Bibliography on Tiger (Panthera tigris L.)

Bibliography on Tiger (Panthera tigris L.)

Bibliography on Tiger (Panthera tigris L.)
Global Tiger Forum Publication
2014
Copyright © Secretariat of Global Tiger Forum, 2014
Suggested Citation:
Gopal R., Majumder A. and Yadav S.P. (Eds) (2014). Bibliography on Tiger (Panther tigris L.).
Compiled and published by Global Tiger Forum, p 95.
Cover Pic Vinit Arora
Inside pictures taken by Vinit Arora, Samir K. Sinha, Aniruddha Majumder and S.P.Yadav
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements
i
Introduction to Bibliography on tiger
1
Literature collection and compilation process for bibliography on tiger
2-4
1) Ecology, Natural History and Taxonomy
5-23
2) Aspects of Conflicts
24-35
3) Monitoring (tiger, co-predator, prey and habitat) and Status
36-62
evaluation
4) Genetics, morphology, health and disease monitoring
63-75
5) Protection, Conservation, Policies and Bio-politics
76-95
Acknowledgements
The “Bibliography on Tiger (Panthera tigris L.)” is an outcome of the literature database on
tiger, brought out by the Global Tiger Forum (GTF). The GTF is thankful to all officials,
scientists, conservationists from 13 Tiger Range Countries for their support. Special thanks are
due to Dr Adam Barlow, Mr. Qamar Qureshi, Dr. Y.V. Jhala, Dr K. Sankar, Dr. S.P. Goyal, Dr
John Seidensticker, Dr. Ullas Karanth, Dr. A.J.T Johnsingh, Dr. Sandeep Sharma, Ms. Grace
Gabriel, Dr. Sonam Wangchuk, Mr Peter Puschel, Mr. Hazril Rafhan Abdul Halim, Mr Randeep
Singh and Dr. Prajna Paramita Panda for sharing some important references on tiger.
Mr P.K. Sen, Dr Jagdish Kiswan, Mr Vivek Menon, Mr Ravi Singh and Dr Sejal Vora and Mr
Keshav Varma are duly acknowledged for their comments and suggestions.
Mr Vinet Arora and Mr Samir K Sinha are acknowledged for sharing their photographs for this
publication and Mr G.C Lam for editorial assistance.
i
Introduction to Bibliography on Tiger
The tiger population and its habitat have regressed globally over the years. Presently, the wild
tiger population is confined to only thirteen Tiger Range Countries (TRCs): Bangladesh, Bhutan,
Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Mayanmar, Nepal, Russia, Thailand and
Vietnam. It is important to understand the scientific findings relating to ecology, natural history
this globally endangered species for its effective conservation.
In this publication, the Global Tiger Forum (GTF) has collated scattered online, free access
published papers/reports on various aspects of tiger research and conservation. We also reached
out to national and international scientists, besides library personnel, for sharing research papers/
articles, reports and thesis on tigers, its prey and habitat. The overall goal is to bring together
important research articles on tiger for easy access by park managers and biologists. The
“Bibliography on Tiger (Panthera tigris)” is, therefore, an anthology of all published information
on tiger. These collated research papers/articles/ reports and thesis are stored in the literature
data base of the GTF, and will be available for free access by park managers, conservationists
and tiger biologists besides other stakeholders to support tiger conservation to support tiger
conservation at global level.
Literature collection and compilation process for bibliography on tiger
In all 716 research papers/popular articles/ thesis and reports on tigers were collated from various
TRCs. The majority of these papers were obtained from India, followed by Russia, China and
Bangladesh (Figure 1).
1
Total Publications (n=716)
250
200
150
100
50
General
category
Vietnam
Thailand
Russia
Nepal
Myanmar
Malaysia
LaoPDR
Indonesia
India
China
Cambodia
Bhutan
Bangladesh
0
Figure 1. Collated published information (n=716) on tiger (Panthera tigris) from various Tiger Range
Countries
The publications, have been categorized into the following thematic areas: (1) Ecology, Natural
History and Taxonomy (article/report on prey-predator interaction, co-predator interaction,
taxonomy and natural history), (2) Aspects of conflicts (article/reports on human-tiger/wildlife
conflicts), (3) Monitoring (tiger, co-predator, prey and habitat) and Status evaluation, (4)
Genetics, morphology, health and disease monitoring (Article/reports on genetics, morphological
disease and health monitoring of tiger and co-predators), (5) Protection, Conservation, Policies
and Bio-politics (Articles/reports on conservation, protection of tiger, co predator and prey).
Under each category, citation of aricles/papers/reports/thesis have been made, tiger range
2
country wise. A general category has been included for articles/thesis/papers which are not
specific to any TRC.
In this literature database on tiger, majority of the publications were from thematic area /
category 3 i.e. Monitoring (tiger, co-predator, prey population and habitat) and Status evaluation,
followed by category 5 (conservation) and category 1 (ecology) respectively (Figure 2).
Total Number of publications (n=716)
Ecology
158
161
Conflict
Monitoring
81
96
Genetics and Health
Conservation
220
Figure 2: Total number of publications from various categories/thematic areas.
In this bibliography, references have been arranged alphabetically in chronological order, vis-àvis the year of publication. More than one reference from the same Author (s) during the same
year has been identified by the letters "a", "b", "c", etc., placed after the year of publication.
The GTF is in the process of collating more information on tigers, from the TRCs. This
Bibliography shall be updated periodically. The GTF solicits assistance from wildlife biologists,
scientists and managers in this regard to create a portal, for bringing together all information on
3
tiger, thereby allowing greater access to information for strengthening tiger conservation
globally. The contributors would be duly acknowledged.
4
Theme 1- Ecology, Natural History and Taxonomy
1) Ecology, Natural History and Taxonomy
1.1.Bangladesh
Barlow A. C. D., Ahmed M. I. U., Rahman M. M., Howlader A., Smith A. C. and Smith J. L.
D. (2008). Linking monitoring and intervention for improved management of tigers in the
Sundarbans of Bangladesh. Biological Conservation 141:2031–2040.
Khan M. M. H. (2004). Ecology and conservation of the Bengal tiger in the Sundarbans
Mangrove forest of Bangladesh. PhD thesis, University of Cambridge, p 323.
Khan M. M. H. and Chivers D. J. (2007). Habitat preferences of tigers Panthera tigris in the
Sundarbans East Wildlife Sanctuary, Bangladesh, and management recommendations. Oryx
41(4): 463–468.
Neumann-Denzau G. (2006).Tiger as scavenger. Tiger Paper 33(1):1-9.
Reza A. H. M. A., Feeroz M. M. and Islam M. A. (2001a). Food habits of the Bengal tiger
(Panthera tigris tigris) in the Sundarbans. Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 29:173-179.
Reza A. H. M. A., Feeroz M. M., and Islam M. A. (2001b). Habitat preference of the Bengal
tiger, Panthera tigris tigris in the Sundarbans of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Life
Science 13:215‐217.
1.2.Bhutan
Wang S.W. (2008). Understanding ecological interactions among predators, ugulates and
farmers in Bhutan's Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park. Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell
University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
5
Wang S.W. and Macdonald D.W. (2009). Feeding habits and niche partitioning in a predator
guild composed of tigers, leopards and dholes in a temperate ecosystem in central Bhutan.
Journal of Zoology 227: 275–283.
Wangchuk T. (2004). Predator-Prey Dynamics: The Role of Predators in the Control of
Problem Species. Journal of Bhutan Studies 10:68-89.
1.3.Cambodia
Gray T.N.E. and Phan C. (2011). Habitat preferences and activity patterns of the larger
mammal community in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary, Cambodia. Raffles Bulletin of
Zoology 59(2): 311–318.
Phan C. and Gray T.N.E. (2010). Ecology and natural history of Banteng in eastern
Cambodia: evidence from cameratrapping in Mondulkiri Protected Forest and Phnom
PrichWildlife Sanctuary. Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2 (2): 118-126.
1.4.China
Feng L., Lin L., Zhang L., Wang L., Wang B., Yang S., Smith J. L.D., Luo S., Zhang L.
(2008). Evidence of Wild Tigers in Southwest China – A Preliminary Survey of the
Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve. Catnews 48:4-6.
Kang A., Xie Y., Tang J., Sanderson E. W., Ginsberg J. R. and Zhang E. (2010). Historic
distribution and recent loss of tigers in China. Integrative Zoology 5: 335-341.
Liwei T., Feng L. and Zhensheng L. (2003). Time Budget of Behavior and Activity Rhythm
between Male and Female Amur Tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) under Enclosed Habitat.
Acta Theriologica Sinica 23(12):93-97.
6
Liwei T., Yanling S., Zhensheng L., Xiaoming W., Yanzhong W. (2003). Time Budget of
Behavior of Amur Tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) in Captivity. Acta Theriologica Sinica 23
(11): 2-5.
Minghai Z., Changzhi Z. and Dan L. (2006). Preliminary study on parturition behavior of
semifree-ranging Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica). Acta Theriologica Sinica 26 (3):255
– 261.
Shizhou L., Shengqiao L. and Chen W. (2013). Preliminary comparation of three feeding
methods for South China tiger (Panthera tigris amoyensis) cubs. Acta Theriologica Sinica 33
(1):90 – 93.
Yangkang Z., Enle P., Chengpei X., Hui Z., Yuanyuan G. and Tianhou W. (2006). Mating
behavior of the captive south China tigers (Panthera tigris amoyensis). Acta Theriologica
Sinica 26 (3):307 – 310.
Zhenglei Q. and Honghai Z. and Xiaoming W. (2008). Copulatory behavior of semifreeranging Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica). Acta Theriologica Sinica 28 (3):274 -279.
1.5.India
Acharyo L.N. and Mishra Ch G. (1980). Some aspects of reproduction among tigers
(Panthera tigirs) of Nandan Kanan Biological Park. Journal of Bombay Natural History
Society 82:628-632.
Acharyo L.N., Prusty B.C. and Patnaik S.K. (2000). The Longevity of the tiger (Panthera
tigirs) in Captivity. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 97(1):138-139.
7
Andheria A.P., Karanth K.U. and Kumar N.S. (2007). Diet and prey profiles of three
sympatric large carnivores in Bandipur Tiger Reserve, India. Journal of Zoology 273: 169175.
Avinandan D. (2003). Food habits of tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) in Sariska Tiger Reserve,
Rajasthan. M.Sc. Thesis, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, p 50.
Bagchi S., Goyal S. P. and Sankar K. (2003). Prey abundance and prey selection by tiger
(Panthera tigris) in a semi arid, dry deciduous forest in western India. Journal of Zoology
(London) 260: 285-290.
Bagla P. (2003). Experts Say Big Cats Don’t leave useful Track. Science 300:1355.
Bhattacharjee S., Malik P.K., Shekhawat R. S., Anoop K.R. and Sankar K. (2012). Tale of a
traveling tiger. Sanctuary Asia, Mumbai, India, June 2012.
Biswas S. and Sankar K. (2002). Prey abundance and food habit of tiger (Panthera tigris
tigris) in Pench National Park, Madhya Pradesh, India. Journal of Zoology (London) 256:
411-422.
Brander D.A.A. (1929). Tiger Tracks. Journal Bombay Natural History Society 33:978.
Burton R.G. (1920). Tigers in Trees. Journal Bombay Natural History Society 27:383-385.
Burton R.W. (1929) The Tiger’s Method of Making A ‘Kill’. Journal Bombay Natural
History Society 33:974-976.
Chakrabarti K. (1979). Ecology of the Sundarbans tiger with particular reference to range of
habitats and adaptability to changes. International Symposium on Tigers 1979, pp 146-150.
8
Chakrabarti, K. (1979). Position Paper on Sundarban Tiger Reserve, p 27.
Chakrabarty, K. (1984). Statistical Ecology of Sundarbans Tiger. Tiger Paper 7(4):10.
Chakrabarty, K. (1986). Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) in The Mangrove Forests of
Sunderbans an Ecological Study. Tiger Paper 8(2): 8-11.
Champion F.W. (1929). Tiger Tracks, Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 33:284287.
Chaudhuri A.B. and Chakrabarti K. (1972). Wildlire biology of Sundarbans forestsobservations on Tigers. Cheetal 15 (1):11-30.
Chaudhuri A.B. and Chakrabarti K. (1974). Wildlife Biology of Sunderbans Forests II.
Reprinted from Science and Culture 40:210-212.
Chaudhuri A.B. and Chakrabarti K. (1979). Old map of Sunderban.
Chundawat R.N. (1997). Ecology of Tiger in Panna Tiger Reserve, TigerLink Meeting, i-3
Dec.
Chundawat R.S., Habib B., Karanth U. K., Kawanishi K. and Khan J. A., Lynam T.,
Miquelle D., Nyhus P., Sunarto S., Tilson R. and Wang S. (2011). Panthera tigris [cited 07
Jun 2013]. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN red list of threatened species. Version 2012.2. Available
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Chundawat R.S., Khan J.A. and Mallon D.P. (2011). Panthera tigris ssp. tigris. [cited 07 Jun
2013]. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN red list of threatened species. Version 2012.2. Available from:
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9
Datye H. S. (1992). First Record of Tiger Panthera tigris in Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary,
Bihar, and Its Predation on Sloth Bear Melursus ursinus. Journal of the Bombay Natural
History Society.
Datye H. S. (1993). Elephant Calf Predation by Tiger Panthera tigris in Dalma Wildlife
Sanctuary, Bihar. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 90:2
Fraser S.M. (1902). Tiger netting. Mysore- Society’s Journal 14:388-391.
Garga D.P. (1947). How far a Tiger can swim. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society
pp 545-546.
Hanhart S. (1929). An Experience with Tiger. Journal Bombay Natural History Society,
33:976-977.
Harihar A, Pandav B. and Goyal S.P. (2011). Responses of leopard Panthera pardus to
the recovery of a tiger Panthera tigris population. Journal of Applied Ecology 48:
806–814. Available:http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.01981.x.
Johnsingh A.J.T. (2011). On the tiger trail. Frontline 28 (13):64-71.
Johnsingh A.J.T. and Pandav B. (2008). Chowgarh to Chorgalia – walking in Corbett
country. Sanctuary Asia pp 28 – 35.
Johnsingh A.J.T. and Mohon D. (2011). In tiger territory. Frontline 29 (12):64-71.
Johnsingh A.J.T and Pandav B. (2014). In Jim Corbett’s Landscape. Frontline pp 67-82.
Karanth K. U. (1991). Ecology and management of the tiger in tropical Asia. In Maruyama
B. N., Bobek Y., Ono W., Bartos R. L. and P. R. Reglin (Eds)Wildlife Conservation: Present
10
Trends and Perspectives for the 21st Century. Japan Wildlife Research Centre, Yushima,
Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan, pp 156-159.
Karanth K. U. and Sunquist M. E. (1995). Prey selection by tiger, leopard and dhole in
tropical forests. Journal of Animal Ecology 64:439-450.
Karanth, K. U. and Sunquist, M. E. (2000). Behavioural correlates of predation by tiger,
leopard and dhole in Nagarahole, India. Journal of Zoology 250:255-265.
