Indian Record - Algoma University Archives

I,.,.lia ..
Par@,.ts
Fron k Lorge addresses the Octobe r Confe re nc e of Alberto's Catholic
W elfare Association . Inte rested audie nce includes Fath e r Gautier
and Stan Shank .
Alberta Catholic Welfare
Convention Resolves To
Make Findings Public
The AI\)erlzl Cut hollc W e lrure As·
sociulioll will endorse Ilnd 1)lIblicize
the re.-'i o llllloIlS of the IUlIlIml ....'O/I\'C /l ·
lion of th e Cuthollc Indlun r..c!lguC.
A lbert:l division. he ld lIeur Leth·
bridge 1.11 mld·Octobe r. This was olle
of the th ree reso lnUons IIPI)rO\'etl
unanimously at the Jm.t IlnIHml meet,..
iug of the Associa tion rega rding s up.
port 10 h ulla ll prognulls.
In another resolution, the Association voted setti ng up a scholarship
fund to finance training prospective
young Indian leaders In community
development. A third resolution ad·
vocated that the Association lake
every step and measure to increase
contacts and communication between
provincial and municipal agencies
and band councils o n rescl·ves.
The annual mee ting of the Asso·
ciaUon took place on October ]5 and
Hi. The first part or the convention
was devoted to Indian Community
Development and held In Gladstone
Ha ll, on t he Blood Nallon's reserve
in southern Al be r ta. Chie fs, parents,
teacher s and s tudents from the Peiga n. Blackloot and Blood reserves
joined with membel'S of t he Catholic
'vVelfare Association who came from
various cities and dls ll'lcts in the
Province.
The dlscllssloll auuetl lit fhullll,&:
what are sollle of t he m ost uTgent
needs fclt. by llllliun ()(l()ple o n reservcs :uIII what lire the olll.ln ob·
stucles to the SUtiSfllCtiOll of these
needs.
A panel chah-ed by Rev. Fr. J . p ,
Kir ley, ot Catholic Charities In Cal·
gary, introduced the discussion and
enriched It with appropriate com·
ments a long the way. It was made up
of Professors Hynam (Edmonton ),
Searle (Calgary) and Re v, A. Re·
naud, O.M.I., with provincial Com,
munity [)cvelopment Branch oW ·
cials Withford and Llnklater, and
Stan Shan k, acting d il-eetor of the
Edmonton Indian F l'ie ndshlp Cen·
Ire. Hig h School students Frank
Large and S hirley Checha w of Sl.
Paul's interjected the po int of view
of the coming and educated ge nera·
lion, Sen. Glads tone, Ch ief Good·
st riker (Blood I.R.! and McDougall
( Peigan l.R.) made the s trongest
indian re presentation.
(More on Page 15)
A meeting was held at the Lcbret
Gymnasium. October 12, to set the
phaSing out of the G rade 12 stude nts
fro m SI. PaU l's Indian Hig h School
to white schools,
The s ituat ion, at the time of the
meeti ng, stood as it had for over a
month. Sixteen of the 21 Grade 12
s tudents aUected by the government
move, were registel'ed in non.Indian
Schools in September. This, delega tes claim, was not a matter of
c hoice but of necessity s ince Grade
12 was officially phased out at St.
Paul's. Eight s tudents, later joined
by three more already registered In
non-Indian schools, ha ve bccn on
s trike since t he beginning of September, pending a decision from the
Minis te r.
The October 12 mee ting, origi nally
scheduled as a closed meeting
between the Minis te r, Chief of Edu·
cation Mr. Davey, F r. Lizee, Fr.
Cha r ro n, Fr. Voisin and six to 12 In,
dian delegates, was later changed to
an open meeting.
Present were the following representatives: Hon. J. R. Nicholson
Minister of Citizenship a:1.d Immlg ra:
tlon; R. Bailie. Director of Indian
Affairs; R. F. Davey, Chief or Edu·
cation; Mr. Marchand. Assistant De·
puty Minis ter; the Attorney·General
of Saskatchewan; John McGllp, Reg ional Superintendent of Sask.
Agencies; O. N. Zakreski, I ndian
school Inspector fo r Sask.; Rev. G.
NoguC!, 01\11, representative of the
O blate P rovincial; W. Gardner, Sask,
Minister of Natural Resources; M r,
Hyma n, lawyer for the Indians; Mr,
Ed Pinay, Presiden t of the Catholic
indian League; 12 missionaries and
250 to 300 Indian pal'ents.
Chairmen fO l' the meeting were
Minister W. Gardner a nd Chief
Lawrencc Stephenson .
'1\'10 bl'iefs wel'c presented.
The first, presented by the Pasqua
-Cont inued on Page 14
t
Poge 2
INDIAN RECORD
Cree Thinking
INDIAN RECORD
Lights 0,.
REV. G. LAVIOLETTE, O.M. I.
Edito . and MonGge r
S04 Sc:ott Bldg., 272 Mo in St.
Ph. 943 - 6011 Areo Code 204
Published 10 ti mes 0 yeo r
Subscription Rot e: $ 1.00
0
NOVEM BER 1965
Winnipeg I , Mlln.
Yea,
Printed by Canadian Publi$hers Lid ., Winn ipeg, Mon.
Authorized as Second Closs Moil, Post Office Dept., Ottowo, Canado,
and for poyment o f postoge in cosh.
.
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How Binding Are Treaties?
by Maurice W estern
in the Winnipeg Free Press
OTTAWA: Bill C·l23, an act to provide fo,' the dispos ition of
India n claims, has provoked comparatively Httle discussion In the
country at large although it may well prove the most Important
measure of the year.
No one can p rej udge the findin gs of the commission. There Is,
however, recognition o n a ll s ides that the action now being taken
may In the e nd Involve the counu'y in expendhures of many millions
not for any welfare goal but as a matter of jusliC(! long de nied. T he
very uncertai nty as to the potentia] liability of the Crown h as no
doubt rendered the governme nt cautious in its approach to t h is
legisla tion.
Mr. Nicholson, o n second reading, had the g ua rded support of the
Conservatives (subject to certain Important rese rvations) but en·
countered opposition from the New Democrats whose amendment
would, In effect, ha ve prej ud iC(!d the primary Issue. The mi nister
was able to show t hat the bill does meet some important criticisms
brought against Its predecessor of 1963-64. In addition, the House had
the ass urance that the governmen t will give most careful consideration to construcU ve criticisms ad vanced in the course of the studies
now 10 be underta ken by a joint committee of the Senate and House
of Commons.
The commission, which is to Include an Indian, is to hea r and
consider five classes of claims.
The [irst category relates to lands in any area take n from Indians
by the Crown, its OUiC(!I'S, servants or agents, without any agreement
or undertaking for compensll.tlon. A second category of claims reo
la tes to la nds set a part for t he usc or benefit o f lndlans, which wc re
disposed of witho ut compensation or with compensation so inade·
q uate as to be unconscionable. A third has to do with moneys held
by t he Crown for Indians and im l)roperly used. The fourth covers
allegations of failure to discharge any obligations arising under a ny
treat y, agreemen t or under taking.
Finally, the commission may examine claims that the Crown, In
any transaction or dealing with I ndians, othel' than one relating to
lands, failed to act fa h'ly or h onorably with those Indians and there·
by caused Injur y to them.
This listing would appear, at fi rst sight, fairly comprehensive.
However, some very Important (IUestions arise.
While the commission cannot entertain cla ims arising from
actio ns of the pmvinces, it may hear grievances dating back to the
pre·Con fed eration period. (T his in Itself Is evldenC(! o f the mag nitude
of the investigation conte mplated.) l>!Jr. Colin Cameron, however,
called attention to a dis pute in British Columbia originating in agl-eeme nts made by James Douglas while he was still chic! factor of the
H udson's Bay Coml>any. Technically he may not have been an
"officer , scrvant or agent of the Crown" although, from the Indian
standpOint, the d is tinction can scarcely have Ix!cn apparent.
The act refers to "bands" of Indians; "band" meaning a body of
Indians that is a band for the purposes of the Indian Act. This excludes the Eskimos who do not come under that act. But these people
are legally Indians, as the supreme court de tennined nearly three
decades ago.
I n a ny event, It is the assumptio n of t he lI'Cat les that there existed an a boriginal title which had to Ix! ex ti ng u is hed. l.f this is the case
It must have been s ha red by a ll the peoples who roamed over the
Canadian la nds. Yet the Eskimos, like most of the Indians of British
Columbia, have been parties to no treaties. The Eskimos are alone
-Continued on Page 3
................................................................................
CorDer
IDhU,""D
by Rev. Leon Levasse ur, O,M.I.
Some seven years ago, I was
privileged to s hare many leng thy
conversations wit h a very In telligent
Grey Nun of Cree descent, Sister
Arcand, now prlnclpal of the Eskimo
Residential School at Chesterfield
I nlet, N.W.T.
Realizing tull weU t hat for an Indian t he concepts of precise measureme nts are applied to time, distance,
money, etc. were foreig n to Indian
c ulture, 1 asked her the following
pointed question: ';As a founder of a
religious order of nuns for people of
I ndia n descen t, would you attach
very much im porta nce to the use of
a time·bell system?" came he r quick
l'Cply: " We wo uld have one, but It ,
would not ring so often . . . at the
most, three 01' fo ur times a day."
