Dr Suarez-Capello - The International Cocoa Organization

REGIONAL WORKSHOP IN INTEGRATED
MANAGEMENT OF COCOA PESTS AND
PATHOGENS IN AFRICA
GHANA COCOA BOARD
ACCRA, APRIL 15TH – 18TH
2013
Monilia pod rot in Ecuador
Carmen Suàrez-Capello, PhD
Technical University of Quevedo, ECUADOR
Importance of the disease
z
Is a limiting factor of productivity.
Annual average losses, in Ecuador are 45
to 60%
z Under favourable conditions goes up to
100%.
z
ACTUAL DISTRIBUTION
z
Describe in early 1900, up to 1980 was confined
to Northern South America and South of
Panamà, where caused serious economic
problems:
z
Colombia (Anon, 1812; Barros, 1977);
z Ecuador (Rorer, 1918; Delgado y Suàrez,
1977);
z Venezuela (Reyes y Perez, 1964);
2005 Mexico
1997
1949
1930
1980
1978
1941
1914
?
1988
From 1980 to date, the disease has
expanded North up to Mexico and
South to Perù and Bolivia
Moniliasis:
Around 1977 traspasses
the Andean barrier and starts
expanding throughout the Eastern side
threatening Brazil mainly
As for its taxonomy:
1918: Monilia roreri
1978:
Moniliophthora roreri
Crinipellis roreri ?
200…
Crinipellis perniciosa
Moniliophthora roreri &
Moniliophthora perniciosa
Characteristics of the two only known
species: Moniliophthora perniciosa (Escoba
de Bruja) & M. roreri (Moniliasis);
„ Both
seems to be hemibiotroph fungi,
i.e half of its life cycle is in dead tissue
behaving as saprotrophs.
„ Highly specific in nature: to survive they
have to reinfecto thir host continuously
„Very
well adapted. They have evolved with cocoa
trees and seems very eficient at adapting to
adverse condition & find ways to overcome changes
(Patotypes, strains, agresiveness):
The pathosystem (cacao-Moniliophthora spp)
maintain an dynamic equilibrium in nature
Only atacks species of Theobroma: cacao, grandiflorum,
bicolor Humb y Bonpl, mammosum, obovatum Klotz ex
Bern & the related genus Herrania
M. Roreri is more
specific: colonizing
only pods on any age
z
z
z
Spores are the only
source of infection for
cacao
Affect fruits on any age,
It has been found that is
important cause of
flower infection.
DISSEMINATION
Main via of dispersal is the wind, within
plantations. But human being have proven
to be the most efficient dispersal agents for
long distances. Hidden in apparently healthy
pods.
Other agents may be water,
insects and amal animals
moving within infected plants in
orchards
Seed transmission has not been proven and
it is not probable due to the nature of the
disease.
On dispersal, it is important to pay
attention to hiden infections
The long colonization period of the fungus before it shoes
symptoms, allows that a pod apparently healthy be
selected and transportes to be used as seed material,
industry, or just to show it ....
Once it is open it shows internal damage, the farmer finds
is no longer usefull and just discard it. this pods can
sporulate and start building up the inoculum
SIMTOMS
First simptoms are hydrosis, oily spots, irregular swolleness
of young pots, necrotic spots cherelle wilt, irregular
maturity
SImTOMS
When pods are infected after 65
days of age:
Símtoms de M. roreri
Símtoms of M. roreri
Very difficult to distinguish from M perniciosa infection on pods apprt
That this do not form spores
CONDITIONS THAT
FAVOURED THE DISEASE:
Unmanage or abandon orchards, with
plenty of infected pods hanging on the
canopy.
• Pathogen actively
producing spores
• Weak and susceptible trees
• No Management
- Very tall trees favoured hidden spore sources
and difficult management
EPIDEMIOLOGY
The infection process of M. roreri in cocoa:
z
The spores land over fruits;
z
z
germinate if there is free water, or
die by sun radiation/desication
z
Germinated spores penetrate directly pod epidermis.
z
Pods are more susceptible when young -1 to 3 month
z
As they develop, become less and less susceptible.