Karanth K. U. (2003). Tiger ecology and conservation in the Indian subcontinent. Journal of
the Bombay Natural History Society 100:169-189.
Kotwal, P.C and Mishra, G.P. (1995). Claw Marking on Trees by Tiger Panthera tigris
(Linn.) in Kanha National Park. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 92:111-112.
Kumar A. (2007). All tigers are not the same. Sanctuary Asia 72-73.
Majumder A. (2011). Prey Selection, food habits and population structure of sympatric
carnivores tiger (Panthera tigris L.), leopard (Panthera pardus L.) and dhole (Cuon alpinus
Pallas) in Pench Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh, India. Ph D thesis, Saurashtra University,
Rajkot, India, p 236.
Kumaraguru A. and Saravanamuthu R., Brinda K. and Asokan S. (2010).
Prey preference
of large carnivores in Anamalai Tiger Reserve, India. European Journal of Wildlife Research
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Link W. A. and Karanth K. U. (1994). Correcting for over dispersion in testing for prey
selectivity. Ecology 75: 2456-2459.
11
Majumder A., Basu S., Sankar K., Qureshi Q., Jhala Y.V. and Gopal R. (2012). Prey
Selection, Food Habits and Temporal Activity Patterns of Sympatric Carnivores in Pench
Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh, Central India, Journal of Scientific Transactions in
Environment and Technovation 5(3):110-120.
Majumder A., Sankar K. and Qureshi Q. (2013). Co-existence patterns of large sympatric
carnivores as influenced by their habitat use in a tropical deciduous forest of Central India,
Journal of Biological Research-Thessaloniki 19: 89 – 98.
Majumder A., Sankar K., Qureshi Q. and Basu S. (2013). Predation of large sympatric
carnivores as influenced by available population structure of wild ungulates in a tropical
deciduous forest of Central India, Journal of Tropical Ecology 29 (5): 417 – 426.
Majumder A., Sankar K and Naik K. (2013). Collarwali- an Insight into the Secret Family
Life of a Remarkable Pench Tigress. Sanctuary Asia, August Issue, p 76-81.
Mallick J.K. (2010). Past and present status of the Indian Tiger in northern West Bengal,
India: an overview. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 2(3): 739-952.
Mondal K., Gupta S., Bhattacharjee S., Qureshi Q., and Sankar K. (2012). Prey selection,
food habits and dietary overlap between leopard Panthera pardus (Mammalia: Carnivora)
and re-introduced tiger Panthera tigris (Mammalia: Carnivora) in a semi-arid forest of
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Mondal K., Gupta S., Bhattacharjee S., Qureshi Q. and Sankar K. (2012). Response of
leopards to re-introduced tigers in Sariska Tiger Reserve, Western India. International
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12
Morris R. C. (1929). Proportion of the Sexes in tigers. Journal Bombay Natural History
Society 33:978.
Ramakrishnan U., Coss R. G. and Pelkey N.W. (1999). Tiger decline caused by the reduction
of large ungulate prey: evidence from a study of leopard diets in southern India. Biological
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Ramesh T. (2010). Prey Selection and Food habits of large carnivores (Tiger, Leopard and
Dhole) in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Western Ghat, India. PhD Thesis, Saurastra University,
p 178.
Ramesh T., Snehalatha V., Sankar K. and Qureshi Q. (2009). Food habits and prey selection
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Transactions in Environment and Technovation 2:170-181.
Ramesh T., Kalle R., Sankar K. and Qureshi Q. (2012). Dietary Partitioning in Sympatric
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Sankar K. and Johnsingh A.J.T. (2002). Food habits of tiger (Panthera tigris) and leopard (P.
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13
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Institute of India, Dehradun, p 296.
Schaller G. B. (1967). The Deer and the Tiger. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p 370.
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Singh R., Majumder A, Qureshi Q., Sankar K, Goyal S.P and Nigam P. (2013). Inter-birth
interval and Liter Size of Free Ranging Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) in India,
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characteristics of Bengal tigers, Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve, India. European Journal of
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Slack N.G. (2005). Life and Death Experiences of The Plant Hunters. Quarterly Review of
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Sanyal P. (1981). Sundarban Tiger Reserve- an overview. Cheetal 22 (4): 5-8.
Sanyal P. (1983). Mangrove tigerland: the Sundarbans of India. Tiger paper 10 (3): 1-4.
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14
Sanyal P. (1999). Tiger-food in Sundarbans. Banabithi, Wildlife Special Issue, October: 1012.
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1.6. Indonesia
Linkie M. and Ridout M. S. (2011). Assessing tiger–prey interactions in Sumatran rainforests
Journal of Zoology 1–6.
Sunarto (2011). Ecology and restoration of Sumatran tigers in forest and plantation
landscapes. PhD Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University p 261.
1.7. LaoPDR
Kamler J.F., Johnson A., Vongkhamheng C. and Bousa A. (2012). The diet, prey selection,
and activity of dholes (Cuon alpinus) in northern Laos. Journal of Mammalogy 93(3):627-633.
1.8.Malaysia
Khan M. K.B. M (1986). Tigers in Malaysia: Prospects for the future. Journal of Wildlife
and Parks, 5:1-23.
15
1.9.Myanmar
Bangkok Post (23/02/2014). Tigers' final frontier-Efforts to conserve fragile big-cat
populations are being hampered by their migration into Myanmar, fuelling moves to create a
vast transborder sanctuary to further protect them.
http://www.bangkokpost.com/print/396472/
1.10.
Nepal
Grey J. (2009). Prey Selection by Tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) in The Karnali Floodplain Of
Bardia National Park, Nepal. M.Sc. thesis, Diploma of Imperial College London p 53.
Gurung B. B. (2008). Ecological and Sociological Aspects of Human-Tiger Conflicts in
Chitwan National Park, Nepal. PhD thesis, University of Minnesota p 141.
McDougal C. (1977). The Face of the Tiger. Rivington Books, London.
Mcdougal C. (1988). Leopard and Tiger Interacfions at Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal.
Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 85(3): 609-610.
Seidensticker J. (1976a). On the ecological separation between tigers and leopards.
Biotropica 8:225–234.
Seidensticker, J. (1976b). Ungulate populations in Chitawan Valley, Nepal. Biological
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Seidensticker J and McDougal C. (1993). Tiger predatory behaviour, ecology and
conservation. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London. 65:105-125.
16
Seidensticker J.C., Sunquist M.E. and McDougal C.W. (1990). Leopard living at the edge of
Royal Chitawan National Park, Nepal. In: Conservation in developing countries: problems
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Smith, J.L.D. (1984). Dispersal, communication and conservation strategies for the tiger
(Panthera tigris). PhD thesis, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
Stoen O. G. (1994). The status and food habits of the tiger (Panthera tigris) population in
the Karnali floodplain of Royal Bardia National Park, Nepal. M. Sc. thesis. Agricultural
University of Norway.
Sunquist M.E. (1981). Social organization of tigers Panthera tigris in Royal Chitwan
National Park, Nepal. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 336: 1-98.
Wegge P., Odd M., Chiranjibi P., Pokharel D. and Storaas T. (2009). Predator–prey
relationships and responses of ungulates and their predators to the establishment of protected
areas: A case study of tigers, leopards and their prey in Bardia National Park, Nepal.
Biological Conservation 142: 189-202.
1.11. Russia
Cahill T. (2001). Any body seen a tiger around here? Men’s Journal pp-77-80.
Goderich E. (1873). Rosa Bonheur and Her Tiger. The Aldine 6(6):118.
Goodrich J. The Magic of The Tiger, p 2. http://www.wcsrussia.org/enus/publications/theamurtigerpopularpublications.aspx#.U-CxruOSyX8.
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17
Kerley L. L., Goodrich J. M., Miquelle D. G., Smirnov E. N., Quigley H. B. and Hornocker
M. G. (2003). Reproductive parameters of wild female Amur (Siberian) tigers (Panthera
tigris altaica). Journal of Mammalogy 84(1), 288-298.
Kerley L. L. and Salkina G. P. (2007). Using Scent‐Matching Dogs to Identify Individual
Amur Tigers from Scats. The Journal of wildlife management 71(4):1349-1356.
Meitin P. (2007). American Hunter In Russia. Zov Taigi p 5.
Miller C. S. (2012). Amur Tiger Predation and Energetic Requirements in The Russian Far
East: New Insights from Global Positioning System Collars. M. Sc Thesis in Wildlife
Biology, The University of Montana p 92.
Miller C. S., Hebblewhite M., Petrunenko Y. K., Seryodkin I. V., Goodrich J. M., and
Miquelle D. G. (2014). Amur tiger (< i> Panthera tigris altaica</i>) energetic
requirements: Implications for conserving wild tigers. Biological Conservation 170:120129.
Miquelle D. and Goodrich J. (1992). Good bye Olga. http://www.wcsrussia.org/enus/publications/theamurtigerpopularpublications.aspx#.U-BoS-OSyX8.
Miquelle D. G, Smirnov E. N., Quigley H. G., Hornocker M. G., Nikolaev I. N. and
Matyushkin E. N. (1996). Food habits of Amur tigers in Sikhote-Alin Zapovednik and the
Russian Far East, and implications for conservation. Journal of Wildlife Research 1:138–
147.
Miquelle D.G. (2004). Living on The Edge: Tigers at The Northern Limits of Their Range,
p 2.
Miquelle D. Vladimir. http://www.wcsrussia.org/enus/publications/theamurtigerpopularpublications.aspx#.U-CxruOSyX8
18
Miquelle D. Changing Galia’s Collar. http://www.wcsrussia.org/enus/publications/theamurtigerpopularpublications.aspx#.U-BoS-OSyX8
Miquelle D. G., Goodrich J. M., Smirnov E. N., Stephens P. A., Zaumyslova O. Y.,
Chapron G., Kerley L., Murzin A. A., Hornocker M. G. and Quigley H. B. (2010). The
Amur tiger: a case study of living on the edge. In Macdonald D. W. and Loveridge A. J.
(Eds.) Biology and conservation of wild felids. Oxford University Press,Oxford, United
Kingdom, pp 325–339.
Protas Y.L., Seryodkin I.V., Nissen S., Goodrich J.M., Smirnov E.N. and Miquelle D.G.
(2010). Characteristics of marking activity of the Amur tiger. In Zhuravlev Y.N. (Ed), The
Amur tiger in Northeast Asia — Planning for the 21st century: Proceedings of an
international conference. DalNauka, Vladivostok, Russia, pp 135–138. (In Russian)
Raygorodetsky G. (2007). Heart of Russia. Wildlife Conservation Society, pp 34-37.
http://www.wcsrussia.org/en-us/publications/theamurtigerpopularpublications.aspx#.U-CjOOSyX8.
Siberian Tigers Stalking Prey in The Cities. Washington Post 3-24.
Soutryina S. (2010). An Extraordinary Gift, Siberian Tiger Project Report. pp 2
http://archive.21stcenturytiger.org/index.php?pg=1275480449.
1.12.
Thailand
Lynam A. J. and Jenks K. E. (2013).Terrestrial Activity Patterns Of Wild Cats From
Camera-Trapping. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 61(1): 407–415.
19
Petdee A. (2000). Feeding habits of the tiger (Panthera tigris) in Huai Kha Khaeng
Wildlife Sanctuary by fecal analysis. Faculty of Forestry. Kasetsart University, Bangkok,
Thailand p 92.
Steinmetz R., Chutipong W., Seuaturien N. and Chirngsaard E. (2008). Community
Structure of Large Mammals in Tropical Montane and Lowland Forest in theTenasserimDawna Mountains, Thailand. Biotropica 40 (3): 344-353.
1.13.
Vietnam
Thinh V.N., Khanh L.Q. and Tuoc D. (2002). The tiger (Panthera tigris) ecology in Bach
Ma National Park. Phu Loc. Save the Tiger Fund, p 66.
1.14. General category
Aung M., McShea W. J., Htung S., Than A., Soe T. Mya, Monfort S., Wemmer C. (2001).
Ecology and Social Organization of a Tropical Deer (Cervus eldi thamin). Journal of
Mammalogy 82 (3): 836-847.
Berger J. (2007). Carnivore Repatriation and Holarctic Prey: Narrowing the Deficit in
Ecological Effectiveness. Conservation Biology 21(4): 1105–1116.
Baryshnikov G.F. (2011). Pleistocene Felidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) From The Kudaro
Paleolithic Cave Sites in The Caucasus. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS
315 (3): 197–226.
Feranec R. S. (2008). Growth Differences in the Saber-Tooth of Three Felid Species.
Palaios 23(7/8): 566-569.
20
Gaultier E., Falewee C., Bougrat L. and Pageat P. (2005). Case Study: Introduction of A
Female Tiger (Panthera tigris) in A Pre-Established Group of Two Neutered Males. In
Mills D., Levine E., Landsberg G., Horwitz D., Duxbury M., Mertens P., Meyer K.,
Huntley L. R., Reich M. and Willard J. (Eds) Current Issues and Research in Veterinary
Behavioral Medicine: Papers Presented at the 5th International Veterinary Behavior
Meeting, Purdue University Press, Minneapolis p 310.
Hettena A. M., Munoz N. and Blumstein D. T. (2014). Prey Responses to Predator’s
Sounds: A Review and Empirical Study. Ethology 120: 427–452.
Hayward M. W., Je˛drzejewski W. and Je˛drzewska B. (2012). Prey preferences of the
tiger Panthera tigris. Journal of Zoology 286: 221–231.
Hemmer H. (1987). The phylogeny of the tiger (Panthera tigris). In: Tilson R.L., Seal
U.S. (Eds) Tigers of the world: The biology, biopolitics, management and conservation of
an endangered species. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Publications. pp. 28–35.
Hertler C. and Volmer R. (2008). Assessing prey competition in fossil carnivore
communities — a scenario for prey competition and its evolutionary consequences for
tigers in Pleistocene Java. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 257: 67–
80.
Hoogerwerf A. (1970). Javan tiger: Physical and Behavioural Details, In Udjung Kulon:
The Land of the Last Javan Rhinoceros, Chapter 33, p 245-256.
Hoogerwerf A. (1970).Udjung Kulon: The Land of The Last Javan RhinocerosTaxonomic details. Past and Present Range in Indonesia, In Particular Java.
21
Ji A., Johnson M.T., Walsh E.J., McGee J., Armstrong D.L. (2013). Discrimination of
individual tigers (Panthera tigris) from long distance roars. Journal of the Acoustical
Society of America 133(3):1762-1769
Kitchener A.C. and Dugmore A.J. (2000). Biogeographical change in the tiger, Panthera
tigris. Animal Conservation 3: 113–124.
Kock D. (1990). Historical record of a tiger, Panthera tigris (Linnaeus, 1758), in Iraq.
Zoology in the Middle East 4:11-15.
Maza´ k, V. (1968). Nouvelle sous-espece de tigre provenant del’Asie due Sud-Est.
Mammalia 32: 104–112.
Maza´ k, V. (1981). Panthera tigris. Mammalian Species 152: 1–8.
Maza´k J.H. (2010). Craniometric variation in the tiger (Panthera tigris): implications for
patterns of diversity, taxonomy and conservation. Mammalian Biology 75: 45–68.