FIGHT "BJ. UES"
During the same period. four g irls.
of Indian background were taking
high school a t Sion Academy, Saska·
toon. A month o r SO after t heir en·
trance, I paid them a visit to help
fight oU ttie "blues," and s hare their
f ir s t Impressions.
One gi rl though t the people of
Saskatoon were indeed too aggressive, to the point of being Impolite.
"Who would ever think of placing
lights (traffic Signals) arou nd ... to
stop people from bumping Into one
another?"
I had to admit tha t the "whftes"
were often in a hurry, with no place
to go. I t he n went on to suggest that
travelling conditions had also changed In the north , the outboard mo tor
and s peedboat having replaced the
canoc and paddle.
She began to understand that in
t he "new contextt _ the RCMP were
doing everyone a favor by Insisting
that all boats be equipped with lig hts
(or night trave l. Somehow the
human ear had to give way to the
human eye, "AI DED" by the
technical deviC(! of a red·green lig ht
signaL But s he still fou nd the s ig nal
lights at the s treet corners of the
city of Saskatoon somewhat in·
human. Il left no o ne with t he freedom of a personal evaluatio n ; they
fo rced everyone to act as strangers
to one another.
And so, from the facts we have
conveyed in preceding articles and
this one, we come to some concludIng generalizations abo ut the pat·
tern o C thoug ht of centra] Northern
Canada's first settlers.
Living In what appeared to be
limitless land, very small in number,
there was n o need for these Inhabi·
-Con tinued on Page 3
Page 3
INDIAN RECORD
NOVEMBER 1955
110011 Review
History Uncluttered By Sociology
THE INOlAN HISTORY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, Volume I: The
I mpact of the White Man by Wilson
Dull. Anthropology in British Columbia Memoir No.5, 1964. Provi ncial Museum of British Colum·
bla, VlclOl'!a, B.C. 117 pages,
bibliog., lIIus. $1.00.
Rel"lew by Ermt. Gunther
Director of the Washington State
Museum in Seattle
\Ve h ave here another of the ex-
cellent publications of the Provi ncial
Museum of NatUl'ai History and Anthropology o ( British Columbia. The
present book deals with the I ndian in
a h istorical framework rather than
in the traditional ethnographic or
problem OI'jented manner. "The 1m·
pact of the White Man " Is t raced
from its beginning with the 18th
century explorers and lur traders
to the present.
It covers the oaicial definitions o[
an Indian, his legal status, the s ize
and dis t ribution of the Indian pop·
ulatio n, and some of the social a nd
economic as~ts of their lives. Each
of these catcgories is f ollowed
through with statistics and charts
based o n careful research. These
necessary a nd useful facts arc so
often needed i.n many types of mo·
dern research that one wishes other
governmental units would make
similar publications available.
Mr . Wilson Duff, the author,
needs no introduction to the anthropological audience of the Northwest
Coast. He has published often in
various government series and has
initiated and carried out many re·
search projects in the a rea. He
brings to this stud y more than a de·
cade of intense experience and reo
search rcsults among the Indians of
British Columbia, es~ially the
coastal tribes.
The charts and statistics mention·
ed arc Interspersed w ith pertinent
examples of the dillerence between
Corner Lights
-Continued fram Page 2
tants to consldc r the divis ion of land.
With plentiful game, there was no
need for any h ighly organized social
effort to satisfy the basic commodi·
ties.
There was no need for a precise
calendar. except that of the seasons,
and the moons which might In·
[Juence weather conditio ns rcla ted to
travelling, hunti ng or just resting.
There was no need to count hours,
as such: only perhaps the number of
nigh ts one had to camp to reach the
well known hunting grounds. Small
nu mbers combined with r iver and
Jake tmvel made it unnecessary and
even unwise to devote time and
effort to road building.
the basic philosophy of life of the
India n and t he white man, and the
historical results of these conflicts,
as well as eHorts whic h have been
made toward adjustments.
He docs not hesitate to point out
some of the disastrous effects of t he
Impact of European ideas of civlllza·
tion on the Indian culturc and the
misinterpretations on the parts of
both I ndians and whites of each
other's ways.
The white man found in the Bri·
tish Columbia tribes one of the most
highly developed social systcms
among Ame rican Indians and the
absence of a strong govcrnmen t.
When British Col umbia was settled
by Europeans and the " law of the
land" was extended to the native
people many con1licts and dlsparl·
ties arose.
The powerful tribes like the Halda
and Ts lmshlan counted their Inherl·
:
tance through the mother, a person
had not one, but several names duro
ing his life time. and the ownership
of land was a matter of use a nd not
s~l1icaUy Individual as Europeans
would have It.
As they were forced to g ive up
t hese concepts, their culture began
to crumble under the impact and
the problem facing these people was
whether they could adjust to what
changes were demanded of them
and stili mai ntai n their identity as
a people or whe ther they would be
assimila ted and disappear into the
population.
These problems a rc handled not
In the c ustomary sociological or
anthropological manne r, but in con·
cise s tatements supported by statistics and historical facts. The or·
gan izatlon of this material Is
thoughUully done so t hat It can be
used easily.
(The Beaver)
............................................................................... .
How Binding Are Treaties?
-Continued from Page 2
In being excluded from any consideration by the claims commission.
Mr. Baldwin, who raised t his point, dealt In a rLen rller speech
with the treaties themselves. He ofJered the legal opinion that 11
t hese had been agreements betwee n privatc persons, unde r the laws
relating to contracts everyone would be declared invalid by thc
courts on several grounds. There was undue influence since the
government was deating with Its wards. The people were' 1I1iterate
and unaware 01 the conSC<lucnccs of the treaties. The treaties were
Improvident, unconscionable and against natura l justice. They were
a lso lraudule nt.
The latter point has become plain only In the past year and It
creates a whole ncw problem. Treatics are supposed to be sacred,
legally binding on governments. But the s upreme court (ound in the
Sikyea case that the Migratory Birds Convention Act , althoug h it
contravened the treaties, was legally passed by Parliame nt. Thus
while promises were undoubtedly made in good faith by the Crown's
a gents, the promises were worthless. It has been demonstrated that
the treaties, whethcr fai r or unfair, do not bind Parliament and do
not have the charactcr we have a lways assumed. \Vhat the n Is the
nalurc of "any obligation . . . arising under any treaty" which, it
may be alleged, the Crown has failed to discharge?
1t will be evident that thc joint committee faccs~xtremely com·
plex problems with far·reaching implications.
On the o ne hand members will be anxious to ensure fairness to
a people who have long nourished bitter grievances and concerning
whom the country has a bad conscience. The bill as it stands gocs lar
to meet the demands of those who have arg ued the Indian case In
Parliament in other years. Thus the principle Is recog nized that the
commission will not be bound by the ordinary rules of evidence. The
time In which claims may be filed has becn extended to three years.
There Is provision for appeals to an Indian claims a ppeal court.
I ndian bands may receive linancial assistance In preparing and pursu·
ing their claims.
On the other hand members must have regard to the linanclal
consequences of this legislation. Even with the best of intcntlons,
Parliament could not possibly undo what has been done in the past
150 years. Mr. Nicholson pointed out that the bill sets no limit to the
amount of compensation which may be awarded and referred in
passing to a biUion doUar Industry now established on a f o rmer
Indian reserve. It would not take many awards in such cases to con·
front a future Parliament with liabilities of a magnitude sufficiently .
formidable to cause it to regret the blithe commitments in other
fields 01 its easy spending predecessors.
........... ...........................•... .................................. .... .
Page 4
I NO lAN RECORD
NOVEMBER 1965
Siavey Indians
Strike It Rich
Forty miles west of
Meander
River.
Alta.,
thel'e al'e 700 Slavey Indians who aI'e $476,030
richer today.
That amount, In cerU·
fied cheques from 011 com·
panics, went into the hand
funds of the Upper Hay
Lake resel've last month.
as a result of a sale of ex·
ploratlon leases by the
Indian AHail's Branch in
Ottawa.
Bailey Selburn Gas and
Oil Co. Ltd. paid $307,169
[or l().year gas and oil exploration or 3,083 acres, in
the promising r ights on
fi ve parcels of land, or
3,083 acres, In the promls·
ing area in nOl'thwestem
Alberta.
P lacid 011 Co. chipped In
a nother $l 68,86l for an
81().acre parcel. That is
S208 an acre.
Bailey Selhurn early in
OctObel' paid the Aibcl'ta
government $802,566 for
drl lllng rights on the reserve. It bid up to $210 a n
acre Thursday to get the
live Ilurceis from the In·
dian affairs hranch.
11 now has to dicke r w ith
the Indians for surface
rights to get equipment
into the area it can ex plore
and d rill.
There we re 29 bids for
the six parcels, which are
located 15 miJes north o f a
producing well in the promising Rainbow area west
o f the Mackenzie Highway
and no rthwest of Edmon·
ton.
A Catholic lndian Resi·
dential School was erected
on the Hay Lake Resel've
In 1951 for 110 resident
students In the care of the
Oblate Sisters of Provi·
dence. The Oblate Fathe r'S
arc in charge of both the
school and Assumption
parish on the Reserve.
Erection of the school, at
that time, helped to open
u p the remote area which
had been virtually scaled
of( [rom the rest ot the
province.
