vehicle crashworthiness ratings

Transcription

VEHICLE SAFETY RATINGS ESTIMATED FROM
POLICE REPORTED CRASH DATA: 2011 UPDATE
AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND CRASHES DURING 1987-2009
by
Stuart Newstead
Linda Watson
& Max Cameron
Report No. 304
July 2011
Project Sponsored By
ii
MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE
Report No.
Report Date
ISBN
ISSN
Pages
304
July 2011
0 7326 2374 X
1835-4815 (On-Line)
60 + Appendices
Title and sub-title:
VEHICLE SAFETY RATINGS ESTIMATED FROM POLICE REPORTED CRASH DATA: 2011 UPDATE
Author(s)
Type of Report & Period Covered
Newstead, S.V., Watson, L.M and Cameron, M.H.
Summary Report, 1982-2009
Sponsoring Organisations - This project was funded as contract research by the following organisations:
Road Traffic Authority of NSW, Royal Automobile Club of Victoria, NRMA Motoring and Services, VicRoads, Royal
Automobile Club of Western Australia, Transport Accident Commission, New Zealand Transport Agency, the New Zealand
Automobile Association, Queensland Department of Transport and Main Roads, Royal Automobile Club of Queensland,
Royal Automobile Association of South Australia, South Australian Department of Transport Energy and Infrastructure,
Accident Compensation Corporation New Zealand and by grants from the Australian Government Department of
Infrastructure and Transport and the Road Safety Council of Western Australia
Abstract:
This study describes the calculation of updated ratings that measure the relative safety of vehicles in preventing severe
injury to people involved in crashes. Three different aspects of secondary safety are examined: crashworthiness which
focuses on drivers of the rated vehicle, aggressivity which focuses on drivers of other vehicles and unprotected road users
such as pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists colliding with the rated vehicle and total secondary safety which examines
the combined crashworthiness and aggressivity performance of the rated vehicle. Updated ratings for 1982-2009 model
vehicles were estimated based on data on crashes in Victoria and New South Wales during 1987-2009, in Queensland,
Western Australia and New Zealand during 1991-2009 and in South Australia during 1995-2009. Each rating is measured
as a combination of injury severity (the risk of death or serious injury given an injury was sustained) and injury risk (the
risk of injury given crash involvement). The ratings were adjusted for the sex and age of the person whose injury outcome
was being measured, speed limit at the crash location, number of vehicles, crash configuration and type or road user
involved where relevant, the jurisdiction in which the crash occurred and the year in which the crash occurred. These factors
were strongly related to the risk of an injury being sustained in the crash and the likelihood of injuries sustained being
severe. Each rating estimates the risk of being killed or admitted to hospital when involved in a crash, to a degree of
accuracy represented by the confidence limits of the rating in each case.
Crashworthiness estimates and their associated confidence limits were obtained for 471 vehicle models classified into
10 market groups. Aggressivity rating estimates and their associated confidence limits were obtained for 439 vehicle
models. The total secondary safety index estimates and their associated confidence limits were obtained for 535 vehicle
models classified into 10 market groups. A method for presenting the ratings for consumer information is also described.
The rating presentation classifies vehicles according to where their rating lies in relation to a best performance benchmark.
The relationship between vehicle crashworthiness and the year of manufacture of Australian passenger and light
commercial vehicles manufactured from 1964 to 2009 was also investigated. Trends were examined by year of manufacture
both for the fleet as a whole and by market group for vehicles manufactured from 1982 to 2009.
The results of this report are based on a number of assumptions and warrant a number of qualifications that should be
noted.
Key Words: (IRRD except when marked*)
Injury, Vehicle Occupant, Collision, Passenger Car Unit, Passive Safety System, Statistics
Disclaimer:
This Report is produced for the purposes of providing information concerning the safety of vehicles involved in crashes. It is based
upon information provided to the Monash University Accident Research Centre by VicRoads, the Transport Accident
Commission, the New South Wales Roads and Traffic Authority, NRMA Ltd, Queensland Transport, the Western Australian
Department of Main Roads, South Australian Department of Transport, Energy and Infrastructure and the New Zealand Ministry
of Transport. Any republication of the findings of the Report whether by way of summary or reproduction of the tables or
otherwise is prohibited unless prior written consent is obtained from the Monash University Accident Research Centre and any
conditions attached to that consent are satisfied. A brochure based on this report is available from the sponsoring organisations
and may be freely quoted.
Reproduction of this page is authorised
Monash University Accident Research Centre Building 70, Monash University
Victoria 3800, Australia. Telephone: +61 3 9905 4371, Fax: +61 3 9905 4363
VEHICLE SAFETY RATINGS: 2011 UPDATE
iii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report describes the development of further updated vehicle secondary safety ratings
for 1982-2009 model vehicles. The ratings produced cover vehicle crashworthiness,
aggressivity and total secondary safety. Crashworthiness ratings measure the relative safety
of vehicles in preventing severe injury to their own drivers in crashes whilst aggressivity
ratings measure the serious injury risk vehicles pose to other road users with which they
collide. The aggressivity rating measure is based on collisions between the vehicle being
rated and both other vehicles and unprotected road users including pedestrians, bicyclists
and motorcyclists. The total secondary safety index measure integrates into one measure the
combined crashworthiness and aggressivity performance of a vehicle in a way most
representative of the crash population involving the vehicle fleet being rated. It considers
relative injury outcomes in the full range of crashes involving light passenger vehicles
including single and multi vehicle crashes, crashes with heavy vehicle and crashes involving
unprotected road users.
All three measures of vehicle secondary safety performance are estimated from data on real
crashes reported to police. The update is based on crash data from Victoria and New South
Wales during 1987-2009, from Queensland, Western Australia and New Zealand during
1991-2009 and from South Australia during 1995-2009. The assembled database covered
5,619,861 road users involved in tow-away crashes in New South Wales, South Australia,
Queensland and Western Australia during 1987-2009 and 1,154,525 road users of 19822009 model vehicles who were injured in crashes in Victoria, New South Wales, Western
Australia, Queensland or New Zealand during 1987-2009.
The crashworthiness ratings estimate the risk of a driver of the focus vehicle being killed or
admitted to hospital when involved in a tow-away crash, to a degree of accuracy represented
by the confidence limits of the rating in each case. The crashworthiness ratings were
adjusted for the driver sex and age, the speed limit at the crash location, the year in which
the crash occurred, the jurisdiction in which the crash occurred and the number of vehicles
involved in the crash. These factors were found to be strongly associated with risk of injury
when involved in a crash and the severity of injuries received. Adjustments were made with
the aim of measuring the effects of vehicle factors alone, uncontaminated by other nonvehicle related factors available in the data that affected crash severity and injury
susceptibility. Crashworthiness ratings and their associated confidence limits were
calculated for 471 individual vehicle models manufactured between the years 1982-2009.
Vehicles were classified into one of 10 market groups for presentation of the ratings with
average crashworthiness of vehicles in each market group estimated.
The measure of aggressivity was calculated for 439 models of Australian and New Zealand
passenger vehicles manufactured between the years 1982-2009. The aggressivity ratings
estimate the risk of a vehicle driver or unprotected road user impacting with the focus
vehicle model being killed or admitted to hospital when involved in a crash. Average
aggressivity for vehicles in each of the 10 defined market groups was also estimated.
Estimated vehicle aggressivity towards drivers of other vehicles or unprotected road users
was found to have little or no relationship with ratings of vehicle crashworthiness,
demonstrating the independence of the two complementary measures.
The total secondary safety index measures the average risk of death or serious injury to all
light passenger vehicle drivers and unprotected road users (pedestrians, cyclists and
iv
motorcyclists) when involved in a crash with the rated light passenger vehicle to a degree of
accuracy represented by the confidence limits of the index in each case. It is a measure of
the combined crashworthiness and aggressivity performance of the rated vehicle. Total
secondary safety index estimates and their associated confidence limits were obtained for
535 vehicle models classified into 10 market groups.
Estimated total secondary safety was found to have a stronger relationship with ratings of
vehicle crashworthiness than with vehicle aggressivity. This reflects that crashworthiness is
relevant to the injury outcome of road users in a wider range of crash types than are covered
by the aggressivity ratings. The index serves as a valuable summary of overall secondary
safety of light passenger vehicles both for consumer information as well as for regulators
and vehicle safety advocates in identifying and promoting vehicle safety characteristics that
optimise overall secondary safety characteristics.
Each of the 3 ratings sets were was measured by a combination of injury severity (the risk
of death or serious injury given an injury was sustained) and injury risk (the risk of injury
given crash involvement).A far as possible, each index reflects the secondary safety
performance related to vehicle design alone by controlling for a range of non-vehicle related
factors known to affect injury outcome. Non vehicle related factors considered were the sex
and age of the person whose injury outcome was being measured, speed limit at the crash
location, number of vehicles involved, the jurisdiction in which the crash occurred and the
year in which the crash occurred. For each measure these factors were strongly related to
injury risk and/or severity. In addition to the above factors the total secondary safety rating
was also adjusted for the type of crash and road user combination.
For each type of rating estimated, the expanded data set has been able to produce more upto-date and reliable estimates for individual car models than those published previously. A
method of presenting the ratings for consumer information is described. The new rating
presentation classifies vehicles according to where their rating lies in relation to a best
performance benchmark.
The crashworthiness of passenger vehicles in the Australian vehicle fleet (cars, station
wagons, four wheel drives and vans), has been estimated by year of manufacture for the
years 1964 to 2009. This study further updates the original one by Cameron et al (1994a) for
years of manufacture 1964 to 1992. Updated trends in Australian crashworthiness by year of
manufacture show similar patterns as previously obtained with the greatest gains over the
years 1970 to 1979 in which a number of new Australian Design Rules aimed at occupant
protection took effect. Further significant gains in crashworthiness have also been observed
over the years 1988 to 2009, with notable steady gains from 1988 to 1996 and since 2001.
Trends in crashworthiness by year of vehicle manufacture from 1982 to 2009 for each of the
10 vehicle market groups were also estimated showing differential improvement in
crashworthiness by market group by year of manufacture.
The results and conclusions are based on a number of assumptions and warrant a number of
qualifications that should be noted.
v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
A project as large and complex as this could not have been carried out without the help and
support of a number of people. The authors particularly wish to acknowledge:
vi
•
Mr David Attwood of the Transport Accident Commission (TAC) for the provision
of TAC claims data and Ms Samantha Cockfield of the TAC for her support of the
project.
•
VicRoads Information Services Division for the provision of data from Victorian
Police crash reports.
•
Mr Geoff Murray, Mr Wesley Soet and Ms Shuk Jin of the Department of Main
Roads Western Australia for the provision of data from Western Australia Police
crash reports.
•
Mr Ken Brandis of the Western Australian Department for Planning and
Infrastructure for the provision of Western Australia registration data.
•
Mr Steve Lippett of the Department for Transport, Energy and Infrastructure of
South Australia for the provision of data from South Australia Police crash reports
and Mr Harry McDonald of the Department for Transport, Energy and Infrastructure
of South Australia for the matching of registration data to South Australia crash
data.
•
Officers of the Data Analysis Unit of Queensland Transport and Main Roads for the
provision of data from Queensland Police crash reports and the Queensland vehicle
registration system.
•
Mr Dan Leavy and Mr Keith Simmons of the New South Wales Roads and Traffic
Authority (RTA) for their support of the project and the release of data from NSW
Police crash reports and the NSW vehicle register.
•
Mr Jack Haley of NRMA Motoring and Services for his support of the project and
for providing procedures to determine the models of vehicles crashing in NSW,
Victoria and Queensland.
•
Ms Maria Pappas of NRMA who developed and applied the procedures to determine
the models of vehicles recorded in the police crash reports through decoding of
Vehicle Identification Numbers.
•
Mr John Goldsworthy of the Australian Commonwealth Government Department of
Infrastructure and Transport for his support of the project.
•
Mr Alex Forrest of the RACWA for his support for the project.
•
Mr Ross McArthur and Chris Jones of VicRoads for their support of the project.
•
Mr Michael Case and Nick Platt of the RACV for their support of the project and for
advice on substantive changes in designs of specific models over the years.
•
Mr Jon Gibson and Mr Iain Cameron of the Western Australian Office of Road
Safety for their support of the project.
•
Professor Caroline Finch, Mr Tri Minh Le, Mr Michael Skalova and Ms Chau My
Le, all formerly of MUARC, for the development of the analysis methods in earlier
years that formed the basis of the methods used in this report.
•
Mr David Taranto and Ms Sujanie Pereris of MUARC for their assistance in
collecting VIN information and information on vehicle make and model changes for
the decoding and clustering of vehicle model information.
•
Dr Alan Miller, formerly of the CSIRO Division of Mathematics and Statistics for
suggesting analysis methods used in this report to improve the sensitivity of the
results and to determine the confidence limits of the estimates.
•
Officers of the Victorian, NSW, Western Australian, Queensland, South Australia
and New Zealand Police Forces and of the Transport Accident Commission who
diligently recorded the information on crashes and injuries which formed the basis
of this report.
•
Mr Stuart Worden and Mr John White of the NZ Transport Agency for their
enthusiastic support of the project.
•
Mr Stuart Badger of the NZ Ministry of Transport for supply of the New Zealand
crash data and advice on its use in the project.
•
Mrs Carol Hewitt and Kheang Chrun of Land Transport NZ for supply of the New
Zealand vehicle registration data and advice on its use in the project.
•
Mr Tijs Robinson, a former contractor to the former LTSA, for his advice on
specifications and sources of information on New Zealand vehicle models.
•
Mr Eugene Girardin of Land Transport NZ for advice on the New Zealand used
import vehicle market and the handling of these vehicles by Land Transport NZ.
•
Ms Stella Stocks of AA New Zealand for her support of the project.
•
Mr Steve Spalding of the Royal Automobile Club of Queensland for his support of
the project.
•
Mr Mark Borlace of RAA South Australia for his support of the project.
•
Mr Anant Bellary of Queensland Transport and Main Roads for his support of the
project.
•
Mr John Cartwright from the South Australian Department of Transport Energy and
Infrastructure for his support of the project.
•
Mr Paul Gimblett from the New Zealand Accident Compensation Corporation for
his support of the project.
vii
CONTENTS
Page No.
1. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 2. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 3. 3.1 3.2 3.3 4. 4.1 4.2 4.3 5. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................... 2 CRASHWORTHINESS RATINGS..................................................................................... 2 AGGRESSIVITY RATINGS ............................................................................................ 3 TOTAL SECONDARY SAFETY INDEX............................................................................ 4 TRENDS IN VEHICLE SAFETY BY YEAR OF MANUFACTURE AND MARKET GROUP ...... 6 PROJECT AIMS ............................................................................................................ 7 CRASH DATA ............................................................................................................ 8 VICTORIAN CRASHES.................................................................................................. 8 NEW SOUTH WALES CRASHES ................................................................................. 10 QUEENSLAND CRASHES ............................................................................................ 11 WESTERN AUSTRALIA CRASHES .............................................................................. 12 SOUTH AUSTRALIA CRASHES ................................................................................... 13 CRASH AND REGISTRATION DATA FROM NEW ZEALAND ......................................... 14 COMBINED DATA FROM THE SIX JURISDICTIONS ...................................................... 14 MODELS AND MARKET GROUPS OF VEHICLES......................................... 16 VEHICLE MODEL IDENTIFICATION ............................................................................ 16 POOLED CAR MODELS .............................................................................................. 17 VEHICLE MARKET GROUPS ...................................................................................... 17 ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................ 19 OVERVIEW OF ANALYSIS METHODS: CRASHWORTHINESS........................................ 19 OVERVIEW OF THE ANALYSIS METHODS: AGGRESSIVITY ........................................ 20 OVERVIEW OF ANALYSIS METHODS: TOTAL SAFETY ............................................... 21 RESULTS .................................................................................................................. 25 5.1 VEHICLE CRASHWORTHINESS RATINGS .................................................................... 25 5.1.1 Injury Risk ......................................................................................................... 25 5.1.2 Injury Severity ................................................................................................... 26 5.1.3 Crashworthiness Ratings .................................................................................. 26 5.1.4 Comparisons with the Benchmark Rating......................................................... 27 5.2 AGGRESSIVITY.......................................................................................................... 35 5.2.1 Aggressivity towards Other Car Drivers and Unprotected Road Users .......... 35 5.2.2 Comparisons with the Benchmark Rating......................................................... 37 5.2.3 Relationship between Aggressivity and Crashworthiness ................................ 38 5.3 VEHICLE TOTAL SECONDARY SAFETY RATING ........................................................ 39 5.3.1 Injury Risk ......................................................................................................... 39 5.3.2 Injury Severity ................................................................................................... 40 5.3.3 Total secondary safety index............................................................................. 41 5.3.4 Comparisons with the Benchmark Rating......................................................... 42 5.3.5 Comparison of Crashworthiness, Aggressivity and the Total Secondary Safety
index 42 5.4 PRESENTATION OF TOTAL SECONDARY SAFETY INDEX, CRASHWORTHINESS AND
AGGRESSIVITY RATINGS FOR CONSUMER INFORMATION ................................................... 43 5.5 CRASHWORTHINESS BY YEAR OF MANUFACTURE OF THE AUSTRALIAN VEHICLE
FLEET47 5.5.1 Injury Risk ......................................................................................................... 47 viii
5.5.2 Injury Severity ................................................................................................... 47 5.5.3 Crashworthiness by Year of Manufacture ......................................................... 48 5.6 CRASHWORTHINESS BY YEAR OF MANUFACTURE AND MARKET GROUP FOR THE
AUSTRALIAN VEHICLE FLEET ............................................................................................. 50 5.6.1 Injury Risk ......................................................................................................... 50 5.6.2 Injury Severity ................................................................................................... 52 5.6.3 Crashworthiness by Year of Manufacture and Market Group .......................... 53 7. CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................ 56 8. ASSUMPTIONS AND QUALIFICATIONS .......................................................... 58 8.1 8.2 ASSUMPTIONS ........................................................................................................... 58 QUALIFICATIONS ....................................................................................................... 58 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................... 59 APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1. Makes and models of cars involved in Victorian and New South Wales
crashes during 1987-2009, South Australia crashes during 1995-2009 and
Western Australia, Queensland and New Zealand crashes during 19912009
APPENDIX 2. Logistic regression estimates of crashworthiness injury risk by model and
market group
APPENDIX 3. Logistic regression estimates of crashworthiness injury severity by model
and market group
APPENDIX 4. Crashworthiness ratings of 1982-2009 models of cars involved in crashes
during 1987-2009
APPENDIX 5. Aggressivity injury risk aggressivity injury severity and ratings of vehicle
aggressivity (with 95% and 90% confidence limits), towards other vehicle
drivers
APPENDIX 6. Total safety injury risk, total safety injury severity and ratings of vehicle
total safety (with 90% confidence limits) of 1982-2009 models of cars
involved in crashes during 1987-2009
APPENDIX 7. Presentation of crashworthiness, aggressivity and total secondary safety
ratings for consumer information
APPENDIX 8. Crashworthiness, injury risk and injury severity estimates by year of
vehicle manufacture for the Australian vehicle fleet
APPENDIX 9. Crashworthiness, injury risk and injury severity estimates by year of
vehicle manufacture by market group for the Australian vehicle fleet
ix
VEHICLE SAFETY RATINGS ESTIMATED FROM
POLICE REPORTED CRASH DATA: 2011 UPDATE
VEHICLE SAFETY RATINGS: 2011 UPDATE 1
1.
INTRODUCTION
For over 2 decades the Monash University Accident Research Centre (MUARC) has been
involved in a program of research examining issues relating to vehicle safety in both Australia
and New Zealand through the analysis of mass data records on crashes reported to police. Data
on which the research to date is based has come from reports compiled by police in various
States across Australia and in New Zealand. In Victoria, some of the police reported crash data
has been augmented by data on injury compensation claims resulting from transportation crashes
compiled by the Victorian Transport Accident Commission (TAC).
A principal focus of the research program has been to produce vehicle secondary safety ratings
for specific makes and models of vehicles and by market group of vehicle. For many years the
ratings have focused on two aspects of vehicle safety performance: crashworthiness, being the
ability of a vehicle to protect its own occupants in the event of a crash, and aggressivity, the
ability of a vehicle to protect other road users with which it collides. More recently, an overall
secondary safety ratings measure has been developed called the total secondary safety rating. It
measures the combined relative crashworthiness and aggressivity performance of various makes
and models of vehicles based on exposure to the mix of major crash types on Australasian roads
where vehicle crashworthiness and/or aggressivity are important in determining injury outcomes.
The ratings have been updated at regular intervals (Newstead et al 1996, Newstead et al 1997,
Newstead et al 1998, Newstead et al 1999, Newstead et al 2000, Newstead et al 2003a,
Newstead et al 2004b, Newstead et al 2005b, Newstead et al 2006, Newstead et al 2007a, 2007b,
Newstead et al 2008a, 2008b, Newstead et al 2009a, 2009b, Newstead et al 2010a, 2010b). The
most recent prior update covered vehicles manufactured over the period 1982-2008 and crashing
during 1987-2008. Progressive enhancement of the methods of statistical analysis has been
incorporated through the ratings updates. From 1999 the ratings incorporated police-reported
crash data from Queensland whereas previously only crash data from New South Wales and
Victoria had been used. From 2003 the ratings also added police-reported crash data from
Western Australia. From 2004 the ratings included police-reported crash data from New Zealand
after a rigorous program of research establishing the comparability of vehicles between the
Australian and New Zealand vehicle fleets in terms of their specification and secondary safety
performance (Voyce, 2000; Robinson, 2000a,b, Newstead, 2000b, Newstead, 2002, Newstead et
al 2003b). From 2007 the ratings also added police-reported crash data from South Australia.
The crashworthiness ratings covered individual models of sedans, station wagons, four wheel
drives, passenger vans and light commercial vehicles and are given as estimates of risk of severe
injury for each model along with 90% and 95% confidence limits on each estimate.
The ratings have been published annually by the agencies supporting the research as a source of
consumer information to aid the purchase of safe vehicles. They are marketed as the Used Car
Safety Ratings reflecting the fact that ratings can only be produced some time after a vehicle is
released for sale once sufficient real world crash experience has been accumulated. It also
differentiates these ratings from those derived under the Australasian New Car Assessment
Program based on crash barrier testing results which are targeted largely at new vehicle buyers.
1.1
Crashworthiness Ratings
Crashworthiness ratings rate the relative safety of vehicles in protecting their own occupants by
examining injury outcomes to drivers in real world crashes reported to police. The
crashworthiness rating of a vehicle in the ratings system used in this report is a measure of the
2
risk of death or serious injury to a driver of that vehicle when it is involved in a crash. This risk
is estimated from large numbers of records of injury to drivers of that vehicle type involved in
real crashes on the road. It is measured in two components:
1.
2.
Rate of injury for drivers involved in crashes where a vehicle is towed away or someone
is injured (injury risk)
Rate of serious injury (death or hospital admission) for injured drivers (injury severity).
Multiplying these two rates together forms the crashworthiness rating. This is a measure of the
risk of serious injury for drivers involved in crashes where a vehicle is towed away or someone
is injured. Measuring crashworthiness as a product of two components, reflecting risk and
severity of injury respectively, was first developed by Folksam Insurance, which publishes the
well-known Swedish ratings (Gustafsson et al 1989) and were first published in Australia in
Cameron et al (1994a,b) These ratings use an analysis method that was developed to maximise
the reliability and sensitivity of the results from the available data whilst adjusting for the effects
on injury outcome of non-vehicle factors that differ between vehicles. In addition to the speed
zone and driver sex, the method of analysis adjusts for the effects of driver age and the number
of vehicles involved, producing results with all those factors taken into account.
1.2
Aggressivity Ratings
The aggressivity measure used in the Australian vehicle safety rating system estimates the risk of
the driver of another car or an unprotected road user (pedestrian, bicyclist or motorcyclist) being
killed or seriously injured when involved in a collision with the subject model vehicle. It is
representative of the total aggressivity performance of the vehicles being rated across all
potential collision partners that are susceptible to injury. Like the crashworthiness measure, it is
calculated as the product of two component measures, one measuring injury risk the other
measuring injury severity.
Because an estimate of the risk of injury cannot be calculated for unprotected road users since
crashes are generally not reported to the police when the unprotected road user is uninjured, the
measure of aggressivity injury risk is based only on the injury risk to the drivers of other
vehicles (ROU). It is defined as:
Aggressivity Injury Risk = ROU = proportion of other vehicle drivers involved in
crashes who were injured
In contrast, complete records of both other drivers and unprotected road users injured in crashes
are available in police reported crash data and can be used to examine injury severity outcomes
in the aggressivity measure. The aggressivity injury severity measure (SOU) is defined as:
Aggressivity Injury Severity = SOU = proportion of other vehicle drivers or
unprotected road users who were killed or
admitted to hospital.
The aggressivity measure for each subject car model is then calculated as:
Aggressivity to other driver or unprotected road user = AOU = ROU x SOU.
Like the crashworthiness ratings, the aggressivity measure was adjusted for the effects of nonvehicle factors differing between the subject car models which may have affected injury
outcome to the driver of the other vehicle. Non-vehicle factors available in the data included:
• speed limit at the crash location
• subject vehicle driver age (younger drivers may be driving at relatively fast speeds not
fully represented by the speed limit)
• subject vehicle driver sex (male drivers may be driving at relatively fast speeds or more
aggressively)
• other car occupant age (older occupants are more susceptible to injury)
• other car occupant sex (female occupants are more susceptible to injury, but males appear
to be associated with relatively high injury severities)
• collision partner type (vehicle, pedestrian, bicyclist or motorcyclist) (injury severity
analysis only)
1.3
Total Secondary Safety Index
Past presentations of the crashworthiness and aggressivity ratings for consumer information
simply present the two ratings side by side. This leaves the consumer to decide the relative
importance of each rating in making a decision on vehicle safety priority in their purchasing
decision. From a consumer information perspective, this might seem a good strategy as it allows
the consumer to balance the relative priority they give to their own safety versus the safety of
other road users on an individual basis. However, it may not be ideal from the perspective of
trying to steer the vehicle fleet as a whole in the direction of optimum safety which should be the
overarching priority for safety advocates, regulators and, indeed, the community as a whole. If
consumers generally based their vehicle choices only on crashworthiness performance and
largely ignored aggressivity, sub optimal choices on a community wide safety basis may result.
Similar sub-optimal choices may result if only aggressivity were considered. A desire to
optimise vehicle secondary safety on a whole of community basis highlights the need for an
index which combines the crashworthiness and aggressivity performance of a vehicle into a
single index. The total safety index captures the overall secondary safety of the vehicle in the
most meaningful way for the environment in which it is driven and hence crash circumstances to
which it is exposed.
The international vehicle safety literature shows a paucity of effort in developing such an index.
The only group to have given the concept serious consideration are the University of Oulu
transport research group in Finland (Huttula et al, 1997). The Finnish group have measures of
vehicle aggressivity and crashworthiness similar in concept to those developed by MUARC.
From these they have developed a total passive safety index which is essentially the sum of the
crashworthiness and aggressivity measures for each vehicle. Deriving the total passive safety
index in this way implicitly assumes that crashworthiness and aggressivity have equal weighting
in the overall passive safety performance of a vehicle. Whether this is the most appropriate
approach is questionable since the relative balance of importance between crashworthiness and
aggressivity will depend on the mix of crash circumstances the vehicle is exposed to.
A more detailed approach to the issue of estimating total vehicle passive or secondary safety has
been explored in Newstead et al (2004a) and Newstead et al (2004b). This work, based on
analysis of Australian crash data, commenced by identifying the four primary crash types in
which light passenger vehicles were involved and identifying the principal injury outcomes of
interest in the crash. The crash types identified were:
4
1.
Crashes between two light passenger vehicles:
2.
Single light passenger vehicle crashes.
3.
Crashes between a light passenger vehicle and a heavy vehicle (bus, rigid truck or
articulated truck).
4.
Crashes between a light passenger vehicle and unprotected road user (pedestrian,
bicyclist or motorcyclist).
The total secondary safety index defined by Newstead et al (2004b) was calculated by broad
market group of vehicle and was a weighted average of four individual crashworthiness or
aggressivity based measures. They are:
1. The crashworthiness of the light passenger vehicle in crashes between two light vehicles
as a function of its impact partner market group (embodying both the crashworthiness of
the focus vehicle market group as well as the aggressivity of the impact partner vehicle
market group) – Crash type 1.
2. The crashworthiness of the light passenger vehicle in single vehicle crashes – Crash type
2.
3. The crashworthiness of the light passenger vehicle in crashes with heavy vehicles as a
function of the heavy vehicle type – Crash type 3
4. The aggressivity of the light passenger vehicle towards unprotected road users – Crash
type 4.
The total secondary safety index was defined as the weighted average of each of the four safety
measures with the weighting factors used being the proportionate representation of each of the
four crash types. As such, it represented the overall secondary safety performance of a vehicle,
classified by market group in this case, in protecting all road users involved in the full range of
crashes reflecting the relative incidence of each major crash type.
It is evident from examining the form of the total secondary safety index that the traditional
measure of overall vehicle crashworthiness performance is embodied in the safety measures
relating to crash types 1, 2, and 3. The traditional aggressivity measure is embodied in the safety
measures relating to crash types 1 and 4. Constructing the total secondary safety index in this
way is similar in basic principle to the approach used by the Oulu researchers. However it differs
in the fact that it gives appropriate weighting to each aspect of a vehicle’s secondary safety
performance by weighting each component according to its relevance in Australian real world
circumstances.
The work of Newstead et al (2004a) and Newstead et al (2004b) was useful in, for the first time,
defining an overall secondary safety index for light passenger vehicles relevant to Australian
circumstances. It was then able to use the index effectively to quantify the broad overall
secondary safety effects of changing the mix of vehicles in the fleet. The index did, however,
have some limitations related to the manual construction of the index from its components. First,
there had to be sufficient data to estimate each of the component safety measures comprising the
index. In the demonstration of the methodology this meant results could only be obtained by
broad market group of vehicle and not for individual makes and models of vehicle. Second,
estimates of statistical confidence on the index could not be estimated due to its complex nature.
Both these difficulties highlighted the need for development of an integrated total secondary
safety index that could be estimated by vehicle make and model with associated estimates of
statistical confidence.
Building on the approach to modelling vehicle total secondary safety demonstrated in Newstead
et al (2004a) and Newstead et al (2004b), the study of Newstead et al (2007c) developed and
applied an integrated single index of total secondary safety for light passenger vehicles in the
Australian and New Zealand vehicle fleets. The index measures the average risk of death or
serious injury to light passenger vehicle drivers and unprotected road users (pedestrians, cyclists
and motorcyclists) when involved in a crash with a light passenger vehicle to a degree of
accuracy represented by the confidence limits of the index in each case. It provides an overall
summary of the combined crashworthiness and aggressivity performance of a vehicle. The index
was measured by a combination of injury severity (the risk of death or serious injury given an
injury was sustained) and injury risk (the risk of injury given crash involvement).As far as
possible, the index reflects the total secondary safety performance related to vehicle design alone
by controlling for a range of non-vehicle related factors known to affect injury outcome. The
index was adjusted for the sex and age of the person whose injury outcome was being measured,
speed limit at the crash location, number of vehicles involved, the jurisdiction in which the crash
occurred and the year in which the crash occurred. These factors were strongly related to injury
risk and/or severity. In addition to the above factors this rating was also adjusted for the type of
crash and road user combination as this factor was strongly related to injury risk and/or severity.
The index serves as a valuable summary of overall secondary safety of light passenger vehicles
both for consumer information as well as for regulators and vehicle safety advocates in
identifying and promoting vehicle safety characteristics that optimise overall secondary safety
characteristics.
1.4
Trends in Vehicle Safety by Year of Manufacture and Market Group
Another focus of the vehicle crashworthiness ratings study has been to track historical
improvements in the average crashworthiness of the Australian vehicle fleet since 1964. In 1994,
the Royal Automobile Club of Victoria (RACV) commissioned a study to investigate the effects
of the year of manufacture of vehicles (vehicle year) on their road safety (Cameron et al 1994c).
This project focused on investigating the relationship between crashworthiness and vehicle year
of manufacture for the years 1964 to 1992. The aim of the original study of Cameron et al
(1994c) was, to the extent possible, to measure the crashworthiness of vehicles of different years
of manufacture. The method employed was designed to eliminate the influence of other key
factors affecting the risk of injury that might also be associated with vehicle year (e.g. driver age
and sex, use on high speed roads, etc.).
The original study of Cameron et al (1994c) showed that the crashworthiness of passenger
vehicles in Australia has improved over the years of manufacture 1964 to 1992 with rapid
improvement over the years from about 1970 to 1979. Drivers of vehicles manufactured during
1970 to 1979 could be expected to have benefited from the implementation of a number of
Australian Design Rules (ADRs) for motor vehicle safety which previous research has shown to
be effective in providing occupant protection. The study has been updated with each vehicle
crashworthiness ratings update. The most recent analysis included vehicles with years of
manufacture from 1964 to 2008 (Newstead et al 2010a, 2010b). Similar analyses have been
undertaken for the New Zealand vehicle fleet by Newstead and Watson (2005a) showing quite
different trends in crashworthiness by year of manufacture to that observed in the Australian
6
fleet reflecting the different regulatory frameworks across the two countries and the significant
used vehicle import program in operation in New Zealand.
Extending the basic analysis, Newstead and Cameron (2001) examined trends in vehicle
crashworthiness by year of manufacture from 1982 to 1998 within specific vehicle market
groups. Vehicles were grouped into 4 market categories: small cars (<1100kg), medium cars
(1100-1400kg), large cars (>1400kg) and sports utility vehicles (four wheel drive vehicles).
Results of analysis found statistically significant differences in the trends in crashworthiness by
year of manufacture between different market groups in both the injury risk and injury severity
components of the crashworthiness measure. This analysis was most recently updated in
Newstead et al (2010a, 2010b) for vehicles manufactured over the years 1982-2008 and grouped
into 10 market classifications.
Using similar methods to those used for investigating trends in crashworthiness by year of
manufacture, Newstead et al (2004a) has investigated trends in aggressivity by year of vehicle
manufacture for the Australian fleet as a whole as well as by 8 broad market group
classifications. Although differential trends in aggressivity were found between the various
market groups of vehicle analysed, for the Australian vehicle fleet as a whole there has been no
significant trend to improving or worsening aggressivity over the years of manufacture studied
from 1964 to 2000.
1.5
Project Aims
The aim of this project was to update the previously published crashworthiness, aggressivity and
total safety ratings of Newstead et al (2010a, 2010b) including additional crash data from the
year 2009 for Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia and
New Zealand. The updated ratings aimed to cover the drivers of light passenger vehicles
including cars, station wagons, four wheel drive vehicles, passenger vans, and light commercial
vehicles manufactured during 1982-2009 and crashing in Victoria or NSW during 1987-2009 or
South Australia during 1995-2009 or Queensland, Western Australia and New Zealand during
1991-2009.
This project also aimed to update the estimates of crashworthiness by vehicle year of
manufacture for the Australian vehicle fleet to include vehicles manufactured over the years
1964 to 2009. For vehicle models from 1982 to 2009 that could be classified into a market
grouping, the project also aimed to further investigate trends in crashworthiness of the Australian
vehicle fleet by year of vehicle manufacture within each specific market group.
The study also aimed to further asses the relationships between vehicle crashworthiness and both
the year of manufacture for all vehicles and the year of first registration for used vehicle imports
in New Zealand. The study focused on light passenger vehicles manufactured from 1964 to 2009
and crashing in New Zealand during 1991 to 2009. The results are published separately in a
supplement to this report.
2.
CRASH DATA
Data from Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia and New
Zealand used to produce the vehicle safety ratings of Newstead et al (2010a) covering vehicles
manufactured over the period 1982-2008 and crashing during the years 1987-2008 was again
used here. In addition, data for 2009 from each of the five previously included Australian states
and New Zealand was obtained and integrated bringing the total period of crash data covered to
1987-2009. Subsets of these data were taken in order to estimate the total secondary safety,
crashworthiness and aggressivity measures. Similarly, data from Victoria, New South Wales,
Queensland, South Australia and Western Australia used to produce the crashworthiness by year
of manufacture estimates of Newstead et al (2010a) covering vehicles manufactured over the
period 1964-2008 and crashing during the years 1987-2008 was again used here. The methods of
selecting appropriate cases from each data source will be detailed here.
2.1
Victorian Crashes
Transport Accident Commission (TAC) injury claims from all types of road users who were
involved in crashes in the period 1987 to 1998 had been merged with Police crash reports for the
previous crashworthiness ratings. The Police reports were for all persons involved in crashes
regardless of the Police officer recording the person as injured or uninjured. This procedure was
followed because it was possible for an injury claim to be made in circumstances where injury
was not apparent at the time of the crash. Crashes are reported to the Police in Victoria if a
person is killed or injured, if property is damaged but names and addresses are not exchanged, or
if a possible breach of the Road Traffic Regulations has occurred (Green 1990). The levels of
matching of TAC claims with persons recorded on Police reports for each year during 19871998 achieved by Newstead et al (2003a) are shown in Table 1. The methods of matching for the
data are detailed in Cameron et al (1994b).
Due to a breakdown in the matching process from 1999 subsequent updates of the ratings have
used police crash data unmatched with TAC claims, although matched data prior to 1999 was
still used. Any inconsistencies in injury severity coding introduced by changing from matched to
unmatched data were controlled for in the analysis methodology through compensating for year
of crash differences.
8
Table 1:
TAC claims for injury compensation from crashes during 1987-1998
Year
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
TAC claims
(all types of
injured road
users)
30,892
28,427
25,399
19,633
19,538
19,251
18,590
19,341
20,189
19,954
18,754
18,561
TAC claims
matched with
Police reports
Match rate
(%)
17,509
16,672
17,494
13,886
12,774
13,118
12,618
11,927
12,452
14,034
13,036
12,395
56.7
58.6
66.3
70.7
65.4
68.1
67.8
61.6
61.7
70.3
69.5
66.8
Changes to the police data collection system in Victoria during 2005 meant that only data to
about September 2005 was available for the update of Newstead et al (2007a). In the update of
Newstead et al (2008a) complete 2005 crash data and 2006 crash data to about the end of
September was available. In the update of Newstead et al (2009a) complete 2006 crash data and
2007 crash data to about the end of September was available. In the most recent of Newstead et
al (2010a) complete 2007 and 2008 crash data was available. In this update complete 2009 crash
data was available. Unmatched Victorian crash data for 2009 represented 8,752 injured drivers
of 1982-2009 model vehicles involved in a crash in Victoria. These records were combined with
the merged files of TAC claims with Police reports for 1987-1998 and police reported data only
from 1999-2008, which represented 140,254 injured drivers of 1982-2008 model vehicles
crashing during 1987-2008. The resulting file covered 149,006 injured drivers of 1982-2009
model cars. The information on these drivers was combined with data on drivers injured in the
other four jurisdictions (see Section 2.6) to produce the updated crashworthiness ratings. For the
study of crashworthiness by year of vehicle manufacture the merged TAC claims for injury
during 1987-98 and police crash records during 1999-2009 covered 194,338 injured drivers of
cars, station wagons or taxis manufactured over the years 1964-2009.
Calculation of aggressivity ratings required selecting vehicles involved in two car crashes
followed by matching of the vehicle and occupant injury details for the two cars involved in the
crash. For those vehicles manufactured over the period 1982 to 2009 injury details for the driver
of the other vehicle in the crash were matched by returning to the full Victorian Police reported
crash data files for 1987-2009. The data matching process identified 84,257 vehicles
manufactured between 1982 and 2009 that had been involved in a crash with one other vehicle
where the other vehicle had no restriction on its year of manufacture. Of the drivers of these
other vehicles, 46,107 were injured and 38,150 were uninjured. It was not possible to use the
uninjured records from the Victorian data, as they are incomplete due to the fact that only
crashes involving injury are reliably reported in Victoria. Hence only the 46,107 records of other
driver injury were used for calculation of the injury severity component of the vehicle
aggressivity ratings. Of the 46,107 injured drivers, 10,549 were severely injured.
Collisions between a single vehicle and an unprotected road user where the vehicles were
restricted to those manufactured between 1982 and 2009 were also identified for calculation of
the aggressivity ratings using a variable identifying accident type from records for the years
1987 to 2009. Vehicles were matched with the unprotected road user casualty records to obtain
the unprotected road user injury level. For the period 1987 to 2009, 20,824 unprotected road
users were matched with vehicle records with an identified make and model and manufactured
between 1982 and 2009. Of these 20,824 unprotected road users, 20,627 were injured, 8,619
seriously.
2.2
New South Wales Crashes
The Roads and Traffic Authority (RTA) in New South Wales supplied files covering 1,407,372
light passenger vehicles manufactured from 1982 to 2009 involved in Police reported crashes
during 1987-2009 that resulted in death or injury or a vehicle being towed away. Model and year
of manufacture have been added to each vehicle after matching with the NSW vehicle register
via registration number and vehicle make. This was achieved using a procedure developed by
the NRMA. The total crash files covered four wheel drive vehicles, passenger vans, and light
commercial vehicles as well as cars and station wagons of all years of manufacture crashing in
1987 to 2009. The method of assembly of this data is given in Cameron et al (1994b).
NSW crash data files from 1987 to 1998 had injury severity of people involved in crashes coded
using a four level scale. Levels used were: fatality, hospital admission, other injury and not
injured. From 1998 onwards, the RTA identified inaccuracies by the Police in reporting injury
severity that could not be rectified. In response, the RTA changed the injury severity coding in
the NSW crash data to give only three levels: fatality; injury; and not injured. For the purpose of
computing crashworthiness ratings, this meant the NSW data for 1999-2009 could not be used to
estimate the injury severity measure in the same manner as previous rating updates.
Preparation of the NSW data for final analysis involved merging the files with vehicle
information, including driver age and gender, with files supplied by NSW RTA covering details
of the person casualties (killed and injured persons) and the reported crashes for the same years.
Each vehicle/driver matched uniquely with the corresponding crash information, but only injured
drivers could match with persons in the casualty files. A driver who did not match was
considered to be uninjured. Of the 1,407,372 drivers involved in tow-away crashes, 240,834
were injured. Of the injured drivers, 72,678 were injured in crashes from 1987 to 1998 and had a
valid injury severity level coded (serious or other injury).
Of the 1,407,372 1982-2009 model year vehicles involved in crashes in NSW, 880,034 were
coded as being involved in crashes with one other traffic unit (i.e. the crash involved a total of
two traffic units). In order to compare occupant injury levels in crashes involving two vehicles, it
was necessary to match the crash and occupant injury information for each of the two vehicles
involved in the crash.
