Culturally Driven Violence Against Women

Transcription

Culturally Driven Violence Against Women
3 2/,&<6 (5,(6
3 2 / , & < 6)5217,(5&(175(
(5,(6
)2538%/,&32/,&<
-8/<
)&3332/,&<6(5,(612‡
‡-8/<
)&3332/,&<6(5,(612
&XOWXUDOO\'ULYHQ9LROHQFH
$JDLQVW:RPHQ
$*URZLQJ3UREOHPLQ&DQDGD¶V
,PPLJUDQW&RPPXQLWLHV
%\$UXQD3DSS
&8/785$//<'5,9(19,2/(1&($*$,167:20(1
‹
)5217,(5&(175(
32/,&<6(5,(6
&8/785$//<'5,9(19,2/(1&($*$,167:20(1
$TVD3DUYH]O
$PDQGHHS.DXU
'KLOORQIXQHUDO
3DZDQGHHS%HQLSDO
FHQWUHLVVXSSRUWHG
DVVKHOHDYHVWKH
IXQHUDOVHUYLFHIRU
KHUVODLQVLVWHU
$PDQGHHS.DXU
'KLOORQLQVHW
7DUD:DOWRQ7RURQWR
6WDU-DQ
$PDQGHHS6LQJK
$WZDO
)HUR]0DQJDODQG
.KDWHUD6DGLTL
0XKDPPDG$UVDO.KDQ
DQG.DQHH])DWLPD
JXLOW\RIPXUGHULQJ
WKHLU¿YH\HDUROG
GDXJKWHU)DUDK
$ERXWWKH$XWKRU
$UXQD3DSS
)RUWKHSDVW\HDUV$UXQD3DSS0$$'50(GKDVZRUNHGDVD
VRFLDOZRUNHUDQGFRXQVHOVZLWKIDPLOLHVZKRGHDOZLWKGRPHVWLFYLROHQFH
6KHKROGVWZR0DVWHUVGHJUHHVLQ$GXOW(GXFDWLRQDQG&RXQVHOOLQJDQG
KDVYROXQWHHUHGRQDQXPHURXVERDUGVDQGFRPPLWWHHVLQFOXGLQJWKH
%RDUGRI*RYHUQRUVRI&HQWHQQLDO&ROOHJHDQGWKH&HQWHQDU\+RVSLWDO
LQ7RURQWR6KHKDVDSULYDWHSUDFWLFHLQ<RUN5HJLRQFRQGXFWVFXOWXUDO
FRPSHWHQF\ZRUNVKRSVDQGKHUFOLHQWVLQFOXGHWKH<RUN5HJLRQDO3ROLFH
DUHDKRVSLWDOVDQGVFKRROERDUGVDVZHOODVVHYHUDOQRQSUR¿WDJHQFLHV
7KH )URQWLHU &HQWUH IRU 3XEOLF 3ROLF\ LV DQ LQGHSHQGHQW QRQSUR¿W RUJDQL]DWLRQ WKDW
XQGHUWDNHV UHVHDUFK DQG HGXFDWLRQ LQ VXSSRUW RI HFRQRPLF JURZWK DQG VRFLDO RXWFRPHV
WKDWZLOOHQKDQFHWKHTXDOLW\RIOLIHLQRXUFRPPXQLWLHV7KURXJKDYDULHW\RISXEOLFDWLRQV
DQG SXEOLF IRUXPV WKH &HQWUH H[SORUHV SROLF\ LQQRYDWLRQV UHTXLUHG WR PDNH WKH SUDLULHV
UHJLRQDZLQQHULQWKHRSHQHFRQRP\,WDOVRSURYLGHVQHZLQVLJKWVLQWRVROYLQJLPSRUWDQW
LVVXHVIDFLQJRXUFLWLHVWRZQVDQGSURYLQFHV7KHVHLQFOXGHLPSURYLQJWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRI
SXEOLFH[SHQGLWXUHVLQLPSRUWDQWDUHDVOLNHORFDOJRYHUQPHQWHGXFDWLRQKHDOWKDQGVRFLDO
SROLF\7KHDXWKRURIWKLVVWXG\KDVZRUNHGLQGHSHQGHQWO\DQGWKHRSLQLRQVH[SUHVVHGDUH
WKHUHIRUHWKHLURZQDQGGRQRWQHFHVVDULO\UHÀHFWWKHRSLQLRQVRIWKHERDUGRIWKH)URQWLHU
&HQWUHIRU3XEOLF3ROLF\
&RS\ULJKW‹00;E\WKH)URQWLHU&HQWUHIRU3XEOLF3ROLF\
'DWHRI)LUVW,VVXH-XO\
5HSURGXFHGKHUHZLWKSHUPLVVLRQRIWKHDXWKRU$Q\HUURUVRURPLVVLRQVDQGWKHDFFXUDF\
DQGFRPSOHWHQHVVRIWKLVSDSHUUHPDLQWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHDXWKRU
,661
)5217,(5&(175(
)2538%/,&32/,&<
ZZZIFSSRUJ
)&3332/,&<6(5,(612‡-8/<
0%3RUWDJH$YHQXH
:LQQLSHJ0DQLWRED&DQDGD5-5
7HO
6.0F,QW\UH6WUHHW
5HJLQD6DVNDWFKHZDQ&DQDGD636
7HO
$%6WH±WK$YHQXH6:
&DOJDU\$OEHUWD&DQDGD73&
7HO
)5217,(5&(175(
‹
;
32/,&<6(5,(6
‡-8/<
)&3332/,&<6(5,(612
GHDVIRUDEHWWHUWRPRUURZ
)&333ROLF\6HULHV1R ‡ -XO\
&XOWXUDOO\'ULYHQ
9LROHQFH$JDLQVW:RPHQ
$*URZLQJ3UREOHPLQ&DQDGD¶V
,PPLJUDQW&RPPXQLWLHV
%\$UXQD3DSS 0$$'50(G
7DEOHRI&RQWHQWV
([HFXWLYH6XPPDU\
,QWURGXFWLRQ
$SULPHURQWKHWUDGLWLRQVDQGYDOXHVRIVHOHFWHGLPPLJUDQWFRPPXQLWLHV
7KHSXUSRVHRIWKLVSDSHU
:KRDUHWKH6RXWK$VLDQLPPLJUDQWV"
:KDWLV³KRQRXUNLOOLQJ´"
7KHVFRSHRIWKHSUREOHP
6WURQJWUDGLWLRQDOSDWULDUFK\LQDFXOWXUDOFRQWH[W
3DWULDUFKDOSRZHULVPRUHLQWHQVHDWKRPHWKDQDEURDG
$QDGGLWLRQDOSUREOHP7KHSHFNLQJRUGHUDQGLPPLJUDQW
ZRPHQRQZRPHQYLROHQFH
&ULPHVRI³KRQRXU´LQLPPLJUDQWFRPPXQLWLHV
3ROLF\UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV
(QGQRWHV
&8/785$//<'5,9(19,2/(1&($*$,167:20(1
‹
)5217,(5&(175(
32/,&<6(5,(6
&8/785$//<'5,9(19,2/(1&($*$,167:20(1
([HFXWLYHVXPPDU\
,QDQDWLRQDOVXUYH\RI&DQDGLDQ
ZRPHQ¶VH[SHULHQFHRIGRPHVWLFYLR
OHQFHVHYHUDOGLVWXUELQJSDWWHUQVFDPH
WROLJKWWKH\LQFOXGHGWKHIDFWWKDWWKH
KLJKHVWSUHYDOHQFHRIGRPHVWLFYLROHQFH
DJDLQVWZRPHQZDVIRXQGLQWKHKRPHV
RILPPLJUDQWVIURPGHYHORSLQJFRXQ
WULHV
3UREOHPDWLFDOO\WKHLGHRORJ\RIPXOWL
FXOWXUDOLVPHYHQDPRQJVWWKHPRVW
ZHOOPHDQLQJDGYRFDWHVIRUIHPDOH
HTXDOLW\WHQGVWRSUHFOXGHDQ\GLVFXV
VLRQRIFXOWXUDOYDOXHVDQGWUDGLWLRQV
WKDWSURMHFWD³FRORQLDOLVW´PHQWDOLW\RU
WKDWPD\OHDGWRDSHUFHLYHG³UDFLDOL]D
WLRQ´RIDQHQWLUHHWKQLFFRPPXQLW\
7KLVLVDPLVWDNHIRUWKHIROORZLQJ
UHDVRQV
‡³+RQRXUNLOOLQJV´DUHFDUULHGRXWLQ
RUGHUWRFOHDQVHWKHIDPLO\QDPH
DQGUHVWRUHWKHIDPLO\KRQRXU8Q
OLNH:HVWHUQGRPHVWLFYLROHQFHW\SL
FDOO\SHUSHWUDWHGELODWHUDOO\E\RQH
LQWLPDWHSDUWQHURQDQRWKHUKRQRXU
YLROHQFHLVSHUSHWUDWHGXQLODWHUDOO\
ZLWKLQWKHIDPLO\DJDLQVWJLUOVDQG
ZRPHQE\PDOHUHODWLYHV²VXFKDVID
WKHUVIDWKHUVLQODZEURWKHUVEURWK
HUVLQODZKXVEDQGVDQGRFFDVLRQDOO\
VRQV²RIWHQZLWKWKHFRPSOLFLW\RI
ROGHUIHPDOHV
‡³+RQRXUNLOOLQJ´LVDQDQFLHQWFXOWXUDO
SUDFWLFHLQZKLFKPHQPXUGHUIHPDOH
UHODWLYHVLQWKHQDPHRIIDPLO\³KRQ
RXU´IRUIRUFHGRUVXVSHFWHGVH[XDO
DFWLYLW\RXWVLGHWKHPDUULDJHHYHQ
ZKHQWKHZRPDQZHUHYLFWLPVRI
UDSH<RWDP)HOGQHUDUHVHDUFKHU
DWWKH0LGGOH(DVW0HGLD5HVHDUFK
,QVWLWXWHGHVFULEHVDQKRQRXUNLOOLQJ
DVRQHLQZKLFKDPDQZKRUHIUDLQV
)&3332/,&<6(5,(612‡-8/<
IURP³ZDVKLQJVKDPHZLWKEORRGLVD
FRZDUGZKRLVQRWZRUWKOLYLQJPXFKOHVV
DPDQ´
‡)RUH[DPSOHLQ)DUDK.KDQ¿YH
ZDVNLOOHGE\KHUIDWKHUDQGVWHSPRWKHU
DIWHUWKHIDWKHUFODLPHGWKHFKLOGZDVQRW
KLVFODLPLQJWKLVZDVGHHSO\VKDPLQJ
DQGWKHNLOOLQJZDVQHFHVVDU\WRUHGHHP
KLVKRQRXU,Q$PDQGHHS6LQJK
$WZDOZDVVWDEEHGWRGHDWKE\KHU
IDWKHUEHFDXVHVKHZDQWHGWRGDWHD
QRQ6LNKFODVVPDWH,Q.KDWHUD
6DGLTLDQGKHU\HDUROGER\IULHQG
)HUR]0DQJDOZHUHNLOOHGE\KHUEURWKHU
,Q$PDQGHHS.DXU'KLOOLRQZKR
ZDVGULYHQE\KHUIDWKHULQODZWRDQG
IURPWKHIDPLO\RZQHGDQGUXQJURFHU\
VWRUHZKHUHVKHZRUNHGORQJKRXUVZDV
NLOOHGE\KLPZKHQVKHWKUHDWHQHGWR
OHDYHKLVVRQ
‡6LQFHWKHPXUGHUVRIZRPHQ
ZHUHLGHQWL¿HGDVKRQRXUNLOOLQJVWKUHH
RWKHUPXUGHUVLGHQWL¿HGDVGRPHVWLF
YLROHQFHDOVRKDYHWKHKDOOPDUNVRIDQ
KRQRXUNLOOLQJ
‡:KLOHYLROHQFHDJDLQVWZRPHQLVGHSORU
HGLQJHQHUDOLQ&DQDGDIHZUHVHDUFKHUV
