Green Municipalities Program

Transcription

Green
Municipalities Program:
LESSONS LEARNED AND CHALLENGES FOR 2013/2014
PROGRAMA
Green Municipalities Program:
PROGRAMA
The Green Municipalities Program (Programa Municípios
Verdes – PMV) is a Pará State Government program
developed in partnership with municipalities, civil
society, private initiative, Ibama and the Federal Public
Prosecution Service, with the objective of fighting
deforestation and strengthening sustainable rural
production through strategic actions for environmental
planning and environmental management, with a focus
on local pacts, deforestation monitoring, implantation
of the Rural Environmental Registry (CAR) and
structuring municipal management.
The Green Municipalities Program was launched
in March 2011 through State Decree no. 54/2011,
under coordination of the Office of the Chief of Staff,
specifically the figure of Extraordinary Secretary of
State for Coordination of the Green Municipalities
Program (SEPMV).
The PMV has a Steering Committee responsible for
strategic decisions and an action plan for the program,
made up of 21 members, ten representatives of the
government, eleven representatives from civil society,
as well as the Federal Public Prosecution Service,
Ibama and State of Pará Public Prosecution. Actions
are carried out by a group of governmental and
non-governmental institutions that make up the PMV
Executive Council.
SEPMV Team
Alessandra Zagallo (SEPMV/Cabinet adviser), Ana
Lucia Vilhena Muniz (SEPMV/ adviser for Environmental
and Land Title Planning), Bruno Marianno de Oliveira
(Imazon Consultant/support for PMV), Camilla Miranda
(SEPMV/Coordinator for Institutional Articulation),
Denys Pereira (SEPMV/Coordinator for Sustainable
Production), Diego Andrade de Araújo (SEPMV/
Communications Advisor), Felipe de Azevedo Nunes
Lopes (SEPMV/Legal Coordinator), Igor Corrêa Pinto
(SEPMV/Coordinator for Sustainable Production),
Julianne Marta Moutinho (SEPMV/Coordinator for
Environmental Management), Justiniano de Queiroz
Netto (SEPMV/Extraordinary Secretary), Karlla Julianna
Marruás Almeida (SEPMV/Chief of Cabinet), Marussia
Whately (Imazon Consultant Imazon/support for PMV),
Wendell Andrade (Sema/PA).
Organization
Marussia Whately
Maura Campanili
Green Municipalities Program:
Belém, April 2013.
PROGRAMA
© Green Municipalities Program:
Lessons learned and challenges for 2013/2014
Coordination
Marussia Whately and Maura Campanili
Collaborators
Adalberto Veríssimo, Ana Lucia Muniz, Bruno Marianno, Daniel Santos,
Denys Pereira, Diego Andrade de Araujo, Felipe de Azevedo Nunes
Lopes, Igor Corrêa Pinto, Julianne Marta Moutinho, Justiniano de
Queiroz Netto, Raphael Pacheco Silva Neto, Wandreia Baitz
Edition and text revision
Maura Campanili
Maps
Imazon – CGI
Editorial design
Ana Cristina Silveira / AnaCê Design
Translation
John Moon
The data and opinions expressed in this publication are
the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily
reflect the opinion of those financing this study.
Acknowledgments and interviewees
Adnan Demachki (former Mayor of Paragominas), Adorisvaldo Pereira
(Municipal Environmental Secretary for Santana do Araguaia),
Antonio Correa Pinto de Oliveira (Executive Manager at Pará Rural),
Bruno Oliveira, Carlos Fernandes Xavier (President of Faepa), Carlos
Guedes de Guedes (President of Incra), Carlos Souza Jr. (senior
researcher at Imazon), Cassio Pereira (researcher at Ipam), Cristiane
Fontes (coordinator CLUA/Climate Works), Daniel César Azeredo
Avelino (Federal Attorney/MPF Pará), Edilberto Poggi (Municipal
Environmental Secretary for Dom Eliseu), Felipe Zagalo (Municipal
Environmental Secretary for Paragominas), Gilberto Miguel Sufredini
(former Mayor of Tailândia), Gizele Luciana Cabral Ramos (Municipal
Environmental Secretary for Novo Repartimento), Hidelgardo Nunes
(State Secretary for Agriculture in Pará – Sagri), Hugo Américo Rubert
Schaedler (Ibama Superintendent in Pará), José Alberto da Silva
Colares (State Secretary for the Environment in Pará), José Conrado
Santos (President of Fiepa), Mauro Lúcio de Castro Costa (Presidente
of the Union of Rural Producers in Paragominas), Orly Bezerra, Paulo
Amaral (senior researcher at Imazon), Paulo Barreto (senior researcher
at Imazon), Paulo Tocantins (Mayor of Paragominas), Simão Jatene
(Governor of the State of Pará), Sidney Rosa (Chairman of the PMV
Steering Committee/Special Secretary for Economic Development
and Incentives for Production in the State of Pará), Teresa Moreira
(Specialist in Environmental Governance at TNC), Thays Borges,
Verônica Oki, Zelma Luiza da Silva Costa (former Municipal Secretary
of the Environment for Altamira).
Our thanks to the following Institutions
Vale Association for Sustainable Development – Vale Fund; Regional
Council for Engineering, Architecture and Agronomy (Crea/PA);
State Company for Technical Assistance and Rural Extension of
Pará; Federation of Agriculture and Ranching of Pará; Federation of
Municipal Associations in the State of Pará; Federation of Industries
in the State of Pará; Skoll Foundation; Avina Foundation; Ibama/
Superintendency in the State of Pará; Institute for Economic, Social
and Environmental Development of Pará; Brazilian Institute for
the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources; Institute for
Forestry Development in the State of Pará; Amazon Institute for
Environmental Research; Pará Land Institute; Institute of People and
the Environment of the Amazon; International Institute for Education
in Brazil; National Institute for Colonization and Agrarian Reform;
Socioenvironmental Institute; Federal Public Prosecution Service;
Municipal Government of Paragominas; Pará Rural Program; State
Treasury Secretariat; State Agriculture Secretariat; State Secretariat
for Science, Technology and Innovation; State Secretariat for
Regional Integration, Urban and Metropolitan Development; State
Secretariat for the Environment; Special Secretariat for Economic
Development and Incentives for Production; Special State Secretariat
for Infrastructure and Logistics for Sustainable Development;
Municipal Environmental Secretariat of Paragominas; Municipal
Environmental Secretariat of Dom Eliseu; Municipal Environmental
Secretariat of Novo Repartimento; Municipal Environmental
Secretariat of Santana do Araguaia; Union of Rural Producers in
Paragominas; The Nature Conservancy.
Message
SIMÃO JATENE
Governor of the State of Pará
T
he Amazon is a prodigious generator of myths and swings back and
forth from a vision of an ecological sanctuary to that of breadbasket
for the world, which feeds back to the vicious cycle of the polarized
debate between preserving and producing, as if it were possible in the XXI
century to continue to expand agricultural and ranching production in the
Amazon based upon the logic of deforestation and degradation of natural resources. That thesis is clearly unacceptable because of the high environmental
and social costs generated by such a model. One cannot thus make the Amazon
into an untouchable ecological sanctuary where economic activities are largely
forbidden, ignoring the need for generating high quality development for the
24 million inhabitants in the Legal Amazon, of which more than seven million
occupy the State of Pará.
The answer to this dilemma between preserving and producing is the rational
and sustainable use of natural resources in the Amazon by considering that the
region has a vocation as a major provider of environmental services. The good
news is that we have moved forward from a theoretical formulation of sustainable development to something that we are actually experiencing in Pará through
the Green Municipalities Program (PMV), an initiative launched by the state
Government in March 2011.
The program is operated based on pacts involving rural producers, and social and environmental organizations in partnership with the local and state
governments. The work agenda encompasses the process for environmental
regularization through the Rural Environmental Registry (CAR) and control
of deforestation. And it is innovative in considering that producers who do
not deforest and are in the process of environmental regularization will enjoy
incentives such as access to credit, consumer markets and the possibility of
removing their properties from embargo. Additionally, actions for land title
regularization are now considered a priority.
At the state level, the Green Municipalities Program innovates significantly in
the way it acts, through a steering committee made up of rural producers and
agriculture federation, industry federation, municipalities, social organizations,
NGOs, public prosecution service and participation by federal agencies. This is
recognition that the sustainable development agenda is an issue that interests all
sectors and not only the government.
The results and challenges faced by the Green Municipalities Program in 2011
and 2012 have been summarized in this activity report, presents major advances
such as the reduction of deforestation, a significant increase in the Rural Environmental Registry, improvement in agriculture and ranching productivity and the
expansion of reforestation. The report also highlights very positive achievements
in terms of local pacts for reducing deforestation and promoting a more sustainable rural economy. Above all, the Program presents the notable action of partnerships, dialogue and the political pact for finding real solutions for the complex
and multifaceted problems found in the Amazon, and particularly in Pará.
We believe that Pará and the Amazon present a major opportunity for showing
the world that it is possible to reconcile natural resource conservation and Sustainable Production as the Green Municipalities Program demonstrates. But we also recognize that the challenges to building a Pará that is more sustainable, more socially
just, inclusive and prosperous are permanent and thus require continued long-term
efforts and a genuine disposition for dialogue and partnerships among the different
sectors of society. That encourages us to trust that creative and positive changes are
possible if society embraces this cause that is for each one of us. And for all of us.
Aerial view of the region near
the municipality of Santarém.
PHOTOGRAPH: MARUSSIA
WHATELY. MARCH 2013.
Table of Contents
10
Presentation
12
Introduction
15
PART 1
Origin of the Green Municipalities Program
16
CHAPTER 1
Fighting deforestation in the Amazon
22
CHAPTER 2
Creation of the Green Municipalities Program
31
PART 2
The Green Municipalities Program in Pará
32
CHAPTER 3
How the PMV operates
44
CHAPTER 4
Strategic Themes
62
CHAPTER 5
Goals of the Program
69
PART 3
Results achieved and perspectives
70
CHAPTER 6
Results of the PMV
78
CHAPTER 7
Challenges and perspectives for 2013-2014 in the vision of the partners
82
Appendices
92
List of acronyms
93
List of maps, figures and tables
94
Bibliography
Presentation
JUSTINIANO DE QUEIROZ NETTO
Special State Secretary for the Green Municipalities Program
T
here is no “silver bullet” capable of defeating illegal deforestation in the
Amazon. The problem is complex and has extremely varied socioeconomic and political causes, which demand a wide-ranging and durable
approach by the State and society.
It is first necessary to understand that as a rule the background to development is
an activity that at some level drives the local economy. From the small-scale farmer or
settler who deforests to create a slash-and-burn plot to those who deforest on a larger
scale, all wish to convert the forest for economic use, legitimately or illegitimately.
For that reason, we cannot separate the question of support for sustainable
production and consequent change in the local economic model, in order to occupy the space of the deforestation economy and see to it that the greater the
sustainable activity, the less deforestation there will be.
In that regard, dealing with the question merely based on a vision of repression and enforcement is not enough. That obviously does not mean dispensing
with or belittling the so-called “command and control” mechanisms. But it does
indicate that they alone are not enough.
A common error in official policies has been, when emphasizing command or
control, to exclude or alienate local stakeholders in areas where the problem is
occurring. Mayors, municipal council members, producers and local organizations have been routinely ignored, when not consider accomplices in the deforestation taking place in their municipalities. On the other hand, these actors have
seen environmental issues as an attempt to stifle their development. Thus, given
10
GREEN MUNICIPALITIES PROGRAM: LESSONS LEARNED AND CHALLENGES FOR 2013/2014
the lack of local engagement and a sustainable economy, whenever enforcement
was reduced, deforestation always made a comeback, even if at a lower rate.
In order to change this scenario, the State of Pará created the Green Municipalities Program, whose foundations lie mainly in local pacts and partnerships. The pact guarantees the involvement of local society with this theme,
strengthening the understanding that deforestation is no longer synonymous
with development. On the contrary, in the XXI Century, the lack of environmental compliance means serious limitations in access to markets and to credit.
The partnerships, for their part, ensure continuity and complementarity for
the program that do not depend upon a single governmental agency or entity.
That being the case, rural producers, unions and class organizations, NGOs,
and environmental, land title and production support agencies will need to unite
around local agendas in order to confront concrete problems.
The proposal seeks not only to reduce deforestation, but above all to develop a
more sustainable local economy, since the former issue is inversely related to the
latter. Such a task will demand enormous stamina and disposition for dialogue,
because one does not quickly and easily build understanding around such a polemical and complex issue.
The following report shows how this program began in the State of Pará and
how it has operated in the two years since it was created in March 2011. It also
shows the challenges and perspectives for the next few years, notably land title
regularization, which in the view of the partners is a chronic problem for the
Amazon in general and for Pará in particular.
11
Introduction
L
aunched in March 2011 by the Pará State Government in response to
the challenge of fighting deforestation in the State, the Green Municipalities Program (Programa Municípios Verdes – PMV) is an initiative
whose principle is to work in partnership with all levels of government, civil
society, private enterprise and Public Prosecution Service. This publication
provides a balance of the first two years of the program, showing how it works
in practice, the roles of partners, the results obtained so far and the goals and
challenges for the future.
The first part, the Origin of the Green Municipalities Program shows how
the process of occupation and development in the Amazon, marked by construction of highways and implantation of major projects for energy, mining
and agriculture and ranching, resulted in little generation of quality of life for
the region’s inhabitants and in severe environmental impacts. Furthermore, it
shows how the critical situation of deforestation in the Amazon led the federal government to adopt impacting measures beginning in 2004, which led
to a marked drip in the rates of forest destruction. In that context local and
regional initiatives also arose to sustain and broaden those gains, as is the case
with the PMV in Pará.
The second part, The State of Pará’s Green Municipalities Program describes how the PMV operates with its strategic lines of action and goals, one
of the main ones being an 80% reduction in deforestation in the state by 2020,
compared to the annual average of 6,255 Km2 (1996-2005), achieving zero net
deforestation beginning in that year. The program has also established a goal
of at least 50% growth in registrations with the Rural Environmental Registry
in 2012, which it has already reached.
12
To achieve those goals, the PMV has structured four major lines of actions:
control and monitoring of deforestation; territorial, environmental and land
title organization; sustainable production; and shared environmental management. The detailed publication of each one of these shows their actions and
how they interact with other governmental programs at all levels. It also explains how municipalities join the program and the competitive advantages
they achieve with it.
The last part, Results achieved and perspectives, presents the significant results obtained so far by the PMV, such as reduction in deforestation and an increase in properties listed in the Rural Environmental Registry. Another victory
was that three municipalities were able to get off the Environmental Ministry
embargo list.
Finally, the partners present the main challenges the program faces in the
next two years, notably with the land title issue, expansion of decentralized
environmental management and maintenance of dialogue with all sectors.
13
Part 1
Origin of the Green Municipalities Program
1
Chapter 1
Fighting deforestation
in the Amazon
T
he process of occupying and developing the Amazon, conceived of during the second half of the last century, marked by construction of highways and implantation of major projects for energy, mining and agriculture and ranching, resulted, truth be told, in little generation of wealth quality of
life for the region’s inhabitants.
On the other hand, that process brought about severe environmental impacts,
whose most visible face is deforestation and degradation of the Amazon rainforest. By 2012, deforestation had reached almost 19% of the original forest in the
area and it is estimated that a similar amount had been degraded by logging and/
or fire. Many scientists fear that the Amazon rainforest will began an irreversible
process towards becoming savannah if deforestation reaches 40% of the original
forests. The implications of this transformation for global warming, hydrological cycles and biodiversity would be unpredictable.
Recognizing the strategic importance of the Amazon and in response to pressures from Brazilian and international public opinion, the government of Brazil in 2004 launched an ambitious program to combat deforestation, known as
PPCDAM. It was also motivated by the fact that deforestation contributed more
than 55% of emissions of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) in 2004, which made Brazil
the fourth largest emitter in the world.
