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Global Advanced Research Journal of Agricultural Science (ISSN: 2315-5094) Vol. 5(6) pp. 224-234, June, 2016 Issue.
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Full Length Research Paper
Traditional coffee agroecosystems in the Los Tuxtlas
Biosphere Reserve, Veracruz (Mexico): a refugee for
ecologically important Coleoptera
A. Salinas-Castro1., C. H. Ávila-Bello2*
1
Laboratorio de Alta Tecnología. Universidad Veracruzana
Universidad Veracruzana. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas de Producción Agropecuaria. Km. 5.5 Carretera Federal
*
Acayucan-Catemaco. Acayucan, Veracruz. Mexico. 96000 .
2
Accepted 20 June, 2016
The present study was conducted in traditional coffee agroecosystems within the buffer zone of the Los
Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve, Veracruz. The main objectives were to identify the beetles associated with
this type of agroecosystems, and describe their general structure in order to know the main
characteristics that provide refuge to these organisms. Two traditional coffee agroecosystems were
selected, the first located at 600 m.a.s.l (meters above sea level) and the second at 900 m.a.s.l; the
number of strata was visually determined. The beetles were collected every 15 days with the help of an
2
insect net, strata by strata, within a 1000 m transect. Three hundred and eighty specimens,
representing 18 families, 24 subfamilies, 17 tribes and 52 genera were collected. In Site One the most
abundant families were Chrysomelidae (45%) and Passalidae (13.4%); while in Site Two were
Chrysomelidae (21.2%) and Passalidae (20.4%). The most abundant genera and species in Site One
were Lemma diversa (13.4%), Oulema melanopus (12%) and Passalus punctatostriatus (9.9%); in Site
Two Passalus punctatostriatus (15%) and different Lemma species (12%). Azya luteipes is an important
component of both sites. It is the first time species from Pseudoccocidae are reported for Mexico, Azya
luteipes was originally reported for Central and South America where is frequently used as a general
biological control beetle.
Keywords: Agro-ecological matrix, structure, Azya luteipes, Mexico
INTRODUCTION
Biodiversity found in traditional coffee agroecosystems
*Corresponding Author's Email: [email protected];
Tel: 52+921-103-83-94.
plays a fundamental role in sustainable production and the
continued supply of goods and services. Soil fauna and
microorganisms, together with roots of plants and trees,
ensure nutrient cycles; predators, organisms that control
pests and diseases, those who are pollinators; together
Salinas-Castro and Ávila-Bello 225
with the genetic diversity of cultivated plants constitute a
complex network that preserves the integrity of the system
and contribute to water quality, climate regulation and food
security. One of the most important elements in coffee
agroecosystems are insects, from which the order
Coleoptera is the most abundant (Morón, 2004). There are
about 375,000 species of beetles in the world, of which
35,500 have been described for Mexico, representing
almost 10% of the total. They live from the tropics to the
polar caps, through deserts and all kinds of cultivated, rain
forests and forests; they could be found in a variety of
niches and have different biological functions (Bar, 2009).
The most common types of coffee agroecosystem are
rustic, specialized, traditional poly-culture and commercial
poly-culture. Rustic and the traditional polyculture
agroecosystem types help to maintain high levels of
biodiversity, because they are structured on at least four
strata (herbaceous, shrubs, low tree layer and high tree
layer) and they sometimes conserve between 50-80
species of the original trees, (Soto-Pinto et al., 2000;
Villavicencio and Valdez, 2003; Cruz et al., 2004; Bandeira
et al., 2005; Soto-Pinto et al., 2007; Castillo Capitán et al.,
2014).
In many cases the size and structure of coffee
agroecosystems or agricultural matrices could influence
conservation of species of biological importance.