DSSUHFLDWHWKHPDQ\GLVWLQFWLRQVEHWZHHQ
KLVWRULFDOO\REVHUYHG:HVWHUQSDWWHUQV
RIDEXVHRIZRPHQE\PHQDQGDEXVH
RIPHQE\ZRPHQDQGQHZHUFXOWXUDOO\
GULYHQDEXVHRIJLUOVDQGZRPHQE\ERWK
PHQDQGZRPHQZLWKYLUWXDOO\QRDEXVH
RIPHQE\ZRPHQLQVXFKFXOWXUDOO\
LQGXFHGVLWXDWLRQV
‡$PRQJVWRWKHUGLIIHUHQFHV:HVWHUQ
DEXVHLVVWDWLVWLFDOO\LQIUHTXHQWVWHPV
IURPSV\FKRORJLFDOG\VIXQFWLRQDURXQG
LQWLPDWHUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQLQGLYLGXDO
DGXOWVDQGLVFRQVLGHUHGDFXOWXUDODEHU
UDWLRQE\NLQVKLSJURXSVDQGVRFLHW\LQ
)5217,(5&(175(
‹
32/,&<6(5,(6
)&3332/,&<6(5,(612‡-8/<
JHQHUDO,QFRQWUDVWFXOWXUDOO\GULYHQ
YLROHQFHLVVWDWLVWLFDOO\IUHTXHQWVWHPV
IURPFXOWXUDOO\DSSURYHGFRGHVDURXQG
FROOHFWLYHIDPLO\KRQRXUDQGVKDPHLV
FRQGRQHGDQGHYHQIDFLOLWDWHGE\NLQVKLS
JURXSVDQGWKHFRPPXQLW\
)RUH[DPSOH$TVD3DUYH]UHFHQWO\
LQKHDGOLQHVDQGZKRZDVNLOOHGLQ
E\KHUIDWKHUDQGKHUEURWKHUFRQYLFWHG
RIWKHFULPHLQ-XQHWKLV\HDUOLYHGLQ
D0LVVLVVDXJDKRXVHKROGZLWKDGXOWV
DQGZKRDOOFRQGRQHGWKHDEXVHRIWKLV
JLUO,QIDFWWKHPRWKHULVTXRWHGDVVD\
LQJVKHWKRXJKWWKHIDWKHUZRXOGRQO\
EUHDNKHUDUPVDQGOHJVQRWNLOOKHU
,QDQRWKHUH[DPSOHLQ2WWDZD¶V
.KDWHUD6DGLTLDQGKHUER\IULHQG)HUR]
0DQJDOZHUHNLOOHGE\KHUEURWKHU
$JURZLQJERG\RIUHVHDUFKFRQ¿UPVWKDW
LQSDWULDUFKDOVRFLHWLHVWKDWDUHFRPSULVHG
RIWKHVHOIDSSRLQWHGDQGPRUH³DXWKHQWLF´
QRQ:HVWHUQL]HGEXONRIWKH6RXWK$VLDQ
FRPPXQLW\ZKHUHKRQRXUVKDPHFRGHV
DUHULIHDQGHYHQZKHQOHJDOO\SURVFULEHG
PHQDUHIRXQGWRH[HUFLVHULJLGFRQWURO
RYHUZRPHQ7KHUHVXOWLVDKLJKHULQFL
GHQFHRIYLROHQFHDJDLQVWZRPHQDVFRP
SDUHGZLWKWKHPDLQVWUHDP:HVWHUQKRVW
FRPPXQLWLHV
´
0DQ\LPPLJUDQWVFKRVH&DQDGDEHFDXVH
WKHIRXQGDWLRQRIWKLVFRXQWU\LVEXLOWRQ
YDOXHVRIVHFXULW\IUHHGRPDQGUHVSHFW
IRUDOO<HWWKHUHDUHWKRXVDQGVRIZRPHQ
LQ&DQDGDZKRVHULJKWVDUHQRWUHVSHFWHG
ZKRDUHQHLWKHUIUHHQRUVHFXUHEHFDXVH
WKH\GDUHQRWFKDOOHQJHWKHLURSSUHVVRUV
)RUWKHP6HFWLRQRIWKH&DQDGLDQ&KDUWHU
RI5LJKWVDQG)UHHGRPVZKLFKJXDUDQWHHV
PHQDQGZRPHQHTXDOULJKWVWROLIHOLEHUW\
DQGVHFXULW\RIWKHSHUVRQDUHPHUHZRUGV
RQDSDJHLQDERRNWKDWUHPDLQVFORVHGWR
WKHP
&8/785$//<'5,9(19,2/(1&($*$,167:20(1
WKHUHDUHWKRXVDQGVRI
ZRPHQLQ&DQDGDZKRVHULJKWV
DUHQRWUHVSHFWHGZKRDUH
QHLWKHUIUHHQRUVHFXUH
µ
EHFDXVHWKH\GDUHQRW
FKDOOHQJHWKHLURSSUHVVRUV
‹
)5217,(5&(175(
&8/785$//<'5,9(19,2/(1&($*$,167:20(1
32/,&<6(5,(6
,QWURGXFWLRQ
$EXVHRIZRPHQERWKSK\VLFDODQGSV\
FKRORJLFDOLVDSUHYDOHQWDQGZHOOGRFX
PHQWHGVRFLDOSUREOHPLQ&DQDGDDQG
DURXQGWKHZRUOG7KHSKHQRPHQRQFURVV
HVDOOFXOWXUDOHFRQRPLFDQGVRFLDOVWUDWD
2YHUWKHSDVW\HDUV&DQDGDKDV
DFFHSWHGDSSUR[LPDWHO\QHZ
LPPLJUDQWVDQQXDOO\:RPHQFRPSULVHD
OLWWOHRYHUKDOIRIDOOWKHSHRSOHZKRHPL
JUDWHWR&DQDGD)HPDOHLPPLJUDQWV
+RZHYHULPPLJUDQWUHIXJHHDQGQRQVWD UHSUHVHQWSHUFHQWRIDOOZRPHQOLYLQJ
WXVLPPLJUDQWZRPHQLQ&DQDGDDUHPRUH LQ&DQDGD 7KLVSDSHUZLOOGHDOPDLQO\
YXOQHUDEOHWRYLROHQFHIURPERWKPHQDQG ZLWKZRPHQIURP6RXWK$VLDZKRKDYH
FRPHKHUHIURPWKH,QGLDQVXEFRQWLQHQW
ZRPHQRIZKLFKPRUHODWHUEHFDXVH
WKH\KDYHOHVVFRQWURORYHUWKHLUOLYHVWKDQ ,QGLD3DNLVWDQ%DQJODGHVK1HSDO6UL
&DQDGLDQZRPHQZKRVHDQFHVWRUVFDPHWR /DQNDDQG%KXWDQDQGWKRVHZRPHQRI
,QGLDQSURYHQDQFHZKRLPPLJUDWHGWR
&DQDGDORQJDJRRUZKRFRPHIURP(XUR
6RXWK$IULFDDQGWKH:HVW,QGLHV
SHDQEDFNJURXQGV,PPLJUDQWZRPHQ
+DYLQJZRUNHGRQWKHIURQWOLQHVIRUWKH
ZKRDUULYHGPRUHUHFHQWO\DUHRIWHQNHSW
SDVW\HDUVZLWK6RXWK$VLDQPHQDQG
VRFLDOO\LVRODWHGDQGFRQVHTXHQWO\KDYH
ZRPHQZKRUHSUHVHQWWKHHQWLUHFRQVWHOOD
OLPLWHGRULQDFFXUDWHLQIRUPDWLRQUHJDUG
LQJWKHLUULJKWV,QWXUQWKHLULJQRUDQFH
WLRQRINLQVKLSUROHVWKLVDXWKRUWKLQNV
DQGLQVHFXULW\FUHDWHDUHOXFWDQFHWRVHHN &DQDGLDQVPXVWFULWLFDOO\H[DPLQHWKH
DVVLVWDQFHIURPRXWVLGHUVVXFKDVWKH
FXOWXUDODQGWUDGLWLRQDOSUDFWLFHVUHJDUGLQJ
WKHDEXVHRIJLUOVDQGZRPHQZLWKLQWKLV
SROLFHDVWKH\IHDUVXFKDQDFWLRQPD\
FRPPXQLW\2XUPHGLDDQGJRYHUQPHQWV
UHVXOWLQWKHLUGHSRUWDWLRQRUWKHDUUHVW
RIWKHLUVSRQVRU7KH\DOVRIHDUWKDWWKHLU
PXVWHYDOXDWHWKHVRFLDOFXOWXUDODQG
HFRQRPLFLPSDFWRIDEXVHRILPPLJUDQW
IDPLOLHVLQWKHLUFRXQWU\RIRULJLQPD\EH
ZRPHQLQRXUVRFLHW\DQGPRVWLPSRU
WKUHDWHQHGDVSXQLVKPHQWIRUFKDOOHQJ
LQJWKHLUKXVEDQG¶VDXWKRULW\,QDGGLWLRQ
WDQWO\PXVWWDNHUHVSRQVLELOLW\IRUWKH
WKHUHPD\EHLQWLPLGDWLQJV\VWHPLFDQG
VHFRQGDQGWKLUGJHQHUDWLRQRIZRPHQ
OLQJXLVWLFEDUULHUVWRRYHUFRPH,QVKRUW
ZKRQRZVHHNUHIXJHIURPYLROHQFHWKDW
WKHVHZRPHQDUHXVXDOO\WRRGHSHQGHQW
RFFXUVLQWKHLUKRPHV
RQWKHLUDEXVHUWRFKDOOHQJHWKHPWKURXJK ,PPLJUDQWZRPHQDUHQRWDKRPRJHQRXV
QRPLQDOO\DYDLODEOHFKDQQHOV
JURXS:LWKLQWKH6RXWK$VLDQFRPPXQLW\
)RUH[DPSOH7KH7RURQWR6WDUVWDWHGWKDW
$PDQGHHS.DXU'KLOOLRQ\HDUVROGZDV
GULYHQWRDQGIURPWKHJURFHU\VWRUHHDFK
PRUQLQJE\KHUIDWKHULQODZZKRNLOOHG
KHUZKHQVKHWKUHDWHQHGWROHDYHKLVVRQ
+HU\RXQJVRQKDGEHHQUHPRYHGDQG
VHQWWR,QGLD,Q)DUDK.KDQ
ZDVNLOOHGE\KHUIDWKHUDQGVWHSPRWKHU
EHFDXVHWKHIDWKHUFODLPHGWKLVFKLOGZDV
QRWKLVDQGWKDWLWZDVDPDWWHURIVKDPH
DQGKLVKRQRXU
)&3332/,&<6(5,(612‡-8/<
WKHUHLVJUHDWHWKQLFDQGFXOWXUDOGLYHUVLW\
7KHH[SHULHQFHRI6RXWK$VLDQZRPHQ
GHSHQGVRQPDQ\IDFWRUVVXFKDVWKHLU
FRXQWU\RIRULJLQOHQJWKRIVWD\LQ&DQDGD
HGXFDWLRQVRFLRHFRQRPLFVWDWXVODQJXDJH
H[SHUWLVHDQGNQRZOHGJHRIWKHKRVWFRXQ
WU\:KHQLPPLJUDQWZRPHQEHFRPHYLFWLPV
RIGRPHVWLFYLROHQFHDOOWKHDERYHPHQWLRQ
HGYDULDEOHVKDYHDQLPSDFW
)5217,(5&(175(
‹
32/,&<6(5,(6
)&3332/,&<6(5,(612‡-8/<
,QDQDWLRQDOVXUYH\RI&DQDGLDQ
ZRPHQ¶VH[SHULHQFHRIGRPHVWLFYLROHQFH
VHYHUDOGLVWXUELQJSDWWHUQVFDPHWROLJKW
7KHKLJKHVWSUHYDOHQFHRIGRPHVWLFYLR
OHQFHDJDLQVWZRPHQZDVLQWKHKRPHVRI
LPPLJUDQWVIURPGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV$
QXPEHURIFRQWULEXWLQJIDFWRUVHPHUJHG
VLQJOLQJRXWIRUJUHDWHURGGVRIGRPHVWLF
YLROHQFHZRPHQZKRKDGDFKLHYHGVRPH
PHDVXUHRISHUVRQDOYDOLGDWLRQDQGFRQ¿
GHQFHWKURXJKHGXFDWLRQRUWKURXJKWKHLU
