Insect diversity of Bukit Hampuan Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia

Article
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2013 | 5(10): 4461–4473
Insect diversity of Bukit Hampuan Forest Reserve, Sabah,
Malaysia
A.Y.C. Chung­1, S.K.F. Chew 2, R. Majapun3 & R. Nilus 4
Forest Research Centre, Sabah Forestry Department, P.O. Box 1407, 90715 Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia
Kipandi Butterfly Park, P. O. Box 12785, 88831 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
1
[email protected] (corresponding author), 2 [email protected],
3
[email protected], 4 [email protected]
1,3,4
2
ISSN
Online 0974-7907
Print 0974-7893
OPEN ACCESS
Abstract: An insect diversity survey was carried out at Bukit Hampuan Forest Reserve, adjacent to Kinabalu Park in Sabah, Malaysia. The
nocturnal insect diversity was very high, with a mean of 113 species recorded from one square metre of light-trapping cloth. Diurnal insects
were sampled using sweep nets and fine forceps. A total of 19 Bornean endemic insect species were recorded, comprising 15 moth and
four beetle species. A few of the endemic moths are confined to Sabah, namely Buzara saikehi, Cyana saulia and Lyclene mesilaulinea.
Forty-two butterfly species were recorded. Endemic insect species sampled from this survey indicate the significance of protecting and
conserving this forest reserve. Such findings provide important data to enhance the need and effort in biodiversity conservation. The
recent gazettement of Bukit Hampuan Forest Reserve is appropriate, and it is also recommended that Bukit Hampuan Forest Reserve be
connected to the adjacent Kinabalu Park, i.e. to gazette the connecting state land area into a forest reserve. Forest fires, illegal hunting for
wild animals and orchids, and agricultural activities are among the threats to Bukit Hampuan Forest Reserve which directly affect its insect
diversity. To mitigate these threats, it is important to adopt a multi-disciplinary and participatory approach in a smart partnership involving
relevant stakeholders and the local communities in monitoring, enforcement and promoting environmental awareness.
Keywords: Biodiversity conservation, Bukit Hampuan, endemic, Heart of Borneo, Insect diversity.
Bahasa Malaysia Abstract: Satu tinjauan kepelbagaian serangga telah dijalankan di Hutan Simpan Bukit Hampuan, berdekatan dengan
Taman Kinabalu di Sabah, Malaysia. Kepelbagaian serangga nokturnal amat tinggi, dengan purata 113 spesies direkodkan dalam satu meter
persegi pada kain perangkap lampu. Serangga-serangga diurnal disampel menggunakan jaring sapu dan penyepit halus. Sebanyak 19
spesies serangga yang endemik di Borneo telah direkodkan, merangkumi 15 spesies rama-rama (moth) dan 4 spesies kumbang. Beberapa
spesies rama-rama hanya terdapat di Sabah, iaitu Buzara saikehi, Cyana saulia dan Lyclene mesilaulinea. Empat puluh dua (42) spesies
kupu-kupu (butterfly) telah direkodkan. Rekod spesies-spesies serangga yang endemik dari tinjauan ini mengesyorkan kepentingan untuk
terus melindungi serta memulihara hutan simpan ini. Hasil-hasil kajian ini menyumbang kepada usaha-usaha pemuliharaan kepelbagaian.
Perwartaan Hutan Simpan Bukit Hampuan adalah tepat pada masanya. Adalah disyorkan juga hutan simpan ini disambung terus ke Taman
Kinabalu, i.e. mewartakan kawasan bukan hutan simpan (stateland) yang menghubungkan hutan simpan berkenaan. Kebakaran hutan,
pemburuan haram, pengambilan orkid serta aktiviti-aktiviti pertanian adalah antara ancaman kepada Hutan Simpan Bukit Hampuan,
yang secara tidak langsung boleh mempengaruhi kepelbagaian serangga. Untuk mengatasi masalah-masalah ini, adalah penting bagi
mengambil pendekatan multi-disiplin serta penyertaan yang melibatkan agensi-agensi yang berkaitan dan penduduk tempatan dalam
pengawasan, penguatkuasaan dan juga mempergiatkan kesedaran persekitaran.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3243.4461-73 | ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:12D0FF1A-86CD-408E-94AD-9EB91D8E280E
Editor: B.A. Daniel, Zoo Outreach Organization, Coimbatore, India.
Date of publication: 26 June 2013 (online & print)
Manuscript details: Ms # o3243 | Received 29 June 2012 | Final received 12 May 2013 | Finally accepted 01 June 2013
Citation: Chung­, A.Y.C., S.K.F. Chew, R. Majapun & R. Nilus (2013). Insect diversity of Bukit Hampuan Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia. Journal of Threatened Taxa
5(10): 4461–4473; http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3243.4461-73
Copyright: © Chung­et al. 2013. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium, reproduction and
distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication.
Funding: Ministry of Natural Resources & Environment, Malaysia through the Sabah Forestry Department (the logo provided is Sabah
Forestry Department).
Competing Interest: None.
Acknowledgements: This is part of the Heart of Borneo (HoB) Programme with funding from the 9th Malaysian Plan through the Federal Ministry of Natural Resources
& Environment (NRE). Within the Sabah Forestry Department, this programme is managed under the Deputy Director (Forest Sector Planning), Mr. Frederick
Kugan. The Director of Sabah Forestry Department, Datuk Sam Mannan, Deputy Director (R&D), Dr. Lee Ying Fah and Head of FRC Insect Diversity Programme, Dr.
Chey Vun Khen are acknowledged for their support.
