BAFA Report 2015/2016

Transcription

Report 2015/2016
Energy. Promotion of economic development and SMEs. Foreign trade.
Publishing data
Herausgeber
Federal Office of Economic Affairs and Export Control (BAFA)
Press and Public Relations
Frankfurter Str. 29-35
D-65760 Eschborn
www.bafa.de
The Federal Office of Economic Affairs and
Export Control (BAFA) was awarded the audit
certificate berufundfamilie® for its familyfriendly HR policy. The certificate is conferred
by berufundfamilie gGmbH, an initiative
of the non-profit Hertie foundation.
Text and editing
Design
Date
February 2016
Printed by
Silber Druck oHG
Photo credits
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This brochure is published as part of the public relations work of the
Federal Office of Economic Affairs and Export Control. It is distributed
free of charge and is not intended for sale. The distribution of this
brochure at campaign events or information stands run by political
parties is prohibited, and information or advertising shall not be
inserted in, printed on, or affixed to this publication.
This publication and others can be obtained from:
Federal Office of Economic Affairs and Export
Control - Press and Public Relations
E-Mail: [email protected]
www.bafa.de
Central procurement service:
Tel.: +49 6196 908-1452
Fax: +49 6196 908-1496
Contents
Introductory Remarks
4
Preface5
BAFA highlights - 2015/2016
6
Energy8
Special Compensation Rule................................................................................................................................................................................................10
Federal Agency for Energy Efficiency (BfEE)..............................................................................................................................................................14
Energy consultation...............................................................................................................................................................................................................15
Energy efficiency.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................19
Heating with renewable energy.......................................................................................................................................................................................25
Raw materials............................................................................................................................................................................................................................30
Promotion of Economic Development and SMEs
34
Foreign market development............................................................................................................................................................................................36
Consultation and funding measures..............................................................................................................................................................................41
Skilled labour............................................................................................................................................................................................................................44
Film and technology..............................................................................................................................................................................................................48
Trade and industry..................................................................................................................................................................................................................50
Foreign Trade
54
Export control...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................56
Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC)........................................................................................................................................................................74
Import restrictions.................................................................................................................................................................................................................76
Cross-border transfer of radioactive substances......................................................................................................................................................77
Satellite data security.............................................................................................................................................................................................................78
Maritime security....................................................................................................................................................................................................................79
The Federal Office of Economic Affairs and Export Control (BAFA)
80
Overview.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................81
HR management......................................................................................................................................................................................................................82
Evaluating the success of funding programmes......................................................................................................................................................86
Press and public relations....................................................................................................................................................................................................87
Organisation chart..................................................................................................................................................................................................................88
4
I N T R O D U C TO RY R E M A R K S
Introductory
Remarks
Over the last year, political debate in Germany
has been dominated by the topic of international armed conflicts and the critical question of
how, and to what extent, refugees can be granted
protection. Despite the barrage of bad news, Germany remains economically strong and is well
equipped to tackle the challenges. Most notably,
unemployment in 2015 reached its lowest level
for 24 years. The German labour market is therefore proving once again to be highly robust in
the face of ongoing challenges in the global economy. This economic resilience is largely due to
the companies operating in Germany. They are
proving their competitive mettle internationally
with a range of innovative products and services.
It is the Federal Government‘s role to help them
continue to do so.
In terms of energy policy, we initiated a number
of important decisions over the past year. For example, “Electricity Market 2.0” (Strommarkt 2.0)
was adopted by the Federal Cabinet. This initiative focuses on security of supply at European level
and optimum integration of renewable energy
into the market.
The Federal Cabinet adopted the “Energy Efficiency Strategy for Buildings” with the aim of
having a virtually climate-neutral building stock
by 2050. Another important contribution towards
climate protection was the amendment of the
Combined Heat and Power Act (KWKG). The renewable energies Market Incentive Programme
(MAP) was revised as part of the National Action
Plan on Energy Efficiency (NAPE). All these measures are designed to sustain an affordable, safe
and environmentally friendly energy supply.
In 2015, we created conditions favouring the digitisation of the economy and “Industry 4.0” in particular. For example, the “Digital Technologies for the Economy” support programme is designed to enable
companies to put creative ideas and new scientific findings into practice
more quickly and effectively. This is key for our innovative capability
and for maintaining our technological sovereignty. We have also stepped up our focus on entrepreneurship in the last year. Several measures
and programmes for informing, advising and financing entrepreneurs
were developed, expanded and improved.
The armed conflicts that have raged over the last year have once again
highlighted the importance of effective export control. Whether or not
exports are approved still depends in each individual case on foreign
and security policy considerations. Last year, we tightened regulations
on the export of small weapons and plugged control gaps in the export
of surveillance technologies. Germany is playing a leading role in this
regard in the EU. We have continued to pursue a restrictive export control policy for dual-use goods. Lastly, the planned implementation of
post-shipment controls should improve the end-use control of military
equipment. While export control will remain necessary, particularly in
these times, we also want to minimise the associated effort for exporting companies now and into the future.
I would like to take this opportunity to thank BAFA employees for their
work and commitment over the last year. I also wish them every success in the tasks ahead.
Yours
Sigmar Gabriel
Federal Minister for Economic Affairs and Energy
P R E FA C E
5
PREFACE
As a key element of the “Energiewende”, the heating market was
brought more sharply into focus over the past year. The Market Incentive Programme, devised to promote heating with renewable energy,
was thus amended at the start of the year. As a result, the number of
applications increased significantly again in 2015. Following the exemption from the EEG surcharge obtained by some energy-intensive
companies, we have once again managed to safeguard numerous jobs
in industry against international competition.
The German economy remains on a path of sustainable growth. Notwithstanding the many symptoms of political and economic crisis, we expect
an increase of 1.7% in gross domestic product
(GDP) in 2016. The continuing growth is supported primarily by strong domestic demand brought
about by significant increases in real earnings and
growing employment. Low oil prices, a favourable exchange rate for the euro and the continuing
moderate increase in exports are also boosting
economic activity, despite the decline in growth
in emerging economies.
Against this backdrop, the Federal Office for Economic Affairs and Export Control (BAFA) is supporting the Federal Government‘s policy in its
various areas of responsibility:
With the adoption of the National Action Plan on
Energy Efficiency (NAPE) in 2014, energy efficiency joined renewable energy as the cornerstone
of Germany’s “Energiewende” or transformation
of the energy system. Consequently, BAFA has
taken on many new responsibilities: grants for
energy consultations in small and medium-sized
companies, consultations for energy-conservation contracting and the setting up of local authority energy efficiency networks are just some
examples of new support programmes. It is also
now mandatory for larger companies to carry out
an energy audit by the end of 2015. The aim of this
programme is to help companies identify where
there is potential to conserve energy. This year,
the “Energy efficiency communications campaign” conducted by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) is to raise more
awareness of the topic among companies, local
authorities and citizens.
2015 was an eventful year, particularly in terms of foreign policy and
security policy. Events of particular note included the ongoing conflict
with Russia, unrest in the Middle East, onset of the refugee crisis and
the conclusion of negotiations on the Iranian nuclear programme. The
agreement with Iran is a boon for German companies from both an
economic and political perspective. We will work with businesses to
structure the new procedures as efficiently and transparently as possible. The amendment of the EC Dual-Use Regulation in 2016, in which
we played a close supporting role last year, also has a critical influence
on companies.
Meanwhile, in the area of economic development, there is also much to
report. Against the backdrop of the refugee situation, the introduction
of 150 “welcome guides” in chambers of commerce and business organisations as part of the BAFA “Tailored placement” support programme was highly relevant and timely. The chief role of these guides is to
help small and medium-sized companies with the task of integrating
refugees. The “Promoting entrepreneurial expertise” (advisory support)
programme was also amended at the start of the year. Now consolidated with the programmes supported by the KfW Development Bank, it
will be implemented in full by BAFA from 2016. This is a great endorsement of our work.
I am glad to see that BAFA‘s departments are now also becoming increasingly involved in the planning and draft stages of amendments to
laws or directives. This undoubtedly reflects BAFA‘s high-calibre work
and expertise. In addition to other support programmes in the area of
energy, there are plans, for example, to base the Audit Oversight Body
(AOB) in BAFA in mid-2016.
I would like to take this opportunity to thank BAFA employees for their
great commitment over the last year. My thanks also go to Federal Minister Sigmar Gabriel for his trust and support in supplying the necessary resources. I hope readers find this year’s report to be of interest!
Yours
Dr. Arnold Wallraff
President of the Federal Office of Economic Affairs and Export Control
6
B A FA H I G H L I G H T S 2015/2016
BAFA HIGHLIGHTS
2015/2016 PARTICULATE FILTER SYSTEMS
1. January 2015
Support is restored for the retrofitting of diesel vehicles
with particulate filters. “P. 32”
1 January 2015
ENERGY EFFICIENCY NETWORKS
IN MUNICIPALITIES
The new programme for promoting energy-efficiency networks in municipalities
comes into effect. “P. 16”
1 January 2015
CONTRACTING CONSULTATIONS
Funding is provided for consultations on energy-conservation contracting with immediate effect. “P. 15”
26 February 2015
EXPORT CONTROL DAY
The 9th Export Control Day takes
place, based on the theme “Export
control in transition”. “P. 62”
15 March 2015
INNOVATION PRIZE
Award ceremony for the federal prize
funded by BAFA for outstanding innovative services for the skilled craft
sector at the IHM in Munich. “P. 51”
1 April 2015
MARKET
INCENTIVE PROGRAMME
Integration of the Audit Oversight Body (AOB) as new department 6 in the Federal Office
for Economic Affairs and Export Control “P. 88”
1 April 2015
ENERGY AUDITS
on-SMEs are now required to conduct an
energy audit and to present the results to BAFA
on request. “P. 20”
31 August 2015
INVEST
Since 2013, business angels
and investors have raised
more than EUR 100 million in venture capital for
start-up companies. “P. 41”
B A FA H I G H L I G H T S 2 0 1 5 / 2 0 1 6
7
3 December 2015
INFORMATION DAY
ON EXPORT
CONTROL
BAFA informs companies
about new legal developments
and changes in administrative
practice. “P. 62”
1 January 2016
COMBINED
HEAT AND POWER
The amended act relating to the upkeep, modernisation and expansion of
combined heat and power plants comes into force. “P. 21”
1 January 2016
VOCATIONAL TRAINING
WITHOUT BORDERS
16 January 2016
IMPLEMENTATION DAY
Launch of support programme for vocational
consultations to increase cross-border mobility of
trainees and skilled young people. “P. 44”
Iran embargo: The lifting of sanctions announced on 18 October
2015 comes into effect. “P. 61”
25 February 2016
EXPORT CONTROL DAY
First half of 2016
PILOT PROGRAMME FOR ENERGY
SAVING METERS
10th Export Control Day with Minister of
the Chancellery Peter Altmaier takes place,
focusing on the theme of lifting of
sanctions on Iran.
Support programme for energy saving meters gets
underway.
Mid-2016
AUDIT OVERSIGHT
BODY
Integration of the Audit Oversight Body (AOB) as new department 6 in the Federal Office for Economic Affairs and Export
Control “P. 88”
8
ENERGY
ENERGY
BAFA is committed to driving the transition to renewable energy and successfully implementing the Federal Government‘s
climate protection targets.
ENERGY
9
Frank Dietz,
Director General for Energy
BAFA has helped drive Germany’s transition to renewable energy for
many years now. It is entrusted with conducting a variety of tasks to
promote the efficient and economical use of energy and the further expansion of renewable energy.
Meanwhile, as part of the Special Compensation Rule for the Renewable
Energy Sources Act, approximately 2,200 particularly energy-intensive
companies in the manufacturing sector are partially exempt from the
payment of the surcharge for renewable energy. Without this exemption, the international competitiveness of these companies would be
damaged. It allows them to continue manufacturing in Germany and
also safeguards a large number of jobs in Germany. In addition, 135 railway companies are exempt in order to support this means of transport,
which is particularly environmentally friendly, against competition
from road and air travel.
The National Action Plan on Energy Efficiency (NAPE), which outlines
the Federal Government‘s efficiency strategy for the 18th legislative
term, is the key focus of measures to increase energy efficiency. It includes a broad range of measures, including in particular investments in
energy savings and the consolidation of consultancy and information
services.
The NAPE measures are being implemented as a matter of priority.
Such measures include the mandatory energy audit for non-SMEs, the
national Top Runner Initiative and the National Efficiency Label for old
heating systems. The Efficiency Strategy for Buildings was developed
as part of the transformation in heating systems (“Wärmewende”) in
the building sector. In addition, the guidelines for the Market Incentive
Programme were adapted and expanded to include the energy efficiency incentive programme. Additional support measures are planned, based on the decision made by the Coalition Committee on 1 July 2015.
BAFA‘s activities in the area of energy have been interlinked more closely and concentrated in one department to take account of the broad
spectrum of existing and new demands.
The activities and issues handled by the BAFA-based Federal Agency for
Energy Efficiency (BfEE) have expanded accordingly. Besides the conceptual support provided by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs
and Energy in implementing the NAPE measures, substantive project
support is also offered for the energy efficiency communications and
call-to-action campaign.
10
ENERGY
Special compensation rule
The EEG surcharge
Cap on EEG surcharge
In Germany, public utility companies are obliged to prioritise electricity that is generated using renewable energy when
they are purchasing electricity. The electricity is then sold by
the transmission system operators on the Leipzig European
Energy Exchange. Since the revenues thus generated are still
lower than the feed-in tariffs payable under the Renewable
Energy Sources Act (EEG), a revenue shortfall remains. This
shortfall, combined with other costs for feeding in, transferring and marketing the electricity represents a surcharge
known as the EEG surcharge. The surcharge is passed on in
turn by the public utility companies to all electricity consumers in Germany. In this way the redistribution mechanism,
as it is known, is completed.
By way of the Special Compensation Rule, BAFA will, on
request, cap the EEG surcharge on electricity consumed by
manufacturing companies or railway companies that incur
significant energy costs. The aim of the cap is to maintain the
international competitiveness of the beneficiary companies
– in the case of railway companies, their ability to compete
with other means of transport (intermodal competition) –
and consequently to preserve employment in these companies.
ENERGY
Legal basis
BAFA acts in accordance with Section 63 ff. of the Act for the
Expansion of Renewable Energy Sources (EEG 2014). These
provisions were drafted after the European Commission initiated a state aid investigation procedure into EEG 2012, and
specifically also into the Special Compensation Rule, at the
end of 2013. At the same time, the European Commission‘s
new energy and environmental aid guidelines were enacted
in the first half of 2014 and, in accordance with those specifications, the Act for the Expansion of Renewable Energy
Sources (EEG 2014) was drafted and notified. This legislation has been in force since 1 August 2014. A supplement to
this Act regarding railway companies was implemented by
the First Act Amending the Renewable Energy Sources Act,
which came into effect on 31 December 2014.
A further amendment was implemented by the Second Act
Amending the Renewable Energy Sources Act, which came
into effect on 3 July 2015. This added hardening plants and
forges to the group of companies entitled to submit applications.
11
Application procedure and
effect of surcharge caps
Applications may be filed by energy-intensive companies
in the manufacturing sector and railway companies. Energy-intensive companies are deemed to be companies on
List 1 or List 2 in Appendix 4 of the Act. List 1 covers 68 industries classified according to the sectors defined by the
Federal Statistical Office; List 2 now covers 153 industries.
In addition, there is a so-called hardship clause for certain
companies that were granted surcharge reductions for 2014
but can no longer be supported because of the amendment.
There is also an adjustment clause (“Doppelungsregelung”)
for the years 2015–2018, which specifies that eligible companies need pay no more than double the previous year‘s EEG
surcharge for each of these years.
Applications must still be made for specific delivery points.
Each of these delivery points must have consumed at least 1
gigawatt hour (GWh) of electricity in the last business year
before submitting their application. The energy intensity to
be proved must, depending on the individual case, amount
to 17% for List 1 companies; 20% for List 2 companies; and
14% for all other companies.
All applicants must prove the existence of an energy management system.
Under the standard cap, the beneficiary companies pay 15%
of the standard EEG surcharge, but at least 0.1 cent per kilowatt hour (0.05 cent in the case of the non-ferrous metal
industry). The charges are capped by the maximum amount
at 4% (known as the cap), or 0.5% (known as the super cap)
of the gross value added, depending on whether the energy
intensity is above or below 20%.
The beneficiary railway companies must pay 20% of the
standard EEG surcharge.
12
ENERGY
The figures for 2015
As in previous years, most of the applications come from
companies in the paper, non-ferrous metal, iron/steel and
chemical sectors. Table 1 shows the ten largest electricity
consumers (claimed electricity output).
There was a slight decrease in the total number of applicant
companies in 2015 compared to the previous year: the number fell from 2,462 to 2,305.
Similarly, the number of delivery points claimed for fell
from 3,409 to 3,145. According to the current stage of the
procedure, 2,075 companies with 2,746 delivery points have
received a cap notice (Begrenzungsbescheid) (previous year:
2,235 companies with 2,937 delivery points).
Table 1:
The privileged quantity of electricity therefore fell slightly
compared to the previous year from approximately 108 TWh
to around 106 TWh. Among hardening plants and forges, 88
applications for 109 delivery points with approximately 883
GWh in claimed electricity output were submitted retroactively for a cap in 2015.
Table 2 shows the regional distribution of the delivery points
claimed for and their electricity output.
Additional findings relating to the procedure are published
and presented in greater detail in a separate background paper on the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy
and BAFA homepages.
Distribution of the most energy-intensive sectors by claimed electricity output (as of 18 March 2016)
Industry
sector code
Industry sector
Companies
Delivery points
Electricity
output GWh
4900
Railway companies
135
135
12,482
1712
Manufacture of paper and paperboard
88
99
11,212
2410
Production of pig iron, steel and ferrous alloys
34
43
10,024
2016
Manufacture of plastics in primary forms
53
70
9,714
2442
Aluminium production
19
31
8,164
2014
Manufacture of other organic basic chemicals
33
50
8,053
2011
Manufacture of industrial gases
20
74
6,095
2351
Manufacture of cement
26
55
3,588
2451
Casting of iron
83
97
3,113
1920
Processing of mineral oils
11
16
3,029
Table 2:
Regional distribution of the delivery points claimed for (as of 18 March 2016)
Land
Delivery points
Electricity output GWh
Baden-Württemberg
324
7,187
Bavaria
454
14,855
Berlin
40
1,314
Brandenburg
119
5,157
Bremen
20
265
Hamburg
33
4,531
Hesse
162
9,748
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
71
1,165
Lower Saxony
324
11,405
North Rhine-Westphalia
715
34,088
Rhineland-Palatinate
166
6,231
Saarland
44
1,643
Saxony
224
5,288
Saxony-Anhalt
217
6,150
Schleswig-Holstein
71
2,013
Thuringia
150
2,461
Foreign
11
98
Total result
3,145
113,599
* Foreign refers to non-German railway companies that travel on routes within federal territory.
ENERGY
13
Average electricity prices – New for 2016
Outlook
In its guidelines for state environmental protection and
energy aid, the European Commission has stipulated that, in
future, the intensity of electricity costs is to be measured on
the basis of average electricity prices applying to electricity
cost-intensive companies with similar electricity consumption levels. This measure is designed to prevent any artificial
increases in the electricity cost intensity of a company due to
price fixing of the electricity price.
In light of the evolving nature of the EEG, further amendments to the application procedure for the Special Compensation Rule are to be expected. BAFA is addressing these
changes and actively supporting the necessary processes in
order to ensure their continued effective implementation in
practice. In addition, BAFA will also contribute to the Federal
Government‘s progress report on the EEG.
For this reason, the EEG 2014 allows the Federal Ministry for
Economic Affairs and Energy to set requirements by ordinance for calculating the standardised electricity consumption as part of the calculation of electricity cost intensity and
to calculate average electricity prices.
BAFA has closely monitored and supported the drafting of
the ordinance by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs
and Energy. The EU requirements have been transposed into
a corresponding ordinance, the Special Compensation Rule
Average Electricity Price Ordinance (DSPV), as it is known, is
currently the subject of interministerial consultation (as of
mid-February 2016).
14
ENERGY
Federal Agency for Energy Efficiency (BfEE)
Over the past year, the Federal Agency for Energy Efficiency
continued its work on developing specific, targeted measures to stimulate investment in energy efficiency in various
sectors. Several new and existing support programmes were
thus further developed for the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy.
Improving energy efficiency is a core element of the transition to renewable energy (Energiewende). It is also a key prerequisite for achieving the ambitious energy policy objectives
at both national and European level. Energy efficiency plays
a major role in ensuring an economically sustainable energy supply for all stakeholders, security of supply and climate
protection.
The Federal Agency for Energy Efficiency was established
in 2009 to implement Directive 2006/32/EC of the European Union on energy end-use efficiency and energy services
and the resulting German Energy Services Act (EDL-G). The
agency supports the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs
and Energy (BMWi), which is responsible for energy efficiency at federal level, in all matters relating to energy efficiency
and energy saving.
One particular area of focus is supporting the implementation processes for the National Action Plan on Energy Efficiency (NAPE). Over the last year, this included in particular
the work on the Energy Efficiency Strategy for Buildings, the
project management of the National Top Runner Initiative
(NTRI) which will have run over several years and a variety of activities within the framework of the Energiewende
platforms for energy efficiency and buildings, including the
working groups that have been established. In the current
year, additional key issues will be determined using the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy‘s energy
efficiency communications strategy and its overall energy
consulting strategy.