UROHDVIDPLO\EUHDGZLQQHURUWKURXJK
H[SRVXUHWRZRPHQHPSRZHULQJYDOXHV
7KHVHZRPHQZHUHPRUHOLNHO\WRVHHN
JUHDWHUFRQWURORYHUWKHLUOLYHV'RPHVWLF
YLROHQFHZDVWKHUHIRUHIRXQGWREHPRUH
SUHYDOHQWDPRQJVWZRPHQZKRIRUH[DP
SOHKDGEHHQLQ&DQDGDWKHORQJHVWDQG
KDGEHFRPHDFFXOWXUDWHGWKRVHZKRKDG
HPLJUDWHGDWDQROGHUDJHWKRVHZKRZHUH
HPSOR\HGWKRVHZLWKKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQDQG
WKRVHZKRVHSDUWQHUVZHUHXQHPSOR\HG
DEHUUDWLRQE\NLQVKLSJURXSVDQGVRFLHW\
LQJHQHUDO,QFRQWUDVWFXOWXUDOO\GULYHQ
YLROHQFHLVVWDWLVWLFDOO\IUHTXHQWVWHPV
IURPFXOWXUDOO\DSSURYHGFRGHVDURXQG
FROOHFWLYHIDPLO\KRQRXUDQGVKDPHLV
FRQGRQHGDQGHYHQIDFLOLWDWHGE\NLQVKLS
JURXSVDQGWKHFRPPXQLW\
$PRQJVW6RXWK$VLDQVDZRPDQ¶V¿QDQFLDO
DQGSURIHVVLRQDOVXFFHVVRIWHQGHVWDELOL]HV
WKHWUDGLWLRQDOG\QDPLFRIDXWKRULWDWLYH
PDOHDQGVXEPLVVLYHIHPDOH7KHQDWXUDO
WHQGHQF\RIVXFKZRPHQWRDVVHUWWKHLU
ULJKWVDVHTXDOSDUWQHUVLVGHHSO\WKUHDW
HQLQJWRPHQIURPWKHSDWULDUFKDOFRPPX
QLW\WKH\SHUFHLYHHTXDOLW\EHWZHHQWKH
VH[HVDVDWKUHDWWRWKHLUPDVFXOLQLW\
)RUH[DPSOHLQ$TVD3DUYH]
ZDVEUXWDOO\VWUDQJOHGE\KHUIDWKHUDQG
EURWKHUIRUUHIXVLQJWRZHDUDKLMDEDQG
IRUEDONLQJDWDQDUUDQJHGPDUULDJH7KH
DGXOWVOLYLQJLQWKHKRXVHFRQGRQHGWKH
DEXVHRIWKLVJLUO,QIDFWWKHPRWKHULV
TXRWHGDVVD\LQJVKHWKRXJKWWKHIDWKHU
ZRXOGRQO\EUHDNKHUDUPVDQGOHJVQRW
NLOOKHU$IWHUNLOOLQJKHUWKHIDWKHUWROGKLV
ZLIH³0\FRPPXQLW\ZLOOVD\\RXKDYHQRW
EHHQDEOHWRFRQWURO\RXUGDXJKWHU7KLV
LVP\LQVXOW6KHLVPDNLQJPHQDNHG´
2WKHU&DQDGLDQWUDJHGLHVLQYROYLQJJLUOV
VDFUL¿FHGRQWKHDOWDURIWKHLUIDWKHUV¶RU
EURWKHUV¶KRQRXUIROORZDVLPLODUQDUUDWLYH
WUDMHFWRU\
:KLOHYLROHQFHDJDLQVWZRPHQLVGHSORUHG
LQJHQHUDOLQ&DQDGDIHZUHVHDUFKHUV
DSSUHFLDWHWKHPDQ\GLVWLQFWLRQVEHWZHHQ
KLVWRULFDOO\REVHUYHG:HVWHUQSDWWHUQVRI
DEXVHRIZRPHQE\PHQDQGDEXVHRI
PHQE\ZRPHQDQGQHZHUFXOWXUDOO\GULY
HQDEXVHRIJLUOVDQGZRPHQE\ERWKPHQ
DQGZRPHQZLWKYLUWXDOO\QRDEXVHRI
PHQE\ZRPHQLQVXFKFXOWXUDOO\LQGXFHG
VLWXDWLRQV$PRQJVWRWKHUGLIIHUHQFHV
:HVWHUQDEXVHLVVWDWLVWLFDOO\LQIUHTXHQW
VWHPVIURPSV\FKRORJLFDOG\VIXQFWLRQ
DURXQGLQWLPDWHUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQLQGLYLG
XDODGXOWVDQGLVFRQVLGHUHGDFXOWXUDO
&8/785$//<'5,9(19,2/(1&($*$,167:20(1
7KHVDPHEDVLFOHLWPRWLIUXQVWKURXJKDOO
KRQRXUNLOOLQJV$JLUORUZRPDQUHIXVHVWR
DELGHE\VWULFWXUHVODLGGRZQE\WKHIDPLO\
SDWULDUFKRUGH¿HVKLPLQKHUFKRLFHRI
SDUWQHUKHXQGHUVWDQGVKLPVHOIWREH
VKDPHGLQWKHH\HVRIKLVFRPPXQLW\E\
KHUGH¿DQFHKHUSXQLVKPHQWDWWKHKDQGV
RIWKHSDWULDUFKDQGRUKHUEURWKHUVLV
WKHQUHJDUGHGDVQHFHVVDU\DIDWHVHWLQ
PRWLRQE\WKHYLFWLPKHUVHOI0HDQZKLOH
RWKHUPHPEHUVRIWKHIDPLO\PD\EHVDGGHQ
HGE\WKHRXWFRPHEXWWKH\GRQRWLQWHU
IHUH7KH\DFWDVVRPHWKLQJOLNHD*UHHN
FKRUXVVRPEUHO\ZLWQHVVLQJDFWLRQVWKDW
DUHQHLWKHUJRRGQRUEDGEXWVLPSO\IDWHG
8QGHUWKHUXEULFRI³FXOWXUDOO\GULYHQ
DEXVH´WKHUHDUHFRQWULEXWLQJYDOXHVWKDW
DUHVSHFL¿FWRWKH6RXWK$VLDQFRPPXQL
W\)RUH[DPSOH6RXWK$VLDQFXOWXUHJOR
UL¿HVVHOIVDFUL¿FHLQJLUOVDQGZRPHQDQG
SXWVDSUHPLXPRQWKHLUFKDVWLW\,QDGGL
WLRQWHQVLRQVDURXQGGRZU\H[SHFWDWLRQV
‹
)5217,(5&(175(
&8/785$//<'5,9(19,2/(1&($*$,167:20(1
32/,&<6(5,(6
WKHLGROL]DWLRQRIPDOHVDQGDUUDQJHG
RUIRUFHGPDUULDJHV²WUDGLWLRQVWKDWUXQ
GLUHFWO\FRXQWHUWR&DQDGLDQYDOXHV²DOO
SOD\DUROHLQFUHDWLQJDIDYRXUDEOHFOLPDWH
IRUWKHDEXVHRIJLUOVDQGZRPHQ
,QGHHGWKHUHDUHPRUHWKDQDIHZFDVHV
LQ&DQDGDRIFULPHVFRPPLWWHGLQWKH
QDPHRIFXOWXUDOYDOXHVZKHUHMXGJHV
LPSRVHGOHVVHUSHQDOWLHVRQWKHSHUSHWUD
WRULQGHIHUHQFHWRKLVFXOWXUDOPRWLYDWLRQ
,Q)HEUXDU\7KH7RURQWR6WDU
&OHDUO\QRWHYHU\6RXWK$VLDQLPPLJUDQW
UHSRUWHGWKDW&RXUWRI4XHEHF-XGJH
ZRPDQLVDEXVHGLQKHUKRPH3HUKDSV
0RQLTXH'XEUHXLOVHQWHQFHGWZRPHQ
LWLVDSSURSULDWHWRSRLQWRXWWKDWWKHUHLV
JHQHUDOO\DFXOWXUDOJXOIEHWZHHQWKHOLYHV FRQYLFWHGRIVH[XDODVVDXOWWRPRQWK
FRQGLWLRQDOVHQWHQFHVDQGKRXUVRI
RIWKRVH6RXWK$VLDQLPPLJUDQWZRPHQ
FRPPXQLW\VHUYLFHHDFKVWDWLQJ³7KH
ZKRDUHDEXVHGDQGWKRVHZRPHQZKR
DEVHQFHRIUHJUHWRIWKHWZRDFFXVHG
KDYHJURZQXSLQPDMRUXUEDQFHQWUHV
VHHPVWREHUHODWHGPRUHWRWKHFXOWXUDO
7KHODWWHUJURXSUHSUHVHQWSHUKDSV
FRQWH[WSDUWLFXODUO\ZLWKUHJDUGVWR
SHUFHQWRIWKH6RXWK$VLDQSRSXODWLRQ
:HDOWK\XUEDQIDPLOLHVVRSKLVWLFDWHGZLWK UHODWLRQVZLWKZRPHQWKDQDYHULWDEOH
SUREOHPRIDVH[XDOQDWXUH´7KXVDEXVHG
DQLQWHUQDWLRQDORXWORRNFRQVLGHUHGXFD
WLRQLQZHVWHUQRUZHVWHUQL]HGLQVWLWXWLRQV ZRPHQDUHIRUFHGWRUHPDLQVLOHQWZKLOH
WREHJRRGVRFLDOFDSLWDOIRUWKHLUGDXJKWHUV WKHDEXVHVFRQWLQXHHYHQLQWRWKHVHFRQG
DQGWKHWKLUGJHQHUDWLRQ
7KHVHZRPHQKDYHH[SHFWDWLRQVDQGDP
ELWLRQVDQGFRQGXFWWKHLUOLYHVDQGUHODWLRQ $EXVHRIZRPHQLQ:HVWHUQFRXQWULHV
VKLSVDORQJJHQGHUHTXDOOLQHVIDPLOLDUWR
ZDVQRWDFNQRZOHGJHGLQDVHULRXVZD\
XVLQWKH:HVW
XQWLOWKHV7KHQIROORZLQJUHVHDUFK
LQWRWKHKHDOWKDQGVRFLDOFRQVHTXHQFHV
+RZHYHUDJURZLQJERG\RIUHVHDUFK
RIJHQGHUEDVHGYLROHQFHSLRQHHULQJ
FRQ¿UPVWKDWLQSDWULDUFKDOVRFLHWLHVWKDW
IHPLQLVWVUDLVHGSXEOLFDZDUHQHVVRIWKH
FRPSULVHWKHPRUH³DXWKHQWLF´QRQ:HVW
QHFHVVLW\IRUWKHFUHDWLRQRIODZVWKDW
HUQL]HGEXONRIWKH6RXWK$VLDQFRPPX
ZRXOGSURWHFWZRPHQ7RGD\DSSURSULDWH
QLW\ZKHUHKRQRXUVKDPHFRGHVDUHULIH
O\WKHIRFXVLVRQIUHHGRPIURPIHDU
PHQH[HUFLVHULJLGFRQWURORYHUZRPHQ
7KHUHVXOWLVDKLJKHULQFLGHQFHRIYLROHQFH RIDEXVHDVDKXPDQULJKW
DJDLQVWZRPHQDVFRPSDUHGZLWKWKHLU
PDLQVWUHDP:HVWHUQKRVWFRPPXQLWLHV
$PRQJVWUHSUHVHQWDWLYH6RXWK$VLDQ
LPPLJUDQWVZRPHQDUHKHOGWRDWLJKWO\
VFULSWHGUROHRIVXEPLVVLRQWRDKLHUDUFK\
RIIDPLO\DXWKRULW\,QDGGLWLRQWKH\IDFH
WKHPRVWLQVXUPRXQWDEOHREVWDFOHRIDOO
DFRPPXQLW\ZLGHFRQVSLUDF\RIVLOHQFH
UHJDUGLQJWKHDEXVHRIJLUOVDQGZRPHQ
&RPPXQLW\OHDGHUVSRLQWWRFXOWXUDO
WUDGLWLRQVUHOLJLRXVYDOXHVDQGQRUPVLQ
GHIHQGLQJWKHLUZD\RIOLIH7KXVWKH\
FRQVFLRXVO\H[SORLWPXOWLFXOWXUDOLVPLQ
VSLUHGIHDUVDPRQJVWPDLQVWUHDP&DQDGL
