nhu vay, hien nay tY l ng cOng
cid gap 4 len lgi tire &mg nien eüa ngued ngheo.
Veri khuynh hiring gia tang ng lily tin, vao nim
2020, ngwiri ngheo Oaf lam viec 10 dam lad
dii di tra nq ding mat nam. Ngoai,ra, cilng can
biet la. ODA clanh tru tien cho cac quele gia ngheo,
va khi mire loi tire &Ong nien eUa guoc gia dat
den mire tren 1000 clang, nhu truang hop VN horn
nay, s6 tien vien trg sè giam xuling va so tien cho
vay se tang len trong tong sa tai trg, lai suat uu dai
cling cao hon, Viet Nam se phai del din y eti ng
c8ng cluing chat trong nhImg nam thang sap den
ma khong biet bao nhieu the he mod tra het.
Bang 2: Noy cling tinh theo GDP Ir a lqi tot
du ngwiri tit nam 2001 den 2010
Tang sa
Dan sg'
14gingubi % GDP
(t USD)
(trigu)
(USD)
Lgi tire/
%16 titc
ngugi
2001
8,5
79.7
107
26.7
410
26.1
2002
12.8
80.6
159
37.6
430
37
2003
15.4
81.5
189
40.4
480
39.3
2004
18.5
82.4
225
42.3
550
41
2005
22.2
83.3
267
43.7
630
42.3
2006
26.7
84.2
317
45.4
700
45.2
2007
33.3
85.1
395
48,9
790
50
2008
40
86
464
48.9
920
50.4
2009
45.1
86.8
521
51
1030
50.5
2010
50.7
87.6
579
51.7
1160
50
(Nguen:The Global Pub ic debt clock 2010
World Bank: GNI per capita /Atlas method)
3- HiYu qui vi hyu qui eiia ODA
Trong gan 20 nam qua, ke tir 1993, thy ODA da
gitip cho VN trimg tu va phat hien mOt s6 ha tang co
ser, giam 1)64 ty l dan s6 ngheo dor nhimg nhimg
thanh qua cis ODA mang lai cho VN xet ra khiem
ton han so voi so no: qua cao ma VN phai tra. Ly do
tha tinh trang nay phat xuat tir ca hai phi a, tir phia
ck guoc gia tài trg ODA va ter phia Viet Nam.
* V phia cie gm& gia thi tra ODA, vi thing
thuan loi va quyen loi cho ho, nhieu dtr an tai trg
khong nhat thiet phii hop vai tru tien nhu cau haft
VN.
te va hiii
- Cac s6 dir an rAt trung vao mOt s6,nganh,
thi dv nhu rieng nganh giao thong chiem den 64%
dv an trong do co 8 quoc gia tai trg. Str kin nay
tao ra tinh trang qua tai trong viec quan tri cac dv
an, nhat la a cac dia phucmg ma kha nang nhan
ltrc con yeu kern va t nan tham nhiing, phop vua
thua l lang lam that thoat c8ng quy.
- Sr phan ph6i ODA cling khong ding du,
nhieu dia phuang ngheo can nhieu den ODA thi
lai it than dirge ODA. Bang thong ke sau day xac
than tinh trang nghich 15( nay.
Bing 3. Phin phifd ODA theo yang
%
Wing
vOn $/diu ngirei
ODA
8.07
Trung du va mien
' Mil Bac B(1
Bong bang song Hong
,
Bic Trung ti(?' va duyen hai mien Trtmg
Tay Nguyen
Nag Nam B6
Dimg bing song Cfru Long
Lien vang
33.98$US
13.69
18.42
12.82
5246
4.43
21.86
15.62
25,4
9.36
11.19
36.01
(BO Tai Chanh. Bao cao danh gia cac chuang
trinh dv an ODA giai doan 2000-2007)
, Bang thring ke cho thAy Viing Trung du va
mien nüi Bac b0, vimg Tay Nguyen va vimg [Xing
bang song Ciru Long la nhilng viing ngheo khO,
nhung lai nhan dugc it ODA han vimg trü phil
nhat cis VN la viing DOng Nam BO.
- Mt phin krn AO try khang phii nhyin
divot bAng tien ml bAng djch vy. 65% ngan
khoan vin trg dirge tinh tren tien thue chuyen gia
c6 van va 35% tren chi phi quan ly (11% dao tao
nhan vien, 8% hOi thao, 5% khao sat, 5% thong
tin va 6% chi phi sinh hoat). Thi ra, tien vin trg
trong gan nhir tat ca the dv an la chi phi hanh
chanh va quan tri co lgi cho phia nha tai trg va sv
lam dung, tham nhung , trong the mvc nay la dieu
xay ra trong he thong c8ng quyen nha nuerc
Viet Nam. Tien si BUi Kien Thanh (con caa BS
BUi Kin Tin, chuyen , gia kinh , te ngtrai My glic
Viet, co thai lam co van kinh te cho VO van Kiet
lUc VN rnâi bat dau rnâ dm ) cho biet Nhat buac
thue kjisit Nhat, có truang hop &it han gia thi
Throng 20-30% (info.vn.kinh-te/chinh-sach/)
* Vet phia via Nam, le nan tham nhfing,
thieu kha nAng plan tri vi lAng phi tien tii try
là nhittig yeu t quan tryng nhit trong viYe sir
dyng ODA.
- Van de tham nhiing luôn la de tAi trong ck
phien hop gicra VN vOi cac nha tai trg. Trong phien
hop ngay 29/11/2011 tai Ha N0i, Jai sir ck nuc"rc tai
trg da. c6 nlitmg chi trich Sire tiep va nghiem khac
Arai ny Ban Chong Tham Nhang Viet Nam. Dai sir
Thvy Dien th Tan Tay Lan yeu cau VN phal day
math tinh than minh bach, co sr tham dv cüa the
t6 chirc dan str dOc lap tong fly Ban Chong Tham
Nhiing. Dai sir Canada phat , bieu la tham nhiing van
chingiam bat va quyen tiep can thong tin phai la
quyen diamg nhien cila ngueri dan va bao chi chir
Ichong phai la mOt dc S. Di edin Lien Hip Au
Chau (EU) cho brat ltht re chong tham nhOng th
thvc te có mOt khoang each lan. Dai dien Ngan
Hang A Chau, nha tai trg da phucmg thir hai sau WB
thi quyet liet hem vOi chinh phu VN: Tham nhung
da tac clang dau tie cling tie litc lap du. an tol khi
phot trien dv an. Danh gici cüa chUng tOi cling cho
biet,ccic dv an tit (rung trang den Ma phteang deu co
khiem khuyet, thong tong nhau trong viec dau thau.