Now the Slavey Indians
have hit the jack pot, The
band, which had subsisted
on tra llplng and fishing In
the region, had a capital
reserve of $20,000 last
year. The oil and gas ex,
plol'ation bids sent It
spinning to nearly $500,.
000.
The Hay Lake rescrve
lenders we re the last to be
opened in Ottawa.
The next sale will be
held in Calgary- at a new
Indian Affairs office- Nov.
25 for exploration r ights
on land owned by the
Beaver Lake, Alta., Indian
band where a gas weU Is
now producing.
He cla . Go.cio . 28-year -o ld Ic ulp tor, il I how n wilh h is mode l
fa . a sewe n by 21 . ' 001 pan e l de picting Indian s goi n g d aw n th e
W iscons in Ri.e r unde r mi litory es cort in 1840. Ga rcia , a
foc u lly me mb e r 01 Clo rk CoUege, Dubuqu e. Iowa , operole d by
Ih e Sisters of Che.il y of Ih e Blessed Vi.g in Mo.y, won a ca m .
petitio n to delig n mo lds for 10 l uc h pa ne ls for the ule. ior of
a new courth ouse in Baraboo, Wis.
I NC Photo"
New
Industry For U.
Reserves
Director
For I-M
Centre
.Mr. David Hanley has
been appointed Director of
Winnipeg's SI. John Bosco
1ndian and Metis Cultural
Centre, l"CpJacing Fathel'
Arthur Carriere, OM r, who
has taken up a one·year
course of studies at the
University of Minnesota.
Taking over Mr, Han·
ley's fonner position o f
Assistant Director at the
Centre, Is Fathcr Denys
RueSI, O.M.I.
S.
Executives of a U.S. electronics
eom lluny. a petro·ehemica] company
and several olher majol' corporations have reported to the Bureau
of India n AUairs that they have ar·
ranged to sponsor meetings o t busi·
ness leaders to inform them of in·
dusll'ial development opport unities
in Indian areas.
Six such meetings were being
seheduled fOl' various parts of the
United States, at which more than
300 Industrial executives will consult
with Indian tribal leaders about ad·
vantages available 10 induslrles In
Indian population areas. Financing.
land leasing, and manpower a\'ail·
abilities will be major discussion
topics. The Bureau operatcs an industrial development pro g ram
which assists Industries in all three
phases of plan t relocation and ex·
panslon.
NOVEMBER 1965
INDIA N RECORD
!
Page 5
~!n..~n..n..n..IA:
Five Days In The Life
~
Missionary
'TUTUTUTU~~
About the middle of May
I started nOl'th by dogs to
visit my s cattered I ndians
but was f orced by deep
snows to return to the
Mission. On the 26th of
May, I again sct ou l, the
snow having melted down
somewhat, although stili a
foot or two deep In places.
What Icc had been exposed to the s un by the wi nd
had nll'cady beg un t o
"candle" on the sur£acc, a
needle-sharp condition that
cuts th e pads of the dogs'
fect and can cripple t hem.
The sun was just below
the hor izon at midnig ht
and SOOIl aftcnval'ds did
not set a t a ll.
Ailer the (lrsl ni g ht, I
made camp nt Bc!kadu, a
point some twenty mi.les
north o f home mission,
Our Ladv of T he Snows on
Cohrlllc Lake. The fect of
the th ree pups, Sta rbuck,
Nevada a nd Spook (9 mos.
old), were a lrea dy cut. The
followi ng evening when it
started freezing, 1 a gain
set ou t and reached the
tents o ( E:schale y's camp
at the head or Colville
Lake,
Nine wome n and ehll·
dre n, plus a n old blind
man, were kc<! plng the
camp while the mcm we re
away hunti ng be a vcr.
Eve r y one was busy
stretchlnq hides and dry·
ing ca ribou meat for t he
summer.
They got to·
gethe l', sewing moccas ins
fOl' m y dogs' feet while I
s le pt the day away.
On t he e vening of the
27th, afte r Mass In the
main te nt o n an improvls·
ed altar, I a gain harnessed
my seve n white huskies,
and leaving my heavy
komatlk (Eskimo runner
s led) behind, continued on
north w it h my Indian
toboggan whic h I had car·
ried on top.
With m idnight came the
great fe as t ot Corpus
Christi. I was anxious to
reach a large encampment
of Hares klns, Including the
chief, Bearg rease, on near·
by Lake Keta nlah .
The trail led by lead dog
to a na r row ledge of cling.
Ing Ice along the side of a n
open r iver, roaring with
the added volume of the
spring run·o!!. All of a
s udden the trail was wash·
by Rev. Browne, O,M.I ,
ed out and we were Into
the river, t he dogs swim·
mlng along the bank and
myself struggling to keep
the sled from upsetting.
T he lead dog, Mohawk,
soon picked up the trail
along the bank ice but my
brake was useless to c heck
t heir speed. I finally stop·
ped them and went up and
look the lead dog's traces
and walked with him.
This white highway of
ice was fast but t reacher·
o us, s loping toward the
river and dropping oU
abru p tly five feet over the
water which had eaten un·
del' it. This, the only open
water in the area, had
attracted all the !irst ducks
empty were we able to get
it out of the river. By t h is
time, everything thrown
up on t he Ice had f rozen
to It and I was feeling in
the same condition.
L uckily the vial of water·
proof ma tches I always
carry In my pocket had not
been lost and I h ur r ied up
the bank with my ax to
kindle a fire.
It took about three
hours to dry ou t my
clothes and assess the dam·
a ge. Mos t of my equ ipmen t
was eUher los t, or ru ined.
or too we I to carry. I
gathered up my ax, one
rWe, snowshoes, some d r y
meat and lish. The Mass
kit was rcndered useless. I
Ce/ebr~.ti,.g
Corl"'S CI.ris ti
N ortl. e,·" S tgle
and geese to come nOl'lh.
The young dogs especially
were fran tic to get one.
Before I could do a n y·
thing to prevent It, t he
sled w ith its precious cargo
plunged off into the ra pids
behind me, pulling the
wheel dog over t he edge of
the ice. The tremendous
sudden pull o n t he traces
dragged the rest of the
team and myself back·
ward, to the edge of the
brink !
Nothing to do but to
jump in myself, unharness
the wheel dog and let him
swim to safety and then
try to save t he sled. Bu t it
was carried u nder the
overhanging ice and this
proved d ifficult.
With the load soaked,
(weighing near l y 1,000
Ibs.!) it was too heavy to
save in one piece, I cut t he
lashi ngs and began to
t hrow rifles, snowshoes,
Mass ki t, blankets, etc., u p
onto t he ice. I saw my
pa r ka a nd movie comera
carried away in the cur·
rent.
Only when t he sled was
left the vestments and my
eiderd own spread on the
m 0 s s; hamessed o nly
three dogs and turned the
other Cou r loose.
Edging gingerly along
the Icc shelf, I ar rived
safely at the next lake
where J spied my powder·
ed milk tin with the
camera and Him, floati ng
triumphan tl y among a
flock of swans!
I tied the dogs, cut the
longest wiUow I could find
and walked out o n the
rotting Ice, with my snow·
shoes, and retrieved the
camera.
Unluckily
the
parka had not floated. It
took longer to catch the
four loose dogs who were
gaily swimming aIter a
muskrat.
By ten o'clock that fatef ul morni ng I did arrive a t
the Indian camp, only to
lind nobody there, Their
tents had been struck and
trails led of! on t he Ice In
a ll directions. To re t urn to
my f ire mea nt s leeping
hu ng r y In we t blankets so
I pressed o n no r th on a
prayer.
Af ter ten miles or so, the
dogs' moccasins wore
through and t heir old
wounds opened u p. We
stopped and I took stock of
the s ituation, decided to
fi re the rifle, and If I go t
no answer to tum around.
But t here was an answer
f urt her off to t he n orth
a bou t fou r m iles away.
We went on a nd soon
the dogs caught the scent
of t he I nd ian dogs and our
pa ce quickened. Roundi ng
two isla nds, we spotted
figures on a hilltop and
we re soon oU the black ice
and Into the camp.
Jige and Olawi he lped
unharness and chain my
huskies, a ll the whi.l e
chattering in Hare·sk in
abou t the dangers o f tra·
veili ng this time of the
year. They pointed to old
graves out on the island!
After my breakfast o f
beaver (Deat, I fell asleep
exhausted, in one of their
robes.
Waking later, that glorious Feast Day, I was un·
able to say the promised
11o1ass because my Mass kit
had been r uined, so the
Rosary took Its place.
Nor was J a ble to pro·
long my visit, with the Icc
deteriorating so fast be·
hind me. Olawi volunteer·
ed to accompa ny me with
his team to the south e nd
of the Lake, and we set out
togethe r about eleven p.m.
The sun set and a cold
fog swept in over the Ice,
when a huge black form
shimmered in the mirage
up ahead on our trail. Soon
we recognized it as a
barren·land grizzly, hun·
gry after mo nths in hiber·
nation, out looking for his
first meaL
The dogs broke into a
gallop; and we began fir·
ing when we came within
r ange. He was wou nded
and climbed the h illside
but he was too dangerous
to f ollow.
T ravelling all nigh t by a
diUerent r oute, I arrived
back a t Eschaley's camp at
the head of Colville Lake.
