Curriculum Guide - Volume 5

Transcription

Curriculum Guide - Volume 5
• 5.1: For Love of Country
• 5.2: Entrepreneurs in the Golan Heights
• 5.3: Tel Aviv, the White City
© 2011 Israel Up Close. All rights reserved.
For Love of Country: Volume 5.1
The IDF (Israel Defense Forces) is known throughout
the world for its skill and its use of ground-breaking
technologies. The IDF is also charting new frontiers in
the area of equal opportunity for the disabled. In
keeping with its policy of giving anyone interested in
serving the opportunity to do so, the IDF allows people
with disabilities to enlist and assume positions ranging
from Cadet Corps Commanders to intelligence
officers. Hear their stories. Running time: 3:40 minutes.
Rationale
This lesson provides an opportunity for participants to learn how Israel’s army provides
equal opportunity for people with disabilities who wish to serve their country.
Objectives
The participant will
• Understand that military service is a normal part of the Israeli way of life – and
military service is seen as a rite of passage – a part of growing up.
• Learn that Israelis with disabilities are welcomed in the armed forces and
encouraged to reach their potential.
Materials/Handouts
• The Armed Forces & People with Disabilities: UK and USA (hand out only during
discussion portion of this lesson)
• Sahar Pick – Another IDF Veteran’s Special Story (hand out at closing)
• Classroom should have the video pre-set at time code 1:06 – freeze-frame on
female soldier (seen head and shoulders only) with her name appearing on
screen (Pvt. Orel). Classroom should not have any visible or spoken references
to disabilities before film is shown.
• Classroom should have white/blackboard or flip pad for Q&A
Preparing the class to view the story
Ask the following two questions and record the answers on the board/pad:
•
What can you tell, from seeing the person on the screen?
o It is a female soldier in uniform
o Her name is Private Orel
o She appears to be in an army tent
o Other physical characteristics. (she has brown hair, green uniform, etc.)
•
In what country’s army does she serve?
o Depending on class composition, some may know she is Israeli by her
name, her uniform, etc. Others may not know.
•
Click the “previous chapter” arrow on the video screen to begin video.
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View the DVD
Discussion (with sample answers in italics):
•
So now we know a bit more about Private Orel, don’t we? What can we add to
the list?
o She never believed she would one day be in uniform serving her country
o She was encouraged by the army to enlist, after first being rejected
o She is now a commander of a cadet program for high school seniors
o She serves at an army base at Sde Boker in the Negev
o Her tenacity inspires her cadets – she is a powerful role model
o She teaches the cadets how to be a cohesive unit and to build trust
o According to her commander, she and other soldiers with disabilities who
serve as instructors perform as well as, and in some cases better than,
people with abilities.
The filmmakers have made a powerful point in introducing us to Pvt. Orel in a way that
we saw HER before we saw her disability. This brief glimpse, viewed in freeze-frame at
the beginning of the session, is a visual representation of “people-first” language. Does
anyone know what “people-first” language is? [We name the person first, and their
disability second.] It is a way to emphasize a person’s humanity first, and to
acknowledge that their disability is only a part of who they are. So people-first
language is “a soldier with disabilities”. In the opening frame, we saw a soldier. Period.
Only later, we learned she has a disability.
•
What did we learn about the Israel Defense Forces in this film?
o It is a melting pot – people of all backgrounds, abilities and disabilities
o Induction day happens three times a year
o Transition to military service is a defining moment for thousands of Israeli
teenagers. It is part of growing up as an Israeli.
o Men serve for 3 years, women for 21 months
o The army accommodates and integrates soldiers with disabilities – goes
out of its way to ensure that recruits are assigned to jobs for which they
are best suited
o Soldiers with disabilities are assigned to all branches of the IDF
o They are particularly well-represented in the intelligence corps
o IDF service is a springboard to a successful career and civilian life
o It is IDF policy to allow everyone to serve and contribute according to
their abilities
•
IDF policy is to allow every Israeli to serve and contribute according to his or her
abilities. What other country or countries have a similar policy? (Distribute
handout). As you can see from these two excerpts from the years 2000 and
2008, two of the most significant armed forces in the world – the USA and UK –
have been debating the inclusion of people with disabilities for over a decade.
Israel is the only country in the world whose army has a full inclusion policy for
people with disabilities.
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•
Who else did we meet in this film, and what was remarkable about him?
o Private Idan is also first seen also just head-and-shoulders – no indication
that he has a disability until you see him walking
o He feels if he had not served in the army, he would probably miss
something important in his life. Army service has helped him to learn
about himself
o His disabilities will not hold him back – he wants to teach recruits how to
use weapons
Closing
Distribute the Sahar Pick handout and inform the participants:
The film we viewed focused on two IDF soldiers with physical disabilities. Israeli artist
Sahar Pick, whose inspiring story is your take-home handout, has a different kind of
disability: he was born with Down Syndrome. Yet he also served in the IDF, for two years
as a quartermaster in the educational division. He is just one more wonderful example
of how the IDF is a model for the world in its openness to citizens across the vast
spectrum of ability and disability.
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The armed forces and people with disabilities
GREAT BRITAIN: Excerpt from The Guardian, December 2000
What's all the fuss about?
Sir Charles Guthrie, Britain's most senior military officer, triggered a debate about who
should be allowed into the forces after he told the Royal Services Institute in London that
disabled people had "no right" to serve. There was more to being a soldier, Sir Charles
argued, than "cradling babies". Disabled groups have branded the comments a
misunderstanding of the concept of equal opportunities. The government has supported
the views of Sir Charles, as have the Tories, who said judgments need to be made case
by case and not by a European "rights agenda".
What is the current policy on disabled people in the army?
Many desk jobs and other types of work within the forces which do not require the fitness
levels of active service personnel are carried out by civilians and are open to the
disabled, according to senior army sources. However, all uniformed personnel have to
be capable of carrying out military tasks. The prime minister's spokesman said today: "If
you have people in the military they have to be prepared to fight and there is no such
thing as a non-combatant job."
What prompted the general's comments?
He expressed concern at European moves which some have interpreted as an attempt
to give disabled people the legal right to join up. A year ago the European commission
proposed a non-discrimination package based on article 13 of the Treaty of Amsterdam.
The package included a proposal for a directive prohibiting discrimination in
employment on grounds of racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or
sexual orientation. However, Downing Street pointed out today that Britain had secured
in October an opt out for the armed forces from the relevant clause in article 13.
"The prime minister's view, which is shared within government, is that the armed forces
cannot be just another employer," a spokesman said.
What are the benefits of allowing disabled people into the services?
Supporters say that opening the ranks to disabled people would achieve two goals: it
would allow hitherto-excluded patriots to serve their country in uniform, and help the
military to overcome its recruitment problem. Agnes Fletcher, spokeswoman for the
Royal Association for Disability and Rehabilitation (Radar) said: "He has completely
misunderstood the concept of equal opportunities. He seems to think that giving jobs to
disabled people is a charitable act. "Equal opportunity is about getting the right person
for the job. And why cut out great swathes of people who might have something very
important to contribute?" Aberdeen South MP Anne Begg, who uses a wheelchair, said:
"What really annoys us is when someone who doesn't know us or know what we are
capable of says we can't do a job, simply because they themselves can't imagine how
we could do it. That is what has held disabled people back for so long."
Is the make-up of the forces an issue elsewhere?
In America there was a similar debate when Duncan Hunter, a Republican congressman
from California, pressed the Pentagon - without overt success - to overthrow what he
regarded as outmoded standards requiring all soldiers to be able to carry a pack and
slog across rough country. He said: "Everybody doesn't hike over the hill and everyone
doesn't have to be able to run five miles." His idea is that the disabled could be recruited
for work behind the lines, where, he argued, the battle is as likely to be fought on
computers as in foxholes.
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The armed forces and people with disabilities
UNITED STATES: Excerpt from military.com, September 2008
"We have a guy on our [Paralympics] team who is missing his leg just like me, who was
born like that" said one Paralympian in a roundtable interview with military bloggers. "He
high-jumps over seven feet...of course he could serve," he said. "It makes no sense with
today's technology that they wouldn't be able to serve just because of their disability."
The idea of recruiting disabled people for the military is an old one in Israel, where the
policy does two things: it frees up the more able-bodied to do the physically demanding
duties while also giving citizens who are disabled - even those in wheelchairs - the
opportunity to contribute to the county's defense.
Earlier this year, in fact, Israeli President Shimon Peres honored Israel's active-duty
disabled troops, remarking that, "A society that does not know how to treat its disabled is
a disabled society." The head of the Israeli Defense Forces' personnel branch,
meanwhile, called those troops "a living example of victory, enlistment and contribution
to the State."
But it's not likely that the United States will be targeting the disabled for recruitment any
time soon.
Read the full article at http://www.military.com/news/article/paralympian-time-torecruit-disabled.html
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Meet Another Israel Defense Forces Veteran: Artist Sahar Pick
Optimist with a gift
MICHELLE MARGALIT - December 15, 2005
Living with Down Syndrome hasn’t prevented artist Sahar Pick from realizing his talent.
For Sahar Pick the saying “always look on the bright side of life” is not just another hackneyed cliche.
For him the motto has become a reality, manifested in his art. Pick’s work is both vivid and optimistic, a
reflection of this exceptional artist who was born with Down Syndrome.
Pick, 32, whose new exhibition “Moments” will be launched later this month at Givatayim Theater,
is adamant about leading a normal life and living it to the fullest. Although most children with Down
Syndrome attend special education schools, Carmiel-born Pick, who was diagnosed with the syndrome
at six months, spent most of his school years in mainstream education.