VN dang có dv an giam dciu tie cong, nhung toi cho
rang phai gicim (ham nhung ddu tie ding »
( Nguan: Nguai dting dau tham nhung c6n
chin nhiet drill Dantricom.vn ngay 29/11/2011).
Thvc la nlitic nha khi cac nha tai trg, sau nhieu
lan canh can, dã khring kem gift dugc ng8n ngit
ngoai giao truerc mOt con ny khong biet xau h6
nhu VN.
Doe San S6 5 Ky Su Gong Ngh 4 147
Ve diem nay, trong khi bao cao cüa chinh phil
luon co nhang tir nga muon thua nhu «trien khai
tot, danh gia cao, tien dO vuo:t bye...» mOt so
cac kinh te gia co thanh tin, tru tu veri van menh
dat nuac da c6ng khai noi len awe trang nghiem
trong ciia ng ding.
, Tien si Kin Thanh, trong cuOc ph6ng
van bao TienPhong, ce don Ong cid nen: «...
VN ce, van de cuc k nghiem trong là nan (ham
nang va rat ruat cac cong trinh ciciu tie tic ng
cang. Theo bao cat° dui Quoc Hai, c6ng trinh
nao cling bi rat ruat 5, 10, 20 therm chi den 30%.
Con duang ngucki ta lam chgy dirac 20-30 ntim
(hi minh lam chi chgy Apr 3-4 neim del phai dao
xcil len situ chira...Neu no' cling tiep tyc tang cao
ma minh khong co khci nang trci nq (hi co the dan
den vã ng nhu Hi Lgp...». (Ng ding la dai hoa.
Tienphongonline ngay 03/11/2011)).
Chang nhang phAm chat x'au ma chi phi lai
qua cao. Tien Si Nguyen Xuan Thanh, giang vien
chucmg trinh Kinh te Fulbright neu len mOt truemg
hop din hinh. « Kliong ke ccic chi phi boi thuang
dot, chi phi xay &tang cao t6c TPHCM - Long
Thanh dill 55km veri 4 lan cluenig ton 930 trieu
USD, tar 17 trieu USD cho niai km, trong khi do,
chi phi a MP chi ,c6 1.4 trieu ttiv 5.6 trieu cho 4
Ian. U Trung Queic va Nigeria chi co 1, trieu. Chi
phi 6 VN qua cao, gcip 3 lan 6 my khien cho mat
du an, di, cho ca hieu qua kinh te win c6 nguy
ca kho trci na va tang nhieu na cling » (Nguon:
Lam con duang ton gap 3 lan M. VNexpress,
21/10/2011).
Tien si va Thanh Tv Anh, Giam D'Oc nghien
ciru Chucmg Trinh Giang Day Kinh Te Fulbright
da c6 than dinh tong the ye ODA va no ding dm
czta ta hen nay
'
VN nhu sau: « Theo tell, no. c Ong
ca nhieu rüi ro. Rai ro 16n nhat xucit phat tie viec
du tit kern hieu qua. Rni ro thir hai là mat ba
phan rcit 16n ng cang cita doanh nghiep nha nu&
chtra dtrgc dim veto thong ke nq cong. Rñi ro thU
ba là ng cling tang quo nhanh trong khi than.: hyt
ngcin sach luon mac rcit caoh
Ve rh ro thir nhAt, Ong Anh co neu len mOt thi
du dien hinh ve viec sir ding ODA theo quyen lyi
chinh tn cha phe nh6m, cha dia phucmg, bat chap
148 •.." Doc San SO 5 Kc Su Cong 1\igh0
quyen lyi toi thuong cüa quoc gia. D6 la du an xay
Beth vien cap vimg 6 tinh Tien Giang de giam tai
benh vin trung ucmg, va thy du an da thanh hinh
cher thut hien nhtmg bj dot nget cat b6 vi nhu cau
va nguyen vyng cüa dan cu \rang Dong Bang song
Ciru Long khemg dh tryng lucmg truerc áp lye dm
mOt thorn quyen lye khac muOn sir dung dau tu
nay cho dia phucmg duyc tru Ai va manh the Ilan.
(Thanhnienonline vn ngay 10/1/2012).
Nhikng quan diem ciia cic kinh t gia uy tin
tren nii len melt thwc trang 11 cfic cap lanh dio
cOng sin dä sir dyng ODA nhw mOt phirang tin
a lam giau cho cá nhan va phe ding.
Chuyen khoi ‘ hai la chanh phil di vay no cita
ngoai quoc de rin dem cho , vay lai trong nu6c,
dung tien tai try v6i lai suat kem dem cho cac
doanh tnghiep va dja phucmg vay ,v6i lai suat cao
hcm de lay led. Vol quan niem tien tai try la tien
cho khong, hay phai cher den 30-40 nam sati,mai
tra, cat nguai c6 chit co quyen tranh nhau de lap
du an, tinh nao cling lap san bay, duerng xa 10, nha
may lam throng tuy khong phai la yang dat tong
mia, nha may ch8 bien duly san a \TAIT dat tong
lila. Tien ODA là cha trai cho d6 ck cap lanh dao
chia chk qua cac du an dê sinh loi trong chOc theri
va ‘khi quan tri kem vi thieu kha nang, vi luat le
chiing cheo khong r0 rang, cac cong ,ty va ng, cac
nguai trach nhiem do loi cho nhau roi Out no.