Author Contribution: AYCC, RN & RM participated in this survey. SKFC is an expert on beetles and other montane insects, and he has contributed significantly in
identification.
Author Details: Arthur Y.C. Chung and Steven K.F. Chew are entomologists based in Sabah. AYCC is a senior researcher at the Sabah Forestry Department with
a DPhil on tropical entomology from Oxford University. Reuben Nilus is a senior researcher on forest ecology while Richard Majapun is a researcher of the same
institution.
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INTRODUCTION
Malaysia is one of the 12 mega-biodiverse countries
in the world, and much attention has been focussed on
biodiversity conservation (e.g., Yong 2009; CVB 2010).
Insects contribute significantly to the high biodiversity
of Malaysian rainforests. They are ubiquitous in the
environment and play important roles in maintaining the
stability of ecosystems by being part of the food chain,
mediating decomposition processes and through various
ecological interactions such as pollination, predation and
herbivory (Cheng & Kirton 2007).
Despite the loss of forest cover in the last 40 years,
more than half of the land area in Sabah is still covered
with forests (Mannan 2011). The state government,
through the Sabah Forestry Department, has been
proactive in implementing various programs that
contribute to sustainable forest management, such as
the Heart of Borneo (HoB) initiative. About 39,000km2 of
the state’s landmass has been set aside for this initiative,
mainly comprising important inland and highland forest
ecosystems, with the main objective to protect and
conserve the biodiversity of these areas, including
insects (Chung et al. 2011). Bukit Hampuan is a recently
gazetted forest reserve that lies within the HoB area (Fig.
1).
Under the HoB programme, the purpose of this study
was to document the insect fauna of the Bukit Hampuan
Forest Reserve (FR) and to investigate the threats affecting
insect diversity, as well as to provide recommendations
that would contribute towards biodiversity conservation
of the study area.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Bukit Hampuan FR is a Class I Forest Reserve which
was only recently gazetted in 2009 (SFD 2010a). It is
conserved primarily for environmental protection and
biodiversity conservation, protected by law from any
form of land conversion or timber exploitation.
In the forest reserve classification, Bukit Hampuan
Figure 1. Location of Bukit Hampuan Forest Reserve in Sabah. Inset: Sabah is one of the Malaysian states in Borneo.
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Insect diversity of Bukit Hampuan Forest Reserve
FR covers a relatively small area of 1,253ha, under the
jurisdiction of the District Forestry Officer of Ranau.
The vegetation consists of upland dipterocarp forest to
lower montane forest, with the elevation ranging from
670–1,500 m. However, much of the reserve at the
lower elevation has been degraded, mainly due to forest
fire and human activities in the past. Nilus et al. (2012)
provided the details of botanical and forest assessments
of this ultramafic forest reserve.
An abandoned massive pit of the former Mamut
Copper Mine (MCM) is located at the fringe (northwest)
of this reserve. The mine was in operation from
1975–1999. The pit formed a lake at the bottom, with
greenish-blue, highly acidic and metal-contaminated
water, unsafe for consumption. It is a restricted area
under the management of the Federal Department of
Minerals and Geoscience.
Bukit Hampuan FR is also situated adjacent to
Kinabalu Park, separated by stateland at the north, at
a distance of less than 2km. This forest reserve is also
significant as a water catchment area for some of the
villages, especially Kg. Lohan and Kg. Kilimu. The source
of the water is from the streams within the forest reserve,
and not originated from the copper mine lake.
The study was conducted as part of the Bukit
Hampuan expedition under the Heart of Borneo (HoB)
programme of the Sabah Forestry Department from
10 to 14 May, 2010. The base camp was at Kg. Kilimu
(05058’52”N & 116040’37”E, at 573m elevation), a village
located beside the Ranau-Kota Kinabalu highway, south
of Bukit Hampuan FR.
Light trap was used to sample nocturnal insects while
sweep net and manual collecting (with forceps) were
used to sample diurnal insects.
Light trap
The trap consists of a vertical white sheet (2x2 m)
illuminated by a 250W mercury-lithium bulb. It was
set up in an open area facing the forest reserve, from
19:00–21:00 hr. A GPS (Model: Garmin etrex Vista) was
used to determine the coordinates of each sampling site
(Table 1). To evaluate diversity of the sampling area,
insect species and individuals (≥5mm in length) within
the 1x1 m square of the white cloth were enumerated
from 20:30–21:00 hr. This is a rapid biodiversity
assessment method because by the end of the sampling
time, species and individual numbers can be obtained,
and the data can be used to calculate diversity indices,
i.e. Shannon Wiener, Simpson and Fisher Alpha, using
Species Diversity & Richness version IV (SDR 2006). This
method is simple, fast and can be carried out by non-
Chung­et al.
Table 1. Light-trapping sites at Bukit Hampuan Forest Reserve
Sampling
site
Coordinates
Hampuan 1
06000’42”N
&
116039’19”E
Hampuan 2
06 01’24.9”N
&
116039’46”E
Elevation
(m)
Sampling
date
Remarks
1,347
11.v.2010
Cold and
misty night,
without
moonlight
12.v.2010
Raining
and heavy
mist during
sampling,
without
moonlight.
13.v.2010
Windy and
drizzling
during
sampling,
without
moonlight.