Following school he began nursing school in Jerusalem during which he volunteered once a week at
a military base in Samaria, where he was awarded an “Excellent Volunteer” certificate. Despite
having been granted exemption from regular army service, at 19, unbeknownst to his parents,
Pick corresponded with the army and requested to join as a “regular.” For the next two years he
performed full-time service in the educational forces as a quartermaster in uniform.
Today Pick works as a nursing attendant in Jerusalem, helping disabled people and the elderly, while
living in sheltered accommodation. Of his girlfriend of two years, Sivan, he also speak glowingly. But
fitting into so-called “normal” society has never been enough for Pick. Without his art, he says, his life
would not be whole.
“I became interested in art when I was a teenager,” he recalls. “As a child I was drawing houses, like
many other kids, and at some point I began to draw more meaningful buildings, like the Western Wall,
for example. I kept on developing my art as a young person, so from a child who painted, I gradually
became an artist. Now painting feels like an instinct.”
Pick paints mosaic-like images using tip
paint markers, mainly in bright colors,
creating a multitude of geometric figures
that enable him to break the light and
reflect it at many angles.
“I’ve always been fascinated by the way
photography captures reality,” he says,
“but I decided to capture reality the way
I see it inside of me. When I saw that the
public was so touched by this style at my
early exhibitions, I decided to keep it and
make it mine.”
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After submitting examples to America-Israel Cultural Foundation (AICF) following his army service,
Pick received three consecutive scholarships, enabling him to eventually study arts at Oranim College in
Kiryat Tivon in 1996.
Perseverance paid off in 1996 when Israel’s Philatelic Service approached him after receiving his work
from one of his teachers. “They asked me to paint the images for the official Israeli Holidays stamps,” he
says. “The Service hadn’t known about the syndrome before they actually met me to discuss the design.
If you see the Service’s list of painters, my name appears below Picasso’s.”
The stamps success brought a
string of awards like the US
Organization for Down Syndrome’s
“International Ambassador of Good
Will” in 1997 (photo at right), and
the prestigious “Award of Equality”
by the Ministry of Justice in 2003.
The independence Pick has
acquired in life is priceless, but he
is equally protective of his artistic
freedom. “The only time my father
has ever interfered in my work,” he
says, “was when the management
of Carmiel Dance Festival asked
me four years ago to paint the
settings. After finishing the image
my dad commented it was not what
the management meant. I painted
another image based on my dad’s
advice, but when the management came to see the work, they said the second image was not what they
meant. I showed the first and they went for it. My father learned his lesson. My inspiration comes from
me only.”
Pick, who has a phenomenal memory for names, dates, and who occupied which governmental office
in which years, refuses to focus on his difficulties and when asked to any negative aspect of living with
Down’s: “There might have been some but I can’t remember them.”
Sahar Pick’s exhibition will be displayed at Givatayim Theater from December 26 to January 14 as part of the
theater’s Hanukka Exhibition Festival. His work is also in the collection of the Israel Museum in Jerusalem, and
in numerous private collections.
Far left, former US
Senator Alfonse
D’Amato (R-NY) views
Sahar Pick’s artwork.
Left, a Sahar Pick
watercolor
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Entrepreneurs in the Golan Heights: Volume 5.2
Nimrod is a relatively new Golan Heights community
on the slopes of Mount Hermon, Israel’s tallest peak.
Awed by the beauty of the landscape and the chill of
the winter, the families who call the small village home
share more than just a love of nature. Each of
Nimrod’s families brought their unique entrepreneurial
energies to the area. There’s a small bed & breakfast,
a restaurant and an artist and his gallery. Each
contributes a special element to life in Nimrod and has made the area a favorite getaway for Israelis and tourists alike. Running time: 5:19 minutes.
Rationale
This lesson provides an opportunity for participants to learn about a community in the
most remote part of Israel’s periphery – one that was born out of entrepreneurial spirit
and vision, and a passion for Israel.
Objectives
• Learn about a new generation of Israeli pioneers in the Golan Heights
• Gain a deeper understanding of the geographical as well as political
environment in which they live
Materials/Handouts
• Classroom should have a map of Israel in which Golan Heights region is visibly
defined. Referencing northern Israel Google map in the handouts, place a
pushpin or other marker at the point where Nimrod is located.
• Classroom also needs white/blackboard or flip pad for discussion notes
• Entrepreneur
• The Israel-Syria Conflict – History, Timeline and Maps
• About Nimrod
•
What comes to mind when you hear the word pioneer?
o Pioneer spirit
o Pioneers of Israel
o Innovator
It’s interesting that the word “pioneer” has two major definitions. One meaning of
pioneer is “a person who ventures into new areas, previously unsettled, to develop
them.” We think of the pioneers who sailed on the Mayflower to the new land of
America. We think of the pioneers who went westward on wagon trains to settle new
lands. And we think of the first wave of aliyah in the late 1800s, when thousands of Jews
left Eastern Europe and Yemen to venture into the unknown land that became Israel
over 50 years later.
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Another meaning of pioneer is “someone who opens up new areas of thought,
research or development” – in other words, an innovator. For example, Albert Einstein
was a pioneer in quantum physics.
In Israel, the pioneer spirit is alive and well. Today’s Israeli pioneers are developing new
areas to live, just like the pioneers of a century ago. And they are innovators –
entrepreneurs – taking risks and devising creative solutions to challenges as they build
small businesses and build their lives. Let’s take a look.
View the DVD
Discussion/Activity (with sample answers in italics):
Distribute the “Entrepreneur” handout. Direct participants, based on the film they have
just seen, to circle the words or phrases in the Wikipedia pages that best describe the
founders of Nimrod. Among the words and phrases they should find are:
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A new enterprise, vision or idea
Inherent risks, propensity for risk-taking
Accept full responsibility
Leadership qualities
Emerge from the population
Perceive opportunities available
Opportunity-driven
Able to solve a problem
Team-building
Generate new products/services
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Highly creative
Imagine new solutions
Greater personal freedom
More family time
Projects or businesses that inspire them
Earn living doing something you love
Self-employment
Good work/life balance
Sole ownership of a business
Creative industries like tourism
Give participants a few minutes to complete this exercise, then ask them to call out
their answers – note answers on board or flip pad.
•
The three entrepreneur families we met in Nimrod reflect all of these qualities of
entrepreneurs. They are risk-takers, leaders, team-builders, generating new
products or services, achieving work/life balance and more. What are some
specific examples of how they are models of entrepreneurship?
o Access to education – specifically education for a child with special
needs – was nonexistent. Lilach’s friend said “if you don’t have
something, create it” and within a month she had established a regional
kindergarten for children with special needs
o Started a tourism business (holiday cottages) in an area that has
abundant natural beauty but limited accommodations – they saw an
opportunity, took risks and generated new services
o Restaurateur became master goat-cheese maker – mountainous region
filled with resources (flocks of goats); team-building with Druse neighbors.
Earning living doing something he loves
o Artist converted deserted shack into gallery and studio – highly creative,
self-employed, a business that inspires him
o All of them began this new enterprise by leaving city life for more personal
freedom, good work/life balance
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•
These three families also represented very different points of view on the IsraelSyria border issue, and how it might affect them in the future. What are these
points of view?
o Lilach: We won’t move
o Gilad: Peace is made with the heart, not with land
o Diego: What happens, happens; I’ll look for another mountain
Their responses are fertile ground for a stimulating discussion on the challenges of
peacemaking, and how viewpoints are shaped by personal experience or history.
While Lilach’s statement “we won’t move” seems to show intransigence, when you
listen further to what she says, it is “my parents unpacked the suitcase.” This is a phrase
that is common amongst Israelis whose parents were Holocaust survivors, or were
refugees from a country in which they were an oppressed minority (Yemen, Egypt, etc.).
It is a statement that reflects weariness with being “wandering Jews”. Gilad’s
viewpoint is optimistic but firm: he believes true peace is cooperative, and that any
real peace agreement will allow him to stay. Diego doesn’t believe in politics or
politicians, and is content to remain a “wandering Jew” if the political realities shift.
Closing
Throughout its history, Israel's relations with its northern neighbor, Syria, have been
contentious. The early history between the countries was marked by constant attacks
on Israeli civilians by Syrian positions on the Golan Heights. Through two wars, in 1967
and 1973, Israel captured and then retained possession of the strategic mountain
range. Although the border has been relatively quiet since then, relations between the
countries remain cold as Syria has yet to formally recognize Israel.
In your take-home handouts, you will find some interesting facts, timelines and maps to
help you better understand the Israel-Syria situation – an unresolved border issue that
underpins the daily lives of the families we just met, and many more in the region.
Meanwhile, as the film tells us, Nimrod is developing fast as a popular summer getaway
for holidaymakers looking for cool weather, comfy accommodation and good food in
one of country’s most beautiful areas. Your handouts also include a “virtual vacation”
to Nimrod and the region. Browse the websites listed to get a feeling that you’re there,
above the misty mountains, relaxing at a holiday cabin in this magnificent scenery.
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Nimrod, Israel - Google Maps
Page 1 of 1
Address Nimrod
Israel
©2011 Google - Map data ©2011 Mapa GISrael, ORION-ME -
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Entrepreneur - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Page 1 of 5
Entrepreneur
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
An entrepreneur is a person who has possession of a new enterprise, venture or idea and is accountable
for the inherent risks and the outcome of a product.[note 1] The term was originally a loanword from
French and was first defined by the Irish-French economist Richard Cantillon. Entrepreneur in English
is a term applied to a person who is willing to help launch a new venture or enterprise and accept full
responsibility for the outcome. Jean-Baptiste Say, a French economist, is believed to have coined the
word "entrepreneur" in the 19th century - he defined an entrepreneur as "one who undertakes an
enterprise, especially a contractor, acting as intermediatory between capital and labour".[note 2] A broader
definition by Say: "The entrepreneur shifts economic resources out of lower and into higher productivity
and greater yield."