The data used for calculation of the crashworthiness ratings covered only vehicles manufactured
from 1982 to 2009. Consequently, initial matching of only the crashworthiness data to determine
pairs of vehicles involved in a crash identified both the vehicles in the crash when both vehicles
were manufactured from 1982 to 2009. A second matching stage was then required to identify
the details of drivers of vehicles manufactured before 1982 that had collided with the unmatched
1982-2009 model year vehicles in the crashworthiness file. This required retrieval of the
remaining crash records in the 1987-2009 NSW crash files not used for crashworthiness ratings
10
in order to match vehicles manufactured prior to 1982. The two-stage data matching process
identified 402,969 matched records of vehicles manufactured between 1982 and 2009 that had
been involved in a crash with one other vehicle where the other vehicle had no restriction on its
year of manufacture. Of the drivers of these other vehicles, 59,780 were injured. Of the injured
drivers, 19,922 were injured in crashes from 1987 to 1998 and had a valid injury severity level
coded (serious or other injury).
Calculation of the aggressivity rating also required the identification of crashes between a single
light vehicle and an unprotected road user where the vehicles were restricted to those
manufactured between 1982 and 2009. The required crashes were identified using a variable
identifying accident type. Casualty records for the crash years 1987 to 2009 were used to
identify unprotected road users injured in a collision with one vehicle. The vehicles were then
matched with the unprotected road user casualty records to obtain the pedestrian, bicyclist or
motorcyclist injury level. For the period 1987 to 2009, 58,232 unprotected road users were
matched with vehicle records. Of these 58,232 unprotected road users, 26,869 were injured in
crashes from 1987 to 1998 and had a valid injury severity level coded. Of these, 8,486 were
seriously injured.
For the study of crashworthiness by vehicle year of manufacture, the NSW data represented
1,673,843 drivers of cars, station wagons or taxis manufactured from 1964 to 2009 who were
involved in tow-away crashes. Of these drivers, 282,098 were injured, 119,503 of these during
1987-1998 and with a valid injury severity code.
The presence of uninjured drivers in the merged data file meant that it was suitable for
measuring the risk of driver injury (in cars sufficiently damaged to require towing). This
contrasted with the Victorian and New Zealand data files, which could not be used to measure
injury risk directly because not all uninjured drivers were included.
2.3
Queensland Crashes
Queensland Transport supplied files covering 446,225 light passenger vehicles involved in
Police reported crashes during January 1991-March 2009 that resulted in death or injury or a
vehicle being towed away. The files supplied covered years of vehicle manufacture from January
1982-March 2009 including models of four wheel drive vehicles, passenger vans, and light
commercial vehicles as well as cars and station wagons for which a model could be identified.
The vehicle files, which also contained links to separate files with driver age and sex, were
merged with files supplied by Queensland Transport covering details of the person casualties
(killed and injured persons) and the reported crashes for the same years. Each vehicle/driver
matched uniquely with the corresponding crash information, but only injured drivers could
match with persons in the casualty files. As for NSW, a driver who did not match was
considered to be uninjured. Out of the 446,225 drivers involved in tow-away crashes, 122,098
were injured.
Of the 446,225 vehicles reported as crashed in Queensland and used in estimation of
crashworthiness ratings, 321,612 were coded as being involved in crashes with one other traffic
unit (i.e. the crash involved a total of two traffic units). In order to compare occupant injury
levels between two vehicles involved in a crash, it was necessary to match the crash and
occupant injury information for each of the two vehicles involved in the crash in the same
manner as for NSW. Using the same two stage data matching process as used for NSW and
described above, the process identified 158,121 vehicles manufactured between 1982 and March
2009 that had been involved in a crash with one other vehicle where the other vehicle had no
restriction on its year of manufacture. Of the drivers of these other vehicles, 44,542 were injured,
10,187 seriously. These records were used for calculation of vehicle aggressivity ratings toward
drivers of other vehicles.
Records on unprotected road users involved in a crash with one light vehicle unit were retrieved
and identified using variables classifying unit type and number of units in the crash. Single
vehicle collisions were identified using a variable identifying unit type and number of vehicles in
the crash. These vehicles were then matched with the unprotected road user casualty records to
obtain the injury level. A total of 24,054 unprotected road users were matched with records on
January 1982-March 2009 year passenger vehicles with model details identified. Of these 24,054
unprotected road users, 23,513 were injured, 10,325 seriously.
For the study of crashworthiness by vehicle year of manufacture, the Queensland data
represented 397,757 drivers of cars, station wagons or taxis manufactured from 1964 to 2009
who were involved in tow-away crashes. Of these drivers, 110,415 were injured. The number of
vehicles crashing in Queensland and available for the year of manufacture analysis was less than
expected. This is because a large proportion of the vehicles in the Queensland data from 1997
and 1998 had year of manufacture missing due to difficulties in accessing the vehicle register to
determine vehicle details at the time of assembling the data from these two years. Some of the
vehicles with missing year of manufacture could, however, be assigned an accurate model code
though the VIN decoding process described below despite the missing field.
As with the data from NSW, the presence of uninjured drivers in the data file meant that it was
also suitable for measuring the risk of driver injury (in cars sufficiently damaged to require
towing).
2.4
Western Australia Crashes
The Western Australian Department of Main Roads maintains a database of all crashes in
Western Australia reported to the police. Crashes in Western Australia must be reported to
police if anyone involved is killed or injured or the crash results in property damage greater than
$3,000 (Road Safety Council of Western Australia, 2001). This means that, like New South
Wales, South Australia and Queensland, both injury and non-injury crashes are reported making
the data suitable for inclusion in estimating both the injury risk and injury severity components
of the vehicle safety ratings. Although the Western Australia crash data is held as a relational
database, Western Australia Department of Main Roads supplied the data in a single flat file
with a record for each person involved in a reported crash. Data covered the period 1991 to
2009. The data was re-issued in 2005 for the period 1991 to 2003 due to a change in database
structure and variable definitions in 1995 that may have caused some inconsistency in the data
over the entire time period. In 2006 the data was re-issued for the period 1991 to 2005 to include
registration plates of crashed vehicles. This registration plate detail was used for matching to
Western Australian registration data to obtain VIN data for vehicle decoding as described in
Section 3.1. In the most recent update (Newstead et al 2010a) 2008 crash data was supplied with
registration plates of crashed vehicles. In addition matched registration data was provided. The
2009 crash data for this update was supplied with registration plates of crashed vehicles. This
registration plate detail was used for matching to Western Australian registration data to obtain
VIN data for vehicle decoding as described in Section 3.1.
12
The files supplied covered 1,063,777 light passenger vehicles manufactured between 1982 and
2009 involved in Police reported crashes during 1991-2009 that resulted in death or injury or a
vehicle being towed away. The files supplied covered models of four wheel drive vehicles,
passenger vans, and light commercial vehicles as well as cars and station wagons. Out of the
1,063,777 drivers involved in tow-away crashes, 151,446 were injured.
Of the 1,063,777 vehicles reported as crashed in WA and used in estimation of crashworthiness
ratings, 794,117 were involved in crashes with one other traffic unit. Of the drivers of the
matched vehicles, 78,769 were injured. These records were used for calculation of vehicle
aggressivity ratings toward drivers of other vehicles.
Records on unprotected road users involved in a crash with one vehicle unit for the period 1991
to 2009 were retrieved and identified using variables classifying unit type and number of units in
the crash. 36,457 unprotected road users in the Western Australia crash records were identified
as colliding with a 1982-2009 year of manufacture passenger vehicle with model details
identified. Of the 25,076 unprotected road users who were injured, 11,381 were severely injured.
For the study of crashworthiness by vehicle year of manufacture, the Western Australia data
represented 950,215 drivers of cars, station wagons or taxis manufactured from 1964 to 2009
who were involved in tow-away crashes. Of these drivers, 131,510 were injured.
2.5
South Australia Crashes
The Road Crash Information Unit of the Department of Transport, Energy and Infrastructure
maintains a database of all crashes in South Australia reported to the South Australian Police via
vehicle crash reports. Crashes included involved at least one person being killed or injured, or a
vehicle towed away, or total property damage of $3,000 or greater. Prior to 01 July 2003 the
Department processed 'property damage only' crashes with an aggregated damage value of
$1000 or greater. This change in property damage value occurred as data processing costs and
budget reductions had reached an unsustainable level. The decision was made to process all
casualty crashes, property damage only greater than $3000, and tow-away crashes regardless of
value. Crash data was provided for the years 1995 to 2009 with three files provided for each
year. The three files provided contain detail on the crash, traffic unit and casualties. In addition,
data files have been provided with road and Local Government Area details. Like NSW,
Queensland and Western Australia, both injury and non-injury crashes are reported making the
data suitable for inclusion in estimating both the injury risk and injury severity components of
the vehicle safety ratings.
The files supplied covered 682,570 light passenger vehicles manufactured between 1982 and
2009 involved in Police reported crashes during 1995-2009 that resulted in death or injury or a
vehicle being towed away. The files supplied covered models of four wheel drive vehicles,
passenger vans, and light commercial vehicles as well as cars and station wagons. Out of the
682,570 drivers involved in tow-away crashes, 61,834 were recorded as injured.
Of the 682,570 vehicles reported as crashed in South Australia and used in estimation of
crashworthiness ratings, 515,041 were involved in crashes with one other traffic unit. Of the
drivers of the matched vehicles, 30,638 were injured. These records were used for calculation of
vehicle aggressivity ratings toward drivers of other vehicles.
Records on unprotected road users involved in a crash with one vehicle unit for the period 1995
to 2009 were retrieved and identified using variables classifying unit type and number of units in
the crash. 21,586 unprotected road users in the South Australia crash records were identified as
colliding with a 1982-2009 year of manufacture passenger vehicle with model details identified.
Of the 14,413 unprotected road users who were injured, 3,557 were severely injured.
For the study of crashworthiness by vehicle year of manufacture, the SA data represented
770,360 drivers of cars, station wagons or taxis manufactured from 1964 to 2009 who were
involved in tow-away crashes. Of these drivers, 71,337 were injured.
2.6
Crash and Registration Data from New Zealand
Two sources of data from New Zealand were used in the calculation of vehicle crashworthiness
and aggressivity ratings. The first data source provided was a crash file showing the registration,
vehicle, driver and various crash characteristics for all police reported crashes in New Zealand
for the years 1991 to 2009. The second data source was registration data giving details of all
crash involved vehicles on the NZ register in each year from 1991 to 2009. Extracts from both
data sources supplied for estimation of vehicle safety ratings are described below. The method of
assembly of this data is given in Newstead et al (2007).
After assembling the data, 238,037 light passenger vehicles manufactured between 1982 and
2009 were used in the crashworthiness analysis. Of the drivers of these vehicles 113,119 were
not injured or had unknown injury status, whilst the remaining 124,918 were injured to some
degree. The injury details of the 124,918 injured drivers were used for estimation of the
crashworthiness injury severity measure in conjunction with the Australian data. Records on the
uninjured drivers in the New Zealand injury crash data could not be used in the calculation of the
injury risk component of the crashworthiness ratings. This was because non-injury crashes in
New Zealand, and hence uninjured drivers involved in these crashes, were not suitable for use in
the analysis and therefore records on all uninjured drivers in all crashes in New Zealand were
incomplete.
A subset of the New Zealand data described above and used for estimation of crashworthiness
injury severity formed the basis of the data used in the calculation of the aggressivity ratings. For
calculation of aggressivity ratings, vehicles involved in two vehicle crashes were identified. Of
the drivers of vehicles colliding with the vehicles identified, 40,402 were injured whilst 32,656
were uninjured. Information on the injury level of the 40,402 injured drivers, 6,165 of whom
were seriously injured, was used in conjunction with the Australian data to estimate the injury
severity component of the aggressivity ratings.
Records on unprotected road users involved in a crash with one light vehicle unit for the period
1991 to 2009 were retrieved and identified using variables classifying unit type and number of
units in the crash. 26,148 unprotected road users were identified as impacting with a 1982-2009
year of manufacture passenger vehicle with model details identified. Of the 25,905 unprotected
road users who were injured, 7,603 were severely injured.
2.7
Combined Data from the Six Jurisdictions
When the data on the injured drivers was combined for analysis, it covered 850,136 drivers of
1982-2009 model vehicles who were injured in crashes in Victoria or New South Wales during
14
1987-2009 or in South Australia during 1995-2009 or in Western Australia, Queensland or New
Zealand during 1991-2009. Of these 681,980 had a valid injury severity code, with 168,156
drivers injured in crashes in NSW during 1999-2009 excluded because of missing injury
severity. Information on the 681,980 injured drivers was used to assess the injury severity of the
injured drivers of the different makes and models when computing crashworthiness ratings. The
information on the 3,599,944 drivers involved in tow-away crashes in NSW during 1987-2009
or South Australia during 1995-2009 or Western Australia and Queensland during 1991-2009
was used to assess the injury rate of drivers of the different makes and models for computing
crashworthiness ratings.
The combined data on drivers injured in crashes between two light vehicles used for estimation
of vehicle aggressivity ratings covered 300,226 drivers of vehicles colliding with 1964-2009
model vehicles. These drivers were injured in two car crashes in Victoria during 1987-2009 or
NSW during 1987-2009 or in South Australia during 1995-2009 or in Western Australia,
Queensland and New Zealand during 1991-2009. Excluding the 39,840 injured drivers from
NSW during 1999-2009 without a valid injury severity code left 260,386 cases for analysis. This
information was used to assess the injury severity of the injured drivers colliding with the
different makes and models when computing aggressivity ratings. The aggressivity injury risk
component was estimated from data including information on the 1,790,039 drivers involved in
two-car tow-away crashes in NSW during 1987-2009, in South Australia during 1995-2009 or
Western Australia and Queensland during 1991-2009.
The combined data on unprotected road users used for estimation of aggressivity covered
187,301 unprotected road users, of whom 167,766 were injured. Of those injured, 47,921 with
valid injury severity codes were seriously injured. These unprotected road users were involved
in a collision with a 1982-2009 model vehicle in Victoria or NSW during 1987-2009, or in South
Australia during 1995-2009 or in Western Australia or Queensland or New Zealand during
1991-2009.
For the study of crashworthiness by year of vehicle manufacture, the combined data covered
627,103 drivers of vehicles manufactured between 1964 and 2009 who were injured in crashes,
143,285 severely, in Victoria during 1987-2009, NSW during 1987-1998, in South Australia
during 1995-2009 and Western Australia and Queensland during 1991-2009. For the assessment
of injury risk by year of vehicle manufacture, the combined data covered 3,792,175 drivers
involved in tow-away crashes in NSW during 1987-2009 or in South Australia during 19952009 or Western Australia and Queensland during 1991-2009.
3.
MODELS AND MARKET GROUPS OF VEHICLES
3.1
Vehicle Model Identification
A procedure initially developed by the NRMA based on decoding Vehicle Identification
Numbers (VIN) or chassis numbers was extended and used as the primary means to determine
the models of light passenger vehicles. The decoding identified some light truck and unusual
commercial models that were not considered further. Of the light passenger vehicles
manufactured during 1982-2005 around 95% had their model identified by the VIN decoder.
Further details of the VIN decoding process are given by Pappas (1993). The VIN decoding
procedure was used to identify all vehicle models in the New South Wales and Queensland data
and 1989 year of manufacture vehicles onwards in the Victorian data from 1994. For the first
time VINs were obtained from the Western Australian vehicle register, managed by the WA
Department of Transport. This meant the VIN decoding system used on data from the other four
states to identify vehicle model details was used for some of the Western Australia crash data.
Because only a recent snapshot of the registration file was obtained registration details of
expired registrations was not available. The VIN decoding system was also used to identify
make and model details for vehicles sold new in New Zealand with a valid ISO VIN recorded.
For those vehicles in Western Australia without a VIN available, the previous decoding method
based on make, model and year of manufacture codes held in the vehicle register and described
in Newstead et al (2006) was used. A similar system was used to classify new vehicles in the
New Zealand crash data without a valid ISO VIN and for used imported vehicles from Japan.
For Victorian vehicles in the pre 1994 data without a VIN, a system of decoding based on
vehicle mass and power was used. This is also described in Newstead et al (2006).
South Australia registration data was matched to crash data by the Driver and Vehicle Licensing
section of the Department of Transport, Energy and Infrastructure using an extract comprising of
the crash date and six character plate detail of the crashed vehicle from the crash data provided
to MUARC by the Transport Services Division of the same Department. The vehicles were
selected on the basis that the plate was registered as being on the vehicle as at the crash date and
the vehicle was registered by the client as at the crash date and was described by the extracted
vehicle details. Plate detail in the provided crash data was only six characters whilst the plate
numbers on the South Australia register can be longer than six characters, so the numbers were
used "as they are" to extract the data. Plates are identified on the South Australia register using
plate type and plate number. This resulted in some plate/crash date combinations being extracted
more than once. These were excluded from the analysis. Where no match has been possible, the
original plate and crash date remain with no extract details populated. Other vehicle details
including make, year of manufacture and model which is a free format field on the register and
as such, doesn't contain codified or verified data were supplied. This meant the VIN decoding
system used on data from the other four states to identify vehicle model details was able to be
used for the South Australia crash data.
RACV, RTA, NRMA, NZTA and VicRoads provided advice on the particular models that had
experienced substantial changes in design (and hence potential crashworthiness) and in which
years the design was relatively constant. This was validated and supplemented by information
from Redbook on vehicle specification. This resulted in certain models being split into ranges of
years of manufacture. Where the new model was introduced near the beginning or end of a year
(up to two months either way), this process was relatively straightforward (accepting a small
miss-classification in some circumstances). However, when the model changed near the middle
16
of the year, the model for that year was kept separate and potentially treated as a "mixed" model
(e.g. the Daihatsu Charade 1987 models). Where exact model decoding was possible from the
VIN, without using year of vehicle manufacture, this was used. They also provided advice on
vehicle models that could be combined with each other (sometimes only for specific years)
because they were essentially the same design or construction but registered as having different
manufacturers.
As in previous crashworthiness ratings, models were excluded with fewer than 20 injured drivers
and/or fewer than 100 involved drivers appearing in the crash data. The same selection criteria
were also used for aggressivity ratings except exclusion was based on the number of road users
colliding with the focus vehicle model. These selection criteria were used to ensure stability in
fitting the logistic regression models to estimate the ratings.
3.2
Pooled Car Models
Vehicle model sharing amongst manufacturers retailing in the Australian market has been
relatively common. Because shared models are generally identical, particularly with respect to
safety performance, it is possible to pool such models for safety rating, allowing a more precise
estimate of the safety of models for which data is pooled rather than considering each separately.
Pooled models are identified in the report appendices by their combined vehicle make and model
names.
It should be noted that some of the vehicle models identified in the data have optional safety
equipment, such as air bags, which could significantly alter the secondary safety performance of
the vehicle model when fitted. It is, however, generally not possible to identify which particular
vehicles of a model series do and do not have such optional safety equipment installed using the
model decoding procedures described above. Consequently, for those vehicle models with
optional safety equipment, the estimated ratings represent an average of the safety performance
for vehicles with and without the optional safety equipment weighted by the number of each in
the crash data.
As the ratings only measure injury outcome in the event of a crash and not the risk of the crash
occurring, the effect of fitment of active or crash avoidance safety features such as anti-lock
braking or electronic stability control systems on crash avoidance was not measured by these
ratings. As only driver injury outcomes were considered amongst vehicle occupants, optional or
standard safety features for the front or rear seat passengers, such as passenger frontal airbag
systems, would also not have affected the ratings.
3.3
Vehicle Market Groups
Previous updates of the vehicle safety ratings have classified vehicle models, for the purpose of
publication, into one of a number of market groups. The market groups defined are based
heavily on those used by the Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries (FCAI) for reporting
Australian vehicle sales as part of their VFACTS publication (see www.fcai.com.au for further
details). The 10 market groups defined for analysis are as follows with a broad description of the
classification criteria used to define each (although the criteria are not strictly applied and some
judgement on classification used according to where a vehicle is classified by VFACTS) .
Passenger Cars
Light
Small
Medium
Large
People Movers
Passenger car, hatch, sedan, coupe or convertible 3 or 4 cylinder
engine, up to1, 500 cc, tare mass < 1150kg.
Passenger car, hatch, sedan, wagon, coupe or convertible 4 cylinder
engine, 1,501 cc - 2,000 cc, tare mass 1150-1350kg.
Passenger car, hatch, sedan, wagon, coupe or convertible 4 cylinder
engine, 2,001 cc upward, tare mass 1350-1550kg.
Passenger car, hatch, sedan, wagon, coupe or convertible 6 or 8
cylinder engine, tare mass > 1550kg.
Passenger usage seating capacity > 5 people.
Sports Utility Vehicles (also called Four Wheel Drive Vehicles) (high ground clearance, wagon
generally with off road potential)
SUV Compact
SUV Medium
SUV Large
Index rating < 550 (typically less than 1700kg tare mass)
Index rating 550 - 700 (typically between 1700kg and 2000kg tare
mass)
Index rating > 700 (typically greater than 2000kg tare mass)
Light Commercial Vehicles
Van
Utility
Blind & window vans.
Two and four wheel drive, normal control (bonnet), utility, cab chassis and
crew-cabs.
The classification of SUV vehicles is based on an index developed by VFACTS that considers
gross vehicle mass, maximum engine torque and the availability of a dual range transmission.
The index typically classifies the vehicles roughly by tare mass as indicated on the
classifications above. Some departures from the VFACTS classification have been made in
presenting the ratings in this study. VFACTS defines a luxury SUV category based on vehicle
price as well as classifying sports cars priced above the luxury car tax threshold as luxury
vehicles. Here, the luxury SUVs have been distributed amongst the 3 defined SUV categories
based on tare mass, as the information for computing the classification index used by VFACTS
was not available at the time of the study.
There have also been some departures from the classification principles defined above for
certain vehicle models that have a range of engine sizes and hence fall across two different
defined categories. These are typically passenger vehicles and include, for example, cars like
some models of the Toyota Camry that come fitted with a large 4 cylinder engine in some
variants and a 6 cylinder engine in other variants. In these cases, a value judgement has been
made for each vehicle model individually based on the other vehicle models with which each
typically competes in the market place.
18
4.
ANALYSIS
4.1
Overview of Analysis Methods: Crashworthiness
The crashworthiness rating (C) is a measure of the risk of serious injury (hospitalisation or
death) to a driver of a car when it is involved in a crash. It is defined to be the product of two
probabilities (Cameron et al, 1992):
i)
ii)
the probability that a driver involved in a crash is injured (injury risk), denoted by R; and
the probability that an injured driver is hospitalised or killed (injury severity), denoted by
S.
That is
C = R × S.
Folksam Insurance, who publishes the well-known Swedish ratings, first measured
crashworthiness in this way (Gustafsson et al, 1989).
In the present report, each of the two components of the crashworthiness rating was obtained by
logistic regression modelling techniques (Hosmer & Lemeshow, 1989). Such techniques are able
to simultaneously adjust for the effect of a number of factors (such as driver age and sex, number
of vehicles involved, etc.) on probabilities such as the injury risk and injury severity whilst
estimating the role of vehicle model, market group or year of manufacture in the injury outcome.
This method, described fully in Newstead et al (2006), has previously been used to produce the
Australian and New Zealand vehicle fleet crashworthiness ratings. For estimation of the
crashworthiness ratings, factors in the logistic model included the available non-vehicle factors
influencing injury outcome as well as the variable indicating vehicle model, market group or
year of manufacture. Newstead et al (2006) details how confidence limits on the regression
estimates of injury risk and severity are calculated with these techniques also being used here.
A stepwise procedure was used to identify which non-vehicle factors and their interactions had
an important influence on driver injury outcome. Logistic models were obtained separately for
injury risk and injury severity because it was likely that the various factors would have different
levels of influence on these two probabilities. The non-vehicle factors considered in the analysis
for both injury risk and injury severity were
•
•
•
•
•
•
sex:
age:
speedzone:
nveh:
state:
year:
driver sex (male, female)
driver age (≤25 years; 26-59 years; ≥60 years)
speed limit at the crash location (≤75 km/h; ≥80 km/h)
the number of vehicles involved (one vehicle; >1 vehicle)
jurisdiction of crash (Victoria, NSW, SA, QLD, WA, NZ)
year of crash (1987, 1988, … , 2009)
These variables were chosen for consideration because they were part of the Victorian,
Queensland, New South Wales, South Australia, Western Australia and New Zealand databases.
Other variables were only available from one source and their inclusion would have drastically
reduced the number of cases that could have been included in the analysis. All data were
analysed using the Logistic Regression procedure of the SAS statistical package (SAS, 1989).
Some model exclusions were made from the analysis by make and model of vehicle for vehicle
model classifications that had no practical interpretation or where there were too few cases for
inclusion. This included models in a particular year where there was a change from one series to
the next and year of manufacture was necessary to determine the series break (such as
Mitsubishi Pajero 1991). It also included some groups of highly aggregated models that would
be of no intrinsic interest to consumers using the ratings (such as Jeep Others or Mazda
Commercials). After exclusion, the regression analyses were performed on 471 individual car
models (or pooled similar models). A list of all vehicle models considered, with those with
sufficient data for analysis indicated, is given in Appendix 1.
These techniques were applied to produce estimates of injury risk, injury severity and
crashworthiness by vehicle make and model, market group or year of manufacture.
4.2
Overview of the Analysis Methods: Aggressivity
The aggressivity rating estimates the risk of death or admission to hospital to both the drivers of
the other cars and to unprotected road users when involved in a collision with the subject model
car. Unprotected road users include pedestrians, bicyclists and motorcyclists. Because an
estimate of the risk of injury cannot be calculated for unprotected road users as explained above
the measure of aggressivity injury risk used was based only on the injury risk to the other driver
(ROU). It is defined as:
Aggressivity Injury Risk = ROU = proportion of other vehicle drivers involved in
crashes who were injured
In contrast, complete records of both other drivers and unprotected road users injured in crashes
are available and can be used to examine injury severity outcomes in the aggressivity measure.
The aggressivity injury severity measure (SOU) is defined as:
Aggressivity Injury Severity = SOU = proportion of other vehicle drivers or
unprotected road users who were killed or
admitted to hospital.
Based on the definition of ROU and SOU above, an aggressivity measure for each subject car
model was then calculated as before:
Aggressivity to other driver or unprotected road user = AOU = ROU x SOU.
Consideration was given to taking into account likely differences between the crash
circumstances of the subject car models, which may result in a distorted view of its aggressivity
only partly related to the characteristics of the subject cars. Factors available in the data to
consider such differences were as follows.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
20
agefcd:
age of driver of subject car (<=25 years, 26-59 years, >=60 years)
sexfcd:
sex of driver of subject car
ageoo:
other car driver age (<=25 years, 26-59 years, >=60 years)
sexoo:
other car driver sex (male, female)
speedzone:
state:
jurisdiction of crash (Victoria, NSW, SA, QLD, WA, NZ)
year:
year of crash (1987, 1988, … ,2009)
crash type:
collision partner type (vehicle, pedestrian, bicyclist or
motorcyclist) (injury severity only)
Estimation of the aggressivity measure has utilised logistic regression techniques to adjust ROU
and SOU separately for any major differences that emerge between models of the subject cars
regarding these factors. The adjusted ROU and SOU have been multiplied together for each
subject car model to provide the final measure of aggressivity, AOU. Full details of the analysis
techniques are given in Newstead et al (2006). Analyses by make and model of vehicle were
performed on 439 individual car models for calculation of the aggressivity rating. Estimates
were also obtained by market group.
4.3
Overview of Analysis Methods: Total Safety
The concept of the total secondary safety index developed in Newstead et al (2004b) forms the
basis of the integrated single measure of total secondary safety developed in Newstead et al
(2007c) and used here and has some inherent similarities to the crashworthiness and aggressivity
metrics developed by MUARC as will become evident. Like the initial index of Newstead et al
(2004b), the integrated total secondary safety index is formulated by considering the four major
crash types involving light passenger vehicles and the most relevant injury outcomes in those
crashes. Table 3 summarises the key elements necessary to calculate the total secondary safety
index. The table is categorised by each of the four major crash types considered giving the focus
crash participants whose injury outcomes are considered in the index and representations of the
key injury counts by injury severity level. The final column of Table 2 gives the proportion of
the total crash population represented by each crash type for the crash population being
considered.
Table 2:
Crash Type
Light passenger vehicle crash types, injury outcome counts and percentage
representation components for formulating the total secondary safety index.
Focus Crash
Participant
Number
Involved
Focus light vehicle
Passenger
E 1f
driver
Vehicle to
Passenger
Other light vehicle
E 1o
Vehicle
driver
2. Single Passenger
Light vehicle driver
E2
Vehicle
3. Passenger
Vehicle to
Light vehicle driver
E3
Heavy Vehicle
4. Passenger
Vehicle to
Unprotected road
N/A
Unprotected
user
Road User
N/A – Not fully reported in police crash records
1.
Number
Injured
Number Killed
or Seriously
Injured
I 1f
S 1f
I 1o
S 1o
I2
S2
p2
I3
S3
p3
I4
S4
p4
Proportion of
Total Crash
Population
p1
As noted in Newstead et al (2004a), heavy vehicle drivers are typically not injured in crashes
with light passenger vehicles and are hence not considered in the total secondary safety index.
Similarly, drivers of the light passenger vehicle are not injured in crashes with unprotected road
users and have not been included in formulating the index. Vehicle occupants other than drivers
have not been considered as they are often not recorded by police in their crash reports unless
injured. Similarly, crashes involving uninjured unprotected road users are generally not reported
to police and hence the total number of unprotected road users involved in crashes is unknown.
The ‘focus’ light vehicle driver in Table 3 refers to the driver of the vehicle being rated whilst
the ‘other’ vehicle is the collision partner.
Like the crashworthiness and aggressivity measure, the total secondary safety index is defined as
the product of an injury risk component and an injury severity component. The need to define a
two component measure is necessary to be able to make best use of the police reported crash
databases in New Zealand and Victoria that record only crashes involving injury. It is not
possible to determine the total number of crash involved people in these jurisdictions since
records on crashes where no one is injured is not available. Hence these two data sets are only
useful for measuring relative injury severity and not injury risk.
The measure of total secondary safety injury risk, R T , is defined as follows:
R
RT = p1 (
I1 f + I1o
E1 f + E1o
) + p2
I
I2
+ p3 3
E2
E3
It measures the average risk of injury across all key participants in a crash involving a light
passenger vehicle weighted by the relative exposure of each participant type across the entire
crash population. Since unprotected road users are generally injured crashes reported to police,
they are not included in the injury risk measure. The corresponding total secondary safety injury
severity measure, S T , is defined as follows:
S T = p1 (
S1 f + S1o
I1 f + I1o
) + p2
S
S2
S
+ p3 3 + p 4 4
I2
I3
I4
It measures the average risk of death or serious injury given some injury was sustained across all
key participants in a crash weighted again by the relative exposure of each participant type
across the entire crash population. The integrated total secondary safety index, T, is defined to be
the product of the injury risk and injury severity components:
T = RT × ST .
It measures the average risk of death or serious injury in crash involving a light passenger
vehicle across all key participants in a crash weighted again by the relative exposure of each
participant type across the entire crash population. It can be estimated for individual vehicle
models, by vehicle market groups or for the fleet as a whole as desired with a table of the form
of Table 3 being derived for each entity at the level of disaggregation desired.
The description of the total secondary safety index has defined 5 key focus crash participants
whose injury outcome forms the basis of the index. Depending on the available data, it is
possible to define a more detailed index that further breaks down the categories of key
participants. Further breakdowns considered in developing the index were:
Unprotected road user into
Bicyclist
Pedestrian
Cyclist
Heavy vehicle collision partner into
Rigid Truck
Articulated Truck
Bus
22
This made a total of 9 key participant categories considered in the total secondary safety index.
The final number of categories that were able to be sustained in practical application of the index
depended on the amount of crash data available from each category and the level of vehicle
aggregation at which the index was being calculated (e.g. make and model of vehicle vs market
group).
Like the crashworthiness and aggressivity indices developed by MUARC, the aim for the
integrated total secondary safety index was that it reflect only the influence of the vehicle on
injury outcome and not factors external to the vehicle such as key participant or crash
characteristics. Consequently, there was a need to compensate for differences in these key non
vehicle related factors that existed form vehicle model to vehicle model or by market group.
Logistic regression analysis was utilised to produce total secondary safety ratings appropriately
adjusted for the influence on non-vehicle related factors on injury outcome. For estimation of the
total secondary safety ratings, factors in the logistic model included the available non-vehicle
factors influencing injury outcome, such as driver or unprotected road user age and gender, year
and jurisdiction of crash and crash configuration, as well as the variable indicating vehicle model
or market group.
Since the analysis potentially included 2 drivers from the same crash in a light vehicle to light
vehicle crash, an assumption implicit in the logistic modelling process was that, given the level
of impact severity of the crash represented by non-vehicle factors in the logistic model, it was
assumed that the injury outcome of the two drivers was independent. This assumption was
considered reasonable since the estimated crashworthiness and aggressivity of vehicles rated by
Newstead et al (2007a and 2008a) appear to be essentially independent and each of these
measure focuses heavily on the injury outcome of each driver in a two vehicle crash.
In the present report, as with the crashworthiness and aggressivity ratings each of the two
components of the total secondary safety index was obtained by logistic regression modelling
techniques (Hosmer & Lemeshow, 1989). Such techniques are able to simultaneously adjust for
the effect of a number of factors on probabilities such as the injury risk and injury severity whilst
estimating the role of vehicle model, market group or year of manufacture in the injury outcome.
Only the average total secondary safety across a standardised set of crash circumstances and
occupant characteristics was of interest. This method is described fully in Newstead et al (2007c)
along with details on how confidence limits on the regression estimates of injury risk and
severity are calculated.
The factors considered during this stage of the analysis for both injury risk and injury severity
were
•
•
•
•
•
•
sex:
age:
speedzone:
nveh:
state:
year:
driver or unprotected road user sex (male, female)
driver or unprotected road user age (≤25 years; 26-59 years; ≥60 years)
the number of vehicles involved (one vehicle; >1 vehicle)
jurisdiction of crash (Victoria, NSW, QLD, WA, NZ)
year of crash (1987, 1988, … ,2009)
For this update the factor specifying the number of vehicles (nveh) was removed as it was
correlated with the following factor, crash combination type (crashtyp).
A further critical factor that is likely to vary between vehicle models is the mix of collisions
between light passenger vehicles and both other vehicles of various types and unprotected road
users. The injury severity (S T ) and injury risk (R T ) components of the new total secondary safety
measure (T) is an average of injury severity or injury risk outcomes respectively across the mix
of crash types involving the focus vehicle. Since injury outcomes will vary considerably across
the mix of crash types it is necessary to adjust the new total secondary safety injury severity
measure and injury risk measure to account for differences in the proportion of crash type
combinations between vehicle models. To adjust for potential differences a further factor was
included in the logistic regression models for both total secondary safety injury risk and injury
severity. The factor used was:
R
•
crashtyp
crash combination type,
For the injury risk analysis the crash combination types consisted of:
•
•
•
•
two vehicle – focus vehicle driver
two vehicle – other vehicle driver
single vehicle
heavy vehicle collisions (including collisions with articulated trucks, rigid trucks or
buses)
For the injury severity analysis an additional collision combination type was included being
collisions between a light passenger vehicle and unprotected road users (pedestrians, bicyclists
or motorcyclists). This additional collision combination type was excluded from the injury risk
analysis because in general crashes involving pedestrians, bicyclists and motorcyclists are
seldom reported to the Police unless someone is killed or injured which is usually the
unprotected road user. This means that an estimate of the risk of injury cannot be calculated for
the unprotected road user.
Although heavy collisions could be further categorised into rigid truck, articulated truck or bus
collisions and unprotected road users could be further categorised into pedestrians, bicyclists and
motorcyclists it was important to ensure that the logistic model adequately described the data
and did not yield coefficients that were imprecise or unstable. For this reason, for both heavy
vehicle collisions and unprotected road user collisions, the sub type classifications were pooled
to ensure sufficient data for precise and stable results.
24
5.
RESULTS
5.1
Vehicle Crashworthiness Ratings
5.1.1
Injury Risk
Injury risk was estimated from the data on 3,599,944 drivers involved in tow-away crashes in
New South Wales, South Australia, Queensland and Western Australia during 1987-2009. This
data set is referred to as the "involved drivers". Because of missing values in one or more of the
covariates driver sex and age, speed zone and number of vehicles involved in the crash amongst
the 3,599,944 involved drivers and vehicle models of interest, the final file used for analysis
consisted of the 2,067,158 drivers for which all the covariate data was complete. Of these drivers
360,021 were injured. The following non-vehicle related factors and their interactions were
significantly associated with injury risk and were included in the logistic model:
Base effect
terms
Sex
Speedzone
Age
Nveh
State
Year
First order
interactions
Speedzone*Nveh
Sex*Nveh
Sex*Age
Age*Nveh
Speedzone*Age
State*Year
Nveh*State
Year*Nveh
Age*State
Age*Year
Speedzone*Year
Speedzone*State
Sex*Speedzone
Sex*State
Sex*Year
Second order
interactions
Age*Speedzone*Nveh
Sex*Speedzone*Nveh
Speedzone*Year*Nveh
Sex*State*Nveh
Speedzone*Nveh*State
State*Year*Nveh
Age*State*Nveh
Age*Speedzone*State
Speedzone*State*Year
Sex*State*Year
Sex*Speedzone*State
Age*State*Year
Age*Speedzone*Year
Sex*Year*Nveh
Age*Sex*Speedzone
Third order interactions
Speedzone*State*Year*Nveh
Sex*Speedzone*State*Nveh
Age*Speedzone*State*Nveh
The overall (average) injury risk for involved drivers in tow-away crashes in NSW, South
Australia, Western Australia and Queensland was 17.42 injuries per 100 involved drivers.
Appendix 2 gives the estimates of injury risk derived by logistic regression for the 471
individual car models that were rated. Injury risk ranged from 8.92% for the 1999-2008 Jaguar
S-Type to 44.29% for the 1982-1990 Daihatsu Hi Jet. An estimate of the variability in the injury
risk estimates was calculated from the width of the corresponding 95% confidence intervals.
Individual confidence interval widths ranged from 0.67% for the 1993-1997 Holden Commodore
VN/VP, Toyota Lexcen to 17.02% for the 1982-1991 Porsche 944. The small variability for the
Holden Commodore and Toyota Lexcen series sedan is not surprising due to the large number of
cars of this model in the data set and precision is known to improve with increasing sample size.
The estimated injury risk for each market group is also given in Appendix 2. The large sports
utility vehicles had the lowest injury risk (12.96%) and the light car market group had the
highest (23.26%).
5.1.2 Injury Severity
The data on "injured drivers" covered 850,136 drivers of 1982-2009 model vehicles who were
injured in crashes in Victoria, New South Wales, South Australia, Western Australia,
Queensland or New Zealand during 1987-2009. Because of missing values in one or more of the
covariates or invalid injury severity codes amongst the 850,136 injured drivers, the final file
used for analysis consisted of the 389,603 drivers for which all the covariate data was complete.
Of these drivers 79,768 were seriously injured. The following non-vehicle related factors and
their interactions were significantly associated with injury severity and were included in the
logistic model:
Base effect
terms
Sex
Speedzone
Age
Nveh
State
Year
First order
interactions
Sex*State
Speedzone*Nveh
Age*Sex
Nveh*State
Speedzone*Age
Age*State
Age*Nveh
State*Year
Speedzone*Year
Age*Year
Year*Nveh
Speedzone*State
Speedzone*Sex
Second order
interactions
Age*State*Nveh
Age*State*Year
State*Year*Nveh
Speedzone*Year*Nveh
Age*Speedzone*State
Sex*State*Nveh
Speedzone*State*Year*Nveh
The average injury severity for injured drivers in the data analysed was 20.47 deaths or serious
injuries per 100 injured drivers. Appendix 3 gives the estimates of injury severity derived by
logistic regression for 471 individual car models, or sets of combined models. Of the cars
analysed, injury severity ranged from 4.21% for the 2006-2009 Kia Carnival to 47.83% for the
1982-1984 Alfa Romeo GTV. An estimate of the variability in the estimates of injury severity
was calculated from the width of the corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Individual
confidence interval widths ranged from 1.81% for the 1982-88 Ford Laser and Mazda 323 /
Familia to 42.75% for the 2001-2009 Toyota Avensis Verso.
The estimated injury severity for each market group is also given in Appendix 3. Compact sports
utility vehicles performed best with respect to injury severity, having the lowest average injury
severity of 19.32%. The light car market group had the highest average injury severity of
21.85%.
5.1.3
Crashworthiness Ratings
The crashworthiness ratings for each car model and market group were obtained by multiplying
the individual injury risk and injury severity estimates. Because each of the two components had
been adjusted for the confounding factors, the resultant crashworthiness rating was also adjusted
for the influence of these factors.
Crashworthiness ratings were obtained for each individual model and market group after
adjusting for the confounding factors. Appendix 4 gives the crashworthiness ratings and the
26
associated 95% confidence intervals for each of the 471 car models included in the analyses.
Appendix 4 also gives the crashworthiness ratings with 90% confidence limits for each of the
471 vehicle models. Each rating is expressed as a percentage, representing the number of drivers
killed or admitted to hospital per 100 drivers involved in a tow-away crash. Overall ratings for
the market groups are also given.
Each crashworthiness rating is an estimate of the true risk of a driver being killed or admitted to
hospital in a tow-away crash and, as such, each estimate has a level of uncertainty about it. This
uncertainty is indicated by the confidence limits in Appendix 4. There is 95% probability that
the confidence interval will cover the true risk of serious injury (death or hospital admission) to
the driver of the particular model of vehicle. Unlike in previous updates no ratings have been
excluded at this stage as it was considered useful for consumer information to present them.
Table 3 gives a summary of the estimated ratings for each of the 10 defined vehicle market
groups. It shows the estimated injury risk and severity components, and the resulting
crashworthiness rating with upper and lower 95% confidence limits, and the width of the 95%
confidence limit. The relative ranking of the crashworthiness rating on each market group is also
given in Table 3 although this should be interpreted with care as there is not necessarily a
statistically significant difference between the average crashworthiness of vehicle market groups
with different rankings. Statistical significance in average crashworthiness between market
groups at the 5% level is only achieved when the 95% confidence limits do not overlap. Similar
comments apply to interpreting results in Appendix 4.
Table 3:
Estimated Vehicle Crashworthiness by Market Grouping
Market Group
Overall Average
COMPACT SUV
MEDIUM SUV
LARGE SUV
COMERCIAL - VAN
COMERCIAL - UTE
LARGE
MEDIUM
PEOPLE MOVER
SMALL
LIGHT
Injury Injury Crashworthiness Overall Lower 95%
Risk Severity
Rating*
rank
Confidence
(%)
(%)
order
limit
17.42
17.90
14.05
12.96
18.23
15.93
16.66
18.00
18.58
20.37
23.26
20.47
19.32
19.51
20.68
20.62
20.87
20.23
20.12
21.22
20.42
21.85
3.57
3.46
2.74
2.68
3.76
3.32
3.37
3.62
3.94
4.16
5.08
5
2
1
7
3
4
6
8
9
10
3.29
2.57
2.56
3.57
3.23
3.31
3.55
3.74
4.08
4.95
Upper 95%
Confidence
limit
Width of
Confidence
interval
3.63
2.92
2.81
3.96
3.42
3.43
3.70
4.16
4.24
5.21
0.34
0.35
0.24
0.39
0.19
0.12
0.15
0.42
0.15
0.26
* Serious injury rate per 100 drivers involved
5.1.4
Comparisons with the Benchmark Rating
In previous updates, ratings for individual vehicles were compared to an un-weighted numerical
average of the vehicles for which a crashworthiness rating was calculated. For this update, a new
comparison was used which classifies vehicles according to where their rating lies in relation to
a ‘best performance’ benchmark. The benchmark rating in this update was defined as the rating
above which 8% of the rating point estimates were better (see Section 5.4). The point against
which ratings for individual vehicles are compared is arbitrary, whether it is the average used in
previous updates or the benchmark rating described above or some other point.