0
Hampuan 3
1,493
N06000’49.8”
E116039’19.3”
1,365
Table 2. Daytime sampling sites at Bukit Hampuan Forest Reserve
Sampling site
Starting point
coordinates
Elevation
(m)
Sampling
distance
(km)
1
Mamut Copper
Mine graveled road
06000’42”N &
116039’19”E
1,345–1,495
2
2
Mamut Copper
Mine area
06001’59”E &
116039’14”N
1,345–1,362
2
3
Kg. Lohan Bongkud
area
06000’52”N &
116041’41”E
677–775
1
4
Bukit Hampuan
open area
06 01’06”N &
116039’51”E
1,367–1,400
1
0
insect specialists. To avoid compounding human error,
the same staff was assigned to count the species and
individual numbers throughout the sampling period.
Sweep net and manual collection
Sweep nets were used to collect flying insects, such
as butterflies and dragonflies while other insects were
sampled using fine forceps. Butterflies and dragonflies
were put in triangle papers while other specimens were
put in vials with 75% ethanol solution. Most of the trails
were going up the slope (mostly 20%) heading towards
the ridge or peak within the area.
Insect specimens and identification
This survey focussed on certain insect groups, i.e.,
butterflies, moths, beetles, cicadas and dragonflies. Only
insect species of high importance (e.g., those based on
Otsuka (1988), Tung (1983), Holloway (1996b) and Orr
(2003)) were sampled, as to minimize the workload at the
laboratory in preparing the specimens for identification.
Common insects were not sampled but photographed
for record purposes.
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All specimens were dry-mounted and sorted to
family and some to the generic and species level. The
specimens sampled from this study are deposited at
the Forest Research Centre (FRC), Sepilok, Sabah. Drymounted specimens were identified based on the FRC
Entomology Collection and various reference materials,
e.g. Otsuka (1988 & 2001) and Corbet & Pendlebury
(1992) for butterflies; Holloway (1983, 1985, 1986,
1988, 1989, 1993, 1996a, 1997, 1998a & b, 1999, 2001,
2003, 2005, 2008 & 2009) and Robinson et al. (1994)
for moths; Mizunuma & Nagai (1994), Makihara (1999)
and Tung (1983) for beetles; Orr (2003) for dragonflies.
Dr. Bakhtiar Effendi Yahya of Universiti Malaysia Sabah
assisted in ant identification.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Overall nocturnal insect diversity
Despite the degraded areas within the Bukit
Hampuan FR, the nocturnal insect diversity was very
high, with a mean of 113 species within a 1m2. The high
diversity is reflected in various diversity indices in Table
3. A total of 125 insect species were recorded from a
1m2 at the first night of light-trapping (Hampuan 1), at
the elevation of 1,347m. However, the diversity indices
were comparatively low because of a hymenopteran
species with 90 individuals. It was the nuptial flight of
this flying ant. Of all the indices, the low diversity value
at Hampuan 1 was obvious on the Simpson’s Index,
which is more sensitive towards dominant species.
The species distribution was very even in Hampuan 3
(as each species is represented by 1.1 individuals; see
Table 3), followed by Hampuan 2 (one species recorded
13 individuals), compared to Hampuan 1 with a distinct
prominent species. The distribution of nocturnal insect
species from the three sites is reflected in the speciesrank abundance curves in Fig. 2. Although it was raining
with heavy mist on day two (Hampuan 2) and drizzling
on day three (Hampuan 3) of the light-trapping, insect
diversity as indicated by Shannon, Simpson and Fisher
Alpha indices were impressively high.
When the nocturnal insect diversity results are
compared with other forest reserves in Sabah, Bukit
Hampuan FR appears to be impressively high, second
to Crocker Range FR as indicated in species richness
(Fig. 3a) and Shannon’s Index (Fig. 3b). The results also
indicate that insect diversity is generally higher in the
lower montane forests.
Such high diversity for insects from 670–1500 m
3
Log
abundance 2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
120
113
Site
Ha
mp
u an
3
106
99
92
85
78
71
64
50
Species rank
57
43
29
36
15
22
1
8
0
Ha
mp
u an
Ha
mp
u an
2
1
Figure 2. Species-rank abundance curves of the sampling sites at Bukit Hampuan Forest Reserve.
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Table 3. Insect diversity within a 1m2 as sampled through light-trapping at Bukit Hampuan Forest Reserve
Species
Ind.
Shannon
Simpson
Fisher Alpha
1
Sampling site
Hampuan 1
125
286
3.73
9.69
84.64
2
Hampuan 2
119
142
4.61
111.23
346.35
3
Hampuan 3
96
105
4.53
496.40
543.44
Mean(±SD)
113±15
178±96
4.29±0.5
205.77±256.76
324.81±230.16
Figure 3a. Species number (±standard deviation) within one square metre as assessed through light-trapping at various forest reserves in
Sabah (blue text = lower montane forest, green text = upland dipterocarp forest and brown text = lowland dipterocarp forest).
Figure 3b. Shannon’s Index (±standard deviation) within one square metre as assessed through light-trapping at various forest reserves in
Sabah (blue text = lower montane forest, green text = upland dipterocarp forest and brown text = lowland dipterocarp forest).
could be due to its proximity to the pristine Kinabalu
Park. As highlighted by Wong & Phillips (1996) and
Holloway (1996b), the insect life of Mount Kinabalu is
one of the most enthralling ever known and continues
to perplex the most experienced of scientists. It is
also incredibly rich in endemic species. A total of 19
Bornean endemic insect species were recorded within a
short sampling period (Table 4). In the same survey, 66
Bornean endemic plant species were recorded, including
Microtropis sabahensis (Celastraceae) which is confined
to Sabah and Pittosporum linearifolium (Pittosporaceae)
which is only found at Bukit Hampuan FR (Nilus et al.