Mazák V., Groves C. P. and van Bree J. H. (1978). On a skin and skull of the Bali Tiger,
and a list of preserved specimens of Panthera tigris balica (Schwarz, 1912). Z. Saeugetierk
43: 108-113.
Maza´ k, J.H. (2004). On the sexual dimorphism in the skull of the tiger (Panthera tigris).
Mammalian Biology 69: 392–400.
Maza´ k, J.H., Groves, C.P. (2006). A taxonomic revision of the tigers (Panthera tigris) of
Southeast Asia. Mammalian Boilogy 71:268–287.
Maza´ k J.H. and Groves C.P. (2006). A taxonomic revision of the tigers (Panthera tigris)
of Southeast Asia. Mammlian Boilogy 71:268–287.
22
Maza´k J.H., Christiansen P., Kitchener A.C. (2011). Oldest Known Pantherine Skull and
Evolution of the Tiger. PLoS ONE 6(10): e25483. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025483.
New Tricks for Old Tiger Catchers. Wild Cat News p 5, www.cougarnet.org,
Odden M., Wegge P., Fredriksen T. (2010). Do tigers displace leopards? If so, why?
Ecological Research 25: 875–881, DOI 10.1007/s11284-010-0723-1.
Piper P.J., Cranbrook E.O. and Rabett R.J. (2007). Confirmation of the Presence of the
tiger Panthera tigris (L.) in Late Pleistocene and Holocene Borneo. Malayan Nature
Journal 59(3):259-267.
Piper P. J., Ochoa J., Lewis H., Paz V., Ronquillo W. P. (2008). The first evidence for
the past presence of the tiger Panthera tigris (L.) on the island of Palawan, Philippines:
Extinction in an island population. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
264:123–127.
Pocock R.I. (1929). Tigers. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 33:505-541.
Seidensticker J. and McDougal C. (1993). Tiger predatory behaviour, ecology and
conservation. In Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 65:105-125).
Sunquist M. E., Karanth K. U. and Sunquist F. (1999). Ecology, behaviour and
resilience of the tiger and its conservation needs. In Seidensticker, J., Christie S. and
Jackson P. (Eds). Riding the tiger. tiger conservation in human dominated landscapes,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press pp 5-18.
23
Theme 2-Aspects of Conflicts
2. Aspects of Conflicts
2.1.Bangladesh
Bangladesh Forest Department (2001). Man Killing by Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) in
Sundarban Forest. Paper at the 2nd assembly meeting of tiger Global Tiger Forum.
Barlow, A. C. D. (2009). The Sundarbans tiger: adaptation, population status and conflict
management. PhD Thesis, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, p 191.
Barlow A. C. D., Greenwood C. J., Ahmad I. U. and Smith J. L. D. (2010). Use of an ActionSelection Framework for Human-Carnivore Conflict in the Bangladesh Sundarbans.
Conservation Biology 24: 1338–1347.
Barlow A. C. D., Alam Md. M., Islam Md. K., Ahsan Md. M., Haque Md. A., Md. Islam A and
Greenwood C. J. (2011). Tiger Human Conflict Report 2010, p 33.
Barlow A.C.D., Ahmad I. and Smith J.L.D. (2013). Profiling Tigers (Panthera tigris) to
Formulate Management Responses to Human-Killing in the Bangladesh Sundarbans. Wildlife
Biology and Practices 9(2): 30-39, DOI:10.2461/wbp.2013.9.6.
Clover C. (1991). Tigers see through mask ruse to kill 50. News Paper p 1.
Greenwood C. J. (2010). Living with Man Eaters.
http://www.discoverwildlife.com/animals/tigers-living-man-eaters.
Halder N. K. (2005). A Study on Tiger-Human Conflicts in The Sundarban Reserve Forest
(Bangladesh). Tiger Paper 32(3):8-13.
24
Inskip C. (2013). People, tigers and the Sundarbans: the human dimensions of human tiger
conflict in Bangladesh, PhD Thesis, Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, University of
Kent, U.K., p 218.
Inskip C., Ridout M., Fahad Z., Tully R., Barlow A., Barlow C. G., Islam Md. A., Roberts T. and
MacMillan D. (2013). Human–Tiger Conflict in Context: Risks to Lives and Livelihoods in the
Bangladesh Sundarbans. Human Ecology, DOI 10.1007/s10745-012-9556-6.
Khan M. M. H. (2009). Can domestic dogs save humans from tigers Panthera tigris? Oryx 43(1):
44–47.
Khan M. M. H. (2010). Consumption of tiger prey by people and tiger straying status along the
northern forest-village boundary of the Sundarbans of Bangladesh, pp 1-7.
Mohsanin S., Barlow A. C. D., Greenwood C. J., Islam M. A., Kabir M. M., Rahman M. M. and
Howlader A. (2011). BTAP Threat Assessment: Prey Poaching. Wildlife Trust of Bangladesh,
Dhaka, Bangladesh, p 26.
Mohsanin S., Barlow A. C. D., Greenwood C. J., Islam M. A., Kabir M. M. , Rahman M. M. and
Howlader A. (2012). Assessing the threat of human consumption of tiger prey in the Bangladesh
Sundarbans. Animal Conservation, DOI:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2012.00571.x
Neumann-Denzau G. and Denzau H. (2010). Examining the Extent of Human-Tiger Conflict in
The Sundarbans Forest, Bangladesh. Tiger Paper 37(2):4-7.
Rahman H. A., Barlow A. C. D., Greenwood C. J., MD. Islam A. and Ahmed I. U. (2009).
Livestock Depredation by Tiger on the edge of The Bangladesh Sundarbans, p 19.
Reza A. H. M. A., Feeroz M. M. and Islam M. A. (2002). Man-tiger interaction in the
Bangladesh Sundarbans. Bangladesh Journal of Life Science 14:75-82.
25
2.2.Bhutan
Sangay T. and Vernes K. (2008). Human–wildlife conflict in the kingdom of Bhutan:
patterns of livestock predation by large mammalian carnivores. Biological Conservation 141:
1272–1282.
Wang S. W. (2006). Conflict Resolution and Conservation, Bhutan-A Final Report Save The
Tiger Fund, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, p 12.
Wang S.W. and Macdonald D.W. (2006). Livestock predation by carnivores in Jigme Singye
Wangchuck National Park, Bhutan. Biological Conservation 129: 558–565.
2.3.Cambodia
Loucks C., Mascia M.B., Maxwell A., Huy K., Duong K., Chea N., Long B., Cox N. and Seng
T. (2008). Wildlife decline in Cambodia, 1953–2005: exploring the legacy of armed conflict.
Conservation Letters 1-11.
2.4.China
Bing L., Endi Z. and Zhongbao L. (2009). Livestock depredation by Amur tigers in Hunchun
Nature Reserve, Jilin, China. Acta Theriologica Sinica 29 (3):231 -238.
Endi Z., Schaller G. B., Zhi L. and Hong Z. (2002). Tiger Predation on Livestock in Gedang,
Medog, Southeast Tibet. Acta Theriologica Sinica 22(2):81-86.
Shaochun Z., Haiyi S., Minghai Z., Xiangdong L., Jiao Y. and Lin L. (2008). Regional
distribution and population size fluctuation of wild Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) in
Heilongjiang Province. Acta Theriologica Sinica 28 (2):165 -173.
26
Soha Yi H., Carrascoa L. R., Miquelle D. G., Jiangc J., Yangd J., Stokes E. J., Tange J, Kange
A., Liue P., Rao M. (2014). Spatial correlates of livestock depredation by Amur tigers in
Hunchun, China: Relevance of prey density and implications for protected area management.
Biological Conservation 169: 117–127.
Yu L., Endi Z., Zhihong L. and Xiaojie C. (2006). Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) predation
on livestock in Hunchun Nature Reserve, Jilin, China. Acta Theriologica Sinica 26 (3):213 –
220.
2.5.India
Alves J. P. G. (1999). Men and Tigers in Sariska Tiger Reserve, India. Cat News, 30:12-30.
Bhadauria R.S and Singh A.N. (1994). Cyclic Pattern of Predation on Domestic Livestock by
The Tigers of Corbet National Park, U.P., India. Tiger Paper 1(2): 5-7.
Brown W. N. (1921). Vyaghramari, or the Lady Tiger-Killer: A Study of the Motif of Bluff in
Hindu Fiction. The American Journal of Philology 42 (2):122-151.
Chowdhury M.K. (1985). Man-Eating Behavior of the Tigers of Sundarbans, West Bengal,
Environment and Ecology 3(2):243-248.
Chowdhury, M. K. and Sanyal P. (1985). Use of electroconvulsive shocks to control tiger
predation on human beings in Sundarban Tiger Reserve. Tiger paper 12 (2): 1-5.
Chowdhury A. N., Mondal R., Brahma A and Biswas M.K. (2008). Eco-psychiatry and
Environmental Conservation: Study from Sunderban Delta, India. Environmental Health Insights
2:61–76.
Corbett J. (1944). Man-eaters of Kumaon. London: Oxford University Press, p 243.
27
Damodaran A. (2008). Risk management instruments for debt driven conservation
Efforts: The case of India's Project Tiger. Ecological Economics 8: 625 – 633.
Das C. S. (2009). Spatio-temporal study of the hazards induced by tiger attack in Sundarban.
West Bengal. Indian journal of landscape System and Ecological Studies 32 (1): 330-338.
Das C. S. (2012). Tiger straying incidents in Indian Sundarban: statistical analysis of case studies
as well as depredation caused by conflict. European Journal of Wildlife Ressearch 58:205–214.
Datta A, Anand, M.O. and Naniwadekar R. (2008). Empty forests: Large carnivore and prey
abundance in Namdapha National Park, north-east India. Biological Conservation 141:1429 –
1435.
Dhanwatey H. S., Crawford J. C., Abade L. A. S., Dhanwatey P. H., Nielsen C. K., and SilleroZubiri C. (2013). Large carnivore attacks on humans in central India: a case study from the
Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve. Oryx 47:221-227.
Driven to become a man-eating tiger- New Sunday Times 28-6-98.
Harihar A. (2005). Population, Food Habits and Prey Densities of Tiger in Chilla Range, Rajaji
National Park, Uttaranchal, India. M Sc. Thesis, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, India, p 83.
Harihar A., Pandav B. and Goyal S.P. (2009) Responses of tiger (Panthera
tigris) and their prey to removal of anthropogenic influences in Rajaji National Park, India.
European Journal of Wildlife Research 55:97–105.
Hari P.R., Reddy C.S., Singh R. and Jha C.S. (2014). Landscape level analysis of Disturbance
regimes in Protected Areas of Rajasthan, India. Journal of Earth System Sciences 123(3): 467478.
28
Howard W. E. (1982). A Tiger Problem in India. Proceedings of the Tenth Vertebrate Pest
Conference (1982), Paper 20.
How I Became a Man-Eater Story by Dr. A.J.T. Johnsingh, p 7, www.periyartigerreserve.org/
Jackson P. (1983). Man-Eating Tigers..WWF publications.
Jackson P. (1984). Myths and misconceptions about Man-Eating Tigers, pp 4.
Jackson P. (1985). Man eating tigers.
Jackson P. (1989).Two-Faced answer to the tiger terror – Daily Nation, Friday September, 22,
1989.
Jackson P. (1989).Two Faced tactic makes tigers think twice, News Paper.
Jharkhali Tiger Caged and Freed. The Statesman Calcutta 27/9/74.
Karanth K. K., Curran L. M. and Reuning-Scherer J. D. (2006). Village size and forest
disturbance in Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary,Western Ghats, India; Biological Conservation 128:
147–157.
Karanth K. K., Gopalaswamy A. M., Defries R. and Ballal N. (2012). Assessing Patterns of
Human-Wildlife Conflicts and Compensation Around a Central Indian Protected Area. PloS One
7(12): e50433. http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0050433.
Karanth K. K., Treves N. K., DeFries R. and Gopalaswamy A. M. (2013). Living with wildlife
and mitigating conflicts around three Indian protected areas. Environemental Management. doi
10.1007/s00267-013-0162-1.
29
Karanth K. K., Gopalaswamy A. M., Prasad P. K. and Dasgupta S. (2013). Patterns of humanwildlife conflicts and compensation: Insights from Western Ghats protected areas. Biological
Conservation, 166:175–185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.06.027.
Madhusudan M. D. (2003). Living Amidst Large Wildlife: Livestock and Crop Depredation by
Large Mammals in the Interior Villages of Bhadra Tiger Reserve, South India, Environmental
Management, 31 (4): 466–475.
Ogra M. V. (2008). Human–wildlife conflict and gender in protected area borderlands:A case
study of costs, perceptions, and vulnerabilities from Uttarakhand (Uttaranchal), India, Geoforum
39:1408–1422.
Sanyal P. (1987). Managing the man-eaters in the Sundarbans Tiger Reserve of India- a case
study. In Tilson R. L. and Seal U. S. (Eds.), Tigers of the world: the biology, biopolitics,
management, and conservation of an endangered species. Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ:
427-434.
Sanyal P. (1998). Maneaters of Sundarbans. Environ 6 (1): 17-22.
Sanyal P. (1999b). Man-eating tigers of Sundarbans. In Guha Bakshi D. N., Sanyal P. and
Naskar K. R. (Eds) Sundarbans Mangal, Naya Prakash, Kolkata: 449-454.
Sanyal P. (2001). Maneating tigers of Indian Sundarbans, West Bengal, 43 (20): 27-32.
Seidensticker J., Lahiri R.K., Das K.C. and Wright A. (1976). Problem Tiger in Sundarban. Oryx
26-273.
Sinha S., Sharma L. K. and Nathawat M. S. (2012). Tigers Losing Grounds: Impact of
Anthropogenic Occupancy On Tiger Habitat Suitability Using Integrated Geospatial-Fuzzy
Techniques. The Ecoscan (Special Issue) 1:259-263
30
Why Killer tiger Pose a new Threat to Man- Sunday Telegraph, March 2.
2.6.Indonesia
Kafle S. K. (2011). Rapid Disaster Risk Assessment of Wild Animal Attacks: With Special
Reference to Sumatran Tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) in Aceh, Indonesia, p 18.
Nugraha R.T. (2005). Handling human-tiger conflicts as a measure to support Sumatran tiger
conservation effort in Indonesia. M. Sc thesis, Saxion University Deventer (NL), University of
Greenwich (U.K.) p 86.
Nugraha R. T. and Sugardjito J. (2009). Assessment and Management Options of Human-Tiger
Conflicts in Kerinci Seblat National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia. Mammal Study 34(3):141-154.
Nyhus P. J. and Tilson R. (2004). Characterizing human-tiger conflict in Sumatra, Indonesia:
implications for conservation Oryx 38 (1): 68–74.
2.7.Lao PDR
Johnson A., Vongkhamheng C., Hedemark M., and Saithongdam T. (2006). Effects of human–
carnivore conflict on tiger (Panthera tigris) and prey populations in Lao PDR. Animal
Conservation 9:421–430.
2.8.Malaysia
Abdul J.B. (1986). Case study of man-eating tiger in Pahang. Journal of Wildlife and Parks
5:143-147.