Classification categories are defined by distances away from this benchmark. The five categories
were defined as follows.
•
•
•
•
•
Equal to the benchmark.
Worse than the benchmark.
At least 30% worse than the benchmark.
Again this choice is arbitrary but should aim to spread the vehicles across the performance
categories. Vehicles are classified into each category according to the band in which the lower
confidence limit on the rating lies. Using only the lower confidence limit defines a true onesided statistical test which is equal for each rating.
Figures 1 to 10 display for each of the market groups the crashworthiness ratings of vehicles
together with their 90% confidence limits. Also displayed on each graph is a line representing
the benchmark crashworthiness safety rating of 1.92% and three lines at 2.49%, 3.07% and
3.64% representing 30% worse than the benchmark, 60% worse than the benchmark and 90%
worse than the benchmark respectively.
Figure 1:
Crashworthiness Ratings for Compact Sports Utility vehicles (with 90%
confidence limits)
Compact SUV
9.00%
Crashworthiness
Benchmark
8.00%
Crashworthiness Rating
Worse than benchmark + 1 increment
7.00%
Worse than benchmark + 2 increments
6.00%
5.00%
4.00%
3.00%
2.00%
1.00%
0.00%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Make and Model
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
28
Daihatsu Feroza / Rocky 89-97
Daihatsu Rocky / Rugger 85-98
Daihatsu Terios 97-05
Holden Cruze 02-06
Hyundai Tucson 04-09
Mitsubishi Outlander 03-06
Mitsubishi / Peugeot Outlander / 4007 06-09
Kia Sportage 98-03
Kia Sorento 03-09
Ford / Mazda Escape / Tribute 01-06
Mazda CX-7 06-09
Nissan X-Trail 01-07
Lada Niva 84-99
Honda CR-V 97-01
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Honda CR-V 02-06
Honda HR-V 99-02
Honda CR-V 07-09
Land Rover Freelander 98-06
Subaru Forester 97-02
Subaru Forester 02-08
Suzuki Vitara / Escudo 88-98
Suzuki Grand Vitara 99-05
Holden / Suzuki Drover / Sierra / Samurai / SJ410 /
SJ413 82-99
Suzuki Jimny 98-09
Suzuki Grand Vitara 05-08
Toyota RAV4 94-00
Toyota RAV4 01-06
Toyota RAV4 06-09
Figure 2:
Crashworthiness Ratings for Medium Sports Utility vehicles (with 90%
confidence limits)
Medium SUV
8.00%
Crashworthiness
Benchmark
7.00%
6.00%
5.00%
4.00%
3.00%
2.00%
1.00%
0.00%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Make and Model
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Figure 3:
limits)
Daewoo / Ssangong Musso 98-02
Ford Territory SX/SY 04-09
Holden / Isuzu Jackaroo / Bighorn 82-91
Holden Frontera / Mu 95-03
Holden Adventra 03-06
Holden Captiva CG 06-09
Hyundai Santa Fe 00-06
Hyundai Terracan 01-07
Mitsubishi Pajero 82-90
Mitsubishi Pajero 92-99
Mitsubishi Pajero NM / NP / NS 00-06
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Mitsubishi Challenger 98-06
Jeep Cherokee XJ 96-00
Jeep Wrangler 96-04
Jeep Cherokee KJ 01-07
Land Rover Defender 92-09
Nissan Pathfinder / Terrano 88-94
Nissan Pathfinder / Terrano / Regulus 95-05
Toyota Kluger 03-07
Toyota Landcruiser Prado 96-03
Toyota Landcruiser Prado 03-09
Lexus RX330 03-05
Toyota Kluger 07-09
Crashworthiness Ratings for Large Sports Utility vehicles (with 90% confidence
Large SUV
12.00%
Crashworthiness
Benchmark
10.00%
8.00%
6.00%
4.00%
2.00%
0.00%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Make and Model
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
BMW X5 01-08
Ford Bronco 82-87
Ford Explorer 00-01
Ford Explorer 01-05
Jeep Grand Cherokee ZG 96-99
Jeep Grand Cherokee WJ/WG 99-05
Land Rover Discovery 91-02
Mercedes Benz M-Class W163 98-05
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Nissan Patrol / Safari 82-87
Nissan / Ford Patrol / Maverick / Safari 88-97
Nissan Patrol / Safari 98-09
Land Rover Range Rover 82-94
Land Rover Range Rover 95-02
Toyota Landcruiser 82-89
Figure 4:
Crashworthiness Ratings for Commercial Vans (with 90% confidence limits)
Commercial - Vans
20.00%
Crashworthiness
18.00%
Benchmark
16.00%
14.00%
12.00%
10.00%
8.00%
6.00%
4.00%
2.00%
0.00%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Make and Model
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Daihatsu Handivan 82-90
Daihatsu Hi-Jet 82-90
Daihatsu Handivan / Cuore 99-03
Ford Falcon Panel Van 82-95
Ford Falcon Panel Van 96-99
Ford Transit 95-00
Ford Transit 01-07
Holden Shuttle / WFR Van 82-87
Kia Pregio 02-06
Mercedes Benz MB100 / MB140 99-04
Mercedes Benz Vito 99-04
Figure 5:
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Mercedes Benz Sprinter 98-06
Honda Acty 83-86
Holden / Suzuki Scurry / Carry 82-00
Suzuki Carry 99-05
Toyota Hiace/Liteace 82-86
Toyota Hiace 05-09
Volkswagen Caravelle / Transporter 88-94
Volkswagen Caravelle / Transporter 95-04
Crashworthiness Ratings for Commercial Utes (with 90% confidence limits)
14.00%
Commercial - Utes
Crashworthiness
12.00%
Benchmark
10.00%
8.00%
6.00%
4.00%
2.00%
0.00%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
Make and Model
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
30
Ford / Nissan Falcon Ute / XFN Ute 82-95
Ford Falcon Ute 96-99
Ford Falcon Ute AU 00-02
Ford Falcon Ute BA/BF 03-08
Ford Ford F-Series 82-92
Ford F-Series 01-06
Holden Commodore Ute VG/VP 90-93
Holden / Isuzu Rodeo / Pickup 82-85
Holden Rodeo 96-98
Holden Rodeo 99-02
Holden WB Series 82-85
Holden Commodore Ute VR/VS 94-00
Holden Commodore VU Ute 00-02
Holden Commodore VY/VZ Ute 02-07
Holden Rodeo 03-08
Holden Commodore VE Ute 07-09
Mitsubishi Triton MK 96-06
Mitsubishi Triton ML / MN 06-09
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Kia Ceres 92-00
Kia K2700 02-08
Ford / Mazda Courier / B-Series / Bounty 98-02
Ford / Mazda Courier / Bravo / Bounty 03-06
Ford / Mazda Ranger / BT-50 06-09
Nissan 720 Ute 82-85
Nissan Navara 86-91
Nissan Navara 92-96
Nissan Navara 97-05
Nissan Navara 05-09
Proton Jumbuck 03-09
Subaru Brumby 82-92
Suzuki Mighty Boy 85-88
Toyota 4Runner/Hilux 82-85
Toyota Hilux 98-02
Toyota Hilux 03-04
Toyota Hilux 05-09
38
39
Figure 6:
Crashworthiness Ratings for Large cars (with 90% confidence limits)
Large
12.00%
Crashworthiness
Benchmark
10.00%
8.00%
6.00%
4.00%
2.00%
0.00%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
Make and Model
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
BMW 7 Series E23 82-86
Ford Falcon XE/XF 82-88
Ford Fairlane Z & LTD F 82-87
Ford Falcon EA / Falcon EB Series I 88-Mar 92
Ford Falcon EB Series II / Falcon ED Apr 92-94
Ford Fairlane N & LTD D 88-94
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
9
Ford Fairlane N & LTD D 95-98
32
Ford Fairlane & LTD AU 99-02
Ford Fairlane & LTD BA/BF 03-07
Ford Falcon FG 08-09
Ford Falcon EF/EL 94-98
Ford Falcon AU 98-02
Ford Taurus 96-98
Ford Falcon BA/BF 02-08
Holden / Toyota Commodore VN/VP / Lexcen 89-93
Holden Statesman/Caprice WB 82-85
Holden Stateman/Caprice VQ 90-93
Holden Stateman/Caprice VR/VS 94-98
Holden / Toyota Commodore VR/VS / Lexcen 93-97
Holden Commodore VT/VX 97-02
Holden Statesman/Caprice WH 99-03
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Holden Commodore VY/VZ 02-07
Holden Monaro 01-05
Holden Statesman/Caprice WK/WL 03-06
Holden Commodore VB-VL 82-88
Holden Commodore VE 06-09
Hyundai Sonata 89-97
Hyundai Grandeaur / XG 99-00
Mitsubishi Magna TM/TN/TP / Sigma / V3000 85-90
Mitsubishi Magna TE/TF/TH/TJ / Verada KE/KF/KH/KJ /
Diamante 96-03
Mitsubishi Magna TR/TS / Verada KR/KS / V3000 /
Diamante 91-96
Mitsubishi Magna TL/TW / Verada KL/KW 03-05
Mitsubishi 380 05-08
Jaguar XJ6 82-86
Jaguar XJ6 87-94
Jaguar S-Type 99-08
Mazda 929 / Luce 82-90
Mazda 929 / Sentia / Efini MS-9 92-96
Mercedes Benz E-Class W123 82-85
Mercedes Benz S-Class W126 82-92
Nissan Skyline 83-88
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
Nissan 300ZX / Fairlady Z 90-95
Nissan Maxima 90-94
Nissan Maxima / Cefiro 95-99
Nissan Maxima 00-02
Nissan Maxima 06-09
Honda Legend 86-95
Rover 3500 82-87
Saab 9-5 98-05
55
Toyota Camry 98-02
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
Toyota Crown / Cressida / Mark II 82-85
Toyota Crown / Cressida / Mark II 86-88
Toyota Cressida / Mark II 89-93
Toyota Supra 82-90
Lexus ES300 / Windom 92-01
Lexus LS400 / Celsior 90-00
Toyota Avalon 00-05
Toyota Camry 02-06
Toyota Aurion 06-09
Toyota Camry 06-09
Volvo 850/S70/V70/C70 92-99
Volvo 700/900 Series 84-92
Volvo 960/S90/V90 90-98
Figure 7:
Crashworthiness Ratings for Medium cars (with 90% confidence limits)
Medium
14.00%
Crashworthiness
Benchmark
12.00%
10.00%
8.00%
6.00%
4.00%
2.00%
0.00%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93
Make and Model
1
2
Alfa Romeo 156 99-06
Alfa Romeo 147 / GT 01-09
25
26
Hyundai Sonata 98-01
Hyundai Sonata EF 02-05
48
49
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Audi A4 95-01
Audi A4 01-08
BMW Z3 E36 97-03
BMW 5 Series E60 / E61 03-09
BMW 3 Series E90 / E91 05-09
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
Hyundai Tiburon 02-09
Mitsubishi Sigma / Galant / Sapporo / Lambda 82-84
Mitsubishi Starion 82-87
Mitsubishi Galant 95-96
Jaguar X-Type 02-09
Ford / Mazda Telstar / 626 / MX6 / Capella 83-86
Ford / Mazda Telstar / 626 / MX6 / Capella 88-91
Ford / Mazda Telstar / 626 / MX6 / Capella / Cronos 92-97
Mazda 626 98-02
Mazda RX7 82-85
Mazda RX7 86-91
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Chrysler PT Cruiser 00-09
Daewoo Espero 95-97
Daewoo Leganza 97-02
Daewoo Tacuma 00-04
Ford Mondeo 95-01
Ford Probe 94-98
Ford Cougar 99-03
Holden Calibra 94-97
Holden Camira 82-89
Holden Vectra 97-03
Holden Vectra ZC 03-05
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
Mazda Eunos 500 93-99
Mazda Eunos 800 94-00
Mazda 6 02-07
Mazda RX8 03-09
Mazda 6 08-09
Mercedes Benz C-Class W201 87-93
Mercedes Benz CLK C208 97-03
Mercedes Benz SLK R170 97-04
32
71
72
Renault Feugo 82-87
Saab 900 Series 82-92
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Mercedes Benz CLK C209 03-09
Nissan Pintara 86-88
Nissan / Ford Pintara / Corsair /
Bluebird 89-92
Nissan Bluebird 82-86
Nissan 280ZX 82-84
Nissan Bluebird 93-97
Nissan 200SX / Silvia 94-02
Nissan 350Z 03-09
Honda Accord Euro 03-08
Honda Accord 03-07
Honda Accord 82-85
Honda Accord 86-90
Honda Accord 91-93
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
Honda Accord 94-98
Honda Accord 99-02
Honda Prelude 82-82
Honda Prelude 83-91
Honda Prelude 92-96
Honda Prelude 97-02
Peugeot 405 89-97
Peugeot 505 82-93
Peugeot 406 96-04
Porsche 944 82-91
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
Saab 900/9-3 94-02
Saab 9000 86-97
Saab 9-3 03-09
Subaru 1800 / Leone / Omega / 4WD Wagon 82-93
Subaru Liberty / Legacy 89-93
Subaru Liberty / Legacy / Outback 94-98
Toyota Corona 82-88
Toyota Camry 83-86
Holden / Toyota Apollo JK/JL / Camry / Vista 88-92
Holden / Toyota Apollo JM/JP / Camry / Sceptor 9397
Toyota Celica 81-85
Toyota Celica 86-89
Toyota Celica 90-93
Toyota Celica 94-99
Toyota Celica 00-05
Lexus IS200 / IS300 99-04
Volvo 200 Series 82-93
Volvo S60 01-09
Volkswagen Passat 98-06
Figure 8:
Crashworthiness Ratings for Small cars (with 90% confidence limits)
Small
14.00%
Crashworthiness
12.00%
Benchmark
10.00%
8.00%
6.00%
4.00%
2.00%
115
113
111
109
107
105
103
99
101
97
95
93
91
89
87
85
83
81
79
77
75
73
71
69
67
65
63
61
59
57
55
53
51
49
47
45
43
41
39
37
35
33
31
29
27
25
23
21
19
17
15
13
9
11
7
5
3
1
0.00%
Make and Model
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Alfa Romeo 33 83-92
Alfa Romeo 75 86-92
Alfa Romeo GTV 82-84
Alfa Romeo Sprint 82-88
Alfa Romeo Alfasud 82-84
Audi A3/S3 97-04
Mini Mini Cooper 02-09
Chrysler Neon 96-99
Chrysler Neon 00-02
Citroen Xsara 00-05
Daihatsu Applause 89-99
Daewoo 1.5i 94-95
Daewoo Cielo 95-97
Daewoo Nubira 97-03
Daewoo Lanos 97-03
Daewoo Lacetti 03-04
Ford Laser 91-94
Ford Laser 95-97
Ford Capri 89-94
Ford Focus LR 02-05
Ford Focus LS / LT 05-09
Fiat Regata 84-88
Holden Gemini 82-84
Holden Gemini RB 86-87
Holden Astra TR 96-98
Holden Astra TS 98-06
Holden Astra AH 04-09
Holden Viva JF 05-09
Hyundai Excel 86-90
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
Hyundai Excel 90-94
Hyundai Excel / Accent 95-00
Hyundai Elantra 00-06
Hyundai Accent 06-09
Hyundai S Coupe 90-96
Hyundai Lantra 91-95
Hyundai Lantra 96-00
Hyundai Coupe 96-00
Hyundai Accent 00-06
Mitsubishi Lancer / Mirage CA 89-90
Mitsubishi Lancer / Mirage CB 91-92
Mitsubishi Lancer / Mirage CC 93-95
Mitsubishi Lancer / Mirage CE 96-03
Mitsubishi Cordia 83-87
Mitsubishi Lancer CH / CJ 03-09
Kia Rio 00-05
Kia Spectra 01-04
Kia Cerato LD 04-08
Kia Rio JB 05-09
Ford / Mazda Laser / 323 / Familia 82-88
Mazda 323 / Familia / Lantis 90-93
Mazda 323 / Familia / Lantis 95-98
Ford / Mazda Laser / 323 99-03
Mazda MX5 / Eunos Roadster 89-97
Mazda MX5 / Eunos Roadster 98-05
Mazda Eunos 30X / Presso / MX-3 / Autozam AZ-3 90-97
Mazda 3 / Axela 03-09
Mercedes Benz A-Class W168 98-04
Holden / Nissan Astra / Pulsar / Langley 84-86
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
Holden / Nissan Astra / Pulsar / Vector / Sentra 88-90
Nissan Pulsar / Vector / Sentra 92-95
Nissan Pulsar / Vector / Sentra 96-99
Nissan Stanza 82-83
Nissan Gazelle / Silvia 84-86
Nissan Exa 83-86
Nissan Exa 87-91
Nissan NX/NX-R 91-96
Nissan Pulsar 00-05
Nissan Tiida 06-09
Honda Civic 82-83
Honda Civic / Ballade / Shuttle 84-87
Honda Civic / Shuttle 88-91
Honda Civic 92-95
Honda Civic 96-00
Honda CRX 87-91
Honda CRX 92-98
Honda S2000 99-09
Honda Civic 01-05
Honda Civic 06-09
Honda Integra 86-88
Honda Integra 90-92
Honda Integra 93-01
Honda Integra 02-06
Honda Concerto 89-93
Peugeot 306 94-01
Peugeot 307 01-09
Proton Wira 95-96
Proton Gen 2 04-09
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
Renault 19 91-96
Renault Scenic 01-04
Rover Quintet 82-86
MG MGF / MG TF 99-05
Subaru Impreza 93-00
Suzuki Baleno / Cultus Crescent 95-02
Suzuki Liana 01-07
Toyota Corolla 82-84
Toyota / Holden Corolla / Nova 89-93
Toyota / Holden Corolla / Nova 94-97
Toyota Corolla / Allex 98-01
Toyota Tercel 83-88
Toyota MR2 87-90
Toyota MR2 91-00
Toyota Paseo / Cynos 91-99
Toyota Corolla 4WD Wagon 92-96
Toyota Prius II 03-09
Volvo 300 Series 84-88
Volvo S40/V40 97-04
Volkswagen Golf 82-94
Volkswagen Golf 95-98
Volkswagen Golf / Bora 99-04
Volkswagen New Beetle 00-09
Volkswagen Golf / Jetta 04-09
Figure 9:
Crashworthiness Ratings for Light cars (with 90% confidence limits)
Light
14.00%
Crashworthiness
Benchmark
12.00%
10.00%
8.00%
6.00%
4.00%
2.00%
0.00%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
Make and Model
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
34
Daihatsu Charade 82-86
Daihatsu Pyzar 97-01
Daihatsu Sirion / Storia 98-04
Daihatsu Mira 90-96
Daewoo Matiz 99-04
Daewoo Kalos 03-04
Ford Festiva WD/WH/WF 94-01
Ford Ka 99-02
Holden Barina XC 01-06
Holden Barina SB 95-00
Holden Barina TK 05-09
Hyundai Getz / TB 02-09
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Mitsubishi Mirage / Colt 82-88
Mitsubishi Colt 04-09
Ford / Mazda Festiva WA / 121 87-90
Mazda 121 / Autozam Review 94-96
Mazda 121 Metro / Demio 97-02
Mazda 2 02-07
Mazda 2 07-09
Nissan Micra 95-97
Honda Jazz / Fit 02-08
Honda City 83-86
Peugeot 205 87-94
Peugeot 206 99-07
Proton Satria 97-05
Renault Clio II 01-04
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
Subaru Sherpa / Fiori / 700 / Rex 89-92
Suzuki Swift 82-85
Holden / Suzuki Barina / Swift / Cultus 86-88
Holden / Suzuki Barina / Swift / Cultus 89-99
Suzuki Hatch / Alto 82-84
Suzuki Alto 85-00
Suzuki Ignis 00-02
Suzuki Swift 05-09
Toyota Starlet 96-99
Toyota Echo 99-05
Toyota Yaris 05-09
Volkswagen Polo 96-00
Volkswagen Polo 02-09
41
Figure 10:
Crashworthiness Ratings for People Movers (with 90% confidence limits)
People Mover
10.00%
Crashworthiness
Benchmark
9.00%
8.00%
7.00%
6.00%
5.00%
4.00%
3.00%
2.00%
1.00%
0.00%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Nissan Prairie 84-86
Nissan Serena 92-95
Honda Odyssey 95-00
Honda Odyssey 00-02
Honda Odyssey 04-09
Toyota Tarago 83-89
Toyota Tarago / Previa / Estima 91-99
Toyota Tarago / Previa / Estima 00-06
Toyota Spacia 93-00
Toyota Avensis Verso 01-09
Toyota Tarago 06-09
22
23
Make and Model
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Chrysler Voyager 97-01
Holden Zafira TT 01-05
Mitsubishi Nimbus / Chariot / Spacewagon 85-91
Mitsubishi Nimbus / Chariot 92-98
Mitsubishi Nimbus 99-03
Mitsubishi Starwagon / L300 83-86
Mitsubishi Starwagon / Delica Starwagon 87-93
Mitsubishi Starwagon / Delica Spacegear 95-98
Mitsubishi Starwagon / Delica Spacegear 98-03
Kia Carnival 99-06
Kia Carnival 06-09
Mazda MPV 94-99
5.2
Aggressivity
5.2.1
Aggressivity towards Other Car Drivers and Unprotected Road Users
Using the methods described in Section 4.2, logistic regression models of the injury risk and injury
severity of the focus road user were built separately as functions of both vehicle model and market
group of the focus vehicle colliding with the other road user whose injury outcome is being
modelled. Variations in the other factors listed in Section 4.2, including other road user type, were
adjusted in the model by including them as predictors in the logistic regression models along with
the focus vehicle model or market group. The aggressivity injury risk measure is based only on the
injury outcome to drivers of other vehicles.
The logistic regression models of aggressivity injury risk showed the following non-vehicle factors
and their interactions to be statistically significant predictors of injury risk (factors age and sex refer
to focus driver whose injury outcome is being modelled). The average aggressivity injury risk in the
data was 15.77%.
Base effect terms
Sex
Speedzone
Age
State
Year
First order interactions
Sex*Year
Age*Speedzone
Age*Sex
Age*Year
Speedzone*Year
Speedzone*State
Age*State
State*Year
Sex*State
Sex*Speedzone
Second order interaction
Sex*State*Year
Age*State*Year
Sex*Speedzone*State
Age*Speedzone*State
The logistic regression models of aggressivity injury severity users showed the following nonvehicle factors and their interactions to be statistically significant predictors of injury severity.
These factors were included in the logistic model (factors age and sex refer to the age and sex of the
other driver or unprotected road user). The average aggressivity injury severity in the data was
22.38%.
Base effect terms
Sex
Speedzone
Age
State
Year
Crashtype
First order interactions
Sex*State
Sex*Crashtype
Age*Sex
Age*Crashtype
Year*Crashtype
Speedzone*State
Age*State
State*Crashtype
State*Year
Speedzone*Year
Speedzone*Crashtype
Sex*Year
Sex*Speedzone
Second order interaction
Speedzone*State*Crashtype
Age*State*Crashtype
Speedzone*Year*Crashtype
State*Year*Crashtype
Sex*State*Crashtype
Sex*Year*Crashtype
Final estimates of vehicle aggressivity towards other road users were obtained by multiplying the
estimated injury risk and injury severity components for each vehicle. Confidence limits on each of
the estimated aggressivity ratings were calculated. The average aggressivity rating in the data, used
for comparisons against aggressivity of individual vehicle models was 3.67%.
Aggressivity ratings were obtained for 439 different vehicle models that satisfied the inclusion
criteria for analysis. The estimated aggressivity ratings and their injury risk and injury severity
components for individual vehicle models are given in Appendix 5 along with (95% confidence
limits on the estimated aggressivity ratings.
Table 5 summarises the estimated injury risk, injury severity and aggressivity ratings by the 10
broad market groups along with the estimated 95% confidence limits on the aggressivity ratings.
The estimated aggressivity rating is the expected number of road users killed or seriously injured
per 100 involved in two-car tow-away collisions where their vehicle impacts with one of the
designated models or market groups. Table 5 shows large sports utility vehicles to be the most
aggressive towards drivers of other vehicles, with an average of 5.11 unprotected road users or
drivers being killed or seriously injured for every 100 tow-away crashes with a large sports utility
vehicle. Similarly, Table 4 shows light cars to be the least aggressive towards unprotected road
users or drivers of other vehicles, with an average aggressivity rating of 2.30.
36
Table 4:
Estimated Vehicle Aggressivity towards Other Drivers and Unprotected Road Users
by Market Grouping
Market Group
Overall Average
COMPACT SUV
MEDIUM SUV
LARGE SUV
COMERCIAL - VAN
COMERCIAL - UTE
LARGE
MEDIUM
PEOPLE MOVER
SMALL
LIGHT
Other
Driver
Injury
Risk
(%)
Other
Driver
Injury
Severity
(%)
15.77
14.60
17.82
19.56
19.14
17.20
15.53
14.22
17.01
12.67
11.68
22.38
21.77
23.29
26.14
23.80
24.10
21.86
20.97
22.32
20.42
19.70
Aggressivity Overall Lower 95% Upper 95%
Rating *
rank Confidence Confidence
order
limit
limit
3.67
3.18
4.15
5.11
4.55
4.15
3.39
2.98
3.80
2.59
2.30
4
8
10
9
7
5
3
6
2
1
3.00
3.91
4.91
4.33
4.02
3.33
2.91
3.58
2.53
2.22
3.37
4.41
5.32
4.79
4.27
3.46
3.06
4.02
2.65
2.39
Width of
Confidence
interval
0.37
0.50
0.41
0.45
0.25
0.13
0.15
0.44
0.12
0.17
* Serious injury rate per 100 drivers of other vehicles and unprotected road users involved in collisions with vehicles from the given
market group
Appendix 5 shows the estimated aggressivity ratings towards drivers of other vehicles and
unprotected road users for the 439 individual vehicle models rated. Ratings ranged from a minimum
of 1.05 serious injuries per 100 crashes for the 2006-2009 Mitsubishi Outlander and Peugeot 4007
to a maximum of 8.09 serious injuries per 100 crashes for the 1982-1985 Holden Statesman/Caprice
WB.
5.2.2
As for the crashworthiness rating, a rating presentation was used which classifies vehicles according
to where their aggressivity rating lies in relation to a best performance benchmark. The benchmark
rating in this update was defined as the rating above which 8% of the rating point estimates were
better (see Section 5.4). The point against which ratings for individual vehicles are compared is
arbitrary, whether it is the average used in previous updates or the benchmark rating described
above or some other point.
Classification categories are defined by distances away from this benchmark. The five categories
were defined as follows.
•
•
•
•
•
confidence limit on the rating lies. Using only the lower confidence limit defines a true one-sided
statistical test which is equal for each rating. Aggressivity ratings are shown by presentation
category in Appendix 7.
5.2.3
Relationship between Aggressivity and Crashworthiness
In assessing the British vehicle safety indices, Broughton (1996) found a strong inverse relationship
between the indices for crashworthiness and aggressivity. Figure 21 shows the aggressivity measure
plotted against crashworthiness for those vehicle models with both ratings. As Figure 21 shows, the
inverse relationship between the two measures is not particularly strong. The dotted lines in Figure
21 represent the average aggressivity and crashworthiness of the vehicles assessed. Points in the
lower left quadrant defined by the dotted lines represent vehicles with relatively low aggressivity as
well as good (low) estimated crashworthiness. This area is populated by a number of small and
medium vehicle models as well as some compact SUVs. In contrast, vehicle models in the upper
right quadrant of Figure 21 defined by the dotted lines show relatively poor crashworthiness and
high aggressivity. There are a number of commercial vans and utilities in this quadrant along with
some small vehicle models, people movers and compact SUVs. The remaining two quadrants are
populated with vehicles that only perform well on either crashworthiness or aggressivity measures.
Light cars tend to have low aggressivity but also poor crashworthiness whilst large and medium
SUVs tend to exhibit converse traits.
Absence of a strong relationship between the measures of aggressivity and crashworthiness
confirms that the two quantities considered here are measuring two different aspects of a vehicle’s
safety performance. Whilst one would expect some relationship between the two measures given
their common but opposite relationships with mass (Broughton, 1996; Cameron et al 1998), the lack
of a strong relationship suggests vehicle mass is only playing a small part in aggressivity rating
relative to vehicle total safety design. The independence of these two measures does not seem to
have been achieved to the same degree under other systems (Broughton, 1996).
Figure 21:
Estimated Vehicle Aggressivity towards Other Drivers and Unprotected Road Users
vs. Crashworthiness Rating
9.00%
8.00%
Aggressivity Rating
7.00%
6.00%
5.00%
4.00%
3.00%
2.00%
1.00%
0.00%
0.00%
38
2.00%
4.00%
6.00%
8.00%
10.00%
12.00%
SUV - Compact
SUV - Medium
SUV - Large
Commercial - Van
Commercial - Ute
Large
Medium
People Mover
Light
Small
5.3
Vehicle Total Secondary Safety Rating
5.3.1
Injury Risk
Total secondary safety injury risk was estimated from the data on 5,619,861 road users involved in
tow-away crashes in New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia and Western Australia during
1987-2009 (as described in Section 2). This data set is referred to as the "involved road users".
Because of missing values in one or more of the covariates road user sex and age, speed zone and
number of vehicles involved in the crash amongst the 5,619,861 involved road users and vehicle
models of interest, the final file used for analysis consisted of the 3,090,770 road users for which all
the covariate data was complete. Of these road users 521,549 were injured. The "covariate" model
for injury risk was determined from the variables described in Section 4.3.
The following terms were significantly associated with injury risk and were included in the logistic
model:
Base effect
First order
Second order
Third order
terms
interactions
interactions
interactions
Sex
Speedzone
Age
State
Year (of crash)
Crashtyp
Speedzone*Crashtyp
Sex*Age
State*Year
Sex*Speedzone
Age*State
Age*Crashtyp
Speedzone*State
Sex*Crashtyp
State*Crashtyp
Age*Speedzone
Sex*State
Age*Year
Sex*Year
Speedzone*Year
Year*Crashtyp
Speedzone*State*Crashtyp
Age*State*Crashtyp
Sex*State*Year
Sex*State*Crashtyp
Age*Speedzone*State
Age*Speedzone*Year
Sex*Speedzone*Crashtyp
Sex*Year*Crashtyp
State*Year*Crashtyp
Age*State*Year
Age*Speedzone*Crashtyp
Speedzone*Year*Crashtyp
Age*Sex*Crashtyp
Sex*State*Year*Crashtyp
Speedzone*State*Year*Crashtyp
Age*Speedzone*State*Crashtyp
No other term significantly improved the fit of the logistic model.
The overall (average) injury risk for light vehicle drivers or unprotected road users involved in towaway crashes in NSW, Western Australia and Queensland was 16.87 per 100 involved. In other
words, the average probability that a light vehicle driver or unprotected road user was injured in a
tow-away crash involving a light passenger vehicle in NSW, Western Australia or Queensland was
16.87%.
Appendix 6 gives the estimates of total secondary safety injury risk derived by logistic regression
for 535 individual car models. Injury risk ranged from 6.51% for the 1986-1994 Citroen BX to
34.51% for the 1982-1990 Daihatsu Hi Jet.
An estimate of the variability in the injury risk estimates was calculated from the width of the
corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Individual confidence interval widths ranged from 0.57%
for the 1993-1997 Holden Commodore VR/VS and Toyota Lexcen to 17.23% for the 1983-1990
Ford Spectron. The small variability for the Commodore/Toyota VR/VS/Lexcen sedans is not
surprising since there were more cars of these models than any others in the data set and precision is
known to improve with increasing sample size.
The estimated injury risk for each market group is also given in Appendix 6. The medium sports
utility market group had the lowest injury risk (15.28%) and the light car market group had the
highest (19.02%).
The data on "injured road users" covered 1,154,525 road users of 1982-2009 model vehicles who
were injured in crashes in Victoria, New South Wales, Western Australia, Queensland, South
Australia or New Zealand during 1987-2009 (as described in Section 2). Because of missing values
in one or more of the covariates amongst the 1,154,525 injured road users, the final file used for
analysis consisted of the 658,055 road users for which all the covariate data was complete. Of these
road users 139,461 were seriously injured. The "covariate" model for injury severity was
determined from the variables described in Section 4.3.
The following terms were significantly associated with injury severity and were included in the
logistic model:
Base effect
terms
Sex
Speedzone
Age
State
Year
Crashtype
First order
interactions
Age*Sex
Age*Crashtype
Speedzone*State
Age*State
State*Year
Speedzone*Year
Speedzone*Crashtype
Sex*State
Age*Year
Year*Crashtype
State*Crashtype
Sex*Crashtype
Age*Speedzone
Second order
interaction
State*Year*Crashtype
Age*State*Year
Speedzone*State*Crashtype
Age*State*Crashtyp
Sex*State*Crashtyp
Age*Speedzone*State
Speedzone*Year*Crashtyp
Third order
interaction
Speedzone*State*Year*Crashtyp
No other term significantly improved the fit of the logistic model.
The overall (average) injury severity for injured light vehicle drivers or unprotected road users in
the data analysed was 21.19 per 100 involved. In other words, the probability that a road user
injured in a crash was severely injured was 21.19%. Appendix 6 gives the estimates of injury
severity derived by logistic regression for 535 individual car models, or sets of combined models.
Of the cars analysed, injury severity ranged from 4.40% for the 2004-2008 Ford Fiesta WP/WQ to
46.21% for the 1982-1984 Alfa Romeo GTV.
An estimate of the variability in the estimates of injury severity was calculated from the width of
the corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Individual confidence interval widths ranged from
1.43% for the 1982-1988 Ford Laser and Mazda 323 / Familia and the 1989-1993 Holden
Commodore VN/VP and Toyota Lexcen to 43.80% for the 2005-2009 Citroen C4.
The estimated injury severity for each market group is also given in Appendix 6. Compact sports
utility vehicles performed best with respect to injury severity, having the lowest average injury
severity of 20.15%. The large sports utility vehicle market group had the highest average injury
severity of 23.39%.
40
5.3.3
Total secondary safety index
The total secondary safety index for each car model and market group was obtained by multiplying
the individual injury risk and injury severity estimates. Because each of the two components had
been adjusted for the confounding factors, the resultant total secondary safety index was also
adjusted for the influence of these factors.
Total secondary safety indices were obtained for each individual model and market group after
adjusting for the confounding factors.
Appendix 6 gives the total secondary safety secondary index and the associated 90% confidence
intervals for each of the 535 car models included in the analyses. Each rating is expressed as a
percentage, representing the number of road users killed or admitted to hospital per 100 light
vehicle drivers or unprotected road users involved in a tow-away focus crash. Overall ratings for
the market groups are also given.
Each total secondary safety rating is an estimate of the true risk of a light vehicle driver or
unprotected road user being killed or admitted to hospital in a tow-away crash and, as such, each
estimate has a level of uncertainty about it. This uncertainty is indicated by the confidence limits in
Appendix 6. There is 95% probability that the confidence interval will cover the true risk of serious
injury (death or hospital admission) to the light vehicle driver or unprotected road user involved in a
crash with the particular model of vehicle.
Table 5 gives a summary of the estimated ratings for each of the 10 defined vehicle market groups.
It shows the estimated injury risk and severity components, and the resulting total secondary safety
index with upper and lower 95% confidence limits, and the width of the 95% confidence limit. The
relative ranking of the total secondary safety index on each market group is also given in Table 6
although this should be interpreted with care as there is not necessarily a statistically significant
difference between the average total secondary safety of vehicle market groups with different
rankings. Statistical significance in average total secondary safety between market groups at the 5%
level is only achieved when the 95% confidence limits do not overlap. Similar comments apply to
interpreting results in Appendix 6.
Table 5:
Estimated Vehicle Total Secondary Safety by Market Grouping
Market Group
Overall Average
COMPACT SUV
MEDIUM SUV
LARGE SUV
COMMERCIAL - VAN
COMMERCIAL - UTE
LARGE
MEDIUM
PEOPLE MOVERS
SMALL
LIGHT
•
Injury
risk
(%)
Injury
severity
(%)
Total
Secondary
Safety Index*
Overall
rank
order
Lower 95%
Confidence
limit
16.87
16.65
15.28
15.52
18.12
16.19
16.34
16.67
17.72
17.54
19.02
21.19
20.15
21.09
23.39
21.65
22.17
20.81
20.40
21.16
20.26
20.99
3.58
3.35
3.22
3.63
3.92
3.59
3.40
3.40
3.75
3.56
3.99
2
1
7
9
6
3
4
8
5
10
3.25
3.11
3.54
3.81
3.53
3.36
3.36
3.63
3.51
3.92
Upper 95% Width of
Confidence Confidence
limit
interval
3.46
3.34
3.72
4.04
3.65
3.44
3.45
3.88
3.60
4.06
0.21
0.23
0.18
0.24
0.13
0.07
0.09
0.25
0.08
0.14
Serious injury rate per 100 road users involved
Table 6 shows medium four wheel drives to have the highest total secondary safety with an average
of 3.22 light vehicle drivers or unprotected road users being killed or seriously injured for every 100
tow-away crashes. Similarly, light cars have the lowest total secondary safety with an average total
secondary safety index of 3.99.
5.3.4
As for the crashworthiness and aggressivity ratings, a rating presentation was used for the total
secondary safety index which classifies vehicles according to where their rating lies in relation to a
best performance benchmark. The benchmark rating in this update was defined as the rating above
which 8% of the rating point estimates were better (see Section 5.4). The point against which
ratings for individual vehicles are compared is arbitrary, whether it is the average used in previous
updates or the benchmark rating described above or some other point.
Classification categories are defined by distances away from this benchmark. For the total
secondary safety index the five categories were defined as follows.
•
•
•
•
•
confidence limit on the rating lies. Using only the lower confidence limit defines a true one-sided
statistical test which is equal for each rating. Total Secondary Safety ratings by classification
category are shown in Appendix 7.
5.3.5
Comparison of Crashworthiness, Aggressivity and the Total Secondary Safety index
Figure 32 plots vehicle models crashworthiness ratings against their total secondary safety index.
The solid lines on the chart are the average value for each index. Figure 32 shows a strong
relationship exists between crashworthiness and total secondary safety reflecting that
crashworthiness is relevant to injury outcome in all types of crashes involving light vehicles
excluding those with unprotected road users.
Figure 32:
Crashworthiness vs. Total Secondary Safety
14.00%
12.00%
10.00%
8.00%
6.00%
4.00%
2.00%
0.00%
0.00%
1.00%
2.00%
3.00%
4.00%
5.00%
6.00%
7.00%
8.00%
9.00%
10.00%
11.00%
12.00%
13.00%
14.00%
Total Safety
42
SUV - Compact
SUV - Medium
SUV - Large
Commercial - Van
Commercial - Ute
Large
Medium
People Mover
Light
Small
15.00%
In contrast, Figure 33 shows a much weaker relationship between aggressivity and total secondary
safety reflecting that aggressivity is only relevant to injury outcome in crashes between 2 light
vehicles and involving unprotected road users.
Figure 33:
Aggressivity vs. Total Secondary Safety
9.00%
8.00%
Aggressivity Rating
7.00%
6.00%
5.00%
4.00%
3.00%
2.00%
1.00%
0.00%
0.00%
1.00%
2.00%
3.00%
4.00%
5.00%
6.00%
7.00%
8.00%
9.00%
10.00%
Total Safety
SUV - Compact
SUV - Medium
SUV - Large
Commercial - Van
Commercial - Ute
Large
Medium
People Mover
Light
Small
Comparison by Market Groups
Tables 4, 5 and 6 show that essentially the rank order of the market groups within the total
secondary safety index are consistent with the rankings within the crashworthiness measure but
with a moderation effect on the total secondary safety index dependent on the aggressivity of the
vehicle. In other words vehicles with high aggressivity display a shift in ranking for total secondary
safety towards higher or worse total secondary safety. For example, large sports utility vehicles
have shifted notably in their ranking from a 1 in the crashworthiness market group rankings to a
ranking of 7 across the market groups for total secondary safety.
5.4
Presentation of Total Secondary Safety Index, Crashworthiness and
Aggressivity Ratings for Consumer Information
Discussion in the previous work of Cameron et al (1998) noted the need for simplicity of
presentation and interpretation in providing consumer safety advice through employing methods
that summarised the complex statistical information contained in the ratings into an easily
understood summary. From the ratings of Newstead et al (2000), a method of presentation of the
estimated crashworthiness ratings for Australian vehicles was devised that is similar in philosophy
to the presentation method devised by Folksam Insurance for presentation of Swedish ratings. The
method took into account both the rating point estimate and confidence limits, but removed the
emphasis from the point estimate. The same method of presentation was also used for the
aggressivity and total secondary safety ratings.
As a first step in providing clear consumer information, the ratings presented have been filtered to
ensure a minimum level of statistical accuracy and hence a high degree of confidence in the
information presented. In previous updates the total secondary safety, crashworthiness and
aggressivity ratings presented for consumer information excluded those models where:
•
the vehicle was manufactured prior to 1986 (related to the introduction of unleaded petrol
and key regulatory changes in New Zealand), or
•
the width of the 90% two-sided confidence interval was greater than 3 and the comparison
average crashworthiness rating was within the 90% confidence interval (see section 5.1.4 for
the definition of the comparison average crashworthiness), or
•
the ratio of the confidence interval width to the rating score (coefficient of variation)
exceeded 1.6 and the comparison average crashworthiness rating was within the 90%
confidence interval.
The criteria above were used in the update of Newstead et al (2007a, b) and Newstead et al (2007c).
For the update of Newstead et al (2008a, b) the criteria were altered to avoid publishing ratings for
vehicles based on relatively limited quantities of data. Vehicles were also included that had a rating
significantly different to the average crashworthiness rating although the confidence interval width
exceeded 3% or the coefficient of variation exceeded 1.6. These vehicles whose confidence limit
did not overlap the average could be classified statistically as either better or worse than average
which was considered useful for consumer information. The criteria then excluded only those
vehicles that were not statistically significantly different from average due to excessive variation in
the estimated rating or the vehicle was manufactured prior to 1986.