Dan chimg khong biet ODA la gi, chinh phi"
xem ODA la met b0 phan cha ngan sach nen quan
tri nhu tai san qu8c gia, mac tinh phung phi va va
vet, va ck nha tai try., vi nguyen tac kh6ng can du
vao nOi tinh chinh tri cha nu6c tai try, danh bat
lire thin tai san cha than dan ho Jong g6p dé phat
trien ck clan tOc ngheo lai rcri vac tay ck nha tST
phit tham nhiing. Tuy da biet vay ma van tai try,
co khi con tang them tai try nhu Nhat Ban va WB,
van de nghich 1ST nay khong thuoc de tai phan tich
caa bai viet nay.
-Ve chuyen kern kha nang quan l lam tri tre
du an, gia tang chi phi va cham giai ngan, truang
hyp dien hinh la WB tai tro cho tinh Bac Giang
mOt chucmg trinh x6a ded giam ngheo, thing phai
cher den 2 nam mOi dao tao di( can bia. Chuyen cau
duang dang xay hay sau khi Ichanh thanh thi bi hi
sap la chuyen qua quen thuiac dei voi ngtreti Viet
Nam, khian Quac Hi phai bao dAng vi nau len
con so that thoat vi tham nhfing vi sira chira len
dan 30%. DI nhien, trong met quec gia ma. clan
Neu dirge chi dinh thi chuyen Quec Hei len tieng
la chuyen trang tri hay chi la tieng ned lac dieu caa
nhiing clang vier' bat man vi 'thong dirge chia phan.
Ng ding va tham nhang da den hei bao Ong,
nhung khong phai chi lien he den nguen tai trg
ODA ma con lien quan den den met khoi ngogi
khac ctia tu ban ngoai quoc de vao Viet Nam de
dau ttr goi la FDI.
Phan 2. FBI
FDI la chit tit dm Foreign Direct Investment
là chucmg trinh ngoai quik dau tu tffic tiep vao
Viet Nam sau lchi Viet Nam ban hanh luat ,dau tu
nu& ngoai nam 1987 va sau khi My be cam van
VN vao thang 2/1994 duai thai Clinton. Luc ban
tir 1988 den 2003, FDI thueng hoat thing yeti
s6 ven dau tu theo, khoang 10 trieu USD m'Ot dv
an, chit yeu lien doanh vai ck cOng ty nha nu&
hay gala ck cling ty they ngoli da'u tu vao VN.
Ke ffi sau nam 2003 khi chinh pha VN tu chinh
141 dau tu gianh nhieu in dai cho dau tu nuae
ngoai, hinh thirc dau tu 100% viin ngoai quec bat
dau va cho den nay khoang phan nira la lien doanh
yeti VN va phan nira,la set hat hoan toan elm ngoai
quoc. SO von cam ket cho mei dv an cang tang len
hang tram tri'eu, c6 khi hang ty USD.
Bang 4. Dan hr nut ngoiti duct cap ay
phep 1988-2010
Nam
1988-1990
1991-2000
2001-2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
T6ng so
Van cleing ky,
(trieu USD)
1 601
43 922
20 720
12 004
21 347
71 726
23 107
18 600
213 627
math vi Idle khan kith tevi ma elm VN. Theo Be
Ke hoach Dau tu, nam 2011 so Van dang 14 la
14,7 4, chi bang 74% nam 2010 va hi vong nam
2012 se kern git a ink nay. Dieu dang ltru la
tong so von dang ky ffi khi FDI bat dau nam 1988
cho den nam 2010 la 213.6 4 USD, nhung thvc
hien chi c6 nhu vay tY‘ l giai ngan,chi c6
de 1/3 tren so von clang 14, dieu de cho thay FDI
kh8ng hieu qua trong viec da'u tu 0 VN.
Met each cv the ham, hieu qua cila dau
tu thuang dirge do luang bang chi &ICOR
(Incremental Capital Output Rate), chi s6 cang
cao thi hi'eu qua dau tu cang thap. Nam 2005, chi
s6 ICOR doanh nghiep elm VN la 5, c6 nghla la
phai ba ra 5$ von dau tu mM thu dirge 1$ ski
lugng, den nam 2009 tang len den 8, trong khi do
chi ,s6 ICOR dm Trung Quec la 4, Nhat va Han
Ott& la 3.2, Dai Loan la 2.8. Rieng cac ding ty
quiSc doanh VN, chi s6 ICOR la 12, cao that the
gied (c6 nghla la &au tu kern ,that the gied). Theo
khuyen cao elm WB, chi so tot la 3.
1- SA gam gia dau hr FBI tir 1990-2010
Co khoang 60 quiac gia va la'nh the dau tu vac)
VN, trong do 5 quOc gia 0 Deng Nam A la Dai
Loan, Han Quec, , Singapore, Nhat va Ma Lai
dung hang dau chiem 55% tong s6 FDI. Dau tu
Hoa Ky chi tang nhieu tir sau khi VN \Teri Hoa Ky
ky ket hiep clinh thucmg mAi Viet-MST nam 2001,
se dau tu cita boa tang nhanh ve s6 di; An va
se flan cho m6i dv an, thuang vai tram trieu.
Van thvc hien
(trieu USD)
19 462
13 853
4 100
8 030
11 500
10 000
11 500
78 445
Nguen: Thiang ke VN. Diu Pr there ngoai
Qua bang thong ke tren, FDI tang nhieu
narn 2001 den 2008 nhtmg ffi 2009 thi spt giam
NguOn: FDI Viet Nam
Dac San SO 5 1C2 Su Gong Nghe + 149
2- Hieu qui va Ifau qui cfia FBI
Tuy FDI da deng g6p vao GDP tir 13.3% narn
2000 den 18.7 nam 2008 (theo Nien giam Theng
ke 2008), ginp VN thoat ra khOi tinh trang lac
hau kinh te, nhtmg FDI cang tao ra nhUng hau
qua khong nhO trong met so lanh we, do de FDI
kheing phai la met nguon , ngoai te hieu de
nguai Viet Nam dat het niem tin.
- FDI thuang dau tu chn yeu vac, the nganh
san xuat Joai lap rap, nhang san pham gia dung.