Contents
■ 1 Leadership attributes
■ 2 Influences, personality traits, and characteristics
■ 3 Types of entrepreneurs
■ 3.1 Social entrepreneur
■ 3.2 Serial entrepreneur
■ 3.3 Lifestyle entrepreneur
■
■
■
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4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Leadership attributes
The entrepreneur leads the firm or organization and also demonstrates leadership qualities by selecting
managerial staff. Management skill and strong team building abilities are essential leadership attributes
for successful entrepreneurs. Scholar Robert. B. Reich considers leadership, management ability, and
team-building as essential qualities of an entrepreneur. This concept has its origins in the work of
Richard Cantillon in his Essai sur la Nature du Commerce en (1755) and Jean-Baptiste Say [note 3] in his
Treatise on Political Economy.
Entrepreneurs emerge from the population on demand, and become leaders because they perceive
opportunities available and are well-positioned to take advantage of them. An entrepreneur may perceive
that they are among the few to recognize or be able to solve a problem. Joseph Schumpeter saw the
entrepreneur as innovators and popularized the uses of the phrase creative destruction to describe his
view of the role of entrepreneurs in changing business norms. Creative destruction encompasses changes
entrepreneurial activity makes every time a new process, product or company enters the markets.
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Page 2 of 5
Influences, personality traits, and characteristics
The most significant influence on an individual's decision to become an entrepreneur is workplace peers
and the social composition of the workplace. Entrepreneurs also often possess innate traits such as
extroversion and a propensity for— risk-taking.—Nanda, R and Sorensen, J (2008) Workplace Peers
and Entrepreneurship . According to Schumpeter, an entrepreneur characteristically innovates,
introduces new technologies, increases efficiency, productivity, or generates new products or services.
An entrepreneur acts as a catalyst for economic change and research indicates that entrepreneurs are
highly creative individuals who imagine new solutions by generating opportunities for profit or reward.
There is a complexity and lack of cohesion between research studies that explore the characteristics and
personality traits of, and influences on, the entrepreneur. Most studies, however, agree that there are
certain entrepreneurial traits and environmental influences that tend to be consistent. Although certain
entrepreneurial traits are required, entrepreneurial behaviours are dynamic and influenced by
environmental factors. Shane and VenKataraman (2000) argue the entrepreneur is solely concerned with
opportunity recognition and exploitation; however, the opportunity that is recognised depends on the
type of entrepreneur which Ucbasaran et al. (2001) argue there are many different types dependent on
their business and personal circumstances.
Psychological studies show that the psychological propensities for male and female entrepreneurs are
more similar than different. Perceived gender differences may be due more to gender stereotyping.
There is a growing body of work that shows that entrepreneurial behavior is dependent on social and
economic factors. For example, countries which have healthy and diversified labor markets or stronger
safety nets show a more favorable ratio of opportunity-driven rather than necessity-driven women
entrepreneurs. Empirical studies suggest that women entrepreneurs possess strong negotiating skills and
consensus-forming abilities.
New research regarding the qualities required for successful entrepreneurship is ongoing, with work
from the Kauffman Foundation forming the statistical basis for much of it.
Types of entrepreneurs
Social entrepreneur
A social entrepreneur is motivated by a desire to help, improve and transform social, environmental,
educational and economic conditions. Key traits and characteristics of highly effective social
entrepreneurs include ambition and a lack of acceptance of the status quo or accepting the world "as it
is". The social entrepreneur is driven by an emotional desire to address some of the big social and
economic conditions in the world, for example, poverty and educational deprivation, rather than by the
desire for profit. Social entrepreneurs seek to develop innovative solutions to global problems that can
be copied by others to enact change.[1]
Social entrepreneurs act within a market aiming to create social value through the improvement of goods
and services offered to the community. Their main aim is to help offer a better service improving the
community as a whole and are predominately run as non profit schemes. Zahra et al. (2009: 519) said
that “social entrepreneurs make significant and diverse contributions to their communities and societies,
adopting business models to offer creative solutions to complex and persistent social problems”.
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Page 3 of 5
Serial entrepreneur
A serial entrepreneur is one who continuously comes up with new ideas and starts new businesses.[2] In
the media, the serial entrepreneur is represented as possessing a higher propensity for risk, innovation
and achievement.[3] Serial entrepreneurs are more likely to experience repeated entrepreneurial success.
They are more likely to take risks and recover from business failure.[4]
Lifestyle entrepreneur
A lifestyle entrepreneur places passion before profit when launching a business in order to combine
personal interests and talent with the ability to earn a living. Many entrepreneurs may be primarily
motivated by the intention to make their business profitable in order to sell to shareholders. In contrast, a
lifestyle entrepreneur intentionally chooses a business model intended to develop and grow their
business in order to make a long-term, sustainable and viable living working in a field where they have a
particular interest, passion, talent, knowledge or high degree of expertise. [5] A lifestyle entrepreneur
may decide to become self-employed in order to achieve greater personal freedom, more family time
and more time working on projects or business goals that inspire them. A lifestyle entrepreneur may
combine a hobby with a profession or they may specifically decide not to expand their business in order
to remain in control of their venture. Common goals held by the lifestyle entrepreneur include earning a
living doing something that they love, earning a living in a way that facilitates self-employment,
achieving a good work/life balance and owning a business without shareholders. Many lifestyle
entrepreneurs are very dedicated to their business and may work within the creative industries or tourism
industry,[6] where a passion before profit approach to entrepreneurship often prevails. While many
entrepreneurs may launch their business with a clear exit strategy, a lifestyle entrepreneur may
deliberately and consciously choose to keep their venture fully within their own control. Lifestyle
entrepreneurship is becoming increasing popular as technology provides small business owners with the
digital platforms needed to reach a large global market.[7] Younger lifestyle entrepreneurs, typically
those between 25 and 40 years old, are sometimes referred to as Treps. [8]
See also
■
■
■
■
■
■
Entrepreneurship education
Erasmus for Young Entrepreneurs
Factors of production
Infopreneur
Operational risk
Venture capital
Notes
1. ^ Sullivan, Arthur; Steven M. Sheffrin (2003). Economics: Principles in action
(http://www.pearsonschool.com/index.cfm?
locator=PSZ3R9&PMDbSiteId=2781&PMDbSolutionId=6724&PMDbCategoryId=&PMDbProgramId=1288
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 6. ISBN 0-13-063085-3.
http://www.pearsonschool.com/index.cfm?
locator=PSZ3R9&PMDbSiteId=2781&PMDbSolutionId=6724&PMDbCategoryId=&PMDbProgramId=1288
2. ^ Guide to Management Ideas and Gurus, Tim Hindle, The Economist, page 77,
3. ^ See William J. Baumol, Robert E. Litan & Carl J. Schramm. Good capitalism, bad capitalism, and the
economics of growth and prosperity 3 (2007), citing generally Peter F. Drucker. Innovation and
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Timeline of Israel-Syria Relations - The Israel Project
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Timeline of Israel-Syria Relations
Throughout its history, Israel's relations with its northern neighbor, Syria, have been contentious. The early history
between the countries was marked by constant attacks on Israeli civilians by Syrian positions on the Golan Heights.
Through two wars, in 1967 and 1973, Israel captured and then retained possession of the strategic mountain range.
Although the border has been quiet for nearly three decades, relations between the countries remain cold as Syria has yet
to formally recognize Israel. Israel has made several attempts to achieve peace over the years, but negotiations
consistently failed.
1948: Syria is one of five Arab states to invade Israel after it declares independence with United Nations (UN) approval.
1949: Israel and Syria sign an armistice agreement under which an area adjacent to the Golan Heights is to be
demilitarized. During a period of almost two decades, Syria frequently violates the agreement by launching hundreds of
attacks on Israeli towns and cities in the valley below.
June 5-10 1967: The Six-Day War
In response to threats by Arab leaders and troops amassing on its borders, Israel launches a pre-emptive strike against
Syria, Egypt and Jordan. Israel quickly conquers the Golan Heights from Syria, Sinai and Gaza from Egypt and the West
Bank from Jordan. [1]
Nov. 5, 1967:
The UN issues Security Council Resolution 242, calling on Israel to withdraw from land it gained in the Six-Day War in
exchange for peace with its Arab neighbors. This establishes the "land for peace" model of negotiations. [2]
Oct. 6-26, 1973: Yom Kippur War
Syria and Egypt launch a surprise attack on Israel in which they temporarily regain lands lost in the Six-Day War. Israel
ultimately repels both armies and pushes beyond the 1967 borders. [3]
May 31, 1974:
Israel and Syria reach a disengagement agreement in which Israel partially withdraws from the Golan Heights, creating a
demilitarized zone patrolled by UN peacekeeping forces. [4]
June 1976:
The Syrian army enters Lebanon, intervening in an ongoing civil war initially on the side of the Christians against the
Palestinians. Syrian-backed militias massacre 2,000 Palestinians at Tel al-Zataar refugee camp in Beirut. During this
conflict, Syria aids various factions at different times. [5]
Dec. 1981:
The Israeli Knesset votes to annex the Golan Heights. [6]
Sept. 1982:
Arab countries, including Syria, promote a political settlement with Israel at the Fez Summit Conference. This policy marks
a change from Syria's previous stance of refusing to negotiate with Israel.