For the update of Newstead et al (2009a,b) the total secondary safety, crashworthiness and
aggressivity ratings presented for consumer information the presentation criteria were tightened
further to ensure even greater accuracy. Ratings presented in the consumer information derived in
this report excluded those models where:
•
the vehicle was manufactured prior to 1992, or
•
the width of the 90% two-sided confidence interval was greater than 2.00%, or
•
exceeded 1.6.
For the most recent update of Newstead et al (2010a,b) the total secondary safety, crashworthiness
and aggressivity ratings presented for consumer information the presentation criteria were tightened
further to ensure even greater accuracy. Ratings presented in the consumer information derived in
this report excluded those models where:
•
the vehicle was manufactured prior to 1996 (compliance with the frontal impact standard
ADR69 was mandated for most cars sold from 1996), or
•
the width of the 90% two-sided confidence interval was greater than 2.00%, or
•
exceeded 1.6.
The presentation criteria used for the 2010 update were used for the current update.
In earlier updates, rated vehicles were classified into five categories based on the range in which the
confidence limits on the estimated ratings lay relative to the average safety performance of the
vehicle fleet. The five categories were defined as follows.
44
•
•
•
•
•
At least 15% safer than average: if the upper confidence limit on the estimated rating is less
than 0.85 times the average crashworthiness rating for the vehicle fleet.
At least safer than average: if the upper confidence limit on the estimated rating is less than
the average crashworthiness rating for the vehicle fleet.
Average: if the confidence interval on the estimated rating overlaps the average
crashworthiness rating for the vehicle fleet.
At least less safe than average: if the lower confidence limit on the estimated rating is
greater than the average crashworthiness rating for the vehicle fleet.
At least 15% less safe than average: if the lower confidence limit on the estimated rating is
greater than 1.15 times the average crashworthiness rating for the vehicle fleet.
For the update of Newstead et al (2009a, b), a new rating presentation classified vehicles according
to where their rating lay in relation to a ‘best current performance’ benchmark. The benchmark was
set by choosing a percentile of the best (lowest) rating vehicles in the sample. The choice of
percentile is arbitrary but should ideally be less than 15% - i.e. 15% of vehicles have a point
estimate rating better than that value. The benchmark rating used in deriving the consumer
presentation for this update was defined as the value below which 8% of the rated vehicles’ rating
point estimates lay (noting that a numerical lower rating indicates better safety performance).
Classification categories were then defined by distance bands in which the lower confidence limit
on each individual vehicle rating lie away from this benchmark. For the update of Newstead et al
(2009a, b) the five categories were defined as follows:
•
•
•
•
•
Worse than the benchmark but less than 50% worse than the benchmark.
Again the separation gradients between categories are arbitrary but aimed to spread the vehicles
relatively equally across the performance categories. Vehicles are classified into each category
according to the band in which the lower confidence limit on the rating lies. Using only the lower
confidence limit defines a true one-sided statistical test which is applied equally for each vehicle’s
rating. The five categories used in the most recent update of Newstead et al (2010a, b) and in the
current update, for the crashworthiness and aggressivity ratings, were defined as follows:
•
•
•
•
•
In this update the five categories used for the total secondary safety index were defined as follows:
•
•
•
•
•
Presentation of the estimated crashworthiness ratings in this way is shown in Appendix 7. The
benchmark crashworthiness rating above which 8% of the crashworthiness rating estimates were
better is 1.92%. Colour coding of the categories has been used with green depicting that the rating is
equivalent to the benchmark, blue depicting that the rating is worse than the benchmark through
yellow and orange to red depicting at least 30%, 60% and 90% worse than the benchmark
respectively.
A single column at the right of the table in Appendix 7 summarises the aggressivity rating category
for each vehicle. The benchmark aggressivity rating above which 8% of the aggressivity rating
estimates were better is 2.28%. In a manner similar to the classification of crashworthiness ratings,
the estimated aggressivity ratings have been classified into five categories with each represented by
a symbol in the final column of the table. These are:
•
•
•
•
•
xx:
x:
o:
+:
++:
Presentation of the estimated total secondary safety index rating category in a similar way is also
shown in Appendix 7 in a single column at the right of the table. The benchmark total secondary
safety index above which 8% of the total secondary safety rating estimates were better is 2.23%.
For the presentation of the estimated total secondary safety index the ratings have been classified
into five categories with each represented by a symbol in the final column of the table. These are:
•
•
•
•
•
xx:
x:
o:
+:
++:
This presentation style has the advantage that it combines information about both the rating point
estimate and confidence limit to classify the safety performance of the vehicle. Like the previous
presentation format, this method of presentation takes the potential emphasis of the consumer off
comparison of only the point estimate ratings, an emphasis that can be potentially misleading from
the point of view of statistical confidence. Rather, the presentation method categorises vehicles
according to the statistical significance of the difference of their estimated safety rating from
defined points. Colour coding of the categories would typically be used with green depicting the
safest category through blue, yellow and orange to red depicting the least safe category. 90% twosided confidence limits have been used to categorise the crashworthiness ratings in Appendix 7.
These are equivalent to a 95% one-sided confidence limit for the directional hypothesis testing how
much greater than a defined point the ratings is, as employed in the new rating presentation.
In this update an additional column in the table in Appendix 7 provides suggested “best pick”
vehicles by market group where the vehicle has a crashworthiness rating equal to the benchmark
and a total safety index rating also equal to the benchmark.
Some vehicle models in Appendix 7 have no symbol in the aggressivity rating or total secondary
safety index rating column. These vehicles have been involved in an insufficient number of crashes
to have an aggressivity or total secondary safety rating estimated for them.
46
5.5
Crashworthiness by Year of Manufacture of the Australian Vehicle Fleet
5.5.1
Injury Risk
Injury risk was estimated from the data on 3,792,175 drivers involved in tow-away crashes in New
South Wales, South Australia, Western Australia and Queensland during 1987 to 2009. This data
set is referred to as the "involved drivers". Because of missing values of some of the factors to be
included in the logistic regression, and the exclusion of pre-1964 vehicles and unknown years,
analysis was performed on data relating to 3,196,972 involved drivers, 557,316 of whom were
injured. The following non-vehicle factors and their interactions were statistically significantly
associated with injury risk and were included in the logistic regression model.
Base effect
terms
Sex
Nveh
Speedzone
Age
State
Year (of crash)
First order
interactions
Sex*Speedzone
Speedzone*Nveh
Sex*Nveh
Speedzone*Age
Age*Sex
Year*State
Age*Nveh
Nveh*State
Nveh*Year
Age*State
Age*Year
Speedzone*State
Sex*Year
Speedzone*Year
Sex*State
Second order
interactions
Sex*Speedzone*Nveh
Sex*State*Year
Age*Speedzone*Nveh
Age*Sex*Speedzone
Age*Nveh*State
Nveh*State*Year
Age*State*Year
Speedzone*Nveh*Year
Age*Sex*State
Sex*Speedzone*State
Age*Speedzone*State
Age*Sex*Nveh
Age*Nveh*Year
Sex*Nveh*Year
Sex*Nveh*State
Age*Sex*Year
Age*Speedzone*Year
Age*Speedzone*Nveh*State
Speedzone*Nveh*State*Year
Age*Sex*Nveh*State
Sex*Speedzone*Nveh*State
Age*Sex*State*Year
Age*Nveh*State*Year
Age*Speedzone*Nveh*Year
The overall (average) injury risk for involved drivers in tow-away crashes in NSW, Western
Australia and Queensland was 17.43%. Appendix 7 gives the estimates of injury risk derived by
logistic regression for the individual years of manufacture. The variability in the injury risk
estimates relative to the year of manufacture can be seen from the width of the corresponding 95%
confidence intervals.
The data on "injured drivers" covered 627,103 drivers who were injured in crashes in Victoria or
New South Wales during 1987-2009 or South Australia during 1995-2009 or Queensland and
Western Australia during 1991-2009. Because of missing values of some of the associated crash
factors and the exclusion of pre-1964 vehicles and unknown years, logistic regression was
performed on data relating to 596,090 injured drivers, 139,343 of whom were severely injured
(killed or admitted to hospital). The analysis identified a number of statistically significant nonvehicle factor and their interactions associated with injury severity. These were:
Base effect
terms
Sex
First order
interactions
Sex*Speedzone
Second order
interactions
Speedzone*Nveh*Year
Nveh
Speedzone
Age
State
Year (of crash)
Speedzone*Nveh
Speedzone*State
Speedzone*Age
Age*Sex
Year*State
Age*Nveh
Nveh*State
Speedzone*Year
Age*State
Age*Year
Sex*State
Sex*Year
Nveh*Year
Sex*Nveh
Age*Speedzone*Nveh
Age*Sex*Year
Age*State*Year
Sex*State*Year
Nveh*State*Year
Sex*Nveh*State
Age*Sex*Nveh
Age*Speedzone*State
Sex*Speedzone*Nveh
Age*Nveh*Year
Age*Nveh*State
Age*Sex*State
Age*Nveh*State*Year
The overall (average) injury severity for injured drivers was 23.38%. Appendix 7 gives the
estimates of injury severity derived by logistic regression for the individual years of manufacture.
The variability in the estimates of injury severity relative to year of manufacture can be seen from
the width of the corresponding 95% confidence intervals.
5.5.3
Crashworthiness by Year of Manufacture
The crashworthiness estimates for each year of manufacture were obtained by multiplying the
individual injury risk and injury severity estimates. Because each of the two components has been
adjusted for the confounding factors, the resultant crashworthiness estimate is also adjusted for the
influence of them. Appendix 8 gives the crashworthiness estimates and the associated 95%
confidence intervals for each of the 45 years of manufacture included in the analysis. Each estimate
is expressed as a percentage, representing the number of drivers killed or admitted to hospital per
100 drivers involved in a tow-away crash. 95% confidence limits on the estimates are also given.
The crashworthiness estimates and their confidence limits are plotted for each year of manufacture
in Figure 34. The relatively wide confidence intervals observed on the estimates of crashworthiness
for years of manufacture 1964 to 1969 and 2009 are a reflection of the smaller numbers of crashes
involving vehicles manufactured in these years appearing in the data. Introduction of key safety
related Australian Design Rules as well as consumer information programs likely to have
influenced levels of vehicle safety are also shown on Figure 34. Full details of these initiatives are
given in Newstead et al (2006).
48
Figure 34:
Crashworthiness by year of manufacture (with 95% confidence limits)
9.0%
8.0%
6.0%
5.0%
Average = 4.1%
4.0%
ADR 72
ADR 73
ADR 69
CRASHWORTHINESS
RATINGS
NCAP
ADR 29
ADR 4A
ADRs 10B, 21
ADRs 2, 3, 8, 10A
1.0%
ADRs 11, 14, 22
ADRs 4, 5A
2.0%
ADR 4C
3.0%
ADRs 4B, 5B, 22A
7.0%
0.0%
Year of Manufacture
The injury risk component of the crashworthiness estimate, together with its 95% confidence limits,
is plotted in Figure 35. In a similar way, the injury severity component is plotted in Figure 36.
Figure 35:
Injury risk by year of manufacture (with 95% confidence limits)
30.0%
25.0%
Average = 17.4%
Injury Risk
20.0%
15.0%
10.0%
5.0%
0.0%
Year of Manufacture
Figure 36:
Injury severity by year of manufacture (with 95% confidence limits)
35.0%
30.0%
Average = 23.4%
Injury Severity
25.0%
20.0%
15.0%
10.0%
5.0%
0.0%
Year of Manufacture
5.6
Crashworthiness by Year of Manufacture and Market Group for the Australian
Vehicle Fleet
Using the methods of Newstead and Cameron (2001), trends in vehicle crashworthiness by year of
manufacture have been estimated separately for each of the 10 defined vehicle market groups.
Because vehicle model information was required to assign a market grouping, analysis of trends by
year of manufacture within market group could only be carried out for vehicles manufactured from
1982 to 2009. In contrast to estimation of crashworthiness ratings by vehicle model, there was no
minimum data requirement for a particular model to be included in the analysis. Hence all vehicle
models for which a market group could be assigned were included. However, despite aggregation
over vehicle models, it was not possible to estimate crashworthiness estimates for particular years
of manufacture in certain market groups due to insufficient data quantities.
5.6.1
Injury Risk
Injury risk was estimated from the data on 2,062,000 drivers of 1982 to 2009 vehicles with
identified model, market group and covariate details involved in tow-away crashes in New South
Wales, South Australia, Western Australia and Queensland during 1987 to 2009. The following
non-vehicle factors and their interactions were statistically significantly associated with injury risk
and were included in the logistic regression model.
50
Base effect
terms
Sex
Nveh
Speedzone
Age
State
Year (of crash)
First order
interactions
Sex*Speedzone
Speedzone*Nveh
Sex*Nveh
Speedzone*Age
Age*Sex
Year*State
Age*Nveh
Nveh*State
Nveh*Year
Age*State
Age*Year
Speedzone*State
Speedzone*Year
Sex*Year
Sex*State
Second order
interactions
Sex*Speedzone*Nveh
Age*Speedzone*Nveh
Age*Nveh*State
Nveh*State*Year
Age*Speedzone*State
Age*Speedzone*Year
Speedzone*Nveh*Year
Sex*Speedzone*State
Age*State*Year
Sex*State*Year
Age*Sex*Speedzone
Age*Speedzone*Nveh*State
Figure 37 shows the estimates of injury risk by year of vehicle manufacture for each of the 10
market groups considered. Estimates have been smoothed using a linear smoothing function over a
window of three years (the central year and a year either side). Smoothing of the estimates was
carried out to better identify the trends in the data. Smoothing in this way also compensates for
known error in the recording of the year of vehicle manufacture, an error typically up to one year
from the true date of manufacture.
Figure 37:
Estimated injury risk by year of vehicle manufacture and market group
35.00%
30.00%
Injury Risk
25.00%
20.00%
15.00%
10.00%
5.00%
0.00%
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
Sports Utility Vehicle Compact
Commercial-Van
Small
1991
1993
1995
1997
Year of Manufacture
Sports Utility Vehicle Large
Large
Light
1999
2001
Sports Utility Vehicle Medium
Medium
2003
2005
2007
2009
Commercial-Ute
People Mover
The data for computation of injury severity covered 326,561 drivers of 1982-2009 vehicles with
identified model, market group and covariate details who were injured in crashes in Victoria or New
South Wales during 1987-2009, South Australia during 1995-2009 or Queensland or Western
Australia during 1991-2009. The following non-vehicle factors and their interactions were
significantly associated with injury severity:
Base effect
terms
Sex
Nveh
Speedzone
Age
State
Year (of crash)
First order
interactions
Speedzone*Nveh
Sex*State
Age*Sex
Nveh*State
Speedzone*State
Year*State
Age*Nveh
Age*State
Age*Year
Speedzone*Year
Nveh*Year
Sex*Nveh
Second order
interactions
Age*Nveh*State
Age*State*Year
Nveh*State*Year
Speedzone*Nveh*Year
Sex*Nveh*State
Figure 38 shows the estimates of injury severity by year of vehicle manufacture for each of the 10
market groups considered. Estimates have again been smoothed to better identify the trends in the
data.
52
Figure 38:
Estimated injury severity by year of vehicle manufacture and market group
40.00%
35.00%
30.00%
Injury Severity
25.00%
20.00%
15.00%
10.00%
5.00%
0.00%
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
Commercial-Van
Small
5.6.3
1991
1993
1995
1997
Year of Manufacture
Large
Light
1999
2001
Medium
2003
2005
2007
2009
Commercial-Ute
People Mover
Crashworthiness by Year of Manufacture and Market Group
The crashworthiness estimates for each year of manufacture were obtained by multiplying the
individual injury risk and injury severity estimates. Appendix 9 gives the crashworthiness estimates
and the associated 95% confidence intervals for each of the years of manufacture from 1982 to 2009
by each of the 10 vehicle market groups considered. Each estimate is expressed as a percentage,
representing the number of drivers killed or admitted to hospital per 100 drivers involved in a towaway crash. The crashworthiness estimates are plotted for each year of manufacture and vehicle
market group in Figure 39. Again, the values in Figure 39 have been smoothed for reasons given
above.
Figure 39:
Estimated crashworthiness by year of vehicle manufacture and market group
9.00%
8.00%
7.00%
6.00%
5.00%
4.00%
3.00%
2.00%
1.00%
0.00%
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
Year of Manufacture
Commercial-Van
Small
Large
Light
Medium
Commercial-Ute
People Mover
Figure 39 clearly shows differential performance in crashworthiness between vehicle market
groups, reflecting the same differences seen in average crashworthiness by market groups found in
the make and model specific ratings presented above (see Appendix 4). It is, however, difficult from
Figure 39 to gauge differential improvements in crashworthiness over time. This is due to the
complexity of the figure with 10 market groups as well as the relatively high variance in some of
the year to year estimates despite smoothing. To try and better measure differential time based
safety improvements by market group, Figure 40 presents average crashworthiness by five year
time blocks of manufacture for the periods 1982-1986, 1987-1991, 1992-1996, 1997-2001 and
2002-2006 and a three year time block for 2007-2009. In addition, estimates have been scaled to be
relative to the first time block (1982-1986) for each market groups. Whilst Figure 40 no longer
reflects average differences in crashworthiness between market groups, it more clearly demonstrates
differential performance between market groups in improving crashworthiness over time.
54
Figure 40:
Average crashworthiness by year of manufacture and market group by year range
relative to the 1982-1986 average
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1982‐1986
1987‐1991
Sports Utility Vehicle Compact Sports Utility Vehicle Medium Commercial‐Van
Medium
Small
1992‐1996
1997‐2001
2002‐2009
Sports Utility Vehicle Large Commercial‐Ute
Large
People Mover
Light
Figure 40 shows that certain vehicle market groups have experienced greater relative improvements
in crashworthiness over the study period than others. The medium sports utility vehicle and people
mover market groups have shown the greatest improvement in crashworthiness over the study
period of between 62 and 64 percent. The commercial van, compact and large sports utility vehicle
market groups had the next greatest improvement in crashworthiness of between 55 and 59 percent.
The commercial ute, medium and light car market groups have shown the next greatest
improvement in crashworthiness over the study period of between 50 and 52 percent. Gains were
consistent across time for the light market group. The small and larget market groups have shown
the most modest gains over the study period of between 43 and 48 percent.
7.
CONCLUSIONS
Crashworthiness ratings estimate the risk of a driver being killed or seriously injured when involved
in a tow-away crash, to a degree of accuracy represented by the confidence limits of the rating in
each case. Additional crash data has enabled the crashworthiness ratings to be obtained for a larger
range of car models than in previous studies with the ratings now covering 471 different models of
passenger cars, four wheel drive vehicles, passenger vans and light commercial vehicles
manufactured from 1982-2009 classified into one of 10 market groups. The new data set has been
able to produce more up-to-date and reliable estimates of the crashworthiness of individual car
models than those published previously.
Vehicle aggressivity ratings were also updated. The aggressivity measure considers the injury
outcome to both drivers of other vehicles and unprotected road users including pedestrians,
bicyclists and motorcyclists. The aggressivity rating measured the risk of death or serious injury a
vehicle poses to drivers of other cars or unprotected road users with which it impacts in a crash. The
mix of other drivers and unprotected road users on which the rating for each vehicle was based was
standardised along with various other non-vehicle related factors using logistic regression
techniques. The aggressivity measure was calculated for 439 models of Australian and New
Zealand passenger vehicles (passenger cars, four wheel drive vehicles, passenger vans and light
commercial vehicles) manufactured between the years 1982-2009. The degree of accuracy of the
aggressivity ratings is represented by the confidence limits of the rating in each case. Estimated
vehicle aggressivity towards drivers of other vehicles or unprotected road users was found to have
little or no relationship with ratings of vehicle crashworthiness, demonstrating the independence of
the two complementary measures. For this update, 434 or 92% of the vehicle models rated for
crashworthiness were also able to be rated for aggressivity.
The total secondary safety index summarises the combined crashworthiness and aggressivity of a
vehicle in a way that best reflects the relative importance of each component in real world crash
circumstances. Applied to the available police reported crash data it was possible to estimate
statistically reliable ratings for 535 distinct makes and models of vehicles. Comparison of the total
secondary safety index with the crashworthiness and aggressivity estimates shows the total vehicle
secondary safety index is much more strongly associated with the crashworthiness measure than the
aggressivity measure. This is as expected given that a vehicle’s crashworthiness performance is
relevant in a wider range of crash types than is its aggressivity.
For vehicle regulators and safety advocates, the total secondary safety index possibly represents the
most relevant measure of vehicle secondary safety performance as it encapsulates the total
performance of the vehicle in preventing serious injury outcome for all road users. However, the
crashworthiness and aggressivity components are still important separately to identify those
characteristics of a vehicle leading to good performance in each dimension. Consumers are likely to
be most interested in the crashworthiness of a vehicle as it has the most direct relevance for them.
However, introducing a new presentation style identifying best pick vehicles that have excellent
crashworthiness as well as total safety will help to continue to focus consumers on the need for the
vehicles they choose to protect other road users with which they collide.
The crashworthiness of passenger vehicles in the Australian vehicle fleet (cars, station wagons, four
wheel drives, vans and taxis), has been estimated by year of vehicle manufacture for the years 1964
to 2009. It shows patterns of improvements in crashworthiness with the greatest gains over the years
1970 to 1979 during which time a number of new Australian Design Rules aimed at occupant
protection took effect. Further significant gains in crashworthiness have also been observed over the
years 1986 to 2009, with notable steady gains from 1985 to 1995 and since 2000. Trends in
crashworthiness by year of vehicle manufacture from 1982 to 2009 for each of the 10 vehicle
56
market groups were also estimated showing differential improvement in crashworthiness by market
group by year of manufacture.
8.
ASSUMPTIONS AND QUALIFICATIONS
The results and conclusions presented in this report are based on a number of assumptions and
warrant a number of qualifications that the reader should note. These are listed in the following
sections.
8.1
Assumptions
It has been assumed that:
•
TAC claims records and, Victorian, New South Wales, South Australian, Western
Australian, Queensland and New Zealand Police crash report recorded driver injury,
hospitalisation and death with the same degree of accuracy for each vehicle make and
model.
•
There was no bias in the merging of TAC claims and Victorian Police crash reports related
to the model of car and factors affecting the severity of the crash.
•
Crashed vehicle registration numbers were recorded accurately on Police crash reports and
that they correctly identified the crashed vehicles in the Victorian, New South Wales, South
Australian, Queensland, Western Australian and New Zealand vehicle registers.
•
The adjustments for driver sex, age, speed zone, the number of vehicles involved and the
state and year in which the crash occurred removed the influences of the other main factors
available in the data that affected crash severity and injury susceptibility.
•
The form of the logistic models used to relate injury risk and injury severity with the
available factors influencing these outcomes (including the car model, market group or year
of manufacture) was correct.
•
Information contained in the Police crash records allowed accurate matching of both
vehicles involved in crashes between two passenger cars and vehicles impacting unprotected
road users for the purpose of calculating aggressivity and total secondary safety ratings.
8.2
Qualifications
The results and conclusions warrant at least the following qualifications:
58
•
Only driver crash involvements and injuries have been considered. Passengers occupying
the same model cars may have had different injury outcomes. In 95% of crashes, the driver
of the vehicle is the most seriously injured occupant hence justifying the focus on driver
protection.
•
Some models with the same name through the 1982-2009 years of manufacture may have
varied substantially in their construction, specification and mass. Although there should be
few such models in these updated results, the rating score calculated for these models
represent an average across the variants aggregated. There may be significant variation in
secondary safety performance across the aggregated models.
•
Other factors not collected in the data (e.g. crash impact severity) may differ between the
models and may affect the results. However, earlier analysis has suggested that the different
rating scores are predominantly due to vehicle factors alone (Cameron et al 1992).
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Newstead, S., Watson, L., and Cameron, M. (2007a) Vehicle safety ratings estimated from police
Newstead, S., Watson, L., and Cameron, M. (2007b) Trends in crashworthiness of the New Zealand
vehicle fleet by year of manufacture: 1964 to 2005: Supplementary to report 266 vehicle safety
ratings estimated from police reported crash data: 2007 update Australian and New Zealand
crashes during 1987-2005, Report No. 266 Supplement, Monash University Accident Research
Newstead, S., Watson, L., and Cameron, M. (2007c) An index for total secondary safety of light
passenger vehicles estimated from police reported crash data, Report No. 273, Monash University
Accident Research Centre, Melbourne, Australia.
Pappas, M. (1993) NSW Vehicle Occupant Protection Ratings Documentation, Report to NRMA
Ltd. and Road Safety Bureau, Roads and Traffic Authority, Sydney, NSW.
Road Safety Council of Western Australia (2001) Reported road crashes in Western Australia,
2000, Road Safety Council of Western Australia, Office of Road Safety, Perth, Australia.
Robinson, T. (2000a) Vehicle crashworthiness feasibility study. Clustering guide and methodology
Land Transport Safety Authority, Wellington, New Zealand.
Robinson, T. (2000b) Assessment of the fit between the New Zealand fleet and MUARC classes
Land Transport Safety Authority, Wellington, New Zealand.
SAS Inc. (1989) SAS STAT Users Guide, Version 6, Fourth Edition, Volume 2. Carey, NC: SAS
Institute.
Social Development Committee (1990) Inquiry into Vehicle Occupant Protection, Parliament of
Victoria, Melbourne, Australia.
Voyce, T. (2000) Crashworthiness study - data entry Land Transport Safety Authority, Wellington,
New Zealand.
62
APPENDIX 1
MAKES AND MODELS OF CARS INVOLVED IN
VICTORIAN AND NSW CRASHES DURING 1987-2009,
SOUTH AUSTRALIA CRASHES DURING 1995-2009
AND
WESTERN AUSTRALIA, QUEENSLAND
AND NEW ZEALAND CRASHES DURING 1991-2009
FREQUENCY FOR EACH MODEL FOR ALL TYPES OF CRASHES (NSW/VIC/SA/QLD/WA/NZ)
Note: Only those models with a Market Group displayed were used in the crashworthiness analysis
MAKE/MODEL
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Audi
Audi
Audi
Audi
Audi
Audi
Audi
Audi
164
33
75
90
GTV
Sprint
Alfasud
Alfetta
Guilietta
Quattro
156
166
GTV / Spider
147 / GT
159 / Brera
Others
A4 / S4 Cabriolet
A3
Q7
TT
A5 / S5
A4 / S4 B8
Q5
A6/S6/AllRoad
89-92
83-92
86-92
85-88
82-84
82-88
82-84
82-88
82-86
99-06
99-08
98-04
01-09
06-09
02-08
04-09
06-09
06-09
07-09
08-09
09-09
95-04
MODEL
CODE
No. of
uninjured
drivers in
NSW (87-2009)
and
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
AL01Z
AL02Z
AL03Z
AL04Z
AL05Z
AL06Z
AL07Z
AL08Z
AL09Z
AL10Z
AL13Z
AL14Z
AL15Z
AL16Z
AL17Z
AL99Z
AU10Z
AU11Z
AU12Z
AU13Z
AU15Z
AU16Z
AU17Z
AUD1A
118
697
218
83
164
131
114
57
65
1
445
35
137
217
23
517
28
68
8
7
4
9
1
52
No. of
No. of
injured
involved
drivers in
drivers in
NSW (87-2009) NSW (87-2009)
and
and
QLD, WA
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
(91-2009)
and
and
SA (95-2009) SA (95-2009)
13
113
30
11
18
24
22
12
8
0
83
4
19
36
4
65
10
11
3
1
2
1
1
7
131
810
248
94
182
155
136
69
73
1
528
39
156
253
27
582
38
79
11
8
6
10
2
59
No. of
No. of
No. of
injured
severely
injured
(but not
injured
drivers in
severely)
drivers in
NSW,
drivers in
NSW and
Victoria
NSW and
Victoria
(87-2009)
Victoria
(87-2009)
and
(87-2009)
and
QLD, WA, NZ
and
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
and
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
SA (95-2009)
12
119
27
9
13
30
18
4
8
1
49
3
7
24
5
153
10
9
2
1
2
3
1
16
6
30
4
5
10
6
6
6
2
0
8
1
1
3
0
40
1
2
2
1
0
1
0
1
18
149
31
14
23
36
24
10
10
1
57
4
8
27
5
193
11
11
4
2
2
4
1
17
ANALYSIS
INCLUSION
CRITERIA
INV=100
INJ=20
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
MARKET
GROUP
Small
Small
Small
Small
Small
Medium
Medium
MAKE/MODEL
Audi
Audi
Audi
AUDI
Audi
Audi
Audi
Audi
Audi
BMW
Mini
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
A6/S6/AllRoad/RS6
A8
A4
A8/S8/A6
A3/S3
TT
A4
A8
Others
Z3 E36
Mini Cooper
Z4
5 Series E60 / E61
X5
6 Series E63 / E64
1 Series E81 / E82 / E87 / E88
3 Series E90 / E91
X6 E71 / E72
3 Series E30
3 Series E36
3 Series E46
3 Others
5 Series E28
5 Series E34
5 Series E39
5 Others
6 Series E24
7 Series E23
7 Series E32
05-09
95-03
95-01
97-04
99-06
01-08
03-09
97-03
02-09
03-09
03-09
01-08
04-09
04-09
05-09
08-09
82-91
92-98
99-06
82-88
89-95
96-03
86-89
82-86
87-94
MODEL
CODE
No. of
uninjured
drivers in
NSW (87-2009)
and
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
AUD1B
AUD2Z
AUD3Z
AUD4Z
AUD5Z
AUD6Z
AUD7Z
AUD9Z
AUDIZ
BM10Z
BM11Z
BM12Z
BM13Z
BM14Z
BM15Z
BM17Z
BM18Z
BM21Z
BM3 A
BM3 B
BM3 C
BM3 Z
BM5 A
BM5 B
BM5 C
BM5 Z
BM6 Z
BM7 A
BM7 B
9
10
917
117
404
119
623
5
1498
215
202
51
173
504
6
150
342
3
3824
5306
2765
112
1010
881
873
27
6
195
333
No. of
No. of
injured
involved
drivers in
drivers in
NSW (87-2009) NSW (87-2009)
and
and
QLD, WA
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
(91-2009)
and
and
SA (95-2009) SA (95-2009)
0
4
139
8
81
18
99
1
259
33
44
9
31
60
1
31
80
0
625
973
601
48
127
136
112
11
0
16
51
9
14
1056
125
485
137
722
6
1757
248
246
60
204
564
7
181
422
3
4449
6279
3366
160
1137
1017
985
38
6
211
384
No. of
No. of
No. of
injured
severely
injured
(but not
injured
drivers in
severely)
drivers in
NSW,
drivers in
NSW and
Victoria
NSW and
Victoria
(87-2009)
Victoria
(87-2009)
and
(87-2009)
and
QLD, WA, NZ
and
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
and
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
SA (95-2009)
2
4
120
21
62
13
63
.
252
37
56
7
18
30
.
17
56
.
700
959
417
48
117
156
130
10
1
24
54
0
1
27
2
8
2
9
.
68
10
7
2
4
3
.
2
4
.
150
172
78
13
28
35
23
3
0
7
16
2
5
147
23
70
15
72
.
320
47
63
9
22
33
.
19
60
.
850
1131
495
61
145
191
153
13
1
31
70
ANALYSIS
INCLUSION
CRITERIA
INV=100
INJ=20
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
MARKET
GROUP
Medium
Small
Medium
Medium
Small
Medium
SUV - Large
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Large
Large
MAKE/MODEL
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
Chrysler
Chrysler
Chrysler
Chrysler
Chrysler
Chrysler
Chrysler
Chrysler
Chrysler
Citroen
Citroen
Citroen
Citroen
Citroen
Citroen
Citroen
Citroen
Citroen
Citroen
Citroen
Citroen
Citroen
Citroen
Citroen
7 Series E38
7 Series E65
7 Others
8 Series E31
Others
Voyager
Neon
Neon
PT Cruiser
Crossfire
300C
Sebring
Grand Voyager RG
Others
BX
C3 Pluriel
C4
C2
Berlingo
C5
Dispatch
AX
Xantia
Berlingo
Xsara
XM
C5
C3
Others
95-01
02-08
90-99
97-01
96-99
00-02
00-09
03-08
06-09
07-09
01-07
86-94
04-09
05-09
04-08
03-09
08-09
08-09
91-93
94-00
99-03
00-05
91-00
01-08
02-09
MODEL
CODE
No. of
uninjured
drivers in
NSW (87-2009)
and
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
BM7 C
BM7 D
BM7 Z
BM8 Z
BM99Z
CHR1Z
CHR2Z
CHR3Z
CHR4Z
CHR6Z
CHR7Z
CHR8Z
CHR9Z
CHRYZ
CI1 Z
CI10Z
CI11Z
CI12Z
CI13Z
CI15Z
CI16Z
CI3 Z
CI4 Z
CI5 Z
CI6 Z
CI7 Z
CI8 Z
CI9 Z
CI99Z
201
52
13
22
1212
475
499
116
168
13
64
6
81
16
95
14
82
21
44
4
3
5
58
103
83
7
89
109
59
No. of
No. of
injured
involved
drivers in
drivers in
NSW (87-2009) NSW (87-2009)
and
and
QLD, WA
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
(91-2009)
and
and
SA (95-2009) SA (95-2009)
22
8
3
1
205
78
108
23
37
1
9
0
21
1
4
2
17
3
11
1
0
1
14
18
26
1
15
33
3
223
60
16
23
1417
553
607
139
205
14
73
6
102
17
99
16
99
24
55
5
3
6
72
121
109
8
104
142
62
No. of
No. of
No. of
injured
severely
injured
(but not
injured
drivers in
severely)
drivers in
NSW,
drivers in
NSW and
Victoria
NSW and
Victoria
(87-2009)
Victoria
(87-2009)
and
(87-2009)
and
QLD, WA, NZ
and
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
and
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
SA (95-2009)
28
5
2
1
255
58
84
21
34
1
8
.
8
9
31
1
8
2
2
.
.
15
21
5
23
1
5
16
3
5
1
1
0
63
8
19
5
4
0
0
.
1
0
7
0
2
0
1
.
.
4
4
2
2
1
1
3
1
33
6
3
1
318
66
103
26
38
1
8
.
9
9
38
1
10
2
3
.
.
19
25
7
25
2
6
19
4
ANALYSIS
INCLUSION
CRITERIA
INV=100
INJ=20
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
MARKET
GROUP
Large
People Mover
Small
Small
Medium
Small
MAKE/MODEL
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Charade
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daewoo
Daewoo
Daewoo
Daewoo
Daewoo
Daewoo
Charade
Charade
Charade
Charade
Others
Feroza / Rocky
Handivan
Hi-Jet
Rocky / Rugger
Pyzar
Move
Sirion / Storia
Terios
Handivan / Cuore
Applause
YRV
Charade
Copen
Sirion / Storia
Mira
Delta
F20/25/50/55/60/65
Others
1.5i
Cielo
Espero
Nubira
Lanos
Leganza
82-86
87
88-92
93-00
89-97
82-90
82-90
85-98
97-01
97-99
98-04
97-05
99-03
89-99
01-04
03-05
03-06
05-05
90-96
94-95
95-97
95-97
97-03
97-03
97-02
MODEL
CODE
No. of
uninjured
drivers in
NSW (87-2009)
and
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
D1 A
D1 B
D1 C
D1 D
D1 Z
D11 Z
D12 Z
D13 Z
D14 Z
D15 Z
D16 Z
D17 Z
D18 Z
D19 Z
D2 Z
D20 Z
D21 Z
D22 Z
D23 Z
D3 Z
D4 Z
D5 Z
D99 Z
DA01Z
DA03Z
DA05Z
DA06Z
DA07Z
DA08Z
1936
331
7254
7065
261
1103
710
136
544
369
72
1407
742
206
3325
6
59
11
32
727
1590
81
1146
200
3884
816
2985
4668
757
No. of
No. of
injured
involved
drivers in
drivers in
NSW (87-2009) NSW (87-2009)
and
and
QLD, WA
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
(91-2009)
and
and
SA (95-2009) SA (95-2009)
592
102
2073
1886
164
248
300
75
148
100
25
466
295
86
837
6
27
5
4
321
236
32
354
64
1219
256
772
1449
172
2528
433
9327
8951
425
1351
1010
211
692
469
97
1873
1037
292
4162
12
86
16
36
1048
1826
113
1500
264
5103
1072
3757
6117
929
No. of
No. of
No. of
injured
severely
injured
(but not
injured
drivers in
severely)
drivers in
NSW,
drivers in
NSW and
Victoria
NSW and
Victoria
(87-2009)
Victoria
(87-2009)
and
(87-2009)
and
QLD, WA, NZ
and
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
and
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
SA (95-2009)
674
153
1463
1136
118
188
237
68
97
68
25
357
219
53
575
7
19
4
15
295
123
18
365
56
897
187
585
1049
134
198
28
374
282
38
57
61
22
50
15
7
66
49
13
132
1
0
2
4
88
44
10
111
8
203
49
124
257
29
872
181
1837
1418
156
245
298
90
147
83
32
423
268
66
707
8
19
6
19
383
167
28
476
64
1100
236
709
1306
163
ANALYSIS
INCLUSION
CRITERIA
INV=100
INJ=20
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
MARKET
GROUP
Light
Light
Light
SUV - Compact
Commercial - Van
Commercial - Van
SUV - Compact
Light
Light
SUV - Compact
Commercial - Van
Small
Light
Small
Small
Medium
Small
Small
Medium
MAKE/MODEL
Daewoo / Ssango
Daewoo
Daewoo
Daewoo
Daewoo
Ssangyong
Ssangyong
Ssangyong
Ssangyong
Ssangyong
Ssangyong
Musso
Matiz
Tacuma
Lacetti
Kalos
Rexton
Korando
Chairman
Stavic
Kyron
Actyon
98-02
99-04
00-04
03-04
03-04
03-09
04-06
05-08
05-09
06-09
07-09
Dodge
Dodge
Dodge
Dodge
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Caliber
Avenger
Nitro
Journey
Laser/Met
Laser
Laser
Laser/Met Others
Cortina
Telstar Others
Escort
Falcon XE/XF
Fairlane Z & LTD F
Falcon EA / Falcon EB Series I
Falcon EB Series II / Falcon ED
Falcon Others
Fairlane N & LTD D
06-09
07-09
07-09
08-09
90
91-94
95-97
82-82
82-82
82-88
82-87
88-Mar 92
Apr 92-94
88-94
MODEL
CODE
No. of
uninjured
drivers in
NSW (87-2009)
and
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
DA09Z
DA10Z
DA11Z
DA12Z
DA13Z
DA14Z
DA15Z
DA16Z
DA17Z
DA18Z
DA19Z
DA99Z
DO1 Z
DO2 Z
DO3 Z
DO4 Z
F01 B
F01 C
F01 D
F01 Z
F02 Z
F04 Z
F05 Z
F06 Z
F07 Z
F08 C
F08 D
F08 Z
F09 A
292
680
97
142
333
35
9
1
14
7
11
50
5
6
9
2
6874
15941
4790
857
29
268
30
59826
6267
48367
21455
650
5157
No. of
No. of
injured
involved
drivers in
drivers in
NSW (87-2009) NSW (87-2009)
and
and
QLD, WA
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
(91-2009)
and
and
SA (95-2009) SA (95-2009)
37
376
32
39
116
14
3
0
5
2
1
18
5
0
2
0
1654
3813
1190
469
11
123
3
10153
1031
8176
3584
174
782
329
1056
129
181
449
49
12
1
19
9
12
68
10
6
11
2
8528
19754
5980
1326
40
391
33
69979
7298
56543
25039
824
5939
No. of
No. of
No. of
injured
severely
injured
(but not
injured
drivers in
severely)
drivers in
NSW,
drivers in
NSW and
Victoria
NSW and
Victoria
(87-2009)
Victoria
(87-2009)
and
(87-2009)
and
QLD, WA, NZ
and
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
and
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
SA (95-2009)
35
295
16
23
80
9
3
1
3
1
1
16
5
.
1
.
1604
3454
975
359
310
94
3
9132
956
7035
2985
254
709
16
58
8
8
26
1
0
0
1
1
0
2
0
.
1
.
350
797
236
95
81
25
1
2857
284
2008
893
66
221
51
353
24
31
106
10
3
1
4
2
1
18
5
.
2
.