2012). Beaman (1996), Meijer (1996) and Corner (1996)
noted that the rare and endemic plants within the Mount
Kinabalu area are mainly due to its ultramafic geology,
cold climate and high elevation.
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Table 4. Bornean endemic insect species recorded from Bukit Hampuan Forest Reserve during the survey.
Order
Family (Subfamily)
Species
Author
1
Lepidoptera (Moth)
Arctiidae (Arctiinae)
Aethalida borneana
Holloway
2
Lepidoptera (Moth)
Arctiidae (Arctiinae)
Nyctemera kinibalina
Snellen
3
Lepidoptera (Moth)
Arctiidae (Arctiinae)
Spilosoma groganae
Holloway
4
Lepidoptera (Moth)
Arctiidae (Lithosiinae)
Adites hosei
Holloway
5
Lepidoptera (Moth)
Arctiidae (Lithosiinae)
Barsine euprepia
Hampson
6
Lepidoptera (Moth)
Arctiidae (Lithosiinae)
Cyana cruentata
Talbot
7
Lepidoptera (Moth)
Arctiidae (Lithosiinae)
Cyana saulia
Swinhoe
8
Lepidoptera (Moth)
Arctiidae (Lithosiinae)
Lyclene mesilaulinea
Holloway
9
Lepidoptera (Moth)
Arctiidae (Lithosiinae)
Lyclene multiramorum
Holloway
10
Lepidoptera (Moth)
Arctiidae (Syntominae)
Auriculoceryx pterodactyliformis
Holloway
11
Lepidoptera (Moth)
Cossidae
Zeuzera borneana
Roepke
12
Lepidoptera (Moth)
Geometridae (Geometrinae)
Spaniocentra megaspilaria
Guenee
13
Lepidoptera (Moth)
Noctuidae (Aganainae)
Asota kinabaluensis
Rothschild
14
Lepidoptera (Moth)
Noctuidae (Catocalinae)
Buzara saikehi
Holloway
15
Lepidoptera (Moth)
Thyrididae
Banisia intonsa
Whalley
16
Coleoptera (Beetle)
Cerambycidae
Neosarmydus costipennis
Fisher
17
Coleoptera (Beetle)
Lucanidae
Cyclommatus giraffa
Mollenkamp
18
Coleoptera (Beetle)
Scarabaeidae
Chalcosoma moellenkampi
Kolbe
19
Coleoptera (Beetle)
Scarabaeidae
Fruhstoferia nigromuliebris
Nagai
Butterfly (Lepidoptera) diversity
A total of 42 butterfly species were recorded from
Bukit Hampuan FR (Appendix 1). Comparatively, the
diversity was lower compared to Gn. Lumaku and Imbak
Canyon (Table 5). Distribution of species is shown in Fig.
4. Many of the butterflies were sampled between 680
–780 m at the fringe of the upland dipterocarp forest
at Kg. Lohan Bongkud. Fewer specimens were sampled
along the Mamut Copper Mine road but the Kinabalu
Bush Orange, Mycalesis marginata pitan which is only
found in Sumatra and Borneo, was sampled here.
The large and iconic butterfly species recorded from
Bukit Hampuan FR were the Rajah Brooke’s Birdwing
(Troides brookiana), the Common Birdwing (Troides
helena) and the Tree Nymph (Idea stolli). A number of
Bornean endemic butterflies are found in the Kinabalu
region (Otsuka 1988) but unfortunately none of them
were sampled during this survey.
Moth (Lepidoptera) diversity
Various moth species were attracted to the light
trap set up at three locations facing the forest of Bukit
Hampuan between 1,350–1,500 m. A list of the recorded
moths is provided in Appendix 2 & 3. Fifteen Bornean
endemic moth species were recorded from this survey,
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namely 10 species from Arctiidae, one Cossidae, one
Geometridae, two Noctuidae and one Thyrididae (Image
1). It is not surprising that many endemics were sighted,
as Holloway (1996b) has noted that the Mount Kinabalu
area is high in moth endemism, with 112 macro-moth
species recorded only from Kinabalu.
Some of the endemic species are only found in
Sabah. The noctuid Buzara saikehi is a hyper-endemic,
as it is only recorded from the Mamut, Ranau and the
holotype is in the FRC collection at Sepilok (Holloway
2005). It was named after the late Saikeh Lantoh, a
senior research assistant at FRC. In this survey, it was
attracted to the light trap at Hampuan 1 (1,347m).
Other Sabah endemics sampled were the arctiid Cyana
saulia and Lyclene mesilaulinea. Cyana saulia was
previously recorded from Paitan at the coast of Sabah
while Lyclene mesilaulinea was sampled from Mesilau
and Mt. Monkobo (Holloway 2001).
Nyctemera kinibalina and Nyctemera tripunctaria
(both Arctiidae) are day-flying moths and they were
sampled with the sweep net at the Mamut Copper Mine
road. Nyctemera muelleri, however, was attracted to
the light trap.
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Table 5. Comparison of butterfly diversity between Bukit Hampuan Forest Reserve, Gn. Lumaku Forest Reserve and Imbak Canyon
Conservation Area.
Sampling site
Method
Species
Ind.