Feb. 1986:
President Hafez Assad says he will work to put the Golan Heights "in the middle of Syria and not on its borders" in a
speech to the People's Council of Syria. [7]
Oct. 30, 1991:
The Madrid Conference convenes, bringing together the leaders of Israel and its immediate neighbors, including Syria.
The land for peace framework is again adopted in peace negotiations between Israel and Syria. [8]
Dec. 1994:
Negotiations between Israel and Syria take place in Washington, D.C. Loose principles of a peace treaty, namely a
withdrawal from the Golan Heights in exchange for a formal security agreement and normalized relations, are
established. [9]
Dec. 1995:
Israeli and Syrian representatives meet in the United States at the Aspen Institute's Wye River Conference Center in
Virginia. The main topics discussed are quality of peace, normalization of relations and water-related issues. [10]
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Jan. 1996:
Israeli and Syrian representatives meet again in the United States to discuss quality of peace, normalization of relations
and water-related issues. [11]
Dec. 15, 1999:
Prime Minister Ehud Barak and Syrian Foreign Minister Farouk al-Shara resume peace talks in Washington, D.C. [12]
Jan. 3, 2000:
Prime Minister Barak and Foreign Minister Al-Shara meet again in Shepherdstown, West Virginia under the auspices of
Unites States Secretary of State Madeline Albright. [13]
March 2000:
Prime Minister Ehud Barak offers to withdraw from the Golan Heights in exchange for Syrian security guarantees,
normalized relations, demilitarization of the Golan Heights and termination of Syrian support for terrorist groups. [14] Israel
insists on retaining access to the Sea of Galilee, its major water resource, along a narrow strip of land about 100 meters
wide. President Hafez Assad rejects the Israeli peace offer, effectively ending the renewed negotiations. [15]
June 10, 2000:
Hafez Assad dies and is replaced by his son Bashar. [16]
May 1, 2003:
The United States approves the Syria Accountability Act, calling on Syria to withdraw from Lebanon and to negotiate a
peace agreement with Israel. [17]
Sept. 2004 to July 2006:
For nearly two years Israeli and Syrian negotiators reach agreements on principles for peace in secret meetings, but no
binding resolutions are announced. [18]
Feb. 14, 2005:
Former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri, an opponent of Syrian influence in Lebanon, is assassinated. Syria is
implicated in the assassination and, under heavy international pressure, begins to withdraw its forces from the
country. [19]
July 12 - Aug. 14 2006:
Syrian-supported Hezbollah kills three Israeli soldiers and kidnaps two more during a cross-border raid into Israel, one of
the events catalyzing Israel's defensive war against Hezbollah in the summer of 2006 (also known as the Second
Lebanon War). [20] During the war, Hezbollah fires Iran-supplied Katyusha rockets, received via Syria, into Israel. [21]
June 8, 2007:
Israel expresses a desire for a peace agreement with Syria. The offer is reported to include a withdrawal from the Golan in
exchange for Syria cutting ties to Iran, Hezbollah and Hamas. [22]
Footnotes
[1] "Timeline of the Palestinian Israeli History and the Israel-Arab Conflict," MidEastWeb, June 12, 2007,
http://www.mideastweb.org/timeline.htm
[2] Ibid.
[3] Ibid.
[4] Ibid.
[5] "Timeline: Syria" BBC News, May 29, 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/827580.stm
[6] Collelo, Tomas, "Syria: A Country Study," Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1987,
http://countrystudies.us/syria/62.htm
[7] Ibid.
[8] "Israel-Syria Negotiations." Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Jan. 21, 2001, http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace%
20Process/Guide%20to%20the%20Peace%20Process/Israel-Syria%20Negotiations
[9] Ibid.
[10] Ibid.
[11] Ibid.
[12] "Middle East Peace Chronology," U.S. Department of State International Information Program, May 31 2007,
http://usinfo.state.gov/mena/middle_east_north_africa/me_vision/me_vision_timeline.html#1998%20-%201999
[13] Ibid.
[14] Feffer, John, "U.S. blocks Israel-Syria Talks," Foreign Policy in Focus, May 1, 2007, http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/4190
[15] "Timeline of the Palestinian Israeli History and the Israel-Arab Conflict," MidEastWeb, June 12,
2007, http://www.mideastweb.org/timeline.htm
[16] "Timeline: Syria," BBC News, May 29, 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/827580.stm
[17] Feffer, John, "U.S. blocks Israel-Syria Talks," Foreign Policy in Focus, May 1, 2007, http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/4190
[18] Eldar, Akiva, "Israeli, Syrian representatives reach secret understandings," Haaretz, Jan. 16, 2007,
10
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http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/813817.html
[19] "Timeline of the Palestinian Israeli History and the Israel-Arab Conflict," MidEastWeb, June 12, 2007,
http://www.mideastweb.org/timeline.htm
[20] "IDF Spokesman: Hizbullah attack on northern border and IDF response," Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, July 12,
2006, http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Terrorism+from+Lebanon+Hizbullah/Hizbullah+attack+on+northern+border+and+IDF+response+12-Jul-2006.htm
[21] Yacoubian, Mona, "Syria's Role in Lebanon," United States Institute of Peace, Nov.
2006, http://www.usip.org/pubs/usipeace_briefings/2006/1109_syria_lebanon.html
[22] Entous, Adam and Alastair, Macdonald, "Israeli, offering Golan, awaits Syria proposals," Reuters, June 8, 2007,
http://today.reuters.com/news/articlenews.aspx?type=worldNews&storyid=2007-0608T204130Z_01_HO833303_RTRUKOC_0_US-ISRAEL-SYRIA.xml
www.theisraelproject.org | 202.857.6644 | 972.2.6236427 | © 2009 The Israel Project
11
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Potential Threats To Israel: Syria
Page 1 of 6
by Mitchell Bard
(Updated May 25, 2011)
Syria remains Israel’s principal immediate military threat. In the past three
years, Syria has spent more than $3 billion on weapons, up from less than
$100 million in 2002. Even as reports disclosed that Syrian and Israeli officials
were engaged in peace talks mediated by Turkey, the Syrian Defense Minister
was in Iran discussing strengthening military ties. “Iran and Syria share the
same viewpoint regarding regional issues and efforts will be made to
strengthen our shared interests and bilateral relations," said Hassan Turkmani,
who was dispatched to Tehran after Iranian officials condemned the
resumption of negotiations with Israel.
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Syria has reportedly received $1 billion from Iran in 2007-8 to buy surface-tosurface missiles, rockets, anti-tank missiles and anti-aircraft systems.
According to Haaretz (March 21, 2008), “Israel has learned that Syria is
buying more missiles than tanks, on the assumption that attacking the Israeli
home front would deter Israel on the one hand, and help to determine the war
on the other.”
A Syrian delegation visiting Moscow in May 2008 was reportedly seeking a
variety of new weapons systems that Israel views as threatening. Israel is
particularly concerned with a Syrian request for long-range S-300 surface-toair missiles that could threaten IAF jets flying on the Israeli side of the Golan
Heights. Syria also reportedly wants MiG 29 fighter jets and the Iskander
surface-to-surface missile system, which is a longer range and more accurate
missile than the ballistic missiles currently in Syria's arsenal. The Syrian navy,
which currently has no submarines, is apparently also looking to purchase two
Amur-1650 submarines from Russia. The dramatic increase in military
spending and effort to significantly upgrade its military capability is one more
reason Israelis are skeptical about Syrian intentions.
Weapons of Mass Destruction
On September 6, 2007, Israel bombed a site in northern Syria. Initial news
reports suggested the raid was designed to either interdict a weapons shipment
intended for Hezbollah in Lebanon or to destroy a site suspected of containing
materials for a nuclear weapons program set up in collaboration with North
Korea. The CIA subsequently said it was a plutonium reactor being built with
the help of North Korea (NPR, April 24, 2008). The possibility that the site
was related to a nuclear program is also supported by a U.S. intelligence report
issued in May 2006 that said Pakistani investigators confirmed reports from
the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) that the covert Pakistani
supplier group headed by A.Q. Khan “offered nuclear technology and
hardware to Syria.” The IAEA also reported in February 2009 that samples
taken from the site revealed traces of processed uranium.
Syria denied the site was for a nuclear facility. The IAEA sent investigators to
Dair Alzour, but they were given restricted access to the area. Nevertheless, a
report was issued on November 19, 2008, which said the team found a
“significant number” of uranium particles and concluded, “While it cannot be
excluded that the building in question was intended for non-nuclear use, the
features of the building...are similar to what may be found in connection with
a reactor site.”
In February 2011, commercial satellite photos published by Washington's
Institute for Science and International Security identified another suspect
nuclear installation in Syria. The photos provided evidence that Damascus
may have been pursing atomic weapons prior to the 2007 Israeli strike and
increased pressure for demands for a new round of expansive inspections of
suspect Syrian facilities. Another IAEA report issued in May 2011, which
cited both physical and photograhic evidence, confirmed that the Syrian
project destroyed in the the Israeli air raid was a nuclear reactor intended for
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making material for nuclear bombs.
Syria was already known to conduct nuclear research at three facilities located
at Dayr, Al Hajar and Dubaya. “In 2004, Syria continued to develop civilian
nuclear capabilities, including uranium extraction technology and hot cell
facilities, which may also be potentially applicable to a weapons program,” the
report said. As a signatory to the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, Syria is
required to submit to IAEA safeguards and inspections. In January 2007, the
United States froze the assets of three Syrian entities involved in the
development of nonconventional weapons.