1 Excluding Environmental Protection
Areas (APA).
16
During the first phase (2004-2007), that program resulted in the creation of
480 thousand Km2 of conservation units, which raised the proportion of protected areas from 28% to 38%1 of the Legal Amazon. There were also significant advances in the area of command and control, notably with an increase in
Fighting deforestation in the Amazon
Map 1. Forest cover and deforestation in the State of Pará
Green Municipalities Program: LESSONS LEARNED AND CHALLENGES FOR 2013/2014
17
1
Chapter 1
2 System for Detecting Deforestation
in Real Time carried out by the
National Institute for Space Research
(Deter/Inpe).
3 Deforestation Alert System from
the Institute of People and the
Environment of the Amazon.
4 Technical Note of the Amazon
Fund Technical Committee using
a conservative value of 100 T C/
hectare and a correction factor of C
for CO2 equivalent to 3.6667.
enforcement in the field, arrests of authorities and producers involved in illegal
deforestation and the launching of monitoring systems with real time satellite
images from Deter (Inpe)2 and SAD (Imazon)3.
This set of measures reduced deforestation from 19.6 Km2 (the average for
1996-2005) to somewhere around 12.6 Km2 (average for August 2005-July 2008).
However, it was version 2.0 of this program launched at the beginning of 2008
that drastically reduced deforestation to around 6.3 Km2 (the average for 20092012). That represented a drop of more than 80% between the deforestation rate
recorded in 2004 (beginning of PPCDAM) and that of 2012.
Considering the 2006-2012 period, the CO2 emissions avoided with this sharp
drop in deforestation were estimated at 2.2 gigatons4, the greatest contribution
so far towards reducing GHG on a worldwide scale. It should be noted that the
total reduction caused by the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the
Kyoto Protocol does not reach 2 gigatons of CO2, which highlights the importance of the Amazon contribution towards fighting global warming.
But what made this significant drop in deforestation possible, especially beginning in 2008? The reason seems to lie in several innovations made to the strategy for confronting the problem, including:
Restriction in rural credit – National Monetary Council Resolution
5 A procedure called for in Federal
Decree no. 6.321/2008, with
the first list published through
Administrative Ruling of January
24, 2008.
6 Brazilian Institute for the
Environment and Renewable Natural
Resources.
7 Article 18 § 1 of Federal Decree no.
6.514/2008. The list can be verified
at http://siscom.ibama.gov.br/
geo_sicafi/.
18
no. 3545 of February 29 2008, which began to require environmental and
land title compliance for financing agriculture and ranching projects in
the Amazon Biome;
List of municipalities that deforest the most in the Amazon and imposition of various administrative restrictions to those municipalities5;
List of embargoed areas – Published by Ibama6 from the list of rural
properties and proprietors subjected to environmental embargoes as a result of deforestation7;
FIGHTING DEFORESTATION IN THE AMAZON
Assignment of responsibility to the beef production chain – The result of regularization of the Environmental Crimes Law, which assigned
legal liability to all agents in the production chain who have acquired
products from embargoed areas8 and the action of the Federal Public
Prosecution Service (MPF) that led to the signing of a TAC with companies in the sector9;
8 Article 54 of Federal Decree
no. 6.514/2008.
9 See TAC on Ranching box, page 20.
Strengthening of enforcement operation that became more effective
and constant, with the seizure of machines, products (timber, charcoal,
grain) and animals in rural properties with illegal deforestation (e.g. operations Arc of Fire and Pirate Cattle).
Additionally, Brazil assumed an international commitment during COP 1510
(Copenhagen) to reduce deforestation by 80% up to 202011, which would mean
that total deforestation that year would be around 3.9 thousand Km2. Such a goal
could be achieved even before 2020, given the strong reductions obtained from
2009 to 2012. In fact, the estimate for deforestation in 2012 was about 4.6 Km2.
10 15th Conference of the Parties on
Climate Change.
11 Calculated over the average
for the years 1996-2005, which
corresponds to 19.6 thousand Km2.
Despite this favorable scenario, there was – and still is – a major concern as
to the sufficiency of those measures for eradicating or even controlling deforestation in the long term.
This is because the majority of initiatives applied were of a regulatory or
merely repressive nature, incapable of altering the dynamics of productive activities linked to deforestation and at the same time encouraging a new sustainable economic base in the region. Additionally, the local society that had been
strongly impacted by those measures did not perceive environmental issues as
advantageous and thus did not engage in the organizing process.
It was in that context that local or regional initiatives arose for fighting
deforestation that had enormous potential for supporting and deepening the
gains obtained up to that point, as is the case of the Green Municipalities
Program in the State of Pará.
19
1
Chapter 1
TAC for Ranching in Pará
L
egal actions such as blocking of assets and assignment of liability to the production chain have also begun to be part of the pressure against deforestation
in Pará and in Mato Grosso. This has happened due to action by the Federal Public Prosecution Service (MPF), which in 2009 began to investigate the productive
chains linked to illegal deforestation in the Amazon.
12 A project produced by
Embrapa and Inpe with the
objective of defining the areas
already deforested in the Legal
Amazon using satellite images.
This new reading resulted in
the preparation of a digital map
that describes the land use and
cover situation for 2008. http://
www.inpe.br/cra/projetos¬_
pesquisas/sumario_executivo_
terraclass_2008.pdf, access on
02/25/2013.
The information showed that ranching was one of the activities most pressuring
deforestation. Data from the Inpe and Embrapa TerraClass12 program showed that
more than 60% of the areas deforested in the Amazon up to 2008 had been converted to pastures. The MPF decided to intervene and called upon the ranching sector
to adjust itself through Terms for Adjusting Conduct (TAC). Through these, the meatpacking plants assumed a commitment to buy cattle only from legalized ranches.
The accord called for various stages leading to achieving legality and sustainability. According to the MPF, the TACS had short-term objectives, such as stopping deforestation and slave labor. The owners could not deforest new areas for
cattle ranching, and could promote expansion of production only in areas that
had already been altered. After signing the TAC, the producers were supposed
to register with the Rural Environmental Registry (CAR) and obtain an environmental license, beginning regularization of their areas for Legal Reserve (RL)
and permanent preservation (APP).
According to prosecutor Daniel Azeredo, the state government and municipalities were also called upon to sign terms of commitment with the MPF to accelerate adoption of public policies with a view to modernizing the agriculture
and ranching productive chain are reducing deforestation, through differentiated commitments.
20
FIGHTING DEFORESTATION IN THE AMAZON
The main obligations for the state government are to: (i) allow access by the
MPF and provide it with information about CAR and licensing of rural activities; (ii)
conclude Ecological Economic Zoning of the Calha Norte and Eastern Zone areas;
(iii) implant the computerized CAR for rural properties and the Electronic Animal
Transport Form (GTA), and guarantee that the bill of sale for cattle sales should
only be issued for rural properties registered with CAR, among other measures. Additionally, the Pará government is supposed to finance contracting of an audit to
assess fulfillment of items in the TAC signed by the meatpacking plants.
For their part, the municipalities are supposed to sign a pact for controlling deforestation with local associations of producers and civil society, create a working
group and a minimum structure for monitoring and verification of deforestation in
the field, among other measures.
The municipalities not on the list of the greatest deforesters – or those who committed to getting off of the list within one year – can benefit their producers with a
period granted for environmental adjustment of rural properties and activities.
Currently, the period jointly determined by the MPF and Sema is:
(i) Rural properties of more than three thousand hectares, up to 11/30/2012;
(ii) Rural properties of less than three thousand hectares and more than five
hundred hectares, up to 07/31/2013;
(iii) Rural properties of less than five hundred hectares, up to 02/28/2014.
“Today, there
are around 70
thousand rural
properties listed
in CAR in Pará,
the largest
registration
in Brazil. The
main objective
of the Terms
for Adjusting
Conduct is the
reduction of
deforestation,
which has
happened in
the state.”
DANIEL AZEREDO,
Prosecutor with the
Federal Public Prosecution
Service in Pará.
The agreements signed by the state government, municipalities and productive
sector enabled the rise of a positive agenda that has also collaborated towards
creation of the Green Municipalities Program, whose first condition for signing on
is exactly signature by the municipality of a Term of Commitment with the MPF.
21
1
Chapter 2
Creation of the Green
Municipalities Program
1 Altamira, Brasil Novo, Cumaru do
Norte, Dom Eliseu, Novo Progresso,
Novo Repartimento, Paragominas,
Rondon do Pará, Santa Maria das
Barreiras, Santana do Araguaia,
São Félix do Xingu, Ulianópolis
(Administrative Ruling no. 28/2008);
Itupiranga, Marabá, Pacajá,
Tailândia (Administrative Ruling no.
102/2008; and Moju (Administrative
Ruling no. 157/2008). The
municipalities of Paragominas,
Santana do Araguaia, Dom Eliseu
and Ulianópolis got off the embargo
list a few years later. Paragominas
was the first, in 2010, followed by
the other three in 2012.
2 The PMV was launched through
State Decree no. 54/2011. Available
at www.municipiosverdes.com.br
T
he State of Pará was strongly affected by the actions of the Federal Government and Federal Public Prosecution Service against deforestation
during the first years of the 2000 decade. Those measures resulted in the
inclusion of 17 municipalities in the critical deforestation list by the Ministry of
the Environment (MMA)1 and in the signing of Terms for Adjusting Conduct by
meat packers and cattle producers. Additionally, thousands of rural properties
were embargoed and there were social impacts due to the paralyzing of irregular
economic activities.
In response to that situation, in March 2011 the State Government launched
the Green Municipalities Program (PMV)2, an initiative developed in partnership
with municipalities, civil society, private initiative and the Public Prosecution Service. The general objectives of the PMV are to fight deforestation and strengthen
sustainable rural production through strategic actions for planning and for environmental and land title management. This is done through local agreements
with municipalities, monitoring deforestation, implanting the Rural Environmental Registry (CAR) and strengthening municipal environmental management.
17 municipalities on the
“list of greatest deforesters
in the Amazon.”
Paragominas is the first
to leave the list
2008-2010
22
Creation of PMV.
State Decree
no 54/2011.
2011
March
PMV: nomination
of secretary and its
own structure
November
2012
CREATION OF THE GREEN MUNICIPALITIES PROGRAM
The program was inspired in the successful experience of the municipality of
Paragominas, which in 2008 launched the Green Municipality project, with which
it confronted the issue of deforestation through a pact with the local society and
with various actions undertaken by partners active in the municipality (municipal
government, rural producer unions, NGOs, workers, Federal Public Prosecution
Service and others). The initiative was so successful that in 2010 Paragominas was
the first municipality in the Amazon to leave the deforestation list3, reducing the
local rates of deforestation and forest degradation by more than 90%4.
3 MMA Administrative Ruling no. 66,
of March 24 2010.
4 See The Example of Paragominas,
page 26.
Integrated Public Policy
One of the main characteristics of the PMV is its alignment with federal and
state public policies for fighting deforestation and promoting sustainable development in the Amazon, especially with actions by the Sustainable Amazon Plan
(PAS), the Plan for Preventing and Controlling Deforestation in the Legal Amazon
(PPCDAM) and the Plan for Prevention, Control and Alternatives do Deforestation of the State of Pará (PPCAD):
SUSTAINABLE AMAZON PLAN
Launched by the federal government in May 2008, the PAS proposes a set of
guidelines for conducting sustainable development in the Amazon with a focus
on valuing sociocultural diversity and reducing regional inequalities. Thus, PAS
emphasizes the need and importance of adopting local and/or regional strategies
91 municipalities with
TC with Federal Public
Prosecution Service
February
Santana do Araguaia
leaves the Ministry of the
Environment List
Rio+ 20: zero net
deforestation
June
Anapu and Sen. José Porfírio
enter the list
Dom Eliseu and Ulianópolis
leave the MMA list
September
94 municipalities
sign on with the PMV
December
23
1
Chapter 2
5 BRAZIL. Presidency of the Republic.
Plano Amazônia Sustentável:
diretrizes para o desenvolvimento
sustentável da Amazônia Brasileira /
Presidência da República. Brasília:
MMA, 2008. Available at http://
www.fundoamazonia.gov.br/
FundoAmazonia/export/sites/
default/site_pt/Galerias/Arquivos/
Publicacoes/2_ppcdam.pdf. Access
on 07/09/2012.
6 See categories for municipalities,
page 41.
in favor of sustainable development, affirming that “they must be drawn up and
signed according to the environmental, economic, social and cultural particularities of the territories toward which they are directed, avoiding falling into the
error of generalization and standardization, which have been to a large degree
responsible for failures in the past.”5
In that regard, the starting point for the PMV is awareness and engagement of
local society through municipal pacts for fighting deforestation. Additionally, it
classifies the municipalities according to their characteristics of vegetation cover,
deforestation and environmental and land title organization, which enables action in a regionalized manner and taking into account the environmental and
economic particularities of each municipality, in harmony with the intervention
strategy emphasized by the PAS6.
PPCDAM
While the PAS works at a strategic level, the PPCDAM operates as the operative program for fighting deforestation on the part of the federal government in
partnership with the states. In effect since 2004 and coordinated by the Presidential Chief of Staff, it is organized along three themes: territorial and land
title organization, environmental monitoring and control and encouragement of
sustainable productive activities. Because it operates on a tactical and operational
level, it has a considerable affinity with the actions called for in the PMV, so much
that the lines of action described for PPCDAM and PMV are practically the same,
with the difference that the state program has a specific line of action for Shared
Environmental Management, since it prioritizes decentralization of management
to the municipalities.
PPCAD
The same strategic lines of the PPCDAM have been adopted by the Plan
for Prevention, Control and Alternatives do Deforestation of the State of Pará
(PPCAD/PA) launched in 2009 (State Decree no. 1.697/2009). PPCAD consists of
a detailing at the state level of the actions of PPCDAM at the federal level, which
means that it is also automatically aligned with actions by PMV.
24
Box 1. Alignment of proposals from PPCDAM and PMV
PPCDAM
PMV
Improvement of instruments for monitoring, licensing and enforcement
related to deforestation with innovative methodologies, with a view to
integrating with incentives for preventing environmental damages.
Monthly monitoring of deforestation at the
municipal scale and verification in the field of
sites/forward bases for fighting deforestation.
Adoption of a decentralized and shared management style for public
policies, through partnerships between the Federal level, states
and municipalities view to integrating with incentives for preventing
environmental damages and encouraging sustainable production systems.
Decentralization of environmental
management through an electronic system
for integrated licensing; structuring
and capacity-building for municipal
environmental agencies; standardizing of
rural environmental licensing.
Stimulate active participation by different sectors of the Amazon society
who are interested in policies related to preventing and controlling
deforestation, as well as increasing the quality of their implementation,
with transparency, social control and political appropriation.
Local pacts for fighting deforestation;
local groups (committees) for following
up organizing actions; municipal
environmental councils.
Incentive for implementing CAR, an instrument through which
environmental agencies have access to georeferencing for rural properties,
in order to quality remote monitoring and the effectiveness of enforcement
operations in the field, as well as to orient the process for environmental
regularization of a rural property.
Support for registering rural properties in CAR;
cartographic base; system for validating CAR.
For its first three-year period of action (2009-2012) the PPCAD-PA had a set
of 39 actions. More than controlling deforestation, the plan is strongly supported by the understanding that the only way to maintain momentum with a fall in
deforestation rates and leverage a new production paradigm is through consolidation of sustainable economic alternatives.
Revision and updating of PPCAD is underway, considering the actions carried
out up to 2012 and the new actions that will be in effect from 2013-1015. Beginning in 2013, PPCAD will be under the coordination of PMV.
25
1
Chapter 2
The Example of Paragominas
P
aragominas is one of the municipalities that appeared in the Amazon in the
1960s alongside the Belém-Brasília highway. The economic history of the municipality for a long time was associated to programs that encouraged deforestation
and ranching.