DQVRIDSSHDULQJUDFLVWRURISHUSHWXDWLQJ
FXOWXUDOVWHUHRW\SHV
)&3332/,&<6(5,(612‡-8/<
2YHUWKH\HDUVGLYHUVHOHJLVODWLRQKDV
IXUWKHUHGVXFKIUHHGRPIURPYLROHQFHDQG
WKLVLGHDO0DQ\QHZVKHOWHUVKDYHEHHQ
EXLOWDOEHLWRIWHQVWDIIHGE\ZRPHQLQ
IRUPHGE\:HVWHUQLQWHUSUHWDWLRQVRI
GRPHVWLFYLROHQFHUDWKHUWKDQHGXFDWHGLQ
WKHXQLTXHDSSURDFKHVQHFHVVDU\LQGHDO
LQJZLWKFXOWXUDOO\GULYHQDEXVHGR]HQV
RIUHVHDUFKSDSHUVDQGDUWLFOHVKDYHEHHQ
SXEOLVKHGDQGFRQIHUHQFHVDQGZRUNVKRSV
KDYHEHHQFRQGXFWHG7KH\DOOWHVWLI\WR
WKHQHHGIRUDGHHSHUDQDO\VLVRIWKH
SKHQRPHQRQRIWKHDEXVHRIJLUOVDQG
ZRPHQLQLPPLJUDQWFRPPXQLWLHV
)5217,(5&(175(
‹
32/,&<6(5,(6
)&3332/,&<6(5,(612‡-8/<
+RZHYHUPRVWDGYRFDWHVDQGDFWLYLVWVIRU
IHPDOHYLFWLPVRIDEXVHVK\DZD\IURP
FKDOOHQJLQJWKHLPPLJUDQWFRPPXQLWLHVWR
H[DPLQHWKHLURZQWUDGLWLRQVDQGFXOWXUDO
YDOXHVLQH[SODLQLQJWKHYLROHQFHLQWKHLU
KRPHV7KHLGHRORJ\RIPXOWLFXOWXUDOLVP
HYHQDPRQJVWWKHPRVWZHOOPHDQLQJ
DGYRFDWHVIRUIHPDOHHTXDOLW\WHQGVWR
SUHFOXGHDQ\GLVFXVVLRQRIFXOWXUDOYDOXHV
DQGWUDGLWLRQVWKDWSURMHFWD³FRORQLDOLVW´
PHQWDOLW\RUWKDWPD\OHDGWRDSHUFHLYHG
³UDFLDOL]DWLRQ´RIDQHQWLUHHWKQLFFRPPX
QLW\7KHUHDVRQLQJDSSHDUVWREHWKDWWR
VXJJHVWYLROHQFHDJDLQVWJLUOVDQGZRPHQ
DULVHVIURPVSHFL¿FFXOWXUDOYDOXHVLPSOLHV
VRPHFXOWXUHVDUHEHWWHUWKDQRWKHUV
ZKHUHWUHDWPHQWRIZRPHQLVFRQFHUQHG²
DQXQFRPIRUWDEOHDGPLVVLRQ,WLVPXFK
VDIHUWREODPHWKHDEXVHRIZRPHQRQWKH
³JOREDOSKHQRPHQRQ´RIZRPHQDEXVHRU
RQVHWWOHPHQWLVVXHVRURQGLVFULPLQDWLRQ
RUUDFLVPLQWKHKRVWVRFLHW\ZKLOHFRP
IRUWDEO\LJQRULQJYDOXHVWKDWQHHGWREH
FKDOOHQJHGZLWKLQWKHFRPPXQLW\
7KHUHKDVQHYHUEHHQIRUH[DPSOHD
:HVWHUQHTXLYDOHQWRIEXUQLQJZLGRZVRQ
IXQHUDOS\UHVDVZDVWKHFDVHLQ,QGLDRU
IRRWELQGLQJDVZDVWKHFDVHLQ&KLQDRU
KRQRXUNLOOLQJDVLVFXOWXUDOO\SUHYDOHQWLQ
3DNLVWDQ&DQDGLDQVPXVWIDFHXSWRWKH
UHDOLW\RIYLROHQFHDJDLQVWZRPHQLQLPPL
JUDQWFRPPXQLWLHVDQGMXVWDVLPSRUWDQW
O\WKHXQLTXHUHDVRQVIRUVXFKYLROHQFH
LILWLVWREHVXFFHVVIXOO\FRXQWHUHG
7KHSDWULDUFK\KRZHYHULVQRWDPRQROLWK
LFSKHQRPHQRQ$OWKRXJK:HVWHUQFXOWXUH
ZDVLQDJHQHULFVHQVHDOVR³SDWULDUFKDO´
EHIRUHZRPHQ¶VDFFHVVLRQWRWKHYRWHDQG
RWKHUPDUNHUVRIFRPSOHWHOHJDODQG
SROLWLFDOHTXDOLW\SK\VLFDOYLROHQFHDJDLQVW
GDXJKWHUVDQGZLYHVZDVQHYHUDVDQFWLRQ
HGSUDFWLFHKHUHRULQDQ\:HVWHUQFRXQWU\
2IFRXUVHPDQ\ZLYHVVXIIHUHGYDU\LQJ
IRUPVRIDEXVHDQGVWLOOGREXWWKHNLOO
LQJRIIHPDOHUHODWLYHVZDVDQGUHPDLQV
DVKRFNLQJDEHUUDWLRQLQ:HVWHUQVRFLHW\
$OWKRXJKVRPHWLPHVZLQNHGDWLQFHUWDLQ
FRPPXQLWLHVRUMXVWL¿HGE\VFULSWXUHRU
FXOWXUHE\VRPHLQGLYLGXDODEXVHUVLQ
WKH:HVWNLQIRONRUFRPPXQLW\PHPEHUV
KDYHRYHUZKHOPLQJO\FRQVLGHUHGYLROHQFH
DJDLQVWZRPHQUHSUHKHQVLEOHDQGXQDF
FHSWDEOHEHKDYLRXU
,WLVPXFKVDIHUWREODPH
´
&8/785$//<'5,9(19,2/(1&($*$,167:20(1
WRVXJJHVWYLROHQFHDJDLQVW
JLUOVDQGZRPHQDULVHVIURP
VSHFL¿FFXOWXUDOYDOXHVLPSOLHV
VRPHFXOWXUHVDUHEHWWHUWKDQ
RWKHUVZKHUHWUHDWPHQWRI
ZRPHQLVFRQFHUQHG²
DQXQFRPIRUWDEOHDGPLVVLRQ
WKHDEXVHRIZRPHQRQWKH
µ
³JOREDOSKHQRPHQRQ´RI
ZRPHQDEXVH
‹
)5217,(5&(175(
&8/785$//<'5,9(19,2/(1&($*$,167:20(1
32/,&<6(5,(6
$SULPHURQWKHWUDGLWLRQVDQGYDOXHV
RIVHOHFWHGLPPLJUDQWFRPPXQLWLHV
:KDWDUHWKHWUDGLWLRQVDQGYDOXHVLQ
6RXWK$VLDQLPPLJUDQWFRPPXQLWLHVWKDW
DUHPRVWLQQHHGRISXEOLFH[SRVXUHDQG
GLVFXVVLRQ"7KH\LQFOXGH
7KHSXUSRVHRIWKLVSDSHU
6XFKDSXEOLFGLVFXVVLRQZRXOGLQFOXGHD
FKDOOHQJHWRWKHOHDGHUVRIWKRVHFRPPXQ
LWLHVZKRWRRRIWHQUHPDLQVLOHQW²DQGHYHQ
WRWKHSROLWLFLDQVZKRUHSUHVHQWULGLQJV
SRSXODWHGE\FULWLFDOPDVVHVRI6RXWK
$VLDQLPPLJUDQWVDQGZKRFDQQRWEHLJQRU
DQWRIWKHVHSUREOHPV²ZKRHIIHFWLYHO\HQ
DEOHWKHVHKRUULEOHFULPHVDJDLQVWZRPHQ
LQWKHQDPHRIIDPLO\KRQRXUDQGVKDPH
PRUHHDVLO\LQWR&DQDGLDQVRFLHW\$V
LPPLJUDQWVWKLVDXWKRUZDVRQHLQWKH
VZHFKRVH&DQDGDWREHRXUQHZ
KRPHQRWMXVWEHFDXVH&DQDGDKDVEHHQ
LGHQWL¿HGDVWKHEHVWFRXQWU\LQWKHZRUOG
LQZKLFKWROLYHRUEHFDXVHLWSURPLVHG
DQDEXQGDQFHRIZHDOWKIRUDOO0DQ\LP
PLJUDQWVFKRVH&DQDGDEHFDXVHWKHIRXQ
GDWLRQRIWKLVFRXQWU\LVEXLOWRQYDOXHVRI
VHFXULW\IUHHGRPDQGUHVSHFWIRUDOO<HW
WKHUHDUHWKRXVDQGVRIZRPHQLQ&DQDGD
ZKRVHULJKWVDUHQRWUHVSHFWHGZKRDUH
QHLWKHUIUHHQRUVHFXUHEHFDXVHWKH\
GDUHQRWFKDOOHQJHWKHLURSSUHVVRUV)RU
WKHP6HFWLRQRIWKH&DQDGLDQ&KDUWHU
RI5LJKWVDQG)UHHGRPVZKLFKJXDUDQWHHV
PHQDQGZRPHQHTXDOULJKWVWROLIHOLE
HUW\DQGVHFXULW\RIWKHSHUVRQDUHPHUH
ZRUGVRQDSDJHLQDERRNWKDWUHPDLQV
FORVHGWRWKHP
7KHWKUHHIROGSXUSRVHRIWKLVSDSHULV
¿UVWWRH[DPLQHVRPHRIWKHFXOWXUDOIDFWRUV
WKDWFDXVHSURPRWHDQGSURSDJDWHWKH
‡'HPDQGVIRUGRZULHVVRPHWLPHVFDOOHG
DEXVHRIJLUOVDQGZRPHQZLWKLQ6RXWK
³JLIWVWRWKHEULGH´
$VLDQLPPLJUDQWKRXVHKROGVLQ&DQDGD
‡$PDUNHGSUHIHUHQFHIRUVRQVRYHU
DQGVHFRQGWRUHFRPPHQGWRWKHIHGHUDO
GDXJKWHUV
JRYHUQPHQWSROLF\RSWLRQVWKDWZRXOG
‡$UUDQJHGDQGIRUFHGPDUULDJHV
VHUYHWREOXQWWKHHIIHFWRIWKHVHGHWULPHQ
‡$QGPRVWLPSRUWDQWO\³KRQRXU´FULPHV² WDODQGGHVWUXFWLYHFXOWXUDOWUDGLWLRQV7KH
WKLUGPRUHJHQHUDOJRDOLVWRHQFRXUDJHD
SK\VLFDODVVDXOWVDJDLQVWJLUOVDQG
V\VWHPLFDFFHOHUDWLRQRI&DQDGLDQL]DWLRQ
ZRPHQXSWRDQGLQFOXGLQJPXUGHU
ZLWKUHJDUGWRYDOXHVRIJHQGHUHTXDOLW\
FULPHVZKRVHQXPEHUVDUHSUROLIHUDWLQJ
ZLWKRXWUHJDUGWR&DQDGD¶VFULPLQDOFRGH ,WLVKRSHGWKDWWKLVSDSHUZLOODOVRVXSSRUW
RU&DQDGLDQV¶GHHSFXOWXUDOUHYXOVLRQ
WKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIJXLGHOLQHVDQGUHVRXU
IURPWKHYHU\FRQFHSW
FHVWRKHOSQHZLPPLJUDQWIDPLOLHVLQWHJUDWH
´
ZHFKRVH&DQDGDWREH
RXUQHZKRPHEHFDXVHLW
µ
SURPLVHGDQDEXQGDQFHRI
ZHDOWKIRUDOO
)&3332/,&<6(5,(612‡-8/<
)5217,(5&(175(
‹
32/,&<6(5,(6
)&3332/,&<6(5,(612‡-8/<
:KRDUHWKH6RXWK$VLDQ
LPPLJUDQWV"
:KDWLVKRQRXUNLOOLQJ"
7KLVSDSHUGHDOVPDLQO\ZLWKZRPHQIURP
6RXWK$VLDLQODUJHPHDVXUHEHFDXVHWKDW
LVWKLVDXWKRU¶VH[SHUWLVHKDYLQJZRUNHG
RQWKHIURQWOLQHVZLWK6RXWK$VLDQPHQ
DQGZRPHQIRUWKHSDVW\HDUV
$VPRVWUHDGHUVPD\NQRZ&DQDGDLV