On t he following n ig ht ,
r returned to t he Mission,
my poor dogs' fee t cut to
r ibbons. That Feast Day
... Corpus Chr istl ... will
not be soon forgotten!
r
Educating
u.s.
The
Indian
By SELENE GIFFORD,
Assistant Comm issione r
of t he U,S.
Ind ion Affa irs Bureau
The task force which
U.S. Secretary of the I ntel'iol', Stewart L. Udall,
appointed to restudy the
"Indian
problem" soon
after he was ap pointed in
J anuary 1961 recog nized
that many India ns, while
cager for education, for
jobs, and f Ol' an improved
standard of living, are
loath to leave the rese r va·
tions. Others, it found,
were mOl'e advcnturiotts
and were ready to seck a
career 0([ the reservations,
a lthough
NOVEMBER 1965
INDIAN RECORD
Page 6
even
many
of
these wished to keep their
t r ibal aflil!a tions.
The Bureau of Indian
Affairs, under the leadershi p
0f
Commissioner
Philleo Nash, who was a
member of the task force,
has guided the Bureau's
programs into two mai n
directions - education and
e co n 0 m i c development.
They are com panion pieces
in every way.
The stm), of how tourist
a ttractions have been con·
structed, mineral rese r ves
developed, forests made to
produce income, deserts
converted into irrigated
[anns and ranches, and
how tribal income has
been channelled into in·
vest m ents
in
business,
community facili ties, and
education tr ust fu nds this is a story in itself. But
the prom ises in economic
development canno t be fu l·
filled withou t an ed ucated
t ribal citizel1l·Y.
Here is ho w the USIS
is helping ma ke e d ucation
a part o f the I ndian's
everyda y life.
The Reservation Indians
of the 1960's - and there
arc 380,000 of them - arc
not unin fo l'med abo u t
wha t is goi ng on in t he
world, no malleI' how Iso·
lated their reservation may
be. Child ren and adults
listen to t he radio, pro·
bably watch TV - Includ·
ing the westerns - fairly
I'egularly. and occasionally
d rive to town to shop a nd
see a movie, Indian chi l·
d l'en, as t hcy mature and
grow in perccption, can
hard ly fail to note the d if·
ferenees between the way
in which most o thcr ArneI"
icans live and the povel'ty
in which Indian families
too often live.
Somewhere between pri·
mary school and high
school the Indian child
usually comes to under·
stand tha t the key to a
better life is education. He
may not wa nt tha t ot her
life in toto, b ut he invari·
ably wants t he power and
means to acrept some fea·
tures o ( it and to reject
o the rs. His deeply imbed·
ded desire, as the la te
Oliver LaF arge o ncc said,
is to "prove himself a
whole man in our society
without ceasing to be a n
Indian."
Although the B ureau of
I nd ian Affairs is charged
pl'imarily with trus t re·
sponsibility for
India n
la nds, it has of necessity
been I.n the business of I n·
dian education in o l'del' to
help the I ndia n people to
manage thei r ow n affairs
successfully.
The Bureau school sys·
tern is one of special edu·
cation geared to the
needs of Indian children _
to compensate f OI- the so·
cial, econom ic, and eduea·
tional de privation in t heir
lives.
Indeed, the Bureau still
o pera tes three special non·
gra ded boarding schools to
accommoda te older chil·
d l'en who have never a t·
tended any school because
the re we re no seats fo r
t hem in
t he crowded
Bureau schools a nd no
public schools that could 'support them. T hese spe·
cia l programs, ins tit uted
a t the close of World Wa r
II, provide a 5·year cur·
riculum which emphasizes
language, a rithmetic, social living, a nd lrade instruction. T he need lor
such pl-ograms is now fast
dedinlng, as sizable Fe·
deral a p propr iations fot·
elementary school con·
struct ion in the past few
years have made other
schools a vailable .
Today's metho d s of
teaching English are the
reverse of earlie r methods.
The earliest methods were
based on t he p remise, s ince
proved erroneous, that the
speediest way to teach In·
dian ch ildren to speak English was to remove them
from evel'ything tha t was
Indian. The intent was to
have them forget their I n·
dian tongue throug h dis·
use. Older I nd ians, educated d uring this earile l' re·
gime, can s till recall times
they were punished for
speaking their I ndian langua ge.
This me thod retarded
the child re n's la nguage de·
velopment by blocking
communica tion in t hei r na·
l ive language, which they
knew, before they could
communicate in E nglish, a
language which they did
not know. As a resul t the
children no t o nly lacked
the ability to ha nd le Eng·
]ish but also lacked the
ability to handle their native language that was
commensurate with their
age maturity.
They found themselves,
after years of schooling,
una ble to con\'erse in their
I nd ian longue on an adult
level with thcir unschooled
parents and grandparen ts
and also unable to con·
verse in English with their
English . speaking friends
and associates. But WO I'5t
of all was t he damage done
to Indian personality, since
t hese for c e d methods
subtly conveyed to yo ung
I ndians an attitude of in·
ferio rity toward their In·
dian culture and lang uage.
The Bureau has expand·
ed operations in two highly
specialized
school
that
combine high school a nd
postsecondary voca tional
education. One of these,
Haskell I nstitute at Lawre nce, Ka ns., oilers a w ide
variety of occupational
training
courses
a long
wi t h a wide variety of aca·
demie courses _ but it is
noted in partTcular for its
printshop, wh ich turns out
t he specia l texts and readers used in Bureau·operated elementary schools.
Anothe r spccialized school
is in t he Institute of Arne I"
-Continued on Page 14
Catlinite In di a n Peace Pi pe.
NOVEMBER 1965
INDIAN RECORD
Poge 7
Appeal Court Hikes Grant's Fine
Friends Launch Public Subscription
When
the
B.C.
and
Yukon Appeal Court In
Whitehorse, Y.T. In Sep·
tember boosted fines trom
S60 to 3500 against former
Indian
age nt
William
Grant, n public subscrlp.
tion was launched to help
pay the levies, a(ter several friends o!Iered to send
in money.
Grant was originally
fined S60 on six counts oC
misusing federal funds t o
provide services for northem Jndians.
Acq ui ttal ot Grant's former assistant as Yukon
Tndlan agent, Joseph Arml·
shaw, on four counts of
uttering (alse documents,
was upheld by the court.
Mr. Justice John Parker,
w ho set the orlginal 1ine of
$GO or in default one day
In jail, said in handing
down his judgment: " He
risked his career to do
what he as a conscientious
person
on
the
spot,
thought he could do with·
out bringing t he government down on top of him.
"I would like to think
that had I been in Grant's
position I would have had
the courage to do what he
did," the judge said.
Grant was charged after
he spent some $70,000 to
provide housing for In·
dlans in the Whitehorse
a rea.
'He was auth orized to
spend only $<15,000 for this
purpose and, to explain his
spending the other $25,000,
said it had gone for
general relief of the In·
Cranbrook
Opens New
Integrated
School
A new Integrated school
at Cranbrook, B.C., for
Catholic Indian and white
children w iJI replace the
old I n d I a n Residential
School of St. Eugene in
operation for over half a
century. Father Vincent
Laplan te, 0.1.1.1., has been
appoi nted by Bishop W. E.
Dovle ot Nelson as Principal of the new St. Mary's
School. Father Laplante is
a native 01 Ottawa. The
Sisters of Charity of Halllax will teach at the new
school.
dlans. There was no limit
on how much he could
spend for this purpose.
Grant was charged under Section 92/d of the
Financial and Administration Act, which provides
for a maximum penalty of
five years In prison on
each count.
He was suspended from
his position as Indian
Agent in May 1963, but
was not arrested and
charged until December,
1964. After his conviction
he retired to a small road·
side s tore near Whitehorse.
The Crown appeal in
Gra nt's case was based o n
the contention that Judge
Parker had proceeded o n
incorrect
principles
In
minimizIng the seriousness
of Gran t's olience.
N. V. K. Wylie, Crown
council, said the trial
judge had violated almos t
every rule of the imposition of sentences In such
cases. He objected not only
to the n ominal Hne but to
the judge lauding Grant
for what he did.
The former Indian agent,
he said, had used cash re·
lief cheques, endorsed In
the name of various In·
dians In the Yukon, to pay
for construction of Indian
housing, instaUation of
plumbing, running power
lines to an Indian village,
setting up an I ndian c0operative store and other
purposes.
"His motives may have
been of the highest but he
betrayed his trust," Wylie
said. "A thief who steals of
necessity Is still a thief."
Whe n Chlet Justice Bird
suggested t h a t Grant
m ight have been prepared
to beeome a martyr in or·
del' to emphasize the poor
living conditions of the In·
dians in his agency Wylie
replied:
"Maybe, but where did
his responsibillty lie? It
was his duty to can'y out
the wishes of his superiors
. .. It was not his duty to
forge cheques and use this
cash for other puq)oses
than Parliament h"d approved."
Defence counsel James
L. King argued that the
Crown had failed to show
what error in principle had
been committed by the
trIal judge.
King said the trial judge
had thrce principles - protection of the public,
deterrent to others and reformation of the accused
_ definitely in mind when
he pronounced sentence on
GI'ant. He said Indian neglect In the Yukon led
Grant to take action know·
ing he was sacrUlcing his
career.
Resource Projects Provide-:lobs
One answer to the loom·
ing shortage of skillcd
workers in British Colum·
bia's future may be found
among the province's In·
dian bands, J. V. Boys, B.C.