1954
4251
1211
454
391
119
4
11989
1240
9043
3878
320
930
ANALYSIS
INCLUSION
CRITERIA
INV=100
INJ=20
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
MARKET
GROUP
SUV - Medium
Light
Medium
Small
Light
Small
Small
Large
Large
Large
Large
Large
MAKE/MODEL
Ford
Ford
Ford
Fairlane
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford / Nissan
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Fairlane N & LTD D
Fairlane & LTD AU
Fairlane & LTD BA/BF
N&LTD D Others
Mondeo
Falcon FG
Mondeo
Capri
Festiva WD/WH/WF
Falcon Panel Van
Falcon Panel Van
Falcon Panel VanOthers
Falcon Ute / XFN Ute
Falcon Ute
Falcon Ute
Falcon Ute AU
Falcon Ute BA/BF
Falcon Ute Others
Ford F-Series
Spectron
Trader
Commercials
Sierra
Bronco
Probe
Falcon EF/EL
Transit
Transit
Explorer
95-98
99-02
03-07
95-01
08-09
07-09
89-94
94-01
82-95
96-99
82-95
96-99
99
00-02
03-08
82-92
86-90
82-87
94-98
94-98
95-00
01-07
00-01
MODEL
CODE
No. of
uninjured
drivers in
NSW (87-2009)
and
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
F09 B
F09 C
F09 D
F09 Z
F10 Z
F101Z
F11 Z
F43 Z
F44 B
F45 A
F45 B
F45 Z
F46 A
F46 B
F46 C
F46 D
F46 E
F46 Z
F47 Z
F52 Z
F53 Z
F54 Z
F55 Z
F56 Z
F61 Z
F62 Z
F64 A
F64 B
F65 Z
1959
1158
624
16
2407
335
37
1729
14133
4379
583
5
11620
2601
791
2832
2491
15
1059
48
949
13287
3
198
272
47735
1226
733
405
No. of
No. of
injured
involved
drivers in
drivers in
NSW (87-2009) NSW (87-2009)
and
and
QLD, WA
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
(91-2009)
and
and
SA (95-2009) SA (95-2009)
337
200
95
2
429
41
9
470
4767
547
64
0
1750
438
138
449
382
1
133
15
87
2471
1
28
54
8670
164
85
104
2296
1358
719
18
2836
376
46
2199
18900
4926
647
5
13370
3039
929
3281
2873
16
1192
63
1036
15758
4
226
326
56405
1390
818
509
No. of
No. of
No. of
injured
severely
injured
(but not
injured
drivers in
severely)
drivers in
NSW,
drivers in
NSW and
Victoria
NSW and
Victoria
(87-2009)
Victoria
(87-2009)
and
(87-2009)
and
QLD, WA, NZ
and
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
and
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
SA (95-2009)
283
121
31
2
605
44
7
407
3400
454
68
3
1236
321
110
369
306
1
106
25
64
1818
1
15
63
6763
128
109
87
87
28
12
0
109
6
1
85
859
106
13
0
432
99
33
103
91
0
27
4
17
511
0
12
12
1828
33
15
34
370
149
43
2
714
50
8
492
4259
560
81
3
1668
420
143
472
397
1
133
29
81
2329
1
27
75
8591
161
124
121
ANALYSIS
INCLUSION
CRITERIA
INV=100
INJ=20
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
MARKET
GROUP
Large
Large
Large
Medium
Large
Small
Light
Commercial - Van
Commercial - Van
Commercial - Ute
Commercial - Ute
Commercial - Ute
Commercial - Ute
Commercial - Ute
SUV - Large
Medium
Large
Commercial - Van
Commercial - Van
SUV - Large
MAKE/MODEL
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ferrari
Fiat
Fiat
Fiat
Fiat
Fiat
Fiat
Fiat
Fiat
Fiat
Fiat
FSM
Holden / Toyota
Holden
Holden
Falcon AU
Taurus
Ka
Cougar
Mustang
Explorer
Falcon BA/BF
Focus LR
F-Series
Territory SX/SY
Fiesta WP/WQ
Focus LS / LT
Focus LV
Others
98-02
96-98
99-02
99-03
01-03
01-05
02-08
02-05
01-06
04-09
04-08
05-09
09-09
Argenta
Croma
Regata
Superbrava
X-1/9
Ducato
Punto
500
Ritmo
Others
83-85
88-89
84-88
82-85
82-85
02-07
06-09
08-09
08-09
Commodore VN/VP / Lexcen
Calibra
Statesman/Caprice WB
89-93
94-97
82-85
MODEL
CODE
No. of
uninjured
drivers in
NSW (87-2009)
and
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
F66 Z
F67 Z
F68 Z
F69 Z
F71 Z
F72 Z
F73 Z
F75 Z
F76 Z
F77 Z
F78 Z
F79 Z
F83 Z
F99 Z
FERAZ
FI01Z
FI02Z
FI03Z
FI04Z
FI11Z
FI12Z
FI13Z
FI15Z
FI16Z
FI99Z
FSM Z
H1 Z
H12 Z
H14 A
23925
482
435
511
13
276
14696
1323
261
1117
83
1079
8
46975
11
13
22
244
48
12
58
30
7
1
152
13
63569
483
139
No. of
No. of
injured
involved
drivers in
drivers in
NSW (87-2009) NSW (87-2009)
and
and
QLD, WA
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
(91-2009)
and
and
SA (95-2009) SA (95-2009)
4798
106
144
131
2
56
2802
361
35
185
20
265
1
7394
0
4
5
34
15
4
5
6
1
1
18
2
12000
69
23
28723
588
579
642
15
332
17498
1684
296
1302
103
1344
9
54369
11
17
27
278
63
16
63
36
8
2
170
15
75569
552
162
No. of
No. of
No. of
injured
severely
injured
(but not
injured
drivers in
severely)
drivers in
NSW,
drivers in
NSW and
Victoria
NSW and
Victoria
(87-2009)
Victoria
(87-2009)
and
(87-2009)
and
QLD, WA, NZ
and
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
and
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
SA (95-2009)
3512
91
133
118
2
52
1970
326
20
135
22
197
1
11819
1
3
9
27
9
3
15
2
1
1
49
6
9738
101
32
874
28
28
23
1
12
469
54
10
35
0
42
0
3803
0
1
1
8
6
3
3
0
0
0
10
1
3234
18
18
4386
119
161
141
3
64
2439
380
30
170
22
239
1
15622
1
4
10
35
15
4
18
2
1
1
59
7
12972
119
50
ANALYSIS
INCLUSION
CRITERIA
INV=100
INJ=20
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
MARKET
GROUP
Large
Large
Light
Medium
SUV - Large
Large
Small
Commercial - Ute
SUV - Medium
Small
Small
Large
Medium
Large
MAKE/MODEL
Holden
Holden
Stateman/Caprice
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden / Isuzu
Holden / Isuzu
Holden / Isuzu
Holden
Holden
Holden / Isuzu
Holden / Isuzu
Holden / Isuzu
Holden / Isuzu
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden / Toyota
Holden
Holden
Stateman/Caprice VQ
Stateman/Caprice VR/VS
Others
Nova Others
Commodore Ute VG/VP
Camira
Jackaroo / Bighorn
Jackaroo / Bighorn
Jackaroo / Bighorn
Jackaroo Others
Kingswood
Piazza
Rodeo / Pickup
Rodeo / Pickup
Rodeo / Pickup
Rodeo
Rodeo
Rodeo Others
Shuttle / WFR Van
WB Series
Torana/Sunbird
Gemini
Gemini
Gemini RB
Gemini Others
Commodore Others
Commodore VR/VS / Lexcen
Commodore Ute VR/VS
Frontera / Mu
90-93
94-98
90-93
82-89
82-91
92-97
98-02
86-88
82-85
86-88
89-95
96-98
99-02
82-87
82-85
82-84
85
86-87
93-97
94-00
95-03
MODEL
CODE
No. of
uninjured
drivers in
NSW (87-2009)
and
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
H14 B
H14 C
H14 Z
H15 Z
H18 Z
H2 Z
H21 A
H21 B
H21 C
H21 Z
H22 Z
H23 Z
H24 A
H24 B
H24 C
H24 D
H24 E
H24 Z
H26 Z
H27 Z
H28 Z
H3 A
H3 B
H3 C
H3 Z
H31 Z
H33 Z
H34 Z
H35 Z
714
4598
143
121
2055
15862
938
850
892
47
33
56
817
470
7473
3216
3410
195
528
1934
10
6247
1253
1059
1
36
59969
8616
447
No. of
No. of
injured
involved
drivers in
drivers in
NSW (87-2009) NSW (87-2009)
and
and
QLD, WA
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
(91-2009)
and
and
SA (95-2009) SA (95-2009)
106
766
22
33
363
3656
214
149
192
9
7
9
143
82
1359
642
682
48
105
297
0
1479
319
333
0
1
11034
1592
94
820
5364
165
154
2418
19518
1152
999
1084
56
40
65
960
552
8832
3858
4092
243
633
2231
10
7726
1572
1392
1
37
71003
10208
541
No. of
No. of
No. of
injured
severely
injured
(but not
injured
drivers in
severely)
drivers in
NSW,
drivers in
NSW and
Victoria
NSW and
Victoria
(87-2009)
Victoria
(87-2009)
and
(87-2009)
and
QLD, WA, NZ
and
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
and
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
SA (95-2009)
99
617
19
33
231
3754
242
170
126
49
5
17
120
69
902
435
411
43
76
182
1
1527
318
317
.
14
8409
1011
68
42
172
3
7
101
949
48
43
39
14
6
2
35
10
334
135
158
10
28
97
0
381
76
69
.
1
2395
421
19
141
789
22
40
332
4703
290
213
165
63
11
19
155
79
1236
570
569
53
104
279
1
1908
394
386
.
15
10804
1432
87
ANALYSIS
INCLUSION
CRITERIA
INV=100
INJ=20
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
MARKET
GROUP
Large
Large
Commercial - Ute
Medium
SUV - Medium
SUV - Medium
SUV - Medium
Commercial - Ute
Commercial - Ute
Commercial - Ute
Commercial - Ute
Commercial - Ute
Commercial - Van
Commercial - Ute
Small
Small
Large
Commercial - Ute
SUV - Medium
MAKE/MODEL
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Vectra
Commodore VT/VX
Suburban
Statesman/Caprice WH
Astra Jap
Astra TR
Astra TS
Astra Others
Commodore VU Ute
Commodore VY/VZ
Commodore VY/VZ Ute
Monaro
Cruze
Barina XC
Zafira TT
Statesman/Caprice WK/WL
Adventra
Barina SB
Barina Others
Rodeo
Vectra ZC
Astra AH
Barina TK
Viva JF
Tigra
Captiva CG
Commodore VB-VL
Commodore VE
Statesman/Caprice WM
97-03
97-02
98-00
99-03
87
96-98
98-06
00-02
02-07
02-07
01-05
02-06
01-06
01-05
03-06
03-06
95-00
03-08
03-05
04-09
05-09
05-09
05-06
06-09
82-88
06-09
06-09
MODEL
CODE
No. of
uninjured
drivers in
NSW (87-2009)
and
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
H36 Z
H37 Z
H38 Z
H39 Z
H4 B
H4 D
H4 E
H4 Z
H41 Z
H42 Z
H43 Z
H44 Z
H45 Z
H46 Z
H47 Z
H48 Z
H49 Z
H5 D
H5 Z
H50 Z
H51 Z
H55 Z
H56 Z
H57 Z
H58 Z
H59 Z
H6 Z
H60 Z
H61 Z
3623
45295
44
1408
958
1311
9609
63
2315
13655
4460
737
547
2517
283
620
216
7128
257
3633
365
1691
880
604
26
277
54337
3312
94
No. of
No. of
injured
involved
drivers in
drivers in
NSW (87-2009) NSW (87-2009)
and
and
QLD, WA
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
(91-2009)
and
and
SA (95-2009) SA (95-2009)
808
9299
9
254
191
277
2516
26
391
2852
833
144
221
756
69
115
41
2208
109
716
75
448
338
191
21
74
10052
683
12
4431
54594
53
1662
1149
1588
12125
89
2706
16507
5293
881
768
3273
352
735
257
9336
366
4349
440
2139
1218
795
47
351
64389
3995
106
No. of
No. of
No. of
injured
severely
injured
(but not
injured
drivers in
severely)
drivers in
NSW,
drivers in
NSW and
Victoria
NSW and
Victoria
(87-2009)
Victoria
(87-2009)
and
(87-2009)
and
QLD, WA, NZ
and
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
and
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
SA (95-2009)
708
6801
8
178
181
292
1799
33
288
2145
575
114
164
552
39
64
41
1508
141
420
83
268
218
137
16
49
9027
472
9
128
1618
0
38
53
52
320
9
103
450
188
39
52
107
9
18
4
300
26
129
13
48
58
25
3
7
2880
104
2
836
8419
8
216
234
344
2119
42
391
2595
763
153
216
659
48
82
45
1808
167
549
96
316
276
162
19
56
11907
576
11
ANALYSIS
INCLUSION
CRITERIA
INV=100
INJ=20
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
MARKET
GROUP
Medium
Large
Large
Small
Small
Commercial - Ute
Large
Commercial - Ute
Large
SUV - Compact
Light
People Mover
Large
SUV - Medium
Light
Commercial - Ute
Medium
Small
Light
Small
SUV - Medium
Large
Large
MAKE/MODEL
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Hummer
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Commodore VE Ute
Epica EP
Colorado RC
Cruze JG
Others
H3
Excel
Excel
Excel / Accent
Excel Others
Trajet
Elantra
Santa Fe
Getz / TB
Sonata
Sonata EF
Tiburon
Terracan
Elantra Lavita
Tucson
Sonata
Sonata NF
Grandeur TG
Accent
Santa Fe
i30
iLoad
S Coupe
Lantra
07-09
07-09
08-09
09-09
07-09
86-90
90-94
95-00
00-07
00-06
00-06
02-09
98-01
02-05
02-09
01-07
01-03
04-09
89-97
05-09
06-09
06-09
06-09
07-09
08-09
90-96
91-95
MODEL
CODE
No. of
uninjured
drivers in
NSW (87-2009)
and
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
H62 Z
H63 Z
H64 Z
H65 Z
H99 Z
HU01Z
HY1 A
HY1 B
HY1 C
HY1 Z
HY10Z
HY11Z
HY12Z
HY13Z
HY15A
HY15B
HY16Z
HY17Z
HY18Z
HY19Z
HY2 Z
HY20Z
HY21Z
HY22Z
HY23Z
HY25Z
HY27Z
HY4 Z
HY5 A
162
5
59
14
35129
6
2986
9727
26055
346
41
2432
432
2788
990
231
82
225
54
140
3785
122
20
141
1
51
17
1397
2421
No. of
No. of
injured
involved
drivers in
drivers in
NSW (87-2009) NSW (87-2009)
and
and
QLD, WA
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
(91-2009)
and
and
SA (95-2009) SA (95-2009)
29
4
15
1
4947
1
875
2800
7912
149
7
632
90
796
219
55
31
36
6
24
814
36
1
28
0
12
1
370
590
191
9
74
15
40076
7
3861
12527
33967
495
48
3064
522
3584
1209
286
113
261
60
164
4599
158
21
169
1
63
18
1767
3011
No. of
No. of
No. of
injured
severely
injured
(but not
injured
drivers in
severely)
drivers in
NSW,
drivers in
NSW and
Victoria
NSW and
Victoria
(87-2009)
Victoria
(87-2009)
and
(87-2009)
and
QLD, WA, NZ
and
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
and
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
SA (95-2009)
16
3
9
.
9837
1
950
2232
5453
131
8
378
66
498
137
30
18
22
27
26
706
21
2
27
2
11
1
293
407
5
1
2
.
3509
0
243
542
1153
35
3
69
15
116
32
4
3
3
1
7
135
0
0
2
0
2
0
63
102
21
4
11
.
13346
1
1193
2774
6606
166
11
447
81
614
169
34
21
25
28
33
841
21
2
29
2
13
1
356
509
ANALYSIS
INCLUSION
CRITERIA
INV=100
INJ=20
MARKET
GROUP
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
Commercial - Ute
Small
Small
Small
Small
SUV - Medium
Light
Medium
Medium
Medium
SUV - Medium
SUV - Compact
Large
Small
Small
Small
MAKE/MODEL
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Lantra
Lantra Others
Coupe
Grandeaur / XG
Accent
Others
Mirage / Colt
Sigma / Galant / Sapporo / Lambda
Magna TM/TN/TP / Sigma / V3000
Charger/Valiant
Magna TE/TF/TH/TJ / Verada
KE/KF/KH/KJ / Diamante
Starion
Lancer / Mirage CA
Lancer / Mirage CB
Lancer / Mirage CC
Lancer / Mirage CE
Lancer Others
Nimbus / Chariot / Spacewagon
Nimbus / Chariot
Nimbus
Cordia
Magna TR/TS / Verada KR/KS /
V3000 / Diamante
Galant
Galant
Galant Others
Canter
Starwagon / L300
Starwagon / Delica Starwagon
96-00
96-00
99-00
00-06
82-88
82-84
85-90
96-03
82-87
89-90
91-92
93-95
96-03
85-91
92-98
99-03
83-87
91-96
89-93
95-96
83-86
87-93
No. of
No. of
injured
involved
drivers in
drivers in
NSW (87-2009) NSW (87-2009)
and
and
QLD, WA
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
(91-2009)
and
and
SA (95-2009) SA (95-2009)
No. of
No. of
No. of
injured
severely
injured
(but not
injured
drivers in
severely)
drivers in
NSW,
drivers in
NSW and
Victoria
NSW and
Victoria
(87-2009)
Victoria
(87-2009)
and
(87-2009)
and
QLD, WA, NZ
and
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
and
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
SA (95-2009)
ANALYSIS
INCLUSION
CRITERIA
INV=100
INJ=20
MODEL
CODE
No. of
uninjured
drivers in
NSW (87-2009)
and
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
MARKET
GROUP
HY5 B
HY5 Z
HY7 Z
HY8 Z
HY9 Z
HY99Z
I01 Z
I02 Z
I04 Z
I05 Z
I06 A
4671
50
963
350
4774
1369
12088
12739
30018
32
20815
1078
13
213
56
1332
351
3274
2248
5206
3
3634
5749
63
1176
406
6106
1720
15362
14987
35224
35
24449
845
20
153
33
857
738
3383
2820
4861
2
2741
172
3
41
3
184
277
797
697
1308
1
582
1017
23
194
36
1041
1015
4180
3517
6169
3
3323
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
Small
I07 Z
I09 A
I09 B
I09 C
I09 D
I09 Z
I10 A
I10 B
I10 C
I12 Z
I15 Z
179
5697
917
8013
19882
3
499
893
336
1757
29525
34
1154
216
1746
5098
1
100
180
47
349
4823
213
6851
1133
9759
24980
4
599
1073
383
2106
34348
46
1321
382
1639
3649
488
221
251
39
566
4460
23
295
71
357
671
110
41
45
5
152
950
69
1616
453
1996
4320
598
262
296
44
718
5410
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
Medium
Small
Small
Small
Small
I16 A
I16 B
I16 Z
I21 Z
I23 A
I23 B
14
1702
9
1465
3194
6491
1
321
11
152
724
1151
15
2023
20
1617
3918
7642
593
496
424
163
605
970
119
99
96
47
204
277
712
595
520
210
809
1247
0
1
0
0
1
1
Small
Large
Small
Light
Medium
Large
Large
People Mover
People Mover
People Mover
Small
Large
Medium
People Mover
People Mover
MAKE/MODEL
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi /
Peugeot
Mitsubishi
Isuzu
Isuzu
Isuzu
Jaguar
Starwagon / Delica Spacegear
Starwagon Others
Commercials
Pajero
Pajero
Pajero
Pajero NM / NP / NS
Pajero NM / NP / NS
Pajero Others
3000GT
Challenger
Pajero iO
Lancer CE / CG / Cedia
Magna TL/TW / Verada KL/KW
Outlander
Lancer CH / CJ
Grandis
Colt
380
Triton MK
Triton ML / MN
Outlander / 4007
Others
NKR Series
NPR Series
Others
XJ6
No. of
uninjured
drivers in
NSW (87-2009)
and
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
92-97
98-06
99-03
02-03
03-05
03-06
03-09
04-09
04-09
05-08
96-06
06-09
06-09
I23 C
I23 D
I23 Z
I24 Z
I25 A
I25 B
I25 C
I25 D
I25 E
I25 Z
I26 Z
I30 Z
I34 Z
I37 Z
I38 Z
I39 Z
I40 Z
I42 Z
I43 Z
I44 Z
I45 Z
I46 Z
I47 Z
1931
1498
156
5390
2183
567
4308
1502
102
115
3
662
100
60
1675
422
2527
47
260
603
1733
363
191
304
250
67
952
414
65
609
185
16
43
2
108
20
37
328
100
614
4
65
106
227
60
27
2235
1748
223
6342
2597
632
4917
1687
118
158
5
770
120
97
2003
522
3141
51
325
709
1960
423
218
262
170
191
686
419
93
485
125
15
30
3
81
12
31
241
54
384
5
80
80
150
45
19
55
52
47
208
132
29
130
30
2
11
1
23
3
8
33
11
69
1
18
11
32
6
2
317
222
238
894
551
122
615
155
17
41
4
104
15
39
274
65
453
6
98
91
182
51
21
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
82-86
I99 Z
IS01Z
IS02Z
IS99Z
J01 A
34753
993
2323
3093
359
7508
126
181
240
55
42261
1119
2504
3333
414
8585
83
108
258
42
2737
17
31
103
13
11322
100
139
361
55
0
0
0
0
1
95-98
98-03
82-90
91
92-99
00-06
07-09
No. of
No. of
injured
involved
drivers in
drivers in
NSW (87-2009) NSW (87-2009)
and
and
QLD, WA
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
(91-2009)
and
and
SA (95-2009) SA (95-2009)
No. of
No. of
No. of
injured
severely
injured
(but not
injured
drivers in
severely)
drivers in
NSW,
drivers in
NSW and
Victoria
NSW and
Victoria
(87-2009)
Victoria
(87-2009)
and
(87-2009)
and
QLD, WA, NZ
and
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
and
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
SA (95-2009)
ANALYSIS
INCLUSION
CRITERIA
INV=100
INJ=20
MODEL
CODE
MARKET
GROUP
People Mover
People Mover
SUV - Medium
SUV - Medium
SUV - Medium
SUV - Medium
Large
SUV - Compact
Small
Light
Large
Commercial - Ute
Commercial - Ute
SUV - Compact
Large
MAKE/MODEL
Jaguar
Jaguar
Jaguar
Jaguar
Jaguar
Jaguar
Jaguar
Jaguar
Jaguar
Jaguar
Jaguar
Jaguar
Jaguar
Jaguar
Jaguar
Jeep
Jeep
Jeep
Jeep
Jeep
Jeep
Jeep
Jeep
Jeep
Jeep
Jeep
Kia
Kia
Kia
XJ6
XJ6
XJ8
XJ6 Others
V12 Saloon
XJS
XJR
XK8 / XKR
S-Type
X-Type
XJ
XK
XF
Others
87-94
95-97
98-03
Cherokee XJ
Grand Cherokee ZG
Wrangler
Grand Cherokee WJ/WG
Cherokee KJ
Grand Cherokee WH
Commander
Wrangler
Patriot
Compass
Others
Sportage
Ceres
Mentor
96-00
96-99
96-04
99-05
01-07
05-09
06-09
05-09
07-09
07-09
82-96
95-03
96-05
99-08
02-09
03-09
06-09
08-09
98-03
92-00
97-00
MODEL
CODE
No. of
uninjured
drivers in
NSW (87-2009)
and
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
J01 B
J01 C
J01 D
J01 Z
J02 Z
J04 Z
J05 Z
J07 Z
J08 Z
J09 Z
J10 Z
J11 Z
J12 Z
J99 Z
JAG Z
JE01Z
JE02Z
JE03Z
JE04Z
JE05Z
JE06Z
JE07Z
JE08Z
JE09Z
JE10Z
JEEPZ
K01 Z
K02 Z
K03 Z
507
115
14
25
11
69
4
35
185
154
33
5
4
384
4
1332
305
323
269
244
49
17
73
5
1
150
750
1019
16
No. of
No. of
injured
involved
drivers in
drivers in
NSW (87-2009) NSW (87-2009)
and
and
QLD, WA
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
(91-2009)
and
and
SA (95-2009) SA (95-2009)
65
13
1
3
2
11
0
4
20
24
6
1
1
50
1
217
38
61
36
53
5
4
11
2
0
23
182
288
4
572
128
15
28
13
80
4
39
205
178
39
6
5
434
5
1549
343
384
305
297
54
21
84
7
1
173
932
1307
20
No. of
No. of
No. of
injured
severely
injured
(but not
injured
drivers in
severely)
drivers in
NSW,
drivers in
NSW and
Victoria
NSW and
Victoria
(87-2009)
Victoria
(87-2009)
and
(87-2009)
and
QLD, WA, NZ
and
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
and
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
SA (95-2009)
63
9
1
5
2
10
1
4
21
19
4
.
.
66
2
225
50
65
55
55
4
4
15
2
1
31
149
232
3
11
5
1
0
0
1
0
1
3
2
2
.
.
21
1
60
11
19
10
9
1
0
1
0
0
7
32
68
1
74
14
2
5
2
11
1
5
24
21
6
.
.
87
3
285
61
84
65
64
5
4
16
2
1
38
181
300
4
ANALYSIS
INCLUSION
CRITERIA
INV=100
INJ=20
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
MARKET
GROUP
Large
Large
Medium
SUV - Medium
SUV - Large
SUV - Medium
SUV - Large
SUV - Medium
SUV - Compact
Commercial - Ute
MAKE/MODEL
Kia
Kia
Kia
Kia
Kia
Kia
Kia
Kia
Kia
Kia
Kia
Kia
Kia
Kia
Kia
Kia
Lada
Lancia
Leyland
Land Rover
Land Rover
Land Rover
Land Rover
Land Rover
Land Rover
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Credos
Rio
Carens
Carnival
Spectra
Optima
K2700
Pregio
Sorento
Cerato LD
Rio JB
Sportage KM
Magentis
Carnival
K2900
Cerato TD
98-01
00-05
00-02
99-06
01-04
01-06
02-08
02-06
03-09
04-08
05-09
05-09
06-09
06-09
08-09
09-09
Defender
Discovery
Discovery
Discovery 3
Discovery 4
Others
Laser / 323 / Familia
323
323 / Familia / Lantis
323
92-09
91-02
02-04
05-09
09-09
82-88
89
90-93
94
MODEL
CODE
No. of
uninjured
drivers in
NSW (87-2009)
and
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
K04 Z
K05 Z
K06 Z
K07 Z
K08 Z
K09 Z
K10 Z
K11 Z
K12 Z
K13 Z
K14 Z
K15 Z
K16 Z
K17 Z
K18 Z
K20 Z
LADAZ
LANCZ
LEY Z
LRO1Z
LRO2A
LRO2B
LRO3Z
LRO4Z
LROVZ
M01 A
M01 B
M01 C
M01 D
66
2037
55
983
265
68
128
592
209
386
511
78
22
161
2
1
223
33
103
331
1221
100
4
7
294
43394
527
4246
1320
No. of
No. of
injured
involved
drivers in
drivers in
NSW (87-2009) NSW (87-2009)
and
and
QLD, WA
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
(91-2009)
and
and
SA (95-2009) SA (95-2009)
27
721
22
190
87
26
18
113
43
128
164
23
9
31
0
0
89
3
11
67
209
18
1
0
41
11497
136
929
303
93
2758
77
1173
352
94
146
705
252
514
675
101
31
192
2
1
312
36
114
398
1430
118
5
7
335
54891
663
5175
1623
No. of
No. of
No. of
injured
severely
injured
(but not
injured
drivers in
severely)
drivers in
NSW,
drivers in
NSW and
Victoria
NSW and
Victoria
(87-2009)
Victoria
(87-2009)
and
(87-2009)
and
QLD, WA, NZ
and
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
and
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
SA (95-2009)
19
466
13
130
59
18
14
84
30
86
116
13
5
24
1
1
115
2
10
41
156
11
.
.
53
13117
738
1699
221
4
125
3
33
15
3
7
23
10
18
31
5
2
1
0
0
32
2
5
25
40
3
.
.
14
3175
159
347
51
23
591
16
163
74
21
21
107
40
104
147
18
7
25
1
1
147
4
15
66
196
14
.
.
67
16292
897
2046
272
ANALYSIS
INCLUSION
CRITERIA
INV=100
INJ=20
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
MARKET
GROUP
Small
People Mover
Small
Commercial - Ute
Commercial - Van
SUV - Compact
Small
Small
People Mover
SUV - Medium
SUV - Large
Small
Small
MAKE/MODEL
Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda / Ford
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Laser / 323
323 Others
626/MX6 / Telstar
Telstar / 626 / MX6 / Capella
626/MX6 / Telstar
Telstar / 626 / MX6 / Capella / Cronos
626
626/MX6 / Telstar Others
929 / Luce
929 91
929 / Sentia / Efini MS-9
929 Others
Festiva WA / 121
121 / Autozam Review
121 Metro / Demio
121 / Festiva WA Others
RX7
RX7
RX7
RX7 Others
MX5 / Eunos Roadster
MX5 Others
Commercials
MPV
MPV
MPV Others
95-98
99-03
82
83-86
87
88-91
92-97
98-02
82-90
92-96
87-90
94-96
97-02
82-85
86-91
92-98
89-97
98-05
94-99
00-06
MODEL
CODE
No. of
uninjured
drivers in
NSW (87-2009)
and
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
M01 E
M01 F
M01 Z
M02 A
M02 B
M02 C
M02 D
M02 E
M02 F
M02 Z
M03 A
M03 B
M03 C
M03 Z
M09 A
M09 B
M09 C
M09 Z
M10 A
M10 B
M10 C
M10 Z
M11 A
M11 B
M11 Z
M14 Z
M15 A
M15 B
M15 Z
5185
6321
352
11910
9712
3290
6149
6570
1949
267
3346
215
251
86
6968
3636
2673
175
653
393
77
11
455
404
7
8585
358
207
5
No. of
No. of
injured
involved
drivers in
drivers in
NSW (87-2009) NSW (87-2009)
and
and
QLD, WA
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
(91-2009)
and
and
SA (95-2009) SA (95-2009)
1249
1650
178
2566
2014
509
1324
1108
434
111
639
36
46
41
2189
1163
762
99
129
60
13
1
102
107
9
1493
54
28
1
6434
7971
530
14476
11726
3799
7473
7678
2383
378
3985
251
297
127
9157
4799
3435
274
782
453
90
12
557
511
16
10078
412
235
6
No. of
No. of
No. of
injured
severely
injured
(but not
injured
drivers in
severely)
drivers in
NSW,
drivers in
NSW and
Victoria
NSW and
Victoria
(87-2009)
Victoria
(87-2009)
and
(87-2009)
and
QLD, WA, NZ
and
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
and
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
SA (95-2009)
1135
1210
272
2660
2693
395
1844
1382
425
73
675
40
45
31
1694
809
611
105
129
97
24
11
94
67
10
1160
28
15
1
223
229
66
759
664
99
431
336
89
35
181
11
11
11
443
189
130
33
38
28
8
6
19
13
2
368
5
3
0
1358
1439
338
3419
3357
494
2275
1718
514
108
856
51
56
42
2137
998
741
138
167
125
32
17
113
80
12
1528
33
18
1
ANALYSIS
INCLUSION
CRITERIA
INV=100
INJ=20
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
MARKET
GROUP
Small
Small
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Large
Large
Light
Light
Light
Medium
Medium
Small
Small
People Mover
MAKE/MODEL
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Mazda / Ford
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Maserati
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Eunos 30X / Presso / MX-3 / Autozam
AZ-3
Eunos 500
Eunos 800
Escape / Tribute
Courier / B-Series / Bounty
Courier / Bravo / Bounty
Bravo/ Courier Others
Premacy
2
6
RX8
3 / Axela
MX5
CX-7
Ranger / BT-50
Escape / Tribute
CX-9
2
6
3 / Axela
Others
100 Series
C180
C-Class W201
C-Class W202
CLK C208
E-Class W123
No. of
uninjured
drivers in
NSW (87-2009)
and
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
90-97
M16 Z
551
124
675
96
16
112
1
Small
93-99
94-00
01-06
98-02
03-06
M17 Z
M18 Z
M21 Z
M22 A
M22 B
M22 Z
M23 Z
M24 Z
M25 Z
M26 Z
M27 Z
M28 Z
M29 Z
M30 Z
M31 Z
M32 Z
M33 Z
M34 Z
M35 Z
M99 Z
MASRZ
ME1 Z
ME10Z
ME11Z
ME12Z
ME13Z
ME14Z
345
125
1554
2123
1295
189
2
835
1549
214
3850
63
165
447
50
53
246
85
16
11857
6
204
48
852
1482
212
448
87
16
319
382
317
24
0
236
401
34
1000
15
31
119
11
5
69
20
6
2027
0
29
11
148
232
34
72
432
141
1873
2505
1612
213
2
1071
1950
248
4850
78
196
566
61
58
315
105
22
13884
6
233
59
1000
1714
246
520
80
18
205
317
260
82
12
153
371
25
709
10
22
77
5
2
45
18
4
3240
1
33
11
139
187
22
47
12
3
53
100
71
22
2
49
54
3
118
5
1
19
0
0
8
3
1
919
0
8
2
29
35
6
11
92
21
258
417
331
104
14
202
425
28
827
15
23
96
5
2
53
21
5
4159
1
41
13
168
222
28
58
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
Medium
Medium
SUV - Compact
Commercial - Ute
Commercial - Ute
01-03
02-07
02-07
03-09
03-09
05-09
06-09
06-09
06-09 / 06-08
07-09
07-09
08-09
09-09
87-93
95-00
97-03
82-85
No. of
No. of
injured
involved
drivers in
drivers in
NSW (87-2009) NSW (87-2009)
and
and
QLD, WA
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
(91-2009)
and
and
SA (95-2009) SA (95-2009)
No. of
No. of
No. of
injured
severely
injured
(but not
injured
drivers in
severely)
drivers in
NSW,
drivers in
NSW and
Victoria
NSW and
Victoria
(87-2009)
Victoria
(87-2009)
and
(87-2009)
and
QLD, WA, NZ
and
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
and
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
SA (95-2009)
ANALYSIS
INCLUSION
CRITERIA
INV=100
INJ=20
MODEL
CODE
MARKET
GROUP
Light
Medium
Medium
Small
SUV - Compact
Commercial - Ute
Light
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Large
MAKE/MODEL
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
E-Class W124
E-Class W210
S-CLASS W107
S-Class W126
S-Class R129
200 Series
S-Class C140
SLK R170
A-Class W168
MB100 / MB140
S-Class W220
Vito
M-Class W163
CL500/600 C215
C-Class W203
300 Series
Sprinter
G-Class
CLK C209
E-Class W211
S-Class R230
SLK R171
M-Class W164
A-Class W169
CLS W219
B-Class W245
400 Series
S-Class W221
R-Class W251
86-94
96-02
82-92
93-02
93-98
97-04
98-04
99-04
99-06
99-04
98-05
98-00
00-07
98-06
83-88
03-09
02-09
02-09
04-09
05-09
05-09
05-09
05-09
06-09
06-09
MODEL
CODE
No. of
uninjured
drivers in
NSW (87-2009)
and
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
ME15Z
ME16Z
ME17Z
ME18Z
ME19Z
ME2 Z
ME20Z
ME21Z
ME22Z
ME24Z
ME25Z
ME26Z
ME27Z
ME28Z
ME29Z
ME3 Z
ME30Z
ME31Z
ME32Z
ME33Z
ME34Z
ME35Z
ME36Z
ME37Z
ME38Z
ME39Z
ME4 Z
ME40Z
ME41Z
1298
805
38
1024
85
349
229
191
354
379
150
597
530
10
938
452
513
3
211
288
24
38
93
40
18
39
195
17
9
No. of
No. of
injured
involved
drivers in
drivers in
NSW (87-2009) NSW (87-2009)
and
and
QLD, WA
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
(91-2009)
and
and
SA (95-2009) SA (95-2009)
208
114
7
132
8
27
16
38
82
39
14
55
60
1
149
38
80
1
33
46
4
7
5
8
3
3
38
3
0
1506
919
45
1156
93
376
245
229
436
418
164
652
590
11
1087
490
593
4
244
334
28
45
98
48
21
42
233
20
9
No. of
No. of
No. of
injured
severely
injured
(but not
injured
drivers in
severely)
drivers in
NSW,
drivers in
NSW and
Victoria
NSW and
Victoria
(87-2009)
Victoria
(87-2009)
and
(87-2009)
and
QLD, WA, NZ
and
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
and
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
SA (95-2009)
171
87
8
110
9
40
12
20
46
28
7
43
38
1
79
42
81
1
21
22
4
1
4
6
1
3
28
1
.
34
18
0
25
1
17
2
3
9
8
2
12
8
0
16
11
17
0
3
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
7
0
.
205
105
8
135
10
57
14
23
55
36
9
55
46
1
95
53
98
1
24
23
4
1
4
8
1
3
35
1
.
ANALYSIS
INCLUSION
CRITERIA
INV=100
INJ=20
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
MARKET
GROUP
Large
Large
Large
Medium
Small
Commercial - Van
Commercial - Van
SUV - Large
Medium
Commercial - Van
Medium
Large
MAKE/MODEL
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Holden / Nissan
Nissan
Holden / Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan / Ford
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
C-Class W204
CL W216
Vito / Viano
500 Series
Others
Astra / Pulsar / Langley
Pulsar /Vector
Astra / Pulsar / Vector / Sentra
Pulsar /Vector
Pulsar / Vector / Sentra
Pulsar Others
Pintara
Pintara / Corsair / Bluebird
Pintara Others
Bluebird
Skyline
180B/200B
300ZX / Fairlady Z
Stanza
280C / Laurel
Gazelle / Silvia
280ZX
Prairie
Maxima
Maxima / Cefiro
Maxima
Maxima Others
Exa
07-09
07-09
04-09
84-86
87
88-90
91
92-95
96-99
86-88
89-92
82-86
83-88
90-95
82-83
82-84
84-86
82-84
84-86
90-94
95-99
00-02
83-86
MODEL
CODE
No. of
uninjured
drivers in
NSW (87-2009)
and
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
ME42Z
ME43Z
ME46Z
ME5 Z
ME99Z
N01 A
N01 B
N01 C
N01 D
N01 E
N01 F
N01 Z
N02 A
N02 B
N02 Z
N03 Z
N04 Z
N05 Z
N09 Z
N10 Z
N11 Z
N12 Z
N13 Z
N14 Z
N15 A
N15 B
N15 C
N15 Z
N16 A
68
1
28
38
2089
9655
1551
14219
3754
7697
9572
424
5888
9589
1
12212
5497
56
599
511
59
427
113
381
944
1175
448
45
478
No. of
No. of
injured
involved
drivers in
drivers in
NSW (87-2009) NSW (87-2009)
and
and
QLD, WA
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
(91-2009)
and
and
SA (95-2009) SA (95-2009)
5
0
4
5
203
2438
344
3290
870
1601
2630
202
1128
2069
0
2537
1011
7
106
105
9
84
19
85
166
252
108
15
128
73
1
32
43
2292
12093
1895
17509
4624
9298
12202
626
7016
11658
1
14749
6508
63
705
616
68
511
132
466
1110
1427
556
60
606
No. of
No. of
No. of
injured
severely
injured
(but not
injured
drivers in
severely)
drivers in
NSW,
drivers in
NSW and
Victoria
NSW and
Victoria
(87-2009)
Victoria
(87-2009)
and
(87-2009)
and
QLD, WA, NZ
and
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
and
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
SA (95-2009)
4
.
3
4
331
2669
675
3054
652
1802
2046
143
945
2128
96
2575
1437
6
127
92
9
439
20
154
327
356
115
271
123
2
.
0
1
99
682
124
773
171
370
471
52
265
566
24
776
397
1
33
21
3
145
8
30
69
79
29
75
36
6
.
3
5
430
3351
799
3827
823
2172
2517
195
1210
2694
120
3351
1834
7
160
113
12
584
28
184
396
435
144
346
159
ANALYSIS
INCLUSION
CRITERIA
INV=100
INJ=20
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
MARKET
GROUP
Small
Small
Small
Small
Medium
Medium
Medium
Large
Large
Small
Small
Medium
People Mover
Large
Large
Large
Small
MAKE/MODEL
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan / Ford
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Exa
87-91
Exa Others
NX/NX-R
91-96
300C / Laurel
85-87
720 Ute
82-85
B120
H40
Navara
86-91
Navara
92-96
Navara
97-05
Navara Others
Vans(Nomad/Urvan/C22/E24/Vanette)
Patrol / Safari
82-87
Patrol / Maverick / Safari
88-97
Patrol / Safari
98-09
Patrol
Pathfinder / Terrano
88-94
Sunny /120Y
Serena
92-95
Infiniti
93-97
Bluebird
93-97
200SX / Silvia
94-02
Micra
95-97
Pathfinder / Terrano / Regulus
95-05
Terrano II
97-00
Pulsar
00-05
X-Trail
01-07
350Z
03-09
Maxima
06-09
MODEL
CODE
No. of
uninjured
drivers in
NSW (87-2009)
and
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
N16 B
N16 Z
N17 Z
N20 Z
N21 Z
N22 Z
N23 Z
N24 A
N24 B
N24 C
N24 Z
N25 Z
N26 A
N26 B
N26 C
N26 Z
N27 Z
N28 Z
N30 Z
N31 Z
N32 Z
N33 Z
N34 Z
N36 Z
N38 Z
N39 Z
N40 Z
N41 Z
N42 Z
249
9
954
94
1675
127
16
4114
2021
2643
305
3670
1543
8549
4256
212
674
24
145
3
1798
1461
894
1142
35
6434
2029
157
320
No. of
No. of
injured
involved
drivers in
drivers in
NSW (87-2009) NSW (87-2009)
and
and
QLD, WA
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
(91-2009)
and
and
SA (95-2009) SA (95-2009)
49
2
206
20
323
31
3
678
331
394
81
856
217
1081
620
39
90
7
24
0
304
240
284
196
9
1946
544
44
69
298
11
1160
114
1998
158
19
4792
2352
3037
386
4526
1760
9630
4876
251
764
31
169
3
2102
1701
1178
1338
44
8380
2573
201
389
No. of
No. of
No. of
injured
severely
injured
(but not
injured
drivers in
severely)
drivers in
NSW,
drivers in
NSW and
Victoria
NSW and
Victoria
(87-2009)
Victoria
(87-2009)
and
(87-2009)
and
QLD, WA, NZ
and
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
and
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
SA (95-2009)
66
8
164
12
244
22
2
601
294
291
105
659
191
934
481
33
252
14
121
.
757
162
198
184
7
1216
355
28
66
17
2
56
5
83
9
1
205
96
110
23
207
63
286
158
17
65
2
20
.
143
57
59
36
0
308
91
11
16
83
10
220
17
327
31
3
806
390
401
128
866
254
1220
639
50
317
16
141
.
900
219
257
220
7
1524
446
39
82
ANALYSIS
INCLUSION
CRITERIA
INV=100
INJ=20
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
MARKET
GROUP
Small
Small
Commercial - Ute
Commercial - Ute
Commercial - Ute
Commercial - Ute
SUV - Large
SUV - Large
SUV - Large
SUV - Medium
People Mover
Medium
Medium
Light
SUV - Medium
Small
SUV - Compact
Medium
Large
MAKE/MODEL
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
FSM
Lada
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Murano
Pathfinder
Navara
Tiida
Dualis
X-Trail
370Z
Others
05-08
05-09
05-09
06-09
07-09
07-09
09-09
Niva
Civic
Civic / Ballade / Shuttle
Civic / Shuttle
Civic
Civic
Civic Others
CRX
CRX
CRX Others
Odyssey
Odyssey
CR-V
CR-V
HR-V
Legend
Legend
Legend
Legend Others
S2000
84-99
82-83
84-87
88-91
92-95
96-00
87-91
92-98
95-00
00-02
97-01
02-06
99-02
86-95
96-98
99-04
99-09
MODEL
CODE
No. of
uninjured
drivers in
NSW (87-2009)
and
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
N43 Z
N44 Z
N45 Z
N46 Z
N47 Z
N49 Z
N51 Z
N99 Z
NIKIZ
NIVAZ
O1 A
O1 B
O1 C
O1 D
O1 E
O1 Z
O10 A
O10 B
O10 Z
O17 A
O17 B
O18 A
O18 B
O19 Z
O2 B
O2 C
O2 D
O2 Z
O20 Z
126
190
470
202
2
15
3
22738
15
343
686
2652
4453
5314
5327
224
384
243
11
551
236
2703
1884
478
916
91
53
12
222
No. of
No. of
injured
involved
drivers in
drivers in
NSW (87-2009) NSW (87-2009)
and
and
QLD, WA
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
(91-2009)
and
and
SA (95-2009) SA (95-2009)
19
29
84
66
1
0
0
3573
12
73
159
620
1022
1127
1207
84
86
45
4
95
38
492
423
105
119
8
7
8
28
145
219
554
268
3
15
3
26311
27
416
845
3272
5475
6441
6534
308
470
288
15
646
274
3195
2307
583
1035
99
60
20
250
No. of
No. of
No. of
injured
severely
injured
(but not
injured
drivers in
severely)
drivers in
NSW,
drivers in
NSW and
Victoria
NSW and
Victoria
(87-2009)
Victoria
(87-2009)
and
(87-2009)
and
QLD, WA, NZ
and
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
and
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
SA (95-2009)
13
27
66
51
.