GHSHQGHQWRQFRQWLQXHGLPPLJUDWLRQIRU
LWVHFRQRPLFDQGSRSXODWLRQJURZWK6LQFH
WKHPLGVWKHQXPEHURILPPLJUDQWV
WR&DQDGDKDVVWHDGLO\LQFUHDVHG,WLV
HVWLPDWHGWKDWE\&DQDGD¶VLPPL
JUDQWSRSXODWLRQZLOOKDYHLQFUHDVHGE\
WRSHUFHQWIURPOHYHOVZLWKWKH
IDVWHVWJURZWKEHLQJDPRQJWKH&KLQHVH
DQGWKH6RXWK$VLDQV
6RXWK$VLDQVLPPLJUDQWVDUHDGLYHUVH
JURXS7KH\FRPHIURP,QGLD3DNLVWDQ
%DQJODGHVK1HSDODQG6UL/DQND7KH\
LQFOXGH6RXWK$VLDQVZKRVHDQFHVWRUV
LPPLJUDWHGWR$IULFDWKH:HVW,QGLHVDQG
RWKHUSDUWVRIWKHZRUOGZLWKVLJQL¿FDQW
SRSXODWLRQVZLWK,QGLDQDQFHVWU\7KH
PDMRUUHOLJLRQVLQFOXGH+LQGXLVP,VODP
6LNKLVP%XGGKLVP-DLQLVPDQG&KULVWLDQ
LW\7KHUHDUHPDQ\HWKQLFJURXSVDPRQJ
6RXWK$VLDQVHDFKZLWKLWVRZQXQLTXH
KLVWRU\FDVWHVODQJXDJHVFXVWRPVDQG
WUDGLWLRQV9DULDWLRQFDQH[LVWZLWKLQWKH
VDPHJURXSDVZHOOGXHWRVRFLDOFODVV
FDVWHVWUXFWXUHHGXFDWLRQDFFXOWXUDWLRQ
DQGOHQJWKRIVWD\LQ&DQDGD+RZHYHU
WKHFRPPRQHOHPHQWIRXQGLQWKH6RXWK
$VLDQKRXVHKROGVZKHUHZRPHQDUHYLF
WLPVRIDEXVHLVWKHSDWULDUFKDOIDPLO\
VWUXFWXUH
&8/785$//<'5,9(19,2/(1&($*$,167:20(1
+RQRXUNLOOLQJLVDQDQFLHQWFXOWXUDOSUDF
WLFHLQZKLFKPHQPXUGHUIHPDOHUHODWLYHV
LQWKHQDPHRIIDPLO\³KRQRXU´IRUIRUFHG
RUVXVSHFWHGVH[XDODFWLYLW\RXWVLGHWKH
PDUULDJHHYHQZKHQWKHZRPHQKDYH
EHHQYLFWLPVRIUDSH<RWDP)HOGQHU
DUHVHDUFKHUDWWKH0LGGOH(DVW0HGLD
5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWHGHVFULEHVDQKRQRXU
NLOOLQJDVRQHLQZKLFKDPDQZKRUHIUDLQV
IURP³ZDVKLQJVKDPHZLWKEORRGLVD
FRZDUGZKRLVQRWZRUWKOLYLQJPXFKOHVV
DPDQ´$PDQGHHS6LQJK$WZDORI
%ULWLVK&ROXPELDZDVPXUGHUHGLQ
E\KHUIDWKHUEHFDXVHVKHZDQWHGWRGDWH
DQRQ6LNKFODVVPDWH6LQFH
PXUGHUVRIZRPHQZHUHLGHQWL¿HGDV
KRQRXUNLOOLQJVWKUHHRWKHUPXUGHUVWKDW
ZHUHLGHQWL¿HGDVGRPHVWLFYLROHQFHDOVR
KDYHWKHKDOOPDUNVRIDQKRQRXUNLOOLQJ
(DFK\HDUPDOHIDPLO\PHPEHUVPXUGHU
WKRXVDQGVRIJLUOVDQGZRPHQDFURVVWKH
JOREHLQWKHQDPHRIIDPLO\KRQRXUDQG
VKDPH,Q&DQDGDKRQRXUNLOOLQJVKDYH
EHHQFDUULHGRXWIRUVWD\LQJRXWODWH
ZHDULQJPDNHXSZHDULQJ:HVWHUQFORWKHV
ZDQWLQJWROHDYHDQDEXVLYHKXVEDQG
UHIXVLQJDQDUUDQJHGPDUULDJHGDWLQJ
VRFLDOL]LQJZLWKVRPHRQHRXWVLGHWKH
FRPPXQLW\HWF
´ µ
6LQFHPXUGHUV
RIZRPHQZHUHLGHQWL¿HG
DVKRQRXUNLOOLQJV
‹
)5217,(5&(175(
&8/785$//<'5,9(19,2/(1&($*$,167:20(1
32/,&<6(5,(6
7KHVFRSHRIWKHSUREOHP
LQ&DQDGD
6WURQJWUDGLWLRQDOSDWULDUFK\
LQDFXOWXUDOFRQWH[W
:KHQDPDQPXUGHUVKLVZLIHRUGDXJKWHU
LQ&DQDGDODZHQIRUFHPHQWUHSUHVHQWD
WLYHV²WKHSROLFHDQGSURVHFXWRUV²RIWHQ
GHVFULEHLWDVGRPHVWLFYLROHQFHRUD
GRPHVWLFKRPLFLGH7KH\GHOLEHUDWHO\
DYRLGFXOWXUDO¿QJHUSRLQWLQJ)RUODZ
HQIRUFHPHQWPXUGHULVPXUGHU+RQRXU
NLOOLQJVKRZHYHUDUHGLVWLQFWIURPGRPHV
WLFYLROHQFHRUFKLOGDEXVH$QDQDO\VLVRI
PRUHWKDQUHSRUWHGKRQRXUNLOOLQJV
LQGLFDWHVWKDWWKH\DUHVLJQL¿FDQWO\GLIIHU
HQWIURPGRPHVWLFYLROHQFH7KHUHSRUW
VXJJHVWVWKDWZKHQZRPHQDUHNLOOHGGXH
WRUHDVRQVRIKRQRXUDQGIDPLO\VKDPH
WKHZRPHQZHUHWKUHDWHQHGRYHUVXFK
LVVXHVDVUHIXVLQJWRFRYHUWKHLUKHDGV
ZHDULQJPDNHXSZHDULQJ:HVWHUQFORWKHV
GDWLQJJRLQJWRSDUWLHVFKRRVLQJIULHQGV
WKHIDPLO\GLVDSSURYHGRIUHIXVLQJWRPDUU\
DPDQFKRVHQE\WKHIDPLO\VHHNLQJD
GLYRUFHIURPDYLROHQWKXVEDQGDQGPDUU\
LQJDJDLQVWWKHIDPLOLHV¶ZLVKHV
$VZLWKRWKHUSDWULDUFKDOV\VWHPVWKH
6RXWK$VLDQIDPLO\VWUXFWXUHVDQFWLRQV
WKLVGRPLQDWLRQRIZRPHQWKURXJKWKH
VRFLDOL]DWLRQRIFKLOGUHQIURPDQHDUO\DJH
LQVWLOOLQJLQWKHPFXOWXUDOQRUPVYDOXHV
WUDGLWLRQVDQGUHOLJLRXVSUHFHSWVWKDWDUH
WKHQWUDQVSRUWHGWR&DQDGD,Q&DQDGD
WKHVHYDOXHVDUHUHLQIRUFHGLQ\RXQJ
FKLOGUHQWKRXJKH[WUDFXUULFXODUUHOLJLRXV
VFKRROVZKLFKWKRXVDQGVRIFKLOGUHQ
DWWHQGDVZHOODVLQWKHLUKRPHV
)RUH[DPSOHLQ)DUDK.KDQ¿YH
ZDVNLOOHGE\KHUIDWKHUDQGVWHSPRWKHU
DIWHUWKHIDWKHUFODLPHGWKHFKLOGZDVQRW
KLVFODLPLQJWKLVZDVGHHSO\VKDPLQJDQG
WKHNLOOLQJZDVQHFHVVDU\WRUHGHHPKLV
KRQRXU,Q$PDQGHHS6LQJK$WZDO
ZDVVWDEEHGWRGHDWKE\KHUIDWKHU
EHFDXVHVKHZDQWHGWRGDWHDQRQ6LNK
FODVVPDWH,Q.KDWHUD6DGLTLDQG
KHU\HDUROGER\IULHQG)HUR]0DQJDO
ZHUHNLOOHGE\KHUEURWKHU,Q
$PDQGHHS.DXU'KLOOLRQZKRZDVGULYHQ
E\KHUIDWKHULQODZWRDQGIURPWKHIDP
LO\RZQHGDQGUXQJURFHU\VWRUHZKHUH
VKHZRUNHGORQJKRXUVZDVNLOOHGE\KLP
ZKHQVKHWKUHDWHQHGWROHDYHKLVVRQ
)&3332/,&<6(5,(612‡-8/<
,QWKH6RXWK$VLDQSDWULDUFKDOIDPLO\
VWUXFWXUHWKHHOGHVWPDOHLQWKHIDPLO\
KDVWKHDXWKRULW\WRFRQWURODQGGRPLQDWH
DOOZRPHQDQGWKH\RXQJHUPHQ(DFK
IDPLO\PHPEHULVYLHZHGDVDFRQWULEXW
LQJSDUWWRDFROOHFWLYHZKROH)DLOXUHWR
IXO¿OOWKHH[SHFWHGUROHFUHDWHVIDPLO\
LQVWDELOLW\DQGIRUWKDWUHDVRQSHUVRQDO
LQGHSHQGHQFHLVGLVFRXUDJHG(PSKDVLVLV
SODFHGRQOR\DOW\WRWKHH[WHQGHGIDPLO\
LQSDUWLFXODUWRWKHUHODWLYHVRIWKHPDOH
SDWULDUFK
7KHORJLFEHKLQGWKH6RXWK$VLDQIDPLO\
VWUXFWXUHFDQEHEHVWXQGHUVWRRGE\EULHÀ\
H[DPLQLQJLWVKLVWRULFDODQGJHRJUDSKLFDO
URRWV7KHEDVLFSDWWHUQRIKLHUDUFK\ZLWK
LQWKLVIDPLO\VWUXFWXUHFRQVLVWVRIDPDQ
DWWKHVXPPLWIROORZHGE\KLVVRQVDQG
JUDQGVRQVWKHQWKHLUZLYHVDQGXQPDU
ULHGGDXJKWHUV+RZHYHURQO\WKHPDOHV
KDYHULJKWVWRLQKHULWDQFHDQGVRUHPDLQ
OLIHORQJIDPLO\PHPEHUV:KHQDVRQ
PDUULHVWKHZLIHLVH[SHFWHGWROHDYHKHU
QDWDOKRPHWDNHKHUGRZU\DQGMRLQWKH
KXVEDQG¶VIDPLO\WUDQVIHUULQJKHUJRRGV
KHUOR\DOW\DQGKHUWRWDOFRPPLWPHQWWR
WKLVQHZIDPLO\
)5217,(5&(175(
‹
32/,&<6(5,(6
)&3332/,&<6(5,(612‡-8/<
3DWULDUFKDOSRZHULVPRUH
LQWHQVHDWKRPHWKDQDEURDG
)RUKLVWRULFDOUHDVRQVRIVXUYLYDODQG
VHFXULW\IDPLOLHVH[LVWHGDVFRRSHUDWLYHV
HLWKHUZRUNLQJDVIDUPHUVLQEXVLQHVVRU
LQDKRPHLQGXVWU\7KHVHIDPLOLHVUHVLGHG
WRJHWKHUDVZHOO:LWKLQWKHVHFROOHFWLYHV
WKHREOLJDWLRQWRWKHJURXSFDPHEHIRUH
LQGLYLGXDOVHOILQWHUHVW,QGLYLGXDOIUHH
GRPZDVQRWHQFRXUDJHGUDWKHUPXWXDO
LQWHUGHSHQGHQFHZDVYDOXHG$VDIDPLO\
WKHJURXSKDGDSHUPDQHQWH[LVWHQFHRYHU
WLPHDQGZDVQRWGHSHQGHQWRQDVLQJOH
LQGLYLGXDO:KHQWKHIDWKHUGLHGWKHHOGHVW
VRQEHFDPHWKHQHZSDWULDUFK8QGHUWKLV
V\VWHPWKHHOGHVWPDOHZDVH[SHFWHGWR
PDQDJHWKHDIIDLUVRIWKHIDPLO\ZKLFK