Other core tasks performed by the Federal Agency for Energy Efficiency include: monitoring and evaluating the energy
services market; identifying any market barriers and developing market support measures based on these findings.
Furthermore, the agency is tasked with reviewing the national final energy consumption savings target and monitoring
the (final) energy savings made and the related strategies
defined for this purpose. Lastly, the agency complies with
an array of information and reporting obligations, most of
which are fulfilled through its homepage at www.bfeeonline.
de.
As in previous years, the Federal Agency for Energy Efficiency once again represented Germany at an international level
as the German delegation in the Concerted Action for the
Energy Efficiency Directive (CA EED). This EU project serves
as a forum in which all EU Member States can share experiences in relation to the practical implementation of the
Energy Services Directive and the Energy Efficiency Directive. It also participates in other relevant European events,
e.g. European Union committee meetings or the European
Energy Network (EnR), the network of European energy
agencies.
The Federal Agency for Energy Efficiency has operated an
online portal at www.anbieterliste.info since 2011, which includes a list of providers for energy services, energy audits
and other energy efficiency measures. On the one hand, it
informs end users about available energy services and allows
them to compare registered providers; on the other hand, it
allows providers of energy services to list their details at a
central location. All providers may list their details on the
portal and the service is free of charge for all participants.
The Federal Agency for Energy Efficiency again relied on the
support of expert partners to perform its extensive portfolio of tasks in 2014. It continued to assign various studies to
internationally experienced research institutes and other
scientific organisations and supported the associated processes.
The advisory board of the Federal Agency for Energy Efficiency also continued its work. This board consists of thirteen representatives from energy service providers, energy
suppliers and independent professional experts. It advises
the Federal Agency as it discharges its duties under the Energy Services Act and also acts as an important interface between the government and market participants.
With this extensive and challenging portfolio of tasks and
responsibilities, the Federal Agency for Energy Efficiency
plays an important role in supporting the Federal Government‘s energy efficiency policy. It is facilitating the shift to
renewables in an economically sound manner, with the aim
of establishing an affordable, safe and environmentally friendly energy supply.
ENERGY
15
Energy consulting
Energy-conservation contracting
This support programme was launched in early January 2015
and provides funding to local authorities, companies and institutions in which local authorities have a majority holding,
non-profit organisations and recognised religious communities as well as small and medium-sized companies (SMEs).
The funding is used to help these organisations hire trained
contracting consultants and thus tap into existing potential
for conserving energy in their properties.
The purpose of the support programme is to eliminate any
obstacles preventing potential stakeholders from going
ahead with energy conservation projects using contracting
solutions. First, the clients‘ properties and facilities are inspected by an expert to determine whether they are fundamentally suitable for efficiency measures to be implemented
as part of a contracting process. Recommendations are made
on selecting the energy conservation model likeliest to
achieve the best results.
Based on this analysis, professional support for implementing an energy-conservation contracting project is provided
or, if this does not prove to be suitable, professional support
is provided for tendering for other contracting models.
The programme thus helps to fulfil the EU requirement for
the public sector to set an example in increasing energy efficiency. It also implements Article 18 of the EU Energy Efficiency Directive, according to which the Member States are
required to support the energy services market.
16
ENERGY
Energy consulting in the SME sector
Under the current “SME Energy Consulting” support programme, which BAFA has successfully run since early 2015,
small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) can avail of
subsidised energy consultations as well as support for implementing energy efficiency measures provided by an energy consultant. The funding guidelines have been extended
to the end of 2019, enabling companies to plan with greater
confidence.
Qualified, independent energy consultations are an important means of reducing information deficits, identifying the
potential for saving energy within particular companies and
ultimately helping those companies conserve energy. Energy consultations are designed to demonstrate the potential
for economically viable energy efficiency measures in buildings, facilities and also in user behaviour. The aim of this
programme therefore is to boost the number of SME energy consultations and thus unleash the existing potential for
energy conservation.
As part of the programme, energy consultants should also
be available to help tap the identified potential for energy
conservation, through to the execution of particular measures, in order to further increase the number of implemented
consultations. Energy conservation in companies can make
an important contribution to energy security in Germany
and to climate protection.
Companies with annual energy costs in excess of 10,000 euros are eligible for an 80% grant towards energy consultation
costs, but no more than 8,000 euros in total. As of 1 January
2016, small companies that spend less than 10,000 euros on
energy costs will receive a consultation subsidy of a maximum 1,200 euros, instead of 800 euros as was previously the
case.
In 2015, 2,238 applications for funding were received; a total
of 10.3 million euros in funding was disbursed.
The subsidised energy consultations are high-quality energy audits as defined by the EU Energy Efficiency Directive.
These particular funding guidelines form part of the Federal
Government‘s transposition of the EU Energy Efficiency Directive.
Energy consulting and energy efficiency
networks for local authorities
Increasing energy efficiency in the public sector is a key area
of activity in the National Action Plan on Energy Efficiency (NAPE), launched on 3 December 2014. In early 2015, the
Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy set up a
funding programme based on the Guidelines for promoting
energy-efficient networks in municipalities, which addresses this target group.
The Federal Republic of Germany is divided up into around
12,000 municipalities and rural districts which account for
two-thirds of the final energy consumption in the entire
public sector and offer considerable potential for energy
conservation. By tapping into this potential, a significant
contribution can be made to energy efficiency and climate
protection, while also boosting the public sector’s role model
profile in increasing energy efficiency and reducing energy
consumption.
One of the aims of the programme is to attract local authorities to shared networks, which should in particular promote
the mutual sharing of experiences within projects relating
to energy efficiency (“acquisition phase”). In the following
network phase, which lasts several years, concrete potential
is identified and, if possible, realised. This potential is presented, discussed and checked within the network for transferability to other network partners. The process is supported by
a team of experts.
By the end of the first year, the programme had already significantly exceeded expectations: an acquisition phase was
approved for 38 networks; the network phase was approved
for 9 networks.
The support programme was extended with effect from 1
January 2016 and two eligibility criteria were added. It now
also supports energy consultations that are applied for by
local authorities and non-profit organisations for an energy-efficient renovation concept or the reconstruction of
non-residential buildings. Grants are also provided for conducting energy analyses for public sewage plants.
ENERGY
Measures implemented using the
Energy and Climate Fund
A special fund known as the Energy and Climate Fund was
set up to implement the Federal Government’s Energy Concept and to finance additional measures in the area of international climate and environmental protection. The Federal
Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy has transferred
administrative responsibility to BAFA for various projects to
be financed from this special fund.
In 2015, BAFA provided 4.9 million euros in funding to the
“Energy Check” project, conducted by the Federation of German Consumer Organisations and the Länder consumer organisations. The standardised checks are an extension of the
consumer organisations’ range of energy consultation services and are intended to help consumers use energy more
efficiently and economically in future. In almost 13,450 cases, private consumers were put in touch with knowledgeable and independent experts who gave them a convenient
insight into ways of saving energy.
In 2015, eight projects run by the German Energy Agency
(dena), designed to increase energy efficiency and improve climate protection in buildings, were approved to the
amount of approximately 2.7 million euros. In another dena
project, funding worth 150,000 euros was granted as part of
the programme for using renewable energy. Likewise, the
dena “Car Label Information Platform” project, a measure
for promoting a rational and economical energy supply, was
allocated funding of approximately 132,000 euros.
Furthermore, as part of an initiative for SMEs to boost the
transformation of the German energy system (Mittelstandsinitiative Energiewende, MIE) agreed between the Federal
Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building
and Nuclear Safety, the Association of German Chambers of
Commerce and Industry and the German Confederation of
Skilled Crafts, nine projects received funding of approximately 838,000 euros in 2015. The MIE initiative is scheduled to
run until 2018.
The MIE Initiative is designed to help SMEs recognise their
existing potential to save energy and identify how they can
exploit that potential by enhancing local communication, optimising information and consultancy services and improving the dissemination of
knowledge, skills and the sharing of
experiences.
17
Projects aimed at the economical and rational
use of energy, the use of renewable energy and
energy-saving audits for private consumers
BAFA supports dena projects and campaigns at national and
international level to boost energy efficiency and foster the
economical and rational use of energy.
In 2015, seven projects valued at some 3.9 million euros were
funded in areas relating to energy efficiency and renewable
energy. BAFA is responsible for approval, project monitoring
and expenditure reports on the use of funds.
BAFA also supports consultations for private consumers
on ways to save energy and use renewable energy. These
consultations are organised by the Federation of German
Consumer Organisations (vzbv) in 18 consumer organisations. Since 1978, private consumers have been able to avail
of these independent consultations. They can also access information from qualified architects and engineers through
more than 760 support centres and information points
nationwide. In addition to more than 64,000 consultations
carried out on the premises of the consumer organisations,
approximately 1,550 “detailed check” consultations took
place at the consumer’s own home. Roughly another 10,700
consultations were carried out by telephone and almost
1.300 were conducted online.
BAFA supported the Federation of German Consumer Organisations in 2015 with 5.8 million euros to carry out the
project and also took responsibility for approval, project monitoring and expenditure reports.
18
ENERGY
On-site energy audits
Energy-efficient building renovation is a cornerstone of
Germany‘s energy and climate policy. There is still enormous potential for saving energy within the country’s stock
of residential buildings in particular. By now, many home
and apartment owners may be aware that their building no
longer meets every aspect of a modern energy efficiency
standard. However, there is uncertainty about some of the
specifics: What measures are possible and feasible? How is
the economic value of these measures apparent? Is public
funding available for energy-efficient building renovation?
The support programme for on-site energy audits in residential buildings, developed by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, is helping in this area. This support
programme has been in existence for more than 20 years
and has constantly been adapted in line with evolving energy policy. Among the variety of energy-saving consultancy
services, the funding for on-site audits is a permanent fixture – not least because such audits are subject to high requirements in terms of independence and quality. Most energy
consultants therefore consider this support programme to
be an important factor in the success of the Energiewende.
Nevertheless, an evaluation of the support programme carried out by the Federal Agency for Energy Efficiency (BfEE)
on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and
Energy in 2013/2014 highlighted some areas in need of
improvement. The ministry worked closely with the BAFA
experts to respond to these shortcomings, drafting the
guidelines of 29 October 2014. The new guidelines, which
came into effect on 1 March 2015, are designed to make the
programme more attractive by significantly increasing the
grants and also aligning funding terms more closely with
practical concerns. This, together with the multi-year duration of the programme, which currently runs until 31 December 2019, indicates the importance of this advisory support
scheme within the Federal Government’s Energy Concept.
The support programme is aimed at residential property
owners and tenants. Specifically, the funding instrument is
a grant to be paid to the energy consultant; the consultant
must then reduce the consulting fee accordingly. In the case
of apartment owners associations, the actual grant for the
on-site audit can now be augmented by a special ‚explanatory grant‘, which takes on board the particular needs of this
important target group.
Applications may only be filed by energy consultants who
have received the appropriate training and who are independent. An online procedure makes it easier for consultants
to file the application and administer the expenditure report
with respect to BAFA.
The results of the on-site audit, known as the energy-efficient renovation concept, are documented in an energy audit report, which must be given and explained to the client
receiving the advice. Under the new funding guidelines,
there is now more flexibility with regard to what constitutes an on-site audit. Depending on their needs, customers
can request an audit for a complete renovation to a home
energy efficiency standard (Effizienzhaus) supported by the
KfW Development Bank. Alternatively, customers can opt to
have a building-specific redevelopment schedule drafted, if
they initially intend to renovate just the systems technology
or parts of the building. The proposals for a comprehensive,
step-by-step, energy-efficient renovation mean that customers can stagger the renovation process, if required. Complete refurbishment at one stroke is rarely possible, mainly
for financial reasons.
Since on-site audits must also take account of economic factors and at least provide some indication as to possible federal funding, the validity of an energy audit report extends
beyond that of a building energy certificate. The support
programme therefore strongly encourages investments designed to save energy in residential buildings.
In 2015, BAFA disbursed more than 5 million euros in funding for on-site energy audits. Compared to 2014, the number of applications increased by 9% to approximately 9,000.
For the first time since 2009 this is once again higher than
the corresponding previous year‘s figure.
Those who are prepared to make their home more energy-efficient need expert advice and support to do so. The
Federal Government’s energy-efficient expert list for support programmes has been compiled to help consumers find
qualified, independent energy consultants. It is maintained
by the German Energy Agency (dena), which acts as the coordinating body on behalf of the relevant federal funding authorities (Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy,
BAFA and the KfW Development Bank).
ENERGY
19
Energy efficiency
Promoting energy management systems
To achieve the energy efficiency targets set by the Federal
Government, BAFA has been supporting energy management systems since 2013, on behalf of the Federal Ministry
for Economic Affairs and Energy and using the Energy and
Climate Fund. The Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs
and Energy introduced some additional support options
with its amended guidelines of 18 March 2015.
The aim of an energy management system is to get a clear
picture of energy consumption within a company and subject this consumption to systematic and continuous monitoring. In this way, companies across the industry, craft, trade
and services sectors can achieve a considerable reduction in
some of their energy costs.
The programme funds the initial certification of an energy
management system in accordance with DIN EN ISO 50001
or of an alternative system. It also funds the purchase of the
measuring technology and software needed for an energy
management system.
Additional funding has now been made available for consultation, training and installation costs. The funding is awarded as a grant and is limited to a maximum of 20,000 euros
per company within a period of 36 months in the event that
the company avails of several funding measures.
In principle, all companies with a headquarters or branch in
Germany are eligible to apply for the funding. The measure
to be funded must be implemented within Germany.
Companies can submit their funding applications using a
convenient electronic form. In 2015, BAFA disbursed approximately 366,000 euros in funding in this area.
20
ENERGY
Energy audits
Refrigeration and air-conditioning systems
Under Article 8 Paragraph (4) of the EU Energy Efficiency
Directive (2012/27/EU, EED), Member States are obliged to
ensure that companies other than small or medium-sized
companies (SMEs) carry out an energy audit by 5 December
2015 and have follow-on audits conducted, at intervals of at
least every four years from the first energy audit, in an independent and cost-efficient manner by qualified or accredited
experts or have these audits monitored in accordance with
national legislation by independent bodies.
The main objective of the National Climate Initiative, in existence since 2008 when it was launched by the Federal Government, is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It is planned
to reduce these emissions by at least 40% by 2020 and by as
much as 80% to 95% by 2050 compared to 1990 levels. To
achieve this goal, investment support such as the programme promoting measures for refrigeration and air-conditioning systems will be implemented, among other measures.
To implement Article 8 Paragraph (4) to (7) of the EED, the
Energy Services Act (Energiedienstleistungsgesetz, EDL-G)
was amended to oblige non-SMEs to carry out periodic energy audits. In this connection, BAFA was tasked with spotchecking the energy audits and providing a public list of
people with the required qualifications to conduct an energy
audit as referred to in Section 8 of the EDL-G.
Affected companies are required to provide proof, by a particular deadline, of their completion of an energy audit or that
they are exempt from this obligation.
Failure to comply with the requirement to carry out an energy audit, correctly, punctually and in full, may result in a fine
of up to 50,000 euros. Companies that falsely claim to be
SMEs can also be liable to a fine.
Under Section 7 (3) EDL-G, BAFA also maintains a public list
(energy auditor list) with details of people who are professionally qualified to carry out energy audits in accordance with
Section 8 EDL-G in the relevant companies. To be included
in this list, prospective energy auditors must provide BAFA
with proof of their expertise and reliability. Alternatively,
energy auditors can also prove their expertise and reliability
by providing relevant documentation to BAFA in the course
of a spot-check.
To help companies become familiar with the new instrument, BAFA has posted extensive information on its website,
for example, in the form of a fact sheet on energy audits.
In Germany, refrigeration plants and air-conditioning systems account for about 16% of total electricity consumed.
Supported systems consume considerably less energy due
to the use of highly efficient components and systems and
consequently result in significantly lower carbon dioxide
emissions when electricity is generated. Moreover, in many
cases, refrigerants with a lower greenhouse effect than conventional refrigerants are used, such as carbon dioxide (CO
2). Direct emissions are also reduced as a result.
In 2015, BAFA supported investment to the value of nearly
100 million euros in 252 systems with efficient refrigeration or air-conditioning technology and provided grants of
nearly 18 million euros for this purpose. In terms of figures,
one euro of grant aid therefore generated over five euros of
investment in efficient refrigeration and air-conditioning
technology. This aid was accompanied by further investment in peripheral system components and construction
measures. Since the Federal Ministry for the Environment,
Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety launched
the support programme in 2008, the sum of over 114 million
euros has been dedicated to reducing emissions by tapping
into existing potential and has been implemented in 1,315
concrete projects.
ENERGY
21
Combined heat and power
The funded investment volume amounts to nearly 620 million euros. Sorption systems represent an increasing share
of the subsidised systems, which is a positive development.
These systems are powered with waste heat and consume
less electrical energy than traditional compression refrigeration systems.
In 2015, 45 sorption systems were funded; this corresponds
to a share of 17.7 %. Some 60 % of the subsidised systems
were operated in the retail and wholesale trade, especially in
supermarkets. One in three systems is used in the manufacturing sector, half of which again are used in the manufacture of food and beverages.
The amended guideline on the promotion of measures for
refrigeration and air-conditioning systems came into effect on 1 October 2015. Since that date, municipalities and
local municipal authorities, non-profit organisations, special-purpose associations and owner-operated municipal
enterprises, schools, hospitals and religious institutions may
submit applications for funding. Previously, only companies
could apply.
There are plans to further extend the guideline in 2016, on
the basis of the Climate Action Programme 2020. In this case,
for example, the application procedure will be simplified and
the requirements adapted to the greenhouse warming potential of the refrigerants.
The German and European climate protection objectives are
challenging. Using high-efficiency combined heat and power plants is a key element in achieving the Federal Government‘s energy policy objectives.
The distinctive feature of this technology is that electricity
and usable heat are generated in just one combustion process, i.e. they are generated simultaneously. In terms of fuel,
particularly high overall efficiency rates are achieved. This is
beneficial particularly with regard to the resource-efficient
use of fossil fuels such as petroleum, natural gas or lignite,
which are only available in limited amounts. The reduction
in emissions associated with this fuel saving contributes significantly to the protection of the environment.
Furthermore, the financial benefits resulting from the fuel
saving make the use of CHP technology particularly attractive.
Using CHP plants to cover electricity and heating requirements in hotels, swimming pools, hospitals, private households, schools, municipal energy utilities, retirement homes,
nursing homes, industrial and manufacturing enterprises
and residential complexes is an increasingly popular option.
The electricity generated can be fed into a public power grid
and used to cover the owner‘s own requirements. The usable
heat that is generated can be fed into district heating networks, used to heat specific spaces or to heat water. It can
also be used for cooling purposes or as process heat (e.g. in
industry for drying plants or in smelting installations).
22
ENERGY
Support measures under the Combined
Heat and Power Act
Table 3:
Since 2002, the Combined Heat and Power Act (KWKG) has
offered incentives for investing in CHP technology. BAFA
issues authorisations, upon application, for new, retrofitted
and modernised CHP plants, new or expanded heating and
cooling networks, and new heat storage and refrigeration
storage systems. Once a CHP plant, a heating or cooling network, or a storage system has been authorised by BAFA, the
plant operator can obtain payment from the grid operator
for the generated CHP electricity on the basis of the authorisation.
Payment of the bonus under the terms of the Combined
Heat and Power Act is financed by a surcharge on the electricity bills of final consumers. The charge is relatively small,
as the bonus amount is limited to 1.5 billion euros each year.
For example, the average household with an annual electricity consumption of 3,000 kWh paid approximately 7.60 euros in 2015. The Combined Heat and Power Act is therefore a
highly cost-effective and efficient instrument. Moreover, the
Act is regularly reviewed to ensure it is achieving its goals.
In 2014, an interim review of the development of CHP electricity generation in Germany was conducted in light of the
energy and climate policy objectives of the Federal Government and the economically viable operation of CHP plants.
The results of this interim review provided a basis for the
amendment to the Combined Heat and Power Act, which
took effect on 1 January 2016.
Since the Act came into force on 1 April 2002, BAFA has authorised around 51,100 combined heat and power plants, of
which 4,721 were authorised in 2015. Approximately 90% of
these plants have a power output lower than 50 kW. However, most of the CHP electricity eligible for bonuses is produced in plants with a power output of over 2 MW.
Authorisations granted in 2015 for CHP plants
Power output
Number
<= 2 kW
1,167
> 2 <= 10 kW
1,758
> 10 <= 20 kW
759
> 20 <= 50 kW
462
> 50 <= 250 kW
324
> 250 <= 500 kW
76
> 500 kw <= 1 MW
60
> 1 <= 2 MW
62
> 2 <= 10 MW
30
> 10 <= 50 MW
10
> 50 <= 100 MW
2
> 100 MW
2
Total result
4,712
Since the introduction of bonuses for heating and cooling
networks in 2009, BAFA has granted 3,129 authorisation
notices for network pipelines measuring 2,699 kilometres
in length and a total bonus amount of 294.6 million euros.
Investment in the construction and expansion of heat supply networks, on which the calculations for the bonus payments are based, currently amounts to 1.266 billion euros.
This equates to an average bonus payment of approximately
23%..
Table 4:
Authorisations granted in 2015
for heating and cooling networks
Measure
Number
Construction of new network
426
Expansion of existing network
589
Network
23
Network consolidation
38
Total result
1,076
The funding of storage systems included in the Act in 2012
is rising steadily. Various major projects are currently underway. To date, 167 licences for a total storage volume of 61,270
m³ and a bonus amount of 8.6 million euros have been granted.