The situation began to change when, in February 2008, public opinion against
deforestation began to pressure local producers and the Federal Government began closing in, with dissemination of the list of municipalities with critical deforestation in the Amazon, with the consequent credit embargo for rural producers in the
municipalities on the list.
ON THE SIDE
Ceremony launching the Green
Municipalities Program in
Paragominas.
PHOTOGRAPH: ANTONIO
SILVA, 2011.
26
By the end of his first term of office, then-mayor Adhan Demachki was seeing the
municipality entering an economic crisis and decided to call local society together
to reach a major agreement for changing the local economic model. A meeting was
called and 51 entities – involving unions, resident associations – discussed the
situation. “The list was hurting the city. It was like being listed on a credit blacklist;
we were having difficulty selling our products. After more than three hours of talking, we decided to make a pact to seek zero deforestation and legal, sustainable
and socially just product,” the mayor remembers.
Thus, on March 23 2008, the “Paragominas: Green Municipality” project was born.
Imazon came aboard as a partner and was asked to monitor deforestation, while
at the same time the municipal government made inspections and knocked down
clandestine charcoal kilns, whose activity was the main cause of deforestation in the
municipality. The mayor visited the schools to talk to the students about the importance of the pact. Producers began to register with CAR. The municipality received the
federal government’s Operation Arc of Fire, which closed several charcoal producing
operations and embargoed dozens of properties because of illegal deforestation.
At the end of 2008, the pact was put to the test when, after the municipal government denounced deforestation in indigenous lands to Ibama and Funai, Ibama
seized several trucks loaded with timber. Outraged, illegal loggers robbed the apprehended vehicles, set fire to the Ibama office and vehicles from the Municipal
Environmental Secretariat and even attempted to lynch agency employees.
“We have the
challenge of
creating more
and more
sustainable jobs
based on a green
economy. But
the municipality
has already
started to grow
and the peoples’
self-esteem has
risen. Now is
the time to set
out for new
victories.”
ADNAN DEMACHKI,
lawyer and former
mayor of Paragominas..
Society was once again called upon to reaffirm the pact for zero deforestation
and the people repudiated the act of vandalism. The commitment was so great that
what had been previously unimaginable happened: the Union of Rural Producers
of Paragominas made a room available for the NGO The Nature Conservancy (TNC)
>>> (continues)
27
1
Chapter 2
to help with registration procedures, beginning a partnership that would lead the
municipality to register more than 90% of its private territory.
Those were difficult years for Paragominas, with the loss of jobs and revenue.
Even so, the population believed in the project and Demachki was reelected with
more than 80% of the votes.
In 2012 the work positions lost had already been recuperated, but with better
quality, in reforestation areas in the municipality. During that same year these efforts were nationally recognized. Paragominas was the first municipality to get off
of the deforestation list and began to be known as the Green Municipality.
Thanks to environmental planning the business environment improved and
the municipality attracted the first MDF factory to be installed in the Northern and
Northeaster regions, which is making a local furniture manufacturing cluster a viable proposition. Additionally, producers of grains such as soy, corn and rice have
been attracted to the municipality to lease underutilized lands and strengthen agriculture in areas that have already been opened. The local rural producers union
encourages green ranching and low carbon agriculture.
The challenge of going forward on the path to sustainability continues in Paragominas. The new mayor Paulo Tocantins states that there have been no changes
in the PMV’s direction with the change in government. “Our objective now is to
move forward with municipal decentralization, with the transfer of the greatest
number possible of functions from the state to the municipal environmental agency, and thus streamline environmental licensing. Additionally, we are continuing
the process of land title regularization, a commitment we have made to the State
and Nation. On January 23, the city’s anniversary, we handed over 54 land titles
through Iterpa to local rural producers,” he has stated.
28
Cattle ranching (location not
specified).
PHOTOGRAPH: ARQUIVO AG.
PARÁ. APRIL 2013.
29
Part 2
The Pará State Government’s
2
Chapter 3
How the PMV operates
1 See chapter 5, Goals of the
Program, page 62.
2 See chapter 4, Strategic Themes,
page 44.
L
aunched in March 2011, the Green Municipalities Program has as one of
its major goals1 an 80% reduction in deforestation in the State of Pará
by 2012 compared to the annual average of 6,255 Km2 (1996-2005), and
achieving zero net deforestation beginning at that date. It has also established a
growth of at least 50% in registrations with the Rural Environmental Registry
in 2012, a goal that it has already reached. To achieve those goals, the PMV has
structured four major lines of actions2: control and monitoring of deforestation;
territorial, environmental and land title organization; sustainable production;
and shared environmental management.
Municipalities adhere voluntarily to the PMV and participants mainly receive
long-term competitive advantages such as:
Legal security – Following environmental laws provides reassurance to
producers that they will not suffer sanctions such as fines and economic
embargoes.
3 See ranching TAC, page 20, and
Betting on green ranching, page 57.
32
Value in the markets – Consumers have opted for products with the correct socioenvironmental provenance and some importing countries have
restricted trade in products that cause damage to the environment. In Brazil, major retail chains such as Wal-Mart, Carrefour and Pão-de-Açúcar
have declared that they will no longer buy products obtained through
illegal deforestation and labor under conditions analogous to slavery.
Additionally, some meat packers (such as JBS and Marfrig) have signed
Terms for Adjusting Conduct (TAC)3 committing themselves to buying
only from suppliers who are environmentally compliant.
HOW THE PMV OPERATES
Attracting investments – Being a green municipality provides a market
differential and can attract good investments since there is greater legal
security.
More credit, incentives and technical assistance – The federal government, in light of the municipality’s change of position in terms of environmental and social issues, will prioritize access to credit, incentives and
rural technical assistance.
Other advantages – The state government is planning to reduce taxes
for producers that are environmentally compliant and who prioritize land
title regularization.
BELOW
7th meeting of the Steering
Committee of the Green
Municipalities Program held in
Belém, December 2012.
PHOTOGRAPH: DIEGO
ANDRADE/PMV.
33
2
Chapter 3
How to sign on with the PMV
The first step in becoming a part of the PMV is for the municipality to sign a term
of commitment with the Federal Public Prosecution Service, with a view to providing
legal and political stability for the program. As of December 2012, 94 municipalities
had signed the term, in which they committed to a set of seven goals to be monitored by the PMV coordination and validated by the Steering Committee, which will
enable the municipality to received benefits such as removal of the environmental
embargo, fiscal incentives and priority in allocating state public resources, under the
terms of Resolution no. 01/2012 of the PMV Steering Committee.
The seven goals are:
I.
II.
III.
IV.
4 Excluding Protected Areas
(Indigenous Lands and Conservation
Units).
V.
VI.
VII.
5 See CAR as a strategy for building
sustainable productive landscapes,
page 52.
34
Sign a local pact against deforestation with the local society and
government;
Create a municipal working group for fighting illegal deforestation;
Carry out verifications in the field of illegal deforestation points
and report to the program;
Maintain the annual deforestation rate below 40 Km2 (based on
Prodes/Inpe) criteria;
Have more than 80% of the municipal area registered4;
Not be on the list of the municipalities that are deforesting the
most in the Amazon;
Introduce concepts of environmental education in municipal
schools.
The methods are considered strategic, because when allied to strengthening of municipal environmental management, they result in advances towards
achieving PMV objectives. This can be confirmed by actions developed by
various partners with the PMV, such as unions, NGOs and municipal governments. Among the highlights are formalization and strengthening of local
pacts, verification in the field of deforestation points and growing adherence
of rural properties to CAR5.
Figure 1. PMV goals for the municipalities
2
GROUP FOR
FIGHTING
DEFORESTATION
1
PACT FOR FIGHTING
DEFORESTATION
3
VERIFICATION
IN THE FIELD
4
DEFORESTATION
< 40 Km2
TAC MPF
6
NOT BE ON THE
MMA LIST
7
5
ENVIRONMENTAL
EDUCATION
80% IN CAR
35
2
Chapter 3
How it is organized
T
he PMV began to have its own organization in November 2011, with the designation of an Extraordinary State Secretary to coordinate it, directly linked to the
Government Chief of Staff Office. Additionally, the PMV has a Steering Committee
responsible for strategic decisions and for the program’s plan of action.
6 As defined in the PMV by-laws
approved in 2012.
7 Created by Decree no. 308/11,
which altered the text of article
7 of Decree no. 54/11.
The Steering Committee is made up of 21 members – ten representatives of the
public sector and eleven from civil society – with participation allowed for the Federal Public Prosecution Service, State Public Prosecution Service and the Brazilian
Institute for the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (Ibama)6, which is
an important partner in the command and control actions and in providing information on critical deforestation areas.
To carry out and implement the actions necessary for reaching the goals, the
PMV has an Executive Committee7, coordinated by the SEPMV and make up of a
group of governmental and non-governmental agencies: Pará State Secretariat for
Economic Development and Incentives for Production (Sedip); Pará State Secretariat for the Environment (Sema); Union of Rural Producers in Paragominas (SPRP);
Federal Public Prosecution Service (MPF); Institute of People and the Environment
of the Amazon (Imazon); The Nature Conservancy (TNC).
There are also other state agencies involved in carrying out actions, including
the State Company for Technical Assistance and Rural Extension (Emater/PA), the
State Agriculture Secretariat (Sagri), the State Secretariat for Industry and Commerce (Seicom), the Pará Land Institute (Iterpa) and the Pará Institute for Forestry
Development (Ideflor).
36
Figure 2. PMV Governance
Steering Committee
(COGES)
Cabinet
SEPMV
Executive Committee
COORDENATION/ARTICULATION/MANAGEMENT PMV
Information Management
Communications
Service to municipalities
Budget execution
Legal department
ENVIRONMENTAL AND
TERRITORIAL ORDERING
SHARED ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT
SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION
Control of deforestation
Settlements
CAR
Protected areas
Municipal enablement
Articulation with DIPLAM, URES
and partners for strengthening
and capacity-building
Licensing/LAR
ABC
REDD
Forestry Production
Reforestation
Economic Incentives
37
2
Chapter 3
Secretary Justiniano Netto
(middle) and Secretary Sidney
Rosa sign a term of adherence of
the municipality of Santarém to
the PMV; to the left, Santarém
Mayor Alexandre Von, and to the
right, Pará Secretary of Tourism
Adenauer Goes, and Federal
Prosecutor Daniel Azeredo,
MPF. 8th meeting of COGES,
Santarém, March 2013.
PHOTOGRAPH: DIEGO
ANDRADE/PMV.
38
Box 2. Composition of the Steering Committee
Representatives of civil society
Pará State Government
1. Vale Association for Sustainable Development – Vale
Fund
1.
State Company for Technical Assistance
and Rural Extension (Emater)
2. Regional Council for Engineering, Architecture and
Agronomy (CREA/PA)
2.
Pará Institute for Forestry Development (Ideflor)
3.
Pará Land Institute (Iterpa)
4.
State Agriculture Secretariat (Sagri)
5.
State Treasury Secretariat (Sefa)
6.
State Secretariat for Science, Technology
and Innovation (Secti)
7.
State Secretariat for Regional Integration, Urban
and Metropolitan Development (Seidurb)
8.
State Secretariat for the Environment (Sema)
9.
Special State Secretariat for Economic Development
and Incentive for Production
3. Pará State Federation of Agriculture and Ranching
(Faepa)
4. Federation of Municipal Associations in the State of
Pará (Famep)
5. Federation of Industries in the State of Pará (Fiepa)
6. Amazon Institute for Environmental Research (Ipam)
7. Amazon Institute of People and the Environment of the
Amazon (Imazon)
8. International Institute for Education in Brazil (IIEB)
9. Socioenvironmental Institute (ISA)
10. Union of Rural Producers in in Paragominas (SPRP)
10. Special State Secretariat for Infrastructure
and Logistics for Sustainable Development
11. The Nature Conservancy (TNC)
Voluntary participation
Federal Public Prosecution Service, State Public Prosecution Service and
Brazilian Institute for the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (Ibama)
39
2
Chapter 3
Map 2. Municipalities according to PMV categories
40
Categories of municipalities
The PMV classifies municipalities according to the degree of pressure for deforestation and forest degradation in five categories, which determine the program’s priorities for action in each one.
Embargoed Municipalities: These are on the
list of largest deforesters in the Amazon, according to the list released by MMA. In December 2012
there were 15 Pará municipalities on this list. The
action priority in this category is to control deforestation and advance with CAR in order to remove the
municipalities from the list.
Forest Base Municipalities: Municipalities at
low risk for deforestation. This category covers 28
municipalities that had more than 60% of their area
under vegetation cover in 2010 and low rates of deforestation, and thus lower chances of being placed
on the MMA critical list. However, they did record
sites with illegal logging and forest degradation. In
general they have large areas placed in conservaMunicipalities Under Pressure: Municipalities tion units, and thus the strategy for this category is
with a high risk of deforestation. This category covers to strengthen the forest economy.
17 municipalities that may be placed on the MMA
list, either because they have significant deforestaMunicipalities that are Monitored and Untion rates or because they are located near major der Control: This category covers municipalities
infrastructure projects, which increases the risk of that meet the demands contained in Resolution no.
deforestation. The focus of action for those munici- 01/2012 of the PMV Steering Committee, notably
palities is to prevent or reduce deforestation to avoid for the municipalities that have been able to get off
being placed on the list and also advance with CAR. of the MMA list. In December 2012 there were four
municipalities in this category: Paragominas, SanConsolidated Municipalities: Municipalities tana do Araguaia, Dom Eliseu and Ulianópolis. After
with a medium level of deforestation. This covers the controlling and monitoring deforestation, the mu80 Pará municipalities that had less than 60% of nicipality begins the process of regularizing its envegetation cover in 2010 and lower levels of defor- vironmental liabilities and licensing rural activities.
estation, considering that the human impact process The objective is that by implanting the program and
has already occurred. The main focus is registration fulfilling the Term of Commitment with the MPF, all of
in CAR and regularizing environmental liabilities.
the other municipalities will migrate to this category.
41
2
Chapter 3
Table 1. Deforestation by category of municipalities
(Inpe/Prodes, August 2011 to July 2012)
Categories
Number of
municipalities
Embargoed
Under pressure
Forest Base
Consolidated
Municipalities removed from the list
Total
15
17
28
80
4
144
Área (IBGE)
(Km2)
413.966
218.777
418.431
155.486
41.291
1.247.950
%
33,0
18,0
34,0
12,0
3,0
100,0
Deforestation
2011/2012
(Prodes/Km2)
902
395
112
101
109
1.620
55,7
24,4
6,9
6,2
6,7
100,0
Table 2. Pará municipalities included on the list
of largest deforesters of the Amazon (MMA, 2012)
Area recently deforested (Prodes)
Municipality
Altamira
Anapu
Brasil Novo
Cumaru do Norte
Itupiranga
Marabá
Moju
Novo Progresso
Novo Repartimento
Pacajá
Rondon do Pará
Santa Maria das Barreiras
São Félix do Xingu
Senador José Porfirio
Tailândia
Total
42
Area (Km2)
159.701
11.909
6.370
17.106
7.899
15.127
9.131
38.183
15.433
11.852
8.286
10.350
84.249
14.388
4.451
414.435
Aug./July
2010/2011
254,9
227,1
39,6
60,5
61,4
66,2
43,5
54,4
183,5
200,0
27,6
34,3
148,5
102,0
19,4
1.523
Aug./July
2011/2012
225,7
16,4
9,1
55,7
42,2
52,9
44,5
72,2
121,0
34,6
14,4
18,9
165,6
19,4
9,4
902
Average
for period
240,3
121,8
24,3
58,1
51,8
59,6
44,0
63,3
152,2
117,3
21,0
26,6
157,0
60,7
14,4
1.212,3
Green Municipalities: paths to sustainability
In February 2013, PMV promoted a technical meeting with its partners, in order
to define the criteria to be used for belonging to the “Green Municipalities” category the levels that needed to be achieved. That is because there is a great concern for
maintaining the program’s image, as well as preventing municipalities from receiving this designation when they still have not definitively controlled deforestation and
concluded the process of environmental regularization. In light of this, it is proposed
that three levels be created for the Green Municipalities category (see box below).