ZRXOGEHQH¿WHYHU\RQH
$VDJULFXOWXUDOIDPLO\FRRSHUDWLYHVDQG
EXVLQHVVHVEHJDQWRGLVDSSHDUIDPLOLHV
VWDUWHGWRHGXFDWHWKHLUVRQVVHQGLQJ
WKHPWRODUJHUFLWLHVRUGHYHORSHGFRXQ
WULHVVXFKDV&DQDGD:KHQWKHVHVRQV
ZHUHUHDG\IRUPDUULDJHWKHIDPLOLHV
DUUDQJHGWKHLUPDUULDJHVDQGLQUHWXUQ
IRUDOOWKHH[SHQVHVUHODWLQJWRWKHHGX
FDWLRQRIWKHLUVRQVIDPLOLHVGHPDQGHG
ODUJHGRZULHV7KLVSUDFWLFHFRQWLQXHVLQ
&DQDGDWRGD\ZLWKPHQUHWXUQLQJWRWKHLU
FRXQWULHVRIRULJLQVRPHWLPHVPDUU\LQJ
WKUHHRUIRXUWLPHVWKHQDEDQGRQLQJWKH
ZRPHQDQGUHWXUQLQJWR&DQDGDZLWKWKH
GRZULHV
5HVHDUFKVXJJHVWVWKDWWUDGLWLRQDOSDWULDUFKDO
SRZHULPEDODQFHVDUHHYHQPRUHVWURQJO\
PDLQWDLQHGLQWKH6RXWK$VLDQLPPLJUDQW
FRPPXQLWLHVLQWKHKRSHRIHQVXULQJ
FXOWXUDOFRQWLQXLW\/LNHRWKHUSDWULDUFKDO
V\VWHPVWKH6RXWK$VLDQFXOWXUHLVFKDU
DFWHUL]HGE\GHHSURRWHGLQHTXDOLWLHVLQ
PDOHIHPDOHUROHVDQGOHJLWLPL]HGE\
VRFLDODQGFXOWXUDOQRUPVWKDWSODFHPHQ
LQFRQWUROOLQJSRVLWLRQVRYHUWKHOLYHVRI
ZRPHQ7KHVRFLDOL]DWLRQRIFKLOGUHQLQWR
WKHLUJHQGHUUROHVERWKPDOHDQGIHPDOH
EHJLQVDVVRRQDVWKH\DUHERUQ7KHUHDUH
JUHDWFHOHEUDWLRQVXSRQWKHELUWKRIDVRQ
EXWVROLFLWRXVHPSDWK\LVRIIHUHGZKHQD
GDXJKWHULVERUQ6RXWK$VLDQFRPPXQLW\
PHPEHUVPHQDQGZRPHQRIWHQVD\
³5DLVLQJDGDXJKWHULVOLNHZDWHULQJVRPH
RQHHOVH¶VJDUGHQ´0RUHUHFHQWO\XOWUD
VRXQGWHFKQRORJ\ZKLFKFDQLGHQWLI\WKH
VH[RIDIHWXVLQWKHVHFRQGWULPHVWHUKDV
EHHQH[SORLWHGWRIRUFHZRPHQLQWKHFRP
PXQLW\WRDERUWKHDOWK\IHPDOHIHWXVHV
&KLOGUHQOHDUQIURPDQHDUO\DJHWKDWER\V
DUHPRUHYDOXHGWKDQJLUOVDUH%R\VDUH
JLYHQPRUHIUHHGRPERWKLQVLGHDQGRXWVLGH
WKHKRXVHDQGWKH\DUHHQFRXUDJHGWR
SDUWLFLSDWHLQGHFLVLRQPDNLQJZKLOHJLUOV
DUHUHVSRQVLEOHIRUKRXVHKROGFKRUHV
DQGWKHLUDFWLYLWLHVRXWRIWKHKRPHDUH
UHVWULFWHG%R\VKDYHLQKHUHQWYDOXH
7KHRQO\ZD\IRUJLUOVWRDWWDLQYDOXHLV
WKURXJKWKHLUUHODWLRQVKLSVWRPHQPDLQO\
DVZLYHVDQGPRWKHUVRIVRQV
7KHUHIRUHLWLVLPSRUWDQWIRUWKHPWR
EHHGXFDWHGEXWQRWWRRDPELWLRXV*LUOV¶
SULPDU\IXQFWLRQLVWRPDUU\ZHOOERXQG
E\GXW\WKH\DUHWREHVHOIVDFUL¿FLQJ
ZLYHVSURYLGLQJVHUYLFHVDQGSURGXFLQJ
VRQVIRUWKHLUKXVEDQGV7KHWUDQVIHURI
DZRPDQOLNHSURSHUW\IURPKHUIDWKHU¶V
FRQWUROWRKHUKXVEDQG¶VFRPELQHGZLWK
&8/785$//<'5,9(19,2/(1&($*$,167:20(1
‹
)5217,(5&(175(
&8/785$//<'5,9(19,2/(1&($*$,167:20(1
32/,&<6(5,(6
WKHEHOLHIWKDWKHUGHVWLQ\LVGXW\WRKHU
KXVEDQGQRUPDOL]HVWKHRFFXUUHQFHRI
UDSHDQGRWKHUIRUPVRIYLROHQFHLQD
PDUULDJHDQGPDNHVLWPRUHGLI¿FXOWIRU
ZRPHQWRUHYHDODEXVH
$JLUOLVH[SHFWHGWRSURWHFWKHUYLUJLQLW\
EHIRUHPDUULDJHDVZHOODVSURWHFWLQJKHU
UHSXWDWLRQIURPJRVVLSDQGUXPRXUVDIWHU
VKHLVPDUULHG5HVHDUFKFRQGXFWHGZLWK
6RXWK$VLDQVLPPLJUDQWVVXJJHVWVWKDWD
,QWKH6RXWK$VLDQLPPLJUDQWFRPPXQLW\ JRRGUHSXWDWLRQLVPDLQWDLQHGWKURXJKWKH
JLUOVDUHUDLVHGZLWKVWULFWUXOHVUHJDUGLQJ VHJUHJDWLRQRIWKHVH[HV )RULIDZLIH¶V
EHKDYLRXUZLWKDPDOHLQYLWHVDQ\EUHDWK
EHKDYLRXUGUHVVDQGVRFLDOL]DWLRQQRWWR
RIVXVSLFLRQKRZHYHULQQRFHQWWKHHQ
PHQWLRQFDUHHUDPELWLRQV$Q\JRVVLSRU
FRXQWHUVKHEULQJVGLVKRQRXUDQGGLVJUDFH
UXPRXUVDERXWWKHLU³EDG´EHKDYLRXUZLOO
DQG
EHGHWULPHQWDOWRWKHLUPDUULDJHSURVSHFWV WRWKHKXVEDQGDQGKLVHQWLUHIDPLO\
HYHQLIDV
VKHFDQH[SHFWWREHSXQLVKHG
*LUOVDUHH[SHFWHGWRUHPDLQFKDVWH%H
LQWKHFDVHRIUDSHLWLVQRWKHUIDXOW
FDXVHPDWHULDOUHZDUGVDQGSXQLVKPHQWV
WRWKHZKROHIDPLO\DUHFRQWLQJHQWRQD
:KHQDZRPDQLVWLPLGDQGSDVVLYHLQ
GDXJKWHU¶VEHKDYLRXUKHUPRYHPHQWVDUH
PDULWDOVH[XDODFWLYLW\DQDWXUDOUHVXOWRI
VWULFWO\PRQLWRUHG,QWKHFDVHRI$TVD
VXFKFRQGLWLRQLQJLWLPSOLHVKHUVK\QHVV
3DUYH]VKHKDGQRGRRUWRKHUURRPDQG DQGLQH[SHULHQFHDQGWKLVLVYDOXHGLQ
6RXWK$VLDQFXOWXUH7KLVSDVVLYHEHKDY
HYHQDSDUWRIDZDOORIKHUURRPZDVFXW
LRXURIWKHZRPHQDOORZVWKHKXVEDQG
GRZQVRVKHFRXOGEHYLVLEOHWRKHUUHOD
WLYHVDWDOOWLPHV WRUHJDUGKLPVHOIDVWKHWHDFKHUDQG
³OHJLWLPL]HV´KLVULJKWWRIRUFHKLPVHOI
7KH6RXWK$VLDQSDWULDUFKDOVWUXFWXUH
XSRQKLVZLIH
FRQWUROVIHPDOHVH[XDOLW\QRWRQO\LQD
SK\VLFDOPDQQHUEXWDOVRLQDSV\FKRORJLFDO
RQHE\PDNLQJH[SOLFLWWKHOLQNEHWZHHQ
IDPLO\KRQRXUDQGWKHVH[XDOSXULW\RIWKH
ZRPHQZLWKLQWKHIDPLO\
´
%HFDXVHPDWHULDOUHZDUGVDQGSXQLVKPHQWVWRWKHZKROHIDPLO\
DUHFRQWLQJHQWRQDGDXJKWHU¶VEHKDYLRXUKHUPRYHPHQWVDUH
VWULFWO\PRQLWRUHG,QWKHFDVHRI$TVD3DUYH]VKHKDGQRGRRU
µ
WRKHUURRPDQGHYHQDSDUWRIDZDOORIKHUURRPZDVFXWGRZQ
VRVKHFRXOGEHYLVLEOHWRKHUUHODWLYHVDWDOOWLPHV
)&3332/,&<6(5,(612‡-8/<
)5217,(5&(175(
‹
32/,&<6(5,(6
)&3332/,&<6(5,(612‡-8/<
$QDGGLWLRQDOFXOWXUDOSUREOHP7KHSHFNLQJRUGHUDQG
LPPLJUDQWZRPHQRQZRPHQYLROHQFH
7KHQHZHVWEULGHLQWKHIDPLO\LVWKH
ZHDNHVWPHPEHURIWKHIDPLO\6KHLV
FRQVWDQWO\DWWKHGLVSRVDORIKHUPRWKHU
LQODZZKRVHDLPLVWRHVWDEOLVKKHU
FRQWURORYHUWKHQHZFRPHU8QOLNHLQPDLQ
VWUHDP:HVWHUQVRFLHW\SK\VLFDODEXVHRI
JLUOVDQGZRPHQRFFDVLRQDOO\VHYHUHE\
ROGHUIHPDOHVRIVWDWXVLQSDUWLFXODUWKH
PRWKHULQODZLVVDQFWLRQHGE\FXOWXUDO
FRGHVDQGVXEPLWWHGWRZLWKRXWSURWHVW
E\\RXQJHUZRPHQRIOHVVHUVWDWXUH2QO\
DIWHUSURGXFLQJDVRQZLOOWKHQHZEULGH
KDYHVRPHULJKWV
:KHQKRQRXUNLOOLQJVRFFXUWKHPHGLD
LVQRWJHQHUDOO\YHU\KHOSIXOLQLGHQWLI\
LQJWKHSUREOHP7KHHYHQWVDUH¿OWHUHG
WKURXJKDUHÀH[LYHPXOWLFXOWXUDOLVP
LQVSLUHGUHOXFWDQFHWR³UDFLDOL]H´WKH
FULPH$OOWRRRIWHQWKHNLOOLQJEHFRPHV
VXEVXPHGXQGHUWKHKHDGLQJRIGRPHVWLF
YLROHQFHRUWKHJOREDOSUREOHPRISDWUL
DUFK\7KLVGRHVDGLVVHUYLFHERWKWRWKH
6RXWK$VLDQLPPLJUDQWFRPPXQLW\DQGWR
&DQDGLDQVRFLHW\LQWKDWWKHPHGLDZLOIXOO\
LJQRUHVDFXOWXUDOSUREOHPLQGLUHQHHG
RIDFNQRZOHGJHPHQWDQGUHIRUPZKLOH
LQGLFWLQJ&DQDGLDQPHQIRUDWWLWXGHVWKH
7KHFRPSOH[LW\RIJHQGHUGRPLQDWLRQLV
RYHUZKHOPLQJPDMRULW\RIWKHPGRQRW
PXFKPRUHDSSDUHQWLQWKHFRQFHSWVRI
KRQRXU²,]]DW²DQGVKDPH+RQRXUNLOOLQJV KROG
DVQRWHGDUHFDUULHGRXWLQRUGHUWR
FOHDQVHWKHIDPLO\QDPHDQGWRUHVWRUHWKH
IDPLO\KRQRXU8QOLNH:HVWHUQGRPHVWLF .LOOLQJLVQRWWKHRQO\FULPH
YLROHQFHW\SLFDOO\SHUSHWUDWHGELODWHUDOO\
FRPPLWWHGLQWKHQDPHRIKRQRXU