Table 5:
Authorisations granted in 2015
for heat storage and refrigeration storage systems
Storage system size
Number
<= 5 m3
8
> 5 <= 50 m3
66
> 50 m3
65
Total result
139
ENERGY
23
Investment grants under the mini-CHP programme
New funding guidelines
To help harness the potential of combined heat and power
in smaller properties, CHP plants with a power output of less
than 20 kW (mini CHP plants) obtain funding in the form of
an investment grant, in addition to feed-in tariffs. The grant
applies for the installation of a mini-CHP plant in an existing
building.
On 1 January 2015, the amended guideline for the funding of
CHP plants generating up to 20 kilowatts of electrical power
came into effect. The amendment increased the basic funding in the low power range, introduced additional funding
for particularly energy-efficient mini CHP plants and simplified the technical requirements.
In 2015, BAFA paid grants amounting to 3.07 million euros
for more than 1,300 plants with net investment costs of 39.6
million euros. On average, one euro of funding generated 30
euros of investment in energy-efficient mini CHP plants.
Extremely energy-efficient CHP plants can also get a bonus
payment in addition to the basic funding. The heat efficiency bonus is granted for CHP plants that are equipped with a
(second) waste heat exchanger for the utilisation of calorific value and are connected to a balanced hydronic heating
system. The heating efficiency bonus amounts to 25% of the
basic funding. The electricity efficiency bonus is granted for
CHP plants with a particularly high electrical efficiency.
The following table provides an overview of the investment
grants issued in 2015 by Land.
Table 6:
Mini-CHP plants funded in 2015, by Land
Land
Number
FFunds granted
in euros
Baden-Württemberg
153
342,261
Bavaria
227
527,844
Berlin
29
75,290
Brandenburg
39
76,543
Bremen
13
38,865
Hamburg
8
15,447
Hesse
87
177,994
19
50,137
Lower Saxony
218
532,046
277
640,468
69
158,634
Saarland
5
8,779
Saxony
58
142,540
Saxony-Anhalt
36
89,159
Schleswig-Holstein
44
110,522
Thuringia
39
79,934
Total result
1,321
3,066,461
24
ENERGY
Funding of generic technologies
To achieve its targets for increasing energy efficiency, the
Federal Government has established an Energy Efficiency Fund to promote rational and economical energy use.
This fund will support, for example, high-efficiency generic
technologies in small and medium-sized companies (SMEs),
including Germany’s “Mittelstand”, or mid-size, mainly family-owned businesses. The aim is to tap into the existing
potential for conservation within trade and industry and
to save on resources. BAFA therefore offers several support
options for SMEs that invest in high-efficiency technologies
and thus ensure economical and rational energy use within
their businesses in the long term.
First, as part of the individual measures in this approach,
funding can be provided for the net investment costs of
replacing individual plants or assemblies with high-efficiency models, from a value of 2,000 to 30,000 euros per applicant.
To be eligible for funding, measures must have proven final
energy savings of at least 25% compared to the current level.
In addition to the listed generic technologies in the area of
individual measures, funding is also provided for new investments in heat recovery plants as part of systemic optimisation. Other items that are eligible for funding are: essential
services for insulating piping, pumps and fittings, the energy
consultation required to draft an energy conservation plan
and purchases of measurement devices to determine energy
consumption.
The support programme has proven to offer attractive incentives to companies to save on electrical and thermal
energy. Over the course of the programme, 36,258 applications were submitted, resulting in subsequent investments
to the value of 809 million euros. Final energy savings of 516
GWh annually were achieved.
Individual measures eligible for funding cover the following
generic technologies:
Table 7:
Funding of generic technologies in 2015
2015
Individual
measures
Systemic
optimisation
•• Electrical motors and drives
Number of applications
7,250
1,196
Payments
€ 39,718 million
€ 19,559 million
•• Pumps
Final energy savings
(through applications
granted funding)
290,240 GWh/a
203.781 GWh/a
Triggered investments
(through applications
submitted)
€ 96,356 million
€ 154,481 million
•• Fans in air-conditioning systems
•• Compressed air systems
•• Heat recovery in air-conditioning systems and compressed air systems
•• Lighting systems based on LED technology (limited until
30 April 2015)
Second, as part of what is known as Systemic Optimisation,
funding is provided for the replacement and modernisation
of at least two generic technologies, as of a net investment
level of 30,000 euros, on the basis of an individual business
plan. Funding can also be made available for replacing and
modernising systems or system parts that help to enhance
the energy efficiency of a generic technology, taking into account their integration within the overall system. Before any
investment is made, an energy conservation plan must be
drafted by an energy consultant as part of a detailed energy
consultation. This plan must review and evaluate the use of
high-efficiency generic technologies to optimise the applicant‘s system under consideration.
The support programme in its current form ended on 31
December 2015. However, it is expected to continue in 2016
with some modifications. In particular, under the National
Action Plan on Energy Efficiency (NAPE) and as part of the
“Putting waste heat to work” initiative, there will be a greater
focus on avoiding waste heat emissions and promoting the
use of waste heat.
ENERGY
25
Heating with renewable energy
The heating market plays a pivotal role in the Energiewende, since 40% of our energy consumption is accounted for
by heating and hot water. The Federal Government therefore
wishes to increase the share of renewable energy in the heating market to 14% by 2020. It provides hundreds of millions
of euros annually under the Market Incentive Programme
(MAP) for this purpose.
BAFA has successfully implemented this support programme for many years: generous investment grants are provided for solar thermal systems, biomass installations and heat
pumps in single-family and two-family houses, multi-dwelling houses and commercial and public buildings. Citizens,
companies and local authorities are eligible for grants. In
total, approximately 1.7 million renewable energy systems
have already been installed with BAFA‘s support.
Recognising the important role of the MAP in the transformation of heating systems, the Federal Government introduced significant improvements to the programme as of 1
April 2015. In addition to a considerable increase in grants,
accompanying investments in the heating system were also
added to the catalogue of support measures.
The programme has also been systematically opened up to
the commercial sector: Investment grants of up to 50 % are
designed to encourage businesses to take an active role in the
transformation of heating systems, both in initiating new
construction projects and modernisation measures. Large
companies can now also submit applications for funding.
In 2015, BAFA disbursed funds of almost 92 million euros on
38,155 plants. This prompted investment totalling 492 million euros.
Demand was strongest for solar heat with 26,308 applications. A total of 24,771 applications were received in the biomass funding segment. BAFA received 15,917 applications in
the heat pump segment.
In 2016, BAFA expects a further increase in demand for
heating systems based on renewable energy, as the focus
of federal policy is increasingly on the building sector and
heating market. The Energiewende cannot succeed unless
there is a corresponding shift or transformation in heating
systems.
26
ENERGY
Table 8 Part 1:
Plants funded in 2015 for the MAP, by Land
Land
Solar heat
Biomass
Heat pumps
Solar innovation
Baden-Württemberg
3,904
3,302
667
150
Bavaria
4,215
5,349
819
242
Berlin
63
18
19
5
Brandenburg
385
542
148
14
Bremen
35
6
2
2
Hamburg
38
16
2
9
Hesse
1,017
1,157
206
28
195
204
56
8
Lower Saxony
1,148
831
239
47
2,097
1,313
744
119
754
915
209
16
Saarland
185
169
39
2
Saxony
797
1,017
261
30
Saxony-Anhalt
404
449
93
8
Schleswig-Holstein
337
256
96
15
Thuringia
714
891
87
16
Total result
16,288
16,435
3,687
711
Solar heating plants
Biomass plants
In terms of numbers, solar heat regained the top spot in
2015 with a total of almost 17,000 funded plants. Flat-plate
collectors accounted for the largest group, with approximately 12,600 installations, followed by vacuum tube collectors
(4,200) and air collectors (200). The total collector area of the
funded plants covered an area measuring 196,700 m². This
corresponds to an average collector area of 12 m² per funded
plant.
In 2015 nearly 16,800 plants were supported in the “Biomass
plants” segment. With 8,000 installations, pellet boilers accounted for the strongest subgroup. They were followed by
split log carburettor boilers (6,800), wood chip boilers (1,200)
and pellet ovens (800). The installed nominal capacity of all
these biomass heating plants totalled 416,000 kW. Total funding amounted to approximately 43.5 million euros, which
corresponds to an average grant of approximately 2,600 euros per biomass plant. The Federal Government also covered
roughly 18% of the investment costs in this segment. This
means that specific investments amounting to 239 million
euros were triggered by BAFA‘s support. As wood heating
systems are carbon-neutral, this represented a significant
contribution to the Energiewende in the heating market.
Total funding amounted to approximately 35 million euros. This equates to an average grant of 2,060 euros per solar
plant. The Federal Government covered approximately 18%
of investment costs in this segment. Specific investments
amounting to 191.5 million euros were incentivised by
BAFA‘s support.
ENERGY
Table 8 Part 2:
27
Plants funded in 2015 for the MAP, by Land
Land
Biomass innovation
Data visualisation
Additional optimisation
Number
Baden-Württemberg
45
74
0
8,142
Bavaria
114
248
8
10,995
Berlin
0
11
0
116
Brandenburg
3
9
0
1,101
Bremen
1
6
0
52
Hamburg
0
3
0
68
Hesse
18
124
1
2,551
4
13
0
480
Lower Saxony
14
42
1
2,322
29
45
1
4,348
21
52
0
1,967
Saarland
5
14
0
414
Saxony
10
6
2
2,123
Saxony-Anhalt
7
7
0
968
Schleswig-Holstein
5
57
1
767
Thuringia
10
23
0
1,741
Total result
286
734
14
38,155
Heat pumps
The segment for high-efficiency heat pumps jumped ahead
to third place in the overall breakdown of funded plants,
following the amendment to guidelines in April 2015. Just
under 16,000 applications were received from this segment.
However, since most applications must be submitted as part
of the two-step application procedure before a project actually starts, some of the measures that received approval for
funding could not go ahead. For this reason, only 3,700 measures were supported in 2015. The biggest group in this segment was air/water heat pumps with approximately 1,800
installations, followed by brine-to-water heat pumps (1,600)
and water-to-water heat pumps (250). The installed nominal
capacity of all these plants totalled 42,000 kW. Total funding
amounted to approximately 12 million euros, which corresponds to an average grant of approximately 3,200 euros per
plant. In this case, the Federal Government covered roughly
20% of the investment costs. Specific investments amounting to more than 60 million euros were thus incentivised
by BAFA‘s support. As heat pumps use renewable environmental heat from the ground, groundwater or air and significantly reduce carbon emissions compared to gas or oil
heating, this also made an important contribution to climate
protection.
Solar heat in multi-dwelling houses
and solar process heat
BAFA paid particularly attractive grants for solar heat plants
in multi-dwelling houses and non-residential buildings (an
average of 6,075 euros) and for using solar heat in industrial and commercial production processes (an average of over
24,000 euros). Of the 17,000 funded solar thermal systems,
just under 700 projects received this especially high level of
funding.
28
ENERGY
Figure 1:
Grants awarded in 2015 for the MAP, by Land
Schleswig-Holstein
€ 1,921,457
Mecklenburg-Western
€ 1,123,898
Hamburg
€ 206,208
Pomerania
Bremen
€ 118,954
Brandenburg
€ 2,548,886
Lower Saxony
€ 5,622,073
Berlin
€ 320,696
Sachsen-Anhalt
2.319.516 Euro
€ 11,748,095
Saxony
€ 5,215,210
Hesse
€ 6,073,588
Thuringia
€ 3,886,377
€ 4,667,588
Saarland
€ 996,169
Bavaria
€ 26,329,854
Baden-Württemberg
€ 19,182,478
ENERGY
Ambassadors of the Market
Incentive Programme
Local authorities (municipalities) have a leading role to play
in the transition to renewable energy, since they interface
with the public in a variety of ways and can therefore directly encourage home owners to upgrade their heating systems.
For this reason, BAFA has established strategic partnerships
with approximately 180 cities and local authorities.
The aim of the partnership in each case is to create synergies between municipal climate protection activities on the
ground and the Market Incentive Programme. In this way,
the local authorities become “ambassadors” for the Market
Incentive Programme.
BAFA has also networked with several additional multipliers (energy consultants, architects, banks, industry associations, chambers of industry and commerce and gas emission
technicians) to strengthen demand for modern, environmentally friendly heating.
Ihre Kommune!
Kommunaler Botschafter des
BAFA-Marktanreizprogramms
Picture: Your local authority: Representing the BAFA Market Incentive
Programme at local level
29
Outlook for 2016
In its coalition agreement, the Federal Government had pledged to continue the successful Market Incentive Programme, thus sending out a clear signal about the Energiewende
to the heating market. The initial detailed action plans for
a transformation in heating systems (Wärmewende) in the
building sector have now been developed. It is in this context
that the consolidation and expansion of the Market Incentive Programme is playing a key role.
Due to the many eligible funding criteria and an excellent
funding environment, BAFA expects demand for the programme to increase significantly in 2016. In addition to the
existing MAP guidelines, new guidelines on funding to expedite the modernisation of heating systems based on renewable energy sources are available since January 2016. These
will generate further activity: The new Energy Efficiency Incentive Programme (APEE) provides assistance, in addition
to the support for measures for the use of renewable energy
sources in the heat market, for replacing heating systems
while simultaneously boosting energy efficiency. Under this
programme, a bonus of 20 % is awarded on top of MAP funding, as well as a set optimisation bonus of 600 euros.
Cooperation with multipliers like local authorities, energy
consultants, banks, industry associations and the Twitter information campaign will also ensure sustained demand for
modern, environmentally friendly heating systems.
30
ENERGY
Raw materials
Energy and raw materials partnerships
Natural gas
The Federal Government is using international raw materials partnerships as a means of creating the conditions for a
sustainable, internationally competitive supply of raw materials. Bilateral raw materials partnerships can open up new
sources for industry.
The liberalisation of energy markets and the growing importance of natural gas for the energy supply over the years have generated greater interest in up-to-date statistical
information about the German natural gas market. In view
of the objective of securing gas supplies in the long-term,
up-to-date import data are especially in demand. Cross-border prices are also used by many gas providers as a basis for
supply agreements.
International energy partnerships focus in particular on
supporting the growth of renewable energy and efficient
energy technologies. In addition, these partnerships also
help improve the export prospects of German companies
with energy-efficient products and innovative power plants.
BAFA’s task is to provide administrative support for the individual projects. This includes carrying out grant or contract
award procedures and also the further processing of contracts. The project executors include the German chambers of
industry and commerce abroad (AHK), the German Energy
Agency and other executive organisations. Activities completed in 2015 included the establishment of various centres
of excellence for mining and raw materials, organisation of
diverse energy forums and set up of bilateral working groups.
BAFA disbursed funds of approximately 1.55 million euros
in this area in 2015.
BAFA, on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, determines Germany’s monthly volumes
of natural gas imports and exports. How does BAFA arrive
at the figures? Imports from non-EU states are determined
on the basis of import control notifications. Receipts from
EU countries are obtained from Intrastat (Intra-Community Trade Statistics System) returns. The natural gas import
data collected in this way is published each month as a total
quantity in terajoules (TJ) in the „EnergieINFO” newsletter.
The data on imported quantities is also available on BAFA’s
website, broken down according to main country of origin.
BAFA also calculates the cross-border price in euros per terajoule by analysing the import control and Intrastat returns.
This cross-border price is defined as the value of the natural
gas at the German border and is also published monthly on
the BAFA website.
ENERGY
31
Petroleum
In response to the worldwide oil crisis in 1973/1974, the
Western industrialised nations established the International
Energy Programme (IEP) as a means of efficiently tackling
any potential disruption in petroleum supply. The International Energy Agency (IEA) was founded in Paris to coordinate the international emergency mechanism. The member
states reached agreement on, for example, stock-keeping,
coordinated consumption restrictions and oil redistribution
in times of crisis.
Within this system of crisis prevention, BAFA works closely
together with the petroleum industry, the Federal Ministry
for Economic Affairs and Energy and the German National
Petroleum Stockpiling Agency to implement the International Energy Programme and the Energy (Security of Supply)
Act within the National Emergency Strategy Organisation
(NESO). BAFA enacts a range of measures to cope with the
consequences of a possible disruption to supply in Germany,
in particular for establishing a data system and administrative process to balance supplies. The crisis management system and operation of the data system are regularly tested at
national and international level.
BAFA regularly informs the International Energy Agency
and the European Commission of the current supply situation and the latest trends in the German petroleum market.
Once a month and in accordance with the Petroleum Data
Act, BAFA collects data from the German oil companies,
such as crude oil imports, refinery production, stocks, foreign trade and sales of petroleum products based on selected
groups of customers. The results are published in the „Official Mineral Oil Datasheet“ and BAFA‘s “EnergieINFO” information service. These results also include information on
the biofuel market. They are used as the basis for monitoring
and analysing petroleum market developments and making
decisions on energy and environmental policies.
Furthermore, the results are included in the world oil statistics of the Joint Organisations Data Initiative Oil (JODI Oil).
This initiative collates all international data, with a view to
increasing transparency on the world petroleum market.
Figure 2: Import of crude oil into Germany in 2015 (in millions of tons)
Other 11.50
32.58 Russian Federation
Egypt 2.89
Algeria 3.47
Azerbaijan 5.37
Kazakhstan 6.42
91.28
Nigeria 6.69
12.46 Norway
United Kingdom 9.95
32
ENERGY
Particulate filter systems
The retrofitting of diesel vehicles helps to reduce the emission of harmful particles from these vehicles and improve the
air quality, particularly in city centres.
Due to the overwhelming demand for the support programme to retrofit particulate reduction systems in cars and commercial vehicles in 2012 and 2013 – one of the reasons being
that several new environmental zones were recognised – the
programme was run again in December 2014. Anyone wishing to install a particulate filter between 1 January and 31
December 2015 could get a grant of 260 euros.
A total of 25,900 retrofits were supported with overall funds
of 6.7 million euros in 2015. The funding period for these
retrofits was extended just before the end of 2015 and the
corresponding new funding guidelines were published in
the Federal Gazette. According to these guidelines, retrofits
completed between 1 January 2016 and 30 September 2016
are still eligible for a grant of 260 euros. Applications may be
submitted up to and including 15 November 2016.
Thanks to its high level of IT expertise and optimised administrative processes, BAFA will once again ensure a modern,
responsive, streamlined, citizen-friendly and cost-effective
application process.
ENERGY
33
Subsidies for German hard coal mining
Adjustment benefit
BAFA allocates funding to coal mines from the federal budget and the budget of North Rhine-Westphalia for the sale of
German hard coal used to generate energy and produce steel
and also to cover the expenses incurred by mining companies due to closures.
To alleviate social hardship caused by mine closures, older
employees can receive adjustment benefit for up to five years, provided they are entitled to receive one of the pension types listed in the adjustment benefit guidelines. The
adjustment benefit is laid down in the German Hard Coal
Financing Act on state aid to the coal industry (Steinkohlefinanzierungsgesetz) of 2007 and has been granted since 1972.
The current guidelines apply until 2027. At present, adjustment benefit is paid to 12,145 former miners.
The volume of annual funding required is calculated on the
basis of the difference between the individual mining company‘s manufacturing costs and the price of coal imported
from third countries, or the difference between ex-mine revenues and the total verified expenses on closure as appropriate.
BAFA checks and determines the amount of bad debts and
closure expenses, and also verifies production costs, sales volume and ex-mine revenues. In addition, BAFA collects data
on the price of coal imported from third countries (free at
German border) on the basis of the purchased quantities and
prices of imported coal reported by operators of power stations and steel works.
Currently two mines are still being operated by the RAG coal
company: Prosper-Haniel in Bottrop and the mine in Ibbenbüren. Both will be closed permanently towards the end of
2018.
Figure 3: Hard coal subsidies 2007 – 2015 (€ million)
2.000
1.500
1.000
5.00
0
2007
Subsidy ceiling
2008
Payments
2009
2010
Savings
2011
2012
*not yet settled
2013
2014*
2015*
34
P R O M OT I O N O F E CO N O M I C D E V E LO P M E N T A N D S M E ‘ S
Promotion of economic
development and SMEs
Boosting Germany’s growth: BAFA‘s promotion of economic development and SMEs focuses on making small and mediumsized businesses more competitive.
P R O M OT I O N O F E CO N O M I C D E V E LO P M E N T A N D S M E ‘ S
35
Ulrich Sattler,
Director-General, Promotion of
economic development and SMEs
Small and medium-sized businesses, including in particular the
mid-size, mainly family-owned “Mittelstand”, dominate the German
economy. Seven in ten jobs and eight in ten trainee positions in Germany are provided by the country’s almost four million small and medium-sized companies (SMEs). While generating only approximately
40 % of taxable goods and services, these SMEs form by far the largest
group among the country’s economic players, accounting for 99.7 % of
all companies. It is also notable that approximately half of the world’s
innovative market leading companies, or 1,600 “Hidden Champion“
SMEs, are based in Germany.
Germany is one of the world’s leading export nations and 98 % of its
exporting companies are small or medium-sized companies. These
companies thus form the backbone of our export-oriented economy.
BAFA is an important central coordination point for most SMEs, since
it offers multiple support programmes to help these companies sharpen their competitive edge. Other programmes provide support for
implementing essential structural changes in SMEs, or for helping institutional bodies that represent and promote the interests of SMEs.