Do de, ,s6 tien dim vao VN de clan tu lai trer ra
ngoai de mua nguyen lieu, be phan rai, chinh
i
mat thue nhap cang, va tu ,ban de Igi dung de rm
tien. Phuang thnc nay chang giüp ich , nhieu cho
viec chuyen giao ky thuat, dao tao chat xam cho
chuyen vien VN.
Tuy nhien, di v6i caz dai ding ty thuc tam
main kinh doanh, ho cling phai be tay vi VN
kheing c6 san met dei ngil chuyen vien ky thuat
dam nhan aing ,tac giao ph6. Nam 2011, ding ty
Nokia ,cla k ket \Teri VN thiet lap met nha may
san xuat din thoai di thing tai tinh Bac Ninh veri
so von Tau , tu 2 ty USD va khi du An hoan tat,
nha may nay se' la nha may din tu quan tong
A Chau. Niumg Nokia yap phai met trer ngai
lern cling nhu Intel truerc day khi thiet lap nha
may tri gia 1 tY USD 6 TPHCM là thieu chuyen
vien Viet Nam lanh nghe. Bao cao cna Harvard
Kennedy School da viet: << Vái 2000 Ong vien, chi
c6 90 ngueri dot dü tieu chuan (5%) va sau cling
trong so nay chi có 40 nguai c6 trinh da tieng
Anh dal yeu eau tuyen dung. Intel xcic nhan day la
Mt quth toi tenhát trong so cOc nu& ma ho (Mu
tu» (Memorandum Higher Education Task Force,
November 2008, p.2).
Nhu vay, khi ODA va FDI lop du an va dem
than vien vo VN,lam viec, c6 khi là lam dung, c6
khi là chuyen chAng dang dung. Va ngay dei vai
loai ky nghe lap rap, VN van thieu thy chuyen
mon. Cho den nay, sau 20 nam, ky, nghe lap rap
xe hcri chi dat &roc 7% san pham nOi dia thay vi
phai dat duce 30% theo nhu uerc dinh vao nam
2006 Chinh co cau gido dye dao to cüa chanh
phü ceng san la can nguyen cUa tinh tong lac hau
nay.
150 • Dc San SO 5 K Su COng Ngha
- FDI c6 tao ding An viec lam cho khoang 2
trieu cang than VN tinh den nam 2010, nhimg
kheing phai IA than cOng mai tao them ma chi la
su chuyen doi tir cac nganh thn cOng nghe, Ming
nghiep. Dieu te hai hon la so nhan ding nay da so
là phu gia nhan ding ré, tham chi c6n loi dung
duai hinh thirc than c6ng thir viec, hoc viec de
de dang sa thai, khOi phai tra lucmg cao vài tham
nien. MOt se hang fleeing thiet lap trén \fling dat
Ming nghiep, phat sinh nan chiem dat, dau ca dat,
lam c6ng nhan dieu dung, mat nha mat dat canh
tac, khi bj that nghiep hay xi nghiep (long cCra vi
lam an theo loi chtip girt. Trong van tiryng nay,
FBI gop phin khOng nho trong viec bin ding
him n8ng din, gia tang s nprivi ngheo &up
yen do, hOn loan xi h§i, va 40 nen mOt giai cap
tY phfi dia Oc ma da so la ding vien &Ong sin
hay hi, hang.
- FDI dam tu vao cac nganh d sinh loi mau
cheng, dac biet nganh xay cat va dia 6c, chiem
25% trong tang so von FDI. VN hien co khoang
40 cao 6c tai Ha Nei va TPHCM la ser hitu 100%
cila ngoai quoc hay lien doanh yeti tu ban de. Chi
can dan ké tea nha choc trai cao nhat VN veri 72
tang a Ha Nei ten là Keangnam Hanoi Landmark
Tower IA dm tap doan, tir ban Han Queic, Bitexco
Financial Tower 68 tang a TPHCM la dm tap
doan tu ban de Bitexco. Tir nam 2006, tai TPHCM
da ce nhi'mg du luat ngAn cam viec xay cao oc
tai trung tam thanh ph6 de giam bet ket xe va 6
nhiem khi thai, nhung chuyen luat l vei ceing sari
la tro dna, FDI dang xay cat hay dang ve 30 du an
cao 6c trong nhi'mg nam sap tài cho TPHCM, Ha
N0i, Da Nang...
- Ngoai chuyen xay cao 0c, FDI chü tam vao
viec dau tu 6 thung \rang thuan loi giao th6ng,
khi hau tot, co nhieu tai nguyen thien nhien trong
khi nhang dia phuong kem phat trien can m6
mang ky nghe thi FDI lang tranh. VN la quric gia
nong nghiep, nhtmg trong lanh we nay, FDI chi
tap trung vao met s6 nganh nhu chan nuoi, che
bien thirc an va tong ring. Ve ky nghe, tap trung
vao cac nganh khai thac nhu go, khoang san, dc
biet la thep, ciment, nhang nganh san xuat lam
tai nguyen can kiet. DE truc loi nhanh cheng, cac
c6ng ty khong chit trgng bao v moi tru gng, ban
y e sire khoe nhan ding, do do khi FDI ra di thi
phuang phai lath dit nhimg Mu qua tai hi lau dai
ma lyi nhuan mang den cho dia phuang con it hcrn
cac ten that de Mi. Nhitng vy 8 nhiem cac song
Thi Vai, song Cau, song Nhue la din hinh
- Cac FDI c6 khuynh twang san xuat cho thi
truang tieu thy VN thay vi de xuat cang bei,18- de
canh trait vOi san pham nOi dia vi pham chat cao
ham, ban gia ,cao hon va thu nhieu lgi nhuan. Lam
nhu vay, chAng nhitng FDI lam thuang t'On cac
nganh ky nghe, thit ding nghe VN ma con lam
mat di ngoai t xuat cang, mite tieu t6i Mu Ichi
cOng Mc yeti FDI.