Agricultural matrices could also be used as migration
routes, establishment or to obtain additional resources
(Brown, 1997; Muriel and Kattan 2009; Maveety et al.,
2011). Accordingly to Maveety et al. (2001), beetles could
be a good indicator of biodiversity as they are not only
sensitive to ecological and environmental changes, but
also for its morphological, taxonomic and behavioural
variation. It is therefore critical to have detailed inventories
of species found in each agroecosystem or ecosystem,
since in many cases the changes in different species come
together with sustainable management of natural
resources (Brown, 1997). Poch and Simonetti (2013) found
that different predator species trigger diverse beneficial
effects in agroforestry systems, like the increase in
productivity. Because agricultural production is just as
tightly tied into the overall system function as are insect
populations or soil organisms, the ecological, agricultural
and economic aspects of sustainability run together with
the changes in indicator groups serving as an early
warning for later changes in the sustainability of the system.
Preservation of natural resources is most successful when
it involves the understanding of traditional knowledge and
its methods of traditional resource management.
Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Scarabaeidae, Buprestidae,
Tenebrionidae,
Cerambycidae,
Chrysomelidae
and
Curculionidae families, represent 68% of the species
described in cloud forests and coffee agroecosystems of
central Veracruz (Deloya and Ordoñez 2008). Deloya et al
(2007), found 9,982 specimens of Scarabaeidae and
Trogidae representing 21 genera and 50 species, of which
17 species were collected in shade coffee agroecosystems;
20 in coffee agroecosystems at full sun; 30 in rustic coffee
agroecosystems and 20 in specialized shaded coffee
agroecosystems. In 2008, these authors collected 57,052
specimens of beetles in the floor, 2,139 specimens in the
understory and 218 specimens in the canopy of a fragment
of cloud forest and four coffee agroecosystems with shade
and full sun, which represents 61 families and 626 species.
The number of families of beetles is higher in the cloud
forest than in rustic coffee agroecosystems or organic
coffee agroecosystems, while in polyculture coffee
agroecosystems and specialized coffee agroecosystems,
richness decreases 25% due to some management
practices as the use of agrochemicals. According to Favila
(2004), in the Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve (LTBR)
many studies are still needed to know the natural history
and diversity of insects, the author estimates that insect
richness could reach about 10,300 species. Despite
extensive studies have been conducted in the Santa Marta
Mountain; still do not have enough information about
beetles inhabiting coffee agroecosystems and its possible
ecological and productive role, in human terms. In natural
areas with presence of agroecosystems, like the LTBR, it is
essential to achieve an inventory, along with local people,
about the best structured agricultural matrices, those more
diversified, and with the best management practices that
could serve not only as a refuge of indicator species, but
also for the preservation of communities, biogeochemical
cycles and the cultural aspects that are inextricable linked
with them. Accordingly, the present study aimed to
describe general structural characteristics of two coffee
agroecosystems and collecting and identify the beetles
presented in them.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Site study
Research was carried out between May to December 2010
in the ejido of San Fernando, The ejido belongs to the
buffer area of LTBR (Siemens, 2004) and has a volcanic
origin, with igneous rocks and andesitic or alkaline basaltic
lava from the quaternary period. Its physiography includes
five morpho-edaphological units that were formed by
mountains with slopes covered by volcanic cones
(Siemens, 2004). The area is located in the sub-basin of
the Huazuntlan River, within the Coatzacoalcos river basin.
The vegetation includes 1) tropical pine forest, dominated
by Pinus oocarpa and five oak species; 2) tropical semideciduous forest (TSF) dominated by Brosimum alicastrum,
Cedrela odorata, Inga leptoloba and Luehea speciosa,
among others; 3) tropical rainforest (TRF) dominated by
Omphalea oleifera, Quercus sp., Terminalia amazonia and
226. Glo. Adv. Res. J. Agric. Sci.
Calophyllum brasiliense; and 4) deciduous forest (DF)
dominated by Alfaroa mexicana, Liquidambar styraciflua,
Quercus sp. and Ulmus mexicana (Castillo-Campos and
Laborde 2004).
there were observed nesting birds, orchids and also high
amount of litter.