The various support programmes managed by BAFA on behalf of and
in agreement with the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy target specific areas for future-oriented investments.
With the exception of the car scrappage scheme (Umweltprämie) in
2008, BAFA’s tasks are not generally determined by economic cycles.
Instead, the support programmes focus on providing a sound business
environment for the SME sector.
BAFA’s activities in the German SME sector are many and varied. They
are designed to preserve or enhance the important contribution played
by SMEs in the overall economy. Germany’s ‘Mittelstand’ is also associated with flexibility and innovation and is viewed by many other countries as the bedrock of our economic success.
36
P R O M OT I O N O F E CO N O M I C D E V E LO P M E N T A N D S M E ’ S
Participation in trade fairs abroad
Participation in trade fairs abroad
The Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy works
closely with the Association of the German Trade Fair Industry (AUMA) and BAFA to improve market and export opportunities for German companies by arranging for the Federal
Government to participate in trade fairs and exhibitions
abroad at joint trade stands. The German companies all present their products and services under the joint trade stand
slogan “Made in Germany”. These shared trade stands mainly feature companies from the SME sector. BAFA mainly assists the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy
in this area with order placement, technical management of
projects, management of budgetary funds and bookkeeping
records.
In 2015, BAFA organised and arranged the Federal Government‘s participation at 240 trade fairs in 44 countries, with a
budget of 42.5 million euros. Overall, 6,521 German exhibiting companies thus received support with their economic
activities in new growth markets.
Photo: German joint trade stand at the Automechanika trade fair in
Shanghai
Expo 2015
BAFA supports the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs
and Energy with tendering procedures and the planning and
setup of the German pavilion at the world exhibitions or
“expos”. It is also responsible for the financial management
involved.
The Expo 2015 was hosted in Milan from 1 May to 31 October, with the theme “Feeding the planet. Energy for life”.
Attracting a total of 3 million visitors, the German Expo Pavilion was one of the most popular that year. It won a number of awards, including the B.I.E. Gold Award once again for
best presentation of the Expo theme. B.I.E (Bureau International des Expositions) is the intergovernmental organisation
in charge of overseeing and regulating World Expos. Among
other senior political leaders, Federal Chancellor Angela
Merkel and the Italian Prime Minister visited the German
Pavilion on 17 August.
In 2015, planning also commenced for Germany’s participation at the next world exhibition in 2017 in Astana, Kazakhstan. The executive organisation selected for the Pavilion was
the Messe Hamburg, while the company Laumann/Schessl/
Weismüller was commissioned with building and media
project management.
Photo: Federal Chancellor Dr. Angela Merkel and the Italian Prime
Minister Matteo Renzi (centre) with their spouses Prof. Dr.
Joachim Sauer and Agnese Landini in front of the German
Pavilion.
37
38
Renewable energy export initiative
Energy efficiency export initiative
With its “Renewable Energy” export initiative, the Federal
Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy is providing targeted support to the development of foreign markets in this
sector. The Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy works together with BAFA to support German companies’ export activities in two ways: first, through organising
various trade promotion events such as trade missions to
foreign countries and second, by arranging participation in
sector-specific trade fairs and exhibitions at home and abroad.
With its “Energy Efficiency” export initiative, the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy is providing targeted
support to the development of foreign markets in this sector.
Working together with BAFA, it organises special projects
and the same event modules as for the “Renewable Energy”
export initiative to promote the export activities of German
companies.
As part of the Renewable Energy special trade fair programme, BAFA assists the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs
and Energy in particular with order placement, technical
management of projects, management of budgetary funds
and bookkeeping records. In 2015, BAFA disbursed some 2.1
million euros for participation at eight trade fairs. Another
important component of the export initiatives is the organisation of various trade promotion events for businesses.
These include, for example, trade missions abroad, information events for businesses in Germany and various other
special events.
The German Chambers of Industry and Commerce Abroad
located worldwide are responsible for organising business
trips abroad for companies. German SMEs are given the opportunity to take part in a presentation event in which they
can showcase their products to foreign business partners in
the relevant target country and subsequently attend business contact initiation meetings with selected partners. To
this end, BAFA issues grant approvals to the German Association of Chambers of Industry and Commerce (DIHK), manages the tendering procedure for additional services to be
awarded to the German companies, provides project supervision, manages budgetary funds and also audits the project
bookkeeping records. In 2015, 36 business trips were made as
part of the “Renewable Energy” export initiative.
In addition, several service providers commissioned by BAFA
organised information events and fact-finding trips from
Germany to various target countries. The information event
module is a one-day information event held in Germany,
which mainly caters for SMEs interested in exporting their
products and services for the first time. The fact-finding trip
module covers a trip to Germany, held over several days, for
decision-makers from businesses, industry and politics. In
this case, German companies benefit from the opportunity
to present their service offerings at no cost to themselves. In
total, 24 information events and 10 fact-finding trips were
completed for the export initiative in 2015. Events were organised for 59 target countries, all told. Some 5.1 million euros were disbursed by BAFA for the business trips and events
mentioned.
BAFA spent over 700,000 million euros in 2015 for participation at three trade fairs under the Renewable Energy special
trade fair programme.
In total, 40 business trips, 13 information events and 20
fact-finding trips were completed in 2015. Four special projects were also carried out: two industrial fairs in China and
the U.S. and two projects providing training to energy managers in India and South Africa, based on European standards.
Overall, events were organised for 46 target countries. Some
5.2 million euros were disbursed by BAFA for these events.
39
SME Market Development Programme
The SME Market Development Programme run by the
Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy funds
market development initiatives to assist small and medium-sized companies, the self-employed in trade and industry, the liberal professions in specific disciplines and business
services with their foreign trade efforts and thus tap into
new markets. BAFA implements the programme on behalf
of the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy.
With effect from 1 January 2015 and following the integration of the coordination office for the Market Development
Programme, the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and
Energy has now also charged BAFA with executing the content of the programme, as well as the associated administrative, contractual and budgetary tasks.
The coordination office is responsible for compiling and
implementing the Ministry’s annual Market Development
Programme, and also for quality assurance. Its tasks include
providing professional support to the assigned project management agencies, helping them with the design, compilation and organisation of individual measures. The office
promotes the support programme itself while also assisting
the project management agencies to market the individual
measures assigned to them.
The Market Development Programme is not restricted to
particular sectors. Depending on the individual sector requirements, interested companies can also avail in this case of
the individual or combined trade promotion events already offered under the “Renewable Energy” export initiative,
which are aimed at developing foreign market outlets across
a whole range of target countries. The Market Development
Programme also includes a market prospecting trip to a target country.
This market prospecting trip is intended to help companies
explore business opportunities in challenging or new markets or market segments.
The relevant modules are organised by professional, experienced service providers according to a consistent format.
Aside from its role as coordination agency, it is also BAFA’s
responsibility to manage the programme by organising tenders recruiting these service providers at European level, by
concluding and managing the relevant contracts, and by
handling remuneration.
The market development measures of the export initiatives
“Healthcare” and “Civil Security Technologies and Services“
are also organised and implemented under the Market Development Programme and the associated services provided
by BAFA. As of 2016, the relevant measures for the new Environmental Technologies export initiative as well as market
development projects from the aerospace industry will be
carried out as part of the Market Development Programme.
In 2015, BAFA commissioned a total of 79 events for 63 target countries. Of these, 48 events took place in the relevant
target country, or specifically, 32 business contact initiation
trips, 15 market prospecting trips and 1 services presentation. In total, 22 events were held in Germany: 16 information
events, 5 fact-finding trips and 1 sourcing visit. One event
was cancelled, while the remaining events will take place in 2016. The Market Development Programme and the
“Healthcare” and “Civil Security Technologies and Services“
export initiatives accounted for a total spend of nearly 4 million euros in 2015.
40
Trade fair programme “Young
innovative companies”
Feedback from a trade fair exhibitor:
Young innovative companies can avail of support for participation at joint trade stands at leading international trade
fairs in Germany.
The joint trade stands are organised by the trade fair organisers under the slogan “Innovation made in Germany”. The
chief aim of the programme is to support the export of new
products and processes.
Boasting a large number of foreign exhibitors and visitors,
the leading German export-oriented trade fairs offer an
excellent platform for international market penetration and
thus for the growth of young, innovative companies in Germany. In 2015, BAFA used a budget of 3 million euros to help
585 young innovative companies take part in 47 trade fairs.
An official evaluation of the programme completed in 2015
commended its progress: BAFA scored highly for efficient
administration from the supported companies.
“We would not have been able to take part in the INTERSCHUTZ trade fair without your financial support. It turned
out to be a tremendous success for us - so much so that I
doubt we would have got much further in business, or indeed even managed to survive, if we had not taken part. We
would like to thank you for your excellent coordination and
support. […] Our experience with your organisation was entirely positive! We hope that other young entrepreneurs will
be able to able to avail of the same opportunity for a long
while yet.”
41
Consultation and funding measures
INVEST – Venture capital grant
The objective of the new “INVEST - Venture Capital Grant”
assistance measure, launched on 15 May 2013 on behalf of
the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, is to
provide greater and more sustainable access to capital for
young, innovative companies. In addition, it aims to recruit more business-minded people to take risks and invest
in young, innovative companies. Existing business angels
are also encouraged to invest higher and more frequent
amounts of venture capital in young, innovative companies.
Usually, to achieve these objectives, the first step is for the
young, innovative company to apply to BAFA to assess its
eligibility for funding. Investors or business angels can then
apply for a grant to the value of 20% of their investment, if
they intend to acquire up to 25 % of the shares in the young,
innovative company (GmbH - limited liability company or
AG - stock corporation). Individual investments ranging
from 10,000 to 250,000 euros are eligible for a grant. Grants
are also provided for investments for new companies pending start-up.
Each investor or business angel (whether natural persons
or single-member limited companies) can obtain funding
in relation to investments of up to a total of 250,000 euros
per calendar year. Any young company classified as eligible
for funding can receive subsidised risk capital of up to one
million euros per calendar year. For the individual funding
requirements applicable to companies and investors, see the
details on the BAFA website under “Wirtschaftsförderung”
and “INVEST – Zuschuss für Wagniskapital” (German only).
The Federal Government has earmarked budgetary funds of
30 million euros for this assistance measure for 2016.
From the support programme start date to 31 December
2015, BAFA had already received a total of 2,447 from companies and 2,339 applications from investors. Some 1,927
notifications of funding eligibility were issued to companies
and 1,813 grant approvals to investors. By 31 December 2015,
grants to investors amounting to 26.76 million euros were
approved.
42
Taskforce on the new Federal States
To promote equal living conditions throughout Germany,
the Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Energy supports key projects of the Federal Government Commissioner
for the new Federal States. Financial aid is allocated to national and regional development agencies in the new Federal
States for projects geared towards attracting foreign investors to the new Federal States.
The Study and Work initiative helps higher education institutions to form regional networks and thus integrate international students. It is designed to enhance the social and
professional integration of international students, while also
helping small and medium-sized companies find skilled talent to fill vacancies.
Funding is also provided for projects in the cultural arena.
BAFA has held administrative responsibility for the projects
since 2015. This includes vetting all applications thoroughly,
issuing grant approvals, managing the current budgets and
verifying that expenditure is in line with the agreed objectives. In 2015, total funding of approximately 900,000 Euro
was disbursed.
Brandenburg
Saxony-Anhalt
Saxony
Thuringia
43
Business advisory (consulting) services
and information and training events
Mandated by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and
Energy, BAFA implements two specific funding programmes
in support of business start-ups and business management
in the SME sector. Funding is provided for business advisory
(consulting) services and information and training events.
Both programmes are co-financed by the European Social
Fund (ESF). The advisory support scheme focuses on SMEs in
industry and the liberal professions that have been active on
the market for at least one year. These businesses may apply
to BAFA for a grant towards their consultancy fees. Funding
may also be granted to companies that have been in existence for many years or decades. In addition to advisory services
dealing with the broad range of issues relating to running a
business, subsidies are also granted for specific consultancy
services in the field of technology/innovation, foreign trade,
cooperation or employee shareholding schemes. Funding is
also available for advice on the following topics: securing a
supply of skilled labour; business transfers; the development
of inhouse systems to prevent white collar crime; improved
integration of employees with a migration background into
business operations. In addition, funding is targeted in particular at women in business and at companies managed by
people with a migration background. Environmental protection is another key focus. Advisory services on improving
work/life balance and work safety are also eligible for funding.
Companies are permitted to consult several advisory services if advice is required on different matters. The consultants must be qualified and must be able to provide evidence
of the delivery and scope of their consulting services. Companies can use the Consultation and Training Portal for information on the support programmes. The portal offers
detailed tips on funding requirements and how to enter into
a consultancy contract at www.beratungsfoerderung.info.
By funding information meetings and training courses, the
Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy and the
European Union provides seminars fostering entrepreneurial spirit to help new businesses get off the ground. Entrepreneurship seminars inform start-ups, business owners,
skilled employees and managers about successful company
management. The objective of the seminars is to improve
the efficiency and competitiveness of SMEs and the liberal
professions. A wide range of events on setting up in business
and management is eligible for funding. In addition, workshops help both new entrepreneurs and experienced business owners draft and update their business plans.
As the granting authority, BAFA decides on the applications for funding once they have been reviewed and rated
by the coordinating offices of industry umbrella organisa-
tions. BAFA also conducts onsite audits at the premises of
companies in receipt of funding. In 2015, a total of approximately 21.5 million euros was disbursed for both support
programmes. Approximately 18.08 million euros of this sum
covered funding of business advisory services, while about
3.44 million euros was spent on information seminars and
training courses. The two support programmes were co-financed with 12.24 million euros from the European Social Fund (ESF). In total, BAFA funded 13,722 consultations
and 3,713 training measures involving 33,207 participants.
Consultations and training focused in particular on the craft
sector, the liberal professions, the retail trade and other services. The two support programmes concluded at the end
2015. A new programme is available to provide support for
business advisory services in 2016. Under the heading “Promoting entrepreneurial expertise“, the existing programme
for funding business advisory services is being amalgamated
in a single measure with the KfW development bank programmes “Start-up coaching in Germany“, “Turn-around
advisory services“ and “Round tables”. Entrepreneurship seminars inform start-ups, business owners, skilled employees
and managers about successful company management. The
objective of the seminars is to improve the efficiency and
competitiveness of SMEs and the liberal professions. A wide
range of events on setting up in business and management
is eligible for funding. In addition, workshops help both new
entrepreneurs and experienced business owners draft and
update their business plans.
As the granting authority, BAFA decides on the applications
for funding once they have been reviewed and rated by the
coordinating offices of industry umbrella organisations.
BAFA also conducts onsite audits at the premises of companies in receipt of funding. In 2015, a total of approximately
21.5 million euros was disbursed for both support programmes. Approximately 18.08 million euros of this sum covered
funding of business advisory services, while about 3.44 million euros was spent on information seminars and training
courses. The two support programmes were co-financed
with 12.24 million euros from the European Social Fund
(ESF). In total, BAFA funded 13,722 consultations and 3,713
training measures involving 33,207 participants. Consultations and training focused in particular on the craft sector,
the liberal professions, the retail trade and other services.
The two support programmes concluded at the end 2015.
A new programme is available to provide support for business advisory services in 2016. Under the heading “Promoting entrepreneurial expertise“, the existing programme for
funding business advisory services is being amalgamated in
a single measure with the KfW development bank programmes “Start-up coaching in Germany“, “Turn-around advisory
services“ and “Round tables” .
44
Skilled labour
Securing the supply of skilled labour
Vocational training without borders
As a result of current demographic trends, small and medium-sized companies are finding it particularly difficult to
source skilled labour. To meet their future needs, all options
for securing and maintaining the supply of skilled labour
must be deployed. In 2015, the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy expanded existing programmes for
this purpose and also initiated a number of new measures,
which are being implemented by BAFA.
Under the “Guidelines on vocational consultations to increase cross-border mobility of trainees and skilled young people”, which came into effect on 1 January 2016, businesses
and trainees should already be encouraged during training
to have an open-minded attitude towards professional mobility. With this goal in mind, mobility coaches are available
to provide valuable advice on completing a stay abroad. In
delivering on the commitment set out in the coalition agreement, this is an important step towards increasing the rate of
mobility among trainees.
A total of 1.76 million euros is available for this funding measure in 2016.
45
Tailored placement - the right person
for the right trainee position
The programme “Support for SMEs in arranging tailored
placement for trainee positions and integrating foreign skilled workers” (or “Tailored placement” for short) is designed
to provide active support to small and medium-sized businesses in ensuring a long-term supply of skilled labour for
their future business needs. It forms part of the programme
agreed under the National Training Pact for securing skilled
labour for SMEs and is co-financed by the European Social
Fund (ESF).
Funding is provided for advisory and placement services to
SMEs that are provided by qualified consultants from the
Chambers of Commerce and other economic organisations
with the objective of matching young people to trainee positions.
The programme focuses on helping small or medium-sized businesses to fill their vacant trainee positions. Working together with each company, the consultants conduct
a detailed analysis of business needs and use this as a basis to compile specific skills profiles. They help companies
with their recruitment drive for potential trainees, with
interviews and placement tests, and also with preparing
a shortlist of suitable candidates. The trainee positions are
subsequently filled by young high-achievers and less qualified young people alike, including young people without a
school leaving certificate or with more limited opportunities
for personal reasons. This highly customised approach enables the best possible match to be found between the companies providing apprenticeship training and the skills of the
trainee applicants.
Two funding modules were added to the programme in 2015:
The consultants will now also assist SMEs with the integration of young, foreign trainees (especially from other European countries), foreign skilled workers and migrants who
are already living in Germany. The programme is executed
in cooperation with others, including the MobiPro-EU programme of the Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs.
Due to the large increase in numbers of people fleeing to
Germany since summer 2015 as a result of war, expulsion
and poverty, a special refugee component has been added to
the “Tailored Placement” programme. The Federal Ministry
for Economic Affairs and Energy is providing 6 million euros
annually from 2016 to 2018 to employ 150 “welcome guides”
(Willkommenslotsen).
The main role of these welcome guides is to create a welcoming environment and open doors for refugees: They are
to encourage small and medium-sized companies to also
consider refugees when filling vacancies or internships. The
welcome guides will strive to promote a greater willingness
among employers to train or employees. They will also advise on how to successfully integrate refugees into the business and help companies with appropriate measures. The
future welcome guides can build on and take advantage of
the existing structures, experiences and business contacts
used by the “tailored placement” consultants.
In 2015 roughly 6.25 million euros in total were allocated
to advisory and placement services, almost 3.65 million euros of which was from the European Social Fund (ESF). This
funding was used to pay for 178 full-time consultants in the
chambers of commerce and other business organisations,
who, in turn, identified 18,044 vacant apprenticeship training positions, provided 33,835 consultations to companies
and 28,588 consultations to people seeking a trainee position. Following the deployment of these consultants, some
4,873 young people were placed either in a trainee position
or work experience programmes.
One third of the consultations (28.45 %) covered the topic
either of creating a culture of welcome or how to better integrate foreign trainees, skilled workers and young people with
a migrant background who are already living in Germany.
The Federal Office approves funding for consultants in
chambers of commerce and business organisations on an
annual basis. It is supported in this task by the German Confederation of Skilled Crafts (ZDH), which acts as a coordination centre.
46
Intercompany vocational training centres
The Federal Government is funding the modernisation and
restructuring of inter-company vocational training centres
(ÜBS) that offer training and further training programmes,
and also developing them to become technology-oriented
centres of excellence. With this support, it aims to boost the
efficiency and innovative capability of SMEs so they can better access all markets. Inter-company vocational training
centres are in existence throughout Germany and play an
important role in meeting the demand for skilled personnel
in Germany.
Assistance is available for investments in the fields of construction, equipment, supplementary procurement and
technical fittings. As part of the strategy to further develop
inter-company vocational training centres into centres of
excellence, personnel expenses and material costs relating
to the transfer of management and administration expertise
are also eligible for funding.
The Land in which each inter-company vocational training
centre is situated must approve the measure and contribute
financially towards the overall project expenses. The applicant is also required to make a financial contribution.
BAFA supports inter-company vocational training centres
that offer advanced vocational training programmes and
qualification courses aimed at improving technology, research and innovation management for SMEs in trade and
industry. Its tasks include coordination with the sponsors,
experts and industry organisations involved. BAFA grants
subsidies in accordance with the project support programme and is responsible for approvals, project monitoring and
expenditure reports on use of funds.
By the end of 2015, BAFA had received 79 project proposals
and applications for funding of 69 inter-company vocational
training centres and 10 centres of excellence, with an investment volume of approximately 237 million euros.
In 2015, approximately 28.9 million euros were disbursed for
37 projects carried out in the current year and also for multi-annual projects from previous years.
Funding of 27.4 million euros was allocated to 29 projects in
inter-company vocational training centres, while 1.5 million
euros were provided for 8 centres of excellence.
47
Other measures for securing a
supply of skilled labour
In 2015, the centre of excellence for ensuring a supply of
skilled labour continued to receive funding for its activities.
This centre aims to offer specific information and practical
support and solutions to SMEs in particular on the topic of
securing skilled labour. The project was jointly initiated in
2011 by the Cologne Institute of Economic Research (IW)
and the Rationalisation and Innovation Centre of German
Industry (RKW). Since 2014, IW has implemented the project
alone.