- M Ot s nganh ma FIR cinh tranh nhau
khai thic là cung frng dich vki nhir resort, sin
golf va dc bit la lfip casino. Hien nay, tai VN
da" c6 4 casinos hot deng a DO San, Quang Ninh
(2) va Lao Cai. MOt s6 chi an casinos co tam voc
qt.& te y eti s6 von dau tu 3-4 tY USD cho m6i dir
an dang thirc hien hay se thvc hien trong thed gian
sap tad. Dia phucrng nao cling mu& me casino de
hot Mc, rira tien. Chi can dan ke nhirmg dir an len:
bang Deng (Lang Son), New City (Phil Yen),
Nam HOi An (Quang Nam), Ba Ria-Viing Tau yen
hai dv an HO Tram Strip NT& Saigon Atlantic, Phil
Quoc a Thu BM Da Cheng. Cac dir an tren phan
lan do cac quoc gia A Chau dau tu nhieu vao VN
nhu MA Lai, Singapore, Macau, Hong Kong chit
tn. boa Ky va Canada cling gia nhap vao ky nghe
nay bang dir an Ichu giai tri HO Tram 6 Xuyen MOc
(Ca Mau), da bat dau Ichei &Ong tir thang 8/2008
va du nit hoan tat narn 2015 se co 5 khach sari 5
sao, 2 casinos trong do co 1 casino tren bien.
Tap doan Las Vegas Sands cling dang thucmg
lugng vai cac ch6p bu cOng, san thanh lap
Saigon mOt dai khu giai tri gem lchach sun, khu
S thao, casino, theo kieu Las Vegas, cly an co the
len den 10 ty USD. Thanh fly TPHCM dA deng Sr,
chi can che Nguyen Tan Ming bat den xanh. Van
de la Sheldon AdeIsom, chit tich cita tap doan Las
Vegas clei phai cho dan VN «ti'ep can» I/6i sang
bac. Chuyen sira luat, dat luat mei la chuyen de
dang neu «cac cy» an chia song phAng vor i nhau.
Nhieu dia phawng khic cling lao nhao «chao
met> FIR den xfiy dwrig casino, di la tau hien
sty frit phii ciia 'IN dirth mAt du khich ngoii
gate va Viet Kieu!
- Nhieu doanh nghiep FDI thu dirge nhanh
chong nhieu lgi nhuan veri nhang plurcmg thirc bat
chit bang each thee hiep vai tham nhAng nhu
Ichai gian von dau tu, vay tien cOa ngan hang VN
thay vi mang tien vao, vay tien ,cim ngan hang met
s8 tien cao hon tri gia tai san fen khai pha san hay
b6 tron Phan nira so ding ty FDI khai 16 trien
mien de xin mien thue va de chuyen gia, tinh tang
ma giei doanh nghiep VN ggi la «lo gin, lai that».
Nhieu ding ty bi rift giay phep vi thong thi hanh
cam ket, thi dy nhu Gong ty lien doanh BAi bien
Wong (Quang Nam) dm Vina Capital (Viet) va
Global C&D (My) veri se vein cam IC& la 4 tY USD,
nhtmg khOng chiu deng k quyr 4 trieu, thong bei
thuang dat giai tea. Dv an Nha may thep va say
cang San Duang khu kith te Viing Ang (Ha
Tinh) \red vOn dau tu cam ket la 16 ty USD do
Dai Loan lien doanh vel VN, sau khi dugc chinh
quyen Ha Tinh tnmg thu tat dai hang ngan met'
giao cho c8ng ty, chU dau tu lai dOi nhieu yeti sach
mei nhu vay ngan hang VN thay vi dem von vao,
duyc giam thue...va sau ding ngtmg viec xay nha
may nam 2010, ng rthan cong 4 ty (tong.
Trong cufic thi dua nhfrng toan tinh bat
chinh cfm FIR va tham nhfing, thanh phan 131
thitt hii, tan gia bii sin van la ngirtri ngheo,
Wang din, 131 mat dat, mat nha khi cic dw
in 131 hiiy be hay ,chfim 10. Chi can dan ke vai
dai dir an bi «be» gan day. Chi rieng tinh PhU Yen,
c6 hai dir an den hang tram ty USD: cong ty SP
Chemicals (Singapore) vied dy an 11 ty, dc khu
kit te Phil Yen cita Tap Doan Sama Dubai (cac
tieu vucmg queic A Rap) veri dir an 250 tY. Ngoai
ra, c6n có chi an Nha may Thep Eminence (My)
Thanh Hee vai von 30 ty, nha may thep Guang
Lian (Dai Loan) 6 Quartg Ngai (5 tY), nha may
thep Ca Na (Ninh Thuar): 10 tY. Diem can Itru
Y la se tin nhieu diran thong 16 den dO thong
tuang (rant dir an Sama Dubai), nhung de cling
la met loi lira ddo cUa FDI de thu hat gieri dau tu
trong nuerc vori sir dong 16a cita cap lath dao cOng
san cot de khoe thanh tich, lira clan cuap dat de
Dc San Se 5 Kt Su Gong Nghe • 151
ban cho FDI.
Hien nay, tai VN c6 65 du an nha may gang
Mei) (theo Vietnam Steel Corporation) dang thuc
hien, se thuc hie'n hay da huy be). Truerc day, chi
c6 nha may gang the") Thai Nguyen, ce thin phai
ngung hoat deng vi khong mua dugc, quang sat,
nay thi tinh nao er mien Bac cang muon c6, than'
chi Ha Tinh co 3 du an, Thanh Hee cal 2 du an.
Lap nha may ma phai nhap cang gag sat, cac
nha may phan lern xa hai cang, khong co5 duerng
sat chuyen dies, d6, 1a ly do giai thich tai sao hai
di du an a Wing Ang (Ha Tinh) va Eminence , a
Thanh Boa khong tin hanh dirge sau khi chit dau
tu da vay cac ngan hang ,frong nuerc, dirge cap
hang ngan mau ,dat, xay cat qua loa de lin ngung
du an, dau ccr dat.
DO , la met se mat trai ciia tam huy chucmg
y ang ve su hop tac kinh doanh cUa dang cOng san
ITN y in FDI trong 20 nam nay. Ve quit day thi ce,
m6ng tay nhon, chanh phU cOng sari VN dau phai
la sieu viet hon cac &Ong ty FDI trong the
chuoc va ngang ngugc.