Ellagupillay S. (1983). Livestock depredation problem by tiger in cattle farms. The Journal of
Wildlife and Parks 2:144-150.
31
Imran (1999). Tappers arrives too late to Save Wife from Fatal Tiger Attack .
Kawanishi K., Sunquist M. E. and Jasmi A. (2006). Effects of human activities on the tiger-prey
community in Taman Negara National Park, Peninsular Malaysia and their implications for
conservation. In Management and Status of Resources in Protected Areas of Peninsular
In Sahir O., Siti Hawa Y., Savanathan E., Shukor M. N., Norhayati A. and Shahrul A. M. S. (Eds.)
Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Department of Wildlife and National Parks, pp 175-198.
2.9.Myanmar
Samper C. (2013). In Myanmar, Natural Resources Are Key to Conflict Resolution.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dr-cristian-samper/in-myanmar_b_3727049.html
2.10.
Nepal
Allendorf T., Gurung B. and Smith J. L. D. (2009). Community-Based Monitoring of Tigers in
Nepal, Himalaya, 29:(1-2)64.
Barber-Meyer S. M., Jnawali S. R., Karki J. B., Khanal P., Lohani S., Long B., MacKenzie D. I.,
Pandav B., Pradhan N. M. B., Shrestha R., Subedi N., Thapa G., Thapa K. and Wikramanayake
E. (2003). Influence of prey depletion and human disturbance on tiger occupancy in Nepal.
Journal of Zoology 289: 10–18.
Bhattarai B. R. (2009). Human-Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) Conflict In Bardia National Park,
Nepal. M Sc thesis, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, p 95.
Carter N.H., Shrestha B.K., Karki J.B., Pradhan N.M.B. and Liu J. (2012). Coexistence between
wildlife and humans at fine spatial scales. Proceeding of Natural Academic Science USA 109
(38):15360–15365.
32
Carter N. H., Shawn J. R., Shortridge A., Shrestha B. K. and Liu J. (2013). Spatial Assessment of
Attitudes toward Tigers in Nepal. AMBIO DOI 10.1007/s13280-013-0421-7.
Carter N. H., Shrestha B. K., K. J. B., N. M. B. Pradhan and Liua J. (2013). Reply to Goswami
et al., Harihar et al., and Karanth et al.: Fine-scale interactions between tigers and people.
Proceeding of Natural Academic Science USA 110 (2): E111–E112.
Goswami V.R., Vasudev D., Karnad D., Krishna Y. C., Krishnadas M., Pariwakam M., Nairh T.,
Andheria A., Sridharae S. and Siddiquii I. (2012). Conflict of human–wildlife coexistence.
Proceeding of Natural Academic Science USA 110:E108.
Gurung B., Smith J.L. D., McDougal C., Karki J. B. (2006). Tiger Human Conflicts:
Investigating Ecological and Sociological Issues of Tiger Conservation in the Buffer Zone of
Chitwan National Park, Nepal, p 61.
Gurung B., Smith James L. David, McDougal C., Karki J. B., Adam Barlow (2008). Factors
associated with human-killing tigers in Chitwan National Park, Nepal. Biological Conservation
141: 3069 –3078.
Harihar A., Chanchani P., Sharma R. K., Vattakaven J., Gubbie S., Pandav B. and Noon B.
(2012). Conflating “co-occurrence” with “coexistence”. Proceeding of Natural Academic
Science USA 110:E109.
Karanth K.U., Gopalaswamy A. M., Karanth K.K., Goodrich J., Seidensticker J. and Robinsona
J. G. (2012). Sinks as saviors: Why flawed inference cannot assist tiger recovery. Proceeding of
Natural Academic Science USA 110:E110.
McDougal C. (1987). The Man-eating tiger in geographical and historical perspective. In Tilson,
R.L. and Seal U.S. (Eds.), Tigers of the World: The Biology, Biopolitics, Management and
33
Conservation of an Endangered Species. Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, New Jersey, pp. 435–
488.
McDougal C., Barlow A., Thapa D., Kumal S. and Tamang D.B. (2005). Tiger and human
conflict increase in Chitwan reserve buffer zone, Nepal. Cat News 40: 3–4.
2.11.
Russia
Kerley L. L., Goodrich J. M., Miquelle D. G., Smirnov E. N., Quigley H. B. and Hornocker M.
G. (2002). Effects of roads and human disturbance on Amur tigers. Conservation Biology 16(1):
97-108.
Miquelle D.G., Nikolaev I. G., Goodrich J., Litvinov B., Smirnov E.N. and Suvorov E. (2005).
Searching for the coexistence recipe: a case study of conflicts between people and tigers in the
Russian Far East. In Woodruffe R., Thirgood S. (Eds). People and wildlife: conflict or coexistence, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 305–322.
Tiger Attacks on Humans, Livestock in Soviet Prompt Action. International Herald Tribune,
Thursday, March, 27, 1986.
2.12.
Thailand
Thailand Tiger Action Plan 2010-2022. Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant
Conservation Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Thailand, p 50,
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34
2.13.
Vietnam
Thompson C. (2010). Tigers on the brink. Facing up to the challenge in the Greater Mekong:
Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam. WWF Greater Mekong, Vientiane, Laos, p
23.
2.14.
General category
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Emami P., Kaiser T. M., Regelsberger J., Goebell E., Fiehler J., Westphal M., Heese O. (2012).
Case report: surviving a tiger attack. Neurosurg Review 35:621–624.
Goodrich J. M. (2010). Human–tiger conflict: A review and call for comprehensive plans.
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Nyhus P.J. Tilson R.L., and Tomlinson J.L. (2003). Dangerous Animals in Captivity: Ex Situ
Tiger Conflict and Implications for Private Ownership of Exotic Animals-Zoo Biology 22:573–
586 .
Ward.G. C. (1994). The People and the Tiger. Audubon pp. 62-69.
35
Theme 3- Monitoring (tiger, co-predator, prey and
habitat) and Status evaluation
3. Monitoring (tiger, co-predator, prey and habitat) and Status evaluation
3.1.Bangladesh
Bangladesh Forest Department (2002). Survey to determine the relative abundance of tiger, wild
boar and spotted deer in the Bangladesh, Sundarban Forest during December 2001 to March
2002. Technical Reports-TR No.17, ADB:BAN 1643/3158.
Bangladesh Forest Department (2004). Final tiger census report. Government of
Bangladesh., p 49.
Barlow A. C. D., Chakma S., Hossain A. N. M., Rahman M., Howlader A., Greenwood C. J.,
Md. Islam A., Ahmed I. U. and Smith J. L. D. (2009a). Bangladesh Sundarbans Relative Tiger
Abundance Survey, p 20.
Barlow A. C. D., Chakma S., Hossain A. N. M., Rahman M., Howlader A., Greenwood C. J.,
Md. Islam A., Ahmed I. U. and Smith J. L. D. (2009b). Bangladesh Sundarbans Relative Tiger
Abundance Survey, Technical Report, p 23.
Barlow A.C.D., Smith J.L.D., Ahmad I.U., Hossain A. N.M., Rahman M. and Howlader A.
(2010). Female tiger Panthera tigris home range size in the Bangladesh Sundarbans: the value
of this mangrove ecosystem for the species’ conservation. Fauna and Flora International. Oryx
45(1): 125–128.
Cornforth W. A., Fatoyinbo T. E., Freemantle T. P. and Pettorelli N. (2013). Advanced Land
Observing Satellite Phased Array Type L-Band SAR (ALOS PALSAR) to Inform the
Conservation of Mangroves: Sundarbans as a Case Study. Remote Sensing 5:224-237,
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36
Greenwood C. J., Hossain A. N. M., Barlow A. C. D., Chakma S. and Islam Md. A. (2009).
Sundarbans Reserved Forest Protection Assessment, p 14
Greenwood C. J., Barlow A. C. D. and Ahsan Md. M (2009). Sundarbans Reserved Forest
Protection Assessment: Target State Final Report, p 82.
Greenwood C. J. (2010). Sundarbans Tiger Project Overview 2009-2010. p 17.
Haque A., Barlow A.C.D. and Ahsan M. (2010). Wild Animal Capture and Immobilization
Workshop .
Hendrichs H. (1975). The status of the tiger Panthera tigris in the Sundarbans mangrove forest
(Bay of Bengal). Saugetierk. MItt. 23:161-199.
Khan M.M.H. (2012). Population and prey of the Bengal Tiger Panthera tigris tigris (Linnaeus,
1758) (Carnivora: Felidae) and their prey in the Sundarbans, Bangladesh. Journal of Threatened
Taxa 4(2): 2370–2380.
Loucks C., Barber-Meyer S. Md. A. A. Hossain, Barlow A. Chowdhury R. M. (2010). Sea level
rise and tigers: predicted impacts to Bangladesh’s Sundarbans mangroves A letter. Climatic
Change 98:291–2.
Rahman M.M. (1982). A study of tiger population of Nilkamal Sanctuary in The Sundarbans.
Bano Biggyan Patrika 11(1-2):36-40.
Reza A. H. M. A., Feeroz M. M. and Islam M. A. (2002). Prey species density of the Bengal
tiger in the Sundarbans. Journal of Asiatic Society Bangladesh Science 28: 35-42.
Seidensticker J. (1986). Large Carnivores and the Consequences of Habitat Insularization:
Ecology and Conservation of Tigers in Indonesia and Bangladesh. In Miller S.D. and Everett
37
D.D. (Eds) Cats of the World: Biology, Conservation and Management, Washington, DC:
National Wildlife Federation, pp 20-21.
Smith A. C., Barlow A. C. D., Ahmed I. U. and Smith J. L. D. (2007). An estimation of chital
defecation rate in the Sundarbans of Bangladesh, p 7.
3.2. Bhutan
Dorji P. and Santiapillai C. (1989). Status, distribution and conservation of the tiger in Bhutan.
Biological Conservation 48:311-319.
Tempa T., Norbu N., Dhendup P. and Nidup T. (2011). Results from a Camera
Trapping Exercise for Estimating Tiger Population Size in the Lower Foothills of
Royal Manas National Park. UWICE and RMNP: RGoB. Lamai Gompa, Bumtang
Wang S. W. and Macdonald D. W. (2009). The use of camera traps for estimating tiger and leopard
populations in the high altitude mountains of Bhutan. Biological Conservation 142: 606 –613.
Wang S.W. (2010). Estimating population densities and biomass of ungulates in the temperate
ecosystem of Bhutan. Oryx 44(3): 376–382.
3.3.Cambodia
Cambodia Tiger Conservation Status Review, p 5.
Cutter P. G. (2000). 10 Day Large Mammal and Habitat Assessment in Western Pursat
Province, Cambodia, University of Minnesota Graduate Program in Conservation Biology, p 21.
Gray T., Channa P., Chanrattana P. and Sovanna P. (2011). Establishing baseline ungulate
densities in Mondulkiri Protected Forest and Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary, Cambodia.
38
Eastern Plains Landscape Project: WWF Greater Mekong Cambodia Country Program, p 40.
Gray T. N.E., Phan C., Pin C. and Prum S (2012). Establishing a monitoring baseline for
threatened large ungulates in eastern Cambodia. Wildlife Biology 18: 1-9, DOI: 10.2981/11-107.
Gray T.N.E. and Prum S. (2011). Leopard density in a post conflict landscape, Cambodia:
evidence from spatially explicit capture-recapture. Journal of Wildlife Management 76: 163–169.
Gray T.N.E., Ou R., Huy K., Pin C, and Maxwell A.L. (2012).The status of large mammals in
eastern Cambodia: a review of camera trapping data 1999-2007. Cambodian Journal of Natural
History (1): 42–55.
Phan C., Prum S. and Gray T.N.E. (2010). Recent camera-trap records of globally threatened
species from the Eastern Plains Landscape, Cambodia. Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2
(2): 89-93.
Sun H. (2000). Status of the Tiger and its Conservation in Cambodia, M.Sc. Thesis. University
of Minnesota, p 114.
Walston J., Davidson P. and Soriyun M. (2001). A wildlife survey in southern Mondulkiri
Province, Cambodia. WCS Cambodia Program, Phnom Penh, p 80.
3.4.China
Allen G.M. (1940). The Mammals of China and Mongolia. Natural History of Central Asia, 11
(1):480-486.
Anderson J., Defu H., Hualong S., Jun L. and Stalmans M. (2004). Survey of Pre-Selected Sites
in China and Recommendation on A Pilot Reserve for The Reintroduction of The Chinese Tiger,
p 87. http://chinese.savechinastigers.org/system/files/Pilot+reserve+ecological+survey.pdf.
39
Bangjie T. (1982). Tigers in China, p 13
Bangjie T. (1982). The Present Status of Chinese Tigers, p 4.
Bangjie T. (1992). South China Tiger, p1.
Breitenmoser U., Tilson R. and Nyhus P. (2006). Reintroduction of the Chinese Tiger. Cat News
44:15.
Changzhi Z., Minghai Z. and Guangshun J. (2012). Guangshun Assessment of monitoring
methods for population abundance of Amur tiger in Northeast China. Acta Ecologica Sinica
32(19):5943-5952.
Dajun W., Sheng L., McShea W.J. Ming L. F. (2006). Use of Remote-Trip Cameras for Wildlife
Surveys and Evaluating the Effectiveness of Conservation Activities at a Nature Reserve in
Sichuan Province, China. Environment Management 38:942–951, DOI 10.1007/s00267-0050302-3.
Dongning G. and Jialong T. (2010). Population size and habitat of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in the
eastern Wanda Mountains. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 30 (1):28 – 34.
Joint Declaration of Helongjiang Siberian Tiger Park, Gulin Xiongsen Bear and Tiger Garden
(2007).
Lau M. W., Fellowes J. R. and Chan B. P. L. (2010). Carnivores (Mammalia: Carnivora) in
South China: a status review with notes on the commercial trade Mammalian Review, 40(4):
247–292.
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Journal of Forestry Research 10(4):243-246.
40
Luo S. (2010). The status of the tiger in China, CATnews Special Issue 5:10-13.
Qui M., Zhang M. and Liu W. (1997). A Preliminary Study on The Bengal Tiger (Panthera
tigris) In Namcha Barwa, Southeastern Tibet. 17 (1): 1-7.
Ming Z. and Mingjiang Q. (1998). The Present Status of Number and Distribution of Tigers in
Jinzhu Tsangpo Valley, Southeastern Tibet. Acta Theriologica Sinica
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Tilson R., Defu H., Muntifering J. and Nyhus P. J. (2004). Dramatic decline of wild South China
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Tian Y., Wu J., Wang T and Ge J. (2014). Climate Change and landscape fragmentation
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evaluation of wild Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) and conservation priority setting in northeastern China. Journal of Environmental Management 92:31e42.
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Tigers. Acta Theriologica Sinica 23(11):6-9.
41
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population abundance of Amur tiger in Northeast China. Acta Ecologica Sinica 32(19):59435952. (In Chinese)
3.5.India
Ahmed M.F., Das C., Das D., Sarma P., Deka J., Talukdar S., Momin S. and Talukdar B.K.
(2009). Ecological monitoring of tigers in Orang National Park, Assam, India. Technical Report,
Aaranyak, TRCI:01/2009.