• Within the pods, time for
simptom development
takes at least a month
•After the chocolate
spots are visible, in one
to four days a white
stroma form over the
necrotic lessions, that
soon is covered with a
mass
of
spores.
Cremmy to light brown
Rain: alternate wet and dry
periods (hours or days)
Relative humidity: > 80-90%
Temperature: 24 -28oC in
average
Microclimate is a very
Important factor to
take into account
SURVIVAL
• Primary problem with moniliasis is the large
amount of spores that is able to produce and
its facility to disperse them.
•
On pods suspended on trees, spores
maintain viability for more than 9 month.
•
On the ground they loose its viability
progresivally and in three months they are
no longer able to infect new pods.
CONTROL OR MANAGEMENT
OF THE DISEASE
Dic
Nov
Oct
Continuos
infection
Sep while fruiting
lasts
Ago
Mumified pods, fungus
survide more than 9
months.
Spores
disperse with
the wind
Mycelium
appears as
stroma
Ene
Infecta
developing
fruits
Symptom
development
Mar
Jul Cream or gray
spore powder
Jun
May
chocolate
spots
It develops
slowly within
infected pods
Abr
Feb
Sprying selected chemichals during the rainy
season
Biológico: Aplicaciones
de especies antagónicas
Cultural:
Phytosanitary
prunning once a year to get
rid of all infected tissue and
keep trees on control
(withches`broom)
and
WEEKLY
REMOVAL
OF
INFECTED PODS to keep
down population of M.
Roreri.
Genetic:
Selecction
and
developing resistant material.
Mainly for new
replacing
old,
orchards. e copa
plantings or
improductive
Chemicals
Number of healthy pods per plot. Fungicide trial
N u m b e r o f h e a lth y p o d s
120
*
*
*
*
100
*
*Significantly different
from control
80
Absolute
control
60
40
20
0
TK1
Copper Flutolanil TK1+Cu
Water
Flu+Cu
TK1
Copper Flutolanil TK1+Cu
Flu+Cu
Sticker (NP7)
La producción fue significativamente elevada en seis tratamientos
Productos cupricos fueron otra vez los mas eficientes => 90% mejoramiento de
cosecha
Flutolanil and Trichoderma TK-1 increased yield if applied with NP7.
Copper hidroxyde,
Azoxistrobinas are
replacing Copper
Oxide and
clorotalonil which
are more toxic.
Aplicando Trichoderma
Preparando equipos
Aplicando Químicos
With chemicals we must
take into account
spraying techniques, type
of equipment to use,
timing and frecuency of
sprays and training
personnel
Aplicando Químicos
Biological control
Comportamiento de especies de Trichoderma:
SUELO: Luego de
aplicación 1:10000
AIRE: Durante aplicación 1:10000
Producción de esporas T.
dekoningiopsis, T.
stromaticum, T. ovalisporiumen cuarto de cría
Cultivo en medio liquido
Cultivo en arroz
Micoharvester
Number of healthy pods per plot. Fungicide trial
N u m b e r o f h e a lth y p o d s
120
*
*
*
*
100
*
*Significantly different
from control
80
Absolute
control
60
40
20
0
TK1
Copper Flutolanil TK1+Cu
Water
Flu+Cu
TK1
Copper Flutolanil TK1+Cu
Flu+Cu
Sticker (NP7)
La producción fue significativamente elevada en seis tratamientos
Productos cupricos fueron otra vez los mas eficientes => 90% mejoramiento de
cosecha
Flutolanil and Trichoderma TK-1 increased yield if applied with NP7.
¿IPM or ICM ?
Recogiendo información derivada
de la biología, la epidemiología de
las
Enfermedades y de la fisiología del
cultivo, se establece como primer
paso, la recuperación de la
capacidad productiva de las
huertas y su manejabilidad,
reduciendo altura de copa..
Recuperaciòn progresiva del rendimiento
consecuencia de la rehabilitación y manejo de cacao
adulto
Años
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
Rendimiento
(Kg/ha cacao seco)
396
396
900
1400
1665
1400
2025
THE KEY FACTOR:
PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH &
TRAINING