An Internet information portal called “Make it in Germany”
was already added to the project in 2012. This portal provides
clear, simple access to the type of information about working in Germany that is necessary to attract skilled workers
from abroad. The information is available in several languages. Another research project conducted by the Centre of
Excellence on securing skilled labour is studying the subject of “Securing skilled labour in an increasingly digitised
economy”. The study is being carried out by the Cologne
Institute of Economic Research together with the German
Association for People Management (DGFP). The findings
are expected to highlight the effects of digitisation in the
economy on skills profiles, vocational training and human
resources development.
Since 2015, funding has been provided for the project “HR
strategies for integrating refugees in businesses”. The Centre of Excellence on securing skilled labour is aiming to raise awareness of this topic among SMEs. Information packs
are being distributed and welcome guides are organising
events and training courses. A link has also been established
with the practical experiences of the “Tailored Placement”
consultants. Meanwhile, the study funded since 2015 by the
Cologne Institute for Economic Research (IW Köln) “Chancen und Herausforderungen einer intensivierten Inklusion
in der dualen Berufsausbildung aus Unternehmenssicht”
(Opportunities and challenges relating to greater inclusion
in Germany’s dual vocational training system: the business
perspective), is exploring ways of increasing the options
available to people with disabilities in a manner that meets
their needs and is based on the latest scientific principles. Based on the study findings, measures will be drafted to implement successful training and remove obstacles in this area.
Funding is also being provided to the SchuleWirtschaft network. This network fosters links between schools and industry in order to improve career guidance for students. In
2015, BAFA could draw on approximately 2.33 million euros
for this purpose. With regard to these support measures, it is
BAFA‘s responsibility to vet all applications thoroughly, issue
grant approvals, manage the current budgets and verify that
expenditure is in line with the agreed objectives.
48
Film and technology
German Industrial Film Award
The German Industrial Film Award has been granted by the
Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy since 1968
and is therefore one of the oldest film awards in Germany. It
has been a permanent feature of the Federal Government‘s
“Culture and Creative Industries” initiative since 2008. The
competition aims to create a greater awareness among the
general population of business-related and economic issues.
The prize is awarded to recognise exceptional films made by
industry and about industry.
BAFA is the main authority responsible for the competition
and acts as the first point of contact for all participants.
In 2015, the independent jury selected winners from 228
submissions in 4 categories: “Films about industry (short/
long”, “Films made by industry”, “Films in the new media”
and “Films from the above categories that were conceived
and produced by students or job starters”.
Photo: German Industrial Film Award - Award ceremony 2015
The cash prizes on offer of 20,000 euros in total to promote young talent were awarded to the three top entries in
the young filmmakers’ category “Langsames Internet trotz
Highspeed-Kabel vor der Tür” (10,000 euros), “Flüchtlinge in
Deutschland – Wer profitiert?” (6,000 euros) and “We would
end the painting” (4,000 euro).
Brigitte Zypries, State Secretary at the Federal Ministry for
Economic Affairs and Energy, presented the awards during a
gala celebration on 4 November 2015 at the Kino International film theatre in Berlin.
49
Wireless microphones
Film funding
To offset eligible changeover costs caused by disruption to
frequency band access, the owners of wireless microphone
systems can apply to BAFA for financial compensation in accordance with a directive of the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy.
Under the Federal Film Funding Act (FFG), BAFA issues certificates stating that a film is defined as a German film under
the terms of the FFG. In the case of international film productions with German participation, BAFA reaches agreement with the relevant national authorities on the basis of
multilateral or bilateral agreements.
Since the frequencies 790 to 814 Mhz and 838 to 862 Mhz,
which are currently occupied by users of wireless production technologies, are being auctioned to providers of
mobile communications services as part of the Federal Government‘s broadband strategy, uninterrupted usage of these frequencies can no longer be guaranteed. In future, these
users will need to be aware that operation of their equipment could be disrupted by the installation of LTE (Long
Term Evolution) applications by providers of mobile communications services.
If this type of disruption occurs, and is being investigated
for a fixed installation as part of the official application process, BAFA grants compensation to the owner of the wireless
microphone system. The amount of compensation granted
depends on the notional remaining book value of the microphone system at the time the disruption occurred and/or the
specific costs of switching to interference-free, operational
channels or frequencies.
Applications for compensation may be filed by individuals, companies, associations or cultural institutions such as
theatres or music groups. Churches and local authorities or
their subdivisions may also apply.
By 31 December 2015, 702 approval decisions had been issued and compensation payments amounting to 1,281,550.56
euros had been paid to those concerned.
The German Federal Film Board (FFA) grants subsidies based
on the certificates issued by BAFA. BAFA also issues certificates of origin for the distribution of German films abroad.
In 2015, 531 applications for certificates, preliminary project
certificates and certificates of origin were filed. Of these, 301
were for German films, 227 for international co-productions
with German involvement, and nine for other productions
(e.g. commissioned productions).
50
Trade and industry
National accreditation body for the
Federal Republic of Germany (DAkkS)
BAFA is also responsible for providing financial assistance
to the National Accreditation Body for the Federal Republic
of Germany (DAkkS) to fund the activities it carries out on
behalf on the government within national and international
committees.
In Germany, approximately 4,000 certification bodies and laboratories (e.g. TÜV) conduct a diverse range of tests on products and services. They provide evidence of their technical
and professional capacities through an accreditation procedure. These accreditation procedures are frequently regulated and are required by law.
DAkkS is the national accreditation body under Regulation
(EC) no. 765/2008 and carries out accreditations as part of its
statutory duties on behalf of the government. The foundation, expansion and statutory activities of DAkkS have been
financed by government grants since 2009. Accreditation is
an essential part of Germany‘s quality infrastructure. It contributes to the safety and quality standards of German products, which have an excellent reputation internationally.
In 2015, the government allocated funds of 1.35 million euros to ensure that DAkkS could complete its tasks properly
on behalf of the government within the framework of European and international cooperation.
Individual assistance measures
As part of its efforts to promote tourism, BAFA provides
grants for the project “Introducing the ‘Accessible Tourism’
(‘Reisen für Alle’) labelling system in Germany”. The United
Nations Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities calls for measures ensuring that persons with disabilities
enjoy equal access to tourism. The project aims to introduce
a uniform system of labelling as well as adapting and further
developing an overall strategy to provide accessible tourism
services for all. It also offers training courses and the certification of tourism companies. Assistance is provided to
evaluate the system, the licensing process and pricing structure.
A total budget of 527,000 euros was provided for this project
in the tourism sector in 2015.
With respect to this funding measure, BAFA checks whether
the eligibility conditions for funding are fulfilled, issues
approvals, monitors budget management and checks that
funds are used according to the intended purpose of the allocation and budgetary legislation.
Promotion of craft trades
BAFA also implements various individual measures in the
craft sector to boost the efficiency and competitiveness of
small and medium-sized businesses and establishments.
For the craft sector in particular, funding was provided
for the special exhibitions “Exempla” and “Innovation Gewinnt!” and the Federal prize for outstanding innovative
achievements in the trade sector at the 67th International
Craft Trade Fair (IHM) in Munich. A national competition for
German crafts in Frankfurt also received support.
BAFA granted funding for these measures amounting to
371,200 euros in 2015.
The projects mentioned will continue in 2016. With respect
to these funding measures, BAFA checks whether the eligibility conditions for grants are fulfilled, issues approvals, monitors budget management and checks that funds are used
according to the intended purpose of the allocation and
budgetary legislation.
51
52
Manufacturers‘ discounts in the
pharmaceutical industry
On behalf of the Federal Ministry of Health, BAFA has assumed the task of verifying manufacturers‘ discounts according to Section 130a Paragraph 4 and Paragraph 9 of the
Social Code V.
The purpose of the manufacturers’ discounts is to reduce costs for statutory
health insurance funds. In the past,
these health insurance funds faced
increasing costs mainly because of
growing volumes of drugs that were
not subject to fixed prices. As a result
of this measure, the solidarity community
of insured persons saves 1.15 billion euros annually.
Between 1 August 2010 and 31 December 2013, pharmaceutical companies were obliged to give increased discounts
of 16% to the health insurance funds for prescription-only
drugs that are not subject to fixed prices. At the same time,
a price freeze was introduced as at 1 August 2009. If a company has increased its sales price after 1 August 2009,
this increase is to be refunded as a discount to the
health insurance fund. From 1 January 2014 to
31 March 2014, a manufacturers’ discount of 6
% was applicable. The discount was increased
to 7% for the period from 1 April 2014 to 31
December 2017, while the prize freeze was
maintained.
A pharmaceutical company that is in possession of a licence for the introduction to market
of a medicinal product can, according to Section
130a Paragraph 4 and Paragraph 9 of the Social Code V, in
connection with Article 4 of Directive 89/105/
EEC, apply for exemption from the statutory discounts (manufacturers‘ discounts).
When processing an application under Section 130a Paragraph 4 of the
Social Code V, BAFA assesses whether
or not the increased manufacturers‘
discount represents a threat to the financial viability of the company. This
may be the case, in particular, if insolvency
cannot be avoided through use of the company‘s
own funds, shareholder contributions or other means. The
previous year‘s audited accounts are an important factor in
the decision to issue a positive or negative notice.
According to Section 130a Paragraph 9 of the Social Code V,
a pharmaceutical company can apply to have an exemption
for certain medicinal products that are authorised for treating a rare disease. An investigation is then carried out as to
whether operating costs incurred in the past (for research
and development of the drug in particular) could not be
refinanced as a result of the mandatory statutory discount.
For an overview of all approved exemptions to date,
see our website. By a resolution on
24 July 2013, the European Commission opened an investigation to examine the issue of whether exemptions from
the manufacturers‘ discount constitute unauthorised state
aid. In its decision of 27 March 2015, the European Commission determined that while Germany’s exemption of
pharmaceutical companies from manufacturers’ discounts
according to Section 130a Paragraph (4) Social Code V does
constitute state aid, the measure is compatible with Article
107 Paragraph (3c) TFEU and the Single Market.
All pending applications for exemptions
to BAFA at the time were suspended
when the Commission opened the
investigation into state aid rules.
Processing of these applications was
resumed after the European Commission decision of 27 March 2015.
New applications can now also be submitted for processing.
53
Innovative shipbuilding
Institutional assistance
This support programme is an important instrument for improving the competitiveness of the German maritime industry. German shipyards can apply to BAFA for grants covering
up to 50% of their investment, design, engineering and testing costs. This expenditure must result directly from the industrial application of innovative products and processes in
shipbuilding that are newer than the best available products
and process. The products and processes for consideration
must be vulnerable to technical or industrial failure.
BAFA provides assistance to selected institutions that are
tasked with analysing the interests of SMEs or that act as
transformers and multiplier agents, facilitating the exchange of information between science and industry about current political and economic developments.
The guidelines introduced on 3 July 2015 extended aid to include innovative inland waterway vessels, the development
and application of new procedures and also moving offshore structures. Innovation funding is granted in the form of
non-repayable grants. The current directive expired on 31
December 2015. It is planned to continue the support programme in 2016 on the basis of new guidelines.
In 2015, BAFA received 37 funding applications. The number
of applications received since the support programme began
now amounts to 397.
BAFA disbursed a total of approximately 8.8 million euros to
German shipyards in 2015.
These institutions include the following:
•• the German National Tourist Board (DZT) in Frankfurt/
Main, which promotes Germany as a holiday destination
at home and abroad on behalf of the Federal Government
•• the Rationalisation and Innovation Centre of German
Industry (RKW Centre of Excellence) in Eschborn, which
promotes productivity, innovation and competition
among SMEs through practical preparation and the
transfer of relevant scientific findings in the fields of rationalisation and innovation management
•• the Working Group for Economic Administration (AWV)
in Eschborn, which is dedicated to the economic structuring of administrative processes.
•• the Institute for SME Research (IfM) in Bonn, which analyses the situation, development and problems of SMEs
•• the German Trade and Crafts Institute (DHI) in Berlin, an
umbrella organisation comprising five research institutes
that deal with applied craft research and trade promotion
Approximately 41 million euros of funding were disbursed
to these institutions in 2015.
54
FOREIGN TRADE
FOREIGN TRADE
Foreign trade is closely linked to growth, prosperity and employment in Germany. Nearly one in four jobs in Germany relies
either directly or indirectly on exports.
FOREIGN TRADE
55
56
FOREIGN TRADE
Export control
Export control - helping to make the world a safer place
FOREIGN TRADE
Georg Pietsch,
Heinz-Jürgen Hartmann,
Director-General for Export
Control (Procedures)
Director-General for Export
Control (Technology)
Once again in 2015/16 there was no shortage of trouble spots
around the world. As Federal Minister Gabriel has pointed
out, licencing of the supply of weapons and other sensitive
items has always been a hot topic in public debate and one
that is evaluated in terms of many moral, economic, security and strategic perspectives. As an authority under the
supervision of the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs
and Energy, BAFA has a growing role to play in exercising
a transparent and responsible policy governing the export
of arms. In addition to awarding of licences, BAFA contributes to numerous Federal Government reports. It also provides comprehensive assistance in response to parliamentary
questions about export controls on arms. In 2016, BAFA will
continue to deal with issues such as post-shipment controls
and compliance tests for companies.
Compared to its counterparts in the rest of the EU, Germany
industry is disproportionately affected by the export control regime stipulated in the European Dual Use Regulation
428/2009. BAFA will champion these interests and the Federal Government‘s political verification requirements in
the EU reform process over the long term and also lend constructive support to the regulatory drafts expected in 2016.
The Vienna agreements concluded between the E3+3 and
Iran in 2015 have led to comprehensive changes in sanctions.
Aside from relaxed provisions, bans that were essentially
under BAFA‘s remit have been transformed into licensing
requirements and are covered, among other things, by complex international coordination procedures for a period of
up to eight years. In the normal working day, successful implementation of the nuclear agreement requires a variety of
new control mechanisms. Implementing these mechanisms
promptly will be a priority in 2016 and beyond. One particular challenge posed in this context is the main feasibility study to be conducted for all worldwide applications for
nuclear products within the framework of the Procurement
Working Group.
In 2016, BAFA will continue to actively support the international agreements that are regularly concluded in export
control regimes at EU level or at national level. It will provide a clear picture of the framework conditions to the business community through continuous communication.
57
The specialised work carried out in the export control regimes is also about striking the right balance between security
requirements and economic interests. Besides taking an active part in the technical negotiations, BAFA is also setting
new quality priorities by assuming responsibility for leading
the Task Force on Control Lists as part of the assessment for
the Wassenaar Arrangement (WA). The EU working group
tasked with issues relating to the control of equipment for
monitoring telecommunications is continuing its work. This
working group was set up in response to a German initiative.
In the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), the INFCIRC documents will be updated in line with technological developments in 2016. Another focus of the NSG‘s work will
comprise outreach activities with India. This issue will be the
subject of meetings and seminars in the coming months.
Meanwhile, the Australia Group (AG) will focus on synthetic
biology in 2016. Within this field, CRISPR/Cas9 technology
facilitates the editing of genetic material easily and cost-effectively.
In 2015, the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) dealt with the issue of gel propulsion systems; this led to the
reformulation of controls on rocket motors with gel propellants. Additional components for gel propulsion systems,
software and equipment for optional manned/unmanned
aircraft are on the agenda for 2016.
BAFA is charged with implementing the licensing process
under nuclear law in accordance with Section 3 of the Atomic Energy Act and Section 19 of the Radiation Protection
Ordinance. The licensing and reporting procedure for the
transfer of nuclear fuel has been migrated to an electronic
application process.
With regard to the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC): in
addition to supporting industry inspections, the change in
the CWC Implementation act and the international consultations on industry issues conducted under the German
chairmanship were at the forefront of BAFA‘s activities.
58
FOREIGN TRADE
Introduction to export control
In 2015 BAFA carried out assessments on planned exports to
the value of 25.8 billion euros.
With globalisation, exponential advances in IT technology
development and the ongoing foreign policy crises in 2015,
all stakeholders in export control must be able to adapt
quickly to changes in the foreign policy situation and respond appropriately. While becoming increasingly reliant on
up-to-date information sources, applicants also find themselves obliged to commit to faster deliveries, particularly in
relation to recipients not considered to be in the “sensitive”
category. Applicants tackling these challenges are able to
avail of BAFA’s expanded information service and continually improved processes.
Through continued optimisation of its processes in 2015,
BAFA was able to focus more attention on sensitive cases.
General Licences (“Allgemeine Genehmigungen” or General Export Authorisations) and collective export licences
(“Sammelgenehmigungen”) play a pivotal role in reducing
the administrative burden. While the exports in this case are
still subject to licensing and affected businesses must meet
this requirement, the general licences and collective export
licences remove the need for individual applications, i.e. it
is not necessary to apply for a separate licence for each and
every export project.
With 21 general licences currently available to exporters,
BAFA turned its attention in 2015 in particular to refining
the collective export licence procedure and providing information on existing options. With this in mind, it focused on
four information events on simplifying the export of spare
parts, which were held in conjunction with the German Machinery and Plant Manufacturers Association (VDMA). BAFA
also worked closely with industry representatives to further
simplify procedures for exporting machine tools and spare
parts. With these simplified procedures for exporting spare
parts, BAFA is specifically responding to the increased expectation among foreign buyers of German products for faster
and less complicated after-sale services to meet demand for
spare parts.
General licences and collective export licences should not be
considered to be exclusions from the licensing requirement.
Rather there is a degree of due diligence imposed on businesses both beforehand and subsequently with regard to the
use of these licence types.
Ensuring transparency in the procedures for processing applications and expanding the range of information offerings
are increasingly important considerations in export control,
in addition to continuous optimisation of the application
process and the introduction of many procedural simplifica-
tions for non-sensitive projects. Fast, unbureaucratic access
to information is essential for economic operators wishing
to conduct their planned exports as efficiently as possible.
BAFA has responded to these needs and now offers four separate telephone hotlines handling queries as follows: licence applications (“Infostelle Antragsauskunft”); the electronic
application portal (“Infostelle ELAN-K2”); sanctions against
Russia; goods-related questions on the Iran embargo. In addition, BAFA updated the information leaflet “Export Control and BAFA” in 2015 to include not only an introduction to
export control, but also a current overview of information
sources and contact persons in BAFA.
BAFA’s work over the past year was largely shaped by the
further development of export controls on arms, as set forth
in the updated version of the “Principles Adopted by the
Government of the Federal Republic of Germany for the Issue of Licences for the Export of Small and Light Weapons,
Related Ammunition and Corresponding Manufacturing
Equipment to Third Countries”, and the preparation of new
procedures following the relaxation of sanctions against
Iran.
Why export control?
Export control is an indispensable instrument in preventing
and responding to these security risks. BAFA plays its part
here on behalf of the German government. Self-regulation
by exporters through mutual agreement with BAFA also
aims to prevent companies from unintentionally supplying
WMD programmes. The existence of effective export controls is therefore also very much in the interest of the export
industry. First, export controls make companies aware of
unauthorised procurement measures by third parties. Second, they give companies the opportunity to ensure their
own access to technologies and growing import and export
markets in non-sensitive areas. The task sharing this requires
between industry and the authorities relies both on efficient
administration and effective internal compliance programmes.
FOREIGN TRADE
59
What is BAFA‘s role in export control?
A central administrative and licensing authority, BAFA implements the foreign political and security interests of the
German Federal Government in accordance with government political objectives in the area of foreign trade legislation. BAFA‘s primary task is to ascertain whether the export of
goods, services or transit transactions are subject to licensing
and whether an export control licence may be granted.
BAFA is also involved in drafting European and national
laws under the auspices of the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy and the Federal Foreign Office. BAFA
takes part in the technical, legal and administrative working
groups in Brussels and works within international export
control regimes to facilitate the harmonisation of licensing
standards and creation of transparent procedures. Its daily
work involves close coordination with customs authorities
and all other parties involved in monitoring of foreign trade
transactions, as well as lending its technical expertise to the
authorities in charge of sanctioning infringements. BAFA
has referred over 600 cases to the monitoring and investigating authorities, for example, the German Customs Investigation Bureau and the Federal Public Prosecutor General.
In addition, BAFA supports the German Central Bank in its
task of monitoring payment transactions in accordance with
the relevant embargo regulations, and brings to this role its
special expertise in the technical and legal aspects of export
control legislation. BAFA is keenly aware of the conflict of
interests that exists between exporting companies wishing
minimal intervention in economic and trade relations on
the one hand, and national and international security needs
on the other.
Guided by the export control policy objectives of the EC
Dual-Use Regulation and national law on foreign trade and
payments, BAFA seeks to make provisions and procedures
more transparent, predictable and more amenable to planning, while also tailoring them to companies‘ business requirements. Key elements of BAFA’s core mission are to act on
the legitimate interests of the export industry and represent
the industry at national and international levels. For this
purpose, BAFA frequently consults with companies and industrial associations.
To reinforce collaboration in this area, BAFA, together with
the Federation of German Industries (BDI) and interested
companies, has established working groups on technologies
and procedures as open forums in which to discuss current
developments in export control.
In addition, BAFA supports exporting companies in the area
of export control through information events, publications
and practical support materials.
Ongoing dialogue with industry during the implementation
of export controls has proved to be helpful in this regard and
will continue. Industry will be required to uphold its high
level of responsibility and contribute itself to the continued
development of export control.
Since 2005, BAFA has also been working on projects with
third countries as a contract partner of the European Commission and, in this capacity, has been instrumental in setting up effective export control regimes.
60
FOREIGN TRADE
What are the effects of export control
on the export industry?
Companies‘ direct responsibility for self-regulation
and planning certainty through transparency
On average and in accordance with the principle of unrestricted foreign trade, only a relatively low percentage of
exports from Germany was subject to export control. Nevertheless the restrictions had a heavy impact on the business
transactions of some specialised companies.