Tuy nhien, met se ding ty tuan thu theo cac
qui lust kinh doanh bat dau nit lui khed thi twang
VN bed nhang yeu to thuan lgi ma ho nham vao
Mc ban dau khong cOn nun cOng them veri tinh
trang tham nhang lOng hanh da khien ho mat
niem tin. Theo ha° cap na'in, 2010 mia, Cue Dau
Tu Nu& Ngoai thuec BO ice hoach Dau tu, dim
theo sr khao sat gan 1500 doanh nghiep ky' nghe
trong dO c6 57% ding ty co von FDI thi: «clang
luc de cac doanh nghiep ntroc ngoai dáu tte vao
VN là kiwi thew thi &wing vet nguon nhan cong
re, ,nhung nhiing nam On day ccic yeu to nay cid
mat dcin the hap clan do trinh d nhan luc
che trong khi nhu cciu tieuditng nai dia bi anh
&rang ben kho khan kinh , ea 8% trong so
cac doanh nghiep có von clau tte nu& ngoai cho
biet có j5 dinh ma rang dau tte trong 3 nam toi »
(www.sggp.org.vn/kinhte/ FDI dang nit dan khoi
ding nghiep VN)
Ve van de mat niem tin veri luat le dau tu
VN, theo bao cao Doing Business in VN 2011,
Ngan Hang The Gieri xep VN hang 166 trong
so 181 queic gia ve chi so bito ye doanh nghiep
152 • DSc San SO 5 Kt Su C8ng NgN
(Protecting investors) lien quan den cac yeu t6
nhu: thong tin trung time cho c6 (long, kha nang
cac cê &Mg kiem soat HOi Deng Quan Tri khi có
hanh d'Ong gian deli. VA khi phai giai quyet chuyen
nor nan au& tea an VN, qua that la nhieu khe.,Ve
muc nay, VN dirge xep vao hang 142. Bang thong
ke sau day n6i re/ diett nay.
Bing 5. Giii quyet ny trait toa in
(Resolving insolvency)
ThM gian (nam)
% thu tien hi
Viet
Nam
5
16.5%
Deng Nam A OECD
2.9
29.5%
1.7
68.2%
Nguen: World Bank. Doing Business
2011 :Measuring business regulations.
Cic hoyt Ong elm FDI vita k'e nhim myc
tieu ty nhien li di tim lyi nhuAn, nhtmg neu
nhitng lam dyng gay tic hyi cho nn kinh te
VN thi tic nhan ding mOt phAn phit xuAt tir
le luAt l VN long leo, cling mOt
phia VN.
luAt ma moi co' quan giãi thich vi áp dyng mAt
each khic nhau, chinh sich kinh a thuo loai
«phi chinh sich» ma cic quyet dinh thirirng
dva tren sfrc mynh ciia phe ding vi sac nAng
ciia phong hi, chin ke cic nguiri cAm quyen la
nhitng ngithi it hyc, thieu do day thi lam sao
ma ODA va FDI c6 the mang lai ph& lyi tryn
vcn cho ngtreri din dirge.
Phi'n 3. ODA, FDI vi tham !Ming
chuyen tham nhang VN la vo tan, chimg
toi mu6n thir tim met con s8 kha di iliac lugng
dO lem cUa tham nhang NT& lang phi trong theri di
ODA va FDI. VN c6 m'Ot co quan goi la Uy Ban
Ch8ng Tham Nhiing, nhimg do chi la trinh din vi
trong met che do ai cang , tham nhang thi ai ket
tOi dirge ai. Nhang con so eUa Uy ban nay thinh
thoang ding bo la chuy'en ye rong ye fan \fa nhimg
ngtrei bi dua ra vanh mong ngaa lath nhang ban
an tugng trung la nhcmg ke bi that sling, lam An
kh6ng kheo bi dem ra lam vat te than.
Ve tY be tham nhang, vai con se ce the ke den.
Truck tien, Mc VN meri bat dau mô cfra, gieri
doanh thucrng mu6n thong qua du An thi phai tim
ba Muer) Cam ten that la Phan Lucmg Cam, vg
ke caa TIM tuOng VO van Kit (ba vg dau da chet
trong chien trait). Tat cá du an lan nhel qua tay
ba du phai có «thil tvc dau nen» nhat dinh la 10%
nen biet danh cna ha la Mueri Cam. Nam 2008, Ichi
cong ty Nhat Ban PCI mu6n thong qua met du an
do ODA Nhat tai trg, HuYnh Khac Sy, sui gia cim
Le Thanh Hai, Thanh Uy TPHCM, dOi hei 10 15%
sau sut xueng 10%. B1 Nhat Oa cup tat ca ODA,
Nguyan Tan Diing bat dac di phai dim sy ra toa.
Nhu vay, de dugc theng qua mot du an cong, tY le
hoi 10 chuan la 10%.
Trong nhfmg «led qua tieng lai» cüa met s6 dai
bieu Quoc 110i, con so that thoat vi tham nhfing
xay cat ,xa 10 va sfra chtra len den 3 0% ,ma Tien si
Büi Kien Thanh c6 nifar c‘ trong bai viet cfm Ong.
Nei tom lit, dy an bat din vat 10% va ket
voi 30% tham nhing va that thoit.
Trong se, cac nuerc tai trg ODA cho VN c6
Phan Lan. MOt nheom chuyen vien nghien cfru cfm
United Nations University cfm quOc gia nay a
lam met cuOc ,dieu tra y e tham thing bang cach
khao sat chi tiet tir 2005 den 2007 tren 1 661 ceng
ty 16n nh6 a VN. Ban bao cao ctia throng dai hoc
nay c6 the la tai lieu nghien cfru khoa hoc nhat,
cap that h6a nhat y e firth trang ,tham nhfing a VN.
Chang tOi sir dung melt vai so thong ke sau day
lien quan an tY 1e tham nhung.