Ahmed M.F., Borah J., Das C., Basumatary A., Sarma R.N., Gogoi D.D., Buragohain,
S.N., Vasu N.K., Talukdar B.K., Jhala Y.V. and Qureshi Q. (2010). Monitoring tigers
and prey animals of Kaziranga national Park, Assam, India. Technical Report. Aaranyak,
TRCI:04/2010, p 50.
Athreya V., Navya R., Odden M., Linnell J.D. and Karanth K.U. (2012). A report on monitoring
of the collared tigress in Brahmapuri Forest Division, Maharashtra. Submitted to the Office of
the Chief Wildlife Warden, Maharashtra. Centre for Wildlife Studies, p 26.
Athreya V., Navya R., Punjabi G. A., Linnell J. D. C., Odden M., Khetarpal S. and Karanth
K. U. (2014). Movement and activity pattern of a collared tigress in a human-dominated
landscape in central India. Tropical Conservation Science, 7(1): 75-86.
Bahuguna A., Sahajpal V., Goyal S.P., Mukherjee S.K. and Thakur V. (2010). Species
Identification from Guard hair of selected Indian Mammals: A reference Guide. Wildlife
Institute of India, Dehradun, India, p 447.
Bhagavatula J. and Singh L. (2006). Genotyping faecal samples of Bengal tiger Panthera tigris
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42
Borah J. M., Ahmed M.F. and Sarma P.K. (2010). Brahmaputra River islands as potential
corridors for dispersing tigers: A case study from Assam, India. International Journal of
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Chauhan D. S., Harihar A., Goyal S. P., Qureshi Q., Lal P. R. and Mathur V. B. (2005).
Estimating tiger population using camera traps in Ranthambore National Park . Wildlife Institute
of India, Dehra Dun, India, p 24.
Chanchani P., Warrier R., Bista A., Nair S., Lodhi N., and Gupta M. (2014). Status of Tigers in
Pilibhit Forest Division, Terai Arc Landscape, Uttar Pradesh, India, p 34.
Das P. K and Sanyal P. (1995). Assessment of Stable Pug Measurement Parameters for
Identification of Tigers. Tiger Paper 22(2):22-26.
Ghosal R. and Venkataraman A. (2013). An adaptive system of vigilance in spotted deer (Axis
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Gopalaswamy A. M., Karanth K. U., Kumar N. S. and Macdonald D. W. (2012). Estimating
tropical forest ungulate densities from sign surveys using abundance models of occupancy.
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Harihar A., Pandav B. and Goyal S.P. (2009a). Density of leopards (Panthera pardus) in the
Chilla Range of Rajaji National Park, Uttarakhand, India. Mammalia 73: 68–71.
Harihar A., Pandav B. and Goyal S. P. (2009b). Subsampling photographic capture-recapture
data of tigers (Panthera tigris) to minimize closure violation and improve estimate precision: a
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43
Harihar A. and Pandav B. (2012). Influence of Connectivity, Wild Prey and disturbance on
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Hines J. E., Nichols J. D., Royle J. A., MacKenzie D. I., Gopalaswamy A. M., Kumar N.S., and
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Imam E., Kushwaha S. P. S. and Singh, A. (2009). Evaluation of suitable tiger habitat in
Chandoli National Park, India, using multiple logistic regression. Ecological Modelling
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Jena J., Borah J., Dave C. and Vattakaven J. (2011). Lifeline for Tigers: Status and Conservation
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Jhala Y.V., Gopal R., Qureshi Q. (eds.) (2008). Status of the Tigers, Co-predators, and
Prey in India. National Tiger Conservation Authority, Govt. of India, New Delhi, and
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Jhala Y.V., Qureshi Q., Gopal R. and Sinha P.R. (Eds.) (2011). Status of the Tigers,
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Jhala Y.V., Qureshi Q. and Gopal R. (2011a). Can the abundance of tigers be assessed from their
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Johnsingh, A. J. T. and Negi A. S. (2003). Status of tiger and leopard in Rajaji-Corbett
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Johnsingh A.J.T., Ramesh K., Qureshi Q., David A., Goyal S.P., Rawat G.S., Rajapandian K.
and Prasad S. (2004). Conservation status of tiger and associated species in the Terai Arc
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Johnsingh A.J.T., Pandav B., Ramesh K and Qureshi Q. (2010). Conservation Status of RajajiCorbett Corridor for Tiger and Elephant Movement. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society,
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Joshi A., Vaidyanathan S., Mondol S., Edgaonkar A., Ramakrishnan U. (2013). Connectivity of
Tiger (Panthera tigris) Populations in the Human-Influenced Forest Mosaic of Central India.
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Kalle, R., Ramesh, T., Qureshi, Q. and Sankar, K. (2011). Density of tiger and leopard in a
tropical deciduous forest of Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, southern India, as estimated using
photographic capture-recapture sampling. Acta Theriologica 56: 335–342.
Karanth K. U. (1995). Estimating tiger Panthera tigris populations from camera trap data using
capture–recapture models. Biological Conservation 71:333–338.
Karanth, K. U. (2011). India’s Tiger Counts: The Long March to Reliable Science. Economic
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Karanth, K. U. and Sunquist, M. E. (1992). Population structure, density and biomass of large
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45
Karanth K. U. and Nichols J. D. (1998). Estimating tiger densities in India from camera trap data
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Karanth K. U., Nichols J. D., Seidensticker J., Dinerstein E., Smith J. L. D., McDougal C.,
Johnsingh A. J. T., Chundawat R. S. and Thapar V. (2003). Science deficiency in conservation
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Karanth K. U., Nichols J. D., Kumar N. S., Link W. A. and Hines J. E. (2004). Tigers and their
prey: predicting carnivore densities from prey abundance. Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences, USA 101:4854-4858.
Karanth K. U., Chundawat R. S., Nichols J. D. and Kumar N. S. (2004). Estimation of tiger
densities in the tropical dry forests of Panna, central India, using photographic capture-recapture
sampling. Animal Conservation 7:285-290.
Karanth K.U. and Kumar N.S. (2005). Distribution and Dynamics of Tiger and Prey Populations
in Maharashtra, India. Final Technical Report. Centre for Wildlife Studies, Bangalore, India.
Karanth K. U., Nichols J. D., Kumar N. S. and Hines J. E. (2006). Assessing tiger population
dynamics using photographic capture-recapture sampling. Ecology 87:2925-2937.
Karanth K. K., Nichols J. D., Hines J. E., Karanth K.U. and Christensen N.L (2009). Patterns and
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Karanth K. U., Gopalaswamy A. M., Kumar N. S., Vaidyanathan S., Nichols J. D. and
MacKenzie D. I. (2011). Monitoring Carnivore Populations at the Landscape Scale. Journal of
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Karanth K. U., Gopalaswamy, A. M., Kumar N. S., Delampady M., Nichols J. D., Seidensticker
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Kotwal, P.C and Gopal, R. (1995). Radio-Telemetry and Field Observations on Territoriality of
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Kumar N. S. and Bindra, P.S. (2013). Camera traps reveal man-eater’s history. Oryx, 47(1), 13–
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Mallik J.K. (2011). Status of The Mammal Fauna in Sundarban Tiger Reserve,West Bengal –
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Mann R., Warrier R. and Chanchani P. (2013). Status of Tiger, Leopard and Prey in Nandhaur
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Sharma S., Jhala Y. V. and Sawarkar V. B. (2005). Identification of individual tigers (Panthera
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3.6.Indonesia
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Aug 03, part 2, p 13.
50
Integrated Tiger Protection and Monitoring in Bukit Tigapuluh National Park - Progress Report
Aug 03, Part 3, p 7.
Maddox T., Priatna D., Smith J., Gemita E. and Salampessy A. (2007). Rapid Survey for Tigers
and Other Large Mammals: SM Bentayang, SM Dangku, South Sumatra. Zoological Society of
London, UK, p 60.
O’Brien T., Kinnaird, M. and Wibisono H. (2003). Crouching tigers, hidden prey: Sumatran tiger
and prey populations in a tropical forest landscape. Animal Conservation 6:131–139.
DOI:10.1017/S1367943003003172.
Priatna D., Santosa Y., Prasetyo L.B. and Kartono A.P. (2012a). Home range and movements of
male translocated problem tigers in Sumatra. Asian Journal of Conservation Biology 1(1): 20–
30.
Priatna D., Santosa Y., Prasetyo L.B., Kartono A.P. (2012b). Habitat Selection and Activity
Pattern of GPS Collared Sumatran Tigers, JMHT 18 (3):155-163.
Sunarto S., Kelly M.J., Parakkasi K., Klenzendorf S., Septayuda E., Kurniawan H. (2012). Tigers
Need Cover: Multi-Scale Occupancy Study of the Big Cat in Sumatran Forest and Plantation
Landscapes. PLoS ONE 7(1): e30859. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030859.
Sunarto Kelly M.J., Klenzendorf S., Zulfahmi M.R.V., Hutajulu M.B. and Parakkasi K. (2012).
Threatened tigers on the equator: multi-point abundance estimates in central Sumatra. Oryx 47(2):
211–220.
Survey, Assessment and Conservation of the Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) in Bukit
Barisan Selatan National Park III (2012). A report to the Exxon/ Mobil Save The Tiger Fund, p
8.
The first Sumatran Tiger radio-collared, ARAZPA Tiger Campaign Information Pack.
51
Wibisono H.T., Linkie M., Guillera-Arroita G., Smith J.A., Sunarto, Pusparini W., Asriadi,
Baroto P., Brickle N., Dinata Y., Gemita E., Gunaryadi D., Haidir I. A., Herwansyah, Indri
Karina, Kiswayadi Dedy, Kristiantono D., Kurniawan H., Lahoz-Monfort J. J., Leader-Williams
N., Maddox T., Martyr D. J., Maryati, Nugroho A., Parakkasi K., Priatna D., Ramadiyanta E.,
Ramono W. S., Reddy G. V., Rood E. J. J., Saputra D. Y., Sarimudi A., Salampessy A.,
Septayuda E., Suhartono T., Sumantri A., Susilo, Tanjung I., Tarmizi, Yulianto K., Yunus M.,
Zulfahm. (2011). Population Status of a Cryptic Top Predator: An Island-Wide Assessment of
Tigers in Sumatran Rainforests. PLoS ONE 6(11): e25931. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025931.
Wilkinson D. M. and O’regan H. J. (2003). Modelling differential extinctions to understand big
cat distribution on Indonesian islands. Global Ecology and Biogeography 12: 519–524.
3.7. Lao PDR
Coudrat C.N.Z., Nanthavong C., Sayavong S., Johnson A, Johnston J.B. and Robichaud W.G.
(2014). Conservation importance of Nakai-Nam Theun National Protected Area, Laos, for small
carnivores based on camera trap data. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 62: 31–49.
Vongkhamheng C. (2011). Abundance and distribution of tiger and prey in montane tropical
forest in northern Lao People Democratic Republic. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Florida,
Gainesville, p 102.
3.8. Malaysia
Ellagupillay S. (1984). Territorial range of an adult tigress at Behrang Ulu Cattle Farm. The
Journal of Wildlife and Parks. 3: 63-67.
Kawanishi K. (2002). Population status of tigers (Panthera tigris) in a primary rainforest of
Peninsular Malaysia. Ph D. thesis. University of Florida, Gainesville, USA, p 126.
52
Kawanishi K., Siti Hawa Y., Kadir A. H. A. and Rahmat T. (2003). Distribution and potential
population size of the tiger in Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Wildlife Parks (Malaysia) 21: 2950.
Kawanishi K. and Sunquist M. E. (2004). Conservation status of tigers in a primary rainforest of
Malaysia. Biological Conservation 120: 329-344.
Lynam A. J., Laidlaw R., Wan Noordin W. S., Elagupillay S. and Bennett E. L. (2007). Assessing
the conservation status of the tiger Panthera tigris at priority sites in Peninsular Malaysia, Oryx,
41(4): 454–462.
Mohd Azlan J. and Sharma D. S. K. (2003). Camera trapping the Indochinese tiger, Panthera
tigris corbetti, in a secondary forest in Peninsular Malaysia. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 51: 421 –
427.
Topani R. (1990). Status and distribution of tiger in Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Wildlife and
Parks 9:71-102.
3.9. Myanmar
Kywe T. Z. (2012). Habitat Suitability Modeling for Tiger (Panthera tigris) in the Hukaung Valley
Tiger Reserve, Northern Myanmar. Ph.D. Thesis, p 158.
Rabinowitz A., Schaller G. B. and Uga U. (1995). A survey to assess the status of Sumatran
Rhinoceros and other large mammal species in Tamanthi Wildlife Sanctuary, Myanmar. Oryx
29(2):123-128.
3.10.
Nepal
Barlow A.C.D., McDougal C., Smith J.L.D., Gurung B., Bhatta S.R., Kumal S., Mahato
53
B. and Tamang D.B. (2009a). Temporal variation in tiger (Panthera tigris) populations and its
implications for monitoring. Journal of Mammalogy 90(2):472-478.
Gurung B. B. (2002). Mapping the meta population structure of tigers throughout Nepal by
establishing a tiger monitoring network of ‖Village rangers‖. M.Sc thesis, University of
Minessota, USA, p 144.
Gurung B., Smith J.L.D. and Shrestha M. (2006). Using ‘‘Bagh Heralu’’ network to map the
metapopulation structure of tigers in Nepal. In: McNeely J., McCarthy T., Smith A., Whittaker
L., Wikramanayake E. (Eds.), Conservation biology in Asia. Resource Himalaya, pp. 214–232.
Islam K. K., Joshi D. and Sato N. (2012).Tiger Conservation in Chitwan National Park, Nepal:
An Analysis of Social, Ecological and Management Perspectives. International Journal of
Environment 2(1): 64–72.
Kandel R.C. (2012). Wildlife use of Bharandabhar forest corridor: Between Chitwan National
Park and Mahabharat foothills, Central Tarai, Nepal. Journal of Ecology and the Natural
Environment 4(5):119-125.
Karki A. (2009). Relative abundance and distribution of tiger prey base in Bardia-Katarniyaghat
Corridor Forest, Bardia, Nepal. B Sc. Thesis, Tribhuvan University, Nepal, p 50.
Karki J. B. (2011). Occupancy and Abundance of Tigers and their Prey in the Terai Arc
Landscape, Nepal. PhD thesis Forest Research Institute University, p 167.
Karki J. B., Pandav B., Jnawali S. R., Shrestha R., Pradhan N. M. B., Lamichane B. R., Khanal
P., Subedi N. and Jhala, Y. V. (2013). Estimating the abundance of Nepal’s largest population of
tigers Panthera tigris. Oryx 48(01).
54
Karki A., Jnawali S. R., Adhikari S., and Sharma S. K. (2013). Abundance and distribution of
tiger prey base at Bardia-Katarniyaghat corridor forest, Nepal. Banko Janakari 22(2): 53-56.
Pradhan N.M.B. (2007). A Landscape approach in Conserving Large Mammals: A Case Study
from Western Terai, Nepal. The Initiation 44-55.
Poudel, B.S. (2007). Thirty Years of managing Suklaphanta, the Swamp Deer and the Tiger:
Issues and Strategies. The Initiation 72-76.