E\RQHLQWLPDWHSDUWQHURQDQRWKHUKRQ
RXUYLROHQFHLVSHUSHWUDWHGXQLODWHUDOO\
VLPSO\WKHPRVWYLROHQW
ZLWKLQWKHIDPLO\DJDLQVWJLUOVDQGZRPHQ
E\PDOHUHODWLYHV²VXFKDVIDWKHUVIDWKHUV
LQODZEURWKHUVEURWKHUVLQODZKXVEDQGV
DQGRFFDVLRQDOO\VRQV²RIWHQZLWKWKHFRP
SOLFLW\RIROGHUIHPDOHV7KLVLVDSKHQRP
HQRQYLUWXDOO\XQKHDUGRILQWKH:HVW
3K\VLFDODEXVHSHUSHWUDWHGRQZRPHQDQG
FKLOGUHQE\DIHPDOHDFFRPSOLFHRIDYLROHQW
PDOHHOLFLWVVSHFLDOKRUURULQ:HVWHUQVRFLHW\
DVHPERGLHGLQWKHUHDFWLRQWR3DXO%HU
QDUGR¶VDQG.DUOD+RPROND¶VUDSHVDQG
PXUGHUVRIIHPDOHWHHQDJHUV.LOOLQJLV
QRWWKHRQO\FULPHFRPPLWWHGLQWKHQDPH
RIKRQRXUVLPSO\WKHPRVWYLROHQW
´ µ
&8/785$//<'5,9(19,2/(1&($*$,167:20(1
‹
)5217,(5&(175(
32/,&<6(5,(6
&8/785$//<'5,9(19,2/(1&($*$,167:20(1
&ULPHVRI³KRQRXU´LQLPPLJUDQWFRPPXQLWLHV
6RXWK$VLDQVZKRDUHGHWHUPLQHGWRPDLQ
WDLQWKHRSSUHVVLRQRIZRPHQDQGUHMHFW
DVVLPLODWLRQLQWRWKHKRVWVRFLHW\XVH
UHOLJLRXVDQGFXOWXUDOYDOXHVDVDSUHWH[W
WRFRQWUROIHPDOHFKDVWLW\7KLVHIIHFWLYHO\
SODFHVWKHPDLQWHQDQFHRIWUDGLWLRQDO
YDOXHVDQGIDPLO\KRQRXURQWKHZRPDQ
DORQH6RQVDUHUDUHO\SXQLVKHGIRUWKHLU
ODFNRIFKDVWLW\%HFDXVHWKHVWDNHVDUHVR
KLJKSXQLVKPHQWVIRUSHUFHLYHGUHMHFWLRQ
RUGLVREHGLHQFHRIWKHFXOWXUDOFRGHFDQEH
VHYHUH7KH³UHDVRQV´IRUFDUU\LQJRXW
KRQRXUNLOOLQJV²XVXDOO\RIIHUHGE\WKRVH
SHUSHWUDWLQJWKHFULPHV²DUHGLYHUVH
ZHDULQJPDNHXSVRFLDOL]LQJZLWKXQDF
FHSWDEOHIULHQGVZHDULQJXQDFFHSWDEOH
FORWKHVVWD\LQJRXWODWHGDWLQJODFNRI
VH[LQWKHPDUULDJHH[WUDPDULWDOVH[
JRVVLSRUFKDOOHQJLQJWKHDXWKRULW\RIWKH
GRPLQDQWPDOHLQWKHIDPLO\
&RPPXQLW\PRELOL]DWLRQDQGRXWUHDFK
SURJUDPVDUHDQLPSRUWDQWSDUWRIJHQHU
DWLQJGLDORJXHZLWKLQWKLVFRPPXQLW\DQG
RIGHYHORSLQJVWURQJSDUWQHUVKLSVDQG
QHWZRUNV:KLOHWKHUHDUHOHJDORSWLRQVIRU
VXSSRUWLQJZRPHQDQGSURYLGLQJVDIHW\
IRUWKHPLWLVLPSHUDWLYHWKDWZHJHQHUDWH
DQRSHQGLDORJXHWKDWLVQRWWKUHDWHQLQJ
ZLWKLQWKHFRPPXQLW\LQRUGHUWRJXDUDQ
WHHWKHVHFXULW\RIDOOLPPLJUDQWZRPHQ
DQGWRHQVXUHWKHLUULJKWWROLYHZLWKRXW
IHDURIYLROHQFHIURPWKRVHZKRDFFRUGLQJ
WR&DQDGLDQYDOXHVVKRXOGEHWKHLUPRVW
WUXVWZRUWK\FRPSDQLRQVDQGSURWHFWRUV
´
$VYLWDODVOHJDODQGKXPDQULJKWVSROLFLHV
DUHPRUHLQGLYLGXDOVDQGDJHQFLHVWKDW
SURYLGHVHUYLFHVWRDEXVHGZRPHQDUH
VWDUWLQJWRLGHQWLI\WKHPDJQLWXGHRIWKH
SUREOHPE\UHFRJQL]LQJWKHEUDLQZDVKLQJ
RIFKLOGUHQLQWKHVHUYLFHRIPDLQWDLQLQJ
PDOHSRZHURYHUIHPDOHVDQGE\XQGHU
VWDQGLQJKRZUHVSHFWIRUFXOWXUHDQG
UHOLJLRQLVEHLQJH[SORLWHGWRVXVWDLQWKLV
FRQWURO:KLOHOHJDOVDQFWLRQVDUHQHHGHG
WKLUGSDUWLHVFDQQRWHVWDEOLVKWKHFRQGLWLRQV
IRUUHIRUP/HDGHUVRIWKH6RXWK$VLDQ
LPPLJUDQWFRPPXQLWLHVPXVWWDNHUHVSRQ
VLELOLW\IRUEUHDNLQJWKHVLOHQFHWRERUURZ
DPXFKXVHGORFXWLRQIURPFDPSDLJQV
DJDLQVW:HVWHUQSDUDGLJPVRIGRPHVWLF
YLROHQFH7KH\PXVWFKDOOHQJHWKHGHHS
URRWHGFXOWXUDOWKLQNLQJDQGWUDGLWLRQDO
VWUXFWXUHVWKDWOLHDWWKHURRWRIZRPHQ
DEXVHLQ6RXWK$VLDQKRPHV
)&3332/,&<6(5,(612‡-8/<
7KH³UHDVRQV´IRUFDUU\LQJRXW
KRQRXUNLOOLQJV²XVXDOO\RIIHUHG
E\WKRVHSHUSHWUDWLQJWKH
FULPHV²DUHGLYHUVH
ZHDULQJPDNHXSVRFLDOL]LQJ
ZLWKXQDFFHSWDEOHIULHQGV
ZHDULQJXQDFFHSWDEOHFORWKHV
VWD\LQJRXWODWHGDWLQJ
ODFNRIVH[LQWKHPDUULDJH
µ
H[WUDPDULWDOVH[
JRVVLS
)5217,(5&(175(
‹
32/,&<6(5,(6
)&3332/,&<6(5,(612‡-8/<
3ROLF\UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV
6SRQVRUHGZRPHQVKRXOGDWWHQGD
WUDLQLQJVHVVLRQLQWKHLUFRXQWU\RI
RULJLQ7KHVHVVLRQZRXOGEHDGPLQLV
WHUHGDQGVWDIIHGE\&DQDGLDQFLWL]HQV
7KHJRDORIWKLVWUDLQLQJZRXOGEHWR
HGXFDWHZRPHQDERXWWKHLUULJKWV
DQG&DQDGLDQFXOWXUHDQGYDOXHV
*HQGHUHTXDOLW\ZRXOGEHVWUHVVHG
,QIRUPDWLRQUHJDUGLQJUHVRXUFHVDQG
KHOSFHQWUHVLQYDULRXVUHJLRQVLQ
&DQDGDZRXOGDOVREHSURYLGHG
0HQPDNLQJDSSOLFDWLRQVWRVSRQVRU
DZLIHQHHGWREHLQYHVWLJDWHGWRFKHFN
KRZPDQ\WLPHVWKH\KDYHEHHQ
PDUULHGH[DPLQHWKHLUSDWWHUQRI
VSRQVRUVKLSDQGGRFXPHQWKRZWKH
SUHYLRXVVSRXVHLVEHLQJ¿QDQFLDOO\
VXSSRUWHG
0HQVKRXOGDOVREHFKHFNHGIRUDQ\
FULPLQDOUHFRUGLQ&DQDGDDQGLQWKHLU
FRXQWU\RIRULJLQLHYLROHQFHDJDLQVW
VRPHRQHLQWKHLUSDVW
0DQGDWRU\RULHQWDWLRQVKRXOGEH
UHTXLUHGIRUPDOHVSRQVRUVWRHGXFDWH 6RPHZRPHQDUHVSRQVRUHGDVD
WKHPUHJDUGLQJVSRQVRUVKLSUXOHVDQG VSRXVHTXLFNO\GLYRUFHGDQGWKHQ
IRUFHGLQWRPDUU\LQJWKH¿UVWKXVEDQG¶V
UHJXODWLRQV0HQWRRVKRXOGEH
UHODWLYH:RPHQLQWKHVHVLWXDWLRQV
HGXFDWHGRQWKHYDOXHVDQGODZV
VKRXOGEHLGHQWL¿HGDQGLQIRUPHGRI
UHJDUGLQJJHQGHUHTXDOLW\
WKHLUULJKWV
&XOWXUDOO\DSSURSULDWHDVVHVVPHQW
&LYLOVHUYDQWVDUHRIWHQDIUDLGRI
SURFHGXUHVIRUUHODWLRQVKLSKLVWRU\
EHLQJGHHPHGUDFLVWRUELJRWHGVR
DQGRUPDUULDJHDXWKHQWLFLW\QHHG
WKH\DYRLGDVNLQJLPSRUWDQWTXHVWLRQV
WREHGHYHORSHG
7KH\QHHGWUDLQLQJWKDWZLOOJLYHWKHP
,PPLJUDWLRQRI¿FHUVDUHRIWHQPHQ
WKHFRQ¿GHQFHWRDVNWKHSHUWLQHQW
DQGWKHVHRI¿FHUVDUHRIWHQXQWUDLQHG TXHVWLRQV
LQFXOWXUDOFRPSHWHQFLHVDQGDUH
7KHJRYHUQPHQWQHHGVWRSD\PRUH
XQDEOHWRDQDO\]HVWRULHV&XOWXUDO
DWWHQWLRQWRWKH&DQDGLDQ6RXWK$VLDQ
FRPSHWHQF\WUDLQLQJIRUIURQWOLQH
PHGLDZKHUHXQUHJXODWHG³JKRVW´FRQ
SHUVRQQHOZRXOGHDVHWKHSURFHVV
VXOWDQWVDGYHUWLVHVHUYLFHVUHODWHGWR
IRULPPLJUDQWV
LPPLJUDWLRQVSRQVRUVKLSDQGPDUULDJH
,IWKHVSRQVRUVKLSGLVVROYHVDQGWKH 7KLVKDVEHFRPHDOXFUDWLYHEXVLQHVV
QHZVSRXVHLVQRWDEOHWRVXSSRUW
WKDWZLWKOXFNZLOOEHFRUUHFWHGLQWKH
KHUVHOIDVSRXVDODOORZDQFHVKRXOGEH FXUUHQWUHDVVHVVPHQWDQGUHRUJDQL]D
ZLWKGUDZQIURPWKHLQFRPHRIWKH
WLRQRIWKH&DQDGLDQLPPLJUDWLRQ
VSRQVRULQJVSRXVHWRJXDUDQWHH
FRQVXOWDQWV¶UHJXODWRU\ERG\
¿QDQFLDOVXSSRUWRIWKHVSRQVRUHG
VSRXVH
&8/785$//<'5,9(19,2/(1&($*$,167:20(1
‹
)5217,(5&(175(
&8/785$//<'5,9(19,2/(1&($*$,167:20(1
32/,&<6(5,(6
7KHUHQHHGVWREHJRYHUQPHQWIXQGHG
SURJUDPVRQORFDODQGQDWLRQDO
WHOHYLVLRQDQGUDGLRLQYDULRXV
ODQJXDJHVWKDWJLYHZRPHQFRUUHFW
LQIRUPDWLRQ7KHSURJUDPVFRXOGDOVR
EHXVHGWRUHPLQGDEXVHUVWKDWWKHUH
ZLOOEHFRQVHTXHQFHVIRUDEXVLQJ
ZRPHQ