.
.
5891
12
78
452
1171
1520
1278
984
541
270
64
35
216
27
402
283
69
158
9
8
55
18
1
0
20
13
.
.
.
1843
6
20
111
302
345
245
177
121
86
18
11
28
6
68
44
21
38
0
1
12
2
14
27
86
64
.
.
.
7734
18
98
563
1473
1865
1523
1161
662
356
82
46
244
33
470
327
90
196
9
9
67
20
ANALYSIS
INCLUSION
CRITERIA
INV=100
INJ=20
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
MARKET
GROUP
Commercial - Ute
Small
SUV - Compact
Small
Small
Small
Small
Small
Small
Small
People Mover
People Mover
SUV - Compact
SUV - Compact
SUV - Compact
Large
Small
MAKE/MODEL
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Civic
Jazz / Fit
Insight
MDX
Accord Euro
Accord
Odyssey
Civic
Legend
Accord
Accord
Accord
Accord
Accord
Accord Others
CR-V
Accord
Accord Euro
Jazz GE
Odyssey
Prelude
Prelude
Prelude
Prelude
Prelude Others
Integra
Integra
Integra
Integra
01-05
02-08
01-04
03-06
03-08
03-07
04-09
06-09
06-09
82-85
86-90
91-93
94-98
99-02
07-09
08-09
08-09
08-09
09-09
82-82
83-91
92-96
97-02
86-88
89
90-92
93
MODEL
CODE
No. of
uninjured
drivers in
NSW (87-2009)
and
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
O21 Z
O22 Z
O23 Z
O24 Z
O25 Z
O26 Z
O27 Z
O28 Z
O29 Z
O3 A
O3 B
O3 C
O3 D
O3 E
O3 Z
O30 Z
O31 Z
O32 Z
O33 Z
O35 Z
O4 A
O4 B
O4 C
O4 D
O4 Z
O5 A
O5 B
O5 C
O5 D
1494
1136
1
92
1275
622
319
540
1
2014
2339
1684
3474
661
130
276
84
42
46
1
215
3619
1708
734
59
661
448
771
233
No. of
No. of
injured
involved
drivers in
drivers in
NSW (87-2009) NSW (87-2009)
and
and
QLD, WA
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
(91-2009)
and
and
SA (95-2009) SA (95-2009)
326
341
0
13
267
131
69
130
0
449
404
239
571
128
48
50
14
7
15
2
38
618
268
137
25
131
90
147
43
1820
1477
1
105
1542
753
388
670
1
2463
2743
1923
4045
789
178
326
98
49
61
3
253
4237
1976
871
84
792
538
918
276
No. of
No. of
No. of
injured
severely
injured
(but not
injured
drivers in
severely)
drivers in
NSW,
drivers in
NSW and
Victoria
NSW and
Victoria
(87-2009)
Victoria
(87-2009)
and
(87-2009)
and
QLD, WA, NZ
and
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
and
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
SA (95-2009)
263
307
.
7
198
97
43
100
1
1018
957
388
673
159
322
38
5
6
5
.
32
1305
359
119
158
356
281
303
37
56
62
.
2
35
19
3
12
0
249
196
90
152
23
73
7
4
1
0
.
6
317
89
22
32
87
72
65
8
319
369
.
9
233
116
46
112
1
1267
1153
478
825
182
395
45
9
7
5
.
38
1622
448
141
190
443
353
368
45
ANALYSIS
INCLUSION
CRITERIA
INV=100
INJ=20
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
MARKET
GROUP
Small
Light
Medium
Medium
People Mover
Small
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
SUV - Compact
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Small
Small
MAKE/MODEL
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Peugeot
Peugeot
Peugeot
Peugeot
Peugeot
Peugeot
Peugeot
Peugeot
Peugeot
Peugeot
Peugeot
Peugeot
Peugeot
Porsche
Porsche
Porsche
Porsche
Porsche
Porsche
Porsche
Integra
Integra
Integra Others
Concerto
NSX
Acty
City
City VTi
Others
205
607
407
207
308
405
505
306
605
406
206
307
Others
944
911 964 Series
911 996 Series
968
Boxter / Cayman 986 Series
Boxter / Cayman 987 Series
Cayenne
93-01
02-06
89-93
91-02
83-86
83-86
09-09
87-94
01-09
04-09
07-09
08-09
89-97
82-93
94-01
94-96
96-04
99-07
01-09
82-91
90-93
99-05
92-95
97-04
05-09
03-09
MODEL
CODE
No. of
uninjured
drivers in
NSW (87-2009)
and
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
O5 E
O5 F
O5 Z
O6 Z
O7 Z
O8 Z
O9 Z
O91 Z
O99 Z
PE1 Z
PE10Z
PE11Z
PE12Z
PE13Z
PE2 Z
PE3 Z
PE4 Z
PE5 Z
PE7 Z
PE8 Z
PE9 Z
PE99Z
PO1 Z
PO2 B
PO2 D
PO4 Z
PO5 A
PO5 B
PO6 Z
1147
246
39
562
16
275
351
15
4619
301
13
56
54
18
603
708
1251
35
277
726
562
396
100
4
1
1
1
1
22
No. of
No. of
injured
involved
drivers in
drivers in
NSW (87-2009) NSW (87-2009)
and
and
QLD, WA
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
(91-2009)
and
and
SA (95-2009) SA (95-2009)
220
68
21
125
2
60
133
1
840
49
0
7
6
4
99
84
246
4
26
161
99
49
11
0
0
0
0
0
1
1367
314
60
687
18
335
484
16
5459
350
13
63
60
22
702
792
1497
39
303
887
661
445
111
4
1
1
1
1
23
No. of
No. of
No. of
injured
severely
injured
(but not
injured
drivers in
severely)
drivers in
NSW,
drivers in
NSW and
Victoria
NSW and
Victoria
(87-2009)
Victoria
(87-2009)
and
(87-2009)
and
QLD, WA, NZ
and
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
and
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
SA (95-2009)
332
38
95
223
4
44
635
1
1482
64
1
9
6
2
143
95
269
7
46
100
89
124
15
.
1
.
2
.
2
62
8
22
55
1
16
134
0
473
18
0
3
1
0
39
29
44
2
10
26
14
32
6
.
0
.
0
.
0
394
46
117
278
5
60
769
1
1955
82
1
12
7
2
182
124
313
9
56
126
103
156
21
.
1
.
2
.
2
ANALYSIS
INCLUSION
CRITERIA
INV=100
INJ=20
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
MARKET
GROUP
Small
Small
Small
Commercial - Van
Light
Light
Medium
Medium
Small
Medium
Light
Small
Medium
MAKE/MODEL
Porsche
Proton
Proton
Proton
Proton
Proton
Proton
Proton
Proton
Renault
Renault
Renault
Renault
Renault
Renault
Renault
Renault
Renault
Renault
Renault
Renault
Renault
Renault
Renault
Renault
Renault
Renault
Renault
Renault
Others
Wira
Satria
Waja
Jumbuck
Gen 2
Satria
Savvy
Persona
20
Megane Cabriolet
Clio II
Clio III
Megane II
Trafic
Master
Kangoo
Megane II Cabriolet
Scenic II
Grand Scenic
Feugo
Koleos
21
25
19
Laguna
Laguna II
Scenic
Others
95-96
97-05
01-05
03-09
04-09
07-09
06-09
08-09
82-83
01-03
01-04
04-09
03-09
04-09
04-09
04-09
04-09
05-09
07-09
82-87
08-09
87-91
85-91
91-96
95-96
02-08
01-04
MODEL
CODE
No. of
uninjured
drivers in
NSW (87-2009)
and
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
PO99Z
PRO1Z
PRO2Z
PRO3Z
PRO4Z
PRO5Z
PRO6Z
PRO7Z
PRO8Z
RE1 Z
RE10Z
RE11A
RE11B
RE12Z
RE13Z
RE14Z
RE15Z
RE16Z
RE17Z
RE18Z
RE2 Z
RE20Z
RE3 Z
RE4 Z
RE5 Z
RE7 Z
RE8 Z
RE9 Z
RE99Z
845
1227
184
17
113
72
6
39
5
18
53
176
20
94
16
10
32
20
9
6
334
3
24
48
291
40
38
201
363
No. of
No. of
injured
involved
drivers in
drivers in
NSW (87-2009) NSW (87-2009)
and
and
QLD, WA
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
(91-2009)
and
and
SA (95-2009) SA (95-2009)
91
394
53
10
30
36
1
11
0
4
11
39
8
23
2
0
8
6
0
0
48
0
5
9
58
10
7
47
48
936
1621
237
27
143
108
7
50
5
22
64
215
28
117
18
10
40
26
9
6
382
3
29
57
349
50
45
248
411
No. of
No. of
No. of
injured
severely
injured
(but not
injured
drivers in
severely)
drivers in
NSW,
drivers in
NSW and
Victoria
NSW and
Victoria
(87-2009)
Victoria
(87-2009)
and
(87-2009)
and
QLD, WA, NZ
and
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
and
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
SA (95-2009)
81
244
24
5
15
22
1
7
.
7
15
27
5
17
1
1
6
3
1
.
64
.
7
17
54
11
9
35
64
36
73
4
2
6
8
1
1
.
4
1
4
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
.
15
.
2
4
8
4
0
3
11
117
317
28
7
21
30
2
8
.
11
16
31
6
19
1
1
6
3
1
.
79
.
9
21
62
15
9
38
75
ANALYSIS
INCLUSION
CRITERIA
INV=100
INJ=20
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
MARKET
GROUP
Small
Light
Commercial - Ute
Small
Light
Medium
Small
Small
MAKE/MODEL
Rover
Rover
Land Rover
Rover
Rover
MG
Land Rover
MG
Rover
MG
Rover
Rolls Royce
Land Rover
Land Rover
Land Rover
Land Rover
Range Rover
Saab
Saab
Saab
Saab
Saab
Saab
Saab
Saab
Saab
Lada
Seat
Seat
3500
416i/827
Freelander 2
Quintet
825
MGF / MG TF
Freelander
ZT
75
ZR
Others
82-87
Range Rover
Range Rover
Range Rover
Range Rover
Others
Others
900 Series
900/9-3
900 Others
9000
9-5
9-3
9-5
900/9000
Samara
Ibiza
Cordoba
82-94
95-02
02-05
05-09
07-09
82-86
87-88
99-05
98-06
02-05
01-05
05-05
82-92
94-02
86-97
98-05
03-09
06-09
88-90
95-99
95-99
MODEL
CODE
No. of
uninjured
drivers in
NSW (87-2009)
and
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
RO Z
RO1 Z
RO10Z
RO2 Z
RO3 Z
RO4 Z
RO5 Z
RO6 Z
RO7 Z
RO9 Z
RO99Z
ROLLZ
RROV1
RROV2
RROV3
RROV4
RROVZ
SA00Z
SA1 A
SA1 B
SA1 Z
SA2 Z
SA3 Z
SA4 Z
SA5 Z
SA99Z
SAMAZ
SE01Z
SE02Z
179
373
5
243
35
239
244
20
86
1
662
38
954
193
43
30
12
1151
1079
1368
2
1051
242
162
31
122
51
5
4
No. of
No. of
injured
involved
drivers in
drivers in
NSW (87-2009) NSW (87-2009)
and
and
QLD, WA
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
(91-2009)
and
and
SA (95-2009) SA (95-2009)
29
76
2
64
5
36
41
3
17
1
94
6
133
26
2
6
8
142
176
225
3
169
51
32
6
19
10
2
3
208
449
7
307
40
275
285
23
103
2
756
44
1087
219
45
36
20
1293
1255
1593
5
1220
293
194
37
141
61
7
7
No. of
No. of
No. of
injured
severely
injured
(but not
injured
drivers in
severely)
drivers in
NSW,
drivers in
NSW and
Victoria
NSW and
Victoria
(87-2009)
Victoria
(87-2009)
and
(87-2009)
and
QLD, WA, NZ
and
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
and
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
SA (95-2009)
36
55
1
70
15
37
33
2
15
23
197
4
147
39
1
6
9
191
168
172
1
153
45
24
6
17
10
4
3
4
13
1
19
3
7
13
0
3
3
57
2
47
5
0
1
3
50
46
27
0
19
4
6
0
4
5
1
1
40
68
2
89
18
44
46
2
18
26
254
6
194
44
1
7
12
241
214
199
1
172
49
30
6
21
15
5
4
ANALYSIS
INCLUSION
CRITERIA
INV=100
INJ=20
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
MARKET
GROUP
Large
Small
Small
SUV - Compact
SUV - Large
SUV - Large
Medium
Medium
Medium
Large
Medium
MAKE/MODEL
Seat
Smart
Smart
Smart
Subaru
Subaru
Subaru
Subaru
Subaru
Subaru
Subaru
Subaru
Subaru
Subaru
Subaru
Subaru
Subaru
Subaru
Subaru
Subaru
Subaru
Subaru
Suzuki
Holden / Suzuki
Holden / Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Others
City-Coupe / ForTwo
Roadster
ForFour
1800 / Leone / Omega / 4WD Wagon
Tribeca
Forester
Liberty / Legacy
Liberty / Legacy / Outback
Liberty Others
Vortex
Sherpa / Fiori / 700 / Rex
SVX / Alcyone
Brumby
Impreza
Impreza
Impreza
Forester
Forester
Others
Swift
Barina / Swift / Cultus
Swift Others
Vitara / Escudo
Grand Vitara
Vitara Others
03-09
03-06
04-06
82-93
06-09
08-09
89-93
94-98
99-03
03-09
85-89
89-92
92-95
82-92
93-00
01-07
07-09
97-02
02-08
82-85
86-88
89-99
88-98
99-05
MODEL
CODE
No. of
uninjured
drivers in
NSW (87-2009)
and
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
SEATZ
SM01Z
SM02Z
SM03Z
SU1 Z
SU10Z
SU11Z
SU2 A
SU2 B
SU2 C
SU2 D
SU2 Z
SU3 Z
SU4 Z
SU5 Z
SU6 Z
SU7 A
SU7 B
SU7 C
SU8 Z
SU9 Z
SU99Z
SZ01A
SZ01B
SZ01C
SZ01Z
SZ02A
SZ02B
SZ02Z
440
19
7
1
6524
40
86
5623
2739
3202
1384
110
68
663
25
1635
4817
2595
94
1927
1744
3462
202
3729
18047
158
3901
821
59
No. of
No. of
injured
involved
drivers in
drivers in
NSW (87-2009) NSW (87-2009)
and
and
QLD, WA
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
(91-2009)
and
and
SA (95-2009) SA (95-2009)
83
6
0
1
1609
9
24
1088
536
582
234
36
17
327
4
487
1105
530
25
432
380
730
68
1268
5219
59
949
215
25
523
25
7
2
8133
49
110
6711
3275
3784
1618
146
85
990
29
2122
5922
3125
119
2359
2124
4192
270
4997
23266
217
4850
1036
84
No. of
No. of
No. of
injured
severely
injured
(but not
injured
drivers in
severely)
drivers in
NSW,
drivers in
NSW and
Victoria
NSW and
Victoria
(87-2009)
Victoria
(87-2009)
and
(87-2009)
and
QLD, WA, NZ
and
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
and
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
SA (95-2009)
39
7
.
1
1354
5
11
1444
834
450
166
358
42
306
2
291
1093
345
19
355
242
981
55
1262
3865
90
788
159
59
13
1
.
0
428
2
3
340
186
91
40
95
7
83
3
156
297
71
5
72
52
323
20
334
915
32
206
38
20
52
8
.
1
1782
7
14
1784
1020
541
206
453
49
389
5
447
1390
416
24
427
294
1304
75
1596
4780
122
994
197
79
ANALYSIS
INCLUSION
CRITERIA
INV=100
INJ=20
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
MARKET
GROUP
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Light
Commercial - Ute
Small
Small
Small
SUV - Compact
SUV - Compact
Light
Light
Light
SUV - Compact
SUV - Compact
MAKE/MODEL
Suzuki
Holden / Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Holden / Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota / Holden
Toyota / Holden
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Hatch / Alto
Scurry / Carry
Alto
Mighty Boy
Drover / Sierra / Samurai / SJ410 /
SJ413
Baleno / Cultus Crescent
Carry
Ignis
Jimny
Liana
Grand Vitara
Swift
APV
SX4
Grand Vitara JT
Others
Corolla
Corolla
Corolla
Corolla
Corolla / Nova
Corolla / Nova
Corolla / Allex
Corolla
Corolla
Corolla Others
Corona
Camry
MODEL
CODE
No. of
uninjured
drivers in
NSW (87-2009)
and
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
82-84
82-00
85-00
85-88
82-99
SZ03Z
SZ04Z
SZ05Z
SZ06Z
SZ07Z
800
419
225
435
4143
377
176
100
198
1275
1177
595
325
633
5418
270
148
195
141
932
88
49
51
43
262
95-02
99-05
00-02
98-09
01-07
05-08
05-09
05-09
07-09
08-09
SZ08Z
SZ09Z
SZ10Z
SZ11Z
SZ12Z
SZ13Z
SZ14Z
SZ15Z
SZ16Z
SZ17Z
SZ99Z
T01 A
T01 B
T01 C
T01 D
T01 E
T01 F
T01 G
T01 H
T01 I
T01 Z
T03 Z
T04 Z
1886
102
443
316
356
205
1029
29
86
11
2489
9649
2964
17104
2086
29476
19342
6613
9816
747
2
17724
3854
472
24
173
132
112
68
419
13
18
1
732
2417
728
4304
436
7169
4708
1722
2703
226
0
3759
743
2358
126
616
448
468
273
1448
42
104
12
3221
12066
3692
21408
2522
36645
24050
8335
12519
973
2
21483
4597
334
23
133
98
88
45
325
11
16
1
840
2826
1121
3772
395
5932
3565
1298
1765
139
18
3397
614
65
6
37
24
16
15
75
0
2
0
303
664
267
962
113
1473
828
240
411
39
8
890
165
82-84
85
86-88
89
89-93
94-97
98-01
02-07
07-09
82-88
83-86
No. of
No. of
injured
involved
drivers in
drivers in
NSW (87-2009) NSW (87-2009)
and
and
QLD, WA
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
(91-2009)
and
and
SA (95-2009) SA (95-2009)
No. of
No. of
No. of
injured
severely
injured
(but not
injured
drivers in
severely)
drivers in
NSW,
drivers in
NSW and
Victoria
NSW and
Victoria
(87-2009)
Victoria
(87-2009)
and
(87-2009)
and
QLD, WA, NZ
and
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
and
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
SA (95-2009)
ANALYSIS
INCLUSION
CRITERIA
INV=100
INJ=20
MARKET
GROUP
358
197
246
184
1194
1
1
1
1
1
Light
Commercial - Van
Light
Commercial - Ute
SUV - Compact
399
29
170
122
104
60
400
11
18
1
1143
3490
1388
4734
508
7405
4393
1538
2176
178
26
4287
779
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
Small
Commercial - Van
Light
SUV - Compact
Small
SUV - Compact
Light
Small
Small
Small
Small
Small
Small
Small
Medium
Medium
MAKE/MODEL
Holden / Toyota
Holden / Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Apollo JK/JL / Camry / Vista
Apollo JM/JP / Camry / Sceptor
Camry
Celica
Celica
Celica
Celica
Celica
Celica Others
Crown / Cressida / Mark II
Cressida / Mark II
Crown/Cres Others
Tercel
Lexcen Others
Supra
MR2
MR2
MR2 Others
Paseo / Cynos
Bundera
Hiace/Liteace
Hiace/Liteace
Hiace/Liteace
Hiace/Liteace
Hiace
Hiace/Liteace Others
4Runner/Hilux
4Runner/Hilux
88-92
93-97
98-02
81-85
86-89
90-93
94-99
00-05
82-85
86-88
89-93
83-88
82-90
87-90
91-00
91-99
82-86
87-89
90-95
96-04
05-09
82-85
86-88
MODEL
CODE
No. of
uninjured
drivers in
NSW (87-2009)
and
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
T05 A
T05 B
T05 C
T06 A
T06 B
T06 C
T06 D
T06 E
T06 Z
T07 A
T07 B
T07 C
T07 Z
T09 Z
T10 Z
T11 Z
T12 A
T12 B
T12 Z
T13 Z
T14 Z
T15 A
T15 B
T15 C
T15 D
T15 E
T15 Z
T16 A
T16 B
35233
27808
16994
2539
2488
2667
1666
517
62
2103
1039
2503
42
504
1
569
266
205
27
1658
10
4552
2410
5833
5911
838
217
5570
4371
No. of
No. of
injured
involved
drivers in
drivers in
NSW (87-2009) NSW (87-2009)
and
and
QLD, WA
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
(91-2009)
and
and
SA (95-2009) SA (95-2009)
6901
5820
3570
485
421
497
364
110
26
403
150
392
7
116
0
106
64
39
10
378
4
851
423
855
840
145
55
1158
845
42134
33628
20564
3024
2909
3164
2030
627
88
2506
1189
2895
49
620
1
675
330
244
37
2036
14
5403
2833
6688
6751
983
272
6728
5216
No. of
No. of
No. of
injured
severely
injured
(but not
injured
drivers in
severely)
drivers in
NSW,
drivers in
NSW and
Victoria
NSW and
Victoria
(87-2009)
Victoria
(87-2009)
and
(87-2009)
and
QLD, WA, NZ
and
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
and
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
SA (95-2009)
5138
3954
2312
554
396
504
326
63
81
414
102
284
43
153
2
100
113
98
40
328
4
912
622
827
743
118
214
798
834
1350
1068
502
123
99
119
56
16
24
122
41
80
7
34
0
37
40
20
6
72
1
272
160
249
176
33
45
330
315
6488
5022
2814
677
495
623
382
79
105
536
143
364
50
187
2
137
153
118
46
400
5
1184
782
1076
919
151
259
1128
1149
ANALYSIS
INCLUSION
CRITERIA
INV=100
INJ=20
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
MARKET
GROUP
Medium
Medium
Large
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Large
Large
Large
Small
Large
Small
Small
Small
Commercial - Van
Commercial - Van
Commercial - Van
Commercial - Van
Commercial - Van
Commercial - Ute
Commercial - Ute
MAKE/MODEL
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Lexus
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Lexus
Lexus
Toyota
Lexus
Toyota
Toyota
Lexus
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
4Runner/Hilux
Hilux
Hilux
Hilux
4Runner/Hilux Others
ES300 / Windom
Tarago
Tarago
Tarago / Previa / Estima
Tarago Others
Commercials
Landcruiser
Landcruiser
Landcruiser
Landcruiser Others
RAV4
RAV4
Starlet
LS400 / Celsior
IS200 / IS300
Echo
GS300
Avalon
MR2
LS430
Corolla 4WD Wagon
Spacia
Spacia
89-97
98-02
03-04
05-09
92-01
83-89
90
91-99
00-06
82-89
90-97
98-07
94-00
01-06
96-99
90-00
99-04
99-05
97-04
00-05
00-05
00-04
92-96
93-00
01-02
MODEL
CODE
No. of
uninjured
drivers in
NSW (87-2009)
and
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
T16 C
T16 D
T16 E
T16 F
T16 Z
T17 Z
T18 A
T18 B
T18 C
T18 D
T18 Z
T19 Z
T20 A
T20 B
T20 C
T20 Z
T21 A
T21 B
T22 Z
T25 Z
T26 Z
T27 Z
T28 Z
T29 Z
T30 Z
T31 Z
T32 Z
T33 A
T33 B
19634
6738
1916
2964
941
638
4899
189
3512
965
117
5615
8252
12797
6362
624
3160
2758
4427
213
674
5506
166
2724
105
47
551
185
17
No. of
No. of
injured
involved
drivers in
drivers in
NSW (87-2009) NSW (87-2009)
and
and
QLD, WA
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
(91-2009)
and
and
SA (95-2009) SA (95-2009)
3726
1268
374
559
307
111
1256
29
591
166
32
942
1400
1875
1171
196
699
648
1337
33
121
1733
18
575
31
3
115
47
5
23360
8006
2290
3523
1248
749
6155
218
4103
1131
149
6557
9652
14672
7533
820
3859
3406
5764
246
795
7239
184
3299
136
50
666
232
22
No. of
No. of
No. of
injured
severely
injured
(but not
injured
drivers in
severely)
drivers in
NSW,
drivers in
NSW and
Victoria
NSW and
Victoria
(87-2009)
Victoria
(87-2009)
and
(87-2009)
and
QLD, WA, NZ
and
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
and
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
SA (95-2009)
2995
860
266
358
416
138
817
195
417
115
23
583
998
1407
852
173
616
423
969
31
45
1184
11
393
10
3
63
28
4
1172
275
80
105
149
31
254
25
99
26
9
159
444
560
302
84
130
96
238
4
7
308
1
102
3
0
17
7
0
4167
1135
346
463
565
169
1071
220
516
141
32
742
1442
1967
1154
257
746
519
1207
35
52
1492
12
495
13
3
80
35
4
ANALYSIS
INCLUSION
CRITERIA
INV=100
INJ=20
MARKET
GROUP
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
Commercial - Ute
Commercial - Ute
Commercial - Ute
Commercial - Ute
Large
People Mover
People Mover
People Mover
SUV - Large
SUV - Large
SUV - Large
SUV - Compact
SUV - Compact
Light
Large
Medium
Light
Large
Small
People Mover
MAKE/MODEL
Lexus
Lexus
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Lexus
Lexus
Toyota
Lexus
Lexus
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Lexus
Toyota
Toyota
Lexus
Toyota
Toyota
Volvo
Volvo
Volvo
Volvo
Volvo
ES300
SC430
Camry
Prius
Avensis Verso
Prius II
Kluger
Landcruiser Prado
Landcruiser Prado
RX330
GS300/450h/460
Yaris
IS250 / IS F
RX350/400h
Aurion
Camry
RAV4
Tarago
LS460 / 600hL
Kluger
Landcruiser 200 Series
LX570
Landcruiser Prado
Others
850/S70/V70/C70
200 Series
300 Series
700/900 Series
960/S90/V90
01-05
01-09
02-06
01-02
01-09
03-09
03-07
96-03
03-09
03-05
05-09
05-09
05-09
06-09
06-09
06-09
06-09
06-09
07-09
07-09
07-09
08-09
09-09
92-99
82-93
84-88
84-92
90-98
MODEL
CODE
No. of
uninjured
drivers in
NSW (87-2009)
and
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
T34 Z
T35 Z
T36 Z
T37 Z
T38 Z
T39 Z
T40 Z
T41 Z
T42 Z
T43 Z
T44 Z
T45 Z
T48 Z
T49 Z
T50 Z
T51 Z
T52 Z
T54 Z
T55 Z
T57 Z
T58 Z
T60 Z
T61 Z
T99 Z
V877Z
VO02Z
VO03Z
VO07Z
VO10Z
108
25
6001
29
156
194
732
1372
1966
227
43
1864
196
8
634
1105
721
170
2
196
67
2
2
29261
1892
3318
193
2232
122
No. of
No. of
injured
involved
drivers in
drivers in
NSW (87-2009) NSW (87-2009)
and
and
QLD, WA
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
(91-2009)
and
and
SA (95-2009) SA (95-2009)
12
1
1428
3
33
42
144
257
333
32
3
575
23
0
123
258
165
40
0
31
9
0
0
4845
329
479
28
359
25
120
26
7429
32
189
236
876
1629
2299
259
46
2439
219
8
757
1363
886
210
2
227
76
2
2
34106
2221
3797
221
2591
147
No. of
No. of
No. of
injured
severely
injured
(but not
injured
drivers in
severely)
drivers in
NSW,
drivers in
NSW and
Victoria
NSW and
Victoria
(87-2009)
Victoria
(87-2009)
and
(87-2009)
and
QLD, WA, NZ
and
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
and
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
SA (95-2009)
3
2
966
2
14
37
89
153
217
15
5
361
9
.
72
168
101
20
.
18
6
.
1
8902
253
348
35
300
21
3
0
190
0
7
8
23
54
55
9
0
74
1
.
16
30
25
4
.
2
1
.
0
2990
52
94
12
49
5
6
2
1156
2
21
45
112
207
272
24
5
435
10
.
88
198
126
24
.
20
7
.
1
11892
305
442
47
349
26
ANALYSIS
INCLUSION
CRITERIA
INV=100
INJ=20
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
MARKET
GROUP
Large
People Mover
Small
SUV - Medium
SUV - Medium
SUV - Medium
SUV - Medium
Light
Large
Large
SUV - Compact
People Mover
SUV - Medium
Large
Medium
Small
Large
Large
MAKE/MODEL
MODEL
CODE
No. of
uninjured
drivers in
NSW (87-2009)
and
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
No. of
No. of
injured
involved
drivers in
drivers in
NSW (87-2009) NSW (87-2009)
and
and
QLD, WA
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
(91-2009)
and
and
SA (95-2009) SA (95-2009)
No. of
No. of
No. of
injured
severely
injured
(but not
injured
drivers in
severely)
drivers in
NSW,
drivers in
NSW and
Victoria
NSW and
Victoria
(87-2009)
Victoria
(87-2009)
and
(87-2009)
and
QLD, WA, NZ
and
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
and
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
SA (95-2009)
ANALYSIS
INCLUSION
CRITERIA
INV=100
INJ=20
83
153
134
68
3
58
3
1
2
6
2
771
3290
9
359
1015
241
1189
10
20
16
20
2
10
0
0
0
0
0
142
433
2
48
167
47
209
93
173
150
88
5
68
3
1
2
6
2
913
3723
11
407
1182
288
1398
12
17
9
15
1
10
.
.
.
.
1
112
529
19
28
101
73
141
1
3
4
1
1
1
.
.
.
.
0
17
147
5
7
13
16
23
13
20
13
16
2
11
.
.
.
.
1
129
676
24
35
114
89
164
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
Volvo
Volvo
Volvo
Volvo
Volvo
Volvo
Volvo
Volvo
Volvo
Volvo
Volvo
Volvo
Volvo
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
S80
S60
XC 90
S40/V50
S80 A-Series
V70 / XC70
C30
V70 / XC70 BW Series
C70
C70 M series
XC60
S40/V40
Others
98-06
01-09
03-09
04-09
07-09
00-07
07-09
08-09
99-05
06-09
09-09
97-04
Caravelle / Transporter
Golf
Golf
88-94
95-04
82-94
95-98
VO11Z
VO12Z
VO13Z
VO14Z
VO15Z
VO16Z
VO17Z
VO18Z
VO19Z
VO20Z
VO21Z
VO40Z
VO99Z
VOLKZ
VS01A
VS01B
VS02A
VS02B
Volkswagen
Golf / Bora
99-04
VS02C
1828
419
2247
338
39
377
1
Volkswagen
Golf Others
VS02Z
7
2
9
6
1
7
0
Volkswagen
Kombi
VS03Z
6
4
10
3
1
4
0
Volkswagen
Passat
95-97
VS04A
48
6
54
7
1
8
0
Volkswagen
Passat
98-06
VS04B
401
62
463
75
14
89
1
Volkswagen
Passat Others
VS04Z
5
1
6
3
0
3
0
Volkswagen
70E Pick Up
VS07Z
24
1
25
5
1
6
0
Volkswagen
Polo
96-00
VS08A
515
147
662
131
15
146
1
Volkswagen
Polo
01-02
VS08B
62
19
81
15
6
21
0
Volkswagen
Polo Others
VS08Z
6
1
7
2
1
3
0
MARKET
GROUP
Medium
Small
Commercial - Van
Commercial - Van
Small
Small
Small
Medium
Light
MAKE/MODEL
MODEL
CODE
No. of
uninjured
drivers in
NSW (87-2009)
and
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
No. of
No. of
injured
involved
drivers in
drivers in
NSW (87-2009) NSW (87-2009)
and
and
QLD, WA
QLD, WA
(91-2009)
(91-2009)
and
and
SA (95-2009) SA (95-2009)
No. of
No. of
No. of
injured
severely
injured
(but not
injured
drivers in
severely)
drivers in
NSW,
drivers in
NSW and
Victoria
NSW and
Victoria
(87-2009)
Victoria
(87-2009)
and
(87-2009)
and
QLD, WA, NZ
and
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
QLD, WA, NZ
(91-2009)
and
(91-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
and
SA (95-2009)
SA (95-2009)
ANALYSIS
INCLUSION
CRITERIA
INV=100
INJ=20
MARKET
GROUP
Volkswagen
New Beetle
00-09
VS10Z
269
63
332
73
7
80
1
Small
Volkswagen
Polo
02-09
VS11Z
252
73
325
47
14
61
1
Light
Volkswagen
LT
03-06
VS12Z
27
3
30
6
1
7
0
Volkswagen
Touareg
03-09
VS13Z
88
11
99
7
3
10
0
Volkswagen
Transporter
04-09
VS14Z
74
13
87
6
3
9
0
Volkswagen
Golf / Jetta
04-09
VS15Z
861
170
1031
136
16
152
1
Volkswagen
Caddy
05-09
VS16Z
102
27
129
12
4
16
0
Volkswagen
Multivan
04-09
VS17Z
20
5
25
5
1
6
0
Volkswagen
Passat
06-09
VS18Z
84
12
96
13
3
16
0
Volkswagen
Crafter
07-09
VS19Z
4
0
4
.
.
.