Shannon
Simpson
Fisher Alpha
Bukit Hampuan Forest Reserve
Sweep net & observation
42
78
3.48
31.95
37.09
Gg. Lumaku Forest Reserve
Sweep net & observation
52
106
3.56
29.76
40.37
Imbak Canyon*
Fruit bait, sweep net &
observation
72
133
4.09
70.22
64.10
* Source: Lim-Hasegawa & Chey (2009)
Log
abundance
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
71
66
Lum
a ku
61
56
51
46
41
36
Species rank
31
26
16
21
6
11
1
0
Ha
mp Site
u an
Imb
ak
Figure 4. Species-rank abundance curves of butterflies sampled from Imbak Canyon Conservation Area, Gn. Lumaku F.R. and Bukit Hampuan
Forest Reserve
Beetle (Coleoptera) diversity
A total of 26 species of macro-beetles were recorded
(Appendix 4). Many were sampled through lighttrapping. At least four species are endemic to Borneo,
namely Fruhstoferia nigromuliebris, Neosarmydus
costipennis, Cyclommatus giraffa and Chalcosoma
moellenkampi. The first two species are rare while
Cyclommatus giraffa is confined to the montane areas,
such as Kinabalu Park and Crocker Range. The Threehorned Beetle Chalcosoma moellenkampi is common
throughout Sabah although it is only found in Borneo.
Other insects
Unlike butterflies, moths and beetles, no concerted
effort was deployed to sample other insect groups.
However, a few species of cicadas and dragonflies were
sampled, as listed in Appendix 5. Some dragonfly species
were sampled along the streams in the forest adjacent to
Kg. Lohan Bongkud, e.g. Macromia westwoodii at about
700m while others were collected at the Bukit Hampuan
FR open area at 1,370m, e.g. Pantala flavescens.
Macromia westwoodii is a large dragonfly, with its
hindwing measuring up to 50mm. It is fairly common on
clear fast forest streams from the lowlands to 900m but
is extremely inconspicuous and wary. Pantala flavescens
is the most wide ranging odonate species in the world,
being found throughout the tropics and subtropics, from
dense primary forest up to at least 3000m (Orr 2003).
A striking Yellow-banded Cicada Tacua speciosa,
measuring 55mm, was collected at about 1,500m during
daytime by the Botany team. It is also known as the
‘Emperor Cicada’. Two species of unidentified Hemiptera,
from the family Tomaspididae were also sampled, from
about 1,400m.
Myrmicaria ants were frequently encountered
feeding on extrafloral nectaries of wild orchids along the
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Mamut Copper Mine road. It is likely to be Myrmicaria
subcarinata, but it could be more than one species
(Bakhtiar E. Yahya, pers. comm. June 2010).
Threats and recommendations for insect diversity and
conservation at Bukit Hampuan FR
Prior to the recent gazettement of Bukit Hampuan
as a Class I Forest Reserve in 2009, the area was under
stateland status. About 28% of the area is classified as
degraded due to series of forest fires in the past, and
2% was encroached for agricultural activities (Nilus et al.
2012).
The northwestern part of Bukit Hampuan FR was part
of the copper mining area, covering about 87ha. This is
the area where the overburdens and waste rocks from
the mining pit were dumped. The vegetation in this area
is poor and sparse. The trees planted by the copper mine
management were stunted, e.g., Falcataria moluccana.
Only certain plant species were found to be growing
well. As such, the overall biodiversity within the present
Bukit Hampuan FR is not spectacular, compared to the
adjacent pristine Kinabalu Park, with the exception of
the nocturnal insects sampled from this survey. Insects,
such as moths and beetles are very mobile, and they
could have traveled from the adjacent pristine forest.
Kinabalu Park is less than 2km north of Bukit Hampuan
FR nevertheless, the high diversity of nocturnal insects
may suggest that Bukit Hampuan FR is still conducive,
providing suitable habitats for many of these insects
because of the cool environment.
To sustain and improve the biodiversity of Bukit
Hampuan FR, it is, thus, highly recommended that the
area between the reserve at the northern part and
Kinabalu Park be gazetted as a forest reserve. This area
which is presently under the stateland status is still in
pristine forest condition, but it is subject to any land-use
changes and development. By gazetting to a Class I Forest
Reserve, the area will be fully protected by law and any
encroachment can be penalized. This connectivity will
be permanent and it will allow wildlife (especially large
animals) to move about from Bukit Hampuan to Kinabalu
Park and vice versa. It will also indirectly enhance the
diversity of insects in Bukit Hampuan FR.
The State Culture, Tourism and Environment
Minister, Datuk Masidi Manjun noted that connectivity
and corridors have been overlooked. Even with more
than 50% forest cover in Sabah, conservation will not be
effective if the fragmented forests are not connected.
Lately, the State Government through the Sabah Forestry
Department as well as other agencies, has put in much
concerted effort in highlighting the importance of forest
4468
connectivity and wildlife corridors, and discussed the
way forward in implementation (SFD 2010b).
Forest fire is a common problem in forest reserves
during drought. The impact is irreversible, as seen in
some degraded areas in Bukit Hampuan FR. To prevent
further damage by fire, the forest staff would have to be
more alert and work together with the kampung folks
on this matter, e.g., via appointment of honorary forest
wardens. Environmental awareness and education can
be promoted and enhanced among the villagers and their
children on the importance of forest and its services.
Such awareness will also help to curb illegal hunting for
wild animals and orchids, which were common in Bukit
Hampuan in the past. For effective implementation, it is
important to adopt a multi-disciplinary and participatory
approach involving relevant stakeholders, such as Wildlife
Department, Environmental Protection Department,
Education Department, Fire & Rescue Department,
NGOs and the local communities. Funding from local, as
well as international agencies would greatly contribute
towards the success of the implementation.
Constant monitoring and enforcement by the
relevant authorities will minimize encroachment into
the forest reserve. Setting up of gates and warning signs
at restricted areas would hopefully reduce the number
of trespassers. Signage at the forest reserve border will
remind the villagers of the boundary and limit of land
clearing for agriculture.