Indian commissioner told
the Natural Resources
Conference at P I' Inc e
Geo rge.
Proof of this Is the grow·
Ing Indian work force
along the CNR mainline
and north of it, Including
the Prince George area,
which numbered over 2,400
by the fall of 1956. The
surge of resource develop.
ment In northern B.C. has
provided the opportunity
for work for many Indians,
and Mr. Boys urged em·
ployers in industry to
"spell out their require.
ments ahead of time" so
the Indian department will
be able to train and equip
B.C. Indians to take places
In Industry.
GIVE A CHANCE
He told the conference
that a broad program of
schooling a nd training is
In eUcct throughout the
province and that industry
should recognize the poten·
tlal ot Its 40,000 naUve
people who make up only
t wo per cent of the population.
Industry, I abo rand
governmcmt should give
the India n a chance to
share In the benefits of an
affluent society. This could
be achieved by oUering the
Indian education and vocational training.
Boys said his wards
have the same potential as
whi tes and exceed them in
average manual dexterity.
He said they are very
successful In logging and
In operating, maintaining
and repairing machinery
and most ot the trades and
skills used in forest, miU
and mine.
The white ma n should
banish from his mind the
stereotype ot the lndlan as
shiftless, hard-drlnklng social outcast with limited
capacities for learning and
working In the white
man's world.
He charged t hat t he
National Film Board reinforced the popular picture
of the Indian as a ne'er-dowell in two Hlms entitled
"The Strangers" and "Because They Are Different"
which, he said, "almost
vilify the rndlan."
It was true that some
aboriginal Indians fit the
characterization but that
"the majority have the
same feelings, hopes and
aspirations as other people
and want only the d ignity
01 a worthwhile job that
will support a family."
Indians are rapidly leavIng B.C. reserves and entering the outside world,
Boys said. The nu mber of
Indians living oU the rescrve was 5,500 In 1962,
equal to 12 per cent of the
B.C. total of 40,000, and
that this has Increased to
more than 10,000, equal to
about 34 per cent of the
Indian population.
FISHING DECLIN ES
FlshlnK. has been a de·
c1lnlng "industry for the
Indians on the coast and
they have for some time
been entering the forest
Industries.
He said there were many
difficulties In the path of
the young Indian who left
the rescrve or the village
and tried to get an educa·
tion In city schools, but
that Increasing numbers
were succeeding.
He denied that there is
any deliberate segregation
of Indians in schools. He
said half of the provincial
school system Is "Integrat·
ed" and t hat other I ndian
students are in non-white
schools simply because
theY'are-irr all·Indian com:munlUes.
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Page 10
INDIAN RECORD
NOVEMBER 1965
The Dakota Indians In Canada
-Cont inued from Page 9
''The Committee submIt the
unwilling to go there th r ough fear
foregoing recommendation and
of the Saulleux Indians.
and not a matter of rig ht. They
suggestion for Your Excellency's
were also warned that they
I n the meantime, Cou·Croche,
approval."
should not allow any Dakotas
Chief of the Saulteux promised to
from United States to come and
live at peace "with all men," espe·
(Certl!led by W. A. Himsworth)
live w ith them.
cially with the Dakotas. Per·
A few months later ano ther
An orflcial document authorlz·
missio n was given h im to pay a
Order·in·Council, authorizing the
ing an appropriation 01' land for
visit to them. The reSUlt of the
continuance under the British {Jag
the sett lement of a band of Dakota
interview
was satisfactory and, In
of the same band ot Dakota In·
Indians was approved bv the Earl
spite of the mutual distrust of the
dians who had immigrated to the
of Du(ferin, Governor·General of
two tribes, which was caused by
North West, was approved by the
Canada, on January 4th, 1873.
their hatred and enmity in the
Governor· General in Counell
The document, Order·ln-Coun·
past, the ancient feud was buried.
(April 24th, 1873).
cil, No. 1128, is as follows.
Bird
To il ond Ook River
This Order·in·Councl l, No. 1723,
" On a Memo dated 31st Deer.
reads:
A
more suitable locality was
1872, il'om the Hon. the Secy. of
selected J&r the proposed resen'a·
"On a Memo dated 22nd April .
Stale for the Provinces stating
tion at the Forks of the Little
1872, from the Hon. Mr. Campbell
that Lleut. Governor Morris In a
Saskatchewan O\1innedosa) and
submitting that a band of Sioux
letter of the 16th of November
Assinibolne Rivers, where the
Indians Immigrated into the
last calls attention to the subjcct
Dakotas were encamped in large
North·West Territories about ...
of an aPilroprlation of land for the
numbers. However, this location
(11 years) ago from the United
settlement of the Band of Sioux
was without wood and conseStates - that they are represent·
Indians who some time since en·
quently unsuited for their pur·
ed to be desirous of remaini ng
tel'ed the N.W. Territories.
pose. The chlcfs requested a new
undel' the British Flag and that
"That the case of these Sioux,
the Lieut. Govr. of Manitoba has
loca tion should be selected, inU·
was the subject of a Report of the
mating at the same time the wish
recommended that autho rity be
7th Februar y from the Indian
given to him to place the ba nd In
to have two or. if possible, three
Office _ and that in It, It was
a proper locality in the vlc.lnlty of
small reserves instead of a large
prollOsed to allot to each family
Lake Manitoba, and that the In·
one. Governor Morris recommend·
80 aeres of farm land.
dian Comr. should proceed as
ed the application of the Dakotas
"That the Band was computed
soon as pl'acticable to Manitoba to
to the favol'able consideration of
to be composed of about 80 fami·
make the necessary arrangements
the Government. In November,
lies and consequently to locate
with refe rence to these Indians.
1874, Instructions- were accord·
t hem 6,400 acres would suUlce.
ingly sent to Molyneux St. John,
But that due a llowance fOI' In·
"T ha t he, Mr. Cam pbell, re'
India n Commissioner , to take
fer lor land not ada pted for Ag rl.
commends that the authority ask·
measures to select for the band,
culture and provision likewise for
ed for by the Lieut. Govr. be
in concert with thei r Chiefs, two
some excess over 80 families,
granted, and that instructions be
or three reserves fu r ther west, on
should be made - and recom·
issued to the Indian Comr. to
the same basis as to acreage as
mending that a Reserve be set
make the arrangements recom·
the reserve originally proposed,
apart for them, to contain about
mended by His Honor the Lieut.
12,000 acres with the unders ta nd·
(80 acres for every family of five
Govel"IlOI".
persons); It being understood that
ing that an addiliona l quantity
"T he Com. submit the above rethe origina l reserve should be
wlil be reserved should their
commendation for your Ex·
forma lly surrendered by the
aCl ual numbe rs require It.
cellency's approval."
Band. Early In 1875 the India n
"The Seey. of State observes
(Certified by W. A. Himsworth)
Commissioner obtained accord·
that Comr. Simpson in a lettcr of
The fi rst location o( the propos·
ingly a formal surrender of the
the 15th inst. suggests that a reo
ed reserve was the shores of Lake
serve should be set apart West of
-Conti nued on Page 11
Manitoba but the Dakotas were
the Province of Mani toba towards
the International Bound·
ary line. But that it must
be borne In mind that
many of these people
were refugees from the
United States, and it is
very questionable whe.
ther It would be good
policy or consistent with
humanity to insist u pon
the Reservc being in such
proximity to the Amerl·
can Terr itory tha t In·
roads therefrom would
not be difficult of accom·
plishment by those who
are stili hosti le to them,
and a possi ble seties of
complications be the reo
sult- He, therefore. sug·
gests tha t the precise locality, west o r Manitoba , A .... issio n , hop e i for t he Ookota , is bl esse d at Wood Mo unlo in : l . 10 R. Oyewaste, F•. G.
should be left open for laviolette, aMI, Joftn Le Coine, Bis hop J . M. Le mi e us , OP, o f Gra ve lbo uTg , Saf k., Mf g •.
fu ture arra ngement.
H. Kuge ne . , PO, and Nunpok ikte .
I
NOVEMBER 1965
1N D1AN RECORD
Page 11
The Dakota Indians In Canada
---Continued from Page 10
original reserve, and, in compan y
with the Dakota Chiefs, selected
n Reserve further west on the
Asslnlbolnc at Berry Creek or
Oak River for Chief White Eagle,
and another still further west on
Bird Tail Creek near Fort Ellice
for Chief Mahpiyahdlnape.
As early as 1875, under chiefs
Mahpiyahdlnape
and
Mahplyaduta the Dakotas settled In
large numbers on the Bird Tall
Creek reserve. Very Industrious
and moral they have been prac-
tically self-supporting, being successful farmers. They were Wahpetonsj In 1963, the numbered 175
souls.
There Is a Presbyterian
chapel on the reservation. (Bird
Tall Reserve, No. 57)
The Oak River Band Is composed of Sissctons (who settled there
under Chief White Eagle, with a
few Wahpetons and Mdcwakan-
tonwans. They were mostly farmers and had a large number ot
caule. The Church of England
established a mission In 1880. Thc
Catholic Church built a mission
chapcl in 1935. There arc 718 I ndians on this reservation. (Oak
River Reserve, No. 58)
In 1891 a number of Yanktons
crossed the Canadian boundary
nnd tried to establish themselves
on the Oak River and Bird TaU
Creek Reservations. Being expell.
ed from there they camped in the
Moose Mountain area, district of
Asslniboia, for two or three years,
and then returned to the United
States.