Bing 6: D0 lOt trung binh die loai hid 10
cita cac cling ty cho giii than' quyen(%)
S8 thing ty clang
% s8 hen WI 16 a tra
tien 116116
(tren tri gia dich vii)
De 6 th8ng tin dich yu cling
30%
10%
De 6 dugc i ley phep
35%
7%
De ton thue, giam thue
21%
10%
De c6 hop doi ng chanh phil
16%
15%
De del pith yea quan thue
25%
61%
DO IT
Trung binh tont! the
Tir nhimg du' kien tren, chting tat prong
dinh mOt tj 10 tham nhting \TN chiem khoing
20% cim GDP. Ngoai ra, neu san lugng cila ODA
va FDI sung vao GDP, nhtmg so tien tai tru ODA
giai ngan (IchOng ke tien vien trcr, khoang 20-25%
so tai trg) va se von FDI thuc hien (tirc se) von
time sur dau tu) là nhfing Ichoi ngoai t khOng 18
ma tham nhfing VN xau xe, chang t6i cling ang
ty le 20% áp dung vao hai nguen tien nay.
Bing 7. GDP, ODA giai ngan va FDI thyc
hidn tir 2001 den 2010 (tY USD-sä trim)
Nam
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Tong sof,
GDP
32.7
35.1
39.5
45.4
52.9
60.9
71.1
91.1
97.2
106.4
632.3
ODA
1.4
1.3
1.8
1.8
1.9
1.8
2.5
2.6
3.8
3.5
22.4
FDI
2.4
2.6
2.7
2.8
3.3
4.1
8
11.5
10
11.5
58.9
Thug s6
36.5
39
44
50
58.1
66.8
81.6
105.2
111
121.4
713.6
Nguen: Ngan hang The g eri (GDP va ODA);
Theng Ke VN( FDI)
cOng GDP, ODA giai ngan va FDI thuc
hien trong 10 nam (2001-2010): 713.6 ty ; trung
binh mOi nam: 71.3 ty
Trung binh tham nhang mM nam: 14.2 ty
USD. (20% dm 71.3 ti-). Nhfmg nam dau cUa thap
nien thi s6 lien tham ntaing it ho rn (thi du nam
2000: 7.3 ti), nhfing nam gan day, beri san lucmg
tang len, so tien tham nhfmg cfmg tang theo (thi
du nam 2010: 24.3 ti).
Thay lei ket
13%
Nguan: Firm-level corruption in VN /John
Rand. Helsinki: United Nations University,
World Institute for Development Economic
Research, 2010.
ODA va FDI da grip phan tao ra nInIng canh
tugng va hinh tugng ac the cho VN trong hai
thap nien qua.
VN horn nay cel nhieu xa 10, nhieu nha choc
trair toir tan, nhieu con &rang tang nhua va nhieu
nui c6 din hie dan den lang xa. Tuy nhien, vari da
s8 ngtred dan trong mrerc, ho the a vài nhfmg thay
cloi nay, ben ho van quen thuOc vOi mai nha dot,
Dc San S6 5 Kcr Su COng Ngh0 + 153
con clueing 10i nuerc. Cat cOt din dii cho a truac
nha ding la vat trang tri, mac di ho da co clang
gip nhieu hcm gia tien lam cal cOt dien, ,va bed Ito
khong c6 tin dong gat) thi lam gi CO tin de mac
dien và tra tin dien.
khi tre tha phai 10i song bang suet de den truing
hoc, 4000 tre con va phi huynh phai cher chgc
mot bu6i sang trong san Benh Vin Nhi Deng de
&roc kham binh, va muon &roc nhap vin phai tra
tin h6i 10 cho nhan vien cac cap.
MOt se ngued di xa tit ve, nhat la cac Viet
kieu khi niter lai cai thai xuen nguoc r buon ban cho
trai, lie bi cam tit phai len ,rimg don dem ye
chrng ched de a, hay phai nam trong darn lau say
chit gia len ghe de tron chay ch8 dO bao tan, thi
hOm nay, sau khi di du hi qua cac thi thanh, trer
ve eta dinh cu het Rn ca ging Tat nuac hOm nay
van minh, giau c6 hcrn xua. Ho CO Net da'u da se
thing bac) cia ho c6n phai cam chiu sang lam than
tren via he, ben ber kinh, va han 15 trieu nguen
phai chap nhan mOt lgi tic duai 1,25 m9 kim
ngay, mire ngheo tuyet dei theo chi so an Lien
Hip QuOc.
VN hem nay van cen c6 canh ding sic ngtrai
thay trau de bira rung. Ngay ming 6 thang gieng
nam nay, ba Hie xa Lac Hong, huyen Van Lam,
tinh Hung Yen da ding Arai 3 c6 con gai ding sire
nosed de bira can ruling nha vi khong c6 tien de
muem trau.(www.khoahoc.net 4/2/2012))
.
,
Khong, nuac Via Nam khong giau, khong
van minh &rile nhitng tea nha choc trai la s& him
Cia tu ban ngoai quoc va tu ban do, va nhcmg cu
dan trong cac tea nha ay da s6 la nhitng nguai
thuOc giai cap thong tri hay lam an ved giai cap
thong tn.
Giai cap nay thuang d'e nhan din. Ti khi VN
mO cira, caz dung vien C'Ong San da virt be dap
ran non cOi, lot , b6 be y phgc cUa nguai lanh tg
tei cao cia ho de thay bang nhitng bO au phgc dat
tien, nhcmg khan choang «hang ngoai», xuat hien
trong eac ban hop vOi bo hoa truac ma hay Om
tren tay va tuyen be nhang lea sao ngit muon thuer
ma chang ai hieu. n'a'y nghe thong diep dau nam
2012 , eim Thu tuang Nguyen Tan Dung: « Phcii
chuyen nh an thac, guy& tam hanh clang va quyet
Wet dé vuot qua stir cfia qua trinh khol
dat lien trinh phat trien ctia deit nut vao qup ciao
mai...».