0
Volkswagen
EOS
07-09
VS20Z
20
6
26
4
1
5
0
Skoda
Octavia
07-09
VS31Z
2
1
3
1
0
1
0
Volkswagen
Tiguan
08-09
VS33Z
2
0
2
1
0
1
0
Volkswagen
Others
VS99Z
375
56
431
79
28
107
0
Total
276707
2299186
88979
506063
365686
2805249
76061
466141
30460
134757
106521
600898
0
471
Unknown
Small
APPENDIX 2
LOGISTIC REGRESSION ESTIMATES OF
CRASHWORTHINESS INJURY RISK BY MODEL AND MARKET GROUP
CRASHWORTHINESS INJURY RISK RATINGS
New South Wales Data (1987-2009), South Australia (1995-2009),
Queensland and Western Australia Data (1991-2009)
Make
Model of Car
Years of
Pr(Risk)
Manufacture %
Lower 95%
Confidence
Limit
Upper 95%
Confidence
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
ALL VEHICLE AVERAGE
17.42
Compact Sports Utility Vehicles
17.90
17.56
18.25
0.69
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Holden
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi /
Peugeot
Kia
Kia
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Nissan
Lada
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Land Rover
Subaru
Subaru
Suzuki
Suzuki
Holden / Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Feroza / Rocky
Rocky / Rugger
Terios
Cruze
Tucson
Outlander
Outlander / 4007
89-97
85-98
97-05
02-06
04-09
03-06
06-09
21.05
22.85
24.84
20.44
12.43
16.49
10.26
18.77
19.65
22.31
17.93
8.40
13.66
7.06
23.54
26.40
27.56
23.21
18.02
19.78
14.68
4.77
6.75
5.25
5.29
9.62
6.13
7.62
Sportage
Sorento
Escape / Tribute
CX-7
X-Trail
Niva
CR-V
CR-V
HR-V
CR-V
Freelander
Forester
Forester
Vitara / Escudo
Grand Vitara
Drover / Sierra / Samurai / SJ410 /
SJ413
Jimny
Grand Vitara
RAV4
RAV4
RAV4
98-03
03-09
01-06
06-09
01-07
84-99
97-01
02-06
99-02
07-09
98-06
97-02
02-08
88-98
99-05
82-99
17.60
11.91
13.79
12.27
16.00
19.72
13.93
14.68
16.13
11.13
13.98
15.10
13.44
21.72
16.08
27.49
15.28
8.79
12.38
8.64
14.72
15.89
12.79
13.36
13.40
8.43
10.40
13.76
12.16
20.47
14.08
26.18
20.18
15.96
15.34
17.13
17.37
24.21
15.16
16.09
19.29
14.55
18.53
16.55
14.84
23.01
18.31
28.84
4.90
7.17
2.96
8.50
2.66
8.32
2.37
2.73
5.89
6.12
8.13
2.79
2.67
2.54
4.23
2.66
98-09
05-08
94-00
01-06
06-09
22.96
15.22
16.59
14.93
13.30
19.36
11.88
15.44
13.84
11.42
27.01
19.28
17.81
16.10
15.45
7.64
7.40
2.37
2.26
4.03
14.05
13.67
14.45
0.78
Medium Sports Utility Vehicles
Daewoo /
Ssangong
Ford
Holden / Isuzu
Holden / Isuzu
Holden / Isuzu
Holden
Holden
Holden
Musso
98-02
12.91
9.45
17.40
7.95
Territory SX/SY
Jackaroo / Bighorn
Jackaroo / Bighorn
Jackaroo / Bighorn
Frontera / Mu
Adventra
Captiva CG
04-09
82-91
92-97
98-02
95-03
03-06
06-09
11.25
21.72
15.64
15.45
16.22
13.80
16.59
9.76
19.20
13.39
13.43
13.31
10.22
13.27
12.94
24.48
18.19
17.71
19.61
18.36
20.55
3.19
5.28
4.80
4.27
6.30
8.14
7.28
Make
Model of Car
Hyundai
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Jeep
Jeep
Jeep
Land Rover
Nissan
Nissan
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Lexus
Toyota
Santa Fe
Terracan
Pajero
Pajero
Pajero NM / NP / NS
Challenger
Cherokee XJ
Wrangler
Cherokee KJ
Defender
Kluger
Landcruiser Prado
Landcruiser Prado
RX330
Kluger
Years of
Pr(Risk)
Manufacture %
00-06
01-07
82-90
92-99
00-06
98-06
96-00
96-04
01-07
92-09
88-94
95-05
03-07
96-03
03-09
03-05
07-09
Large Sports Utility Vehicles
BMW
Ford
Ford
Ford
Jeep
Jeep
Land Rover
Mercedes Benz
Nissan
Nissan / Ford
Nissan
Land Rover
Land Rover
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
X5
Bronco
Explorer
Explorer
Grand Cherokee ZG
Discovery
M-Class W163
Patrol / Safari
Patrol / Safari
Range Rover
Range Rover
Landcruiser
Landcruiser
Landcruiser
01-08
82-87
00-01
01-05
96-99
99-05
91-02
98-05
82-87
88-97
98-09
82-94
95-02
82-89
90-97
98-07
Commercial - Vans
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Holden
Kia
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Honda
Holden / Suzuki
Handivan
Hi-Jet
Handivan / Cuore
Falcon Panel Van
Falcon Panel Van
Transit
Transit
Shuttle / WFR Van
Pregio
MB100 / MB140
Vito
Sprinter
Acty
Scurry / Carry
82-90
82-90
99-03
82-95
96-99
95-00
01-07
82-87
02-06
99-04
99-04
98-06
83-86
82-00
15.56
12.14
19.34
13.85
10.25
13.17
14.18
16.71
13.67
13.97
14.06
13.30
12.91
11.83
10.40
10.55
10.53
Lower 95%
Confidence
Limit
12.76
8.82
17.70
12.83
8.91
10.97
12.46
13.12
10.42
10.99
11.53
11.60
10.98
10.45
9.34
7.49
7.41
Upper 95%
Confidence
Limit
18.84
16.49
21.10
14.93
11.77
15.73
16.09
21.05
17.73
17.59
17.03
15.22
15.12
13.37
11.58
14.66
14.75
Width of
Confidence
Interval
6.08
7.68
3.40
2.10
2.86
4.77
3.64
7.93
7.31
6.60
5.51
3.62
4.14
2.91
2.24
7.17
7.34
12.96
12.69
13.24
0.55
9.16
17.24
18.15
12.54
12.09
10.12
12.63
9.79
15.53
12.37
10.58
14.97
12.50
16.44
13.09
12.54
7.13
12.17
15.04
9.60
8.85
7.31
11.06
7.65
13.70
11.67
9.78
12.73
8.57
15.63
12.52
11.84
11.69
23.85
21.74
16.22
16.30
13.86
14.40
12.44
17.55
13.11
11.43
17.52
17.88
17.27
13.69
13.28
4.55
11.68
6.70
6.62
7.45
6.55
3.34
4.80
3.85
1.44
1.66
4.79
9.31
1.64
1.17
1.44
18.23
17.82
18.65
0.83
35.82
44.29
29.02
17.92
14.50
15.11
10.83
23.88
17.22
12.16
10.72
15.16
17.49
35.57
32.62
37.10
23.93
16.62
11.55
13.08
8.81
20.15
14.48
9.02
8.33
12.32
13.71
31.41
39.15
51.72
34.69
19.31
18.05
17.39
13.25
28.05
20.37
16.21
13.70
18.52
22.04
39.96
6.53
14.62
10.77
2.69
6.50
4.30
4.44
7.90
5.89
7.19
5.37
6.20
8.32
8.54
Make
Model of Car
Suzuki
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Carry
Hiace/Liteace
Hiace/Liteace
Hiace/Liteace
Hiace/Liteace
Hiace
Years of
Pr(Risk)
Manufacture %
99-05
82-86
87-89
90-95
96-04
05-09
88-94
95-04
Commercial - Utes
Ford / Nissan
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Holden
Holden / Isuzu
Holden / Isuzu
Holden / Isuzu
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Kia
Kia
Ford / Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Proton
Subaru
Suzuki
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Large Cars
Falcon Ute
Falcon Ute AU
Falcon Ute BA/BF
Ford F-Series
F-Series
Commodore Ute VG/VP
Rodeo / Pickup
Rodeo / Pickup
Rodeo / Pickup
Rodeo
Rodeo
WB Series
Commodore Ute VR/VS
Commodore VU Ute
Commodore VY/VZ Ute
Rodeo
Commodore VE Ute
Triton MK
Triton ML / MN
Ceres
K2700
Ranger / BT-50
720 Ute
Navara
Navara
Navara
Navara
Jumbuck
Brumby
Mighty Boy
4Runner/Hilux
4Runner/Hilux
4Runner/Hilux
Hilux
Hilux
Hilux
82-95
96-99
00-02
03-08
82-92
01-06
90-93
82-85
86-88
89-95
96-98
99-02
82-85
94-00
00-02
02-07
03-08
07-09
96-06
06-09
92-00
02-08
98-02
03-06
06-09
82-85
86-91
92-96
97-05
05-09
03-09
82-92
85-88
82-85
86-88
89-97
98-02
03-04
05-09
19.38
23.64
22.14
18.74
15.25
15.38
14.65
16.38
Lower 95%
Confidence
Limit
13.16
22.28
20.35
17.64
14.31
13.17
11.20
14.21
Upper 95%
Confidence
Limit
27.61
25.06
24.04
19.91
16.24
17.88
18.94
18.82
Width of
Confidence
Interval
14.45
2.77
3.70
2.27
1.93
4.71
7.74
4.61
15.93
15.72
16.13
0.41
16.94
15.80
13.53
12.08
14.74
8.93
17.27
20.60
20.63
18.13
16.82
15.74
17.25
16.26
13.32
13.50
14.27
12.26
14.03
13.27
20.93
11.99
14.45
16.57
14.29
20.35
17.86
16.07
11.36
12.10
16.58
22.51
38.33
20.10
18.65
17.12
14.75
13.90
12.50
16.20
14.44
12.37
10.94
12.54
6.37
15.67
17.75
16.96
17.25
15.62
14.63
15.52
15.50
12.09
12.62
13.28
8.51
12.41
10.38
18.76
7.61
13.11
14.88
11.89
18.41
16.65
14.51
10.30
9.78
11.58
20.70
34.22
19.04
17.50
16.59
13.97
12.58
11.50
17.70
17.25
14.79
13.31
17.24
12.38
19.00
23.77
24.85
19.06
18.10
16.91
19.14
17.05
14.65
14.43
15.32
17.33
15.82
16.82
23.28
18.39
15.91
18.42
17.08
22.45
19.14
17.77
12.51
14.89
23.16
24.43
42.61
21.20
19.85
17.67
15.56
15.34
13.57
1.50
2.81
2.41
2.37
4.70
6.02
3.33
6.02
7.89
1.81
2.49
2.28
3.62
1.55
2.57
1.81
2.04
8.82
3.42
6.44
4.52
10.78
2.80
3.55
5.19
4.04
2.48
3.26
2.21
5.11
11.57
3.73
8.39
2.16
2.35
1.08
1.59
2.76
2.07
16.66
16.53
16.78
0.25
Make
Model of Car
BMW
BMW
BMW
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Holden / Toyota
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden / Toyota
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Hyundai
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
7 Series E23
7 Series E32
7 Series E38
Falcon XE/XF
Fairlane Z & LTD F
Fairlane N & LTD D
Fairlane N & LTD D
Fairlane & LTD AU
Falcon FG
Falcon EF/EL
Falcon AU
Taurus
Falcon BA/BF
Stateman/Caprice VQ
Commodore VT/VX
Commodore VY/VZ
Monaro
Commodore VB-VL
Commodore VE
Sonata
Grandeaur / XG
Magna TM/TN/TP / Sigma /
V3000
V3000 / Diamante
380
XJ6
XJ6
S-Type
929 / Luce
E-Class W123
E-Class W124
E-Class W210
S-Class W126
E-Class W211
Skyline
300ZX / Fairlady Z
Maxima
Maxima / Cefiro
Maxima
Maxima
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Jaguar
Jaguar
Jaguar
Mazda
Mazda
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Years of
Pr(Risk)
Manufacture %
82-86
87-94
95-01
82-88
82-87
88-Mar 92
Apr 92-94
88-94
95-98
99-02
03-07
08-09
94-98
98-02
96-98
02-08
89-93
82-85
90-93
94-98
93-97
97-02
99-03
02-07
01-05
03-06
82-88
06-09
89-97
99-00
85-90
10.80
16.33
10.92
18.60
18.14
17.81
16.30
14.86
15.36
15.25
13.03
10.18
16.29
15.70
17.80
13.89
18.37
17.55
16.22
16.01
17.11
16.37
14.90
15.09
14.62
15.04
19.92
13.95
19.18
14.64
19.73
Lower 95%
Confidence
Limit
6.72
12.59
7.25
18.22
17.14
17.42
15.79
13.89
13.86
13.36
10.74
7.54
15.94
15.25
14.81
13.38
18.03
11.98
13.56
14.96
16.77
16.02
13.24
14.55
12.45
12.61
19.52
12.95
17.99
11.41
19.22
Upper 95%
Confidence
Limit
16.90
20.91
16.12
18.98
19.19
18.20
16.84
15.88
16.98
17.36
15.73
13.60
16.65
16.15
21.25
14.41
18.72
24.98
19.27
17.11
17.45
16.72
16.74
15.65
17.08
17.85
20.32
15.01
20.43
18.60
20.25
Width of
Confidence
Interval
10.18
8.32
8.87
0.76
2.04
0.78
1.05
1.99
3.12
4.00
5.00
6.06
0.71
0.90
6.43
1.03
0.69
13.00
5.71
2.15
0.67
0.70
3.50
1.11
4.63
5.24
0.80
2.06
2.43
7.19
1.02
96-03
16.49
15.98
17.01
1.04
91-96
17.68
17.21
18.17
0.96
03-05
05-08
82-86
87-94
99-08
82-90
92-96
82-85
86-94
96-02
82-92
02-09
83-88
90-95
90-94
95-99
00-02
06-09
16.25
14.59
18.81
13.75
8.92
20.56
18.19
15.10
16.30
13.21
14.50
13.30
19.08
19.86
18.06
17.93
17.75
14.85
14.67
12.16
14.74
10.89
5.77
19.15
13.84
12.11
14.35
11.07
12.35
10.06
18.02
16.68
15.67
15.94
14.81
11.78
17.97
17.41
23.68
17.21
13.55
22.04
23.54
18.67
18.45
15.68
16.94
17.38
20.19
23.47
20.72
20.10
21.13
18.55
3.30
5.25
8.93
6.32
7.78
2.89
9.70
6.56
4.09
4.61
4.59
7.32
2.17
6.80
5.05
4.16
6.32
6.77
Make
Model of Car
Honda
Rover
Saab
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Lexus
Lexus
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Volvo
Volvo
Volvo
Legend
3500
9-5
Camry
Cressida / Mark II
Supra
ES300 / Windom
LS400 / Celsior
Avalon
Camry
Aurion
Camry
850/S70/V70/C70
700/900 Series
960/S90/V90
Years of
Pr(Risk)
Manufacture %
13.96
20.26
16.85
16.37
20.00
15.39
15.26
20.51
16.39
13.63
14.93
15.86
12.88
14.94
15.53
16.42
17.02
Lower 95%
Confidence
Limit
11.76
14.46
12.96
15.85
18.30
13.23
13.88
17.25
13.76
9.78
13.79
15.07
10.81
13.25
14.01
14.90
11.62
Upper 95%
Confidence
Limit
16.49
27.64
21.63
16.91
21.83
17.83
16.74
24.22
19.42
18.67
16.15
16.68
15.28
16.80
17.18
18.06
24.23
Width of
Confidence
Interval
4.73
13.18
8.67
1.06
3.53
4.60
2.85
6.97
5.66
8.89
2.37
1.61
4.47
3.54
3.16
3.16
12.61
18.00
17.83
18.17
0.33
99-06
01-09
95-01
01-08
97-03
03-09
05-09
82-91
92-98
99-06
82-88
89-95
96-03
00-09
95-97
97-02
00-04
95-01
94-98
99-03
94-97
82-89
97-03
03-05
98-01
02-05
02-09
82-84
16.62
15.32
14.80
13.01
13.04
13.86
17.16
17.71
17.36
16.47
14.84
16.07
11.41
17.61
23.49
17.17
20.71
15.91
21.36
16.71
17.30
24.47
17.02
14.59
17.57
18.28
25.39
21.62
13.57
11.24
12.64
10.76
9.32
9.83
13.90
16.47
16.36
15.25
12.61
13.72
9.54
12.94
20.96
14.87
14.73
14.54
16.74
14.12
13.89
23.75
15.93
11.68
15.50
14.23
18.23
20.82
20.19
20.54
17.25
15.66
17.96
19.18
21.01
19.03
18.40
17.76
17.39
18.74
13.60
23.50
26.23
19.75
28.30
17.39
26.85
19.67
21.34
25.20
18.17
18.08
19.85
23.18
34.19
22.45
6.62
9.30
4.62
4.90
8.64
9.35
7.11
2.55
2.04
2.51
4.78
5.02
4.06
10.56
5.27
4.88
13.57
2.84
10.11
5.56
7.45
1.45
2.24
6.40
4.36
8.96
15.96
1.62
82-87
95-96
02-09
83-86
22.68
19.99
10.66
20.98
16.73
18.09
7.14
20.15
29.99
22.04
15.61
21.84
13.26
3.95
8.47
1.69
86-95
82-87
98-05
98-02
82-85
86-88
89-93
82-90
92-01
90-00
00-05
02-06
06-09
06-09
92-99
84-92
90-98
Medium Cars
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Audi
Audi
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
Chrysler
Daewoo
Daewoo
Daewoo
Ford
Ford
Ford
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Jaguar
Ford / Mazda
156
147 / GT
A4
A4
Z3 E36
5 Series E60 / E61
3 Series E90 / E91
3 Series E30
3 Series E36
3 Series E46
5 Series E28
5 Series E34
5 Series E39
PT Cruiser
Espero
Leganza
Tacuma
Mondeo
Probe
Cougar
Calibra
Camira
Vectra
Vectra ZC
Sonata
Sonata EF
Tiburon
Sigma / Galant / Sapporo /
Lambda
Starion
Galant
X-Type
Make
Model of Car
Ford / Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Telstar / 626 / MX6 / Capella /
Cronos
626
RX7
RX7
Eunos 500
Eunos 800
6
RX8
6
C-Class W201
C-Class W202
CLK C208
SLK R170
C-Class W203
CLK C209
Pintara
Bluebird
280ZX
Bluebird
200SX / Silvia
350Z
Accord Euro
Accord
Accord
Accord
Accord
Accord
Accord
Prelude
Prelude
Prelude
Prelude
405
505
406
944
Feugo
900 Series
900/9-3
9000
9-3
1800 / Leone / Omega / 4WD
Wagon
Liberty / Legacy
Corona
Camry
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Nissan
Nissan / Ford
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Peugeot
Peugeot
Peugeot
Porsche
Renault
Saab
Saab
Saab
Saab
Subaru
Subaru
Subaru
Subaru
Subaru
Toyota
Toyota
Holden / Toyota
Holden / Toyota
Years of
Pr(Risk)
Manufacture %
88-91
92-97
18.74
16.25
Lower 95%
Confidence
Limit
17.81
15.36
Upper 95%
Confidence
Limit
19.71
17.17
Width of
Confidence
Interval
1.90
1.81
98-02
82-85
86-91
93-99
94-00
02-07
03-09
08-09
87-93
95-00
97-03
97-04
00-07
03-09
86-88
89-92
82-86
82-84
93-97
94-02
03-09
03-08
03-07
82-85
86-90
91-93
94-98
99-02
82-82
83-91
92-96
97-02
89-97
82-93
96-04
82-91
82-87
82-92
94-02
86-97
03-09
82-93
16.35
22.98
17.87
22.72
13.44
15.84
12.76
14.52
16.65
14.69
15.02
16.26
13.44
13.05
19.38
20.92
22.11
18.36
15.78
15.08
19.18
14.99
14.05
22.66
17.96
14.39
15.42
15.31
19.46
19.21
17.32
16.63
16.11
12.83
9.25
15.60
18.67
17.09
14.43
15.99
14.56
21.47
14.93
19.69
14.13
18.72
8.38
14.39
9.15
9.37
14.31
13.00
10.91
11.98
11.53
9.38
18.36
20.10
21.32
12.00
14.18
13.35
14.37
13.35
11.87
20.84
16.41
12.76
14.27
12.96
14.48
17.87
15.50
14.19
13.36
10.46
6.35
8.90
14.40
14.89
12.73
13.88
10.40
20.51
17.88
26.64
22.36
27.29
20.87
17.41
17.52
21.81
19.30
16.56
20.34
21.70
15.62
17.87
20.44
21.77
22.91
27.06
17.52
16.98
25.12
16.80
16.56
24.58
19.62
16.19
16.65
18.01
25.65
20.62
19.31
19.40
19.30
15.64
13.30
25.92
23.86
19.54
16.31
18.37
20.02
22.47
2.95
6.95
8.23
8.57
12.49
3.03
8.37
12.44
4.99
3.57
9.43
9.72
4.09
8.48
2.09
1.67
1.59
15.06
3.34
3.63
10.75
3.45
4.68
3.74
3.21
3.43
2.38
5.05
11.17
2.74
3.81
5.22
5.95
5.19
6.94
17.02
9.45
4.65
3.58
4.49
9.63
1.96
89-93
94-98
99-03
03-09
82-88
83-86
88-92
93-97
18.18
15.80
13.50
12.00
21.65
20.66
18.25
18.93
17.19
14.56
12.47
10.58
21.00
19.36
17.83
18.46
19.21
17.12
14.60
13.58
22.30
22.03
18.68
19.41
2.02
2.56
2.13
3.00
1.30
2.67
0.85
0.96
Make
Model of Car
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Lexus
Volvo
Volvo
Volkswagen
Celica
Celica
Celica
Celica
Celica
IS200 / IS300
200 Series
S60
Passat
Years of
Pr(Risk)
Manufacture %
81-85
86-89
90-93
94-99
00-05
99-04
82-93
01-09
98-06
People Movers
Chrysler
Holden
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Kia
Kia
Mazda
Nissan
Nissan
Honda
Honda
Honda
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Voyager
Zafira TT
Nimbus / Chariot
Nimbus
Starwagon / L300
Carnival
Carnival
MPV
Prairie
Serena
Odyssey
Odyssey
Odyssey
Tarago
Spacia
Avensis Verso
Tarago
97-01
01-05
85-91
92-98
99-03
83-86
87-93
95-98
98-03
99-06
06-09
94-99
84-86
92-95
95-00
00-02
04-09
83-89
91-99
00-06
93-00
01-09
06-09
Small Cars
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Audi
Mini
Chrysler
Chrysler
Citroen
Daihatsu
Daewoo
Daewoo
Daewoo
Daewoo
33
75
GTV
Sprint
Alfasud
A3/S3
Mini Cooper
Neon
Neon
Xsara
Applause
1.5i
Cielo
Nubira
Lanos
83-92
86-92
82-84
82-88
82-84
97-04
02-09
96-99
00-02
00-05
89-99
94-95
95-97
97-03
97-03
21.59
18.61
18.98
19.67
16.12
14.40
14.88
9.48
12.89
Lower 95%
Confidence
Limit
19.93
17.05
17.50
17.88
13.46
12.13
13.67
6.11
10.13
Upper 95%
Confidence
Limit
23.35
20.29
20.55
21.60
19.18
17.01
16.17
14.43
16.27
Width of
Confidence
Interval
3.42
3.24
3.06
3.71
5.72
4.88
2.50
8.31
6.14
18.58
18.16
18.99
0.83
13.51
15.03
22.62
19.52
12.22
26.89
22.25
19.11
16.37
12.58
11.45
12.95
23.67
15.02
13.61
11.35
13.50
23.89
14.60
12.23
17.81
13.96
14.84
10.91
11.90
19.02
17.06
9.27
25.26
21.13
17.25
14.58
10.93
8.04
9.99
19.56
10.16
11.20
8.29
10.70
22.72
13.51
10.53
13.48
9.97
10.91
16.61
18.81
26.68
22.23
15.95
28.59
23.42
21.11
18.33
14.44
16.06
16.61
28.34
21.65
16.44
15.35
16.89
25.10
15.76
14.15
23.17
19.20
19.87
5.70
6.91
7.66
5.17
6.68
3.33
2.29
3.86
3.75
3.51
8.02
6.62
8.78
11.49
5.24
7.06
6.20
2.37
2.25
3.62
9.69
9.23
8.96
20.37
20.22
20.53
0.31
20.18
17.99
16.12
23.58
22.68
16.90
13.80
17.78
15.94
21.65
22.48
27.72
23.33
18.49
21.25
17.07
12.93
10.44
16.45
15.47
13.75
10.27
14.89
10.71
14.98
21.13
22.37
22.14
17.28
20.23
23.70
24.47
24.06
32.60
31.99
20.60
18.30
21.10
23.05
30.23
23.89
33.80
24.57
19.77
22.31
6.63
11.54
13.61
16.15
16.53
6.85
8.03
6.22
12.34
15.25
2.76
11.43
2.43
2.49
2.08
Make
Model of Car
Daewoo
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Fiat
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Kia
Kia
Kia
Kia
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Lacetti
Laser
Laser
Capri
Focus LR
Focus LS / LT
Regata
Gemini
Gemini RB
Astra TR
Astra TS
Astra AH
Viva JF
Excel
Excel
Excel / Accent
Elantra
Accent
S Coupe
Lantra
Lantra
Coupe
Accent
Lancer / Mirage CA
Lancer / Mirage CB
Lancer / Mirage CC
Lancer / Mirage CE
Cordia
Lancer CH / CJ
Rio
Spectra
Cerato LD
Rio JB
Laser / 323
Eunos 30X / Presso / MX-3 /
Autozam AZ-3
3 / Axela
A-Class W168
Stanza
Gazelle / Silvia
Exa
Exa
NX/NX-R
Pulsar
Mazda
Mercedes Benz
Holden / Nissan
Holden / Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Years of
Pr(Risk)
Manufacture %
03-04
91-94
95-97
89-94
02-05
05-09
84-88
82-84
86-87
96-98
98-06
04-09
05-09
86-90
90-94
95-00
00-06
06-09
90-96
91-95
96-00
96-00
00-06
89-90
91-92
93-95
96-03
83-87
03-09
00-05
01-04
04-08
05-09
82-88
90-93
95-98
99-03
89-97
98-05
90-97
17.69
21.33
19.81
26.02
17.22
14.55
17.16
24.43
27.70
17.99
17.38
16.29
17.09
25.90
24.40
23.42
18.57
13.94
24.50
21.46
18.72
18.69
19.50
20.11
22.97
20.55
20.83
24.49
17.77
20.32
19.67
18.96
17.27
24.99
20.04
20.18
17.83
22.14
19.34
19.06
Lower 95%
Confidence
Limit
12.98
20.70
18.77
24.02
15.57
12.90
12.54
23.33
25.21
16.09
16.72
14.88
14.83
24.42
23.58
22.92
17.25
9.71
22.37
19.93
17.70
16.48
18.53
19.07
20.40
19.68
20.28
22.36
16.48
18.92
16.01
15.99
14.82
24.53
18.88
19.16
17.01
18.56
16.14
16.14
03-09
98-04
84-86
88-90
92-95
96-99
82-83
84-86
83-86
87-91
91-96
00-05
15.38
18.85
25.09
21.95
19.18
20.03
22.70
23.02
29.78
21.47
21.95
18.79
14.46
15.39
24.20
21.26
18.31
19.30
19.11
18.98
25.69
16.63
19.39
17.99
Upper 95%
Confidence
Limit
23.64
21.98
20.89
28.12
19.00
16.36
23.05
25.55
30.34
20.06
18.06
17.81
19.61
27.43
25.23
23.93
19.97
19.61
26.77
23.07
19.78
21.12
20.51
21.19
25.75
21.46
21.39
26.76
19.13
21.79
23.93
22.34
20.03
25.45
21.25
21.24
18.67
26.18
23.01
22.38
Width of
Confidence
Interval
10.66
1.28
2.12
4.10
3.43
3.46
10.52
2.22
5.13
3.96
1.33
2.93
4.78
3.02
1.66
1.01
2.72
9.91
4.40
3.14
2.09
4.65
1.98
2.12
5.35
1.79
1.11
4.40
2.65
2.87
7.93
6.35
5.20
0.91
2.37
2.08
1.67
7.62
6.88
6.23
16.35
22.87
25.99
22.66
20.07
20.77
26.73
27.62
34.23
27.25
24.74
19.62
1.89
7.48
1.79
1.40
1.76
1.47
7.62
8.65
8.53
10.62
5.35
1.63
Make
Model of Car
Nissan
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Peugeot
Peugeot
Proton
Proton
Renault
Renault
Rover
MG
Subaru
Subaru
Subaru
Suzuki
Suzuki
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota / Holden
Toyota / Holden
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Volvo
Volvo
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Tiida
Civic
Civic / Shuttle
Civic
Civic
CRX
CRX
S2000
Civic
Civic
Integra
Integra
Integra
Integra
Concerto
306
307
Wira
Gen 2
19
Scenic
Quintet
MGF / MG TF
Impreza
Impreza
Impreza
Liana
Corolla
Corolla
Corolla / Nova
Corolla / Nova
Corolla / Allex
Corolla
Corolla
Tercel
MR2
MR2
Paseo / Cynos
Corolla 4WD Wagon
Prius II
300 Series
S40/V40
Golf
Golf
Golf / Bora
New Beetle
Golf / Jetta
Years of
Pr(Risk)
Manufacture %
06-09
82-83
84-87
88-91
92-95
96-00
87-91
92-98
99-09
01-05
06-09
86-88
90-92
93-01
02-06
89-93
94-01
01-09
95-96
04-09
91-96
01-04
82-86
99-05
93-00
01-07
07-09
95-02
01-07
82-84
86-88
89-93
94-97
98-01
02-07
07-09
83-88
87-90
91-00
91-99
92-96
03-09
84-88
97-04
82-94
95-98
99-04
00-09
04-09
Light Cars
Daihatsu
Charade
82-86
18.09
23.50
24.28
21.59
20.18
18.92
25.16
18.99
10.92
15.51
14.72
21.76
19.78
18.29
19.21
19.39
17.93
12.60
20.16
21.97
21.27
18.25
23.64
13.04
19.35
14.72
16.58
19.75
17.94
24.29
22.57
20.89
19.75
17.59
17.16
16.42
22.64
24.40
21.94
20.49
17.06
13.47
16.79
15.05
20.99
16.31
17.16
15.22
13.39
Lower 95%
Confidence
Limit
14.25
20.44
22.65
20.42
19.12
17.95
20.86
14.46
7.58
13.96
12.42
18.64
17.05
16.17
15.26
16.44
15.95
10.40
18.33
15.68
16.81
13.92
18.85
9.48
18.31
13.54
11.25
18.15
14.93
23.42
21.94
20.42
19.21
16.80
16.52
14.42
19.19
19.55
16.51
18.66
14.30
9.95
11.85
12.86
16.12
14.36
15.66
11.95
11.56
Upper 95%
Confidence
Limit
22.69
26.87
25.99
22.82
21.28
19.94
30.02
24.54
15.48
17.19
17.36
25.24
22.83
20.61
23.90
22.73
20.09
15.20
22.13
29.89
26.55
23.56
29.21
17.67
20.45
15.98
23.75
21.46
21.41
25.17
23.22
21.37
20.31
18.41
17.81
18.64
26.50
30.00
28.54
22.44
20.23
17.97
23.24
17.55
26.87
18.47
18.76
19.19
15.46
Width of
Confidence
Interval
8.45
6.42
3.34
2.40
2.16
1.99
9.16
10.08
7.91
3.23
4.93
6.61
5.79
4.44
8.64
6.29
4.14
4.80
3.80
14.21
9.74
9.63
10.36
8.18
2.14
2.43
12.50
3.31
6.48
1.75
1.27
0.95
1.09
1.61
1.29
4.22
7.31
10.45
12.03
3.78
5.93
8.02
11.38
4.69
10.75
4.11
3.10
7.24
3.91
23.26
23.02
23.50
0.48
29.25
27.30
31.28
3.97
Make
Model of Car
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daewoo
Daewoo
Ford
Ford
Holden
Holden
Holden
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Nissan
Honda
Honda
Peugeot
Peugeot
Proton
Renault
Subaru
Suzuki
Holden / Suzuki
Holden / Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Charade
Charade
Pyzar
Sirion / Storia
Mira
Matiz
Kalos
Festiva WD/WH/WF
Ka
Barina XC
Barina SB
Barina TK
Getz / TB
Mirage / Colt
Colt
Festiva WA / 121
121 Metro / Demio
2
2
Micra
Jazz / Fit
City
205
206
Satria
Clio II
Swift
Hatch / Alto
Alto
Ignis
Swift
Starlet
Echo
Yaris
Polo
Polo
Years of
Pr(Risk)
Manufacture %
88-92
93-00
97-01
98-04
90-96
99-04
03-04
94-01
99-02
01-06
95-00
05-09
02-09
82-88
04-09
87-90
94-96
97-02
02-07
07-09
95-97
02-08
83-86
87-94
99-07
97-05
01-04
89-92
82-85
86-88
89-99
82-84
85-00
00-02
05-09
96-99
99-05
05-09
96-00
02-09
25.70
24.15
20.95
23.07
35.09
30.16
19.58
25.00
22.21
19.28
23.36
19.49
19.50
25.63
17.51
25.38
23.89
20.96
16.23
15.85
24.21
17.90
32.12
19.73
16.50
23.54
18.03
38.00
28.97
29.75
24.86
37.51
34.70
24.58
19.08
22.29
19.43
17.57
20.72
17.69
Lower 95%
Confidence
Limit
24.73
23.18
17.44
21.20
32.01
27.45
16.36
24.34
19.02
18.00
22.46
17.53
18.26
24.85
13.87
24.42
22.65
19.61
14.30
12.54
21.73
16.13
27.73
15.27
14.24
18.34
13.41
34.77
23.43
28.37
24.24
34.54
29.33
21.36
17.31
21.20
18.56
16.21
17.79
14.14
Upper 95%
Confidence
Limit
26.70
25.14
24.95
25.05
38.30
33.02
23.26
25.68
25.77
20.64
24.28
21.62
20.81
26.44
21.88
26.36
25.19
22.39
18.36
19.84
26.88
19.81
36.85
25.11
19.04
29.67
23.81
41.34
35.23
31.17
25.50
40.59
40.50
28.12
20.98
23.43
20.34
19.02
23.99
21.91
Width of
Confidence
Interval
1.98
1.96
7.51
3.85
6.30
5.57
6.90
1.35
6.75
2.64
1.82
4.09
2.55
1.59
8.01
1.94
2.54
2.78
4.06
7.30
5.15
3.68
9.12
9.84
4.80
11.33
10.41
6.58
11.80
2.80
1.27
6.05
11.17
6.76
3.66
2.23
1.78
2.81
6.19
7.77
APPENDIX 3
LOGISTIC REGRESSION ESTIMATES OF
CRASHWORTHINESS INJURY SEVERITY BY MODEL AND MARKET
GROUP
CRASHWORTHINESS INJURY SEVERITY RATINGS
New South Wales Data (1987-2009), South Australia Data (1995-2009),
Make
Model of Car
ALL VEHICLE AVERAGE
Years of
Pr(Severity) Lower 95% Upper 95%
Manufacture %
Limit
Limit
20.47
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Holden
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi /
Peugeot
Kia
Kia
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Nissan
Lada
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Land Rover
Subaru
Subaru
Suzuki
Suzuki
Holden / Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
19.32
18.48
20.19
1.72
Feroza / Rocky
Rocky / Rugger
Terios
Cruze
Tucson
Outlander
Outlander / 4007
89-97
85-98
97-05
02-06
04-09
03-06
06-09
24.84
28.68
20.08
24.07
27.74
18.24
14.53
19.47
21.96
15.36
18.58
13.80
10.10
3.66
31.13
36.50
25.82
30.57
47.92
30.70
43.24
11.67
14.53
10.46
11.98
34.11
20.60
39.58
Sportage
Sorento
Escape / Tribute
CX-7
X-Trail
Niva
CR-V
CR-V
HR-V
CR-V
Freelander
Forester
Forester
Vitara / Escudo
Grand Vitara
Drover / Sierra / Samurai /
SJ410 / SJ413
Jimny
Grand Vitara
RAV4
RAV4
RAV4
98-03
03-09
01-06
06-09
01-07
84-99
97-01
02-06
99-02
07-09
98-06
97-02
02-08
88-98
99-05
82-99
17.79
19.91
20.63
5.77
18.88
20.95
17.60
14.20
25.80
17.08
38.88
16.69
16.41
23.28
18.21
21.84
12.64
10.45
15.91
0.81
15.44
13.66
14.05
10.64
17.18
8.22
24.49
13.33
12.55
20.49
13.33
19.45
24.45
34.60
26.31
31.58
22.89
30.73
21.82
18.69
36.82
32.12
55.50
20.69
21.17
26.32
24.37
24.44
11.81
24.15
10.40
30.77
7.45
17.06
7.77
8.05
19.64
23.90
31.01
7.36
8.62
5.82
11.04
4.98
98-09
05-08
94-00
01-06
06-09
17.99
23.52
20.42
18.88
20.03
12.08
14.32
17.37
15.56
13.71
25.94
36.15
23.86
22.71
28.31
13.85
21.83
6.49
7.15
14.60
19.51
18.43
20.65
2.22
Daewoo /
Ssangong
Ford
Holden / Isuzu
Holden / Isuzu
Holden / Isuzu
Holden
Holden
Holden
Hyundai
Width of
Confidence
Interval
Musso
98-02
31.74
19.76
46.74
26.98
Territory SX/SY
Jackaroo / Bighorn
Jackaroo / Bighorn
Jackaroo / Bighorn
Frontera / Mu
Adventra
Captiva CG
Santa Fe
04-09
82-91
92-97
98-02
95-03
03-06
06-09
00-06
21.03
16.13
19.05
21.30
20.96
10.04
15.17
24.38
15.33
12.24
14.21
15.63
13.46
3.74
7.36
15.16
28.14
20.96
25.07
28.34
31.12
24.24
28.69
36.76
12.80
8.72
10.86
12.71
17.66
20.50
21.33
21.59
Make
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Jeep
Jeep
Jeep
Land Rover
Nissan
Nissan
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Lexus
Toyota
Model of Car
Years of
Pr(Severity) Lower 95%
Manufacture %
Confidence
Limit
Terracan
01-07
11.63
3.59
Pajero
82-90
24.73
21.10
Pajero
92-99
21.95
18.64
Pajero NM / NP / NS
00-06
21.96
15.60
Challenger
98-06
24.19
16.37
Cherokee XJ
96-00
20.89
16.34
Wrangler
96-04
23.52
15.28
Cherokee KJ
01-07
13.77
7.16
Defender
92-09
30.41
20.54
88-94
20.85
16.58
95-05
15.10
10.93
Kluger
03-07
21.09
14.22
Landcruiser Prado
96-03
19.18
14.62
Landcruiser Prado
03-09
16.08
12.33
RX330
03-05
39.29
20.89
Kluger
07-09
11.39
2.79
BMW
Ford
Ford
Ford
Jeep
Jeep
Land Rover
Mercedes Benz
Nissan
Nissan / Ford
Nissan
Land Rover
Land Rover
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
X5
Bronco
Explorer
Explorer
Grand Cherokee ZG
Discovery
M-Class W163
Patrol / Safari
Patrol / Safari
Range Rover
Range Rover
Landcruiser
Landcruiser
Landcruiser
01-08
82-87
00-01
01-05
96-99
99-05
91-02
98-05
82-87
88-97
98-09
82-94
95-02
82-89
90-97
98-07
Commercial - Vans
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Holden
Kia
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Honda
Holden / Suzuki
Suzuki
Handivan
Hi-Jet
Handivan / Cuore
Falcon Panel Van
Falcon Panel Van
Transit
Transit
Shuttle / WFR Van
Pregio
MB100 / MB140
Vito
Sprinter
Acty
Scurry / Carry
Carry
82-90
82-90
99-03
82-95
96-99
95-00
01-07
82-87
02-06
99-04
99-04
98-06
83-86
82-00
99-05
Upper 95%
Confidence
Limit
31.73
28.75
25.67
29.99
34.22
26.30
34.40
24.86
42.50
25.87
20.49
30.11
24.75
20.71
61.34
36.56
Width of
Confidence
Interval
28.14
7.65
7.03
14.40
17.85
9.96
19.11
17.70
21.97
9.29
9.56
15.89
10.12
8.38
40.45
33.77
20.68
19.86
21.53
1.67
9.35
37.52
23.86
15.05
19.41
16.63
19.59
20.27
23.24
21.28
20.65
20.11
9.57
25.91
23.22
19.50
2.96
21.45
17.11
8.40
10.87
9.04
14.49
10.23
18.35
19.01
17.70
15.14
3.88
23.66
21.37
17.39
25.89
56.90
32.25
25.49
32.23
28.59
25.95
36.20
28.96
23.75
23.94
26.21
21.70
28.30
25.18
21.79
22.93
35.44
15.14
17.09
21.35
19.56
11.47
25.97
10.62
4.74
6.25
11.07
17.82
4.64
3.82
4.41
20.62
19.67
21.59
1.92
24.81
28.48
21.23
19.98
17.17
21.28
11.48
27.22
21.20
20.43
21.18
16.55
23.07
27.52
26.26
19.75
19.46
12.37
16.68
10.06
15.31
6.94
19.22
14.22
10.10
11.98
10.33
14.23
21.30
12.36
30.67
39.63
33.99
23.75
27.75
28.77
18.40
37.02
30.38
36.97
34.67
25.47
35.14
34.76
47.36
10.92
20.16
21.62
7.07
17.69
13.46
11.45
17.81
16.16
26.87
22.69
15.14
20.91
13.47
35.00
Make
Model of Car
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Hiace/Liteace
Hiace/Liteace
Hiace/Liteace
Hiace/Liteace
Hiace
Years of
Manufacture %
Confidence
Limit
82-86
25.19
22.59
87-89
23.22
20.14
90-95
24.84
22.14
96-04
20.18
17.54
05-09
22.66
16.40
88-94
20.45
9.76
95-04
11.06
6.43
Commercial - Utes
Ford / Nissan
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Holden
Holden / Isuzu
Holden / Isuzu
Holden / Isuzu
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Kia
Kia
Ford / Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Proton
Subaru
Suzuki
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Falcon Ute
Falcon Ute AU
Falcon Ute BA/BF
Ford F-Series
F-Series
Commodore Ute VG/VP
Rodeo / Pickup
Rodeo / Pickup
Rodeo / Pickup
Rodeo
Rodeo
WB Series
Commodore Ute VR/VS
Commodore VU Ute
Commodore VY/VZ Ute
Rodeo
Commodore VE Ute
Triton MK
Triton ML / MN
Ceres
K2700
Ranger / BT-50
720 Ute
Navara
Navara
Navara
Navara
Jumbuck
Brumby
Mighty Boy
4Runner/Hilux
4Runner/Hilux
4Runner/Hilux
Hilux
Hilux
Hilux
82-95
96-99
00-02
03-08
82-92
01-06
90-93
82-85
86-88
89-95
96-98
99-02
82-85
94-00
00-02
02-07
03-08
07-09
96-06
06-09
92-00
02-08
98-02
03-06
06-09
82-85
86-91
92-96
97-05
05-09
03-09
82-92
85-88
82-85
86-88
89-97
98-02
03-04
05-09
Large Cars
BMW
7 Series E23
82-86
Upper 95%
Confidence
Limit
27.99
26.62
27.74
23.11
30.44
37.90
18.36
Width of
Confidence
Interval
5.41
6.48
5.60
5.58
14.04
28.14
11.93
20.87
20.33
21.41
1.07
23.61
19.86
19.46
19.17
18.94
22.99
25.95
22.52
12.77
24.39
20.09
22.15
31.53
24.57
22.88
19.20
18.08
21.61
16.32
9.22
27.46
30.60
20.41
18.31
13.10
22.70
23.43
22.60
22.13
20.36
24.21
29.22
25.91
24.26
24.33
23.57
19.06
17.48
17.10
21.55
16.36
16.12
15.66
13.08
11.90
21.50
16.43
6.90
21.99
17.01
18.98
26.23
22.38
18.96
16.65
15.22
8.86
11.55
4.07
22.10
14.65
16.85
14.56
8.22
18.47
20.56
18.67
18.40
13.14
10.63
25.18
19.69
21.85
21.89
22.23
16.93
14.02
14.11
25.80
23.90
23.32
23.26
26.62
39.75
30.94
30.05
22.44
26.96
23.56
25.67
37.35
26.91
27.34
22.04
21.35
43.88
22.55
19.59
33.56
53.10
24.51
22.77
20.25
27.57
26.57
27.09
26.37
30.17
46.18
33.62
33.28
26.84
26.94
24.96
21.38
21.58
20.58
4.25
7.55
7.20
7.60
13.54
27.84
9.44
13.62
15.54
4.96
6.55
6.69
11.12
4.53
8.38
5.40
6.13
35.02
11.00
15.52
11.45
38.45
7.66
8.21
12.03
9.10
6.01
8.42
7.97
17.03
35.55
8.43
13.58
5.00
5.06
2.73
4.45
7.55
6.47
20.23
19.91
20.56
0.65
26.05
12.78
45.83
33.05
Make
Model of Car
Years of
Manufacture %
Confidence
Limit
BMW
7 Series E32
87-94
26.45
16.66
BMW
7 Series E38
95-01
15.61
6.45
Ford
Falcon XE/XF
82-88
23.94
22.99
Ford
Fairlane Z & LTD F
82-87
23.52
21.07
Ford
Falcon EA / Falcon EB Series
88-Mar 92 22.62
21.60
I
Ford
Falcon EB Series II / Falcon
Apr 92-94 22.64
21.22
ED
Ford
Fairlane N & LTD D
88-94
22.02
19.40
Ford
Fairlane N & LTD D
95-98
22.92
18.75
Ford
Fairlane & LTD AU
99-02
19.09
13.34
Ford
03-07
24.61
14.12
Ford
Falcon FG
08-09
12.01
5.42
Ford
Falcon EF/EL
94-98
20.87
19.89
Ford
Falcon AU
98-02
19.32
18.07
Ford
Taurus
96-98
22.66
15.77
Ford
Falcon BA/BF
02-08
17.79
16.26
Holden / Toyota Commodore VN/VP / Lexcen
89-93
24.02
23.12
Holden
82-85
40.08
26.54
Holden
Stateman/Caprice VQ
90-93
28.07
21.05
Holden
94-98
20.90
18.08
Holden / Toyota Commodore VR/VS / Lexcen
93-97
21.51
20.60
Holden
Commodore VT/VX
97-02
19.35
18.38
Holden
99-03
17.35
12.69
Holden
Commodore VY/VZ