Considering the criteria below, no Pará municipality would already be qualified
as a Green Municipality, with the municipality of Paragominas coming closest.
The PMV also intends to establish benefits and awards for each category, in order
to encourage efforts by the municipalities. “Detailing of the categories, their criteria, means of measurement, benefits and awards would be defined during the first
semester with the PMV Steering Committee,” states secretary Justiniano Netto,
responsible for coordinating the program.
Box 3. Proposal for classifying municipalities
in the “Green Municipalities” category
Green Municipalities
Minimum requirements
Basic Level
• for at least two years be on the “monitored and under control” category;
• municipality enabled and having a technical team for rural environmental management
within the limits of municipal jurisdiction;
• no occurrence of any event of labor analogous to slavery during the last two years.
Advanced Level
• < 90% of recordable area recorded in CAR;
• all rural properties recorded in CAR validated (meaning with RL and APP defined);
• < 80% of properties registered with environmental licensing.
Full Level
• 100% of recordable area registered in CAR;
• 100% of properties registered with environmental licensing for rural activities;
• 100% or rural properties registered with RL and APP areas undergoing regularization process.
43
2
Chapter 4
Strategic Themes
T
he two major objectives of the PMV are to fight deforestation and to support sustainable rural development. The means of action for the PMV is
through articulation with municipalities, starting from a major pact that
involves all stakeholders from society, government and private initiative. Instead
of offering readymade solutions, the program seeks participatory and collaborative construction with an extensive network of public and private stakeholders.
Its performance is based upon four strategic themes – controlling and fighting
deforestation; territorial, environmental and land title planning; sustainable production; and shared environmental management – which are presented below:
1. Control and monitoring of deforestation
1 Celentano & Veríssimo, 2007;
Rodrigues et al., 2006.
Pará, along with Mato Grosso, is one of the leaders in deforestation in the
Amazon. By 2012, 21% of the 1.25 million Km2 of Pará territory had been altered
through deforestation. One of the major causes of the persistence of deforestation is the model of occupation that predominates in the state, based on timber
harvesting and agriculture and ranching, which leads to a “boom-bust” economy.
This means that in the first years of economic activity there is a rapid and ephemeral growth (“boom”), followed by a severe decline in income, employment and
tax collection as the natural resources are exhausted (“bust”)1. The situation is aggravated by the meager presence of the State to organize and promote the rational
use of natural resources.
Based upon action by many actors, the control and monitoring axis of the
PMV is beginning to produce changes in this scenario. The objective is to remove
44
STRATEGIC THEMES
the Pará municipalities from the MMA list of largest deforesters, and thus remove properties from the embargo and create stable, safe and transparent rules
that will enable development of sustainable activities. Intervention by the Federal
Public Prosecution Service by means of Terms for Adjusting Conduct2 is used as
part of this effort, as is intervention by Ibama, which is also a signatory to the
terms of commitment3.
2 See TAC for Ranching, page 20
and Planning of productive chains,
page 47.
3 See TAC for Ranching, page 20.
The monitoring systems with real-time satellite images – Deter (Inpe) and SAD
(Imazon) – guide enforcement operations, many of them carried bout jointly by
Ibama and by Sema, with the additional participation of several agencies of the
state and municipal governments. This effort includes participation by Treasury
secretariats (to verify fiscal violations) and Security secretariats, as well as other
agencies such as the Agriculture and Ranching Defense Agency (Adepará), responsible for verifying if the cattle found in illegal deforestation areas are vaccinated.
Furthermore, Governor Simão Jatene himself has called special meetings
through the Situation Room to assess the dynamics of deforestation and set up
joint efforts for resolving the problems. In 2012, four of those meetings were held,
two of them commanded personally by the governor, with participation by several government secretariats, as well as the MPF, Ibama, rural producers and some
municipal governments.
Monitoring of the municipalities in the PMV is done by Imazon using the Deforestation Alert System (SAD). This system maps deforestation events of over 10
hectares, and according to Carlos Souza, coordinator of the Amazon Monitoring
Program at Imazon, it is very useful for halting deforestation. “Every month we
separate the best composition of images and send it to the municipalities where
deforestation has been detected,” he explains.
After receiving the information, the municipality has the mission of carrying
out field inspections to see if deforestation has in fact occurred and find out its
purpose (the activity for which it was intended). To do this, it receives a field verification bulletin to be filled out by the municipality and returned to PMV. That
45
2
Chapter 4
BELOW
Field verification of deforestation
spots in the municipality of Dom
Eliseu.
PHOTOGRAPH: SEMA DOM
ELISEU, SEPTEMBER 2012.
is the documentary proof that must contain photographs, details of location
and reasons for the deforestation, and will be used by the appropriate agencies
such as Sema or MPF for holding the offender liable. It is an instrument used to
provide a capacity for responding to the deforestation alerts.
For this enforcement to work it is also necessary to capacitate local environmental agencies in issues involving geotechnology and knowledge regarding environmental legislation and management. In that regard, Imazon has already
trained more than 140 technicians from municipal Environmental Secretariats
from 45 municipalities in courses on Geotechnology Applied to Environmental
Management and Verification of Deforestation.
4 See Altamira Group fights to have
its embargo lifted, page 48.
5 See TAC for Ranching, page 20.
One example of how this process operates in practice is the Group for Deforestation Control in Altamira, created in June 2011, which has been working to
get the municipality off the MMA deforestation list4. The municipality may also
obtain advantages that will lead to sustainable production5.
The Deforestation Bulletin (SAD)
in the municipalities can be verified
at the following addresses:
www.municipiosverdes.com.br
or
http://www.imazon.org.br/
publicacoes/
transparencia-florestal
46
STRATEGIC THEMES
Planning of productive chains
C
ontrolling deforestation also involves the need for environmental planning
of other productive chains besides ranching, the first activity to adjust its
procedures through the TAC signed with the MPF6. Thus, in February of 2012 the
TAC for Charcoal was signed, focusing on a commitment by Pará steel mills to
acquire ram materials from legal sources. The TAC for Charcoal involved participation by PMV and led to a series of commitments for the sector, such as traceability tools and a registry of suppliers. The major Pará steelmaking companies
have already signed.
6 See box on Ranching TAC,
page 20.
“We also closed the door on charcoal heading for companies in Maranhão who
were not doing forest replacement here in Pará. The sector lost time and markets
because it was late in entering the environmental regularization process, but I believe that they can begin to grow again sustainably, if they adopt new practices and
invest in forest for energy production,” says Justiniano Netto, PMV secretary.
In August 2012, the price for soy doubled and led to some grain producers to
advance into the forest, leading to an increase in deforestation. “All of those who
were deforesting were punished, but it is important for grain buyers to adopt rigid
procedures for purchasing in order to guarantee legal origin for their products,”
the secretary states.
Because of this, the MPF called upon the main grain buyers in the state to
sign a commitment for environmental compliance for the productive chain for
grain. The contents of the requirements are still being debated but they will certainly demand CAR for the producers and consultation of embargoed areas and
slave labor before purchases are made. The commitment is scheduled to be enacted during the first semester of 2013. >>> (continues)
47
2
Chapter 4
“In order for
Pará industry to
be truly sustainable the entire
productive base
has to be environmentally
compliant. That
is why we participate in and support the Green
Municipalities
Program, since
most of our
production
chains begin in
the countryside,
in the rural zone
that needs to
produce more
and better, with
respect for the
environment”.
JOSÉ CONRADO
SANTOS, President
of the Federation of
Industries in the State
of Pará (Fiepa).
48
Another sector that is also negotiating its planning process is timber, where plans
call for a reduction in bureaucracy for those who are operating legally and an increase
in transparency and effectiveness for monitoring forest production. “The idea is to
involve all of the production chains with the requirements. First it was ranching, the
most common activity, and now we are focusing other activities (steelmaking, grains,
timber). We will work step by step with each sector, with a view to achieving zero deforestation within the next few years,” attorney Daniel Azeredo of the MPF emphasizes.
Altamira Group: the fight to have its embargo lifted
T
he Group for Deforestation Control in Altamira has the participation of 80 organizations and was created based on a municipal decree. The success of participation by all sectors in the process of creating a pact against deforestation encouraged the Municipal Secretary of the Environment to make tough decisions in order
to fight illegal practices.
According to Zelma Luiza da Costa, as the time municipal secretary for the Environment and until the end of last year president of the Altamira Group, the greatest
challenge for the municipality is its enormous extension, which means that the districts to the South whose activities pressuring the forest are under the influence of
Mato Grosso are at a great distance from the municipal seat (Castelo dos Sonhos
and Cachoeira da Serra are 1,100 Km away and Vila Canopus and Vila Cabocla are
at a distance of 1,300 Km).
The group has identified critical deforestation points and as the bulletins from Imazon came in, they went to see who was responsible. Altamira created and Environmental Observatory, which does analyses and produces reports on deforestation, informing
what its main causes in the region are. “And what we have confirmed is that defores-
STRATEGIC THEMES
tation occurs in the southernmost region of the municipality, in the vicinity of Novo
Progresso. This is deforestation of a speculative nature promoted by offenders coming
from other states or municipalities,” Zelma states. According to the former secretary,
“the intention is to call the attention of the federal and state government, because we
need a heavy intervention from the three levels of government in order to minimize
deforestation in places that are so far from the seat and remove Altamira from the list.
With support from the group, the municipality has utilized funds from notices for
bids for the Plan for Sustainable Regional Development of the Xingu7 for acquiring equipment and installing operational bases or branch offices of the Municipal
Environmental Secretariat in the four critical districts and should hire personnel
through a selection process for these locations.
Partnership with Ibama
According to Hugo Américo, Ibama superintendent in Pará, the agency is a signatory to the TC with the MPF and the state government, and its role is the be able to
lift the embargo on the areas of municipalities who can meet criteria for reducing
deforestation, registering with CAR and maintaining deforestation rates below 60%
in relation to the last few years. “Additionally, monitoring continues and at any sign
that the municipality may return to the list of major deforesters Ibama intervenes and
helps the municipality maintain its condition of green municipality,” says Américo.
7 Drawn up to implement policies
directed towards the population
in the 10 municipalities that
make up the area of influence
of the Belo Monte Hydroelectric
Project in the Xingu region
(Pará). It has participation by
the federal, state and municipal
governments. The company
responsible for the UHE Belo
Monte project will invest 500
million Brazilian reals in the
PDRSX, as provided for in the
call for the bidding process – as
well as the counterpart activities
called for during licensing of the
project.
The main line of action for Ibama is monitoring, command and control, one of the
themes for the PPCDAM. Enforcement actions have also gained momentum with creation of the National Annual Plan for Environmental Protection (PNAPA), through which
Ibama programs its enforcement actions, prioritizing areas where the largest illegal deforestation acts occur and considering the historical satellite monitoring series.
49
2
Chapter 4
2. Environmental, territorial and land title planning
8 State Law no. 6745, of May 6 2005.
The advances in territorial planning in Pará have gained strength with Law
for Ecological-Economic Macrozoning8. Approved in 2005, this Law empowered a significant expansion of protected areas beginning in 2006, when the
state government created 15 million hectares of state UCs (the largest portion
of them in the Calha Norte area), raising the percentage of protected areas
from 41% to 54% of state territory. By December 2012, Pará had 56% or its
territory placed in protected areas. Additionally, a sizable portion of state territory already has ecological-economic zoning.
Beginning in 2011 with the PMV taking effect, the priority has been on actions of territorial and environmental planning involving private areas, with
an emphasis on CAR and on participation by municipalities through local
pacts. For example, some municipalities that have signed on with PMV are
carrying out actions to fight deforestation including field verification when
deforestation sites appear.
Identification of actions causing deforestation results in adoption of more
strategic and efficient corrective or preventive measures. On the other hand,
producers who do not deforest and are in the process of environmental regularization enjoy incentives such as access to credit and to the consumer market
and have the possibility of seeing the embargo lifted on their rural properties.
A term of commitment signed with the Federal Public Prosecution Service and
Ibama allows the embargo to be lifted for areas undergoing the regularization
process in municipalities that meet the PMV goals. Furthermore, this component calls for creation and consolidation of protected areas and actions for
land title regularization.
The difficulties with land title regularization in the Amazon and Pará expand social conflicts, make it difficult to intensify land use and inhibit the
investments that are necessary for socioeconomic development in the state
of Pará.
50
STRATEGIC THEMES
Environmental Compensation Fund
E
nvironmental compensation is an instrument defined by the Snuc Law9,
which requires enterprises with significant environmental impact to support
the implantation and consolidation of fully protected UCs. At the state level,
José Alberto da Silva Colares, State Secretary for the Environment, explains
that Pará is restructuring its environmental management to administer these
resources. “We have an enormous area on the frontiers, where 56% of the territory is protected area (conservation units and indigenous lands). Sema has
direct responsibility over 21.8 million hectares of conservation areas, without
counting the quilombola and agroextractive areas, which add another 2 million
hectares. Resources from the Compensation Fund will be employed in a system
for enforcement and management of state conservation units,” he says.
9 Federal Law no. 9.985, of July
18 2000.
To make this a concrete reality, Sema is restructuring its activities, with creation of the Institute for Biodiversity and Protected Areas (IBAP), which will be
responsible for coordinating management of the UCs. This new governance
structure for the funds derived from environmental compensation is being built
with support from PMV and mainly from the Brazilian Fund for Biodiversity (Funbio) which has collaborated in developing a model similar to that of Rio de
Janeiro, where an operator (which in Rio is Funbio itself) manages funds.
Colares says that the legal framework is ready and that the state is prepared
to seek funding. Currently, the Pará Compensation Fund has 30 million reals on
hand, but many enterprises from 2002 to the present have not yet payment, so
that the potential for collection may reach 500 million reals. That would be sufficient to operate the UCs for decades. “With this, we will have governance for the
protected areas and we can work with projects for payment for environmental
services such as REDD.”
51
2
Chapter 4
BELOW
Field work for placing properties
in CAR in the municipality of
Paragominas.
PHOTOGRAPH: RAFAEL
ARAÚJO/TNC, 2011.
10 CAR is made up of a
georeferenced map and an
environmental diagnosis. Areas
should be indicated on the map
for permanent preservation,
Legal Reserve and remnants of
native vegetation located inside
the property, for purposes of
control and monitoring.
11 See Goals for the Program,
page 62.
CAR as a strategy for building sustainable
productive landscapes
C
AR is an electronic system for recording data form rural holdings, whether possessions or properties, with the state Environmental Secretariats10. It was instituted by the federal government through the More Environment Program (Federal
Decree no. 7029, of 2009) and later consolidated in the legal structure through
Law 12.651/2012 (the new Forest Code).
In 2009 Faepa made an agreement with the State Secretariat for the Environment in Pará, at the time called Sectam, to involve the productive sector
with CAR. “This action began in 2009 and was concluded in 2010. We trained
130 unions in the State of Pará. The training covered all of the CAR legislation,
which is seen by the law as self-declaratory in that the unions could perform
it through units installed in computers via internet,” reports Carlos Fernandes
Xavier, president of FAEPA.
One of the main goals for the PMV
is to increase the number of properties
registered in CAR11. Besides being a legal
requirement, PMV considers CAR a fundamental instrument for territorial planning in the municipality, through which
it is possible to identify not only environmental liabilities, but also environmental
assets. One partner in this strategy has
been TNC, which carries out studies for
territorial planning that serve as an input
52
STRATEGIC THEMES
for CAR. “We support producers in working with CAR because constructing it helps
to identify the assets for building sustainable productive landscapes. CAR is a tool
through which we can collaborate towards conservation without impacting production,” explains Teresa Moreira, of the TNC’s Amazon Conservation Program.