CONCLUSION
The nocturnal insect diversity at Bukit Hampuan
FR was impressively high despite some degraded
areas within the forest reserve. Many endemic insect
species sampled from this survey within a short period
indicates the significance of protecting and conserving
this forest reserve. Such findings provide important
data to enhance the need and effort in biodiversity
conservation. The recent gazettement of Bukit Hampuan
as a Class I Forest Reserve is appropriate and timely. It
is also crucial for Bukit Hampuan FR to be connected to
Kinabalu Park, i.e., to gazette the connecting stateland
area into a Class I Forest Reserve. This connectivity is
the prime means of physically linking wildlife habitat and
allow some species to move between otherwise isolated
area. It can help to replenish isolated populations.
Ideally, the connectivity itself also meets some or all
of the need for shelter, protection, food and breeding
sites. Constant monitoring, enforcement, cooperation
with relevant stakeholders and local communities, and
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2013 | 5(10): 4461–4473
Insect diversity of Bukit Hampuan Forest Reserve
promotion of environmental awareness are among
the recommendations to mitigate the threats in Bukit
Hampuan FR.
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Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2013 | 5(10): 4461–4473
4469
Insect diversity of Bukit Hampuan Forest Reserve
Chung­et al.
Appendix 1. Butterflies from Bukit Hampuan Forest Reserve, Sabah (10–14 May 2010).
Species
Author
Family
Digital photo no.
1
Appias indra plana
Butler
Pieridae
BHP1439
2
Catopsilia pomona pomona
Fabricius
Pieridae
BHP1486
3
Eurema sari sodalis
Moore
Pieridae
BHP1491
4
Leptosia nina malayana
Fruhstorfer
Pieridae
BHP1659
5
Pareronia valeria lutescens
Butler
Pieridae
spotted
6
Graphium agamemnon agamemnon
Linne
Papilionidae
spotted
7
Graphium antiphates itamputi
Butler
Papilionidae
BHP1665
8
Lamproptera curius curius
Fabricius
Papilionidae
BHP1675
9
Pachliopta aristolochiae antiphus
Fabricius
Papilionidae
BHP1544
10
Papilio helenus enganius
Doherty
Papilionidae
BHP1594
11
Papilio memnon memnon
Linne
Papilionidae
BHP1654
12
Papilio nephelus albolineatus
Forbes
Papilionidae
BHP1667
13
Troides brookiana brookiana
Wallace
Papilionidae
spotted
14
Troides helena mosychlus
Fruhstorfer
Papilionidae
BHP1580
15
Troides sp.
Papilionidae
spotted
16
Anosia genutia intensa
Moore
Nymphalidae
BHP1671
17
Athyma clerica clerica
Butler
Nymphalidae
BHP1221
18
Athyma selenophara amhara
Druce
Nymphalidae
BHP1435
19
Cethosia hypsea hypsea
Doubleday
Nymphalidae
BHP1269, 1272
20
Euploea leucostictos syra
Fruhstorfer
Nymphalidae
BHP1649
21
Euploea diocletianus lowii
Butler
Nymphalidae
BHP1651
22
Euploea phaenareta butleri
Moore
Nymphalidae
BHP1278
23
Euploea tulliolus aristotelis
Moore
Nymphalidae
BHP1231
24
Euripus nyctelius borneensis
Distant
Nymphalidae
BHP1589
25
Hypolimnas bolina philippensis
Butler
Nymphalidae
BHP1612
26
Idea stolli virgo
Fruhstorfer
Nymphalidae
BHP1660
27
Ideopsis vulgaris interposita
Fruhstorfer
Nymphalidae
BHP1494
28
Lethe chandica delila
Staudinger
Nymphalidae
spotted
29
Moduza procris agnata
Fruhstorfer
Nymphalidae
spotted
30
Mycalesis anapita fucentia
Fruhstorfer
Nymphalidae
BHP1603
31
Mycalesis marginata pitan
Staudinger
Nymphalidae
BHP1195
32
Neptis leucoporos cresina
Fruhstorfer
Nymphalidae
BHP1591
33
Orsotriaena medus medus
Fabricius
Nymphalidae
BHP1682
34
Parantica aspasia aspasia
Fabricius
Nymphalidae
BHP1244
35
Parantica luzonensis praemacaristus
Fruhstorfer
Nymphalidae
BHP1264
36
Parthenos sylvia borneensis
Staudinger
Nymphalidae
spotted
37
Sumalia daraxa viridans
Fruhstorfer
Nymphalidae
BHP1210
38
Symbrenthia lilaea marius
Fruhstorfer
Nymphalidae
BHP1553
39
Tirumala septentrionis microsticta
Butler
Nymphalidae
BHP1639
40
Ypthima pandocus sertorius
Fruhstorfer
Nymphalidae
BHP1192, 1215
41
Lycaenidae sp. 1
Lycaenidae
BHP1211
42
Koruthaialos sindu sindu
Hesperiidae
spotted
4470
C. & R. Felder
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2013 | 5(10): 4461–4473
Insect diversity of Bukit Hampuan Forest Reserve
Chung­et al.
Appendix 2. Moths of Bukit Hampuan Forest Reserve, Sabah (10–14 May 2010).
Species
Author
Family
Subfamily
Digital photo no.