Seidensticker J., Tamang K.M. and Gray C.W. (1974). The use of CI-744 to Immobilize freeRanging Tigers and Leopards. Animal Medicine 5(4):22-25.
Seidensticker J. and Shresta M. (2010). Tiger Populations and Habitat Monitoring,
White paper: Tiger Executive Leader Forum, April 15, 2010.
Smith J. L. D. (1993). The role of dispersal in structuring the Chitwan tiger population.
Behaviour 124:165–195.
Smith, J. L. D. and Mcdougal C. (1991). The contribution of variance in lifetime reproduction to
effective population size in tigers. Conservation Biology 5:484–490.
Smith J. L. D., Ahearn S. C. and Mcdougal C. (1998). Landscape analysis of tiger distribution
and habitat quality in Nepal. Conservation Biology 12:1338–1346.
Wegge P., Pokheral C. and Jnawali S. R. (2004). Effects of trapping effort and trap shyness on
estimates of tiger abundance from camera trap studies. Animal Conservation 7: 251-256.
3.11.
Russia
A Monitoring Program For The Amur Tiger Third-Year Report: 1999-2000, p 100
http://www.wcsrussia.org/en-us/publications/theamurtigerscientificpublications.aspx
55
A Monitoring Program For The Amur Tiger Thriteenth-Year Report: 1998-2010 (2010), p 21.
http://www.wcsrussia.org/en-us/publications/theamurtigerscientificpublications.aspx
A Monitoring Program For The Amur Tiger Fourth-Year Report: 2000-2001, p 117,
http://www.wcsrussia.org/en-us/publications/theamurtigerscientificpublications.aspx
A Monitoring Program For The Amur Tiger Fifth-Year Report: 2001-2002, p 127,
http://www.wcsrussia.org/en-us/publications/theamurtigerscientificpublications.aspx
A Monitoring Program For The Amur Tiger Sixth-Year Report: 2002-2003, p 136,
http://www.wcsrussia.org/en-us/publications/theamurtigerscientificpublications.aspx
A Monitoring Program For The Amur Tiger Seventh-Year Report: 2003-2004, p- 50,
http://www.wcsrussia.org/en-us/publications/theamurtigerscientificpublications.aspx
A Monitoring Program For The Amur Tiger Ninth-Year Report: 2005-2006, P 35
http://www.wcsrussia.org/en-us/publications/theamurtigerscientificpublications.aspx
A Monitoring Program For The Amur Tiger Tenth-Year Report: 2006-2007, p 32.
http://www.wcsrussia.org/en-us/publications/theamurtigerscientificpublications.aspx
Aramilev V. V., Miquelle D., Quigley H. (1999). Leasing Habitat for the Amur Tiger. Final
Report, 1-36.
Aramilev V. V. and Fomenko P. V. (2000). Simultaneous survey of Far Eastern leopards and
Amur tigers in Southwest Primorski Krai.
Carroll C. and Miquelle D.G. (2006).Spatial viability analysis of Amur tiger Panthera tigris
altaica in the Russian Far East: the role of protected areas and landscape matrix in
populationpersistence. Journal of Applied Ecology 43:1056–1068.
56
Establishing A Monitoring Program For The Amur Tiger First-Year Report: 1997-1998, p 29.
http://www.wcsrussia.org/en-us/publications/theamurtigerscientificpublications.aspx#.U-CokOSyX8.
Goodrich J. M., Kerley L. L., Smirnov E. N., Miquelle D. G.,. McDonald L, Quigley H. B.,
Hornocker M. G., and McDonald T. (2008). Survival rates and causes of mortality of Amur
tigers on and near the Sikhote‐Alin Biosphere Zapovednik.Journal of Zoology 276(4): 323-329.
Goodrich J.M., Miquelle D.G., Smirnov E.N., Kerley L.L., Quigley H.B. and Hornocker
M.G. (2010). Spatial structure of Amur (Siberian) tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) on SikhoteAlin Biosphere Zapovednik, Russia. Journal of Mammalogy 91:737–748.
Hojnowski C. E., Miquelle D. G., Myslenkov A. I., Strindberg S., Smirnov E. N. and Goodrich,
J. M. (2012). Why do Amur tigers maintain exclusive home ranges? Relating ungulate seasonal
movements to tiger spatial organization in the Russian Far East. Journal of Zoology 287(4): 276282.
Matyushkin E.N., Pikunov D. G., Dunishenko Y. M., Miquelle D. G., Nikolaev I. G., Smirnov E.
N., Salkina G. P., Abramov V. K., Bazylnikov V. I., Yudin V. G. and Korkishko V. G. (1996).
Numbers, distribution, and habitat status of the Amur tiger in the Russian Far East: “Expressreport”. Final report to the USAID Russian Far East Environmental Policy and Technology
Project, p 31.
Miquelle D.G., Merrill W.T., Dunishenko Y.M., Smirnov E.N., Quigley H.B., Pikunov D.G.,
Hornocker M.G. (1999). A habitat protection plan for the Amur tiger: developing political and
ecological criteria for a viable land-use plan. In Seidensticker J., Christie S. and Jackson P.
(Eds.), Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, pp. 273–295.
57
Miquelle D.G., Smirnov E.N., Merrill T.W., Myslenkov A.E., Quigley H.B., Hornocker M.G.,
Schleyer B. (1999). Hierarchical spatial analysis of Amur tiger relationships to habitat and prey.
In Seidensticker J., Christie S. and Jackson P. (Eds). Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in
Human- Dominated Landscapes. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp.71–99.
Miquelle D., Goodrich J. and Christie S. (2001). Rehabilitation and Translocation of Two Adult
Female Amur Tigers, p 15.
Miquelle D.G., Pikunov D.G., Dunishenko Y.M., Aramilev V.V., Nikolaev I.G., Abramov V.K.,
Smirnov E.N., Salkina G.P., Seryodkin I.V., Gaponov V.V., Fomenko P.V., Litvinov M.N.,
Kostyria A.V., Yudin V.G., Korkisko V.G. and Murzin A.A. (2005). A Survey of Amur
(Siberian) Tigers in The Russian Far East, 2004-2005, p 77.
Miquelle D.G. (2006). Monitoring Amur Tigers 2005-2006, Final Report To The National Fish
and Wildlife Foundation, Save The Tiger Fund From The Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS),
p 53. http://www.wcsrussia.org/en-us/publications/theamurtigerscientificpublications.aspx#.UCok-OSyX8.
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Twelfth Year Report, 1998–2009. A monitoring program for the Amur tiger, p 54.
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Pikunov D. G., Abramov V. K., Korkishko V. G., Nikolaev I. G. and Belov A. I. (2000).
“Sweep” survey of Far Eastern leopards and Amur tigers in Southwest Primorski Krai.
Smirnov E.N. and Miquelle D.G. (2005) Population dynamics of the Amur tigers in Sikhote-Alin
State Biosphere Reserve, 1966–2003. In Miquelle D.G., Smirnov E.N. and Goodrich J.M. (Eds)
Tigers in Sikhote-Alin Zapovednik: Ecology and Conservation, PSP, Vladivostok, Russia [in
Russian], pp. 75–83.
58
Sun B., Miquelle D. G., Xiaochen Y., Zhang E., Hiyai S., Goshen G., Pikunov D. G.,
Dunishenko Y. M., Nikolaev I. G. and Daming L. (1999). Survey of Amur tigers and Far
Eastern leopards in eastern Heilongjiang Province, China, and recommendations for their
conservation. A final report to The Wildlife Conservation Society, p 56.
Tian Y., Wu J., Smith A. T., Wang T., Kou X. and Ge J. (2011). Population viability of the
Siberian Tiger in a changing landscape: Going, going and gone? Ecological Modelling 222(17):
3166-3180.
Yang S., Jiang J., Wu Z., Li T., Yang X., Han X., Miquelle D. G., Pikunov D. G., Dunishenko Y.
M. and Nikolaev I. G. (1998). Report on the Sino-Russian joint survey of Far Eastern leopards
and Siberian tigers and their habitat in the Sino-Russian boundary area, eastern Jilin Province,
China. A final report to the UNDP and The Wildlife Conservation Society, p 42.
3.12.
Thailand
Chutipong W., Lynam A. J., Steinmetz R., Savini, T., and Gale G. A. (2014). Sampling
mammalian carnivores in western Thailand: Issues of rarity and detectability. Raffles Bulletin Of
Zoology 62: 521-535.
Cutter P. and Smith J. L.D. (2002) Assessing the status of tigers in the Western Forest Complex
of Thailand and developing a landscape scale management plan, Final Report to the National
Fish and Wildlife Foundation, p 23.
Grassman L. I. Jr., Tewes M. E. and Silvy N. J. (2005). Armoring the Camtrakker® CameraTrap in a Tropical Asian Forest. Wildlife Society Bulletin 33(1):349-352.
Jenks K. E., Chanteap P., Damrongchainarong K., Cutter P., Cutter P., Redford T., Lynam A. J.,
Howard J. and Leimgruber P. (2011). Using relative abundance indices from camera-trapping to
59
test wildlife conservation hypotheses – an example from Khao Yai National Park, Thailand.
Tropical Conservation Science 4 (2):113-131.
Rabinowitz A. (1989). The density and behavior of large cats in a dry tropical forest mosaic in
Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand. Natural History Bulletin of the Siam
Society 37: 235–251.
Rabinowitz A. (1993). Estimating the Indo-Chinese Tiger Panthera tigris corbetti Population in
Thailand. Biological Conservation 65:213-217.
Thailand - China Tiger Survey Training Course – Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary – March
2006 - Final Report, p 35. http://claws.umn.edu/publications/ThailandChina%20Training%20Report-March2006-letter.pdf
3.13. Vietnam
Riedel J. (1993). Vietnam: On the trail of the tigers. The World Economy 16(4): 401-422.
3.14.
General category
Buckland, S.T., Anderson, D.R., Burnham, K.P. and Laake, J.L. 1993. Distance Sampling:
Estimating Abundance of Biological Populations. Chapman and Hall, London, p 446.
Carbone C., Christie, S., Conforti K., Coulson T., Franklin N., Ginsberg J.R., Griffiths M.,
Holden J., Kawanishi K., Kinnaird M., Laidlaw R., Lyam A., Macdonald D.W., Martye D.,
McDougal C., Nath L., B’Brien T., Seidensticker J., Smith D. J. L., Sunquist M., Tilson R., Wan
N., Shahruddin W. (2001). The use of photographic rates to estimate densities of tiger and other
cryptic mammals. Animal Conservation 4:75–79.
60
Chade I., McDonald-Madden E., McCarthy M. A., Wintle B., Linkie M. and Possingham H.
P. (2008). When to stop managing or surveying cryptic threatened species. Proceeding of
Natural Academic Science USA 105(17):13936-13940.
Cooch E. and White G. (2009). Program MARK. Analysis of Data from Marked Individuals.
“A Gentle Introduction” 8th Edition http://www.phidot.org/software/mark/docs/book/
Guillera-Arroita G., Morgan B. J. T., Ridout M. S. and Linkie M. (2011). Species Occupancy
Modeling for Detection Data Collected Along a Transect. Journal of Agricultural, Biological,
and Environmental Statistics 16(3): 301-317, DOI: 10.1007/s13253-010-0053-3.
Hayward M. W. and Somers M. (Eds). (2009). Reintroduction of top-order predators (No. 5).
John Wiley and Sons, p 459.
Jennelle C. S., Runge M. C. and MacKenzie D. I. (2002). The use of photographic rates to
estimate densities of tigers and other cryptic mammals: a comment on misleading
conclusions. Animal Conservation 5: 119–120.
Jungius H. (2010). Feasibility Study on the Possible Restoration of the Caspian Tiger in
Central Asia, p 34.
Jungius H., Chikin Y., Tsaruk O. and Pereladova O. (2009). Pre-Feasibility Study on the
Possible Restoration of the Caspian Tiger in the Amu Darya Delta, p 35.
Linkie M., Chapron G., Martyr D. J., Holden J. and Leader-Williams N. (2006). Assessing
the viability of tiger subpopulations in a fragmented landscape. Journal of Applied Ecology
43: 576–586.
Linkie M., Guillera-Arroita G., Smith J. and Mark R. D. (2010). Monitoring tigers with
confidence. Integrative Zoology 5: 342-350, DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-4877.2010.00215.x
61
Mcdonald-Madden E., Baxter P.W.J. and Possingham H. P. (2008). Subpopulation Triage:
How to Allocate Conservation Effort among Populations. Conservation Biology 22(3): 656–
665.
Miller A. and Kuhar C. W. (2008). Long-term Monitoring of Social Behavior in a Grouping
of Six Female Tigers (Panthera tigris) Zoo Biology 27:89–99.
Miller C. S., Hebblewhite M., Goodrich J. M. and Miquelle D. G. (2010). Review of
research methodologies for tigers: Telemetry. Integrative Zoology 5: 378-389 DOI:
10.1111/j.1749-4877.2010.00216.x.
Rak K. C., Miquelle D.G. and Pikunov D.G. (1998). A Survey of Tigers and Prey
Resources in The Paektusan Area, Lyangan Province, North Korea, p 18.
Sampling approach for monitoring poaching of rare cats, p 5.
Sivakumar K. and Habib B. (Eds) (2010). Telemetry in Wildlife Science, ENVIS Bulletin:
Wildlife and Protected Areas, 13(1):246.
Teachers for Tigers- Manual Prepared by Wildlife Conservation Society, p 227.
Tilson R.L. and Seal U.S. (1986). Dilemma in Tigerland: A Problem of Small Population
Numbers, Proceedings; American Association of Zoological Parks conference, pp-13-19.
Wharton C. A. (2006). Are we gathering reliable data? The need for measuring observer
skill in wildlife monitoring. PhD Thesis, Texas A and M University.
62
Theme 4- Genetics, morphology, Health and Disease
Monitoring
4. Genetics, morphology, health and disease monitoring
4.1.Bangladesh
Barlow A.C.D., Mazák J., Ahmad I.U. and Smith J.L.D. (2010). A preliminary investigation of
Sundarbans tiger morphology. Mammalia 74: 1–3.
4.2.Bhutan
Genetic corridors' are next step to saving tigers.
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080213124702.htm
4.3. Cambodia
Desvaux S., Marx N., Ong S., Gaidet N., Hunt M., Manuguerra J. C., , Sorn S., Peiris M., Van
der Werf S. and Reynes J. M. (2009). Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) outbreak
in captive wild birds and cats, Cambodia. Emerging Infectious Diseases 15(3): 475.
4.4.China
Kefen X. and Xingyi G. (1986). The Karyotypes of the Tibetan Fox, Tiger, Stoat and Musked
Polecat. Acta Theriologica Sinica 6(1): 7-12.
Songtao Y., Ligang W., Rui G., Dan L., Xiaohuan Z., Wei W., Tiecheng W., Ming Z., Na F.,
Geng H., Yuping H. and Xianzhu X. (2007). Isolation and identification of Feline panleukopenia
virus in tiger. Acta Theriologica Sinica 27 (2):170 -174
Wan Q., Fang S., Chen G, Wang M. Z., Ding P., Zhu M., Chen K., Yu J. H. and Zhao Y. (2003).