One example of where this partnership has worked is Paragominas and Santana
do Araguaia, where more than 80% of properties in the municipalities have been
registered. “We came to see registration as an instrument for managing the property that was good for us,” says Mauro Lúcio Costa, president of the Union of Rural
Producers in Paragominas, which provided TNC with a room at the Union building.
“Here the producer feels much more at ease to do the registration, because this is
his house,” he concludes.
Mauro Lúcio, a pioneer in green ranching12, believes that CAR is also an instrument for land title regularization. “Registration is self-declaratory, but if everyone
does his or her declaration and there is no problem with overlapping, why not
regularize your land? In Paragominas we have advanced very much in this direction.”
12 See Betting on green
ranching, page 57.
Teresa Moreira explains that the producers began to comply when they perceive
that the commitment not to punish those who voluntarily enter CAR is genuine and
the intent is to create a process for gradual mitigation and offsets. “Construction of
mutual commitments, with deadlines for both sides – state and producers – is the
greatest merit and greatest challenge for the program,” she believes.
“We need a vision for the whole State and it is as part of that vision that I continue to insist that we need to establish some criteria, including rewards for those
who are compliant with environmental legislation, so that all of the rural establishments in the state can do their registration,” says the Faepa president.
53
2
Chapter 4
3. Sustainable production
With an economy that is strongly influenced by mining, logging, agricultural
and ranching activities, the state closed out 2012 with a GDP of almost 78 billion
reals, a per capita GDP of 10 thousand reals and an HDI of 0.723 (15th place in
the Brazilian ranking, according to Ipea). The challenge is to lead Pará towards a
low carbon economy that will also contribute towards removing one third of the
population from below the poverty line and promote social equity. The good news,
according to Special Secretary for Production Sidney Rosa, is that the state has the
largest and most diversified economy in the region, with a presence in productive
chains such as cacao, fruit production, tourism, forestry, ranching and mining.
Collaborating with a change in the dynamics of the development pattern in
the State of Pará is the main objective of the sustainable production theme in the
Green Municipalities Program. To do that, PMV encourages sustainable productive models based on:
Multiple management of native forests (timber production, non-timber
forest products and payment for environmental services);
Intensification of agriculture and ranching production;
Support for forest silviculture (reforestation for economic purposes);
Restoration and/or recomposition of the state’s environmental liability;
Investment in green ranching.
To this end, Green Municipalities supports financing systems such as the ABC
Program (Low Carbon Agriculture), led by the State Agriculture Secretariat
(Sagri) and FIP Amazon, the first risk capital fund for the Amazon. FIP is to invest 100 million reals in actions for a green economy, of which at least 20 million
reals will be in Pará.
54
STRATEGIC THEMES
The PMV also proposes creation of an agency directed towards attracting
investments for a green economy in the state and of a forum for identifying and
removing the bottlenecks that hinder a sustainable business environment in the
State. The activities of Pará Rural, which administers 37 million reals with the
World Bank, were also restructured based on the PMV goals.
Increasing productivity against deforestation
A
ccording to Sidney Rosa, Special Secretary for Production in Pará, the government’s
objective is to convert 10 million hectares of abandoned or underutilized pastures
to other uses, such as producing grains, oil palm, reforestation and intensive agriculture by 2015. “Anything than can improve production gains per hectare,” he states.
The proposal has the support of the productive sector. Carlos Fernandes Xavier,
President of the Pará State Federation of Agriculture (Faepa), says that the proposal of Project Preserve, created in 2008, was already was to incorporate technology to the open frontier and preserve the forest in the state. “What we want in the
Amazon is to be able to produce sustainably and legally,” he says.
According to Rosa, approvals of the Export Processing Zone (ZEE) and the new
Forest Code have brought a definition and legal security for rural enterprises. For
the secretary, other factors that should encourage production in the state are the
paving of the BR 163 highway, construction of hydroelectric projects, and reopening of the Panamá Canal for ships of 170 thousand tons, which should benefit the
Port of Belém. “Highways and waterways push the outlet for production from the
Amazon and Center-West to Belém,” he believes. For Rosa, the PMV also has a role
in sustainable development and will collaborate towards the growth of the Pará
GDP up to 2025.
“The only chance
to achieve zero
forestation while
providing scale
for production in
Pará is to invest
in valorizing
the standing
forest with
an economic
sense and the
intensified use
of areas already
opened”.
SIDNEY ROSA, Special
Secretary for Production
in the State of Pará.
55
2
Chapter 4
Credit for low carbon agriculture
T
“Our objective
is to have zero
deforestation
through
technology that
will allow us to
end inadequate
animal and
pasture
management,
low productivity
and the use of
fire, which need
to be relegated
to the pages of
history”.
HILDEGARDO DE
FIGUEIREDO NUNES,
State Secretary for
Agriculture in Pará
56
he Low Carbon Agriculture Plan (ABC), coordinated by the Ministry for Agriculture, Ranching and Supply (MAPA), is part of the Sectorial Plan for Mitigating and Adapting to Climate Changes and seeks to fulfill the voluntary goals
assumed by the Brazilian government to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from
36.1% to 38.9% by 2020. To achieve this, the government hopes by that date to
have reduced by 80% in the Amazon and up to 40% in the Cerrrado (savanna).
To enable achievement of the Plan’s objectives, in 2010 the Federal Government
instituted the ABC Program, which is the Plan’s financial instrument and offers
specially created lines of credit as part of the Agriculture and Ranching Plan.
According to Hildegardo de Figueiredo Nunes, State Secretary for Agriculture,
Pará was one of the first states do sign up with the ABC Program. “There are 3.4
billion reals available in lines of credit for the 2012/2013 crop cycle, and those
who mobilize receive more,” he says.
The state ABC plan establishes a set of seven results expected for achieving the objectives formulated, which are project lines enabled for financing:
rehabilitation of degraded pastures with nutritional supplements; adoption of
Integrated Cropping Ranching Forestry (ILPF) and Agroforestry Systems (AFS);
application of a direct planting system; expansion of areas with biological nitrogen fixing through the use of inoculants; expansion of areas with planted
forests with an emphasis on native species; improved use and treatment of animal wastes; and expansion of organic system and valuing sustainable organic
extractivism. The last item is an addition by the state to the national plan. “We
have a correspondence between our foundations and objectives with those of
the Green Municipalities Program, which supports sustainable productive activities and we are going to work this this alignment of strategies and actions.
STRATEGIC THEMES
We need to disseminate the ABC Program and the PMV is able to get this information to the producer,” says Nunes.
Betting on green ranching
“W
hat is certain today may not be tomorrow. All activities change and
progress over time. That is why I am against deforestation; why should
I continue deforesting and doing the same things my father did 40 years ago?”
That is how rancher Mauro Lúcio de Castro Costa explains why during the middle
of the last decade he began to look for other producers who thought as he did
and were willing to do something different.
Costa reveals that this new mentality was crucial for the municipality of Paragominas13 to get off of the Amazon deforestation list in a short period. Through an agreement
with the municipal government and partnerships with NGOs such as TNC and Imazon,
rural landowners in Paragominas began to register with the Rural Environmental Registry (CAR) and deforestation dropped more than 90%. With CAR, ranchers came to know
their properties better and use them as instruments for management and land title regularization14. “Our first concern was getting off of the deforestation list and bringing the
municipality into legality. We knew that we needed to create a new model that would
allow us not to increase the agricultural frontier and keep our business profitable. That
is how Project Green Ranching got started,” says the Union president.
The solution was to increase productivity using knowledge and technology.
“Technology requires knowledge, which is why we brought three processors to
help us: Ricardo Rodrigues (Esalq/USP) for environmental regularization, Moacyr
Corsi (Esalq/USP) for productivity and Mateus Paranhos (Unesp/Jaboticabal) for
animal wellbeing,” he explains.
“We have a
culture in which
the government
is seen as
authoritarian
by producers
and producers
are seen by the
government
as enemies
who only do
things wrong.
That must
change. We need
enforcement
and action, but
we have to work
together”.
MAURO LÚCIO CASTRO
COSTA, rancher,
president of the Union
of Rural Producers in
Paragominas
13 See The Example of
Paragominas, page 26.
14 See Car as a strategy for
building sustainable productive
landscapes, page 52.
57
2
Chapter 4
4. Shared environmental management
A municipal scale is vital for controlling deforestation and for environmental
management. An example of this is the estimate that there are more than 300
thousand rural properties needing environmental licensing in Pará, a number
that is far above the operating capacity of the state environmental agency. Because of that, one of the action strategies is strengthening the role of municipalities in the rural area and in fighting deforestation.
“Environmental management is still concentrated, everything still ends up
converging on Sema, but there is a lack of structure to enable municipalities to
assume environmental management. We need to change this, and PMV is the
basis for decentralizing management through the pact for sustainability that it
establishes with the municipalities and society,” State Secretary for the Environment José Alberto da Silva Colares declares.
15 Enabling of Pará municipalities
to carry out environmental
management is provided by Sema/
PA, according to the terms of Conama
Resolution no. 237/1997, in State
Law no. 7.389/2010 and Coema/PA
Resolution no. 79/2009.
“Currently, 46 municipalities have signed for their municipal autonomy15, but
we need to capacitate municipal environmental secretariats to do the licensing.
We also are going to make changes in the law for municipal licensing, increasing
the size of what municipalities and exempting very small enterprises from licensing. It is up to the state to determine the structure that the municipality needs to
achieve autonomy and PMV’s role is to do this articulation”, says Colares.
Together with Sema, the PMV supports municipalities in decentralizing management and installing municipal environmental systems by creating municipal
environmental agencies, with specific councils and funds for this area, besides
the other requirements established by the National Policy for the Environment
(PNMA) and environmental legislation. It also supports the municipalities in
expanding municipal government capacities to:
Work in fighting and controlling deforestation: capacity-building and
support so that municipalities can carry out verification of deforestation
in the field;
58
STRATEGIC THEMES
Promote, include and validate the Rural Environmental Registry for
properties;
Support recuperation of environmental liabilities;
License activities with local impacts, with priority for rural activities;
Promote participation through municipal councils for the environmental
and groups for fighting deforestation.
INSTRUMENT GOVERNANCE
For Zelma Luiza da Silva Costa, former Environmental Secretary in Altamira, one of the Pará municipalities that already have decentralized environmental management, capacitation in environmental management is an urgent need
for municipalities.
According to her, the Transamazon/Xingu region is right in the middle of major
enterprises, such as paving for the BR 163 and BR 320 highways, as well as the Belo
Monte dam. There are five embargoed municipalities in this area (Brasil Novo, Pacajá, Senador Porfírio, Anapu and Altamira), of which only Altamira is decentralized. “This is a worrisome situation. We need to guarantee mechanisms so that when
these projects are concluded, the cities are not simply left as wastelands,” she says.
“The farther one is from the eyes of the State, the easier it is to commit violations.
It is as if the person was doing something wrong and no one was watching. Many
producers prefer to work illegally because Belém is so far away and one has to
travel many kilometers along dirt roads. That is why the city needs to take care of
environmental violations”.
ZELMA LUIZA DA SILVA COSTA, former Environmental Secretary for Altamira and current secretary for Brasil Novo.
59
2
Chapter 4
Municipal management depends
upon meeting requirements
A
ccording to the National Policy for the Environment and environmental legislation in the State of Pará, especially Coema resolution no. 079/2009 and
State Law no. 7.389/2010, municipalities need to fulfill and prove fulfillment
of a set of requirements with Sema/PA in order to obtain enablement for Municipal Environmental Management. This includes environmental licensing for
rural activities, among other attributions and benefits, as a priority for receiving
investments by the state government. Among the requirements are: having a
legally constituted municipal environmental agency; legislation on a Municipal
Environmental Policy; Municipal Fund for the Environment; Municipal Environmental Council, and other items.
Municipalities gain through
environmental management
“E
nvironmental management, when correctly applied brings benefits and direct impacts for a municipality’s population and economy.” That is the opinion of Gizele Luciana Ramos, Municipal Environmental Secretary for Novo Repartimento, where deforestation is still a problem, especially in the 35 rural settlements
where the municipality is not able to act. The goal in this regard is to receive permission in 2013 in order to obtain the right to decentralized management.
In Tailândia, where more than 70% of properties are already in CAR, former mayor Gilberto Miguel Sufredini says that the greatest difficulty lies in convincing large
landowners to contribute towards controlling deforestation. “They are still resistant
to CAR, but with the new laws they have no choice but to become regularized.”
60
STRATEGIC THEMES
Santana do Araguaia and Dom Eliseu, two municipalities that have left the MMA
list of largest deforesters are examples of the advantages of good management.
“Building a management where mapping of information allows one to work together with partners, such as rural unions, merchants and local associations makes
for better management,” is the assessment of Adorisvaldo Pereira, Municipal Environmental Secretary for Santana do Araguaia. “Being a municipality duly registered
with PMV and off of the MMA list opens up economic frontiers and integrates the
state in the whole economy that moves the state.”
That view is shared by Edilberto Poggi, Municipal Environmental Secretary for Dom
Eliseu, for whom local management is a fundamentally important issue, since “the
municipality knows all of the actors who contribute to deforestation and, through local articulations and with support from PMV can concentrate efforts to do the fighting
in a localized fashion, without causing damages or polemics. Dom Eliseu needs to
thank the technical support it received from PMV in getting off of the list of greatest
deforesters,” he says. For him, this condition has brought easier access to credit lines,
visibility at a national level for investments and peace of mind during inspections.”
Municipal Indicators
A
partnership between PMV, Imazon and the Pará Institute for Economic, Social and Environmental Development (Idesp) has resulted in the Municipal
Indicators web platform, which provides a summary on the major data for the
144 municipalities in Pará. At the site http://www.statusmunicipal.org.br/
it is possible to consult deforestation data by city, demographic information and
reports from the Rural Environmental Register, as well as other information. Another highlight is that the information can also be presented through graphics,
which further improves data visualization.
61
2
Chapter 5
Goals of the Program
The Green Municipalities Program adopts some measures and indicators as
parameters to evaluate the success and good management of the program.
GOALS IN EFFECT
Goal 1. Reduce deforestation until
reaching zero net deforestation
1 This commitment was launched
by governor Simão Jatene during
Rio+20, in 2012.
Zero net deforestation by 2020 is the main goal for PMV.1
To achieve this goal, the Program calls for:
Reduction of around 80% of the deforestation by 2020 in relation to the
annual average of 6.255 Km2 recorded for the 1996-2005 period.
2 See Fighting deforestation in the
Amazon, page 16.
Following the same line as the federal goal2, this will be done in two more
stages, with reduction to 2,104 Km2, by 2015, and by 1,233 Km2 by 2020.
After 2020, all of the deforestation recorded (preferably legal and authorized by the environmental agencies) will be offset by reforestation with
native species, in order to neutralize any deforestation, in other words,
zero net deforestation.
Note: The deforestation recorded in 2010 (3,710 Km2) and 2011 (3,008 Km2)
demonstrates that the goal was already being met. Given the estimates of deforestation for 2011/2012 released by MMA/Inpe, indicating that Pará has
62
GOALS OF THE PROGRAM
reached the mark of 1,699 Km2, the goal for reducing deforestation called for
by PMV for 2017 – deforestation on the order of 1,700 Km2 – had already been
reached in 2012.
Goal 2. Remove municipalities
from the MMA deforestation list
Remove at least two municipalities from the MMA deforestation list in 2012.
Note: Although them met was past, with three municipalities leaving the list
(Santana do Araguaia, Dom Eliseu and Ulianópolis), there was the entry of two
new municipalities (Anapu and Senador José Porfírio), due to deforestation occurring in the 2010-2011 period.
Goal 3. Increase sign-ups on the Rural
Environmental Registry (CAR)
Growth of at least 50% in registrations on the Rural Environmental Registry
in 2012.
Note: By October, the goal had been reached with the registering of 31.33 million hectares recorded in CAR, through placement of 62,750 thousand properties (increase of 51% in number of areas and 50% in number of properties in
relation to the situation in 2011).