According to Gregory Schulte, former U.S. envoy to the IAEA, Syria may be
operating more nuclear sites.
Israel's attack raised tensions along the Golan Heights where Syrian actions
had already provoked concern about the possibility of conflict. In March 2007,
it was reported that Syria has positioned along the border with Israel thousands
of medium and long-range rockets capable of striking major towns across
northern Israel, including Haifa. A division was added to the Syrian army’s
forward deployment on the Heights and the production of Scud missiles has
been accelerated. Many of the rockets are hidden in underground chambers and
in camouflaged silos. This deployment, coupled with other reports of Syrian
troop mobilization and television broadcasts during May 2007 dedicated to
“Golan Month,” may be an indication that Damascus is preparing for a future
war.
Syria also continues to expand its arsenal of weapons of mass destruction. The
Syrians can now manufacture several hundred tons of chemical warfare agents
per year at four separate production facilities. In late 2005, Jane's Defence
Weekly reported that Iran is providing technical assistance to help Syria
develop the means to produce VX and Sarin nerve agents and mustard blister
agent. According to a February 2009 report by Jane's, Syria has been
constructing a new chemical weapons facility in Al-Safir, the home of an
existing chemical weapons production facility and a missile base with longrange Scud D ballistic missiles.
Syria and Iran
Under a mutual defense pact signed between Syria and Iran in 2005, Syria
agreed to allow the deployment of Iranian weapons on its territory. On June 15,
2006, Syria’s defense minister, Hassan Turkmani, signed an agreement with
his Iranian counterpart for military cooperation against what they called the
“common threats” presented by Israel and the United States. “Our cooperation
is based on a strategic pact and unity against common threats,” said Turkmani.
“We can have a common front against Israel’s threats.” In December 2009,
Syria and Iran signed an additional defense agreement aimed to face “common
enemies and challenges.” In praising the agreement, Iranian Defense Minister
Ahmad Vahidi said, “it is natural for a country like Syria - which has an
inhumane and menacing predator like Israel in its neighborhood - to be always
prepared [against possible foreign aggression].”
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Page 4 of 6
UN officials said in June 2007 the Iranians were preparing to transfer mediumrange Shahab-3, Russian-made Scud-C missiles and Scud-B missiles in
preparation for military action if it is attacked over its nuclear program. Many
of these missiles can be fired from mobile launchers and are capable of hitting
targets throughout Israel. Syria has already received, via Iran, hundreds of
extended-range North Korean Scud-C missiles, and is reportedly building its
own ballistic missiles from imported technology. North Korea has supplied
complete Scuds and production equipment to Syria. In 2003, Syria was said to
have a new Scud-D missile, developed with Korean assistance, which has a
range of 300 miles (sufficient to cover all of Israel). The missile is also
capable of carrying chemical weapons. The May 2006 U.S. intelligence report
said Syria continues to seek help in building solid-propellant rocket motors,
and that North Korea supplied equipment and assistance to the missile
program. Syria is building its own liquid-fueled Scud missiles and is
developing a 500-mile-range Scud D and other variants with help from North
Korea and Iran, the report said.
“Syria test-fired three Scud missiles on May 27, 2005, including one that
broke up over Turkey,” the New York Times reported. “These were the first
such Syrian missile tests since 2001, and were part of a Syrian missile
development project using North Korean technology and designed to deliver
air-burst chemical weapons. The missiles included one Scud B with a range of
185 miles, and two Scud Ds with a range of 435 miles.” Months later, Western
experts who examined the remains of the missile that fell in Turkey concluded
Syria had introduced significant changes in the advanced model of the Scud D
missile that gives it greater guidance capability and accuracy.
Over the objections of Israel and the United States, Russia announced plans in
early 2005 to sell Syria advanced SA-18 anti-aircraft missiles. Russian
President Vladimir Putin told Prime Minister Ariel Sharon that the weapons
were not shoulder-missiles favored by the terror organizations, but rather they
would be mounted on vehicles, and therefore they would not endanger Israel.
Putin also said Syria's placement of the missiles would be designed to avoid a
change in the balance of power in the area, but would prevent Israeli war
planes from being able to fly over Syrian President Bashar Assad's presidential
palace in Damascus. Israeli defense officials still expressed concern that the
mounted version could be modified into a shoulder-held version in a relatively
simple process. From that point, the officials said, the missiles could easily
reach insurgents in Iran or Hezbollah operatives in Lebanon.
Syria now has more troops and tanks, and nearly as many aircraft as Israel.
The Assad regime fields armed forces totaling more than 380,000 men, with
another 130,000 troops in reserve. Syria's arsenal includes approximately
3,700 tanks and some 510 combat aircraft.
Though the quality of Syrian forces is regarded as inferior to that of Israel, the
deployment of these forces facing the Golan indicates Assad is keeping his
military options open.
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The Terror Connection
Syria harbors in Damascus representatives of ten Palestinian terrorist
organizations including Hamas, Islamic Jihad, the Democratic Front for the
Liberation of Palestine (DFLP), and the Popular Front for the Liberation of
Palestine all of which are opposed to advances in the peace process between
Israel and the Palestinian Authority. These groups have launched terrible
attacks against innocent Israeli citizens, which have resulted in hundreds of
deaths. Syria also supports the Iranian-funded Hezbollah.
For more than 30 years, Lebanon was essentially controlled by Syria. With
Syrian acquiescence, Lebanon became the home to a number of the most
radical and violent Islamic organizations. Hezbollah (Party of God), in
particular, has been used by the Syrians as a proxy to fight Israel.
On October 19, 2004, the UN Security Council released a demand that Syria
should abide by a resolution calling on Damascus to withdraw its 14,000
troops from Lebanon, dismantle the Hezbollah organization and respect
Lebanon’s independence. Buoyed by the UN intervention, the opposition in
Lebanon grew more vocal demanding an end to Syrian hegemony. After
former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri was assassinated on February
14, 2005, the pressure on Syria intensified and its troops were finally
withdrawn in April.
Nevertheless, Syria continues to exercise great influence in Lebanon. Syria
and its allies are believed responsible for a series of assassinations to
undermine Lebanese democracy that have eliminated anti-Syrian members of
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the Lebanese parliament, the most recent attack coming in September 2007.
Syria supplied Hezbollah with weapons used in the war fought with Israel in
July 2006 and has been resupplying the organization in defiance of the UN
since the war ended. Those rockets used in 2006 had ranges of 20 to 60 miles.
In April 2010, the U.S. and Israel accused Syria of delivering shipments of
long-range Scud missiles to Hezbollah in Lebanon. The Scuds have a range of
more than 435 miles - placing Jerusalem, Tel Aviv and Israel's nuclear
installations at risk.
Sources: American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC); Haaretz,
(February 16, October 26, December 5, 2005; March 21, 2008 ); Jerusalem
Post, (April 20, 2005; May 21, 2008; February 17, 19, September 10,
December 12, 2009); New York Times, (June 3, 2005); Ynet News, (October
25, 2005); Washington Times, (May 13, 2006); Defensenews.com, (June 15,
2006); Jerusalem Report, (May 28, 2007) ; AP, (June 19, 2007); Daily
Telegraph, (June 25, 2007); Washington Post, (September 21, 2007; May 29,
2008); Ynet, (May 27, 2008); Los Angeles Times, (November 20, 2008); Wall
Street Journal, (April 14, 2010)(February 24, 2011); JTA, (May 25, 2011).
Maps courtesy of The Jewish Connection
17
7/10/2011
About Nimrod and Its Surroundings
Nimrod is a small Israeli cooperative agricultural community
(moshav) in the northern Golan Heights on the southern
slopes of Mount Hermon, and is the highest community in
Israel at 3,650 feet (1,110 meters) above sea level. The
moshav is part of the Golan Regional Council municipality.
Nimrod was named after the nearby ancient Nimrod Fortress.
It was originally established as a paramilitary Nahal outpost
on January 31, 1982, with groundbreaking on that year's
Israeli Independence Day. Nimrod became a civilian town
in January 1999, with six families. The village economy caters
to tourists, offering a restaurant and vacation bungalows.
A Virtual Vacation in Nimrod: Visit these websites:
http://www.ronmertens.com/2004/nimrod/
http://en.hapisga.co.il/site/170
A view from Nimrod
A Weekend in Nimrod
Romantic Bed & Breakfasts in Israel - Nimrod
Nimrod Fortress is a medieval castle situated on a ridge in the northern Golan Heights, rising about
2,600 feet (800 meters) above sea level. The fortress, originally called Qala'at al-Subeiba ("Castle of
the Large Cliff") in Arabic, was built around 1229 by Al-Aziz Uthman, nephew of Saladin, to pre-empt
any attempt on Damascus by the Sixth Crusade.
Nimrod Fortress
At the end of the 13th century, following the Muslim conquest
of the port city of Akko (Acre) and the end of Crusader rule in
the Holy Land, the fortress lost strategic value and fell into
disrepair. After the Ottoman Turks conquered the land in
1517, they used the fortress as a luxury prison for Ottoman
nobles who had been exiled to Palestine. The fortress was
abandoned later in the 16th century and only local
shepherds and their flocks were temporary guests within its
walls. The fortress was ruined by an earthquake in the 18th
century.
In Jewish tradition, it became known as Nimrod Fortress after
Nimrod, a biblical figure who according to Biblical writings had lived on the summit. The fortress
overlooks the deep, narrow valley separating Mount Hermon from the rest of the Golan Heights, the
road linking the Galilee with Damascus, and the former Crusader town of Banias.