1
Aethalida borneana
Holloway
Arctiidae
Arctiinae
BHP1363, 1710
2
Amerila astreus
Drury
Arctiidae
Arctiinae
BHP1344, 1348
3
Nyctemera kinibalina
Snellen
Arctiidae
Arctiinae
BHP1233
4
Nyctemera muelleri
Vollenhoven
Arctiidae
Arctiinae
BHP1312
5
Nyctemera tripunctaria
Linnaeus
Arctiidae
Arctiinae
BHP1219
6
Spilosoma groganae
Holloway
Arctiidae
Arctiinae
BHP1512
7
Adites hosei
Holloway
Arctiidae
Lithosiinae
BHP1366
8
Adites sp.
Arctiidae
Lithosiinae
BHP1727
9
Barsine euprepia
Hampson
Arctiidae
Lithosiinae
BHP1347
10
Barsine roseororatus
Butler
Arctiidae
Lithosiinae
BHP1333
11
Cyana cruentata
Talbot
Arctiidae
Lithosiinae
BHP1313, 1724
12
Cyana horsfieldii
Roepke
Arctiidae
Lithosiinae
BHP1770
13
Cyana malayensis
Hampson
Arctiidae
Lithosiinae
BHP1741
14
Cyana saulia
Swinhoe
Arctiidae
Lithosiinae
BHP1729
15
Cyana sp.
Arctiidae
Lithosiinae
BHP1751
16
Eugoa trifascia
Walker
Arctiidae
Lithosiinae
BHP1749
17
Lyclene circumdata
Walker
Arctiidae
Lithosiinae
BHP1695
18
Lyclene mesilaulinea
Holloway
Arctiidae
Lithosiinae
BHP1736
19
Lyclene multiramorum
Holloway
Arctiidae
Lithosiinae
BHP1760
20
Lyclene sp.
Arctiidae
Lithosiinae
BHP1707
21
Monosyntaxis sp.
Arctiidae
Lithosiinae
BHP1747
22
Padenia obliquifascia
Arctiidae
Lithosiinae
BHP1761
23
Teulisna sp.
Arctiidae
Lithosiinae
BHP1730
24
Auriculoceryx pterodactyliformis
Holloway
Arctiidae
Syntominae
BHP1768
25
Mustilia dierli
Holloway
Bombycidae
BHP1735
26
Zeuzera borneana
Roepke
Cossidae
BHP1532
27
Zeuzera indica
Herrich-Schaffer
Cossidae
BHP1737
28
Canucha specularis
Moore
Drepanidae
BHP1523
29
Tridrepana flava
Moore
Drepanidae
30
Amblychia infoveata
Prout
Geometridae
Ennominae
BHP1310
31
Bracca georgiata
Guenee
Geometridae
Ennominae
BHP1731
32
Dilophodes elegans
Butler
Geometridae
Ennominae
BHP1342
33
Krananda semihyalina
Moore
Geometridae
Ennominae
BHP1531
34
Milionia basalis
Walker
Geometridae
Ennominae
BHP1535
35
Ourapteryx claretta
Holloway
Geometridae
Ennominae
BHP1352
36
Plutodes argentilauta
Prout
Geometridae
Ennominae
BHP1370
37
Pogonopygia nigralbata
Warren
Geometridae
Ennominae
BHP1518
38
Agathia laetata
Fabricius
Geometridae
Geometrinae
BHP1517
39
Spaniocentra megaspilaria
Guenee
Geometridae
Geometrinae
BHP1740
40
Tanaorhinus rafflesii
Moore
Geometridae
Geometrinae
BHP1530
41
Calliteara cox
Schintlmeister
Lymantriidae
42
Calliteara diplozona
Collenette
Lymantriidae
43
Asota albiformis
Swinhoe
Noctuidae
Aganainae
BHP1773
44
Asota kinabaluensis
Rothschild
Noctuidae
Aganainae
BHP1511, 1521
45
Asota producta
Butler
Noctuidae
Aganainae
BHP1510
46
Clethrorasa pilcheri
Hampson
Noctuidae
Amphipyrinae
BHP1284
47
Avatha bubo
Geyer
Noctuidae
Catocalinae
BHP1297
48
Buzara saikehi
Holloway
Noctuidae
Catocalinae
BHP1283
49
Hamodes propitia
Guerin-Meneville
Noctuidae
Catocalinae
BHP1529
50
Hypopyra sp.
Noctuidae
Catocalinae
BHP1748
51
Thyas javanica
Gaede
Noctuidae
Catocalinae
BHP1744
52
Tiracola aureata
Holloway
Noctuidae
Hadeninae
BHP1507
53
Blenina sp.
54
Dichocrocis zebralis
Moore
Pyralidae
Crambinae
BHP1766
55
Pachynoa purpuralis
Walker
Pyralidae
Crambinae
BHP1304
56
Botyodes asialis
Guenee
Pyralidae
Pyraustinae
BHP1361
Rothschild
BHP1365
BHP1756
BHP1757
Nolidae
BHP1305
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2013 | 5(10): 4461–4473
4471
Insect diversity of Bukit Hampuan Forest Reserve
Chung­et al.
Species
Author
Family
Subfamily
Digital photo no.