The German export control regime relies on individual companies taking direct responsibility for self-regulation. Companies assume responsibility for their own decisions when
concluding contracts, exporting goods, software and technology, providing technical services abroad and exchanging
expertise.
Last year, approximately 7,000 companies, mostly from the
SME sector, submitted over 54,000 licence applications and
queries to BAFA. The value of planned exports authorised
under BAFA‘s export control amounted to approximately
25.7 billion euros in 2015. Rejected applications accounted
for a total value of approximately 100 million euros. Almost
all communications between industry and BAFA were carried out via the ELAN-K2 portal and thus fully automated.
When making these decisions, companies must take account
of the existing restrictions and licensing requirements for
foreign trade. A member of the Executive Board takes responsibility for the company‘s compliance with regulations.
Companies are faced with a challenging set of requirements,
more today than ever before. Rapid access to current information sources gives the export industry an „information
head start“ and allows companies to judge quickly which
legal transactions and planned exports could be subject to
restrictions. BAFA once again offered many support instruments in this area and expanded the range of available information services in 2015. In accordance with BAFA‘s strategic
focus on supporting the SME sector, these instruments were
aimed in particular at small and medium-sized companies,
as well as targeting Chambers of Trade and Commerce and
industry associations.
By holding information events, taking part in working
groups, and producing many informative publications,
BAFA helps companies get to grips with the relevant provisions and gives newcomers a clear insight into this complex
policy area. In this way, BAFA has continued to provide a
„single window“ for all players in the export economy over
the last year.
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News service, sources of information
and information leaflets
Providing companies with an information head start is not
simply a question of offering rapid, transparent access to the
information available. It also means ensuring that the information is up-to-date. With this in mind, BAFA offers direct
access to several publications under the heading of „Export
Control News“, which provide information on the latest legal and procedural amendments in order to advise companies immediately of any changes implemented. In addition
to this news service, it publishes a monthly newsletter and
several information leaflets on individual topics of interest.
BAFA’s publishing efforts in the area of information leaflets
in 2015 focused on current developments at European level.
Developments concerning sanctions against Iran featured
in particular, starting with the Vienna Nuclear Agreement
successfully concluded on 14 July 2015 and entering their
most significant phase on Implementation Day on 16 January 2016.
Once the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) confirmed that Iran had implemented the first key steps to shrink
its nuclear programme, the easing of sanctions agreed under
the Vienna Nuclear Agreement entered into force.
BAFA has responded to a greater need for information
among businesses by publishing an information leaflet on
the developments surrounding sanctions against Iran: the
sanctions still refer to a graduated system of activities and
legal transactions that are prohibited and subject to licensing. General export control legislation must also be observed. The leaflet provides details of the lifted sanctions and
all of the export control regulations that continue to apply.
BAFA has also updated the information leaflets on sanctions
against Russia and the procedure for collective export licences and re-issued the “Export Control and BAFA” leaflet. This
leaflet offers newcomers to the field of export control an
overview of the basic principles of export control, information sources and contacts in BAFA.
20 years of HADDEX, still going strong
2013 marked the twentieth anniversary of the Handbook of
German Export Control (HADDEX), published by BAFA in association with the publishing body Bundesanzeiger Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. The handbook‘s readers have benefitted
since 1993 from the wide-ranging expertise of its authors,
whose contributions are both practical and comprehensive,
and draw on their many years of experience handling legal
and regulatory texts and in the licensing field.
HADDEX was again adapted in 2015 to reflect legislative changes. These modifications ensure that HADDEX remains a
useful, up-to-date tool for the mainly small and medium-sized exporting companies that need to implement export
controls internally.
Merkblatt zu den
Entwicklungen des
Iran Embargos
– Implementation Day –
Picture: Information leaflet on the development of sanctions against
Iran - Implementation Day
Published in the familiar loose-leaf collection format and
also online, HADDEX ensures that users are constantly advised of the latest changes and additions to legislation.
The online application offers the additional advantage of
greater flexibility and mobility since it can be accessed from
any location.
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Information events
Information Day on Export Control
Export Control Day
The seventh Information Day on Export Control was held in
Frankfurt on 3 December 2015.
On 26 and 27 February 2015, experts from the worlds of business, administration and politics addressed the theme of
“Export Control in Transition” at the joint forum for foreign
trade, the Export Control Day, which was organised by the
Foreign Trade Law Centre (ZAR) at the University of Münster and the Federal Office for Economic Affairs and Export
Control (BAFA).
BAFA welcomed more than 500 representatives from Germany’s exporting companies on the day, along with representatives from the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs
and Energy, the Federal Ministry of Finance, the Federal Foreign Office and the German Customs Investigation Bureau.
The event revolved mainly around presentations and exchanges on the latest political, legal and procedural developments in export control.
BAFA President Dr. Arnold Wallraff gave the opening speech
at the event. Georg Pietsch, Director-General of BAFA, then
chaired a series of technical presentations, starting with an
overview of European framework conditions.
Kai Pawlowski, policy advisor in the division for export
control policy and procedural issues (Grundsatzreferat Exportkontrolle), provided an overarching view of European framework conditions. He reported on the status of the
Amendment to the European Dual-Use Regulation, the Torture Regulation and the Intra-Community Transfer Directive. Dr. Thomas Jennen, Head of Division at BAFA, provided
details of the latest export control regime decisions and changes to the regime goods control list.
Speaking about possible procedures for the export of spare
parts subject to licensing, Mirjam Kochendörfer, also working as a policy officer in the division for export control policy and procedural issues, urged companies to make greater
use of collective export licences. Thomas Barowski, Head
of Division for export control policy and procedural issues,
provided a general outline of procedural changes and new
developments in BAFA’s range of information offerings.
Finally, two other BAFA experts spoke on the topic of sanctions at the event. Leif Linnemann, policy advisor at BAFA,
presented an overview of the current status of sanctions
against Russia and Crimea. Mr Volker Anders, Head of Division at BAFA, described the developments around the expected changes to sanction measures in relation to Iran.
Many representatives from export industries took advantage
of the opportunity to ask questions and exchange ideas and
information with BAFA employees following the event.
This year, Professor Gabriel Felbermayr, Ph.D, from the Ifo
Centre for International Economics spoke at the politics forum, where he addressed various issues relating to potential
risks for German exports. In his view, Germany‘s specialisation in volatile but high-value industries is an opportunity.
He said that the resulting successful exports are a sign of this
strength over the global competition.
The Arab Spring has also emerged as a factor in export control since it erupted in 2011. Dr. Muriel Asseburg from the
German Institute for International and Security Affairs delivered a lecture on the individual states in the Arab world.
In her view, the Arab Spring has not yet withered, despite the
lack, as yet, of long-term stability in these countries - it is
merely in a state of flux.
Dr. Stefan Meister from the German Council on Foreign Relations (DGAP) provided a detailed insight into the particular
factors causing conflict in the current dispute between Ukraine and Russia. Both the internal economic crisis within
Russia and Putin‘s self-legitimation are fuelling the conflict.
Hans-Jakob Schindler from the United Nations, New York,
described in his presentation the paradigm shifts promoted
by Al-Qaeda and “Islamic State” (IS) in the realm of international terrorism. New communication strategies and proselytising techniques have led to a worldwide IS network whose
priority is to establish its own state. According to the speaker, the appropriate response for the Western world to combat this new terrorism lies in targeted financial sanctions.
In the discussion forum, the arms export control policy
was the hot topic, as it was in the media in 2014. Hosted
by Uwe Proll, Editor-in-Chief of Behörden Spiegel, various
political, business and church experts delivered keynote
addresses and engaged in a lively and occasionally controversial debate with the audience. It was clearly emphasised
that location-related factors play a major role in preserving
key technologies. However, the point was also made that the
preservation of jobs should not be a factor in deciding for or
against an export.
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Photo: Experts at the Export Control Day 2015 – l. to r.: Dr. Stefan Meister (DGAP), Dr. Hans Christoph Atzpodien (ThyssenKrupp AG), Dr. Arnold
Wallraff (BAFA), Prof. Dr. Stefan Korioth (University of Munich), Dr. Muriel Asseburg (SWP), Prof. Dr. Dirk Ehlers (ZAR, University of Münster),
Hans-Jakob Schindler (United Nations), Holger Beutel (BAFA), Karl Wendling (Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy), Prof. Dr.
Hans-Michael Wolffgang (ZAR, University of Münster), Georg Pietsch (BAFA)
It was agreed that achieving an ethically informed licensing
practice was a worthwhile goal. As a result of the Federal Government‘s enhanced transparency initiative, this issue will
be open for public discussion soon.
The discussion was conducted by: Karl Wendling, Federal
Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy; Dr. Hans Christoph Atzpodien, Vice President of the Security and Defence
Industries Association (BDSV) and Board Member of Thyssen Krupp AG; and Prelate Dr. Karl Jüsten, German Bishops’
Conference – Catholic Liaison Office.
The judgement handed down by the Federal Constitutional
Court on the information given to parliament in October
2014 regarding arms exports endorsed the Federal Government‘s measures in the above-mentioned transparency
initiative. A key element of the new process for handling
decisions by the Federal Security Council is that parliament
and the public are now informed about ‘green light’ licensing decisions two weeks after these decisions have been
made. As part of this process, the Federal Government now
presents its Military Equipment Export Report twice a year.
There is already greater transparency, thanks to early publication of the annual Military Equipment Export Report.
BAFA provides the Ministry for Economic Affairs with extensive data for the report. The Military Equipment Export
Report for the previous year is now published before parliament takes its summer break and a short interim report for
the current year is published in the second half of the year.
In the forum on judicial rulings, Prof. Dr. Stefan Korioth
from the University of Munich explained the contents and
legal arguments of the Federal Constitutional Court‘s judgement. Prof. Korioth represented the Federal Government in
the court case.
To round off the second day, senior representatives from the
various departments spoke about the latest developments
and practical issues in export control.
Representing the Federal Foreign Office, Dr. Bernhard
Schlagheck provided an analysis of international developments based on his own political experience. Karl Wendling
from the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy
spoke about the economic policy trends in foreign trade law.
Peter Bille from the Federal Ministry of Finance reported on
the changes in customs legislation and the planned restructuring of customs administration. The latest BAFA developments were presented by BAFA representative Holger Beutel.
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Other information events
International activities in 2015
In 2015, BAFA continued to collaborate with various chambers of industry and commerce throughout Germany by
hosting joint information events on current issues relating
to export control legislation. The organisation also took part
in information events on export control for decision-makers
in companies.
Export control can only achieve optimal efficiency if as many
countries as possible implement comparable regulations
and procedures. This is also an important factor for industry in terms of establishing a level playing field for competition and a guiding principle for BAFA in its negotiations
at international level. Once again in 2015, BAFA attended
numerous international meetings and engaged in talks with
foreign delegations on practical aspects of export control.
These discussions focused on legal and technical matters,
in addition to administrative and procedural questions. As a
contract partner of the European Commission and as part of
efforts to find a lasting solution to halting the proliferation
of weapons of mass destruction, BAFA helps third countries
establish effective export control regimes.
Finally, to complete its activities in this sphere, BAFA participated in working groups organised by the Federation of
Germany Industry (BDI) and attended information events
and sessions hosted by various trade associations (including
VDMA and SPECTARIS), which provide a platform for the
exchange of ideas and information.
The focus here was on four information events about simplifying the export of spare parts, which were held in conjunction with the German Machinery and Plant Manufacturers
Association (VDMA).
During these events, BAFA provided information about the
many simplified procedures already available for the export
of spare parts. The events were organised in response to industry requests to recognise customers preferences for spare
parts to be delivered as fast as possible and in an uncomplicated manner, as part of the after-sale service.
European Union
As in previous years, BAFA participated in meetings of various EU committees in Brussels and was involved in drafting
legal provisions and further developing legislative processes
for export control.
Besides the central EU outreach projects, work continued on
guidelines for the uniform application of the EU Dual-Use
Regulation within the European Union.
BAFA was intensively involved in this endeavour and worked closely with the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs
and Energy to bring its technical and administrative expertise to bear on discussions.
In addition, BAFA was intensively engaged in reviewing the
EU export control system for dual-use goods, a system initiated by the EU Commission with the publication of the
Green Paper on dual-use export controls in 2011 and specified in more policy detail with a communication in 2014.
BAFA contributed to extensive discussions on measures aimed at harmonising EU member state export control systems and expanding existing control systems appropriately
without creating unnecessary administrative effort either
for companies and BAFA. The impact assessment process is
due for completion in 2016 and is expected to feed into a
European Commission proposal for a regulation.
BAFA also took part in the conferences organised at European level to inform the European Parliament and European
industry as part of the impact assessment process.
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Photo: European Commission in Brussels
BAFA continues to perform its mandate as part of the EU
sub-working group on possible controls on the export of
goods that could be used in monitoring telecommunications and the Internet.
publications and presentations on the subject. In addition,
BAFA is assisting the German Central Bank with its task of
monitoring payment transactions in accordance with the
Council Regulation on the embargo on Iran.
During intensive consultations on amending the anti-torture regulation, BAFA was actively involved in providing
technical and administrative advice to the Federal Ministry
for Economic Affairs and Energy and in meetings of the relevant Council Working Party.
Consultations at EU level are also focusing on evaluating the
EU directive on transfers of defence-related products within
the Community. The purpose of this directive is to harmonise and simplify the transfer of military equipment within
the European Union. It is currently being reviewed in terms
of its effectiveness and other possible areas of improvement.
As the relevant licensing authority, BAFA is contributing its
technical and procedural expertise in this context in order
to further strengthen intra-Community trade. The consultations between the “Letter of Intent” countries were also conducted by BAFA with the same objectives in mind.
In the area of trade restrictions, 2015 was dominated by the
developments around sanctions against Iran. After the Vienna nuclear negotiations between the E3+3 states (Germany, France, United Kingdom, China, Russia and the US) and
Iran managed to reach a successful conclusion, the parties
extensively explored possibilities for lifting sanctions. BAFA
was intensively involved in this process. These explorations
ultimately formed the basis of Regulations (EU) 2015/1861
and 2015/1862. “Implementation Day” took place after the
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) confirmed that
Iran had implemented the first key steps to shrink its nuclear
programme. The lifting of sanction measures contained in
Regulations (EU) 2015/1861 and 2015/1862 thus came into
effect on 16 January 2016. BAFA also played a major role in
subsequent discussions formulating the licensing procedures with the involvement of the United Nations. Furthermore, additional changes were made to almost all other
sanctions regimes.
In collaboration with the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, BAFA provided input in these discussions
in the form of technical and administrative expertise. BAFA
has also kept industry informed about the new legal situation by publishing a range of notifications, responses, other
Furthermore, discussions continued on implementation of
the firearms regulation, continuing the exchange among EU
Member States started in 2014. This regulation (Regulation
(EU) No. 258/2012) entered into force on 30 September 2013.
In addition to containing the relevant firearms legal provisions, it also introduces uniform provisions for the export
control of certain firearms and their ammunition throughout the EU.
To complete its activities in the sphere of defence-related
goods at European level, BAFA also participated in the sessions organised by the COARM Working Group, which seeks
to harmonise licensing practices in the member states.
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EU outreach projects
BAFA also continues to implement EU outreach activities
with third countries on behalf of the European Commission. These activities aim to strengthen and harmonise arms
transfer control systems internationally, while cementing
cooperative relationships with partner countries. EU outreach projects are based on the European Security Strategy
Against the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction,
on UN Security Council Resolution 1540 and the United Nations Arms Trade Treaty (ATT).
In relation to the ATT, BAFA is currently carrying out its largest project – the EU-ATT outreach project (ATT-OP). The
project started in April 2014 and will run until 2017. It is
being funded by the EU, the Federal Foreign Office and BAFA
itself. The number of countries involved is much greater
than in previous projects. The following countries are now
included: Barbados, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Columbia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Georgia, Ghana, Jamaica, Peru, Philippines, Senegal, Togo and Zambia.
The key pillar of the outreach projects, which applies also to
ATT-OP, is the creation of a customised approach for each
activity. This approach comprises the following subcategories: Data collection and reporting under the ATT, legislation,
licensing, awareness-raising among relevant stakeholders in
government institutions, industry and civil society, sanctions and customs. Over the past year, multiple events were
organised in association with the partner countries. The following activities were of particular note:
In May 2015, two regional seminars were organised for
ECOWAS member states and some of their neighbours in
Senegal, and also for the entire Asia region in the Philippines. Attracting approximately 90 participants in total, these
regional seminars were mainly dedicated to raising awareness of the content and goals of the ATT. Similar events had
already been organised in November 2014 in Columbia for
Latin America and the Caribbean, and also in 2015 in South
Africa for African countries. The final regional seminar of
the ATT-OP was held in March 2016 in Georgia for OSCE
member states.
2015 stood out as a year for developing long-term strategies
for cooperation with the individual partner countries of the
ATT-OP. Through joint efforts, some nine roadmaps were
drafted. Cooperation often focused on the key topics of adapting national legislation to the ATT, training courses for
customs staff, halting illegal transfers of conventional armaments and liaising between authorities.
Given the global scope of the ATT, BAFA also sees the outreach measures as a contribution towards international efforts
in promoting non-proliferation. For this reason and to avoid
duplication of effort, close coordination and cooperation
with other donor countries and international organisations
is vital. In many partner countries, BAFA therefore works
closely together, for example, with the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace, Disarmament and Development in
Latin America and the Caribbean (UNLIREC), the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Africa
(UNREC), ECOWAS and CARICOM. Partners from society at
large also regularly take part in the activities. By including
international experts in the dialogue, we also improve the
chances of responding more appropriately to the particular
needs of countries and regions.
In 2015, the Federal Foreign Office tasked BAFA with executing outreach projects with a purely national scope for the
first time. The “ATT Implementation Support Measures” project was one such initiative intended to promote the ATT-OP.
The national ATT project in this case was increasingly aimed
at regions that had not previously been strongly targeted by
the ATT-OP. It consisted of two sub-regional workshops for
Southern Africa and various Caribbean states.
While the workshop for the African states addressed the general issues relating to implementing the ATT and the resulting demands on the signatories, the event organised for the
Caribbean states focused more specifically on the subjects of
shipping and transit.
Both events were a resounding success. This was demonstrated by the fact, among other things, that after taking part
in the national project, some of the participating states then
successfully applied to the EU for partnerships in the ATTOP. BAFA’s successful work in connection with this national ATT project will also continue in 2016 in the form of a
follow-up programme funded by the Federal Foreign Office.
Furthermore, as part of another national ATT project, BAFA
organised an “ATT Round Table” in Frankfurt (9 – 10 December 2015). This event allowed EU experts, representatives of
international organisations and 40 participants from ten
partner countries of the ATT-OP to discuss current developments relating to ATT ratifications in the relevant countries
and also exchange their own experiences of the project.
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Photo: Participants at the ATT Round Table in Frankfurt, Dec. 2015
Participants and experts took part in various working groups
to discuss some of the choke points in implementing the treaty and come up with joint solutions. There was a particular
spotlight on the areas of customs procedures, reporting and
cooperation between authorities.
Since January 2014, BAFA has led a new project in the area
of dual-use goods (CoE Project no. 38), designed especially for Kazakhstan and Jordan. Following the introductory
phase, which was completed at the end of July 2015, the implementation phase began and will run for two years. The
action plans elaborated jointly with the two countries will
be implemented with the support of a long-term expert in
Amman (Jordan) and Astana (Kazakhstan) respectively. Support will also be provided by the outreach team in Eschborn.
In Jordan events aimed at representatives from industry and
the relevant authorities were held, in addition to a training
course for customs employees and an information event on
export control.
Two meetings were organised with Kazakhstan on the subject of providing technical support to Kazakhstanian partners with setting up the “identification centre” for nuclear
and radioactive substances. Kazakhstan is currently updating
its export control legislation. With the establishment of this
initial identification centre, the country plans to incorporate its technical expertise within an institutional framework
and embed goods classification within a licensing procedure.
A one-year project funded by the Federal Foreign Office
bolstered cooperation with the People’s Republic of China.
Working meetings held in Germany and China helped to
strengthen bilateral dialogue.
This atmosphere of enhanced cooperation also provided
opportunities for all parties to exchange information on
relevant technical issues. In addition, the working meetings
in Germany provided an occasion for communication with
representatives from the Federal Foreign Office and the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy. There are
plans to continue this successful cooperation with China
with another national project carried out on behalf of the
Federal Foreign Office.
In the area of military equipment, the outreach measures for
promoting effective control of arms export were continued
in 2015 first and foremost with a project funded by the Federal Foreign Office and implemented by BAFA at national
level. This followed the successful conclusion of EU outreach
projects already conducted by BAFA (COARM, 2010-2014).
Regional events were organised for partner states in South
East Europe and the Caucasus area, in addition to individual
activities for Georgia and Serbia.
To continue the provision of support in the area of military
equipment, BAFA was again mandated, under the Council
Decision 2015/2309/GASP of 10 December 2015, to implement COARM activities for the period from January 2016 to
December 2017. As in the previous COARM project, a host of
events are planned, including regional seminars, study trips
to EU Member States and individual support measures, for
partner states in the South East European, East European,
Caucasus and North African regions.
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International export control regimes
Australia Group (AG)
Various international export control regimes have been in
existence for more than 20 years. These regimes seek to prevent the “destabilising accumulation” of conventional weapons and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction
and their delivery systems. The participating states coordinate their export policies within these regimes, with decisions being implemented at national level or in accordance
with the EC Dual-Use Regulation 428/2009.