Tir 20 nAm qua, ODA va FBI di dem ngoai
phat
rien
t kinh te va
te vat, VN de gitip ter VN
/CA hi nhung cling clang thin ph& trien tham
nhiing, to nen sty phan , each giitu, ngheo,m0t
each the; bo. MOt thieu s8 giai cap cam quyen va
tu ban dO len xe xueng ngga, vung tien qua cira
so vad rthang bin an hang ngan m kim, trong
154 • Bac San Se 5 Ky Su Cling Nghe
Giai cap nay la nhcmg trieu phi, tY phi dollars,
lam giau nhanh ch6ng bang tham nhung, lira dao
ma bao chi Tay phucmg goi là nhitng ten an cuop
mang ca vat (voleurs A cravates). Ho IA nhitng ay
vien trung ucmg dang, thing dang vien moi cap,
nhang sir quan va cueing hao ac bá th6ng tri tai 63
tinh va thanh ph& Hp an cuop, an cap c6 h thong
ti trung uang den dia phuang, he) tra bai met dao
quan áo yang co mang can vai do ma T6 chic
Minh Bach The gied, trong bao cao Tham Nhiing
2010, a tuyen throng dao quan nay la «canh sat
ding dau ye tham nhcing». MOt each chi tiet hon,
82% ngued dan VN Cho la canh sat la nganh tham
nhilng nhirt, ke do la gido due (67%), cling chin
(61%) va tu phop (52%). (Nguem:Transparency
International. Barometre 2010 de la corruption).
N6i sao cho het nhitng chuyen tham thing
tit cung vua phi chin vai cac hop ding hang tY
my kim den cac trg ser Oy ban than dan xa vai
cai giay lchai ti ma ngueri ngheo phai bi Inch hed
nen khong chiu tra vai tram ngan dang. VN horn
. gia tham
nay tir hao dung hang 14 trong 16 cp &
nhang nhat yang A chau-Thai Binh ,Duong, chi
hon c6 Indonesia va Cambot, la quec gia tham
nhang nhat (Bart, cao 2010 ata TO chat Rai Ro
chinh tri kinh te PERC =Political& Economic
Risk Consultancy, try ser a Hong kong).
Mai nem vira qua, anh Doan Van Vuon va
gia dinh a huyen Tien Lang, tinh ,Hai PhOng, da
lieu chet chOng, lai bon cam quyen tham nhfing
vi khong chiu noi nhang ap birc ,cang arc caa tap
doan nay dA ngang nhien cuOp dat, pha nha ma gia
dinh anh da bao nam gian kho dé taco dtmg. Su kin
nay co khac chi chuyen anh Mohamed Bouazizi,
mot sinh vien ngueri Tunisien ban trai cay dao
ttr thieu vi bi canh sat arc hiep khong cho anh ban
tren duemg ph8. Cai chet caa Boaazizi d'A bang
day sr cam hem oh ngueri dan Tunisie sau 23 nam
bi ap birc clued che dO dec tai caa Ben Ali, ma dau
Vg CHONG
cho cuQc Cach Mang Hoa Lai, lat d8 Ben Ali reii
lan dan den each mang mita xuan A Rap.
Tra lai cuQc phOng van caa BBC-Viet Ngit, ha
Le Hien Dire, 81 Mel, ngtrai cOng dan clime giai
tinning caa Transparency International ve cheng
tham nhiing da fled: ((NM-mg vu mat dot nhu Doan
Von neon rcit nhieu, nhung vi Vu-an la mat ky- sit
ca trinh da nen anh lam nhu v eiy. Can nhieng nang
clan qua kho uat kim, neu c6 trinh do nhte anh
Vtecrn thi se' ca nhieu Doan Van Vu-an nun, ngual
ta se' vitng Mn. Nang d an reit cam thit, phai ding
tie ctim thit mai citing» (nguon: Se c6 nhieu Doan
Van Vucm. BBC ngay 29/1/2012).
ngueri dan chiu
Ban doc Ichong khei ‘ tu
dung duce nei cam tha nay cho den bao
Lam Vein Be
31 /12 /2012
n
e
NGH1A
-
Thai bao cap, hai vcr chting van mai cued nhau
duet phan can he tap the cap 4, mei nha each
nhau ben bite tuemg mOng dinh MOt buôi, ca hai
giao hen veri nhau:
Da ,bao giam "lam phat", qua th ai
hoang" roi, ma cu rü "lam An" thi 'Ong mer mieng
than "mat kha nang chi tra", la sao? LA sao? Giai
trinh ngay cho t6i biet!
- Em a, de bao mat cho str rieng fix cila doi ta,
chang mirth nen quy trot. Neu em muOn rü anh...
tat den nga sam thi goi la "lam An", bita nao anh
hai met thi anh se tra leri "mat kha nang chi tra.".
- Ba thong cam, dau phai chi ha mai biet "lam
an". Toi cling phai "lam an" ben ngoai char.
- Hay qua, the horn nao met thi em se tit ch8i
kheo la dang "lam phat" nhe. Quen nila, hang
thang anh can nha la em se c6 vai ngay "khang
hoang".
- Thoi ma ba, theri buoi nay coa thang nao khong
"dau tu ngoai nganh" dau, bed cang dugc chieu
chuQng thi v8n lieng cang du da, khong kiem ch6
rai ne... itc che lam!
- Niter Mi. Con cai nay nem, anh nói vi du th6i
the, la mai m6t neu chAng may firth nghia ,doi ta
c6 the thoi thi xin cu noi voi nhau la muon "tir
chirc", "mien nhi'em", chit dung clang ter "ly holt"
hay "ly di", nghe butin lam!
- Treri ai la tad! The Ong khong thay nhang
th'Ang "dau tu ngoai nganh" chi toan 16 ld hay sao?
Can Ong, phen nay toi cho Ong "mien nhiem" the!
Dugc mot theri gian, vao mOt dem no, !chi ca
khu chung ax dang say giac thi dôi vg chOng nay
b6ng to tieng kich lit vâi nhau:
- A! Ra la Ong c6 "dau fir ngodi nganh"! N6i
ngay, Ong rai von nhang dau, khai mau!
- Ba co gan thi ar mien! Thing nay tha chat
chit khOng "it chirc"!
Dec San SO 5 IC? Su COng Nghe 1. 155