Goal 4. Engage municipalities in PMV
PMV is on the Pará State Government’s Minimum Agenda, launched in
2011, with a commitment to implanting the Program in 100 municipalities by
the end of 2014.
63
2
Chapter 5
BELOW
Aerial view of the forest area
in Novo Progresso.
PHOTOGRAPH: TAMARA SARÉ/AG.
PARÁ, APRIL 2005.
Currently, 94 municipalities are part of the program and three more are preparing to enter (Ourém, Acará and Portel). “We should reach 100 participating
municipalities already in 2013. The challenge, however, is to be able to engage
and support all of them,” is the assessment of PMV secretary Justiniano Netto.
NEW GOALS
Over the next few years, PMV intends to develop and reach agreements directed
towards::
Increasing management and reducing illegality in timber harvesting
PMV will adopt new mechanisms for forest monitoring, through strengthening control of timber traceability and will act in critical areas of illegal
logging, discussing specific goals for this issue.
64
Begin the process of Rural Environmental Licensing (LAR) in at least 80%
of rural properties under the CAR regime by 2015
The idea is to de-concentrate management to Sema regional units and
carry out decentralization in key units, guaranteeing transparency and
social control. It is expected that systems and markets for services will be
developed to support goals for both CAR and LAR.
Increase ranching productivity
The proposal is to triple productivity for cattle ranching in the state,
which currently is only 0.5 head/hectare. That increase will make it possible to reduce pressure for new deforestation for expanding ranching
while at the same time increasing income for the producer (increase in the
internal rate of return).
GOAL BEING DISCUSSED
Recuperate the environmental liability in the Legal Reserves (RL)
and Permanent Preservation Areas (APP).
Begin a recuperation process in all licensed properties by 2015, seeking to erase
APP and RL liabilities. The monitoring will be done through an electronic
system specifically created for providing transparency to the environmental
regularization process in rural properties. This forest restoration process will
enter the “assets” accounts in order to neutralize the deforestation rates recorded, thus making it possible to achieve the goal of zero net deforestation.
Support land title regularization of rural properties
Regularization as a priority in the municipalities meeting PMV requirements: drastic reduction in deforestation (below 40 Km2 per year) and
CAR in more than 80% of rural properties.
65
2
Chapter 5
Zero net deforestation to achieve
sustainable development
C
ontinuing to expand agriculture and ranching in the Amazon based on the logic
of deforestation and degradation of natural resources is clearly unacceptable
because of the enormous environmental costs generated by this model. Furthermore, the dynamics of deforestation have aggravated social conflicts at the same
time as they maintain alarming rates of poverty and inequality in the region.
On the other hand, one cannot justify turning the Legal Amazon into an ecological
sanctuary where economic activities are largely restricted and forbidden, ignoring
Graph 1. Goal for reducing deforestation
6,255
-42%
3,628 3,710
-41%
2,104
-80%
Goal
Real
1,699
Baseline
1,233
0
1996-05
66
2006-10
2020:
the ave8r0% over
recordedage
1996 to 2 from
005
2011-15
0
2016-20
the need for generating development and quality of life for the more than 24 million
persons living in it, 7 million in the State of Pará alone.
The answer to this dichotomy (preserving vs. producing) is the rational and sustainable use of natural resources in the Amazon. The good news is that we have
moved forward from a theoretical formulation of sustainable development to something that we are actually experiencing in Pará and in other parts of the region. The
initial results reveal major opportunities for reconciling natural resource conservation with socioeconomic development.
In the XXI century the Amazon will need to respond to two challenges:
Be a provider of environmental services for the world (and receive payment
and compensation), and at the same time substantially improve its standard
of development and quality of life. That will require a triple revolution: in
production (increasing productivity and adding value), in generating knowledge and in new forms of management and governance.
With 251 thousand Km2 of deforested areas (equivalent to the territory of the
State of São Paulo) or approximately 20% of its territory, Pará already has enough
area to provide for its agriculture and ranching production (including commercial
reforestation) and mining. Maintaining the goals already assumed of reducing deforestation up to 2020, Pará could still deforest between 11 thousand and 17 thousand Km2 up till that year. This means that in 2020 it would have 262 thousand Km2
(minimum) to 268 Km2 (maximum) of deforested areas, or up to 22% of its territory.
That is why the State Government through PMV has proposed a ceiling for the total deforested area of the state at a maximum of 265 thousand Km2. From that point
on, any new area deforested (authorized in exceptional circumstances3) would have
to be offset with restoration of native forest at the 2:1 ratio (meaning that for every
hectare authorized it would be necessary to restore at least 2 hectares)4.
3 Strategic infrastructure (e.g.
hydroelectric projects, electricity
transmission lines, roads)
by means of environmental
licensing.
4 The estimate cost of
restoration ranges from R$ 4
to R$ 12 thousand per hectare
depending on the model
adopted.
67
Part 3
Results achieved and perspectives
69
3
Chapter 6
Results of the PMV
F
rom its creation in March 2011 until the end of 2012, PMV has obtained significant results, such as reducing deforestation and increasing
the number of properties registered in CAR. Additionally, there has
been the removal of three municipalities from the MMA embargo list. As of
February 2013, 94 municipalities had joined the PMV program.
Among the achievements obtained by PMV, the main highlights are:
a. Participation by Pará in reducing
deforestation in the Legal Amazon:
1 Referring to the period of August
2011 to July 2012.
On November 27 2012 the MMA released its estimates on deforestation
in the Legal Amazon for the 2011/2012 period1. It recorded 4,656 Km2 of deforestation, which was the lowest rate since the beginning of measurements
made by the National Institute for Space Research (Inpe) in 1988. In comparison with the previous period, there was a 27% reduction in deforestation.
Considering absolute data, of the nine states belonging to the Legal Amazon,
Pará obtained the best result, with a reduction of 1,309 Km2 in deforested
area, which accounted for 74.2% of the reduction for the entire Amazon. In
proportional terms, Pará had a 44% reduction in deforestation when compared to the previous year. The state’s share of total deforestation for the
Amazon fell from 57% in 2009 to 36% in 2012.
b. Early achievement of the goal for reducing
deforestation planned for 2012:
70
RESULTS OF THE PMV
SIDE PHOTOGRAPH
Illegal logging activity in Jamanxim
National Park; timber hidden in
the forest.
PHOTOGRAPH: NELSON FEITOSA/
DISSEMINATION BY IBAMA.
Graph 2. Participation by the states in
deforestation per year (period of 2007 to 2012)
60%
Pará
57%
Mato Grosso
54%
Rondônia
50%
47%
40%
Amazonas
47%
42%
Maranhão
36%
Roraima
30%
23%
Amapá
25%
20%
17%
14%
14%
10%
10%
5%
0
Acre
5%
3%
2%
2007
9%
4%
4% 2%
2008
11%
6%
12%
9%
10%
2% 5%
2%
6%
4%4%
2009
2010
13%
8%
6%
4%
2%
2011
Tocantins
16%
16%
14%
7%
6%
2%
2012
Source: Absolute data from INPE.
71
3
Chapter 6
2 See Graph 1, page 66.
Dissemination of official deforestation data by the MMA showed that the
goal for reducing deforestation for Pará called for in the Green Municipalities
Program for 2017, around 1,700 Km2 per year, was reached in 20122.
c. Pará is the state that removed the most
municipalities from the list of municipalities
deforesting the most in the Amazon:
In 2012 three municipalities were taken off of the list: Santana do Araguaia,
Ulianópolis and Dom Eliseu, adding to Paragominas, which was the first to be
removed in 2010. At the same time, two new municipalities entered the list:
Anapu and Senador José Porfírio, totaling 15 municipalities embargoed in the
state at the end of 2012.
d. Rural Environmental Registry (CAR):
In 2012, Pará had about half of its registerable area placed in CAR, corresponding to 31.33 million hectares distributed in 62,750 thousand properties,
which meant an increase of 51% in relation to that which existed in 2011.
Table 3. Potential areas for CAR in the State of Pará
Protected Areas (not eligible for CAR)
686.229
% Pará
Territory
55%
Land Reform Settlements (differentiated CAR)
106.498
8,5%
Areas with Potential for CAR
420.591
33,7%
34.372
2,7%
1.247.690
100%
Land Title Situation
Water (rivers, lakes etc.)
Total
Area (Km2)
Source: Imazon, 2012.
72
RESULTS OF THE PMV
Graph 3. Evolution of CAR in the State of Pará
35.000.000
Up to 2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
100.000
30.000.000
10.000
25.000.000
1.000
CAR (ha)
Number of CAR
20.000.000
15.000.000
10.000.000
0
100
10
1
Up to 2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
0
e. Adherence and Commitment of Pará
municipalities to the goals3 of PMV:
At the beginning of 2012, 91 Pará municipalities had signed Terms of Commitment with the Federal Public Prosecution Service4 (39 in 2010 and 52 in 2011); however, only 20 presented fulfillment of some of the PMV goals (especially the pacts)5.
At the end of 2012, 31 municipalities were at least partially fulfilling the proposed
activities and goals.
Table 4 (see page 74) presents the evolution of fulfillment of goals during 20126,
and one may note: 12 municipalities formalized pacts against deforestation (60%
growth in relation to the previous period); the number of municipalities with
groups for fighting deforestation tripled; and ten municipalities began to do validation in the field for deforestation based upon the bulletins sent by PMV, bringing
the number to 17.
3 See Goals of the Program, page 62.
4 Early in 2013, the municipality
of Abaetetuba signed the Term
of Commitment with the Federal
Public Prosecution Services and the
municipalities of Melgaço and São
Sebastião da Boa Vista signed the Term
of Adherence, bringing the total to 94
municipalities committed to PMV.
5 At the beginning of 2012 19 had
signed pacts and Óbidos (forest
base municipality) had GT, totaling
20 municipalities that were meeting
at least 1 of the goals with PMV. See
table in Appendix, page 82, for the
situation in each municipality.
6 PMV began monitoring the goals
at the beginning of 2012. For that
reason, the data have to do only with
that period.
73
3
Chapter 6
Table 4. Achievement of goals by municipalities
according to PMV categorya
Categories
feb/12
Embargoed
Work Group
Pact b
dec/12
feb/12
Verification c
dec/12
jan/12
dec/12
11
13
1
4
4
7
Under Pressure
2
3
0
0
0
0
Forest Base
0
2
1
2
1
3
Consolidated
5
9
0
2
1
3
Monitored and Under Control
1
4
1
4
1
4
19
31
3
12
7
17
Totals
a Data are derived from monthly monitoring done by SEPMV based on declarations from the municipalities,
documentation of events and responses to bulletins on deforestation sites (produced by Imazon and sent by PMV
to the municipalities where the occurrence was detected.
b The municipality of Almeirim signed the pact at the beginning of 2013, and therefore was not counted in the results.
c In 2012, of the 144 Pará municipalities, 49 had at least one occurrence of deforestation sites, and 17 carried
out verification.
f. Support for preparation and development
of economic and structural projects:
Restructuring of the Pará Rural Program: Support for applying World
Bank funds in implanting 47 Projects for Productive Incentives (PIP) to be
implanted by June 2013;
Amazon Fund/BNDES: A project officially registered on October 18 2012,
in the amount of 110 million reals, with various actions for structuring PMV;
Project Clua Imazon: An approved project funded by the CLUA Foundation, with a total value of 2 million reals, seeking to support shared
74
RESULTS OF THE PMV
environmental management in 10 Pará municipalities and strengthen Low
Carbon Agriculture – ABC in Pará;
FIP Amazon: PMV has articulated the entry of Banpará in the first venture capital fund for the Amazon, launched by BNDES and guaranteeing
a contribution of at least 20 million reals for investments in Pará enterprises and the presence of the Bank on the Investment Committee that
decides which projects to support;
State Fund for Environmental Compensation: PMV articulou e
apoiou o projeto de estruturação deste fundo através da assinatura, em
19 de dezembro de 2012, do Acordo de Cooperação Técnica entre a Sema
e o Funbio, a maior gestora de fundos ambientais do Brasil7.
7 See Environmental Compensation
Fund on page 51.
g. Support for environmental regularization and
planning for the principal productive chains that are
pressuring deforestation in the State of Pará:
TAC for Charcoal: Signed between the Federal Public Prosecution Service, Ibama, Pará State Government and steel mills, it has the objective of seeing environmental legislation fulfilled, especially regarding
the production, transportation, sale and utilization of charcoal from
sustainable sources in the Carajás/PA steel mill cluster, replacement of
forest stocks consumed, recomposition of the environmental liability
found and fighting illegalities in the production chain. It also deals
with regularization-implementation and enhancement of mechanisms
for environmental control and enforcement in the pig iron production
chain in the State of Pará;
Planning of the grain production chain: The term of commitment
containing the main demands is being negotiated with grain buyers and
an agreement is expected to be signed during the first semester of 2013;
75
3
Chapter 6
Planning for the forest sector: Still in the drawing-up phase, it calls
for participation by the Federal , harvesting in the State;
h. Expansion and strengthening of the Steering
Committee and partnerships of the Green
Municipalities Program:
Five regular sessions and two extraordinary sessions were held in 2012, resulting in the approval of five resolutions by the PMV Steering Committee. During
2012 PMV signed terms of cooperation with 16 institutions:
Bank of Brazil S/A; Bank of the Amazon S/A; Green Stock Exchange of
Rio de Janeiro (BVRio); Sustainable Cities Program; Pará Institute for
Economic, Social and Environmental Development (Idesp); Institute of
People and the Environment of the Amazon (Imazon); Socioenvironmental Institute (ISA); Amazon Institute for Environmental Research (Ipam);
Federation of Industries in the State of Pará (Fiepa); Norsk Hydro; The
Nature Conservancy (TNC); International Finance Corporation (IFC);
International Institute for Education in Brazil (IIEB); State Secretariat for
Tourism in Pará (Setur); Agency for Sustainable Development in the Lake
Tucuruí Region (ADR Grande Lago); Municipality of Altamira (Minimum Agenda).
i. Participation by Pará at Rio + 20 with PMV:
Pará presented the experience with PMV during the Rio+ 20 conference
through a display at the Legal Amazon Pavilion and the promotion of two
major events:
The first was held in partnership with the Roberto Marinho Foundation
at the Humanity Space 2012, with participation by Governor Simão Jatene
and announcement of the commitment to Zero Net Deforestation by 2020.
76
RESULTS OF THE PMV
The event was chosen by the specialized media as one of the ten best parallel
events among the three thousand held during the UN Conference;
The second event was promoted in partnership with the Sustainable Amazon Forum with participation by various PMV partners and signing of
the cooperation agreement with Bank of the Amazon, Sustainable Cities
Program and the Green Stock Exchange of Rio de Janeiro.
Cooperation in the settlements
T
wo cooperation agreements made by PMV – with Incra and with the Amazon Institute for Environmental Research (Ipam) – are also collaborating
towards reducing deforestation in rural settlements around the state. According to Incra president Carlos Guedes, the federal agency has assumed goals
for fighting deforestation through implementing CAR, disseminating special
bidding procedures for technical assistance directed towards the realities of
riverbank inhabitants and extractivists, as well as land title regularization. “Our
objective is to have sustainable land reform with income generation and added
value, integrated with the territory and with regional issues,” he says.
A member of the PMV steering committee, Ipam brings its experience to the
issues, especially through the project on Sustainable Settlements in the Amazon financed by the Amazon Fund, which provides information to the program.
Additionally, PMV has done a section of the high resolution images of settlements in the state for Ipam. “PMV has allowed us access to a major information
base, while at the same time we share our experience with small properties
and land reform settlements,” says Cassio Pereira, of Ipam.
77
3
Chapter 7
Challenges and perspectives
for the 2013-2014 period in
the vision of the partners
T
he Green Municipalities Program has an extensive network of stakeholders and partners, without whom the positive results obtained so far
would not have been possible. In preparing this publication, some of
those partners were interviewed, especially those who have accompanied the
program since its creation. They were encouraged to think about the perspectives and challenges for the PMV for the two year period of 2013-2014.