Portage 10 Prairie
There was still a large number
ot Dakotas living a nomadic life
In the vicinity of Portage la
Prairie In 1875. The Lt. Governor
visited them and eventually got
their consent to move them Into
the reservations. However many
of them remained near Portage.
Twenty·six acres of land were
bought by the Dakotas In 1898 for
S'loo; in the same year, in virtue
of an Order In Council, dated Oct.
6th, 1898, the Department of In·
dia n Affairs set aside lot 14 (109
acres), for their use. In 1913 this
lot was relinquished and lot 99
was then bought.
There are now 191 Wahpetons,
Wlyakotldan band, at Portage la
Prairie and at Long Plains where,
In 1934, twenty-three families
were resetlled on the Saulteux
reservation by the Department of
I ndian Affairs, at a cost of
S14,(X)(J.00. A few Dakota remain·
ed at Portage or moved to the
Oak Lake reservation. (Portage la
Prairie Sioux ViUage,-Reserve No.
Sa).
Oak lake Gnd Turtle Mountain
Pursued Incessantly by the United Stales troops, Inkpaduta fled
into Dakota Territory. He was
w ith Standing Bultalo at the
battle of the Big Mound. Alter
the battle of the KlUdeer Moun·
tain on December 3rd, 1863, he
was driven northwards towards
Canadian territory by General
Sully.
Arriving at the Canadian boun·
dary in July 1864, Inkpaduta
made ma ny forays along the fron·
lieI'. Wherever an outrage was
committed, t he tracks of the
valorous c hief were to be found.
He remained in the vicinity of the
Canadian border unUi the Red
Cloud wars. Having joined the
Tetons after the Treaty of 1868
he roamed through the Montana
country with Crazy Horse and
Sitting Bull. He took an active
part in the wars of 1876. After the
power of the Dakotas had been
broken, Inkpaduta r eturned to
Canada with his band of about
twemy·flve families.
I nkpaduta lived for some time
at the Turtle Moun tain Reserve.
Later he went north In the terri·
tory of Saskatchewan, where he
died near Batoche.
There was also in the Turtle
Mountain region a large body of
Dakota refugees. In 1877 they
sent two deputations to t he Lie utenant Governor Morris asking
for a Reserve. They also asked
for Implements to cultivate the
soil.
Being warned not to interfere
with the American Dakotas, they
were promised a Reserve some
d istance from t he boundary, but
were warned not to aid or abet
the American Dakotas.
The
Turtle Mou ntain Dakotas, grateful for the kindness with which
they had been treated in Canadian
Ter r itory, disclaimed all Intention
of going on the warpath along
with their American brothers,
and asserted that their only desire was to live peacefully.
I n 1878, their chief, He-ahde,
was granted a reservation near
Oak Lake.
Some time late r
another reserve was granted to
Hdamanlln the Turtle Mountains.
The Oak Lake Reservation has
now a population ot 220. They are
mainly Wahpekutes.
The Turtle Mountain Reserve
having been surrendered in 1907,
its inhabitants moved to the Oak
Lake Reservation. There is little
fanni ng done, most of the Indian
being trappers and hunters. These
Indians were evangelized by a
native' preacher ~ named· John" T hunder. At the present 50% be-
long to the United Church, the
others are Catholics. A chapel
was built for the latter in 1935.
(Oak Lake Reselve, No. 59) The
total Dakota population in Manl·
toba totalled 1,304 In 1964.
Stand ing Buffalo', Band
When Standing Buffalo died In
1869 there were already a few
Sissetons and Wahpetons camped
In the vicinity of Fort Qu'Appelie.
Many other me mbers of these
bands were to be found In the
Cypress Hills. It seems that hun·
dreds of Sisseton and Wahpeton
refugees returned to the United
States at that time settling down
on the Devll's Lake ReselVation.
Aiter Standing Buffalo's death,
his son, Matoduza, took over the
leadershi p of the band and en·
deavoUred to obtain a reservation
from the Canadian Government.
On October II th, 1875, the
Lieutenant-Governor of the North
West Territories, had written in
the name of the Queen, to Stand·
ing Buffalo and White Cap, urging them to settle on delinlte reservations. They were told that
they could choose any location
provided it was not-too neal' the
American boundary, and that the
Queen would ratlly their choice.
A fter Interviews with the Hud·
son's Bay Company Factor a t
Fort Qu'Appelle, they were In·
structed to go and meet the
Governor at Fort Pelly. A delega·
tion Interviewed Governor Laird
at Fort Pelly In the spring ot
1877. The following year Lieu·
tenant·Governor Laird thus wrote
to Standing BuUalo from the
Government House In BattIelord:
(Jan. 22nd, 1878).
"I have received the Request
which you sent me on behall of
your Band, dated last December
19th, concerning a Reserve,' agricultural implements and seed
grains.
"Your father-I n·law, when he
visited at Pelly last spring, evi·
dently did not understand me properly, for I did not promise that
your Band would have a man to
teach you to build houses and to
cultivate t he land.
"I have written to Ottawa tor
you to obtain a Reserve, and the
Minister of the Queen has granted
permission to your Band to
occupy the Coulee of which you
speak, located wes t of the Fort
Qu'Appelle, to cultivate the land
there and to take generally what
you need. There is no act ot
cession regis tered to that effect,
but there is the promise of the
General Superintendent of Indlan
Allalrs which should be for you
the assurance. whJch you ask for,
-Cont in ued on Page 12
(
Page 12
INDIAN RECORD
NOVEMBER 1965
The Dakota Indians In Canada
-Continued from Page 1 1
11 you occupy and cultivate this
coulee. But I.f you do not do so, the
Government will believe that you
do not desire th is location for a
Reserve.
"I cannot grant to your people
the di.uerent articles which you
ask for, but I will endeavour to
obtain seed grains and a few a grl.
cultur al impiements to enable you
to cultivate next spring."
Standing Bu.uaJo chose for his
reservation the land a t the junction of Jumping Deer Creek and
the Qu'A ppelle River where
twenty· four lodges of his band
had been camping since 1874.
However, the Standing Buffalo
Dakotas continued for a number
of years to r oam the plains, campIng in dillerent places alo ng the
Qu'Appelle Valley.
The Standing BuUalo reserve
has a populat ion o{ 435, (1964),
mos tly Sissetons with a few
Wahpetons. They were among
the first Indians in Saskatchewan
to farm . They are industrious and
have a good standard o f living.
They are mos tly a l.l Catholics. a
mission having been founded
there in 1890 by the Oblate
Fathers of the Qu'Appelle Mission
(Lcbret, Sask.).(Standlng BuHalo
Reserve, No. 78,)
White Cap's Band
The While Cap band came to
Canada In 1862 ,entering Ihe country at a point wes t of the Turtle
Moun ta ins. White Cap's band
travelled with Standing Buffalo's
band until 1874. White Cap was
then camping at Fort Qu'Appelle
with fifty·two lodges. In 1875 he
wen t to Fort Garry to see Lieutenant Governor Morris. He did
not wish to setle down on the pro·
posed reserve on the Llnle Sask·
atchewan, in Manitoba: he asked
for the privilege of hunting with
the Metis of the Qu'Appelle Val·
lC!y, and expressed the desire thal
his band be given a reservation In
Saskatchewan. They moved to the
Cypress Hills where they remained for four year s and from there
went north to the Prince Albel1:
district.
Although they were granted a
reservation on the South Sask.
atchewan River ( near Saskatoon)
In 1883. White Cap and his band
continued to live neal' Prince
Albert. In 1885 they moved to
their reservation on the South
Saskatchewan (Moose Woods).
They had scarcely settled down
when White Cap became involved
In the Riel Rebellion of 1885. The
Metis had appropriated cattle and
horses belonging to the band. In
an ellort to rccover the stolen
property, White Cap and some
members of the band followed the
Metis, The chief, who could not
speak a word of French or Cree,
was taken to Riel's headquarters
at Batoche. He was ta ken to meetIngs at which all the proceedings
were in these languages. Being
Ignorant of these tongues, he
knew nothing of what was said or
decided upon. Without any effort
to ascertain his wishes on the
maUer, White Cap was even
made a member of Riel's council.
Realizing that he was becoming
Involved in the rebellion. White
Cap managed to escape. In spite
of the eHorts of the Metis to pre·
vent him, White Cap succeeded in
reaching Saskatoon, where he
met Dr. Willoughby. He complained that he had been take n to
Batoche against his will and
pleaded for assistance in recover·
Ing his property from the Metis.
Wh ite Cap seems to have returned to Riel's camp, for he was
present with his followers a t the
baule of Fish Creek, April 24th,
1885, when two hundred of Riel's
men attacked the forces of
General Middleton. With While
Cap were a few Yanktons and a
few Tetons from \Vood Moun·
tain. Whether the Dakotas actually took part in the engagemC!nt
Is difficult to ascertain.
During the RC!bellion the members 01 the band wandered about
begging food from the settlers but
never attempting to steal or ex·
tort It. After the rebellion White
Cap was arrested, brought to Re·
g ina and tried for complicity In
the Rebellion. However, as It was
proved that he had been forced
against his will to join the rebels,
he was absolved of all gu ilt and
allowed to go frcc.