In 2015, the annual plenary of the Australia Group took place in Australia (Perth) to mark the 30th year anniversary of
the establishment of the group. The measures taken there
included clarification of the control text for a freeze-drying
system, also with BAFA’s support. Proposals on implementing the equipment from P3/P4 laboratories were discussed, along with proposals on the clarification of the scope
of control of equipment used for cross-flow filtration and
fermentation. No final decisions have yet been reached. Reconsiderations are required regarding the substances already discussed under the heading of “Pharmaceutical Based
Agents” (PBA). Diethylamine was added to the control list as
a new chemical. The inclusion of salt compounds on the list
of precursors for chemical warfare agents was also discussed.
There are four export control regimes, namely the “Australia
Group”, the “Nuclear Suppliers Group”, the “Missile Technology Control Regime” and the “Wassenaar Arrangement”. In
addition to pursuing the regime aims outlined above, the
states seek, through collaboration within these regimes, to
harmonise the international level of export control within
member states and thus level the playing field in terms of
market and competitive opportunities, while protecting security interests.
The “New and Evolving Technologies Technical Experts
Meeting” held in 2015 focused on synthetic biology, with
presentations on the latest topics such as CRISPR/Cas9 technology. There are ongoing discussions, in this context, about
the control of genetic elements containing nucleic acid sequences that are associated with the pathogenicity of listed
agents.
Progress was made on defining and clarifying the nomenclature of some already controlled toxins and bacteria. Expert
forums will continue work on this subject and the control
of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. The submission
made by BAFA and others to remove the dengue virus from
the control list could not yet be adopted.
In the area of procedures and following the successful implementation of brokering controls in the Australia Group Guidelines, Germany was mandated with drafting a discussion
paper on preparing another guideline change to introduce
transit controls. The discussion paper was drafted by BAFA,
accompanied by a questionnaire and then presented and discussed as part of the plenary in 2015. The questionnaire was
designed to ascertain the current inventory of transit controls in the AG member countries. It is planned to present
an evaluation of the questionnaire to member countries as
part of the plenary in 2016 and follow up with an appropriate proposal on introducing transit controls.
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Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR)
In 2015, Luxembourg and The Netherlands took over joint
chairmanship of the MTCR, the first time the chair was shared between two member states in the history of the MTCR.
The plenary meeting was held in early October in Rotterdam
and Norway, the outgoing chair, passed on the responsibility to the two new incumbents. The technical working group
met in Bern in the spring of 2015.
German criminal law in relation to foreign trade regulations
and possible legal remedies in criminal and administrative
proceedings. The session therefore covered the steps involved in a preliminary investigation and legal proceedings and
also the associated forms of appeal available. On the subject
of administrative law, it outlined the development of objection proceedings, associated legal remedies and bringing an
action before a court.
In 2015, the technical working group managed to reach
agreement on proposals in 23 cases, resulting in 3 additions
and 21 clarifications in the MTCR control list (MTCR annex).
One of the key areas addressed by the meetings of the
technical working group was the subject of gel propulsion
systems and gel propellants. The addition to the control on
rocket motors with gel propellants was agreed. Pneumatic
flight control systems for missiles were added to the list of
items controlled. It was also clarified that fly-by-light flight
control systems for missiles are subject to control. Another
topic on the agenda concerned the control of software and
equipment necessary to enable a manned aircraft to be operated as an unmanned aircraft.
At the 2015 plenary, Germany’s initiative to add brokering
and transit controls to MTCR regulations was successfully
completed. In 2012 Germany was mandated, in the area of
procedures, with drafting proposals on the introduction of
brokering and transit controls. Since then, BAFA has proposed an addition to the MTCR Guidelines, on the basis of
questionnaires circulated on the existing legal framework
of all MTCR members. In relation to the evaluation of export applications for MTCR-listed items, MTCR members
came to a consensus that brokering and transit are to be
handled with due regard to specific national conditions.
This joint decision adds the control of transits and sensitive
brokering services to existing national export controls, if no
country-specific regulations have yet been defined. The aim
here is to plug control gaps and make international export
controls more efficient, in line with the standard of controls
according to the EU Dual-Use Regulation. Harmonisation
between the regulations of MTCR members should also remove any competitive disadvantages faced by German economic operators.
BAFA also gave the MTCR partners a presentation on the
German internal export compliance system or Internal
Compliance Programme (ICP) and the audits carried out by
BAFA in this context.
Besides illustrating the legal basis of the system in the EC
Dual-Use Regulation and the Foreign Trade and Payments
Regulation, the presentation also outlined possible criteria
for an internal compliance programme and the different
audit intensities. The MTCR partners were also interested in
Photo: Testing a space shuttle main rocket engine
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Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)
Wassenaar Arrangement (WA)
The Technical Experts Group (TEG) continues to focus on
updating the goods control lists in line with technical developments, while harmonising the control lists with other
export control regimes. The modifications made to the NSG
control lists in the plenary sessions are to be adopted in the
plenary meeting taking place in 2016 and then published by
the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEO) in the updated documents INFCIRC/254/part 1 and INFCIRC/254/
part 2.
Once again in 2015, BAFA’s technical experts took part in the
annual negotiations of the 41 member states of the Wassenaar Arrangement (WA) to update the control lists.
As part of this endeavour, Germany continues to be actively
involved in discussions with countries in possession of the
controlled technologies.
The control parameter for the large number of high-quality
machine tools exported from Germany was adapted. Other
list updates referred to the control of analogue-digital converters and other electrical equipment (including rechargeable battery cells). A proposal from Germany addressed
thermopiles, a technology mainly developed or jointly
developed in Germany for infra-red sensors. Due to the
non-critical application profile, a more or less comprehensive exemption was obtained. In the area of optics, special
mirrors that bundle sunlight were exempted from a listing.
2015 also saw changes in the area of information security,
with existing regulations being adapted more in line with
risk factors.
Member states jointly agreed in 2015 on best practice guidelines for the transit of goods. These guidelines will allow for
more consistency in the evaluation of situations and the associated legal consequences. A position paper was published
following discussions on consistent reporting standards between the member states. This will bring greater consistency
to the international reports.
Photo: “Cherenkov radiation”
In the area of procedures, 2015 was an active year for consultations among member states on the significance and
relevance of the NSG guidelines. The consultations are continuing to progress in 2016.
Following the changes to sanctions on Iran, the international Procurement Channel for export of nuclear goods to
Iran and the impact of this channel on the NSG regime is
another important issue. The Procurement Channel was set
up with the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPoA) and
UN Security Council Resolution 2231 and entered into force
on 16 January 2016.
BAFA played an active role in the Licensing and Enforcement Experts Meeting (LEEM), giving presentations in conjunction with the Customs Criminal Investigation Office on
national customs training courses.
The information exchanges between the WA member states focused on the topics of illegally diverted deliveries in
regions of conflict and also on preventing destabilising accumulations of small and light weapons and related ammunition.
In 2015, efforts were made to prohibit terrorists from illegally procuring armaments and dual-use goods. More intensive
discussions will take place on this subject in 2016. There was
closer cooperation in many agreed areas: These include risk
analysis in the area of arms trade, questions on re-exported
goods, trading transactions and brokering, technology transfers and the catch-all mechanism.
Overall, 2015 can be described as a year in which many open
issues were concluded for the Wassenaar Arrangement. New
items on the agenda were proposed in preparation for the
assessment year confirmed for 2016. This, the fifth assessment to date, will take place in the twentieth anniversary
year of the existence of the Wassenaar Arrangement. The
overall functioning of the WA will be reviewed and proposals drafted for improving effectiveness and efficiency.
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United Nations/International law
Other international activities in 2015
BAFA was named by an EU Council decision as the implementing agency for the Union activities supporting the
implementation of the ATT in third countries, in the framework of the European Security strategy (see also EU outreach
projects). In 2015, BAFA took part in various state conferences in order to help other states implement the ATT.
Over the past year, as in previous years, BAFA nurtured many
bilateral ties with foreign states. Talks were held, for example, with Japanese and Chinese delegations. BAFA was again
actively involved this year in the trilateral consultations on
export control legislation held between Germany, Austria
and Switzerland.
In addition to maintaining bilateral ties, BAFA actively participated in many national and international initiatives.
As in previous years, BAFA attended the twenty-second Asian export control conference in Tokyo in 2015.
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FOREIGN TRADE
Germany
In 2015, BAFA continued to support the relevant ministries
with technical expertise in relation to legal amendments.
These consultations focused on the introduction of new controls in relation to the export of surveillance technology and
the provision of technical support for this type of product.
Following intensive consultations between the relevant ministries and BAFA and with the involvement of the relevant
industrial group, licensing requirements were introduced
for the export of monitoring centres and telecommunications data retention systems, by means of a fourth amendment to the Foreign Trade and Payments Ordinance (AWV)
and expansion of Part I Section B of the Export List. These
licensing requirements will enable exports to be banned,
if necessary, in order to protect human rights and prevent
internal repression in the country of destination. With the
same objective in mind, new authorisation and notification
requirements for these goods were introduced (insertion of
Sections 52a, 52b AWV).
Another key area of focus for these national consultations
was the revision of the Federal Government’s “Small Arms
Principles” (Kleinwaffengrundsätze), which set out export
control policy guidelines for the export of small and light
weapons, related ammunition and corresponding manufacturing equipment to third countries. The revised version of
these principles reinforces the export control of armaments
in order to reduce the existing risk of accumulation and uncontrolled transfer of small and light weapons. According
to these principles, the recipient shall undertake to destroy
the weapons that are to be replaced by the new purchase or,
where applicable, to destroy the weapons received when taken out of service in future. In addition, the recipient gives
an assurance that German authorities can verify the end use
of the exported goods on site.
Furthermore, not only the fourth, but also the fifth ordinance amending the Foreign Trade and Payments Ordinance
was published. In addition to implementing changes to wording, the purpose of this ordinance is to adapt sanctions, in
particular against Russia.
BAFA also updated the forms for nominating the Export
Compliance Manager (“Ausfuhrverantwortlicher”) and their
assumption of responsibility (AV1 and AV2). Instructions for
completing the forms were added. Nominating an export
compliance manager is an essential part of applying for export licences: this person is personally responsible to BAFA
for complying with export control regulations. The export
compliance manager (“AV”) must also be a member of the
board of management or managing director of the company.
In 2010, BAFA set up an interface with ATLAS, the IT system used by customs administration. The data for all export
licences are transferred to customs via this interface. Further
improvements were made to the system in 2015. This is a
very positive development for the export industry, which
will no longer be required to submit paper copies of export
licences for customs declarations.
FOREIGN TRADE
War weapons control
Outlook for 2016
The prohibition of wars of aggression and the full control
of weapons intended for warfare are enshrined in the German Basic Law. These weapons may only be manufactured,
transported and marketed with the approval of the German
Federal Government. In fulfilment of this constitutional
mandate, the War Weapons Control Act regulates the handling of these weapons (including their manufacture, transport, purchase and transfer). Various Federal Ministries act
as the licensing authorities in charge of this regulation, in
particular the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and
Energy.
The following issues will be to the fore in 2016:
BAFA is responsible for the monitoring and control of companies and facilities involved in the legal handling of war
weapons. Manufacturing, maintenance and recycling companies based in Germany come under this scrutiny, as well
as research institutes, museums and film production firms
based here.
The core elements of BAFA’s war weapons control consist
of on-site audits and inspections of the registers of war weapons, which must be submitted to BAFA in compliance
with the semi-annual reporting requirements implemented
in War Weapons Control legislation. On-site audits may include a survey of existing volumes of war weapons, inspection of safeguards implemented and verification of inhouse
documents.
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•• Providing support to the Federal Ministry for Economic
Affairs and Energy in reviewing the EU export control
system for dual-use goods; also organising exchanges in
order to share experience on standards related to enacting export control legislation within the EU. The objective here is to draft guidelines.
•• Continuation of efforts within international export control regimes to achieve international consistency across
existing export control standards, especially with regard
to the exchange of negative decisions (“denials”) in order
to prevent disparities between decisions.
•• Increasing the range of collective export licences in order
to facilitate, in particular, the export of machine tools
and spare parts.
•• User-friendly reformulation of the statements of end-use
to reflect legislative changes.
•• Providing ongoing support to the Federal Ministry of
Economic Affairs and Energy in implementing the
“Small Arms Principles” and carrying out on-site inspections of the end use of armaments.
In 2015, about 282 companies and facilities were monitored
by BAFA. Overall, 106 external audits were conducted.
•• Continuation of efforts towards establishing an EU database for denial notifications (denial database) to improve
the exchange of information between EU member states
As part of its surveillance mandate, BAFA visits amnestied
owners of war weapons with arms possession registration
cards and checks whether their firearms are stored appropriately.
•• Provision of a wider range of information for industry
through the publication of additional leaflets, particularly in the area of technology transfer by electronic means,
embargoes, and existing simplified procedures
Furthermore, BAFA is involved in reporting to the UN Arms
Register on behalf of Germany and to the relevant bodies in
accordance with the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE).
•• Continued implementation of measures to reduce red
tape
Prohibition of anti-personnel mines
BAFA is involved in another international verification agreement: It takes part in monitoring and reporting procedures
under the Convention on the Prohibition of Anti-Personnel
Mines.
•• Ongoing improvements to electronic communication
with companies (ELAN-K2),
•• Revision of goods control lists
•• Support for structural reform of the Federal Revenue Administration and further enhancement of the cooperation between BAFA and customs with regard to
risk-focused investigation of export transactions by
customs offices (recipient-specific risk management, including handling of denials).
•• Evaluation of the licensing procedure for private security
services for the protection of ships after two years in
practice and processing of the first follow-up licences.
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FOREIGN TRADE
Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC)
The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) is a multilateral
disarmament and arms control treaty. Its main objective is
the worldwide prohibition of chemical weapons and the
complete destruction of all existing stockpiles of chemical
weapons.
In addition to imposing trade restrictions and prohibitions,
the CWC also makes arrangements for the control of certain
industry sectors that handle CWC-controlled chemicals in
order to enhance transparency and build confidence. The
Federal Foreign Office is the national authority and relevant
ministry for the CWC in Germany. BAFA is responsible for
implementing the CWC in industry, under the technical supervision of the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and
Energy.
Declarations
Twice a year, approximately 200 companies submit declarations to BAFA regarding their handling of the chemicals
listed in schedules 1, 2, or 3 and of discrete organic chemicals
(DOC).
BAFA checks the accuracy of these declarations and sends
the data to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical
Weapons (OPCW) in The Hague. BAFA published details of
the CWC’s current reporting and licensing requirements in
the Federal Gazette of 7 January 2015.
OPCW activities
The OVCW working group on industry verification discussed the classification of Schedule 1 chemicals that may arise in very low concentrations as “unavoidable by-products”
during certain chemical processes. Discussions were also
held on the introduction of sampling and analysis using a
mobile analysis device (GC-MS) in DOC/Schedule 3 inspections. This verification tool has already been used as part of
the routine procedure in Schedule 2 inspections since 2006.
The recommendations of the Scientific Advisory Board to
the OPCW were another key discussion point. These recommendations included the additional listing of the biotechnological production of Discrete Organic Chemicals (DOC) and
the complete listing of the production of DOC compounds.
They also propose the use of publicly available information
for evaluations, support for verification measures and possible changes to the selection process for DOC inspections.
The OPCW budget for 2016, which was agreed at the twentieth session of the Conference of the States Parties in The
Hague in December 2015, provides for a total of 241 industry
inspections (as per the budget for the previous year).
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OPCW routine inspections
Based on the declaration data received, OPCW inspectors
undertake regular inspections globally in the companies
making declarations under the CWC.
During routine inspections, the OPCW inspection teams
check for the accuracy of declarations, the non-diversion of
declared chemicals and the absence of chemicals that could
be misused as warfare agents.
BAFA escorts the OPCW inspectors during their on-site inspections in Germany. The main objectives of BAFA‘s activities in this regard are: first, to fulfil the inspection mandate
resulting from the CWC; second, to protect the company‘s
confidential internal expertise.
It advised companies, in the course of company visits, about
the requirements of a possible OPCW inspection.
In 2015, 13 industry inspections were carried out in Germany, bringing the total number of industry inspections performed in the country since 1998 to 170.
All requirements were successfully fulfilled, once again, for
the inspections carried out in 2015.
An OPCW mobile analysis device (GC-MS) was used for a
Schedule 2 inspection, for the eighth time in Germany since
2007, as part of the routine procedure for industry inspections.
In 2015, due to the growing number of industry inspections
in Germany, BAFA continued its work in preparing companies potentially subject to such inspections.
Figure 4: Number of industry inspections in Germany 2001 – 2015
15
12
9
6
3
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
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FOREIGN TRADE
Import restrictions
Under the EU common commercial policy, import restrictions were also imposed in 2015 on the basis of bilateral
agreements and on autonomous EU measures.
These trade restrictions and measures are intended to protect specific sectors of the European economy from excessive imports from third countries and to implement legally
binding international treaties.
In 2015, textiles from the third countries Belarus and the Democratic People‘s Republic of Korea were subject to import
restrictions in the form of autonomous quotas. BAFA granted 55 import licences for importing certain textile products
originating in these countries.
Another import option for certain clothing products available to specialised manufacturers within the EU is economic
outward processing: the manufacturers export goods originating in the EU to Belarus for processing and then subsequently re-import the processed goods into the EU. BAFA
issued 15 prior approvals in this area.
Tariff quotas
Raw wood imports for the European Union are economically significant and the Russian Federation plays an important role as a supplier of raw wood to the European Union.
For these reasons, the European Commission has negotiated
tariff quotas with the Russian Federation at reduced export
duties on certain categories of spruce and pine exported to
the European Union.
The administration of these tariff quotas is managed by the
EU member states. BAFA issued 15 quota authorisations in
this area.
FOREIGN TRADE
77
Cross-border transfer of
radioactive substances
According to the Atomic Energy Act and Radiation Protection Ordinance, BAFA is responsible for all licensing and reporting procedures for the cross-border transfer of nuclear
fuel and other radioactive substances, including highly radioactive sources.
The licensing and reporting procedure was successfully migrated to an electronic application process in
2015. Information on the various licensing
and reporting procedures is available on the BAFA website under
the heading “Radionuclides/
Nuclear fuels”.
Other key priority tasks
in this field are: control
of the end-use of nuclear material; monthly
reports to the relevant
Länder regulatory bodies
on recorded imports and
exports; the preparation of
relevant statistics.
Overall statistics compiled annually in
this field by BAFA are regularly published
in the „Environmental radiation and radiation exposure“ report of the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety
(BMUB) and are available online at www.bfs.de.
BAFA also monitors the cross-border traffic of radioactive
waste and spent fuel elements, reporting regularly to the EU
on this activity. Licences are also issued for consumer goods
containing radioactive substances (either added or activated), such as watches, measuring devices, sighting devices
and telescopic sights containing tritium, ionisation smoke
detection systems, gas mantles or precious stones irradiated for certain colour effects.
These specialised tasks are thus administered collectively on behalf of the Federal
Ministry for the Environment, Nature
Conservation, Building and Nuclear
Safety. BAFA advises the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature
Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety, the relevant Federal Government-Länder Committees,
as well as
the EU and
the industries active in the areas
specified. Thus BAFA is represented on international committees,
and collaborates with international
partners both at an EU level and as
part of the International Atomic Energy
Agency (IAEA), for example.
Although the above procedures are implemented independently of the export controls conducted under the supervision of the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy,
there are some similarities: in both cases, various goods are
simultaneously included in nuclear energy legislation and
in the goods lists of the export control regimes.
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FOREIGN TRADE
Satellite data security
The German Satellite Data Security Act (SatDSiG) is intended
to safeguard the foreign policy and security interests of Germany with regard to the international distribution of earth
remote sensing data generated using satellites for commercial and scientific purposes. It applies only to high-grade,
satellite-based earth remote sensing systems which can generate geodata (commonly referred to as satellite images)
from space with a particularly high information content.
Under the Satellite Data Security Act, BAFA is assigned important tasks related to national data security policy. It
grants the necessary licences to the operators of high-grade earth remote sensing systems and authorisations for the
primary data providers who wish to distribute the data obtained from such systems. In such cases, this requires, among
other things, compliance with certain security procedures
and standards, technical and organisational measures and
proof of reliability.
As a supervisory authority, BAFA regularly reviews the owners of operating licences and data distribution licences as
part of a government audit. On application, BAFA determines whether a space-based earth remote sensing system is
„high-grade“ within the meaning of the Act. It is also responsible for evaluating the plethora of different data products
derived from satellite data with regard to the risk they pose
to the subjects protected by the Act. BAFA issues permits for
the distribution of high-grade earth remote sensing systems
and for those of the data generated by these systems.
Important applications of the Satellite Data Security Act are
the two extremely high-performance German radar satellites TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X. These are among the most
powerful earth remote sensing systems in the world and are
capable of mapping the surface of the earth by day and by
night with a high geometric resolution.
The Satellite Data Security Act governs the distribution of
high-grade earth remote sensing data in a two-stage process.
Using a test procedure strictly specified under the Act that
leaves no room for the user‘s own evaluation, the service
provider first checks the sensitivity of the data in terms of
whether delivery of the data to a customer risks damaging
Germany‘s essential security interests, the peaceful coexistence of its people or the foreign relations of the Federal
Republic of Germany. A high level of transparency, predictability and speed of the test process is guaranteed as a result,
particularly for the distribution of commercial data.