Sampling
Based on field trips, two coffee agro-ecosystems were
chosen to describe its structure and collect the beetles
found in them. Both sites are commercial polyculture
systems (Franco, 2007), the first established in TSF at 674
masl between 18°16’27” N and 94°52’50” W; and the
second in TRF at 915 masl between 18°18’10’’N and
94°52’58’’W. Before collecting insects, the number of
layers of each coffee agroecosystem was determined in a
visual manner; then a 100 X 10 m transect was established
(Ramírez, 2006). Based on this method we proceeded to
collect the beetles with an insect net crossing the transect
in zigzag, hitting plants firmly; first the herbaceous layer;
then the shrub layer, the lower tree layer and finally
decaying plant material. All collected beetles were placed
in a jar with ammonium acetate then in bottles with 70%
alcohol, labelled with information of location, geographical
coordinates, altitude, vegetation type, layer in which was
collected and date of capture. The collections were carried
out regularly every 15 days from May to December 2010.
At the same time, specific data on temperature and relative
humidity were taken with the help of a Kestrel® 3000
Pocket Weather Meter .
Insect identification
The identification and assembly of insects was carried out
in the laboratory of the National Centre for Disciplinary
Research in Conservation and Improvement of Forest
Ecosystems (CENID-Coyoacán-INIFAP) in Mexico City and
in the Laboratory of High Technology Xalapa (LATEX, S. C)
of the Universidad Veracruzana with a stereoscopic
microscope Carl Zeiss Stemi 1000 and specific taxonomic
keys for families, subfamilies, tribes, genera and species
(White, 1983; Borror, 1996; Domínguez, 2003) and
literature available at the internet.
RESULTS
The structure of the first coffee agroecosystem at 674 masl
is dominated by red cedar (Cedrela odorata); Mahogany
(Swietenia macrophylla); corpo (Vochysia guatemalensis);
chalahuite (Inga leptoloba), some individuals of Inga
jinicuil; palo mulato (Bursera simaruba); solerillo (Cordia
alliodora) frijolillo (Cojoba arborea), chocho (Astrocarium
mexicanum), camedor palm (Chamaedora elegans) and
chagalapoli (Malpigia sp.); The shrub layer is dominated by
coffee plants (Coffea arabica) var. Costa Rica (Figure 1),
Figure 1. Idealized image of the structure of site one with the four layers
observed. Acronyms mean: CojAr= Cojoba arborea; CoAl= Cordia
alliodora; CeOd= Cedrela odorata; SwMa= Swetenia macrophylla; VoGu=
Vochysia guatemalensis; InLe= Inga leptoloba; InJi= Inga jinicuil; BuSi=
Bursera simaruba; AsMe= Astrocarium mexicanum; CoAr= Coffea
arabica; ChaEl= Chamaedorea elegans; MaSp= Malpigia sp. DeWo=
Dead wood.
In this site 253 individuals were collected, belonging to
17 families and 45 genera. The herb layer consist
27.67% of all collected beetles, the most important are
Meloidae (1.42%), Coccinellidae (5.72%), Lycidae (5.72%),
Melolonthidae (7.14%) and Chysomelidae (80%); the shrub
layer includes 37.94%, the most important are Carabidae
(2.08%), Scolytidae (4.16%), Melolonthidae (5.21%),
Elateridae (6.25%), Cerambycidae (7.30%), Coccinellidae
(7.30%), Lampyridae (7.30%), Apionidae (9.37%), Lycidae
(11.45%),
Curculionidae
(13.54%),
Chysomelidae
(26.04%); the tree layer includes 16.60% of all beetles, the
most important are Melolonthidae (2.38%), Cerambycidae
(7.15%), Scolytidae (11.90%) and Chysomelidae (78.57%);
beetles found in decay wood are 13.84% of total, from
which the most important are Histeridae (2.85%) and
Passalidae (97.15%); finally, beetles in leaf litter comprise
only 3.95%, the most important are Erotylidae (10.00%),
Tenebrionidae (30.00%) and Scarabaeidae (60.00%)
(Figure 2).