Use of oligonucleotide fingerprinting and faecal DNA in identifying the distribution of the
63
Chinese tiger (Panthera tigris amoyensis Hilzheimer). Biodiversity and Conservation 12: 1641–
1648.
Wenqi H., Xianzhu X., Yuwei G., Heting S., Ligang W., Dan L., Lin X. and Geng H. (2005).
Serologic Investigation of Canine Adenovirus Infection in Tigers. Acta Theriologica Sinica
25 (3):310 – 312.
Xiujuan B. (2004). ISSR Fingerprint for Manchurian Tigers in Captivity Acta Theriologica
Sinica 24(11):90-92.
Xu X., Dong G., Hu X., Miao L., Zhang X., Zhang D., Yang H., Zhang T., Zou Z., Zhang T.,
Zhuang Y., Bhak J., Cho Y. S., Dai W., Jiang T., Xie C., Li R. and Luo S. (2013). The genetic
basis of white tigers. Current Biology 23: 1031–1035, DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.04.054.
Yuping H., Qiong Z., Yanchun X. and Dong Z. (2004). Study on the PCR Method Specific for
Tiger Identif ication. Acta Theriologica Sinica 24(2): 103-108.
Yuwei G., Xianzhu X., Xiaoqiang H., Huiyan J., Chengyu W., Tiecheng W., Geng H. and
Xiaohuan Z. (2006). The phylogenetic analysis of HA gene of tiger influenza A virus and its expression in Baculovirus. Acta Theriologica Sinica 26 (2):123 – 128.
Yuwei G., Ming Z., Dan L., Wei W., Ligang W., Songtao Y., Xiaowen Z., Geng H., Tiecheng
W. and Xianzhu X. (2010). Serologic survey for antibodies to H5 subtype influenza A virus in
tigers. Acta Theriologica Sinica 30 (4):444 -448.
Zhang W., Zhang Z., Shen F., Hou R., Lv X. and Yue B. (2006). Highly conserved D-loop-like
nuclear mitochondrial sequences (Numts) in tiger (Panthera tigris). Journal of Genetics
85(2):107-116.
64
Zhang W., Yue B., Wang X., Zhang X., Xie Z., Liu N., Fu W., Yuan Y., Chen D., Fu D., Zhao
B., Yin Y., Yan X., Wang X., Zhang R., Liu J., Li M., Tang Y., Hou R., Zhang Z. (2010).
Analysis of variable sites between two complete South China tiger (Panthera tigris amoyensis)
mitochondrial genomes. Molecular Biology Report 38(7):4257-4264, DOI 10.1007/s11033-0100548-6.
4.5. India
Bay R.A., Ramakrishnan U. and Hadly E.A. (2013). A Call for Tiger Management Using
“Reserves” of Genetic Diversity. Journal of Heredity 105(3): 295-302.
Bhavanishankar M., Reddy P.A., Gour D.S. and Shivaji S. (2013). Validation of non-invasive
genetic identification of two elusive, sympatric, sister-species tiger (Panthera tigris) and leopard
(Panthera pardus). Current Science 104 (8):1063-1067.
Borthakur U, Barman R.D., Das C., Basumatary A., Talukdar A., Ahmed M.F., Talukdar B.K.
and Bharali R. (2010). Noninvasive genetic monitoring of tiger (Panthera tigris tigris)
population of Orang National Park in the Brahmaputra floodplain, Assam, India. European
Journal of Wildlife Research. DOI: 10.1007/s10344-010-0471-0.
Borthakur U., Saini R.P., Gupta S.S., Jakher R., Das C., Das A. K., Sarma P.K., Talukdar B.K.
and Bharali R. (2013). Noninvasive genetic assessment of population status of tigers (Panthera
tigris tigris) in Buxa Tiger Reserve, West Bengal, India. International Journal of Biodiversity
and Conservation 5(1): 27-32.
Brahmachary R.L. and Dutta J. (1981). On the Pheromones of Tigers: Experiments and Theory,
American Naturalist 118 (4):561-567.
65
Gour D. S., Bhagavatula J., Bhavanishankar M., Reddy P. A., Gupta J. A., Sarkar M. S., Shaik
Hussain M., Harika S., Gulia R. and Shivaji S. (2013). Philopatry and dispersal patterns in tiger
(Panthera tigris). PloS one 8(7): e66956.
Joshi H., Deora K.S., Mathur R. and Thanvi P.
(2008). Dentition of Tiger. The Indian
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Mishra S., Singh S., Munjal A., Aspi J. and Goyal S.P. (2014). Panel of polymorphic
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Mishra S., Sharma R., Singh S. K., Munjal A. K. and Goyal S. P. (2014). A comparative study of
the use of tiger-specific and heterologous microsatellite markers for population genetic studies of
the Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris). African Journal of Biotechnology 13(8): 936-943,
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Mondol S., Karanth K.U. and Ramakrishnan U. (2009). Why the Indian Subcontinent Holds the
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Mondol S., Bruford M.W. and Ramakrishnan U. (2013). Demographic loss, genetic structure and
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Pokorny I., Sharma R., Goyal S. P., Mishra S. and Tiedemann R. (2011). Erratum: MHC class I
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Reddy P.A., Gour D.S., Bhavanishankar M., Jaggi K., Hussain S.M. Harika K., and Shivaji S.
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Reddy P.A., Bhavanishankar M., Bhagavatula J., Harika K., Mahla R.S. and Shivaji S. (2012).
Improved Methods of Carnivore Faecal Sample Preservation, DNA Extraction and
Quantification for Accurate Genotyping of Wild Tigers. PLoS One 7(10): e46732.
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Sharma R., Stuckas, H. and Moll K., Khan I., Bhaskar R., Goyal S.P. and Tiedemann (2008)
Fourteen new di- and tetranucleotide microsatellite loci for the critically endangered Indian tiger
(Panthera tigris tigris). Molecular Ecology Resources 8(6):1480-2, DOI: 10.1111/j.17550998.2008.02292.x.
Sharma R., Stuckas H. Bhaskar R., Rajput S., Khan I., Goyal S. P., Tiedemann R. (2009).
mtDNA indicates profound population structure in Indian tiger (Panthera tigris tigris)
Conservation Genetics 10(4):909-914, DOI: 10.1007/s10592-008-9568-3.
Sharma R., Stuckas H., Bhaskar R., Khan I., Goyal S. P. and Tiedemann R. (2010). Genetically
distinctpopulation of Bengaltiger (Panthera tigris tigris) in Terai Arc Landscape (TAL)
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Sharma S, Dutta T, Maldonado J.E., Wood T.C., Panwar H.S. and Seidensticker J. (2013). Forest
corridors maintain historical gene flow in a tiger meta-population in the highlands of central
India. Proceeding of Royal Society Biological Science 280: 20131506.
Sharma S., Dutta T., Maldonado J.E., Wood T.C., Panwar H.S. and Seidensticker J. (2013).
Spatial genetic analysis reveals high connectivity of tiger (Panthera tigris) populations in the
Satpura–Maikal landscape of Central India. Ecology and Evolution 3(1): 48–60 DOI:
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Tiwari Y., Taluja J. S. and Vaish R. (2011). Biometry of Mandible in Tiger (Panthera tigris)
Annual Review and Research in Biology (1): 14-21.
Umapathy G., Sontakke S. D., Reddy A. and Shivaji S. (2007). Seasonal variations in semen
characteristics, semen cryopreservation, estrus synchronization, and successful artificial
insemination in the spotted deer (Axis axis). Theriogenology 67: 1371–1378.
4.6.Indonesia
Butler R., Wrigley R. H., Horsey R. and Reuter R. (1981). Chondrosarcoma in a Sumatran Tiger
(Panthera tigris sumatrae). The Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine 12: (3):80-84.
Williamson J. E ., Huebinger R. M., Sommer J . A., Louis E. E. Jr and Barber R. C. (2002).
Development and cross-species amplification of 18 microsatellite markers in the Sumatran tiger
(Panthera tigris sumatrae). Molecular Ecology Notes 2:110–112.
4.7.LaoPDR
Shackelford L. L. (2011). Paleo anthropology in Mainland Southeast Asia: Excavation at Tam
Hang, Laos, p 19.
4.8.Malaysia
Blanchard R. F. (1977). Preliminary Analysis of Tiger Mortality and Livestock Depredation in
Terengganu and Kelantan, West Malaysia. Unpublished report to the Department of Wildlife and
National Parks. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
68
4.9. Myanmar
Oo K. N. (2010). Epidemiological study to support the establishment of a progressive zoning
approach for the control of foot and mouth disease in Myanmar. PhD. Thesis, Murdoch
University.
4.10.
Nepal
Koirala R. K., Aryal A., Amiot C., Adhikari B., Karmacharya D. and Raubenheimer D. (2012).
Genetic identification of carnivore scat: implication of dietary information for human–carnivore
conflict in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. Zoology and Ecology 22(3-4): 137-143.
Tha N. S. (1995). Nepalese Animal Genetic Resources. Animal Genetic Resources, p 229.
4.11.
Russia
Alasaad S., Soriguer R.C., Chelomina G., Sushitsky Y.P. and Fickel J. (2011). Siberian tiger’s
recent population bottleneck in the Russian Far East revealed by microsatellite markers.
Mammalian Biology 76:722–726.
Curro T.G., Okeson D., Zimmerman D., Armstrong D.L. and Simmons L.G. (2004). XylazineMidazolam-Ketamine versus Medtomidine-Midazolam-Ketamine Anesthesia in Captive Siberian
Tigers (Panthera Tigris Altaica) Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 35(3): 320–327.
Gjørret J.O., Crichton E.G., Loskutoff N.M., Armstrong D. L. and Hyttel P. (2002).
Ultrastructure of oocyte maturation, fertilization, and early embryo development in vitro in the
Siberian tiger (Panthera Tigris Altaica). Molecular Reproduction and Development 63:79-88.
69
Goodrich J.M., Kerley L.L., Schleyer B.O., Miquelle D.G., Quigley K.S., Smirnov Y.N.,
Nikolaev I.G., Quigley H.B. and Hornocker M.G. (2001). Capture and chemical anesthesia of
Amur (Siberian) tigers. Wildlife Society Bulletin 29:533–542.
Henry P., Miquelle D., Sugimoto T., McCullough D.R., Caccone A. and Russello M.A. (2009).
In situ population structure and ex situ representation of the endangered Amur tiger. Molecular
Ecology 18: 3173-3184, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04266.x
Mazak V. (1967). Notes on Siberian Long-Haired Tiger Panthera tigris altaica (Temminck
1844) with a remark on Temminck’s Mammal Volume of The Fauna Japonica, Mammalia,
31(4):537-574.
Nagata J., Aramilev V. V., Belozor A., Sugimoto T. and McCullough D. R. (2005). Fecal genetic
analysis using PCR-RFLP of cytochrome b to identify sympatric carnivores, the tiger Panthera
tigris and the leopard Panthera pardus, in far eastern Russia. Conservation Genetics 6(5): 863866.
Quigley K. S., Evermann J. F., Leathers C. W., Armstrong D. L., Goodrich J., Duncan N. M. and
Miquelle D. G. (2010). Morbillivirus infection in a wild Siberian tiger in the Russian Far East.
Journal of wildlife diseases, 46(4): 1252-1256.
Russello M., Gladyshev E., Miquelle D. and Caccone A. (2004). Potential genetic con-sequences
of a recent bottleneck in the Amur Tiger of the Russian Far East. Conservation Genetics 5:707–
713.
Slaght J. C., Miquelle D. G., Nikolaev I. G., Goodrich J. M., Smirnov E. N., Traylor-Holzer
Christie S., Arjanova T., Smith J. L. D. and Karanth K. U. (2005). Who‘s king of the beasts?
Historical and recent body weights of wild and captive Amur tigers, with comparisons to other
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4.12.
Thailand
Amonsin A., Payungporn S., Theamboonlers A., Thanawongnuwech R., Suradhat S.,
Pariyothorn N., Tantilertcharoena R., Damrongwantanapokinc S., Buranathaic C., Chaisinghc
A., Songsermd T. and Poovorawan Y. (2006). Genetic characterization of H5N1 influenza A
viruses isolated from zoo tigers in Thailand. Virology 344(2): 480-491.
Keawcharoen J., Oraveerakul K., Kuiken T., Fouchier R. A., Amonsin A., Payungporn S.,
Noppornpanth S., Wattanodorn S., Theamboonlers A., Tantilertcharoen R., Pattanarangsan R.,
Arya N., Ratanakorn P., Osterhaus A. D.M.E. and Poovorawan Y. (2004). Avian influenza
H5N1 in tigers and leopards. Emerging Infectious Disease 10(12): 2189-2191.
Tangsudjai S., Malidang S., Phonarknguen R., Boonyarittichaikit R., Pattanarangsan R.,
Buddhirongawatr R.. Chaichoun K. (2010). Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) in Captive wild felids
in Thailand during 2004-2005. Journal of Applied Animal Science 3:(1-3):25-31.
Thanawongnuwech
R.,
Amonsin
A.,
Tantilertcharoen
R.,
Damrongwatanapokin
S.,
Theamboonlers A., Payungporn S., Kamonchart N., Somchuan R., Eakchai T., Thaweesak S.,
Veravit V., Thawat L., Sawang K., Schwann T. and Poovorawan Y. (2005). Probable tiger-totiger transmission of avian influenza H5N1. Emerging Infectious Diseases 11(5):699-701.
Tiensin T., Chaitaweesub P., Songserm T., Chaisingh A., Hoonsuwan W., Buranathai C.,
Parakamawongsa T., Premashthira S., Amonsin A., Gilbert M., Nielen M. and Stegeman A.
(2005). Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1, Thailand, 2004. Emerging Infectious Disease
11(11): 1664-1672.
71
4.13.
Vietnam
Roberton S. I., Bell D. J., Smith G. J. D., Nicholls J. M., Chan K. H., Nguyen D. T., Tran P. Q.,
Streicher U., Poon L. L. M., Chen H., Horby P., Guardo M., Guan Y. and Peiris J. S. M. (2006).
Avian influenza H5N1 in viverrids: implications for wildlife health and conservation.
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 273(1595): 1729-1732.
4.14.
General category
Barbiers R. B., Vosburgh L. M., Ku P. K., Ullrey D. E. and Ju (1982). Digestive Efficiencies
and Maintenance Energy Requirements of Captive Wild Felidae: Cougar (Felis concolor);
Leopard (Panthera pardus); Lion (Panthera leo) and Tiger (Panthera tigris). The Journal of Zoo
Animal Medicine 13 (1): 32-37.
Barr M. C., Calle P. P., Roelke M. E. and Scott F. W. (1989). Feline Immuno deficiency Virus
Infection in Nondomestic Felids. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 20(3):265-272.
Bowles (1996).Tiger skeletal weight, IUCN Publication, p 2.
Burda H., Libuse U. and Branis M. (1982). Morphology of The Middle and Inner Ear in Two
Panther Species- P. tigris and P. onca (Felidae, Carnivora, Mammalia). Acta Societatis
Zoologicae Bohemoslovenicae 48(1):9-13.