/HDGHUVLQ6RXWK$VLDQFRPPXQLWLHV
²LPDPVSXQGLWVSDVWRUVDQGRWKHU
UHVSHFWHGDXWKRULW\¿JXUHV²FDUU\
JUHDWLQÀXHQFH7KH\PXVWEHHQFRXU
DJHG²SUHVVXUHGUHDOO\²WRVSHDNRXW
IUHTXHQWO\DQGVLQFHUHO\DJDLQVWWKH
SUDFWLFHRIDEXVLQJJLUOVDQGZRPHQ
7KRVHZKRUHPDLQVLOHQWPXVWH[SHFW
WREHXUJHGE\VRFLDOVHUYLFHDJHQFLHV
7KHUHQHHGVWREHVKHOWHUVIRUZRPHQ ODZHQIRUFHPHQWDQGSROLWLFDOOHDGHUV
DEXVHGE\H[WHQGHGIDPLO\PHPEHUV WRWDNHDSXEOLFVWDQG&RPPXQLW\
7RGDWHDZRPDQPXVWEHDEXVHGE\ OHDGHUVVKRXOGQRWEHJUDQWHGWKHOX[XU\
KHUVSRXVHLQRUGHUWR¿QGVKHOWHULQ RISDVVLYLW\LQHIIHFWHQDEOLQJWKHSUDF
WKHPDMRULW\RIWKHVHDJHQFLHV
WLFHZKHQPHPEHUVRIWKHLUFRPPX
QLW\FRPPLWFULPHVDJDLQVWJLUOVDQG
0HQZKRDUHDUUHVWHGIRUGRPHVWLF
ZRPHQ
YLROHQFHVKRXOGEHRUGHUHGE\WKH
FRXUWWRDWWHQGDFRXQVHOOLQJSURJUDP
$WSUHVHQWRQO\DIHZRIWKHVH
SURJUDPVDUHRIIHUHGLQ&DQDGD
DVZHOOWKHFXUULFXOXPLVQRWFXOWXUDOO\
DSSURSULDWH
)&3332/,&<6(5,(612‡-8/<
)5217,(5&(175(
‹
32/,&<6(5,(6
)&3332/,&<6(5,(612‡-8/<
5HIHUHQFHV
$EUDKDP0E6SHDNLQJWKH8QVSHDNDEOH0DULWDO9LROHQFHLQ6RXWK$VLDQ,PPLJUDQW&RPPXQLWLHV
LQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV1HZ%UXQVZLFN1-5XWJHUV8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
0LWFKHOO%RE³0DQNLOOHGGDXJKWHULQODZWRDYRLGIDPLO\GLVJUDFH´7RURQWR6WDU-XQH
KWWSZZZWKHVWDUFRPPRELOH1(:6DUWLFOH
&KDG-%,+RZDWVRQ/HH³:RPHQLQ&DQDGD$*HQGHUEDVHG6WDWLVWLFDO5HSRUW´
2WWDZD6WDWLVWLFV&DQDGD
,ELG
%URZQULGJH'$6KLYD6+DOOL³'RXEOH$GYDQWDJH"9LROHQFH$JDLQVW&DQDGLDQ0LJUDQW:RPHQ
IURPµ'HYHORSHG¶1DWLRQV´,QWHUQDWLRQDO0LJUDWLRQ9RO
$EUDKDP0E6SHDNLQJWKH8QVSHDNDEOH0DULWDO9LROHQFHLQ6RXWK$VLDQ,PPLJUDQW&RPPXQLWLHV
LQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV1HZ%UXQVZLFN1-5XWJHUV8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
³)DWKHU6RQ6WUDQJOHG7HHQ*LUO´1DWLRQDO3RVW:HGQHVGD\-XQHS
%KRSDO.³6RXWK$VLDQ:RPHQLQ(DVW/RQGRQ0RWKHUKRRGDQG6RFLDO6XSSRUW´,QVWLWXWHRI
(GXFDWLRQ7KRPDV&RUDP5HVHDUFK8QLW8QLYHUVLW\RI/RQGRQ
&RRPDUDVZDP\5³6RPH5HÀHFWLRQVRQ9LROHQFHDJDLQVW:RPHQ´&DQDGLDQ:RPDQ6WXGLHV
5RELQVRQ-³5DSHLVD+HLQRXV&ULPHLQDQ\&XOWXUH´0RQWUHDO*D]HWWH
$EUDKDP0E6SHDNLQJWKH8QVSHDNDEOH0DULWDO9LROHQFHLQ6RXWK$VLDQ,PPLJUDQW&RPPXQLWLHV
LQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV1HZ%UXQVZLFN1-5XWJHUV8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
'DVJXSWD6'6:DUULHU³,QWKH)RRWVWHSVRIµ$UXQGKDWL¶DQG$VLDQ,QGLDQ:RPHQ¶V
([SHULHQFHRI'RPHVWLF9LROHQFHLQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV´9LROHQFHDJDLQVW:RPHQ
&%&1HZV³,PPLJUDWLRQLQ&DQDGD)URPWR´'RZQORDGHG-XQH
KWWSZZZFEFFDQHZVEDFNJURXQGLPPLJUDWLRQ
&RRPDUDVZDP\5³6RPH5HÀHFWLRQVRQ9LROHQFHDJDLQVW:RPHQ´&DQDGLDQ:RPDQ6WXGLHV
$EUDKDP0E6SHDNLQJWKH8QVSHDNDEOH0DULWDO9LROHQFHLQ6RXWK$VLDQ,PPLJUDQW&RPPXQLWLHV
LQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV1HZ%UXQVZLFN1-5XWJHUV8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
6HHKWWSZZZRPFWRUJ
'DVJXSWD6'6:DUULHU³,QWKH)RRWVWHSVRIµ$UXQGKDWL¶DQG$VLDQ,QGLDQ:RPHQ¶V([SHULHQFH
RI'RPHVWLF9LROHQFHLQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV9LROHQFH$JDLQVW:RPHQ
,ELG
,ELG
,ELG
7DOEDQL$3+DVDQDOL³$GROHVFHQWIHPDOHVEHWZHHQWUDGLWLRQDQGPRGHUQLW\JHQGHUUROH
VRFLDOL]DWLRQLQ6RXWK$VLDQLPPLJUDQWFXOWXUH´-RXUQDORI$GROHVFHQFH±
$EUDKDP0E³6SHDNLQJWKH8QVSHDNDEOH0DULWDO9LROHQFHLQ6RXWK$VLDQ,PPLJUDQW&RPPXQLWLHV
LQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV´1HZ%UXQVZLFN1-5XWJHUV8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
7RP%ODFNZHOO1DWLRQDO3RVW$SULO6HHKWWSZZZHGPRQWRQMRXUQDOFRPKHDOWK'HOD\UHYHDOLQJ
JHQGHUIHWXVFXUEVHOHFWLRQ([SHUWVVWRU\KWPOL[]]U)/K0/)'
:LNDQ8³*HQHURXV%HWUD\DO3ROLWLFVRI&XOWXUHLQWKH1HZ(XURSH´8QLYHUVLW\RI&KLFDJR3UHVV
&KLFDJR
&RRPDUDVZDP\5³6RPH5HÀHFWLRQVRQ9LROHQFHDJDLQVW:RPHQ´&DQDGLDQ:RPDQ6WXGLHV
&8/785$//<'5,9(19,2/(1&($*$,167:20(1
‹
)5217,(5&(175(
&8/785$//<'5,9(19,2/(1&($*$,167:20(1
32/,&<6(5,(6
$GULDQ+XPSKUH\V0HJDQ2¶7RROHDQG.HQ\RQ:DOODFH³)DWKHU6RQ6WUDQJOHG7HHQDJHU3DLUSOHDG
JXLOW\WRFULPHPRWLYDWHGE\µKRQRXU¶´1DWLRQDO3RVW-XQHS$
,ELG
,ELG
,ELG
$EUDKDP0E³6SHDNLQJWKH8QVSHDNDEOH0DULWDO9LROHQFHLQ6RXWK$VLDQ,PPLJUDQW
&RPPXQLWLHVLQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV1HZ%UXQVZLFN1-5XWJHUV8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
,ELG
.KDQ76³&KDLQHGWR&XVWRP´5HYLHZ0DUFKS
0RJKDGDP90³3DWULDUFK\DQGWKH3ROLWLFVRI*HQGHULQ0RGHUQLVLQJ6RFLHWLHV,UDQ3DNLVWDQ
DQG$IJKDQLVWDQ´,QWHUQDWLRQDO6RFLRORJ\
)&3332/,&<6(5,(612‡-8/<
)5217,(5&(175(
‹
32/,&<6(5,(6
)&3332/,&<6(5,(612‡-8/<
)XUWKHU5HDGLQJ
)HEUXDU\
5HVSHFWLQJWKH6HYHQWK*HQHUDWLRQ
$YROXQWDU\SODQIRUUHORFDWLQJ
QRQYLDEOH1DWLYHUHVHUYHV
-RVHSK4XHVQHO
ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ĨĐƉƉ͘ŽƌŐͬƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶ͘ƉŚƉͬϯϭϳϭ
1RYHPEHU
+RZ)LUVW1DWLRQ0HQ
'LVFULPLQDWH$JDLQVW:RPHQ
-RVHSK4XHVQHO
ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ĨĐƉƉ͘ŽƌŐͬƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶ͘ƉŚƉͬϯϬϯϰ
)RUPRUHVHH
ZZZIFSSRUJ
&8/785$//<'5,9(19,2/(1&($*$,167:20(1
‹
)5217,(5&(175(

Similar documents

A Big Week of Bulls in the Bakken

A Big Week of Bulls in the Bakken /LNH,WµRQ7KXUVGD\-XO\UGDWSP7KHÀOPLVIUHHDQG RSHQWRDOODGXOWV7KHOLEUDU\ZLOOSURYLGHSRSFRUQDQGZDWHU ,Q ´$V More information

2016 Spring Newsletter - Village of Island Lake

2016 Spring Newsletter - Village of Island Lake  7KLVVRUWRILQFLGHQWLVYHU\XQOLNHO\KHUHLQ,VODQG/DNHPDLQO\EHFDXVHWKHUHDUHQRNQRZQOHDGVHUYLFHOLQHVLQWRZQ $GGLWLRQDOO\,VODQG/DNHDOVRIHHGVDVRGLXPSRO\SKRVSKDWHVROXWLRQZKL...

More information