Salinas-Castro and Ávila-Bello 227
Figure 2. Abundance of beetle families by layer in site one.
The coffee agroecosystem two is located at 915 masl in
an area formerly occupied by tropical rain forest (TRF), it is
also a commercial polyculture. It has four layers, the tree
layer is dominated by red cedar (Cedrela odorata);
Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla); corpo (Vochysia
guatemalensis); Chalahuite (Inga leptoloba) and jinicuil
(Inga jinicuil); mulatto stick (Bursera simaruba); pepper
(Pimenta dioica); laurel (Nectandra ambigens); cojón de
gato (Tabernaemontana alba); jobillo (Heliocarpus
appendiculatus), carbonero (Mosquitoxylum jamaicense);
solerillo (Cordia alliodora); orange (Citrus sinensis); lemon
(Citrus limon); guanábana (Annona muricata); banana
(Musa paradisiaca); camedor palm (Chamaedora elegans);
hoja santa (Piper umbellatum) the shrub layer is dominated
by coffee (Coffea arabica) var. Costa Rica as well as
orchids and great amount of litter (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Idealized image of the structure of site two with the four layers
observed. Acronyms mean: CoAl= Cordia alliodora; CeOd= Cedrela
odorata; SwMa= Swetenia macrophylla; MoJa= Mosquitoxylum
jamaicense;
NeAm=
Nectandra
ambigens;
VoGu=
Vochysia
guatemalensis; AnMu= Annona muricata; BuSi= Bursera simaruba; CiLi=
Citrus limon; CiSi= Citrus sinensis; HeAp= Heliocarpus appendiculatus;
InLe= Inga leptoloba; InJi= Inga jinicuil; MuPa= Musa paradisiaca; PiDi=
Pimenta dioica; TaAl= Tabernaemontana alba; CoAr= Coffea arabica;
ChaEl= Chamaedorea elegans; PiUm= Piper umbellatum; DeWo= Dead
wood.
In this site 127 individuals were collected, they represent
16 families and 31 genera. The herb layer comprise
21.26% of all beetles, most important families are
Coccinellidae (7.40%), Lycidae (11.11%), Melolonthidae
(11.11%) and Chysomelidae (70.38%); beetles in the shrub
layer constitute 44.88%, from which the most important are
Carabidae (1.75%), Tenebrionidae (1.75%), Melolonthidae
(3.50%), Cerambycidae (3.50%), Coccinellidae (5.26%),
Enbomychidae (5.26%), Lampyridae (7.01%), Elateridae
(8.80%), Apionidae (12.30%), Chysomelidae (14.03%),
Lycidae (17.54%) and Curculionidae (19.30%); tree layer
comprises only 7.87% of all collected beetles, from which
the most important families are Cerambycidae (30%) and
Scolytidae (70%); beetles in decay wood comprises
20.47%; the most important is Passalidae that comprises
100%; finally beetles in leaf litter constitute 5.52%, from
which Erotylidae (28.57%), Tenebryonidae (28.57%) and
Scarabaeidae (42.86%) are the most important (Figure 4).
Table one presents families and genera identified in both
sites; site one has a greater number of genera and species
than site two, the most abundant were Lemma diversa
(13.43%), Oulema melanopus (11.85%) and Passalus
punctatostriatus (9.88%); in the site two Passalus
punctatostriatus (14.96%) and Lemma diversa (11.81%).
Both, Lemma diversa and Oulema melanopus are
browsers, they are considered secondary pests, during
field work some considerable damage caused by Oulema
melanopus in the leaves of several species at all layers
228. Glo. Adv. Res. J. Agric. Sci.
Figure 4. Abundance of beetle families by layer in site two.
Table 1. Families, genera, species and its biological function at sites one and two.