Some of their statements are presented below, and do not intend to exhaust
the subject, but to collaborate so that PMV can be more and more of a space for
dialogue and participation.
Adnan Demachki
LAWYER, FORMER MAYOR OF PARAGOMINAS
“T
he challenge is to create an increasing number of sustainable jobs in
the green economy. In Paragominas it began to grow and the people’s
self-esteem is high, but we have not yet reached the ideal level. When we
launched the project in the municipality in 2008 we had several meetings
with Simão Jatene who encouraged me to participate as a board member.
He knew the project and provided suggestions. When he was reelected
he said that he would launch the plan on a statewide level and created an
extraordinary secretariat for that purpose. I have an enormous expectation
that we will be able to get the other municipalities to the level of being
green municipalities. In some it is easier than in others, but in the next five
to six years we are going to make Pará into a sustainable state. It’s all about
pacts. Municipalities can already count on successful experiences. Decisions
have to come from society, and one cannot have a short-term vision.”
78
Adorisvaldo Pereira
MUNICIPAL ENVIRONMENTAL
SECRETARY IN SANTANA DO
ARAGUAIA
“I
believe that there may be
many political challenges,
but the greatest difficulty is in
southern and southeastern Pará,
because transportation and
logistics for reaching those places
are complicated. The roads are
deteriorated, the BR 158 highway
is precarious, we have few
airlines. With that, it is difficult for
technicians to visit us.”
Challenges and perspectives for the 2013-2014 period in the vision of the partners
Carlos Fernandes Xavier
PRESIDENT OF THE PARÁ FEDERATION
OF AGRICULTURE AND RANCHING (FAEPA)
Carlos Souza Jr.
hat is why in my understanding it was we
(Faepa) who said we wanted zero deforestation
and we must continue to defend that issue, because
24% of our territory needs to receive technology and
provide social transformation for our people. There is
a need for all of us to be united in that vision and act
with proceedings against those who deforest, but we
should not blame all producers. Deforestation has a
first and last name. Why not give a first and last name
to that deforester.”
“T
“T
SENIOR RESEARCHER AT IMAZON
he expectation is that we will be able to have
a sustainable agenda for the municipalities.
no program can be sustained without sustainable
economic return. The majority of municipalities are
convinced that they do not need to deforest, but they
need conditions in order to have sustainable activities.
Legal responsibility is also important, because
impunity sends a very bad signal. PMV creates a major
expectation for society and needs to be a success for
the government, municipalities and partners such as
Imazon. Now we need to seek scale.”
Daniel Azeredo
PROSECUTOR WITH THE FEDERAL PUBLIC PROSECUTION SERVICE IN PARÁ
“T
he MPF has the same objective as PMV. We unite our efforts with institutions such as Ibama and Incra, who also
participate in committee meetings for the program. PMV has already shown the right path for fighting deforestation,
but signals from the federal government such as reduction in the size of Conservation Units, hydroelectric projects in the
Amazon and Incra settlements have put the program’s goals at risk. The challenges for the program are going forward with
CAR and achieving zero deforestation.””
Gilberto Miguel Sufredini
FORMER MAYOR OF TAILÂNDIA
Edilberto Poggi
he challenge is to encourage agribusiness. We
can see that timber’s days are number. Here in
the municipality they used to take out timber to sell,
then what was left over went to fence posts and then
came charcoal. Now we must take advantage of the
opened up areas to develop agribusiness or we are all
going to come up short. To do that, you have to solve
the land title question. We need help from the state
and federal governments to do that.”
sECRETARY FOR DOM ELISEU
“T
“W
e need to extend the ZEE to improve
tools for management, capacitate
municipalities for licensing and enforcement,
help implement municipal Environmental
Secretariats, with licensed software and
equipment, so that municipalities can really
manage things in a full and responsible manner.”
79
3
Chapter 7
Helder Barbalho
Famep
Gizele Luciana Cabral Ramos
SECRETARY FOR NOVO REPARTIMENTO
“T
he challenge is in overcoming the
difficulties that municipalities face in
their administrations, as is the case with Novo
Repartimento, which still has major problems
due to environmental management, which
has not been decentralized, and the issue of
deforestation in federal areas.”
“P
MV is following a correct path, strengthening
partnerships as in the most recent case of an
agreement signed with Incra, as well, of course, as
the work already developed with other agencies and
partners that are part of the program’s context. This
tends to improve and encourage public policies that will
provide sustainable development in the State of Pará.”
Hildegardo de Figueiredo Nunes
STATE SECRETARY FOR AGRICULTURE IN PARÁ
“W
Hugo Américo
IBAMA SUPERINTENDENT IN PARÁ
“T
he main challenges are achieving a larger
area in the Rural Environmental Registry
(CAR) and keeping deforestation rates below 40
Km2 per municipalities, which are the real basis
for PMV. Increasing the number of municipalities
that are green and reducing deforestation requires
an effort that goes beyond command and control
from Ibama or articulation with PMV; it requires
a commitment by society to environmental
regularization. That will guarantee credit and
inclusion of production in the State of Pará at a
level of sustainability that can make all of the
difference, by adding value to the state’s products
and increasing income for producers.”
80
e need to move forward with land title regularization,
which is a long-term process. Meanwhile, it is
important to change the asset-based logic of the financial
institutions, given that the producer has other means for
guaranteeing land. One of them is the requirement for CAR, a
diagnosis of the environmental scenario of a property that can
provide a short-term guarantee before land title regularization.
The producer can carry out actions and receive priority for
development policies from the state as well.”
José Alberto da Silva Colares
STATE SECRETARY FOR THE ENVIRONMENT IN PARÁ
“P
MV is an emblematic program, a symbol of
government policy in which we all work in
convergence. Among the challenges, we need to focus on
concession/bidding procedures in public forests and in
legitimating the traditional population. Today land-grabbing
happens as a means of getting to timber on public lands. In
that regard, the horizon for the future is to keep the forest
standing. Reforestation is the answer for the forest sector.”
Challenges and perspectives for the 2013-2014 period in the vision of the partners
Márcio Miranda
STATE ASSEMBLY MEMBER, PRESIDENT OF THE PARÁ
LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY
“O
ne situation we need to resolve in Pará is the land title
issue, which is the source of all of these evils. no one
owns anything, no one is responsible for anything without
documentation. This is the major challenge for the state and
probably for PMV. We have to have titles for the lands. With
that, maybe the settler/farmer/proprietor will not move to
deforest, because they will seek credit from the bank, buy
technology and leverage other projects that provide income.
Without land title regularization, the PMV will not have
absolute success. The program has a great mission ahead of it
together with Iterpa to identify those areas, provide title and
hand that title over to the citizen. With this title the person
gains legal responsibility. The citizen will feel the weight of
those commitments and be aware of his or her legal duties
regarding that parcel of land.”
Sidney Rosa
SPECIAL SECRETARY FOR PRODUCTION IN
PARÁ AND CHAIRMAN OF THE PMV STEERING
COMMITTEE
“P
MV is a planning program in a pact
with society. It has the function of
being permanently engaged in discussion
with the municipalities, not only about
the environmental issue but also about
sustainable development. But there are
challenges to be overcome: one third of
the population lives below the poverty line;
the land title situation – it needs titling;
simplification of environmental licensing,
which needs to be easy and decentralized;
logistical weaknesses; capacitation for
workers, who have a low level of schooling.”
Paulo Barreto
SENIOR RESEARCHER AT IMAZON
“T
he land title situation is complicated and PMV has
not been able to mobilize that sector, which needs
to be called upon. We propose linking the land title issue to
good environmental management, but the state’s capacity
is limited. The idea is to reward municipalities that do their
homework. For example, municipalities with 80% in CAR and
a reduction in deforestation would be a priority for Iterpa. We
also need to have a collective campaign with easier and more
transparent rules, based on the experience in Paragominas. If
you can undo the knot of land title regularization there will be
investment, which will pull the rest along with it.”
Teresa Moreira
The nature conservancy (tNC)
“W
ithout effective decentralization
of environmental management,
the fight against deforestation will not
go forward. But the State cannot lose
control as organizer of the process.
Furthermore, PMV needs to have
differentiated plans for each type of
deforestation.”
81
Appendices
Situation of Pará municipalities in relation to goals of the
Green Municipalities Program (up to January 2013)
Source: PMV
NAME
(1)
Abaetetuba
Abel Figueiredo
Acará
Afuá
Água Azul do Norte
Alenquer
Almerim
Altamira
Anajás
Ananindeua
Anapu
Augusto Corrêa
Aurora do Pará
Aveiro
Bagre
Baião
Bannach
Barcarena
Belém
Belterra
PMV CATEGORY (2)
AREA KM²
(IBGE)
Consolidated
Consolidated
Consolidated
Forest
Consolidated
Forest
Forest
Embargoed
Embargoed
Consolidated
Consolidated
Forest
Forest
Under Pressure
Consolidated
Consolidated
Consolidated
Under Pressure
Consolidated
Under Pressure
1610,6
614,3
4343,8
8372,8
7113,9
23645,4
72954,5
159533
6921,7
190,5
11895,5
1091,5
1811,8
17073,8
4397,3
3758,3
2956,6
1310,3
1059,4
4398,4
SIGNATURE OF TC
WITH MPF (FROM
2010 TO 2013)
SIGNATURE OF LOCAL
PARCT AGAINST
DEFORESTATION
CREATION OF
GROUP TO FIGHT
DEFORESTATION
RECEIVED BULLETIN
AND FIELD VERIFICATION
DURING 2012 (3)
yes
yes
no
no
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
yes
yes
no
yes
yes
no
no
yes
no
no
yes
no
yes
no
no
no
no
yes
yes
no
no
yes
no
no
no
no
no
yes
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
yes
yes
no
no
yes
no
no
no
no
no
yes
no
no
no
SB
SB
NV
SB
NV
NV
NV
V
SB
SB
V
SB
SB
NV
SB
SB
V
SB
SB
SB
(1) The state of Pará has 144 municipalities. The table presents the situation
of 143 municipalities, since the municipality of Mojuí dos Campos was created on December 31, 2012.
(2) See Municipal Categories, page 41.
(3) Deforestation monitoring is done monthly by SAD/Imazon. If deforestation sites occur, Imazon generates a bulletin that is sent by PMV to the municipalities. Verification of the sites in the field is one of the goals that the municipalities assume in the Term of Commitment with MPF. The data presented
have to do with the year 2012 and include: V – the municipality had a site,
received a bulletin and performed verification of sites in the field for at least
one of the occurrences during the year: NV – municipality had a site, received
a bulletin and did not perform verification of the sites during the entire year;
SB – municipality did not present deforestation sites (detected by SAD) and
thus did not receive bulletins for verification in the field. For more information
on deforestation monitoring, see page 44.
(4) The registerable area corresponds to the portion of the municipality with
the exception of Fully Protected Conservation Units, Indigenous Lands and
water bodies. The APAs (Environmental Protection Areas), which are sustain-
82
ANNUAL
DEFORESTATION (IN
, INPE/PRODES)
KM2
2,15
0
5,15
0
5,9
14,43
19,93
225,68
0,1
0,12
16,44
0
1,08
14,44
0,99
8,03
6,78
2,42
0,19
2,21
% OF AREA
REGISTERED IN
CAR (4)
17,4
37,9
38,7
20,6
60,4
46,8
69,3
40,5
14,1
0,2
49,1
1,4
37,7
23,5
30,0
26,4
74,9
2,1
1,2
28,7
ENABLED FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL
LICENSING (5)
in process
28/11/2012*
in process
no
in process
29/10/2008**
in process
24/10/2010*
no
10/08/2006**
in process
23/04/2010*
no
in process
no
29/03/2011*
no
in process
14/06/2005**
in process
able use conservation areas, are part of the registerable area. The amounts
presented have to do with the amount of the registerable area registered in
each municipality up to January 2013, according to monitoring done by TNC
and that excludes areas with overlaps (according to joint Administrative Ruling 03/2012). For more information on CAR, see page 52.
(5) Information on enablement was supplied by Diplam/Sema/PA are refer to March 2013. Municipalities may be enabled by Sema/PA to perform
environmental licensing of activities with local impact by means of three
different instruments:
*: They may license activities listed in Resolution no. 079 of July 02 2009
defined in its Single Appendix and Law no. 7.389 of March 31 2010 defined
in its Appendix I, which deals with the size of the enterprise and its potentials
as having local impact.
**: Terms for Decentralized/Shared Environmental Management: they may license activities found in the instrument (Agreement or Term for Decentralized/
Shared Environmental Management) signed with the State Government through
the now extinguished Executive Secretariat for Science, Technology and Environment (SECTAM) and also the current State Secretariat for the Environment (Sema).