Today, visitors can explore the excavated and restored portions of the fortress. The entrance is from
the east, and the first section contains "secret corridors" -- winding staircases and underground water
cisterns with some of the original plaster still visible. There
are many examples of "loopholes" in Nimrod Fortress -special windows that are narrow on the outside but wide
on the inside. They were designed specifically for shooting
bows and arrows or crossbows, giving the defender inside
the fortress plenty of room but the attacker only a narrow
slit as a target. The central part of Nimrod Fortress, which is
accessible by a path within the fortress, contains the
remains of a keep surrounded by large rectangular towers.
In the western section, there are the remains of a fortress
within a fortress, which was protected by its own moat and
drawbridge. This is the first, and oldest, part of the castle.
18
The White City: Volume 5.3
Tel Aviv, Israel’s cultural and population center, also
hosts the largest collection of buildings built in the
Bauhaus architectural style. In 2003, the United Nations
declared Tel Aviv a “World Heritage Site,” an honor
many hope will spur the refurbishment of Bauhaus-style
buildings. The style is characterized by clean lines,
angular structures and open floor plans. The great
abundance of these white-washed buildings has given
Tel Aviv its nickname, the White City.
Running time: 2:21 minutes.
Rationale
This lesson provides an opportunity for participants to explore a fascinating aspect of
Israel: its international renown as a center of Bauhaus, perhaps the best-known style of
20th century architecture.
Objectives
• Experience a virtual tour of Tel Aviv Bauhaus architecture
• Learn how this architectural style was brought to Israel and adapted for its
Mediterranean climate and environment
Materials/Handouts
• Bauhaus Tel Aviv
• Top Ten Tel Aviv Facts
• Top Ten Bauhaus Facts
• Optional: Create a PowerPoint slideshow utilizing images of Bauhaus buildings in
Tel Aviv. Over 116,000 such images are available at http://images.google.com.
Use this slideshow in discussing the style and how it was used in Israel.
• If utilizing the option above, classroom needs laptop, projector and screen
The Bauhaus style is named for a Modernist school of art and architecture in Germany
that was founded in 1919 and closed by the Nazis in 1933. At its peak, the school had
700 students, and was known for requiring its students to “forget everything they had
learned” before coming there. It was established in the winds of artistic change that
swept the world following the First World War. Bauhaus was a controversial style,
groundbreaking for its time, demanding that art, design and architecture must be
expressed in radically simplified forms that are rational and functional. It was not
“popular” (as many new ideas often are not), yet it flourished in Israel from the 1920s
until the 1950s for some very important reasons. After the film, we’ll talk about how it
came to Israel and why the Bauhaus style became so prevalent in this new land.
1
View the DVD
Discussion (with sample answers):
•
In the film, we heard that the Bauhaus style is also called the international style –
does anyone know why it has that second name? [answers to this are not found
in the film, but participants may know, or correctly guess, at some of the reasons.
If not, provide answers to them.]
o Architects from other countries studied at the Bauhaus School and
brought their education into practice in their homelands
o The leaders of the Bauhaus – Gropius, Mies van der Rohe and others –
migrated to the USA as the Nazi influence grew in Europe
o Some purists believe that the name “Bauhaus” can only refer to buildings
in Germany, and everything else should be called International style
o Most people use the terms interchangeably – but while “International” is a
vague term, “Bauhaus” is immediately recognizable.
•
How was the Bauhaus style brought to Israel?
o By architects, artists and designers from Mandate Palestine who went to
study at the Bauhaus School
o By Jewish architects, artists and designers from Europe who studied at the
Bauhaus and fled Europe for Mandate Palestine as the Nazis came to
power.
Distribute handouts (The White City, Top Ten Facts About Tel Aviv, and Top Ten
Characteristics of the Bauhaus Style). Give participants a few minutes to read through.
•
What are some of the theories or reasons why this style became so prevalent,
particularly in Tel Aviv?
o The style suited the social trend and ideas brought to a developing land
by Jewish émigrés from Europe – Bauhaus was concerned with the social
aspects of design.
o It was a new style in a new land, a place where people were looking
ahead to a brighter future. Tel Aviv was a perfect ‘testing ground’ for this
new style. There was no entrenched architectural style yet in Tel Aviv.
o The clean lines and lack of ornamentation characteristic of this style were
in complete harmony with the Mediterranean landscape and climate
o Both Bauhaus and developing Tel Aviv embraced ideals that were based
in socialism – simplicity, functionalism, boiled down to the basics.
o Strong tendency toward modernization – characteristic of a new land
o Need to build cheaply and quickly – the style, lacking ornamentation, was
in sync with this need.
2
Interestingly, there may be another reason why the Bauhaus style was embraced in the
developing city of Tel Aviv – it was a time of new engineering technology and mass
production. From the 1930s, walls could be built around steel or iron frames which
meant that walls did function as support of a structure, they could simply wrap around it
on the outside. This made it possible to experiment with curved forms, unusual
placement of windows and other design elements.
In addition, reinforced concrete was the building material of choice in early Tel Aviv
(and continues to be in Israel today). It was less expensive (wood being extremely
expensive and in short supply), easy to work with and did not require skilled workers. This
building material lent itself to Bauhaus lines in a way that wood-frame construction
would never have made possible.
•
Let’s take a look at the Top Ten Characteristics of the Bauhaus Style. Some of
the key elements of this style had to be adapted to the Tel Aviv environment
because of its climate. Which ones apply specifically to Tel Aviv – which ones
were “variations on a theme”?
o #5 (second part): While all Bauhaus structures around the world have
smooth facades, the white or cream-color facades were a Tel Aviv
adaptation. White and light colors reflect the heat.
o #7 – the small recessed windows were a Tel Aviv adaptation that limited
heat and glare. A key element of the Bauhaus style in Europe was large
areas of glass that let in the light – needed in a predominantly cool or
cold environment like central Europe. But in Tel Aviv, glass was used
sparingly. Some Tel Aviv buildings had long vertical strips of small recessed
windows – often called “thermometer” windows.
o #9 - flat roofs were another adaptation. In Europe, Bauhaus roofs were
typically slanted and shingled. Flat roofs provided additional space to the
residents in Tel Aviv – a place where social events could be held. In fact,
it’s where the laundry room was often located, as well.
o #10 – the long, narrow balconies are another adaptation. The balconies
allowed residents to catch the sea breezes from the west and expand the
feeling of living space. The narrowness allowed just enough shade from
the balcony above without blocking too much light, as a deeper balcony
might have.
o If you’ve ever been to Tel Aviv, you may recall seeing many apartment
buildings on stilt-type columns. While this wasn’t specifically a Tel Aviv
adaptation (it had been pioneered by the French architect Le Corbusier),
in Israel it became a prevalent part of the design – creating room for a
green garden area, and providing greater air flow in this warm region.
3
Closing
Central Tel Aviv, where most of the Bauhaus buildings are concentrated, is home to
some of the most expensive real estate in the Middle East. The apartments are valued,
not just for aesthetics and functionality, but for the flowing balconies, the gardens and
other elements that make these buildings use far less energy than others. Bauhaus
buildings in Tel Aviv are more comfortable than most modern construction, even in the
hot summer.
Sadly, as we learned in the film, many of the aging structures have lost their original
luster. As one blogger wrote “the White City must have been spectacular when it was
white…. Tel Aviv could have been the Bauhaus answer to Art Deco Miami.” It’s not too
late. There is, as we learned in the film, a growing trend to renovate these buildings to
their former splendor. The UNESCO designation has raised awareness and encouraged
more homeowners to consider renovation.
There’s one more reason why the UNESCO designation of Tel Aviv as a World Heritage
Site is so important. It’s not just about renovation, but about recognition, and
preservation. “Modern” is only modern for a brief time. When something known as
“modern” goes out of fashion, society often rushes to replace it with the “next modern”
idea. Styles may change in clothing or haircuts or cars. But when buildings are out of
fashion, they’re often torn down and replaced, or “renovated” in a style that makes the
original structure unrecognizable. Years after a trend, when we start to feel nostalgic
and we miss these styles, we have options: we can scout the vintage clothing stores,
adopt a vintage hairstyle or buy a vintage car. But when a building is gone, it is gone
forever.
The UNESCO designation tells us: keep these precious structures. Don’t let them
disappear, for they are works of art with a bonus: you can live and work in them. The
UNESCO designation also recognizes and thanks the people of Israel for respecting this
tradition, and ensuring these artworks will be passed down to future generations.
I don’t know about you, but I think I’ve fallen in love with Tel Aviv!
4
Bauhaus
Tel Aviv
5
White City (Tel Aviv) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Page 1 of 5
White City (Tel Aviv)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The White City (Hebrew: ‫העיר הלבנה‬, Ha-Ir
HaLevana) refers to a collection of over 4,000
Bauhaus or International style buildings built in
Tel Aviv from the 1930s by German Jewish
architects who immigrated to the British
Mandate of Palestine after the rise of the Nazis.
Tel Aviv has the largest number of buildings in
this style of any city in the world. Preservation,
documentation, and exhibitions have brought
attention to Tel Aviv's collection of 1930s
architecture. In 2003, the United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO) proclaimed Tel Aviv's
White City a World Cultural Heritage site, as "an
outstanding example of new town planning and
architecture in the early 20th century."[1] The
citation recognized the unique adaptation of
modern international architectural trends to the
cultural, climatic, and local traditions of the city.