Families
Carabidae
Cerabycidae
Chrysomelidae
Coccinellidae
Curculionidae
Apionidae
Site one/species
Pterostichus sp.
Eburia quadrigeminata
Microgoes oculatus
Monochamus sp.
Crepidodera sp.
Cryptocephalus sp.
Diabrotica sp.
Chalepispa ignorata
Lema diversa
Metachroma sp.
Neobrotica sp.
Omophoita cyanipenis
Podagrica fuscicornis
Oulema melanopus
Azya luteipes
Buteo sp.
Conotrachelus psidii
Phyllobius pomaceus
Apion africans
Site two/species
Pterostichus sp.
Eburia quadrigeminata
Calligrapha sp.
Charidotella sp.
Lema diversa
Metriona sp.
Malacorhinus sp.
Biological function
Predator
Borer
Borer
Borer
Browser
Browser
Browser
Browser
Browser
Browser
Browser
Browser
Azya luteipes
Buteo sp.
Apion africans
Browser
Predator
Borer
Borer
Borer
Browser
Salinas-Castro and Ávila-Bello 229
Table1: Continue
Elateridae
Erotylidae
Enbomychidae
Histeridae
Lampyridae
Lycidae
Meloidae
Tenebrionidae
Melolonthidae
Scarabaeidae
Scolytidae
Passalidae
Deilelater physoderus
Agriotes sputator
Cypherotylus sp.
Deilelater physoderus
Agriotes sputator
Epipocus puctatus
Omalodes sp.
Cratomophus dorsalis
Photinis sp.
Lampyris noctiluca
Calopteron terminale
Lycus sp.
Cissites maculata
Tenebrio sp.
Cratomophus dorsalis
Photinis sp.
Lampyris noctiluca
Calopteron terminale
Lycus sp.
Tenebrio sp.
Elodes sp.
Phyllophaga obsoleta
Corthylus papulans
Xyleborus sp.
Passalus punctatostriatus
Spurios bicornis
Odontotaenius striatopunctatus
was observed. Lemma diversa apparently only affects the
herbaceous layer; while Passalus punctatostriatus are
secondary decomposers of organic matter and thus
contribute to the recycling of materials in the ecosystem.
In both sites the most abundant genera and species
were Lemma diversa, Passalus punctatostriatus, Oulema
melanopus was only found in site one and is the second
most abundant. Of other genera, Apion africans was
present only in the shrub layer dominated by coffee shrubs,
especially on dry coffee cherries, but it is not reported in
the revised literature as an insect that causes serious
damages to coffee.
According with its biological role 45 genera were
identified in site one, while only 31 in site two, there is a
difference of 15 species between them. However, browsers
predominate at both sites (55.6% in site one and 51.6% in
site two) (Figure 5). Site one presents 126 more individuals
than site two.
Figure 5. Functional groups of the Coleoptera collected in each of the
sample sites.
Corthylus papulans
Xyleborus sp.
Passalus punctatostriatus
Odontotaenius striatopunctatus
Browser
Browser
Mycetophagous
Mycetophagous
Predator
Browser
Browser
Browser
Browser
Browser
Browser
Saprophytic
Saprophytic
Browser
Saprophytic
Bark
Bark
Saproxylic
Saproxylic
Saproxylic
Another important species, not for its abundance, but
because of its status as a natural enemy of some scales of
the order Hemiptera, was Azya luteipes (Coccinelidae)
identified for the first time in Mexico through comparison of
genitals (Figure 6) Woodruff and Sailer 1977: 1 not Mulsant
1850, which was previously registered as Azya orbigera
Mulsant, 1850 and that's probably the same species, adult
of size 3.0 to 4.0 mm, hemispherical body, blacks elytra
and whitish pubescence, with two central black spots
without pubescence; pronotum black in colour (Figure 6)
(Saini and De Coll, 1996). This species was found feeding
on aphids in camedor palm and scales in orange trees.