The reservation granted to
White Cap is on the Saskatchewan River, south of Saskatoon.
Its population is about 125, mos tly
Sissetons, of the Cankute band. A
United Church mission and a day
school are located there. The
MooS{! Woods raise cattle and are
entirely sel!·supportng; a former
farm ing instructor, H arry Little
Crow, was a Dakota. (Moose
Woods Reserve, No. 94.)
Wahpeton Do kota at
Prince Albert
A band of Wahpetons C!ame to
Canada shortly after the ~lInne­
sota outbreak. They lived near
Portage la Prairie until 1872. For
reasons unknown they moved to
northern Saskatchewan n ear
Prince Albert. They were not forc·
ed to join the insurgents under
Louis Riel in 1885. During the
rebellion they wa ndered about,
begging food from the settlers. A
reservation was gran ted to them
around 1890.
It Is inhabited by Wahpetons,
two thirds are Presbyter ians, one
third Roman Catholic, who num·
bel' about 90. The Indians are
trappers and hunters. (Wahpeton
Reserve, No. 94a.)
Wood Mounto in Dakotas
Alter Sitting Bull returned to
the United States, chief Wambligi
remained in Canada with about
one hundred and fifty lodges of
Tetons. T his number gradually
dwindled for, as years went by,
party after party returned to the
American reservations.
The Messiah Craze which caus·
ed much excitement in the United
States had few repercussions
among the Canadian Dakotas. It
was only in the Wood Mountain
area that the new religion gained
a few adherents.
The only
Messiah Danee ever hC!ld in
Canada took place in 1895 at a
fork of Wood River, six miles
north west of the present town of
Gravelbourg, Saskatchewan. This
dance was organized~y Black
Bull. Shortl y af ter the death of
Sitting Bull a few of the Wood
Mountain Dakotas had gone to
Pine Ridge, S. Dakota. and there
learned the tcnC!ts of the Messiah
relig ion.
When the buHalo disappeared
from the Wood Mountain country,
the Indians came to Moose Jaw to
earn a livelihood by working In
the village. In 1882 they had a
permanent camp in the valley
near Moose Jaw. They were under
the leadership of Black Bull, and
lived in tents all the year around.
In 1913 a rese rve was granted to
them near the old Wood Mountain
trading post,
By 1963 at Wood Mountain
there were about 6ODakOlas of
the Hun kpapa clan, who came
with Sitting Bull. A few of them
cultivate the land and raise
cattle. Most of them are Catholics. (Wood Mountain Reserve,
No. 160.)
In the vicini ty of this reserve
are many other families of
Dakota origin who are aU Canadian citizens.
In addition to the Dakotas Iiv·
Ing on the above-mentioned reser·
vatlons, there are several hundred
others residing on the reserves
of Treaty Indians and stlU others
w ho have acquired citizenship and
live In Winnipeg, Brandon, Por·
tage, Birtle, Virden, Regina, Fort
Qu'Appe Ue, Moose Jaw, Saskatoon and P rince Albert.
- To be conc luded next month
NOVEMBER 1965
Pa g~
INDIAN RECORD
Blood Reserve
Girls
Awarded
Scholarships
Three Alberta girls have
become the first representa ti ves of the Blood I ndians at Brigham Young
University In Provo, Utah,
where there are 49 different t ribes on the campus.
There is a campus club
called
"Many
F ingers
Tribe."
The three Blood Indian
gi rls, Ruby Many Grey
Horses, R osella Weasel
Fat and &verly Ta ll Fea·
LIEF ERICSON DISCOVERS AMERICA-RUIns of 0 Viking selliement have bee n discovered by
Norwegian archeolog ists on the northern tip of Newfoundla nd. T hese could be t he "Vinland"
settlement, narrated in the old sogas of Lief Ericson 's voyages. Tests have da ted them about
Ihe year 1000 A.D., when King Olaf of Norway sent lief to christianize Green land.
T his poin t ing of Ihe "Discovery of America by Lief Ericson" by Christia n Krong of Oslo,
hangs in the US Copital building, Wo~ing ton, DC.
thers, aU 01 Cardston, were
a wa r d C! d
scholarships
covering tuition. The students have to pay their
own room and board.
RUBY i'tA~'Y GRIW
1I0RSf:S, 20, Is t he da ug h.
tel' of M r. a nd Mrs.
Alphonse Man y Grey
Horses. She star ted school
at St. Paul's R esidential
School, t hen took j unior
hig h and Grade 10 in Cardstan. She finished her h igh
school at the J asper P lace
Composite high school In
Edm onton.
T here are 10 chl1dl'cn i n
her family. She Is t he third
o ldest. She planned to take
nu rsing a t t he un iversity.
ROS El,LA W E A S E r~
FAT. a lso 20, Is t he da ugh·
ter o( Mr. and Mrs. Verden
Weasel Fat. She a lso started school at St. P a ul's
t hen took junior high at
Fort Macleod, the n back to
Cardston (01' grades 10 and
11. She finished her high
school at Jasper P lace.
Bot h these g irls spent
the summer working at
the Charles Camsell Hospl·
tal in Edmonton.
BEVERLY TA U, Ft;,\ ·
T l rnRS. 18, Is the sixth of
nine ch ildren in he r fam ily.
She too started her school
at St. Paul's u p to grade
four. t hen fin ished a t the
Cardston h igh school. She
chose
to
take
home
economics a t BYU.
Her parents are Mr. a nd
Mrs. Kennet h T a il Fea·
the rs. H e r hobby is ban'el
raci ng, so she spen t the
summe r v i s i t i n g the
r odeos.
Warden of the Plains
On April 30, 1835, C u thbert Gra nt, Warden of t he
P lains, f o unde r of t he
COlllmu nlt y now known as
S t. Fra ncois Xa vier, J ustice of t he Peace f or the
fourt h district of th e R ed
R iver, a ttended his first
mee ti ng as a councillor of
Assln lbola.
W ith this appointment,
the re habilitatio n 01 the
ma n w ho had been conside red the "villai n" of t he
Seven Oaks tragedy was
com ple ted, 20 years af ter
the t I' a g I c e ncounter
between t he impetuous
governor R obert Semple
and an u ndisciplined con·
tl nge nt of "bols·brules"
under G rnnt, which had
cost the lives of more than
20 scHlers.
The r oad back into the
high regard of the English·
s p ea kin g Red R iver
settlers h ad been a long
and uph ill ligh t. During
t he
Inte rveni ng
years,
G ran t had suffered a lTest
a nd
Im prisonme nt and
had stood trial for his ac·
tlons on that bloody day
a nd for s ubseq uent events,
but had no t been judged.
He had bc<!n excluded
from e m ployment in the
years immediately f ollow·
Ing the un ion of the two
f ur companies.
Graduall y he was given
work of increasing importance, as a constable, a nd
la ter as o Ulda l in c harge
of freig hting opera tions
by Gwoin Homilton
for the Hudson's Bay com·
pany between Yor k Fac·
tor y and Red River . H e
was also licensed as a fur
trader. He had a lso accept·
ed Governor Sir George
S impson's offer of land 16
miles u p the Assiniboine
whe re he founded the
settlement
0 f
buffa lo
h un ters wh ich he called
Gran town after t he Scot·
tis h home of t he Gran t
fam ily. And fi nally he w as
appointed Warden of t he
P lains by the fu r company.
His duties in t his connec·
tlon
were
mainly
in
s u ppressing
t he illicit
trade In furs by free
traders.
But Grant's chief con·
tribution to the welfare of
t he Red River settlement
was t he protection aUorded by the presence at
Grantown
(St. Francis
Xavier) of a large number
of buffalo ~h unte rs who
could shoot wit h devastat·
Ing,accuracy and who could
ride as well as a ny latror ·
day cowboy. The presence
ot t hese me n, wit hin e asy
ri ding dis tance of t he R ed
R iver Is credited wit h sav·
ing t he colony from the un·
welcome
atte ntion
0 f
marauding part i es of
Sioux. Gran t, fo r many
years was captain of t he
bu ffalo h unt , and a person
of great personal In fluence
among t he Metis.
Sir
Geo rge Simpson was later
to desc ribe h im thus: "A
generous warm hearted
m a n who would not have
been gu iltY..9t the crimes
laid to his- char ge had he
not been d rIven Into them
by designing men . A very
stout powerful f ellow o f
g reat nerve a nd resol ution,
but now getting unwieldy
a nd inactive."
Across yel low fie lds that a re g row ing bo re
Comes the smell of hoy like a pe rfume rore
And t he wild rose tree, keeps its be rries red
To cheer up th is world when t he rest is dead
In ou r nature vast.
A nd ac ross t he gree n ond t he gold and blue
Beyond pu rple hills t here is coming through
A b ird 's fa rewe ll song t o a northe rn c lime
Th is,o prelude sweet, in t he sout h will c h ime.
W he n our wa rmth goes past.
The rese Goule t Courchoine
I
,
Page 14
INDIAN "CCORD
NOVEMBER 1965
Minister Meets With Indian Parents
---Continued from Page 1
School Committee listed four main
points:
l. Parental r ights and responslbl·
IIties In their children's education, in·
cludlng the right to a choice of
school where they believe their
children will receive the most.
2. Tradition of the Lcbret School
ItS an impact upon the Indian community.