Contents
■
■
■
■
■
■
■
■
1 Historical background
2 Adaptation to local climate
3 Preservation plans
4 Documentation and exhibitions
5 Bibliography
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
White City of Tel Aviv –
the Modern Movement*
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Country
Israel
Type
Cultural
Criteria
ii, iv
Reference
1096 (http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1096)
Region**
Europe and North America
Inscription history
Inscription
2003 (27th Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List.
(http://whc.unesco.org/en/list)
** Region as classified by UNESCO. (http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/?
search=&search_by_country=&type=&media=&region=&order=region)
Historical background
The concept for a new garden city, to be called Tel Aviv, was
developed on the sand dunes outside Jaffa in 1909.[2] British
urban planner Patrick Geddes, who had previously worked on
town-planning in New Delhi, was commissioned by Tel Aviv's
first mayor, Meir Dizengoff, to draw up a master plan for the
new city. Geddes began work in 1925 on the plan, which was
accepted in 1929.[3] The view of the British Mandatory
authorities seemed to have been supportive. In addition to
Geddes, and Dizengoff, the city engineer Ya'acov Ben-Sira
contributed significantly to the development and planning during
6
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_City_(Tel_Aviv)
7/12/2011
Page 2 of 5
his 1929 to 1951 tenure.[4] Patrick Geddes laid out the streets and
decided on block size and utilisation. But he did not prescribe an
architectural style for the buildings in the new city. But by 1933,
many Jewish architects of the Bauhaus school in Germany, like Arieh Sharon, which was closed down
on the orders of the Nazis, fled to the British Mandate of Palestine.[5] The residential and public
buildings were designed by these architects, who took advantage of the absence of established
architectural conventions to put the principles of modern architecture into practice. The Bauhaus
principles, with their emphasis on functionality and inexpensive building materials, were perceived as
ideal in Tel Aviv. The architects fleeing Europe brought not only Bauhaus ideas, the architectural ideas
of Le Corbusier were mixed in. Furthermore, Erich Mendelsohn was not formally associated with the
Bauhaus, though he had several projects in Israel in the 1930s as did Carl Rubin, an architect from
Mendelsohn's office.[6] In the 1930s in Tel Aviv, many architectural ideas were converging and Tel Aviv
was the ideal place for them to be tested.
Dizengoff Square in the 1940s
In 1984, in celebration of Tel Aviv's 75th year,[7] an exhibition was held at
the Tel Aviv Museum of Art entitled White City, International Style
Architecture in Israel, Portrait of an Era. Some sources trace the origin of
the term "White City" to this exhibition and its curator Michael Levin,[7]
some to the poet Nathan Alterman.[8] The 1984 exhibition traveled to New
York, to the Jewish Museum.[9] In 1994, a conference took place at the
UNESCO headquarters, entitled World Conference on the International
Style in Architecture. Credit was given to Israeli artist Dani Karavan who
made a sculpture garden at the headquarters,[10] and had earlier made a
sculptural environment entitled Kikar Levana that was inspired by the
White City.[11] In 1996, Tel Aviv's White City was listed as a World
Monuments Fund endangered site.[12] In 2003, UNESCO named Tel Aviv
a World Heritage Site for its treasure of modern architecture.[13]
Adaptation to local climate
Cinema Hotel, formerly an
International Style movie theater built
in the 1930s
Location map of the three
conservation zones
included in the WHS
listing
However, the architecture had to
be adapted to suit the extremes of
the Mediterranean and desert
climate. White and light colors
reflected the heat. Walls not only provided privacy but protected
against the sun. Large areas of glass that let in the light, a key
element of the Bauhaus style in Europe, were replaced with
small recessed windows that limited the heat and glare. Long
narrow balconies, each shaded by the balcony above it, allowed
residents to catch the breeze blowing in from the sea to the west.
Slanted roofs were replaced with flat ones, providing a common
area where residents could socialize in the cool of the evening.[14]
Buildings were raised on pillars (pilotis), the first being the 1933
Engel House designed by Zeev Rechter.[15] These allow the wind
to blow under and cool the apartments, as well as providing a play area for children. In 1935, at the
office building Beit Hadar, steel frame structure was introduced,[16] a technique which facilitates
opening the first floor for such purposes.
7
7/12/2011
Page 3 of 5
The style of architecture and construction methods used in the hundreds of new buildings came to define
the character of the modern city. Most of the buildings were of concrete,[15] reinforced concrete was
often applied from 1912 on,[6] and in the summer were unbearably hot despite their innovative design
features. Tel Aviv’s residents took to the streets in the evenings, frequenting the numerous small parks
between the buildings and the growing number of coffee shops, where they could enjoy the evening air.
This tradition continues in the café society, and nightlife of the city today.[7]
The apartment blocks provided a variety of services such as childcare, postal services, store, and laundry
within the buildings themselves. Additionally, having a connection to the land was viewed as extremely
important, so residents were encouraged to grow their own vegetables on an allotment of land set aside
next to or behind the building. This created a sense of community for the residents, who were in the
main, displaced people from differing cultures and origins.[17]
Preservation plans
Many of the buildings from this period, some architectural classics, have
been neglected to the point of ruin, and before legislation was passed,
some were demolished. However, of the original 4,000 Bauhaus
buildings built, some have been refurbished and at least 1,500 more are
slated for preservation and restoration.[15] The municipal government of
Tel Aviv passed legislation in 2009 covers some 1,000 structures.[18]
Documentation and exhibitions
The widest architectural survey of the White City has been held by Nitza
Metzger Szmuk. It was later transformed into a book and an exhibition
called "Dwelling on the Dunes".[17] The exhibition was originally held at
the Tel Aviv Museum of Art in 2004 and then traveled to Canada,
Classical Bauhaus building
Switzerland, Belgium and Germany.[19][20][21][22] Established in 2000,
with "thermometer"
The Bauhaus Center in Tel Aviv is an organization dedicated to the
windows
ongoing documentation of the architectural heritage.[23] In 2003, it
hosted an exhibition on preservation of the architecture that showcased
25 buildings.[24] Further to this architectural culture in the city, a Bauhaus Museum opened in Tel Aviv
in 2008.[25][26] On occasion of the 100 years since the city's founding, Docomomo International
published Docomomo Journal 40 in March 2009, with most of the coverage in the journal on "Tel Aviv
100 Years: A Century of Modern Buildings."[27]
Bibliography
■ Yavin, Shmuel; Ran Erde (2003). Revival of the Bauhaus in Tel Aviv: Renovation of the
International Style in the White City. Tel Aviv: Bauhaus Center. ISBN 9789659060603.
See also
■ Södra Ängby, contemporaneous modernist urban villa area in Stockholm, Sweden
8
7/12/2011
Bauhaus Architecture
Page 1 of 5
By Yael Zisling
There are those who describe Tel Aviv as a drab, gray city of concrete.
However, if you look beyond the worn buildings’ façade you will encounter
the largest collection of buildings whose architectural roots can be traced to
the Bauhaus architecture of Germany. It is perhaps ironic that Tel Aviv houses
the largest number of buildings designed in an architectural style that
developed in pre-Nazi Germany, a style that came to an abrupt end in
Germany, with the Nazi’s rise to power. This architectural style is so prevalent
in Tel Aviv that it almost seems as though it were a local style, but it is not.
There are a number of characteristics to the Bauhaus/International Style of
architecture:
1) It shuns ornamentation and favors functionality
2) Uses asymmetry and regularity versus symmetry
3) It grasps architecture in terms of space versus mass
Bauhaus buildings are usually cubic, favor right angles, (although some
feature rounded corners and balconies); they have smooth facades and an open
floor plan.
11
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7/12/2011
Page 2 of 5
Bauhaus architecture, whose founding father was Walter Gropius, developed
in Germany in the 1920s and later in the U.S., in the 1930s. The American
form of this architectural style was dubbed the International Style after
Gropius, Mies van der Rohe and other leaders of Bauhaus migrated to the
U.S., with the Nazi’s growing influence. The Bauhaus school in Dessau was
closed on April 11th, 1933, by the police, at the insistence of the National
Socialist government.
Purists assert that Bauhaus architecture can only refer to buildings in Germany
and anything else should be termed International Style – while others use the
terms interchangeably (as is the case in this issue of Gems in Israel). The term
International Style was really adopted after the publication of a book that
coincided with a 1932 exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art in New York.
The book, by historian Henry-Russell Hitchcock and architect Philip Johnson,
was called, The International Style.
Bauhaus architecture was concerned with the social aspects of design and with
the creation of a new form of social housing for workers. This may be just
another one of the reasons it was embraced in the newly evolving city of Tel
Aviv, at a time when socialist ideas were so prevalent. This style of
architecture came about (in part) because of new engineering developments
that allowed the walls to be built around steel or iron frames. This meant that
walls no longer had to support the structure, but only enveloped it – from the
outside.
The teachings at the Bauhaus school of design, which functioned from 1919 to
1933 (first in Weimar and later in Dessau), were greatly influenced by the
machine age. The school's aim was to fuse all the arts under the concept of
design. The school had 700 students and was known for requiring its students
to forget everything they had learned to date.
Gropius engaged some of the best artists of the day, Paul Klee, Vassily
Kandinsky, Lyonel Feininger, and Oscar Schlemmer, to name a few, to teach
at the school. Influential Bauhaus architects were Walter Gropius, Mies van
der Rohe, Hannes Meyer and Le Corbusier to name a few.
The International Style was a decidedly different type of architecture that did
not rely on the architecture of the past, but aimed to establish a new, modern
style. In Tel Aviv, Bauhaus architecture gained a foothold, as there was no real
entrenched architectural style. While this style of architecture can also be
found in Haifa and Jerusalem as well as in many kibbutzim, it is most
prevalent in Tel Aviv.