Burger B. V., Viviers M. Z., Bekker J. P. I., Roux M. le, Fish N., Fourie W. B., Weibchen G.
(2008). Chemical Characterization of Territorial Marking Fluid of Male Bengal Tiger, Panthera
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Buzas B., and Farkas B. (1997). An additional skull of the Bali tiger, Panthera tigris balica
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72
Cho Y.S., Hu L., Hou H., Lee H., Xu J., Kwon S., Oh S., Kim H.M., Jho S., Kim S., Shin Y.A.,
Kim B.C., Kim H., Kim C.U., Luo S.J., Johnson W.E., Koepfli K.P., Schmidt-Kuntzel A.,
Turner J.A., Marker L., Harper C., Miller S.M., Jacobs W., Bertola L.D., Kim T.H., Lee S.,
Zhou Q., Jung H.J., Xu X., Gadhvi P., Xu P., Xiong Y., Luo Y., Pan S., Gou C., Chu X., Zhang
J., Liu S., He J., Chen Y., Yang L., Yang Y., He J., Liu S., Wang J., Kim C.H., Kwak H.,
Kim J.S., Hwang S., Ko J., Kim C.B., Kim S., Bayarlkhagva D., Paek W.K., Kim S.J., O'brien
S.J., Wang J., Bhak J. (2013). The tiger genome and comparative analysis with lion and snow
leopard genomes. Nature Communications 4: 2433.
Christiansen P. (2007). Distinguishing skulls of lions (Panthera leo) and tigers (Panthera tigris).
Mammalian Biology, doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2007.08.001.
Cracraft J., Feinstein J., Vaughn J., and Helm-Bychowski K. (1998). Sorting out tigers (Panthera
tigris): mitochondrial sequences, nuclear inserts, systematics, and conservation genetics. Animal
Conservation 1: 139–150.
Crissey S. D., Slifka K. A., Jacobsen K. L., Shumway P. J., Mathews R. and Harper J. (2001).
Irradiation of Diets Fed to Captive Exotic Felids: Microbial Destruction, Consumption and Fecal
Consistency. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 32 (3): 324-328.
Duckler G. L. (1998). An Unusual Osteological Formation in the Posterior Skulls of Captive
Tigers (Panthera tigris). Zoo Biology 17:135–142.
Hendrickson S.r L., Mayer G. C., Wallen E. P. and Quigley K. (2000). Genetic variability and
geographic structure of three subspecies of tigers (Panthera tigris) based on MHC class I
variation. Animal Conservation 3: 135–143.
Horev A., Yosef R., Tryjanowski P. and Ovadia O. (2012). Consequences of variation in male
harem size to population persistence: Modeling poaching and extinction risk of Bengal tigers
(Panthera tigris). Biological Conservation 147: 22–31.
73
Hyatt Jon-Philippe K., Roy R. R., Rugg S. and Talmadge R. J. (2010). Myosin Heavy Chain
Composition of Tiger (Panthera tigris) and Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) Hind limb Muscles.
Journal of Experimental Zoology 313A (1):45–57.
Kolmstetter C., Munson L. and Ramsay E. C. (2000). Degenerative Spinal Disease in Large
Felids. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 31(1):15-19.
Larsson M.H., Coelho F.M., Oliveira V.M., Yamaki F.L., Pereira G.G., Soares E.C., Fedullo
J.D., Pereira R.C. and Ito F.H. (2008). Electrocardiographic Parameters of Captive Lions
(Panthera leo) and Tigers (Panthera tigris) Immobilized with Ketamine Plus Xylazine. Journal
of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 39(3): 314–319.
Liu C., Liu D., Guo Y., Lu T., Li X., Zhang M., Ma J., Ma Y. and Guan W. (2013).
Construction of a Full-Length Enriched cDNA Library and Preliminary Analysis of Expressed
Sequence Tags from Bengal Tiger Panthera tigris tigris International Journal of Molecular
Sciences 14:11072-11083; doi:10.3390/ijms140611072.
Luo Shu-Jin, Johnson W. E., Martenson J., Antunes A., Martelli P., Uphyrkina O., TraylorHolzer K., Smith J. L.D. and O’Brien S. J. (2008). Subspecies Genetic Assignments
of Worldwide Captive Tigers Increase Conservation Value of Captive Populations. Current
Biology 18:592–596.
Luo S.J., Kim J.H., Johnson W.E., Walt J., Martenson J., Yuhki N., Miquelle D.G., Uphyrkina
O., Goodrich J.M., Quigley H.B., Tilson R., Brady G., Martelli P., Subramaniam V., McDougal
C., Hean S., Huang S.Q., Pan W., Karanth U.K., Sunquist M., Smith J.L.D. and Brien S.J.
(2004). Phylogeography and genetic ancestry of tigers (Panthera tigris). PLoS Biology 2: e442.
Poddar-Sarkar M. (1996). The Fixative lipid of tiger pheromone. Journal of Lipid Mediators Cell
Signalling 15:89-101.
74
Myers D. L., Zurbriggen A., Lutz H. and Pospischil A. (1997). Distemper: not a new disease in
lions and tigers. Clinical and diagnostic laboratory immunology, 4(2): 180-184.
Ryder O.A. (2009). Forests of the Night: Refugia of Genetic Diversity in Wild Tigers. PLoS
Genetics 5(8):e1000603. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000603.
75
Theme 5- Protection, Conservation, Policies and
Bio-politics
5. Protection, Conservation, Policies and Bio-politics
5.1.Bangladesh
Ahmed N., Greenwood C. J., Binte Rahman T., Mohsanin S., Md. Islam A. and Barlow A. C. D.
(2010). Wildlife Farming in Bangladesh: Useful Considerations and Recommendations, p 42.
Ali Reza A.H.M., Chowdhury M. M. and Santiapillai C. (2000). Tiger Conservationin
Bangladesh. Tigerpaper 27(1): 1-5.
Ali Reza A.H.M., Islam Md A, Feroz Md. M and Nishat A. (2004). Bengal Tigers in the
Bangladesh Sunarbans , IUCN-The World Conservation Union and Bangladesh Country Office,
pp-126.
Barlow, A.C.D., Rahaman S.M., Ahamed, M.I. , Islam M T, Md. Hossain A.N.M. and Smith
J.L.D. (2005). Sundarbans Tiger Project Report, p 15.
In situ conservation of Tigers in the Sunderban Bangladesh (Proceedings of the seminar held in
February 08, 2004)- Published by Dharitri.
Highlights of the Meeting of the Informal Biodiversity Group on Wildlife Farming Policy of
Bangladesh, Jointly organised by Wildlife Trust of Bangladesh and UNDP Bangladesh (2010), p
10.
Hossain A. N. M., Chakma S., Barlow A. C. D., Greenwood C. J. and Md. Islam A. (2009).
Sundarbans Reserved Forest Protection Assessment: Current State. Technical Report, p 212.
Bengal Tiger (Bangladesh) by Anwar, S., p 10.
76
Hussain I., Child T., Akter R., Ahmed N., Greenwood C. J. (2010). Developing a Conservation
Education and Community Outreach Strategy for Tiger Conservation in Bangladesh, Workshop
Report March 2010, p 18.
Jalil S. M. (1998). Bengal tiger in Bangladesh. Report presented at the Year of the Tiger
Conference, Dallas.
Kamal Md. S. and Nimmy S. F. (2012). Knowledge base Representation for Royal Bengal Tiger
in the Context of Bangladesh. Global Journal of Computer Science and Technology 12 (10): 1.0.
Lewis J., Md. Alam M., Dey T. K. and Barlow A. C. D. (2012). Bangladesh Tiger Action Plan
Manual: Wild tiger capture and immobilisation. Wildlife Trust of Bangladesh, p 37.
Mukul S. A. (2007). Biodiversity Conservation Strategies in Bangladesh: The State of Protected
Areas. Tiger Paper 34(3):28-32.
Project Conclusion Report, Tiger Conservation, p 42.
Rubayat A., Hussain I., Akter R., Barlow C. G. , Hossain T., Chowdhury M. N. R., Islam M. R.,
Child T. (2012). BTAP CEPA Strategy, Local Campaign 2012-2016. WildTeam, Dhaka p 34.
Seidensticker J. and Hai. M. A. (1983). The Sundarbans Wildlife Management Plan:
conservation in the Bangladesh Coastal Zone. International Union for Conservation of Nature
and Natural Resources p 106.
Seidensticker J. (1986). Managing Tigers in The Sundarbans: Experience and Opportunity,
International Symposium on World Conservation Strategies for Tigers held at the Minnesota
Zoological Garden, Apple Valley MN, USA, p 26.
77
The Bangladesh Tiger Project (2009). Saving a species. Sustaining a nation. Zoological Society
of London p 2.
5.2.Bhutan
Johnsingh A.J.T. and Wangchuk S. (2013). Tiger Tales from the Himalayas, Frontline 70-84.
McDougal C. and Tshering K. (1998). Tiger Conservation Strategy for the Kingdom of Bhutan,
Nature Conservation Division, Forestry Services Division, Ministry of Agriculture & WWF
Bhutan Program, Thimphu Bhutan.
Sangey W. (2000). National anti-poaching strategy of Bhutan. Unpublished report to the Nature
Conservation Division, Department of Forestry Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Thimphu,
Bhutan.
Sangay W. (2006). Tiger (Panthera tigris) and its conservation efforts in the Kingdom of
Bhutan. Master of Natural Resources Thesis, The University of New England, Armidale NSW,
Australia.
5.3.Cambodia
Dany C., Divan N., Grey J. C, Nowell K., Sovanna P. and Weiler H. (2006).
Cambodia Community Wildlife Ranger Tiger and Elephant Conservation Program, Final Report
May 1, 2003-August 31, 2005, p 37. http://www.felidae.org/KNOWELLPUBL/CWRP%2020032005%20PROGRAM%20REPORT.pdf.
Hean S. (2000). Status of The Tiger and LTS Conservation, Master Thesis, University of
Minnesota p 114.
78
O’Kelly H.J., Evans T.D., Stokes E.J., Clements T.J., Dara A., Gately M., Menghor N., Pollard
E. H. B., Soriyun M., Walstonet J. (2012). Identifying Conservation Successes, Failures and
Future Opportunities; Assessing Recovery Potential of Wild Ungulates and Tigers in Eastern
Cambodia. PLoS ONE 7(10): e40482. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0040482.
Lynam A. J. (2010). Securing a future for wild Indochinese tigers: Transforming tiger vacuums
into tiger source sites. Integrative zoology, 5(4): 324-334.
Singh R., Channa P., Sovanna P., Chanratana P., Ryan G., and Wright M. (2013). The Serengeti
of Asia: Conservation In Two Major Protected Areas Of The Eastern Plains Landscape Protected
Area Complex, Cambodia. PARKS, 19.2: 23-32.
5.4.China
Abbott B. and van Kooten G. C. (2011). Can domestication of wildlife lead to conservation? The
economics of tiger farming in China. Ecological Economics 70:721–728.
Bonn D. (2007). Tiger Farms Put Wild Tigers at Risk. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
5(7): 347.
Chin J.A. (2012). Social and Financial Incentives for Amur Tiger (Panthera tigris altaica)
Conservation in Northeast China , Masters Dissertation submitted to Duke University, p 86.
Gratwicke B., Mills J., Dutton A., Gabriel G., Long B., Seidensticker J., Wright B., You W. and
Zhang L. (2008). Attitudes toward Consumption and Conservation of Tigers in China. PLoS One
3(7): e2544. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002544.
Han X., Oliver C.D., Guo Q.,Ge J. and Kou X. (2012). Managing forest stand structures to
enhance conservation of the Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica). In Stanturf J. (Ed) A goaloriented approach to forest landscape restoration. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 93-128.
79
Hebblewhite M. , Zimmermann F., Li Z., Miquelle D. G., Zhang M., Sun H., Mörschel F., Wu
Z., Sheng L., Purekhovsky A. and Chunquan Z. (2012). Is there a future for Amur tigers in a
restored tiger conservation landscape in Northeast China? Animal Conservation 15(6): 579-592,
DOI:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2012.00552.x.
Hidden in Plain Sight: China’s Clandestine Tiger Trade (2013). Report Submitted by
Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA), http://eia-international.org/hidden-in-plain-sightchinas-clandestine-tiger-trade, p 30.
Jiang Z., Li C., Fang H., Meng Z. and Zeng Y (2007). Captive-bred Tigers and the Fate of Wild
Tigers. Bio Science 57(9):725.
Morell V. (2007). Can the Wild Tiger Survive. Science 317: 1312-1314.
Padel R. (2009). Against tiger farming. China Dialogue, p 4.
The Facts and fallacies of Tiger Farming (2010), p 10.
http://www.ifaw.org/sites/default/files/Fact%20Sheet%20Tiger%20Trade%20Fact%20&%20Fal
lacies.pdf.
5.5.India
Agrawal A. and Redford K. (2007). Conservation and displacement: An overview. In: Protected
Areas and Human Displacement. In Redford K.H. and Fearn E. (Eds) A Conservation
Perspective, Wildlife Conservation Society, New York (Working Paper No. 29), pp. 4-15.
Arjunan M., Holmes C., Puyravaud J.P. and Davidar P. (2006). Do development initiatives
influence local attitudes towards conservation? A case study from the Kalakkad-Mundantharai
tiger reserve, India. Journal of Environmental Management 79: 188–197.
80
Athreya V., Odden M., Linnell J.D.C., Krishnaswamy J. and Karanth U. (2013). Big Cats in Our
Backyards: Persistence of Large Carnivores in a Human Dominated Landscape in India. PLoS
One 8(3): e57872. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0057872.
Chatterjee M. (2000). Sundarban’s Deaths seizures, Poaching, Wildlife Trade and Seizures, p-7.
Johnsingh A.J.T and Mohon D. (2007). Conservation in Corbett’s Country. Frontline, 24(8):6672.
Check E. (2006). The tiger’s retreat NATURE 441:927-930.
Dutt S. (2001). Beyond 2000: A management vision for the Kalakad–Mundanthurai Tiger
Reserve. Current Science 80(3): 442-447.
Gubbi S., Linkie M. and Leader-Williams N. (2009). Evaluating the legacy of an integrated
conservation and development project around a tiger reserve in India. Environmental
Conservation 35 (4): 331–339.
Gubbi S., Poornesha H.C. and Madhusudhan M.D. (2012). Impact of vehicular traffic on use of
highway-edges by large mammals in a south Indian wildlife reserve. Current Science 102: 1047–
1051.
Harihar A., Prasad D.L, Ri C., Pandav B. and Goyal S.P. (2009). Losing ground: tigers Panthera
tigris in the north-western Shivalik landscape of India. Oryx 43: 35–43.
Johnsingh A.J.T. (2001). The Kalakad–Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve: A global heritage of
biological diversity. Current Science 80(3): 378-388.
Johnsingh A.J.T. and Goyal S.P. (2005).Tiger Conservation in India: The Past, Present and the
Future. Indian Forester pp.1279-1296.
81
Johnsingh A.J.T., Ramesh K., David A., Rajapandian K. and Mohan D. (2006). Enabling tiger to
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