57
Nevrina procopia
Cramer
Pyralidae
Pyraustinae
BHP1514
58
Parotis laceritalis
Kenrick
Pyralidae
Pyraustinae
BHP1373
59
Syllepte fabiusalis
Walker
Pyralidae
Pyraustinae
BHP1513
60
Acherontia lachesis
Fabricius
Sphingidae
BHP1339
61
Acosmeryx shervilli
Boisduval
Sphingidae
BHP1354
62
Eurypteryx bhaga
Moore
Sphingidae
BHP1704
63
Banisia intonsa
Whalley
Thyrididae
BHP1728
64
Telchines vialis
Moore
Thyrididae
BHP1754
65
Lyssa menoetius
Hopffer
Uraniidae
BHP1746
66
Lyssa zampa
Butler
Uraniidae
BHP1318
Zeuzera borneana Cossidae
Cyana cruentata Arctiidae (Lithosiinae)
© Arthur Y. C. Chung
Lyclene multiramorum
Arctiidae (Lithosiinae)
© Arthur Y. C. Chung
© Arthur Y. C. Chung
© Arthur Y. C. Chung
4472
© Arthur Y. C. Chung
Barsine euprepia Arctiidae (Lithosiinae)
Lyclene mesilaulinea Arctiidae (Lithosiinae)
Cyana saulia Arctiidae (Lithosiinae)
Auriculoceryx pterodactyliformis
Arctiidae (Syntominae)
© Arthur Y. C. Chung
Spilosoma groganae Arctiidae (Arctiinae)
© Arthur Y. C. Chung
© Arthur Y. C. Chung
Nyctemera kinibalina Arctiidae (Arctiinae)
© Arthur Y. C. Chung
Adites hosei Arctiidae (Lithosiinae)
© Arthur Y. C. Chung
Aethalida borneana Arctiidae (Arctiinae)
© Arthur Y. C. Chung
© Arthur Y. C. Chung
Appendix 3. Bornean endemic moth species recorded from Bukit Hampuan Forest Reserve.
Spaniocentra megaspilaria
Geometridae (Geometrinae)
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2013 | 5(10): 4461–4473
Buzara saikehi Noctuidae (Catocalinae)
© Arthur Y. C. Chung
Asota kinabaluensis Noctuidae (Aganainae)
Appendix 4. Beetles from Bukit Hampuan Forest Reserve, Sabah
(10–14 May 2010).
Author
Family
Digital photo
no.
Species
1
Glenea elegans
Oliver
Cerambycidae
BHP1840
Dragonflies
2
Macrotoma
(Bandar) pascoei
Lansberge
Cerambycidae
BHP1383
3
Macrotoma
(Bandar) ?fisheri
Waterhouse
Cerambycidae
BHP1394
4
Megopis
marginalis
(Fabricius)
5
Neosarmydus
costipennis
6
Rhytidodera sp.
Fisher
BHP1829
Cerambycidae
BHP1567
Cerambycidae
BHP1831
7
Epilachna sp.
Coccinellidae
BHP1598
8
Monochilus sp.
Coccinellidae
BHP1240
9
Curculionidae sp. 1
Curculionidae
BHP1447
10
Curculionidae sp. 2
Curculionidae
BHP1835,
1833
11
Elateridae sp. 1
Elateridae
BHP1421
12
Elateridae sp. 2
Elateridae
BHP1427
13
Elateridae sp. 3
Elateridae
BHP1430
14
?Eulichas sp.
Eulichadidae
BHP1415
Cyclommatus
giraffa
Mollenkamp
16
Dorcus thoracicus
Mollenkamp
Lucanidae
BHP1425
17
Odontolabis
castelnaudi
Parryi
Lucanidae
BHP1408
18
Aceraius sp.
Passalidae
BHP1431
19
Chalcosoma
moellenkampi
Scarabaeidae
(Dynastinae)
BHP1236,
2020
20
Scarabaeidae sp. 1
Scarabaeidae
(Dynastinae)
BHP1825
21
Hoplia sp.
Scarabaeidae
(Melolonthinae)
BHP1698
22
Scarabaeidae sp. 2
Scarabaeidae
(Melolonthinae)
BHP1565
23
Anomala sp.
Scarabaeidae
(Rutelinae)
BHP1819
24
Fruhstoferia
nigromuliebris
Scarabaeidae
(Rutelinae)
BHP1413
25
Scarabaeidae sp. 3
Scarabaeidae
(Rutelinae)
BHP1558
26
Setenis sp.
Tenebrionidae
BHP1571
15
Kolbe
Nagai
Lucanidae
BHP1720,
1717
Banisia intonsa Thyrididae
Appendix 5. Other insects from Bukit Hampuan Forest Reserve,
Sabah (10–14 May 2010).
Species
Cerambycidae
© Arthur Y. C. Chung
Chung­et al.
© Arthur Y. C. Chung
Insect diversity of Bukit Hampuan Forest Reserve
Author
Family
Digital photo
no.
1
Macromia
westwoodii
Selys
Corduliidae
BHP1617
2
Pantala flavescens
(Fabricius)
Libellulidae
BHP1806
3
Neurothemis ramburii Brauer
Libellulidae
BHP1239
4
Crocothemis sp.
Libellulidae
BHP1268
5
Orthetrum glaucum
Libellulidae
BHP1225
6
Libellulidae sp. 1
Libellulidae
BHP1798
7
Libellulidae sp. 2
Libellulidae
BHP1185
Brauer
Cicadas
1
Tacua speciosa
Illiger
Cicadidae
BHP1387
2
Platylomia
viridimaculata
Distant
Cicadidae
BHP1576, 1574
3
Dundubia vaginata
Fabricius
Cicadidae
BHP1774
4
Dundubia rufivena
Walker
Cicadidae
5
Tomaspididae sp. 1
Tomaspididae
BHP1196
6
Tomaspididae sp. 2
Tomaspididae
BHP1263
Myrmicinae
BHP1453
Ant
1
Mymicaria?
subcarinata
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2013 | 5(10): 4461–4473
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