Bauhaus in Tel Aviv
Tel Aviv has the largest collection of buildings built in the International Style,
anywhere in the world. Bauhaus architecture flourished in Tel Aviv (as
elsewhere in the country) in the 1930’s due in great part to the fact that 17
former Bauhaus students, worked locally as architects.
12
7/12/2011
Page 3 of 5
Arieh Sharon, Dov Carmi, Zeev Rechter, Pinchas Hueth, Josef Neufeld, Genia
Averbuch Richard Kauffmann and Erich Mendelsohn are just some of the
architects, who contributed to the local abundance of Bauhaus architecture.
Sharon, (no relation to the current prime minister) was known for his
cooperative workers’ dwellings in Tel Aviv, work on many of the country’s
hospitals and his early beginnings in kibbutz Gan Shmuel. Averbuch is best
known because in 1934, at 25, she won second prize (no first prize was given),
in the competition to design Dizengoff Circle, in memory of Zina Dizengoff,
Meir Dizengoff’s wife. While Mendelsohn designed the private residence of
the country’s first president, Dr. Chaim Weizmann.
Between the First and Second World Wars, there was a great building
momentum in Tel Aviv, because of the growing waves of immigration from
Europe. Buildings that now show their age were once painted white (or beige).
The city had many ‘white’ buildings, which came to be associated with the
International Style (even though white exteriors are not really one its
characteristics). Nevertheless, that is the source of the city’s nickname of “The
White City.”
Tel Aviv has the largest number of cooperative workers’ apartments in the
country. The aim was to provide residents with as much equality in living
quarters. These blocks of apartments, operated almost as self-contained units.
Residents had a variety of services right in the buildings, including
kindergarten, post office, convenience store, laundry etc. Additionally, a plot
of land was set aside, so that residents could grow their own vegetables.
Having a ‘connection to the land’ was viewed as extremely important. An
example of such a cooperative unit can be seen at the corner of Frishman, Dov
Hoz and Frug streets. This block of buildings also served as headquarters of
the Haganah.
There are over 1500 International Style buildings in Tel Aviv, slated for
preservation/restoration. Looking at some of the buildings already restored,
one can only imagine how beautiful and modern the city must have looked in
the 1930’s.
Some Local Bauhaus Adaptations
Smaller Windows
Some of the key elements of Bauhaus architecture had to be adapted to the
local environment, primarily because of the climate. One of the key elements
of the International Style in Europe was a large window. However, in a hot
climate – large windows that let great amounts of light shine into the rooms –
do not make sense. Locally, glass was used sparingly and long, narrow,
horizontal windows are visible on many of the Bauhaus buildings in Tel Aviv.
On some buildings, you can also see long narrow balconies, which in many
cases have now been enclosed. This was an adaptation of the long narrow
windows.
The horizontal ‘strip window’ was a signature characteristic of Le Corbusier.
13
7/12/2011
Page 4 of 5
A number of local architects worked in Le Corbusier’s office in Paris and were
greatly influenced by his style.
Stilt Columns (Pilotis)
Another element used by Le Corbusier was stilt-type columns (pilotis), which
raised the buildings off street level thereby creating room for a green garden
area while providing greater airflow.
The first building built in this manner in Tel Aviv, was Beit Engel. It was built
in 1933, by Zeev Rechter, and is located at 84 Rothschild Boulevard, and the
corner of Ma’zeh Street. Rothschild Boulevard is an excellent area to see a
great variety of Bauhaus buildings (although quite a few are in dire need of
restoration). If you go to see the Engel building today you will notice that the
‘open’ area created by the stilt columns has been enclosed. Rechter fought for
two years to get approval to build on these stilt columns. This type of building
became quite common, in Tel Aviv and the surrounding cities, although by the
1940’s fewer buildings were being built in this manner in Tel Aviv.
Flat Roofs
Another of the local features of the Bauhaus buildings, are the flat roofs, as
opposed to the typical shingled and slanted roofs, prevalent in the European
buidlings. The roofs served all of a buidlings’ residents. While roofs in most
cases did not feature gardens, (as envisioned by Le Corbusier), they were a
place where social events were held and where the laundry room was often
located as well.
Reinforced Concrete
The local building technology of the time was not advanced. Reinforced
concrete was first used (in Tel Aviv) in 1912. Later it became widely used,
because it was easy to work with and did not require skilled workers.
Bauhaus architecture became common in Tel Aviv of the 1930’s for a variety
of reasons. There was a strong tendency toward modernization. Architects,
who worked locally, had strong ties to the European architectural
developments of the day. There was also a need to build cheaply and quickly
because of the growing metropolis.
Tel Aviv is the only city in the world, built mostly, in the International Style.
In fact, over the years a kind of reactionary ‘anti-Bauhaus’ sentiment,
developed.
Saving and restoring many of the city’s wonderful old buildings is fraught
with legal and economic constraints that often make conservation, less than
desirable for the building’s owners. One can only hope that the coming years
will bring solutions that will enable the preservation of more of Tel Aviv’s
Bauhaus architecture.
14
7/12/2011
Top Ten Characteristics
of the Bauhaus
(International) Style
Tel Aviv, 1940s
1.
2.
3.
Shuns ornamentation
Plays with shadow and light
Favors functionality – unifying art, craft and
technology
4. Primary composition – cubic and rounded
5. Smooth facades, white or cream-color
6. Open floor plan
7. Small, recessed windows
8. Stilt-type columns
9. Flat roofs
10. Long, narrow balconies
Some of these characteristics apply to Bauhaus architecture
around the world. Some are unique adaptations of the
architectural style, to suit the Mediterreanean climate of Tel
Aviv. Which ones above are Tel Aviv adaptations? And
why?
For more on the Bauhaus style in Tel Aviv, visit:
•
•
•
•
•
•
www.designistdream.com (blog covering 60+ years of art and design in Israel)
http://artlog.co.il/telaviv/
http://www.bauhaus-center.com/ (website of the Bauhaus Center Tel Aviv)
http://www.telaviv4fun.com/bauhaus.html (Bauhaus Tel Aviv images)
http://www.white-city.co.il/english/index.htm (Tel Aviv Municipality)
www.telavivarchitecture.com
15
Top Ten Facts About Tel Aviv
(and Bauhaus, of course)
1. Tel Aviv is Israel’s second most populous city (after
Jerusalem) with over 400,000 citizens but it is Israel’s #1 in
population density (more than twice that of Jerusalem).
Its sprawling metro area is home to over 3 million people,
three times more than the Jerusalem metro area.
2. According to the Globalization and World Cities Study
Group, Tel Aviv is fast approaching Global City status (an
important node point in the worldwide economic
system), alongside San Francisco and Barcelona.
3. Tel Aviv was established in 1909 by the Jewish
community of Yaffo (Jaffa) on the outskirts of the ancient
port city, as a ‘garden suburb’. It was an instant success, growing far faster than its
founders imagined. It became the first modern Hebrew city in some 2,000 years!
4. It was originally known as Ahuzat Bayit (home estate). The name Tel Aviv was chosen
in 1910 (among many suggestions). It was the Hebrew title of Theodor Herzl’s 1902
novel Altneuland (“Old New Land”), translated into Hebrew by Nahum Sokolow.
Sokolow, in turn, took the name from the bible, Ezekiel 3:15. The name was found
fitting as it embraced the idea of the renaissance of the ancient Jewish homeland.
Aviv is Hebrew for spring (the season), symbolizing renewal. Tel is Hebrew for an
archeological site (a mound) that reveals layers of civilization built over one another,
symbolizing history.
5. Tel Aviv was declared a World Heritage Site in 2003 by UNESCO (the United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), as an “outstanding example of new
town planning and architecture in the early 20th century.”
6. Tel Aviv has the world’s largest concentration of Bauhaus architecture in the world.
Over 4,000 Bauhaus buildings were constructed in Tel Aviv between 1931 and 1956;
today, some have been refurbished and at least 1,500 are slated for preservation and
restoration. Thousands more were built in Haifa, Jerusalem and other cities.
7. Tel Aviv has the largest number of cooperative workers’ apartments in the state of
Israel. The aim was to provide workers with as much equality as possible in living
quarters. This was true to the Bauhaus vision on the social aspects of design and the
creation of social housing for workers. The gardens between and among the buildings
were not just about beautification, but about creating a sense of community for the
residents, who were, primarily, displaced people from different cultures and origins.
8. The city planner of Tel Aviv, Scottish architect and urban planner Sir Patrick Geddes,
envisioned an urban entity of physical, economic, social and human needs based on
an environmental approach. Tel Aviv had “gone green” long before the rest of the
planet!
9. Central Tel Aviv – where most of the Bauhaus buildings are located – is considered an
open museum of the Bauhaus (International) style of architecture.
10. Visiting Tel Aviv – want to see the White City? Get out your map and draw a line
around Allenby Street in the south, Begin Road and Ibn Gvirol Street in the east, the
Yarkon River in the north, and the Mediterranean Sea in the west. Hint: be sure to hit
Rothschild Boulevard, an excellent area to see a great variety of Bauhaus buildings,
from those restored to those in dire need of renovation. Now, get out your walking
shoes, because there’s a lot of Bauhaus to see on every block!
16
Theor
i
gi
nal
TelAvi
v
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Si
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i
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To order
additional videos and
curriculum guides,
visit
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© 2011 Israel Up Close. All rights reserved.

Curriculum Guide - Volume 5

Transcription

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