APPENDICES
NAME
(1)
Benevides
Bom Jesus do
Tocantins
Bonito
Bragança
Brasil Novo
Brejo Grande do
Araguaia
Breu Branco
Breves
Bujaru
Cachoeira do Arari
Cachoeira do Piriá
Cametá
Canãa dos Carajás
Capanema
Capitão Poço
Castanhal
Chaves
Colares
Conceição do
Araguaia
Concórdia do Pará
Cumaru do Norte
Curionópolis
Curralinho
Curuá
Curuça
Dom Eliseu
Eldorado dos
Carajás
Faro
Floresta do Araguaia
Garrão do Norte
Goianésia do Pará
Gurupá
Igarapé-açu
Igarapé-mirim
Inhangapi
Ipixuna do Pará
Iritua
Itaituba
Itupiranga
Jacareacanga
Jacundá
PMV CATEGORY (2)
AREA KM²
(IBGE)
SIGNATURE OF TC
WITH MPF (FROM
2010 TO 2013)
SIGNATURE OF LOCAL
PARCT AGAINST
DEFORESTATION
CREATION OF
GROUP TO FIGHT
DEFORESTATION
RECEIVED BULLETIN
DURING 2012 (3)
ANNUAL
DEFORESTATION (IN
)
KM2, INPE/PRODES
% OF AREA
REGISTERED IN
CAR (4)
ENABLED FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL
LICENSING (5)
Consolidated
187,8
no
no
no
SB
0
13,0
Consolidated
2816,5
yes
yes
no
SB
1,85
50,4
no
Consolidated
Consolidated
Embargoed
586,7
2091,9
6362,6
no
no
yes
no
no
no
no
no
no
SB
SB
SB
0
0,22
9,12
37,0
10,1
47,0
in process
14/05/2012*
in process
Consolidated
1288,5
yes
no
no
SB
1,03
49,6
no
3941,9
9550,5
1005,2
3101,7
2462
3081,4
3146,4
613,6
2899,5
1028,9
13084,9
609,8
yes
no
no
no
yes
no
yes
no
no
no
yes
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
NV
SB
SB
SB
SB
SB
SB
SB
SB
SB
SB
SB
17,67
0,29
0,9
0
3,05
0,48
0,28
0
0,62
0,59
0
0
41,2
17,0
13,4
41,7
10,8
2,2
48,2
15,4
33,0
28,5
27,6
3,4
15/09/2010*
in process
in process
no
no
12/08/2010*
20/10/2010*
13/07/2010*
no
in process
no
no
Consolidated
5829,5
yes
no
no
V
6,43
25,6
in process
Consolidated
Embargoed
Consolidated
Forest
Forest
Consolidated
Monitorado e
sob controle
690,9
17085
2368,7
3617,2
1431,2
672,7
no
yes
yes
no
no
no
no
yes
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
SB
NV
SB
SB
NV
SB
0,62
55,66
0,47
0,28
2,31
0,0
23,4
83,4
77,9
4,0
33,6
6,5
06/04/2006**
in process
13/07/2010*
no
no
in process
5268,8
yes
yes
yes
V
29,4
80,0
05/07/2012*
2956,7
yes
yes
no
SB
2,6
52,6
30/11/2009*
11770,6
3444,3
1599
7023,9
8540,1
786
1996,8
471,4
5215,5
1379,4
62040,1
7880,1
53303
2008,3
yes
yes
no
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
no
no
yes
no
no
no
no
no
yes
no
yes
no
yes
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
NV
NV
SB
NV
SB
SB
SB
SB
SB
SB
NV
NV
NV
SB
0,0
0,0
0,9
16,5
3,5
0,2
1,0
0,1
9,3
0,2
39,2
42,2
22,7
0,9
41,7
26,5
31,3
44,3
14,2
33,2
7,4
34,1
57,5
30,8
13,3
45,7
10,5
40,5
no
in process
no
13/07/2010*
no
in process
no
no
15/12/2010*
in process
14/06/2012*
20/01/2012*
in process
22/06/2010*
Under Pressure
Forest
Consolidated
Forest
Consolidated
Consolidated
Consolidated
Consolidated
Consolidated
Consolidated
Forest
Consolidated
Consolidated
Forest
Consolidated
Consolidated
Consolidated
Under Pressure
Consolidated
Forest
Consolidated
Consolidated
Consolidated
Under Pressure
Embargoed
Forest
Consolidated
in process
83
APPENDICES
NAME
(1)
Juruti
Limoeiro do Ajuru
Mãe do Rio
Magalhães Barata
Marabá
Maracanã
Marapanim
Marituba
Medicilândia
Melgaço
Mocajuba
Moju
Monte Alegre
Muaná
Nova Esperança
do Piriá
Nova Ipixuna
Nova Timboteua
Novo Progresso
Novo Repartimento
Óbidos
Oeiras do Pará
Oriximiná
Ourém
Ourilândia do Norte
Pacajá
Palestina do Pará
Paragominas
Parauapebas
Pau d'Arco
Peixe Boi
Piçarra
Placas
Ponta de Pedras
Portel
Porto de Moz
Prainha
Primavera
Quatipuru
Redenção
Rio Maria
Rondon do Pará
Rurópolis
Salinópolis
84
PMV CATEGORY (2)
AREA KM²
(IBGE)
SIGNATURE OF TC
WITH MPF (FROM
2010 TO 2013)
SIGNATURE OF LOCAL
PARCT AGAINST
DEFORESTATION
CREATION OF
GROUP TO FIGHT
DEFORESTATION
RECEIVED BULLETIN
DURING 2012 (3)
yes
no
yes
no
yes
no
no
no
yes
no
no
yes
yes
no
no
no
no
no
yes
no
no
no
no
no
no
yes
yes
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
NV
SB
SB
SB
NV
SB
SB
SB
SB
SB
SB
NV
V
SB
Forest
Forest
Consolidated
Consolidated
Embargoed
Consolidated
Consolidated
Consolidated
Under Pressure
Forest
Consolidated
Embargoed
Forest
Forest
8305,1
1490,2
469,5
323,7
15128,4
857,2
796
103,3
8272,6
6774
870,8
9094,1
18152,5
3765,5
Consolidated
2809,6
no
no
no
1564,2
489,9
38162,4
15398,7
28021,3
3852,3
107603
562,4
14339,4
11832,3
984,4
yes
no
yes
yes
yes
no
yes
no
yes
yes
yes
no
no
yes
yes
no
no
yes
no
yes
yes
no
no
no
no
no
yes
no
no
no
no
no
no
19341,9
yes
yes
6957,3
1671,4
451,3
3312,7
7173,2
3365,1
25384,9
17423,2
14786,7
258,6
324,3
3823,8
4114,6
8246,4
7021,3
237,5
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
yes
yes
no
no
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
yes
no
no
no
no
no
yes
no
no
Consolidated
Consolidated
Embargoed
Embargoed
Forest
Forest
Forest
Consolidated
Consolidated
Embargoed
Consolidated
Monitorado e
sob controle
Consolidated
Consolidated
Consolidated
Consolidated
Under Pressure
Forest
Under Pressure
Under Pressure
Under Pressure
Consolidated
Consolidated
Consolidated
Consolidated
Embargoed
Under Pressure
Forest
ANNUAL
DEFORESTATION (IN
)
KM2, INPE/PRODES
% OF AREA
REGISTERED IN
CAR (4)
ENABLED FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL
LICENSING (5)
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
52,9
0,4
0,0
0,0
21,2
2,3
0,3
44,5
17,0
0,1
9,3
25,9
39,9
4,2
80,0
5,3
9,1
9,0
47,5
40,0
9,7
49,5
35,4
15,7
15/03/2012*
no
in process
no
07/06/2006**
no
in process
12/02/2008**
no
no
no
10/11/2005**
04/02/2011*
no
SB
2,6
35,6
no
SB
SB
NV
V
V
SB
V
SB
V
NV
SB
2,64
0,08
72,16
120,96
10,54
3,02
2,26
0
4,63
34,55
1,14
33,6
31,7
51,0
44,1
46,3
17,6
50,9
30,9
81,9
53,5
50,7
in process
no
in process
no
13/08/2011*
no
19/10/2012*
no
26/11/2006*
in process
no
yes
V
18,14
91,6
05/11/2009*
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
NV
SB
SB
NV
NV
SB
NV
SB
NV
SB
SB
SB
NV
V
NV
SB
4,17
1,28
0,39
0,37
81,26
0
12,52
21,18
27,4
0,1
0,1
2,3
0,4
14,4
41,74
0
47,0
67,4
24,2
55,5
35,9
19,0
29,2
17,4
31,8
18,3
1,1
60,5
74,0
49,1
41,1
1,6
07/08/2006**
no
no
no
28/02/2011*
no
15/10/2007**
in process
in process
no
no
29/11/2010*
in process
15/12/2011*
no
in process
APPENDICES
NAME
(1)
Salvaterra
Sta. Bárbara do
Pará
Sta. Cruz do Arari
Sta. Izabel do Pará
Sta. Luzia do Pará
Sta. Maria das
Barreiras
Sta. Maria do Pará
Santana do
Araguaia
Santarém
Santarém Novo
Sto. Antônio do Tauá
S. Caetano de
Odivelas
S. Domingos do
Araguaia
S. Domingos do
Capim
S. Félix do Xingu
S. Francisco do Pará
S. Geraldo do
Araguaia
S. João da Ponta
S. João de Pirabas
S. João do Araguaia
S. Miguel do Guamá
S. Sebastião da Boa
Vista
Sapucaia
Senador J. Porfírio
Soure
Tailândia
Terra Alta
Terra Santa
Tomé-Açu
Tracuateua
Trairão
Tucumã
Tucuruí
Ulianopolis
Uruará
Vigia
Viseu
Vitória do Xingu
Xinguara
SIGNATURE OF TC
WITH MPF (FROM
2010 TO 2013)
SIGNATURE OF LOCAL
PARCT AGAINST
DEFORESTATION
CREATION OF
GROUP TO FIGHT
DEFORESTATION
RECEIVED BULLETIN
DURING 2012 (3)
1039,1
yes
no
no
SB
Consolidated
278,2
no
no
no
SB
Forest
Consolidated
Consolidated
1075,2
717,7
1356,1
no
yes
yes
no
no
no
no
no
no
SB
SB
SB
10330,2
yes
no
no
V
457,7
yes
no
no
SB
PMV CATEGORY (2)
Forest
Embargoed
Consolidated
Monitorado e
sob controle
Under Pressure
Consolidated
Consolidated
AREA KM²
(IBGE)
ANNUAL
DEFORESTATION (IN
)
KM2, INPE/PRODES
0,17
% OF AREA
REGISTERED IN
CAR (4)
ENABLED FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL
LICENSING (5)
23,8
no
0
12,0
no
0
0,08
0
34,0
26,8
34,1
no
18/04/2007**
no
18,93
52,7
25/01/2010*
0,22
12,6
in process
11591,5
yes
yes
yes
V
29,96
84,3
21/08/2012*
22886,8
229,5
537,6
yes
no
no
yes
no
no
no
no
no
NV
SB
SB
17,31
0
0
47,0
10,9
14,3
18/03/2013*
in process
no
Consolidated
743,5
yes
no
no
SB
0
8,4
in process
Consolidated
1392,5
yes
no
no
SB
0,9
40,1
in process
Consolidated
1677,3
yes
no
no
SB
0,95
39,4
no
Embargoed
Consolidated
84213,1
479,6
yes
no
yes
no
yes
no
V
SB
165,6
0,27
80,0
26,9
25/11/2009*
no
Consolidated
3168,4
yes
no
no
SB
0,37
57,6
in process
Consolidated
Consolidated
Consolidated
Consolidated
195,9
705,8
1279,9
1110,2
no
yes
no
yes
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
SB
SB
SB
SB
0,08
0,48
2,11
1,4
5,9
5,6
28,6
25,4
in process
in process
no
in process
Forest
Consolidated
Embargoed
Consolidated
Embargoed
Consolidated
Forest
Under Pressure
Consolidated
Under Pressure
Consolidated
Under Pressure
Monitorado e
sob controle
Under Pressure
Consolidated
Consolidated
Under Pressure
Consolidated
1632,2
no
no
no
SB
0,08
40,4
no
1298,2
14374,2
3517,3
4430,2
206,4
1896,5
5145,3
936,1
11991,1
2512,6
2086,2
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
yes
yes
no
yes
yes
yes
no
yes
no
yes
no
no
no
no
no
yes
yes
no
yes
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
yes
no
SB
SB
SB
V
SB
NV
NV
SB
NV
SB
SB
0
19,44
0
9,39
0,45
0,09
1,09
0
33,36
0,96
8,69
90,4
41,7
51,4
68,6
19,0
45,9
53,3
10,4
29,3
99,7
45,9
no
in process
no
06/01/2010*
no
no
13/07/2010*
no
no
13/07/2010*
04/01/2013*
5088,4
yes
yes
yes
V
31,66
87,3
no
10791,3
539,1
4915
3135,2
3779,3
yes
no
yes
yes
yes
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
NV
SB
NV
SB
SB
53,33
0,25
0,76
5,27
0,12
25,1
11,8
27,8
45,3
73,0
no
in process
no
09/02/2012*
13/07/2010*
85
Appendices
Map 3. Municipalities that have signed
a Term of Commitment with MPF (January 2013)
86
Appendices
Map 4. Municipalities that have formalized
pacts for fighting deforestation (March 2013)
87
Appendices
Map 5. Sites with deforestation and verification in the field
carried out by municipalities (December 2012)
88
Appendices
Map 6. Municipalities enabled for carrying out
licensing for local impacts (March 2013)
89
Appendices
Map 7. Areas registered in the Rural Environmental Registry (CAR) by
municipalities, in bands over the total of registerable area (January 2012)
90
Appendices
Map 8. Annual deforestation by municipalities,
in bands of deforested area (Inpe/Prodes)
91
List of acronyms
Environment and Renewable Natural
Resources
ABC – Low Carbon Agriculture
AFS – Agroforestry Systems
Adepará – Pará Agriculture and
IBGE – Brazilian Geographical and
Ranching Defense Agency
Statistical Institute
APA – Environmental Protection Area
APP – Permanent Preservation Area
Banpará – Bank of the State of Pará
BNDES – National Bank for Economic
Idesp – Pará Institute for Economic,
Social and Environmental Development
and Alternatives do Deforestation of the
State of Pará
PPCDAM – Plan for Preventing and
Controlling Deforestation in the Legal
Amazon
IIEB – International Institute for
Prodes – Program for Calculating
Deforestation in the Amazon/Inpe
ILPF – Integrated Cropping Ranching
REDD – Reduced Emissions from
Deforestation and Forest Degradation
Education in Brazil
and Social Development
PPCAD – Plan for Prevention, Control
Forestry
CAR – Rural Environmental Registry
CDM – Clean Development Mechanism
CLUA – Climate and Land Use Alliance
Coema – Pará State Council for the
Incra – National Institute for
Colonization and Land Reform
RL – Legal Reserve
SAD – Deforestation Alert System/Imazon
Sagri – Pará State Secretariat for
Coges – Steering Committee for the
Inpe – National Institute for Space
Research
Sedip – Special Secretariat for Economic
CREA/PA – Regional Council for
Iterpa – Pará Land Institute
Ipam – Amazon Institute for
Imazon – Amazon Institute of People and
the Environment of the Amazon
Environment
Engineering, Architecture and Agronomy
in Pará
Environmental Research
Deter – System for Detecting
Development
Deforestation in Real Time
Emater – State Company for Technical
Embrapa – Brazilian Agriculture and
Ranching Research Company
Esalq – Luiz de Queiroz Higher School of
Agriculture
Faep – Pará Federation of Ranching and
Agriculture
Famep – Federation of Municipal
Associations in the State of Pará
Fiepa – Federation of Industries in the
State of Pará
Funai – National Indian Foundation
Funbio – Brazilian Fund for Biodiversity
GHG – Greenhouse Gases
GTA – Amazon Working Group
HDI – Human Development Index
Ibama – Brazilian Institute for the
92
Development and Incentive for
Production
Ideflor – Pará Institute for Forestry
Sema – Pará State Secretariat for the
Environment
Ipea – Institute for Applied Economic
SEPMV – Extraordinary Secretariat for
Coordination of the PMV
Research
Assistance and Rural Extension
Agriculture
ISA – Socioenvironmental Institute
LAR – Rural Environmental Licensing
MAPA – Ministry for Agriculture,
Ranching and Supply
MDF – Medium-Density Fiberboard
MMA – Ministry of the Environment
MPF – Federal Public Prosecution Service
NGO – Non-Governmental Organization
PAS – Sustainable Amazon Plan
PDRSX – Plan for Sustainable Regional
Development of the Xingu
PMV – Green Municipalities Program
Pnapa – National Annual Plan for
Environmental Protection
PNMA – National Policy for the
Environment
Sefa – Pará State Treasury Secretariat
Secti – State Secretariat for Science,
Technology and Innovation
Seidurb – State Secretariat for Regional
Integration, Urban and Metropolitan
Development
SPC – Credit Protection Service
SPRP – Union of Rural Producers in
Paragominas
TAC – Term for Adjusting Conduct
TC – Term of Commitment
TNC – The Nature Conservancy
UC – Conservation Unit
UHE – Hydroelectric Dam
USP – University of São Paulo
ZEE – Ecological Economic Zoning
List of maps, figures and tables
Maps
Map 1 – Forest cover and deforestation in the State of Pará PAGE 17
Map 2 – Municipalities according to PMV categories PAGE 40
Map 3 – Municipalities that have signed a Term of Commitment with MPF PAGE 86
Map 4 – Municipalities that have formalized pacts for fighting deforestation PAGE 87
Map 5 – Deforestation sites and verification in the field carried out by municipalities PAGE 88
Map 6 – Municipalities enabled for carrying out licensing for local impacts PAGE 89
Map 7 – Areas registered in the Rural Environmental Registry (CAR) by municipalities,
in bands over the total of registerable area PAGE 90
Map 8 – Annual deforestation by municipalities, in bands of deforested area PAGE 91
Figures
Figure 1 – PMV goals for the municipalities PAGE 35
Figure 2 – PMV Governance PAGE 37
Graphs
Graph 1 – Goals for reducing deforestation PAGE 66
Graph 2 – Participation of the states in deforestation per year PAGE 71
Graph 3 – Evolution of CAR in the State of Pará PAGE 73
Boxes
Box 1 – Alignment of proposals from PPCDAM and PMV PAGE 25
Box 2 – Composition of the Steering Committee PAGE 39
Box 3 – Proposal for classifying municipalities in the “Green Municipalities” category PAGE 43
Tables
Table 1 – Deforestation by category of municipalities PAGE 42
Table 2 – Pará municipalities included on the list of largest deforesters of the Amazon PAGE 42
Table 3 – Potential areas for CAR in the State of Pará PAGE 72
Table 4 – Achievement of goals by municipalities according to PMV category PAGE 74
93
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Aerial view of the Almerim region.
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