In the case of sensitive data, the customer request may only
be handled once BAFA has issued a permit. Permission is
also required if the data provider intends to distribute data
without a specific customer request (e.g. for a publication or
for advertising purposes). BAFA must refuse permission if
the distribution of the data constitutes a threat to Germany‘s essential security and foreign policy interests. To facilitate prompt processing of applications, BAFA has provided
the option of electronic submissions for many years now. In
2015, BAFA issued 1,800 permits for the distribution of data
from high-grade earth remote sensing systems.
FOREIGN TRADE
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Maritime security
Piracy remains a serious problem for shipping companies
and therefore for international trade. Private armed security personnel are still deployed on board ships in highrisk areas to protect crews, cargo and vessels. To meet these
specific quality requirements and provide legal certainty to
shipowners, crew and the security companies themselves,
mandatory licences are required, since 1 December 2013, to
exercise this business activity under Section 31 of the Trade
Regulation Code (GewO), both for security companies based
in Germany and those based abroad that wish to perform security functions on board ships flying the Federal flag.
Since 21 June 2013, BAFA is therefore the competent authority for accepting licence applications from private security services assigned to protect the crew and cargo on board
ocean-going vessels in international waters from pirate
attacks. The licensing procedure (available in English and
German versions) can be completed electronically to a large
extent and is carried out in close cooperation with the Federal Police.
The applications are assessed on the basis of section 31 of the
Trade Regulation Code in conjunction with the Ocean-Going Vessel Security Ordinance of 11 June 2013 (Federal Law
Gazette I p. 1562) and the Ocean-Going Vessel Security Implementing Ordinance of 21 June 2013 (Federal Law Gazette
I p. 1623).
BAFA has also provided comprehensive information and
tools, such as the Self-Assessment on its home page in English and German, to help applicants familiarise themselves
with the complex licensing procedure.
Since the licensing procedure started, 13 companies have
been granted an initial licence. These included 5 foreign undertakings alongside German companies. The licences were
or are issued for a period of two years, subject to certain conditions.
Aside from monitoring requirements, conducting spot
checks and prosecuting administrative offences, BAFA also
drafted an extensive report about its experience of the licensing procedure, in collaboration with the Federal Police and
the Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency. This report
was submitted to the Bundestag on 1 July 2015 by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (Bundestag printed paper 18/5456). Now, over two years since the
licensing procedure for private security companies on board
ocean-going vessels entered into force, it is clear that the
procedure has proven to be successful. It is also recognised
both nationally and internationally. The procedure has improved quality assurance in the supply of maritime security
services while also raising awareness among security companies about existing legal requirements. The relevant requirements relate, in particular, to the legal purchasing, export
and storage of equipment and obtaining of arms and export
control licences or authorisations.
At international level, BAFA took part in meetings of the
European Commission’s Maritime Security Council and the
Maritime Safety Committee of the International Maritime
Organization (IMO), in order to share its experience of regulating security companies on ships. Much of the work in
2016 will involve processing follow-up applications.
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I N S I D E B A FA
Inside BAFA
The Federal Office of Economic Affairs and Export Control (BAFA) actively helps to implement structural changes within the
public administration sector, interacting with citizens, companies, associations and authorities at home and abroad in a fair and
responsible manner.
I N S I D E B A FA
Overview
Management:
President Dr. Arnold Wallraff
Vice President Bernd Enders
Locations:
Eschborn and Bochum
Budget
59.4 million euros in basic funds;
1.7 billion euros to fulfil our tasks
Key areas of expertise
•• Foreign trade
•• Economic development
•• Energy
Number of employees
BAFA
Germany Trade & Invest (GTaI)
On 31 December 2015, 784 people were In 2015, BAFA was again active in its
employed at BAFA:
capacity as employer of the 148 staff
assigned to Germany Trade & Invest.
•• 405 men
•• 379 women
Of these, 35 work internationally as foreign correspondents.
•• 494 salaried employees
•• 256 permanent civil servants
•• 34 trainees
••
••
••
••
14 lower grade civil servants
229 intermediate grade civil servants
394 upper grade civil servants
113 higher grade civil servants
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I N S I D E B A FA
HR management
Dr. Andrea Vater,
Director-General,
Central Services
Berufundfamilie audit certificate
Recruitment
BAFA was recognised for the third time as an especially family-friendly employer in 2015 and was awarded the audit
certificate berufundfamilie by the Hertie foundation. The
award is evidence that a family-friendly policy must not just
exist in theory, but also in practice in everyday life.
An online application management system means that a seamless online application process is a given at BAFA. As an
additional modernisation measure in the recruitment area,
all job advertisements are now posted on an Internet jobs
site. BAFA’s recruitment profile is that of a modern and forward-looking authority. In 2015, 58 staff were hired after 26
job advertisements were posted.
The challenge of looking after children while coping with
the demands of the workplace - this has been a key issue in
the work/life balance debate over the past few years. Efforts
to achieve a balance will continue in the years ahead. Measures sought include the addition of more places in the Zwergenburg day care centre for children and more opportunities
for flexible ways of working (remote and mobile working).
In line with general demographic trends, BAA employees are
facing another pressing demand: how to combine caring for
family members and dependants with their work. In 2014,
BAFA joined the “Charter for Work/Care Balance”, an initiative of the Land Hesse. The charter signatories want to create
a working environment in which the task of caring for family members and dependants is duly recognised as an important social responsibility, rather than being considered as
a social stigma.
In 2015, in a first step towards this goal, two employees were
hired as care advisors. The care advisors can be contacted by
employees in an acute care situation, and are also available
to give basic advice on organising care and to provide information on legal requirements.
I N S I D E B A FA
83
Human resources development
Our policy of equal opportunities for men and women reached a number of milestones. Almost the same number of
women were recruited as men. In terms of appointments
to tenured civil service positions, the percentage of women
employed is almost the same as the overall percentage of women employed in the higher and upper grades. The percentage of women awarded promotions is actually higher than
the proportion of women in the civil servant group. At senior executive level, the percentage of women rose to 28.3 %.
Training
Vocational training continues to have high priority at the
Federal Office of Economics and Export Control. BAFA currently has 31 trainees working in the career fields “Office
communication specialist”, “Office management clerk”, “Information technology specialist” and “Chef”, two students
enrolled in the dual study programme in „Business Informatics” and one student, for the first time, in the dual study programme “International Business Administration and
Foreign Trade”.
Ten trainees successfully completed their final examination,
nine of them as specialists in office communication and one
as an information technology specialist. Two graduates were
invited to the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and
Energy in recognition of their outstanding performance during their traineeship. Trainees at BAFA currently represent
6.63%, just below the required quota specified in the National Training Pact.
The approach pursued by the new Alliance for Initial and
Further Training is already reflected in BAFA’s dual system
of vocational training. Within the application procedure for
the chef training position training, for example, the applicant
selected had no school leaving certificate, but completed the
“qualified lower secondary school certificate” (Qualifizierter
Hauptschulabschluss or “Quali”) during the application procedure.
The school leaving certificates held by the trainees in the
new training year thus ranged from the “Quali” to the “Abitur” certificate that gives right of entry to university. In the
recruitment year of 2015, two single mothers, including one
older applicant (with 1 and 2 children each) were hired for
training as “Office management clerk”. Having successfully completed their trial periods, they are continuing their
training on a part-time basis. At BAFA, the percentage of
trainees with a migration background is usually around 25 %
to 30 %. Since the new job profile “Office management clerk”
no longer requires the additional commercial training previously offered by BAFA, the new trainees for this job and for
the “chef” job profile look for training schemes based in cooperating enterprises in the private sector to enhance their
overall training. In summer 2015, a practical vocational stay
abroad was arranged for one of BAFA’s trainees on completion of her exams, as part of the European Union “Erasmus+”
programme.
BAFA remains committed to offering high-quality training
across a comprehensive range of apprenticeships and also
(since 2013) in the form of dual study programmes. In search
of suitable trainees to fill the many trainee positions available, BAFA gave more presentations at various education fairs
and information days in schools and other establishments
such as chambers of industry and commerce or the RheinMain University of Cooperative Education. We will continue
our efforts in 2016 to maintain or indeed increase the BAFA
trainee quota and continue to offer young people traineeships within a skilled field.
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I N S I D E B A FA
Further education and qualification programmes
Policy advisors group
Employee training and further qualification is one of BAFA‘s
core values. The organisation therefore offered a large number of further education measures in 2015, including internal
training sessions in particular. A total of 41 internal seminars
and workshops were held in addition to 203 external training events. Thanks to the internal training courses, it was
possible to cover employee training requirements cost-effectively, promptly and appropriately. Participants at the seminars could also rely on receiving more personal attention.
The policy advisors group (Referentenkreis) is an independently organised platform of the approximately 50 policy
advisors in BAFA. With regularly organised events, it has become part of the institutional setup in BAFA.
There was particularly high demand in 2015 for MSOffice2010 training courses for Word, Excel and PowerPoint.
Another priority area for further training was the organisation of seminars for newly hired employees on public
administration topics such as “Basic principles of German
funding legislation“ and the provision of training courses on
public procurement law and the legal framework surrounding administrative governance.
In 2015, two presentations were held for the first time for
employees with parental duties on the topics of “Protecting
minors in the media” and “Addiction and Education”. These
events took place in connection with the BAFA activities undertaken as part of the berufundfamilie (“Work and Family”)
audit programme.
Another new development was the introduction of a management development programme (FEP) for young Heads
of Division. The aim of the programme is to help participants carry out their management duties in the long term,
promote their personal development and facilitate the establishment of a network based on the existing policy advisors
group. The management development programme has a
modular format. Modules included, for example, a compact
seminar, several small-group coaching sessions and an excursion. Information events organised by the Central Services divisions are also aimed at enhancing cooperation with
public administration while giving the managers a greater
appreciation of the interfacing role they play between their
fellow employees and public administration.
For the first time, BAFA offered four female, intermediate
grade employees without a qualification in public administration the opportunity to complete an in-service training
course in order to become clerks in public administration.
All four employees completed the course with flying colours.
Meanwhile, vocational training courses were successfully
completed as follows: certified senior clerk in public administration (two employees); certified business management
specialist in public administration (three employees) and IT
technician in public administration (one employee).
The main purpose of the policy advisors group is to facilitate the integration of new policy advisors and to promote
direct exchange between senior and junior management.
Joint activities are also held on a regular basis. These allow
people working in different activity areas to exchange their
experiences and gain an insight into other fields. The policy
advisors group also organises a group business trip every
year. The aim of the trip is to strengthen and maintain work
relationships and also cultivate new contacts, if possible. It
also helps to promote a positive perception of BAFA in the
institutions visited.
Stockholm was the destination of the annual business trip
in 2015. The agenda included presentations and discussions
with the Swedish Energy and Environment Ministry, the
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI)
and the German-Swedish Chamber of Commerce and Industry. All policy advisors in BAFA are free to take part in the
activities of the policy advisors group.
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Health management
Girls’ Day
BAFA’s focus on health in 2015 was themed “Movement and
mobility”.
At “Girls’ Day” last year in BAFA, 20 female students aged
from 10 to 15 years old were given an opportunity to gain
an insider view of a Higher Federal Authority. The slogan
for the day was „Working for a state agency - more fun than
you‘d think!“
Members of BAFA staff took part in the climate alliance “City
Cycling” campaign (STADTRADELN), and “Bike to work”
and “ADFC bike-night 2015” activities.
Over two specially designated “Health Days”, staff could have
experts check their cervical spine mobility and overall physical motion. Back checks and running consultations were
on offer. There were also various workshops on the topics of
“Fascia training”, “Smovey fitness” and “Brainfit”.
Six yoga courses were held again in 2015 along with several
drop-in sessions, which were very popular. A presentation
on vegetarian nutrition concluded the range of health-related events.
Thanks to very high levels of participation from staff and
excellent support from our partners, the focus on health in
2015 was a great success.
This was the twelfth year of BAFA’s participation in Girls´
Day: it considers this event as an ideal opportunity for girls
to get a taste for life in a technical and scientific career and
also learn about the key activity areas in BAFA. Subjects such
as the threat posed by weapons of mass destruction or trading of sensitive components or materials were vividly presented. Topical presentations addressed questions like “What
is export control?” or “What do law graduates do at BAFA?”.
The energy economy and climate protection section gave a
presentation under the heading of “No need to freeze!”
Since a modern state agency cannot function nowadays without up-to-date information technology, half of the practical session was devoted to the topics “How do I get into IT?/
The BAFA data processing centre”. The participants were
able to use a mini-program to try out the basic design of
a website home page for themselves. The other half of the
session consisted of a technology competition, with prizes
for the winners. In this case, the girls had to make independent decisions on which goods were authorised for export to
“sensitive” and “non-sensitive” countries, based on concrete examples. Fibre experiments carried out on the day were
another highlight.
At the end of an action-packed and varied day, the winners
from the technology competition were awarded their prizes.
All of the girls also received a souvenir photo of the day taken in the President’s office.
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I N S I D E B A FA
Evaluating the
success of funding
programmes
The evaluation or success monitoring of economic policy
funding measures is legally enshrined in the Federal Budget Code in Germany and has become increasingly important in recent years. Evaluations are an important means of
measuring quality standards and success. They provide information about how support programmes can be adapted
and developed and are also needed to meet the compliance
requirements of both policymakers and the general public.
Since 2008, the Federal Office of Economics and Export Control has had its own, programme-independent evaluation
unit, which conducts its own evaluations and provides advice and support on third-party evaluations for BAFA and
the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy. This
evaluation unit also supports BAFA and ministry expert panels at other levels in terms of content and strategy.
The evaluation team has the relevant, solid methodological
skills and practical experience in empirical social research.
BAFA‘s membership of the evaluation group Gesellschaft
für Evaluation, participation in specialist conferences and
further training ensure that its employees are well versed in
expert methodology. This in turn ensures the quality of its
evaluation projects and support services.
In 2015, BAFA completed an evaluation of the BQ portal, an
information portal funded by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy about foreign professional qualifications. The evaluation included recommendations for the
continued development of the portal. Over the year, work
also commenced on another project in the area of institutional support with the evaluation of support for the Institute
for SME Research. In addition, an evaluation of the “Healthcare” export initiative got underway. Both projects are due
for completion in 2016. Alongside these efforts, the evaluation team monitored the support programme for helping
young innovative companies participate in leading international trade fairs in Germany. This programme was carried
out by external service providers. Other monitoring tasks
accomplished in 2015 included the external evaluations of
the SME Market Development Programme and the National
Top Runner Initiative.
BAFA also provides support to the Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Energy in other matters relating to the
Federal Budget Code or evaluation. The evaluation team
carried out two quality assurance programmes in 2015 of administration within BAFA. Customer surveys have regularly
been conducted in relation to film funding for a long time
now. A similar project on the issue of adjustment benefit for
coal miners was completed in 2015. The evaluation team is
frequently a point of contact for colleagues who deal with
evaluations or methodological issues.
I N S I D E B A FA
87
Press and public relations
Photo: Staff from the press and public relations section in BAFA (l. to r.): Patrick Ortner, Janet Baenke, Christiane Fuckerer (Head of Section), Mirjam
Kochendörfer, Eric Krause, Michael Rostek
Publicity and much more
Website
The work of a press and public relations department involves much more than drafting persuasive articles or circulating newsletters. At BAFA, press and public relations covers a
range of diverse activities, all aimed at communicating with
our specific target groups. These include interviews, press releases, press phone service, publications, new media and the
generation of many creative ideas.
The BAFA website remains our most important communication medium. It is the first point of contact for citizens,
businesses and journalists looking for information on the
wide spectrum of activities handled by BAFA or on individual programmes or tasks. Our website is due to be relaunched
shortly, boasting a fresh new design and many new functions - keep an eye out for it!
Social media
We increased our activity on various social networks over
the past year. Since March 2015, the Twitter account @
BAFA_Wirtschaft has been used to announce news about
BAFA’s promotion of economic development and SMEs. This
account is active in addition to our Twitter presence in the
areas of Energy and Renewable Energy (@BAFA_Energie/@
BAFA_EE). BAFA now also has a profile on “Xing”. Potential
job applicants can find out about BAFA as an employer here
and get information about current events.
88
O R G A N I S AT I O N C H A RT
ORGANISATION CHART
Last revised, 1 February 2016
Quality Management
Officer, Risk Management, Internal Control
Internal Auditing
President
Press and Public
Relations
Vice President
SME Market
Development
Coordination Office
Directorate-General 1
Central Services
Export – Procedures, Authorisations, International Regimes – Procedures,
Outreach Projects
Export – Technology, Technical Assessment,
International Regimes – Technology
Division 111
Directorate 12
Directorate 21
Directorate 22
Directorate 31
Directorate 32
Human Resources*
Information Technology, HR
Development, Education and
Training, Evaluations, Centre of
Excellence for Allocations
Export Procedures, Dual-Use
Goods, Arms and Embargoes
Export Monitoring, Information
Analysis, War Weapons Control,
Verification, Outreach Projects
Missile and Space Systems,
Weapons and Weapon Systems,
Mechanical Engineering,
Process Engineering,
Electronics and Optics
Policy Issues, Chemistry, Biology,
Nuclear Technology, Chemical
Weapons Convention (CWC)
Division 112
Division 121
Division 211
Division 221
Division 311
Division 321
General Legal Issues,
Security of Classified Material
Information Technology Hardware, Networks
Policy and Procedural Issues
Information Analysis, Reporting
Electronics: Optics, Computers
Technical Policy Issues –
Procedures, Lists of Goods and
Regimes –
Division 113
Division 122
Division 212
Division 222
Division 312
Division 322
Internal Services
Information Technology Software
Authorisations for Dual-Use
Goods
War Weapons Control
Weapon Systems,
Air and Land Vehicles, Ships,
Missile and Space Systems (MTCR)
Chemicals, Biological Agents,
Materials (Australia Group)
Division 114
Division 123
Division 213
Division 223
Division 313
Division 323
Budget*, Procurement,
Cost-Results Accounting
HR Development,
Education and Training
Authorisations for Conventional
Armaments
Internal Compliance Programmes
(ICP), Collective Export Licence
Procedure
Machine Tools,
Measurement Machines
Nuclear Technology (NSG),
Radioactive Materials
Division 115
Division 124
Division 214
Division 224
Division 314
Division 324
Organisation*,
Quality Management
Evaluations, Centre of Excellence
for Allocations, Data Protection
Embargoes*
Cooperation with Investigating
and Monitoring Authorities, Licensing of Private Security Services
for the Protection of Ships
Electronics: Communications
Technology, Military Electronics
CWC Inspections,
CWC Declarations
Division 215
Division 225
Division 315
Other Licensing Requirements,
Unlisted Goods,
Special Export Procedures
Outreach Projects; Policy
Process Engineering,
Industrial Equipment
*Including responsibilities for Germany Trade
and Invest
Division 216
Division 226
Compliance Control,
Licence Registration
Outreach Projects; Management
O R G A N I S AT I O N C H A RT
Staff Council
Corruption Prevention
Security Officer/
Sabotage Protection
Official
Spokesperson for
Severely Disabled
Persons
Data Protection Officer
IT Security Officer
89
Equal Opportunities
Officer
Promotion of Economic Development and SMEs
Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energies, Special Compensation
Audit Oversight Body
Directorate 41
Directorate 42
Directorate 51
Directorate 52
Directorate 61
Directorate 62
Promotion of Economic
Development, INVEST
Promotion of Economic
Development,
Emergency Response
Energy Area 1
Energy Efficiency, NAPE, MAP
Energy Sector 2
Special Compensation Rule (BesAR), Refrigeration Engineering
Inspections and Quality Control
Professional Supervision and
Policy Issues
Division 411
Division 421
Division 511
Division 521
Division 611
Division 621
INVEST risk capital,
Manufacturer‘s discount,
Digital Dividend
Crafts Promotion,
Institutional Promotion
Federal Energy Efficiency Centre,
Policy Issues, NAPE Coordination
and Communication Strategy
BesAR – Policy Issues
Legal Affairs and Preventative
Professional Supervision
HR Policy and International Issues
Division 412
Division 422
Division 512
Division 522
Division 612
Division 622
Promotion of Inter-company
Vocational Training Centres, Film
Coal Mining Assistance/APG
Local Consultations,
Energy Management System
BesAR – Development Area 1
Inspections 1
(Banks and Insurance Bodies)
Professional Supervision 1
(Banks and Insurance Bodies)
Division 413
Division 423
Division 513
Division 523
Division 613
Division 623
Assistance to Advisory Services
Petroleum and Gas,
Generic Technologies
Heating System Promotion MAP Policy Issues
Inspections 2
(Industry and Trade)
Professional Supervision 2
(Industry and Trade)
Division 414
Division 424
Division 514
Division 524
Division 614
Division 624
Foreign Trade, Trade Fairs
Satellite Data Protection,
Importation,
Innovative Shipbuilding
Promotion
MAP – Development Area 1,
Heat Pumps, Funding of PRS
Technical Supervision,
Quality Control
Technical Supervision,
Professional Supervision,
Market Monitoring
Division 425
Division 515
Division 525
CHP, Mini CHAP
MAP – Development Area 2
BesAR – Refrigeration Engineering
Division 516
Division 526
MAP – Development Area 3
Energy Consulting SME,
Energy Audit
Integration scheduled as of mid-2016
www.bafa.de
Report 2015/2016

BAFA Report 2015/2016

Transcription

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