S. Achievement (educational suct'esses) of the Lebret Indian School.
4. The unfortunate procedure of
the Indian Affairs Branch OUidals
in the phasing out, mainly the com·
plete lack of consultation with the
parents, the misleading and some·
Urnes dishonest statements made In
defence of their case, and the undue
pressures brought to bear.
The second brle!, sent In by Ruth
Ann eyr, RN and teacher In
psychiatric nUl'sing at St. Michael's
In Toronto, served as a testimonial.
Miss Cy r remarked the Influence ot
the Lebret School on the Indian
community, pointing out the faet
that many of her classmates have
achlcved responsi ble positions, and
Dissenters
At Kamsack
The chief of the Cote Indian band near Kamsack,
Sask_, said his band does
not s upport the demand by
othe r Indians for continuation of Grade 12 classes
at Lcbret Indian Residential hig h school, 40 miles
northeast ot Regina.
Ch ief H~tor Badger said
the Cote council supports
the g radual phasing out of
hig h s chool classes at the
school.
He said Integration of
Indians and white students
"Is the best thing that ever
happened." Indian children
can compete with white
children at schoo l, he
added.
He was commenting on
a s tatement made by Chief
Roy l\1isqua or the Keese·
koose reserve that integra.
tlo n of Indian children into
white schools has failed In
the past and will fall In
the Iuture.
Plea", note ou r new o dd tell:
504 Scott Bldg.
272 Mo in St.
Wi nni Pe9,
1
expressed the hope that the school's
leadership training In the Indian
community will be continued.
MInister N icholson then revealed
his position. As Minister ot Citizen·
ship and Immigration, and ge neral
Superintendent of Indian AIfalrs, the
decision was his, he said, as he takes
the responsibility for his department
which, rightly or wrongly, has recommended the phasing out of
Grade 12 at the Lebret school.
He s tated the obligation of the Department, according to the Indian
Act, to assume responsibility lor the
education of Indians from 7 to 16
years of age. After 16, although the
Department has and will continue to
provide assistance, res ponsibility for
education lies with the province.
Mr. R. Battle, joined Mr. Nicholson
in answer to the Pasqua School
Commltlee brief, presenting the
standard arguments of greater lacillties In provincial schools, a need to
Integrate at one point or another In
the educational process, and the
ques tionable ne<!d to duplicate provincla1 lacllitles.
A question period, In which the
Minister a d mitted that the lack of
consultation with Indian parents was
a regrettable eITor, and In which It
was pointed out that Treaty rights
(Treaties 4 and 7) provide the right
to education without reference to age
IlmitaUons, followed the talks.
The meeting concluded with Mr.
Nicholson 's statement that re-instat·
Ing Grade 12 at Lebret this school
year would be an admission that the
policy of integration Is lalse, and
would show a weakness in the present authority of government.
Decision to phase out Grade 12 a nd
Integrate students i n non·I ndlan
schools Is being tried as a n experiment, he said. During the process of
the year, a study will be made to
evaluate the success of the experiment and to decide what policy to
foHow next Septembel'.
Questioned as to who would make
the survey, Mr. Nicholson assured
the Indian audience that there would
de!lnitely be consultation with the
Indian community-.---
-
'W4WM1W!l4\IIA\9A\W~'W\%\WWA\m~Ml\NA,(1
Educating The
u.s. Indian
-Continued from Page 6
Ican Indian Arts In Santa
Fe, N. Mex., which was
opened 2 years ago as a
school ol applied and practical arts to foster the native talents of Indian youth
from a ll parts of the coun·
try. The Santa Fe school
has already attained fame
in the southwest for the
quality of arts and crafts
produced by the students,
whose inspir ation comes
from a hand·picked [acuity
of Indian teachers and artists.
Both the Lawrence and
the Santa Fe schools stress
general
academic
subjects through grade 12,
and vocational offerings at
grades 13 and 14.
The Bureau's goal for
the 1970's is for 90 percent
ot Indian boys and girls in
the high school group to
graduate [rom high school
and lor 50 percent of the
high school graduates to
attend college.
I n addition to Its conventional school program,
the Bureau also conducts a
summer program for chll·
dren. Every summer since
1900 the Bureau has conducted project sessions on
many reservations In an
eftort to Interest and usefully occupy children on
vacation. Last summCl' the
program attracted almost
25,000. The ch ildren spend
most o[ the session on academic subjects but they
a lso work on proj~ts and
take educational trips.
The Bureau also con·
ducts an adult education
program which now an·
nually scrves 24,000 In·
dlans and Alaskan natives
who did not receive ade·
quate schooling in their
youth. This has gone beyond the basic literacy program to Include instruction that will help Indians
understand many o[ the
civic, political, and social
problems o n the reservation .
For the Indian man or
woman of up to 35 years of
age who wants to fit h lmseU or herscU for a par·
tlcular occupation either
on or oll the reservation
an adult vocational training program is availa ble.
During fiscal 1964 about
3.500
Indians
received
training In hundreds of
occupations, rang ing f rom
au to mechanics to hlghlevel electronic and medical
technologies.
The
Bureau pays all costs of
tralning..Jn any public or
private institution, including all family expenses,
t ransportation, food, cloth·
ing, and health services
while the head of the
family Is readying himsell
for a job. An employment
guidance ser vice which
operates in eig ht major
cities of t he country as
well as on the reservation
helps t he Indians to l ind a
job.
The education programs
of the Bureau of I ndian
Aflalrs - reaching out to
aU ages - add up to a
forth right acknowledgmen t
that economic beltennent
of the indlvldua1 Is a worthy, and, Indeed, primary
objective for the times In
which we live.
'.
NOVEMBER 1965
INDIAN RECORD
Page 15
I •• diall Wary
01 I •• tegratioll
Catl.otic Welfare
COll/e r e llce TolLI
More thnn ]00 I ndians and Wh iles
fJgurcd prominently in discussions
on welfare, education and Integratio n a t the two·day convention of
the Catholic Welfare Associa Uon,
he ld In mld·October.
In addition to ACWA re prese ntatives, delegates Included Chief Rufus
Good Striker of the Blood l ndlan
Reserve ncar here and Chic! Maur Ice McDougall o( th e Pclgan Ind ian
Reserve
In
the
Brocket · Pincher
Creek aloca.
Chic! Good Striker called for the
establishmen t of a home for the aged
and the retarded on the resclvc. He
said the federal governmen t is think·
Ing of moving patients trom the reo
serve hospital to Cardsl on's Munlcl·
p a l Hospital. He requested the asso-
ciation to urge the government to
convert the buildi ng into a home for
the aged and retarded Indian chi l·
dIT'n.
The Chle.t rcfer red to an c lderly
I ndian who has lived In eight differ·
ent homes with whites, "He's a
lonely man. He has no one to speak
to and he wants somebody to talk to.
He would like to si ne: but he can't
because he's wit h whites."
Stating that t his case was o ne of
many and that thel'e arc 38 re ta rded
children on the reserve, Good Striker
said, "there must be a place to put
them."
The Blood Chief said his band "will
be glad to go to t he Cardston hospi·
tal . . . we have old· fashioned tools
at ours." But he urg:ed the use of
reserve hospital building for the
aged and retarded adding that "If
the government can give $120,000 fo r
Alberta Convention
- from Poge I
The second day of the convention
was spen t In Lcthbrld(!e, at SI. Pat·
r ick's parish h a ll. The fi nd ings of the
pr<:!vlous day's discussion we re sum·
med up and Int<:!J'p r<:! ted by RR. FF.
Goutier, O.M.l . (Bla<:!kfoot I .R.) and
R<:!naud. O.M. r., or S askatoon. C hle[
McDougall s poke on beha lf of t he
Catholic Indian League, Alb<:! r ta div i·
s ion, o[ whic h he Is president.
The Ih ree resoi litions listed Ili)(}\'e
were th o Oli tooillC
\·c ntion.
ot
t h e who le con ·
the Metis up North 1 can't S(!C why
they can't do this."
The reserve hos pital has 30 beds
a nd was built in ]928 to serve the
needs of t he Indian populatio n which
today totals 3,600.
Thc Indians arc wary of Integra·
tion, de legates were told. IntegraUon
means different things to different
people a ccording to Pelgan Chief
Ma urice McDougall. ·'It has a long
road to go before It Is fully practical," he said.
- Western COlkolic Reporter
Chief Ruful Good Strike r of the Blood
Indion Relerve (abave ) coiled fo, homes
for the og ed ond for reto.d ed childre"
ta cambot the owful lonel inell af livi"g
in White saciety.
•
Left-Se notor Glodston e speoks at Sen.
otor Glod stone Holl.
•
( Be law ) Cl ive Li nklat e r oddrO!ssu delegotel, inclu ding Fothe r P. Pauli", OMI,
Brathe r Chriltapher, Jim Whitford ond
Shirle y Chechow.
4~----------------------------------------
Page 16
INDIAN RECORD
NOVEMBER 1965
The First Scouts Of Winnipeg
The four boys above are members of the first Indion and Metis scout troop of Winnipeg, for med during this past summer. Wi t h more than 600 oth er scouts of the Winnipeg
orea and the United States, they we re taking part in a jamboree a t Bird's Hill, Ma n itoba.
The India n headdress is worn by the troop on ceremonia l occasions.
__