230. Glo. Adv. Res. J. Agric. Sci.
Figure 6. Azya luteipes in the Sierra de Santa Marta, top view (A); ventral view (B); female genitalea (B); male genitalea (D and E).
DISCUSSION
The highest abundance of individuals (253) occurs
between August and September for the site one (Figure 7)
and between October and November at the site two (127)
(Figure 8), that is to say, a difference of almost 50%
between both, the main activity of many beetles may occur
from October to November (Deloya, 2008). One possible
explanation is the variation of temperature and humidity
between the two sites (Figure 9 and Figure 10), to find out
if there are statistically significant differences between
temperature and humidity of both sites, an F test was
applied. Temperature shows no statistical significant
differences for both sites; however, moisture did (F = 0.09;
P = 0.05; M = 85.06; confidence interval = 11.00). These
conditions altogether with harvest of trees, shrubs and
weeds that took place in plots that limit site two during the
months of monitoring might affect the development of the
insects (Cepeda and Gallegos, 2008). Though, the number
of families identified does not show clear differences, 15 of
them are present on both sites except Erotylidae and
Meloidae, exclusive of site one and Enbomychidae of both.
Regarding the richness of genera some differences are
important, since a total of 40 were identified at both sites,
there is a difference of 17 in site one and six in site two, the
others were constant at both sites. Under similar conditions
Méndez L. and Moron (1985) found 13 families in a coffee
agroecosystem of 50 years in Cacaohatán Chiapas.
However, Deloya and Ordoñez (2008) collected 61
different families in a fragment of cloud forest, four shade
coffee agroecosystems and one under full sun in central
Veracruz.
Salinas-Castro and Ávila-Bello 231
Figure 7. Most abundant genera at site one throughout sampling period.
Figure 8. Most abundant genera at site two throughout the months of sampling.
232. Glo. Adv. Res. J. Agric. Sci.
Figure 9. Composite diagram of the variation of temperature and humidity in site one.
Figure 10. Composite diagram of the variation of temperature and humidity in site two.
Saprophagous and wood boring beetles disintegrate
organic matter such as wood, mushrooms and fruits,
among others; phytophagous control weeds and shrubs
that compete for nutrients with coffee plants; the borers
and bark feeding (Dendroctonus and Xyleborus) could
become pests of timber trees found in coffee if strong
disturbances occur. Similarly, Passalus punctatostriatus,
Spurios bicorni and Odontotaenius
striatopunctatus
Salinas-Castro and Ávila-Bello 233
decompose decay wood, enabling the recycling of nutrients.
Finally, the case of Azya luteipes is very interesting; in
the literature it is mentioned as natural enemy of Coccus
viridis (Green) (Hemiptera) (Perfecto and Vandermeer,
2015). In Paraguay and Brazil Azya luteipes is used as
biological control for various stages of psyllids in yerba
mate fields (Nais, 2008; Barzotto and Alves, 2013).
In terms of the agro-ecological matrix paradigm (Perfecto
and Vandermeer, 2008), the main contribution of traditional
coffee agroecosystems of Los Tuxtlas is the conservation
not just of the beetles found, but also to maintain dynamic
processes in which they participate such as fragmentation
of flooring materials, recycling of nutrients, as well as
predation of potential insect pests. Additionally, these
matrices allow the conservation of biogeochemical cycles
as water, C and N. However, it is necessary further study
of biological cycles of the species found, their relationship
to environmental factors, human management and their
ecological relationships.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank to Mr Felix Márquez and his wife, inhabitants of
San Fernando in the Los Tuxtlas Biological Reserve, for
allowing carrying out the study in their agroecosystems and
joining during the field sampling. To the Program for
Professorship Improvement (PROMEP), Secretary of
Public Education, for funding project 103.5/04/1411 (PTC59). Thanks to Julieta Jaloma Cruz for improving all figures
and to Olga Ricalde Moreno for suggestions to improve the
English language.
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