02-07
17.35
15.84
Holden
Monaro
01-05
22.34
16.36
Holden
03-06
19.31
12.17
Holden
Commodore VB-VL
82-88
24.97
24.00
Holden
Commodore VE
06-09
18.03
14.98
Hyundai
Sonata
89-97
19.40
16.55
Hyundai
Grandeaur / XG
99-00
9.71
3.08
Mitsubishi
85-90
23.90
22.65
V3000
Mitsubishi
96-03
20.89
19.32
Mitsubishi
Magna TR/TS / Verada
91-96
20.95
19.68
KR/KS / V3000 / Diamante
Mitsubishi
Magna TL/TW / Verada
03-05
15.06
10.84
KL/KW
Mitsubishi
380
05-08
15.62
8.80
Jaguar
XJ6
82-86
27.25
16.34
Jaguar
XJ6
87-94
15.05
8.37
Jaguar
S-Type
99-08
14.21
4.65
Mazda
929 / Luce
82-90
23.15
20.22
Mazda
92-96
21.63
12.19
Mercedes Benz E-Class W123
82-85
21.51
12.16
86-94
17.93
12.94
96-02
18.41
11.71
Mercedes Benz S-Class W126
82-92
20.76
14.25
02-09
4.60
0.63
Nissan
Skyline
83-88
24.06
21.95
Nissan
300ZX / Fairlady Z
90-95
22.34
16.16
Nissan
Maxima
90-94
20.26
16.25
Nissan
Maxima / Cefiro
95-99
21.43
17.44
Upper 95%
Confidence
Limit
39.27
33.15
24.92
26.16
23.67
Width of
Confidence
Interval
22.61
26.70
1.93
5.08
2.06
24.13
2.91
24.89
27.70
26.56
39.32
24.51
21.89
20.63
31.43
19.44
24.95
55.32
36.34
24.03
22.45
20.35
23.27
18.97
29.72
29.24
25.98
21.53
22.59
26.68
25.20
5.49
8.95
13.22
25.20
19.08
2.00
2.56
15.66
3.18
1.83
28.78
15.28
5.95
1.85
1.96
10.58
3.14
13.36
17.08
1.98
6.55
6.04
23.60
2.55
22.55
3.23
22.27
2.59
20.56
9.73
26.23
41.81
25.56
36.00
26.36
35.43
35.19
24.31
27.73
29.24
26.84
26.31
30.02
24.95
26.05
17.44
25.47
17.19
31.35
6.14
23.24
23.03
11.37
16.02
15.00
26.21
4.36
13.86
8.70
8.61
Make
Model of Car
Nissan
Nissan
Honda
Rover
Saab
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Lexus
Lexus
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Volvo
Volvo
Volvo
Maxima
Maxima
Legend
3500
9-5
Camry
Cressida / Mark II
Supra
ES300 / Windom
LS400 / Celsior
Avalon
Camry
Aurion
Camry
850/S70/V70/C70
700/900 Series
960/S90/V90
Years of
Manufacture %
Confidence
Limit
00-02
20.32
14.33
06-09
20.64
12.86
86-95
21.81
16.19
82-87
11.02
4.16
98-05
11.12
4.23
98-02
19.54
17.95
82-85
23.72
20.09
86-88
28.60
21.47
89-93
19.97
16.13
82-90
29.87
22.31
92-01
21.70
15.60
90-00
10.21
3.74
00-05
19.95
16.55
02-06
16.21
14.11
06-09
20.34
12.67
06-09
15.39
10.86
92-99
19.87
15.39
84-92
15.74
12.04
90-98
17.45
7.14
Medium Cars
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Audi
Audi
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
Chrysler
Daewoo
Daewoo
Daewoo
Ford
Ford
Ford
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
156
147 / GT
A4
A4
Z3 E36
5 Series E60 / E61
3 Series E90 / E91
3 Series E30
3 Series E36
3 Series E46
5 Series E28
5 Series E34
5 Series E39
PT Cruiser
Espero
Leganza
Tacuma
Mondeo
Probe
Cougar
Calibra
Camira
Vectra
Vectra ZC
Sonata
Sonata EF
Tiburon
Lambda
Starion
Galant
Upper 95%
Confidence
Limit
27.99
31.42
28.71
26.12
26.19
21.22
27.78
36.97
24.46
38.70
29.36
24.95
23.86
18.55
30.99
21.37
25.27
20.32
36.76
Width of
Confidence
Interval
13.65
18.56
12.53
21.96
21.96
3.27
7.68
15.51
8.33
16.39
13.75
21.21
7.31
4.44
18.33
10.51
9.88
8.28
29.63
20.12
19.74
20.51
0.78
99-06
01-09
95-01
01-08
97-03
03-09
05-09
82-91
92-98
99-06
82-88
89-95
96-03
00-09
95-97
97-02
00-04
95-01
94-98
99-03
94-97
82-89
97-03
03-05
98-01
02-05
02-09
82-84
17.93
15.68
21.77
16.02
24.27
18.10
7.63
21.17
19.17
18.45
23.15
20.63
18.36
18.22
24.28
19.70
33.01
18.65
19.57
18.58
17.39
23.03
17.79
14.98
24.45
16.01
16.42
22.98
9.06
5.16
15.28
8.58
13.31
6.72
2.87
18.27
16.68
14.95
16.40
15.11
12.45
7.09
18.71
13.93
16.55
15.64
11.30
12.56
11.14
21.64
15.10
8.79
17.76
6.13
5.31
21.40
32.38
38.86
30.04
27.93
40.09
40.37
18.75
24.41
21.93
22.55
31.62
27.51
26.23
39.43
30.89
27.11
55.04
22.09
31.73
26.62
26.11
24.49
20.84
24.36
32.66
35.77
40.78
24.65
23.32
33.69
14.76
19.36
26.78
33.65
15.87
6.14
5.26
7.60
15.22
12.39
13.78
32.35
12.18
13.18
38.50
6.45
20.43
14.06
14.97
2.85
5.75
15.57
14.90
29.65
35.47
3.25
82-87
95-96
40.03
20.51
28.33
17.09
52.98
24.42
24.66
7.33
Make
Jaguar
Ford / Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Nissan
Nissan / Ford
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Peugeot
Peugeot
Peugeot
Porsche
Renault
Saab
Saab
Saab
Saab
Subaru
Subaru
Subaru
Subaru
Subaru
Toyota
Toyota
Model of Car
Years of
Manufacture %
Confidence
Limit
X-Type
02-09
10.09
2.48
83-86
21.95
20.40
88-91
21.69
19.85
92-97
22.55
20.41
Cronos
626
98-02
20.18
16.60
RX7
82-85
23.42
17.31
RX7
86-91
24.59
17.42
Eunos 500
93-99
17.14
9.97
Eunos 800
94-00
17.66
5.72
6
02-07
13.51
10.42
RX8
03-09
10.38
3.24
6
08-09
14.01
4.33
C-Class W201
87-93
20.01
14.19
C-Class W202
95-00
18.70
13.64
CLK C208
97-03
18.90
8.20
SLK R170
97-04
15.57
5.00
C-Class W203
00-07
19.23
11.86
CLK C209
03-09
13.20
4.18
Pintara
86-88
23.41
20.91
89-92
23.67
21.90
Bluebird
82-86
25.32
23.68
280ZX
82-84
29.05
14.76
Bluebird
93-97
20.98
18.06
200SX / Silvia
94-02
22.42
17.38
350Z
03-09
25.44
13.95
Accord Euro
03-08
17.07
12.44
Accord
03-07
14.76
9.47
Accord
82-85
24.17
21.58
Accord
86-90
21.32
18.74
Accord
91-93
23.25
19.25
Accord
94-98
22.61
19.55
Accord
99-02
14.22
9.56
Prelude
82-82
18.51
8.54
Prelude
83-91
24.09
21.78
Prelude
92-96
24.21
20.02
Prelude
97-02
15.75
10.44
405
89-97
22.20
16.46
505
82-93
21.31
14.91
406
96-04
19.98
10.96
944
82-91
32.91
15.52
Feugo
82-87
21.35
13.21
900 Series
82-92
23.08
17.58
900/9-3
94-02
15.66
10.89
9000
86-97
12.20
7.85
9-3
03-09
24.70
11.36
82-93
23.13
21.12
Wagon
Liberty / Legacy
89-93
21.08
19.06
94-98
21.54
18.84
99-03
17.89
14.67
03-09
19.86
14.72
Corona
82-88
23.39
21.95
Camry
83-86
24.18
21.02
Upper 95%
Confidence
Limit
33.14
23.59
23.65
24.84
Width of
Confidence
Interval
30.66
3.18
3.80
4.43
24.32
30.87
33.52
27.87
43.14
17.35
28.63
36.99
27.46
25.11
37.82
39.24
29.63
34.66
26.11
25.54
27.03
49.19
24.24
28.42
41.79
22.98
22.27
26.96
24.14
27.80
26.00
20.63
35.58
26.56
28.95
23.06
29.24
29.51
33.62
56.71
32.63
29.69
22.01
18.47
45.66
25.27
7.72
13.56
16.09
17.90
37.42
6.93
25.39
32.66
13.28
11.47
29.62
34.24
17.77
30.49
5.21
3.64
3.35
34.43
6.17
11.04
27.83
10.54
12.80
5.38
5.40
8.55
6.45
11.07
27.03
4.77
8.93
12.62
12.78
14.60
22.66
41.19
19.43
12.11
11.12
10.62
34.30
4.15
23.25
24.51
21.63
26.24
24.89
27.65
4.19
5.68
6.95
11.51
2.94
6.63
Make
Model of Car
Holden / Toyota Apollo JK/JL / Camry / Vista
Holden / Toyota Apollo JM/JP / Camry /
Sceptor
Toyota
Celica
Toyota
Celica
Toyota
Celica
Toyota
Celica
Toyota
Celica
Lexus
IS200 / IS300
Volvo
200 Series
Volvo
S60
Volkswagen
Passat
Years of
Manufacture %
Confidence
Limit
88-92
22.39
21.22
93-97
22.43
21.14
81-85
86-89
90-93
94-99
00-05
99-04
82-93
01-09
98-06
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Kia
Kia
Mazda
Nissan
Nissan
Honda
Honda
Honda
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Voyager
Zafira TT
Nimbus / Chariot /
Spacewagon
Nimbus / Chariot
Nimbus
Starwagon / L300
Carnival
Carnival
MPV
Prairie
Serena
Odyssey
Odyssey
Odyssey
Tarago
Spacia
Avensis Verso
Tarago
17.44
20.17
20.30
14.36
14.06
6.21
18.90
6.42
11.89
24.11
28.62
27.90
23.23
34.21
25.40
27.31
45.86
30.36
6.67
8.45
7.61
8.86
20.16
19.20
8.41
39.44
18.47
21.22
20.22
22.25
2.03
97-01
01-05
85-91
17.09
20.15
20.35
8.77
10.56
15.33
30.66
35.04
26.51
21.88
24.48
11.18
92-98
99-03
83-86
87-93
95-98
98-03
99-06
06-09
94-99
84-86
92-95
95-00
00-02
04-09
83-89
91-99
00-06
93-00
01-09
06-09
22.07
15.77
28.57
23.55
20.63
27.79
19.97
4.21
17.59
20.87
17.45
17.77
23.10
7.95
25.08
21.73
19.49
19.61
38.61
19.51
16.94
6.71
25.29
21.09
16.09
21.75
14.35
0.58
7.40
15.01
11.54
12.59
10.67
2.58
22.37
18.06
13.44
9.20
19.41
7.48
28.22
32.76
32.09
26.19
26.06
34.77
27.10
24.87
36.29
28.26
25.52
24.48
43.04
21.97
27.99
25.91
27.40
36.99
62.16
42.08
11.28
26.05
6.80
5.10
9.98
13.02
12.76
24.29
28.89
13.25
13.98
11.89
32.37
19.39
5.62
7.85
13.96
27.79
42.75
34.60
20.42
20.08
20.77
0.69
23.78
19.52
47.83
20.72
29.52
15.07
12.54
23.69
26.94
10.77
21.60
23.05
17.09
7.65
27.89
9.61
13.87
7.73
6.04
15.60
11.88
2.72
18.42
12.13
32.07
41.52
68.49
39.11
52.13
27.33
24.26
34.28
50.23
34.23
25.15
39.41
14.99
33.87
40.59
29.50
38.26
19.60
18.23
18.68
38.35
31.51
6.73
27.28
Small Cars
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Audi
Mini
Chrysler
Chrysler
Citroen
Daihatsu
Daewoo
33
75
GTV
Sprint
Alfasud
A3/S3
Mini Cooper
Neon
Neon
Xsara
Applause
1.5i
Width of
Confidence
Interval
2.38
2.65
20.57
24.14
23.89
18.38
22.58
13.05
22.83
19.43
19.52
People Movers
Chrysler
Holden
Mitsubishi
Upper 95%
Confidence
Limit
23.60
23.79
83-92
86-92
82-84
82-88
82-84
97-04
02-09
96-99
00-02
00-05
89-99
94-95
Make
Daewoo
Daewoo
Daewoo
Daewoo
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Fiat
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Kia
Kia
Kia
Kia
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Model of Car
Cielo
Nubira
Lanos
Lacetti
Laser
Laser
Capri
Focus LR
Focus LS / LT
Regata
Gemini
Gemini RB
Astra TR
Astra TS
Astra AH
Viva JF
Excel
Excel
Excel / Accent
Elantra
Accent
S Coupe
Lantra
Lantra
Coupe
Accent
Lancer / Mirage CA
Lancer / Mirage CB
Lancer / Mirage CC
Lancer / Mirage CE
Cordia
Lancer CH / CJ
Rio
Spectra
Cerato LD
Rio JB
Laser / 323
Autozam AZ-3
Mazda
3 / Axela
Mercedes Benz A-Class W168
Holden / Nissan Astra / Pulsar / Langley
Holden / Nissan Astra / Pulsar / Vector / Sentra
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Stanza
Nissan
Gazelle / Silvia
Nissan
Exa
Years of
Manufacture %
Confidence
Limit
95-97
20.60
18.08
97-03
20.15
17.06
97-03
23.24
20.74
03-04
27.04
13.91
91-94
22.02
20.59
95-97
23.48
20.88
89-94
22.31
18.34
02-05
15.52
11.99
05-09
17.84
13.31
84-88
28.44
14.92
82-84
23.34
21.25
86-87
21.51
17.28
96-98
19.22
14.88
98-06
17.77
16.00
04-09
17.59
13.45
05-09
16.43
11.22
86-90
25.62
22.86
90-94
24.50
22.65
95-00
22.37
21.14
00-06
20.01
16.05
06-09
10.82
2.77
90-96
23.33
18.62
91-95
24.32
20.36
96-00
22.71
19.82
96-00
26.59
20.14
00-06
23.14
20.27
89-90
22.15
19.93
91-92
24.29
19.77
93-95
22.24
20.19
96-03
21.58
20.09
83-87
25.90
22.46
03-09
20.18
16.19
00-05
22.03
18.67
01-04
18.94
11.46
04-08
18.19
11.60
05-09
20.42
14.51
82-88
23.73
22.83
90-93
21.45
19.46
95-98
21.18
18.76
99-03
18.09
15.99
89-97
20.61
13.53
98-05
16.52
9.59
90-97
16.88
10.52
03-09
98-04
84-86
88-90
92-95
96-99
82-83
84-86
83-86
15.25
23.71
25.06
24.23
20.41
21.99
19.87
26.88
27.16
12.81
12.86
23.36
22.68
18.54
20.20
13.21
23.14
20.21
Upper 95%
Confidence
Limit
23.37
23.64
25.94
45.94
23.51
26.30
26.84
19.86
23.50
47.38
25.58
26.44
24.45
19.69
22.68
23.43
28.59
26.44
23.65
24.67
34.07
28.82
28.76
25.88
34.22
26.29
24.54
29.46
24.43
23.15
29.66
24.87
25.80
29.66
27.36
27.94
24.64
23.60
23.82
20.41
30.09
26.97
25.97
Width of
Confidence
Interval
5.28
6.58
5.19
32.04
2.91
5.42
8.50
7.86
10.18
32.46
4.33
9.16
9.57
3.69
9.23
12.21
5.73
3.79
2.51
8.62
31.29
10.20
8.40
6.06
14.09
6.02
4.62
9.69
4.24
3.06
7.20
8.68
7.14
18.20
15.76
13.43
1.81
4.14
5.06
4.42
16.57
17.38
15.45
18.06
39.54
26.84
25.86
22.41
23.90
28.78
30.98
35.44
5.25
26.68
3.48
3.19
3.87
3.71
15.56
7.84
15.24
Make
Model of Car
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Peugeot
Peugeot
Proton
Proton
Renault
Renault
Rover
MG
Subaru
Subaru
Subaru
Suzuki
Suzuki
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota / Holden
Toyota / Holden
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Volvo
Volvo
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Exa
NX/NX-R
Pulsar
Tiida
Civic
Civic / Shuttle
Civic
Civic
CRX
CRX
S2000
Civic
Civic
Integra
Integra
Integra
Integra
Concerto
306
307
Wira
Gen 2
19
Scenic
Quintet
MGF / MG TF
Impreza
Impreza
Impreza
Liana
Corolla
Corolla
Corolla / Nova
Corolla / Nova
Corolla / Allex
Corolla
Corolla
Tercel
MR2
MR2
Paseo / Cynos
Corolla 4WD Wagon
Prius II
300 Series
S40/V40
Golf
Golf
Golf / Bora
New Beetle
Golf / Jetta
Years of
Manufacture %
Confidence
Limit
87-91
28.03
18.22
91-96
30.60
24.26
00-05
20.39
18.30
06-09
23.02
13.71
82-83
24.58
20.81
84-87
26.44
23.91
88-91
22.47
20.38
92-95
20.08
17.87
96-00
18.63
16.22
87-91
28.81
23.91
92-98
23.47
15.14
99-09
8.23
2.00
01-05
19.92
15.56
06-09
12.81
7.35
86-88
24.41
20.19
90-92
22.07
17.66
93-01
20.18
16.04
02-06
18.30
9.11
89-93
22.95
17.95
94-01
15.56
11.68
01-09
16.90
10.20
95-96
24.39
19.70
04-09
26.54
13.60
91-96
16.50
8.48
01-04
13.41
4.46
82-86
22.69
14.78
99-05
19.27
9.38
93-00
24.63
22.17
01-07
17.73
14.16
07-09
25.80
11.26
95-02
19.90
15.85
01-07
15.26
9.41
82-84
23.36
21.75
86-88
23.50
22.11
89-93
22.33
21.21
94-97
21.95
20.56
98-01
17.82
15.79
02-07
19.62
17.87
07-09
21.81
16.15
83-88
22.03
16.11
87-90
28.94
21.91
91-00
18.84
12.41
91-99
20.93
16.87
92-96
23.48
14.78
03-09
23.62
12.19
84-88
31.14
18.58
97-04
14.69
9.23
82-94
27.27
17.60
95-98
16.90
11.43
99-04
12.60
9.29
00-09
11.69
5.67
04-09
10.15
6.24
Upper 95%
Confidence
Limit
40.49
37.77
22.64
36.01
28.79
29.14
24.70
22.49
21.31
34.26
34.51
28.32
25.13
21.39
29.19
27.22
25.07
33.36
28.85
20.43
26.72
29.77
45.33
29.66
33.92
33.19
35.52
27.26
21.97
48.78
24.69
23.79
25.07
24.95
23.49
23.42
20.05
21.50
28.78
29.37
37.15
27.56
25.67
35.19
40.79
47.26
22.59
39.70
24.29
16.86
22.59
16.10
Width of
Confidence
Interval
22.27
13.51
4.34
22.31
7.99
5.24
4.32
4.62
5.10
10.35
19.37
26.32
9.58
14.03
9.00
9.56
9.03
24.25
10.91
8.75
16.52
10.07
31.74
21.19
29.46
18.41
26.14
5.08
7.81
37.52
8.85
14.38
3.32
2.84
2.28
2.85
4.26
3.63
12.63
13.25
15.24
15.15
8.80
20.41
28.60
28.68
13.36
22.10
12.86
7.56
16.93
9.86
Make
Model of Car
Light Cars
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daewoo
Daewoo
Ford
Ford
Holden
Holden
Holden
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Nissan
Honda
Honda
Peugeot
Peugeot
Proton
Renault
Subaru
Suzuki
Holden / Suzuki
Holden / Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Charade
Charade
Charade
Pyzar
Sirion / Storia
Mira
Matiz
Kalos
Festiva WD/WH/WF
Ka
Barina XC
Barina SB
Barina TK
Getz / TB
Mirage / Colt
Colt
Festiva WA / 121
121 Metro / Demio
2
2
Micra
Jazz / Fit
City
205
206
Satria
Clio II
Swift
Hatch / Alto
Alto
Ignis
Swift
Starlet
Echo
Yaris
Polo
Polo
Years of
Manufacture %
Confidence
Limit
21.85
21.34
82-86
88-92
93-00
97-01
98-04
90-96
99-04
03-04
94-01
99-02
01-06
95-00
05-09
02-09
82-88
04-09
87-90
94-96
97-02
02-07
07-09
95-97
02-08
83-86
87-94
99-07
97-05
01-04
89-92
82-85
86-88
89-99
82-84
85-00
00-02
05-09
96-99
99-05
05-09
96-00
02-09
28.70
25.17
26.59
23.03
19.73
28.71
17.59
25.52
24.65
22.14
17.34
19.84
21.60
25.86
23.91
21.61
24.85
21.86
21.02
23.48
16.74
26.29
19.45
23.50
22.98
25.67
15.30
18.38
25.87
29.11
26.12
23.74
26.51
27.83
25.40
19.48
23.39
22.38
17.99
14.25
26.36
25.40
22.95
23.95
14.32
15.71
23.87
13.73
17.67
23.14
15.62
14.43
17.82
16.90
21.97
22.39
13.91
22.80
19.13
17.90
17.92
8.49
20.81
15.36
20.18
14.74
18.01
5.76
7.14
21.31
19.44
23.71
22.32
21.92
21.83
18.73
15.69
20.80
20.13
14.46
8.79
16.18
Upper 95%
Confidence
Limit
22.36
Width of
Confidence
Interval
1.02
32.24
27.54
29.41
34.87
24.48
34.10
22.26
35.35
26.23
30.40
20.68
22.02
27.16
30.17
25.50
31.99
27.02
24.85
24.52
30.12
30.36
32.62
24.31
27.19
33.98
35.20
34.83
39.75
31.03
41.14
28.68
25.22
31.67
34.76
33.45
23.92
26.20
24.79
22.15
22.28
39.89
6.83
4.59
5.46
20.54
8.76
10.23
8.52
17.68
3.09
14.78
6.25
4.20
10.26
8.20
3.12
18.07
4.22
5.72
6.62
12.19
21.87
11.81
8.95
7.01
19.23
17.19
29.07
32.61
9.72
21.70
4.97
2.90
9.75
12.93
14.72
8.23
5.40
4.66
7.68
13.49
23.71
APPENDIX 4
CRASHWORTHINESS RATINGS OF
1982-2009 MODELS OF CARS INVOLVED IN
CRASHES DURING 1987-2009
with
(1) 95 % CONFIDENCE LIMITS
(2) 90 % CONFIDENCE LIMITS
CRASHWORTHINESS RATINGS
(WITH 95% CONFIDENCE LIMITS)
Make
Model of Car
ALL VEHICLE AVERAGE
Years of Serious
Manufacture injury rate
per 100
drivers
involved
%
3.57
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Holden
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi /
Peugeot
Kia
Kia
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Nissan
Lada
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Land Rover
Subaru
Subaru
Suzuki
Suzuki
Holden / Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Width of
Confidence
Interval
3.46
3.29
3.63
0.34
Feroza / Rocky
Rocky / Rugger
Terios
Cruze
Tucson
Outlander
Outlander / 4007
89-97
85-98
97-05
02-06
04-09
03-06
06-09
5.23
6.55
4.99
4.92
3.45
3.01
1.49
4.03
4.88
3.77
3.72
1.65
1.67
0.39
6.79
8.80
6.61
6.52
7.22
5.43
5.65
2.76
3.91
2.84
2.80
5.57
3.76
5.26
Sportage
Sorento
Escape / Tribute
CX-7
X-Trail
Niva
CR-V
CR-V
HR-V
CR-V
Freelander
Forester
Forester
Vitara / Escudo
Grand Vitara
Drover / Sierra / Samurai / SJ410
/ SJ413
Jimny
Grand Vitara
RAV4
RAV4
RAV4
98-03
03-09
01-06
06-09
01-07
84-99
97-01
02-06
99-02
07-09
98-06
97-02
02-08
88-98
99-05
82-99
3.13
2.37
2.85
0.71
3.02
4.13
2.45
2.08
4.16
1.90
5.43
2.52
2.21
5.06
2.93
6.00
2.19
1.21
2.16
0.10
2.44
2.61
1.94
1.55
2.72
0.90
3.29
1.98
1.67
4.40
2.11
5.30
4.48
4.66
3.74
4.89
3.74
6.54
3.11
2.80
6.36
3.99
8.99
3.20
2.92
5.80
4.07
6.80
2.30
3.45
1.58
4.79
1.30
3.92
1.17
1.26
3.64
3.09
5.70
1.21
1.25
1.40
1.97
1.49
98-09
05-08
94-00
01-06
06-09
4.13
3.58
3.39
2.82
2.67
2.72
2.12
2.85
2.30
1.80
6.28
6.06
4.03
3.46
3.95
3.56
3.94
1.19
1.16
2.16
2.74
2.57
2.92
0.35
Daewoo /
Ssangong
Ford
Holden / Isuzu
Holden / Isuzu
Lower 95% Upper 95%
Limit
Limit
Musso
98-02
4.10
2.41
6.97
4.56
Territory SX/SY
Jackaroo / Bighorn
Jackaroo / Bighorn
04-09
82-91
92-97
2.37
3.50
2.98
1.69
2.61
2.16
3.31
4.71
4.12
1.62
2.10
1.96
Make
Model of Car
Holden / Isuzu
Holden
Holden
Holden
Hyundai
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Jeep
Jeep
Jeep
Land Rover
Nissan
Nissan
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Lexus
Toyota
Jackaroo / Bighorn
Frontera / Mu
Adventra
Captiva CG
Santa Fe
Terracan
Pajero
Pajero
Pajero NM / NP / NS
Challenger
Cherokee XJ
Wrangler
Cherokee KJ
Defender
Kluger
Landcruiser Prado
Landcruiser Prado
RX330
Kluger
Years of Serious
per 100
drivers
involved
%
98-02
3.29
95-03
3.40
03-06
1.38
06-09
2.52
00-06
3.79
01-07
1.41
82-90
4.78
92-99
3.04
00-06
2.25
98-06
3.19
96-00
2.96
96-04
3.93
01-07
1.88
92-09
4.25
88-94
2.93
95-05
2.01
03-07
2.72
96-03
2.27
03-09
1.67
03-05
4.15
07-09
1.20
BMW
Ford
Ford
Ford
Jeep
Jeep
Land Rover
Mercedes Benz
Nissan
Nissan / Ford
Nissan
Land Rover
Land Rover
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
X5
Bronco
Explorer
Explorer
Grand Cherokee ZG
Discovery
M-Class W163
Patrol / Safari
Patrol / Safari
Range Rover
Range Rover
Landcruiser
Landcruiser
Landcruiser
01-08
82-87
00-01
01-05
96-99
99-05
91-02
98-05
82-87
88-97
98-09
82-94
95-02
82-89
90-97
98-07
Commercial - Vans
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Holden
Handivan
Hi-Jet
Handivan / Cuore
Falcon Panel Van
Falcon Panel Van
Transit
Transit
Shuttle / WFR Van
82-90
82-90
99-03
82-95
96-99
95-00
01-07
82-87
Lower 95% Upper 95%
Limit
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
2.37
2.14
0.51
1.22
2.33
0.44
4.00
2.55
1.58
2.11
2.26
2.45
0.95
2.75
2.18
1.43
1.81
1.70
1.26
2.19
0.30
4.57
5.40
3.73
5.18
6.17
4.50
5.71
3.63
3.21
4.81
3.88
6.30
3.72
6.56
3.94
2.83
4.10
3.04
2.22
7.86
4.74
2.20
3.27
3.22
3.96
3.84
4.05
1.71
1.08
1.64
2.70
1.62
3.85
2.77
3.81
1.76
1.41
2.29
1.34
0.95
5.67
4.43
2.68
2.56
2.81
0.24
0.86
6.47
4.33
1.89
2.35
1.68
2.48
1.98
3.61
2.63
2.18
3.01
1.20
4.26
3.04
2.44
0.28
3.56
3.00
1.02
1.25
0.87
1.80
1.00
2.78
2.32
1.84
2.19
0.46
3.84
2.77
2.15
2.66
11.75
6.26
3.50
4.40
3.27
3.41
3.93
4.68
2.99
2.59
4.14
3.08
4.72
3.34
2.78
2.38
8.19
3.26
2.48
3.14
2.40
1.62
2.93
1.90
0.66
0.75
1.95
2.62
0.88
0.57
0.62
3.76
3.57
3.96
0.39
8.89
12.61
6.16
3.58
2.49
3.22
1.24
6.50
7.00
8.51
3.58
2.95
1.43
2.27
0.73
4.50
11.28
18.71
10.60
4.34
4.35
4.55
2.11
9.40
4.28
10.20
7.02
1.38
2.92
2.28
1.38
4.90
Make
Model of Car
Kia
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Honda
Holden / Suzuki
Suzuki
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Pregio
MB100 / MB140
Vito
Sprinter
Acty
Scurry / Carry
Carry
Hiace/Liteace
Hiace/Liteace
Hiace/Liteace
Hiace/Liteace
Hiace
Years of Serious
per 100
drivers
involved
%
02-06
3.65
99-04
2.48
99-04
2.27
98-06
2.51
83-86
4.03
82-00
9.79
99-05
5.09
82-86
5.96
87-89
5.14
90-95
4.66
96-04
3.08
05-09
3.49
88-94
3.00
95-04
1.81
Commercial - Utes
Ford / Nissan
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Holden
Holden / Isuzu
Holden / Isuzu
Holden / Isuzu
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Kia
Kia
Ford / Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Proton
Subaru
Suzuki
Toyota
Falcon Ute
Falcon Ute AU
Falcon Ute BA/BF
Ford F-Series
F-Series
Commodore Ute VG/VP
Rodeo / Pickup
Rodeo / Pickup
Rodeo / Pickup
Rodeo
Rodeo
WB Series
Commodore Ute VR/VS
Commodore VU Ute
Commodore VY/VZ Ute
Rodeo
Commodore VE Ute
Triton MK
Triton ML / MN
Ceres
K2700
Ranger / BT-50
720 Ute
Navara
Navara
Navara
Navara
Jumbuck
Brumby
Mighty Boy
4Runner/Hilux
82-95
96-99
00-02
03-08
82-92
01-06
90-93
82-85
86-88
89-95
96-98
99-02
82-85
94-00
00-02
02-07
03-08
07-09
96-06
06-09
92-00
02-08
98-02
03-06
06-09
82-85
86-91
92-96
97-05
05-09
03-09
82-92
85-88
82-85
Lower 95% Upper 95%
Limit
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
2.40
1.21
1.26
1.53
2.41
7.45
2.34
5.27
4.37
4.10
2.64
2.47
1.43
1.05
5.54
5.10
4.10
4.13
6.74
12.87
11.08
6.73
6.05
5.29
3.58
4.93
6.26
3.13
3.14
3.90
2.85
2.60
4.33
5.42
8.74
1.46
1.68
1.19
0.94
2.46
4.82
2.08
3.32
3.23
3.42
0.19
4.00
3.14
2.63
2.32
2.79
2.05
4.48
4.64
2.63
4.42
3.38
3.49
5.44
3.99
3.05
2.59
2.58
2.65
2.29
1.22
5.75
3.67
2.95
3.03
1.87
4.62
4.19
3.63
2.51
2.46
4.01
6.58
9.93
4.88
3.62
2.54
2.15
1.86
1.89
1.02
3.65
3.31
1.41
3.95
2.83
2.95
4.43
3.60
2.48
2.22
2.15
1.09
1.60
0.53
4.54
1.66
2.39
2.37
1.15
3.69
3.62
2.94
2.05
1.54
1.76
5.57
7.47
4.34
4.42
3.87
3.23
2.89
4.12
4.12
5.51
6.49
4.92
4.95
4.04
4.12
6.68
4.43
3.75
3.03
3.10
6.46
3.27
2.81
7.27
8.09
3.64
3.89
3.05
5.78
4.84
4.49
3.08
3.93
9.16
7.77
13.20
5.48
0.80
1.33
1.09
1.03
2.24
3.09
1.86
3.18
3.51
1.01
1.22
1.17
2.25
0.83
1.27
0.81
0.95
5.37
1.67
2.27
2.73
6.42
1.26
1.52
1.90
2.09
1.23
1.55
1.04
2.39
7.40
2.20
5.74
1.14
Make
Model of Car
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
4Runner/Hilux
4Runner/Hilux
Hilux
Hilux
Hilux
Years of Serious
per 100
drivers
involved
%
86-88
4.54
89-97
4.04
98-02
2.81
03-04
2.43
05-09
2.14
Lower 95% Upper 95%
Limit
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
4.02
3.78
2.47
1.92
1.74
5.12
4.31
3.20
3.08
2.63
1.11
0.53
0.72
1.17
0.89
3.37
3.31
3.43
0.12
82-86
87-94
95-01
82-88
82-87
88-Mar 92
Apr 92-94
88-94
95-98
99-02
03-07
08-09
94-98
98-02
96-98
02-08
89-93
82-85
90-93
94-98
93-97
97-02
99-03
02-07
01-05
03-06
82-88
06-09
89-97
99-00
85-90
2.81
4.32
1.70
4.45
4.27
4.03
3.69
3.27
3.52
2.91
3.21
1.22
3.40
3.03
4.03
2.47
4.41
7.03
4.55
3.34
3.68
3.17
2.59
2.62
3.27
2.90
4.97
2.51
3.72
1.42
4.72
1.27
2.62
0.68
4.26
3.78
3.83
3.44
2.84
2.82
2.01
1.85
0.54
3.23
2.82
2.73
2.24
4.23
4.17
3.29
2.86
3.51
3.00
1.87
2.38
2.33
1.81
4.76
2.07
3.14
0.46
4.44
6.24
7.13
4.29
4.66
4.82
4.24
3.97
3.77
4.39
4.21
5.57
2.77
3.58
3.26
5.96
2.72
4.61
11.85
6.30
3.91
3.86
3.35
3.58
2.89
4.58
4.67
5.20
3.06
4.40
4.39
5.00
4.97
4.51
3.62
0.40
1.04
0.41
0.53
0.93
1.56
2.20
3.72
2.23
0.36
0.44
3.23
0.48
0.38
7.68
3.01
1.06
0.35
0.35
1.72
0.51
2.25
2.86
0.44
0.99
1.26
3.93
0.56
96-03
3.44
3.17
3.74
0.58
91-96
3.70
3.46
3.96
0.50
03-05
05-08
82-86
87-94
99-08
82-90
92-96
2.45
2.28
5.13
2.07
1.27
4.76
3.93
1.75
1.28
3.02
1.13
0.41
4.10
2.16
3.43
4.07
8.71
3.80
3.94
5.53
7.18
1.68
2.79
5.69
2.67
3.53
1.43
5.02
Large Cars
BMW
BMW
BMW
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Holden / Toyota
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden / Toyota
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Hyundai
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Jaguar
Jaguar
Jaguar
Mazda
Mazda
7 Series E23
7 Series E32
7 Series E38
Falcon XE/XF
Fairlane Z & LTD F
Fairlane N & LTD D
Fairlane N & LTD D
Fairlane & LTD AU
Falcon FG
Falcon EF/EL
Falcon AU
Taurus
Falcon BA/BF
Stateman/Caprice VQ
Commodore VT/VX
Commodore VY/VZ
Monaro
Commodore VB-VL
Commodore VE
Sonata
Grandeaur / XG
V3000
V3000 / Diamante
380
XJ6
XJ6
S-Type
929 / Luce
Make
Model of Car
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Honda
Rover
Saab
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Lexus
Lexus
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Volvo
Volvo
Volvo
E-Class W123
E-Class W124
E-Class W210
S-Class W126
E-Class W211
Skyline
300ZX / Fairlady Z
Maxima
Maxima / Cefiro
Maxima
Maxima
Legend
3500
9-5
Camry
Cressida / Mark II
Supra
ES300 / Windom
LS400 / Celsior
Avalon
Camry
Aurion
Camry
850/S70/V70/C70
700/900 Series
960/S90/V90
Years of Serious
per 100
drivers
involved
%
82-85
3.25
86-94
2.92
96-02
2.43
82-92
3.01
02-09
0.61
83-88
4.59
90-95
4.43
90-94
3.66
95-99
3.84
00-02
3.61
06-09
3.07
86-95
3.04
82-87
2.23
98-05
1.87
98-02
3.20
82-85
4.75
86-88
4.40
89-93
3.05
82-90
6.13
92-01
3.56
90-00
1.39
00-05
2.98
02-06
2.57
06-09
2.62
06-09
2.30
92-99
3.09
84-92
2.58
90-98
2.97
Medium Cars
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Audi
Audi
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
Chrysler
Daewoo
Daewoo
Daewoo
Ford
Ford
Ford
156
147 / GT
A4
A4
Z3 E36
5 Series E60 / E61
3 Series E90 / E91
3 Series E30
3 Series E36
3 Series E46
5 Series E28
5 Series E34
5 Series E39
PT Cruiser
Espero
Leganza
Tacuma
Mondeo
Probe
Cougar
99-06
01-09
95-01
01-08
97-03
03-09
05-09
82-91
92-98
99-06
82-88
89-95
96-03
00-09
95-97
97-02
00-04
95-01
94-98
99-03
Lower 95% Upper 95%
Limit
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
1.82
2.08
1.52
2.03
0.09
4.13
3.11
2.83
3.05
2.47
1.85
2.18
0.83
0.72
2.92
3.95
3.22
2.42
4.43
2.48
0.50
2.44
2.22
1.62
1.61
2.36
1.96
1.19
5.79
4.11
3.88
4.46
4.32
5.11
6.32
4.73
4.85
5.27
5.07
4.25
6.00
4.90
3.50
5.71
6.00
3.83
8.47
5.10
3.84
3.64
2.98
4.24
3.29
4.04
3.42
7.40
3.97
2.03
2.35
2.44
4.24
0.98
3.21
1.89
1.80
2.81
3.22
2.07
5.17
4.18
0.57
1.76
2.78
1.40
4.04
2.62
3.34
1.20
0.75
2.63
1.69
1.68
1.46
6.21
3.62
3.55
3.70
0.15
2.98
2.40
3.22
2.08
3.17
2.51
1.31
3.75
3.33
3.04
3.44
3.32
2.09
3.21
5.70
3.38
6.83
2.97
4.18
3.11
1.52
0.82
2.22
1.12
1.66
0.94
0.50
3.19
2.87
2.44
2.38
2.36
1.38
1.27
4.33
2.35
3.42
2.44
2.36
2.06
5.85
7.07
4.68
3.89
6.05
6.66
3.46
4.41
3.86
3.78
4.96
4.65
3.17
8.10
7.51
4.86
13.66
3.60
7.41
4.69
4.33
6.25
2.46
2.78
4.39
5.71
2.96
1.22
1.00
1.34
2.58
2.29
1.79
6.83
3.18
2.51
10.24
1.16
5.05
2.63
Make
Model of Car
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Calibra
Camira
Vectra
Vectra ZC
Sonata
Sonata EF
Tiburon
Lambda
Starion
Galant
X-Type
Cronos
626
RX7
RX7
Eunos 500
Eunos 800
6
RX8
6
C-Class W201
C-Class W202
CLK C208
SLK R170
C-Class W203
CLK C209
Pintara
Bluebird
280ZX
Bluebird
200SX / Silvia
350Z
Accord Euro
Accord
Accord
Accord
Accord
Accord
Accord
Prelude
Prelude
Prelude
Prelude
405
505
406
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Jaguar
Ford / Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Nissan
Nissan / Ford
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Peugeot
Peugeot
Peugeot
Years of Serious
per 100
drivers
involved
%
94-97
3.01
82-89
5.64
97-03
3.03
03-05
2.19
98-01
4.30
02-05
2.93
02-09
4.17
82-84
4.97
Lower 95% Upper 95%
Limit
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
1.86
5.26
2.54
1.25
3.09
1.15
1.40
4.59
4.86
6.04
3.60
3.82
5.97
7.44
12.46
5.38
2.99
0.77
1.06
2.56
2.89
6.29
11.06
0.80
82-87
95-96
02-09
83-86
88-91
92-97
9.08
4.10
1.07
4.61
4.06
3.66
5.91
3.34
0.27
4.24
3.67
3.27
13.95
5.03
4.33
5.01
4.50
4.10
8.04
1.69
4.06
0.77
0.82
0.83
98-02
82-85
86-91
93-99
94-00
02-07
03-09
08-09
87-93
95-00
97-03
97-04
00-07
03-09
86-88
89-92
82-86
82-84
93-97
94-02
03-09
03-08
03-07
82-85
86-90
91-93
94-98
99-02
82-82
83-91
92-96
97-02
89-97
82-93
96-04
3.30
5.38
4.40
3.89
2.37
2.14
1.33
2.03
3.33
2.75
2.84
2.53
2.58
1.72
4.54
4.95
5.60
5.34
3.31
3.38
4.88
2.56
2.07
5.48
3.83
3.35
3.49
2.18
3.60
4.63
4.19
2.62
3.58
2.73
1.85
2.67
3.88
2.94
2.24
0.76
1.63
0.42
0.62
2.32
1.98
1.23
0.84
1.59
0.56
4.01
4.54
5.19
2.56
2.76
2.57
2.62
1.84
1.31
4.77
3.28
2.69
2.96
1.43
1.65
4.10
3.38
1.71
2.54
1.84
0.94
4.08
7.46
6.56
6.76
7.40
2.81
4.23
6.62
4.79
3.82
6.57
7.60
4.20
5.34
5.13
5.40
6.03
11.12
3.97
4.45
9.08
3.55
3.29
6.29
4.47
4.17
4.10
3.31
7.85
5.23
5.20
4.02
5.03
4.07
3.64
1.41
3.58
3.62
4.51
6.64
1.18
3.81
6.00
2.48
1.84
5.34
6.76
2.61
4.78
1.12
0.86
0.84
8.56
1.21
1.88
6.46
1.71
1.98
1.52
1.19
1.48
1.14
1.88
6.19
1.13
1.82
2.31
2.49
2.23
2.70
Make
Model of Car
Porsche
Renault
Saab
Saab
Saab
Saab
Subaru
944
Feugo
900 Series
900/9-3
9000
9-3
Wagon
Liberty / Legacy
Corona
Camry
Celica
Celica
Celica
Celica
Celica
IS200 / IS300
200 Series
S60
Passat
Subaru
Subaru
Subaru
Subaru
Toyota
Toyota
Holden / Toyota
Holden / Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Lexus
Volvo
Volvo
Volkswagen
Years of Serious
per 100
drivers
involved
%
82-91
5.14
82-87
3.99
82-92
3.94
94-02
2.26
86-97
1.95
03-09
3.60
82-93
4.97
89-93
94-98
99-03
03-09
82-88
83-86
88-92
93-97
81-85
86-89
90-93
94-99
00-05
99-04
82-93
01-09
98-06
People Movers
Chrysler
Holden
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Kia
Kia
Mazda
Nissan
Nissan
Honda
Honda
Honda
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Voyager
Zafira TT
Nimbus / Chariot
Nimbus
Starwagon / L300
Carnival
Carnival
MPV
Prairie
Serena
Odyssey
Odyssey
Odyssey
Tarago
Spacia
Avensis Verso
Tarago
97-01
01-05
85-91
92-98
99-03
83-86
87-93
95-98
98-03
99-06
06-09
94-99
84-86
92-95
95-00
00-02
04-09
83-89
91-99
00-06
93-00
01-09
06-09
Lower 95% Upper 95%
Limit
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
2.19
2.37
2.93
1.55
1.24
1.65
4.49
12.03
6.71
5.30
3.28
3.07
7.85
5.49
9.83
4.34
2.37
1.73
1.82
6.20
1.00
3.83
3.40
2.41
2.38
5.06
5.00
4.09
4.25
4.44
4.49
4.53
3.62
3.64
1.88
3.40
1.84
2.52
3.42
2.91
1.96
1.74
4.72
4.29
3.86
3.98
3.71
3.70
3.79
2.79
2.25
0.90
2.77
0.61
1.48
4.29
3.97
2.98
3.27
5.43
5.82
4.33
4.53
5.32
5.46
5.42
4.68
5.89
3.91
4.16
5.54
4.27
0.87
1.06
1.02
1.53
0.71
1.52
0.47
0.55
1.61
1.77
1.63
1.89
3.64
3.00
1.39
4.92
2.78
3.94
3.74
4.16
0.42
2.31
3.03
4.60
4.31
1.93
7.68
5.24
3.94
4.55
2.51
0.48
2.28
4.94
2.62
2.42
2.62
1.07
5.99
3.17
2.38
3.49
5.39
2.89
1.19
1.58
3.33
3.23
0.82
6.72
4.65
3.03
3.50
1.77
0.07
0.98
3.42
1.51
1.65
1.21
0.35
5.30
2.61
1.62
1.64
2.74
1.14
4.50
5.79
6.36
5.74
4.51
8.79
5.91
5.12
5.91
3.56
3.44
5.32
7.14
4.55
3.55
5.68
3.26
6.77
3.86
3.51
7.44
10.58
7.36
3.31
4.21
3.02
2.52
3.69
2.07
1.26
2.09
2.41
1.79
3.37
4.34
3.72
3.03
1.91
4.47
2.91
1.47
1.25
1.89
5.80
7.84
6.22
Make
Model of Car
Years of Serious
per 100
drivers
involved
%
Small Cars
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Audi
Mini
Chrysler
Chrysler
Citroen
Daihatsu
Daewoo
Daewoo
Daewoo
Daewoo
Daewoo
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Fiat
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Kia
33
75
GTV
Sprint
Alfasud
A3/S3
Mini Cooper
Neon
Neon
Xsara
Applause
1.5i
Cielo
Nubira
Lanos
Lacetti
Laser
Laser
Capri
Focus LR
Focus LS / LT
Regata
Gemini
Gemini RB
Astra TR
Astra TS
Astra AH
Viva JF
Excel
Excel
Excel / Accent
Elantra
Accent
S Coupe
Lantra
Lantra
Coupe
Accent
Lancer / Mirage CA
Lancer / Mirage CB
Lancer / Mirage CC
Lancer / Mirage CE
Cordia
Lancer CH / CJ
Rio
83-92
86-92
82-84
82-88
82-84
97-04
02-09
96-99
00-02
00-05
89-99
94-95
95-97
97-03
97-03
03-04
91-94
95-97
89-94
02-05
05-09
84-88
82-84
86-87
96-98
98-06
04-09
05-09
86-90
90-94
95-00
00-06
06-09
90-96
91-95
96-00
96-00
00-06
89-90
91-92
93-95
96-03
83-87
03-09
00-05
Lower 95% Upper 95%
Limit
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
4.16
4.08
4.24
0.15
4.80
3.51
7.71
4.89
6.70
2.55
1.73
4.21
4.29
2.33
4.85
6.39
4.81
3.73
4.94
4.78
4.70
4.65
5.80
2.67
2.60
4.88
5.70
5.96
3.46
3.09
2.87
2.81
6.63
5.98
5.24
3.72
1.51
5.72
5.22
4.25
4.97
4.51
4.45
5.58
4.57
4.50
6.34
3.59
4.48
3.36
1.40
4.17
2.21
3.11
1.30
0.81
2.73
1.87
0.60
4.11
3.40
4.19
3.12
4.37
2.43
4.37
4.09
4.72
2.04
1.91
2.52
5.14
4.72
2.63
2.77
2.17
1.89
5.85
5.49
4.93
2.96
0.40
4.51
4.33
3.68
3.71
3.92
3.96
4.43
4.12
4.17
5.37
2.86
3.75
6.85
8.83
14.26
10.78
14.40
4.97
3.70
6.49
9.85
9.00
5.74
12.02
5.52
4.45
5.58
9.40
5.05
5.28
7.13
3.51
3.53
9.45
6.32
7.52
4.54
3.45
3.78
4.17
7.53
6.50
5.56
4.67
5.76
7.24
6.29
4.91
6.66
5.19
5.01
7.03
5.08
4.85
7.48
4.50
5.34
3.49
7.43
10.10
8.57
11.29
3.67
2.89
3.76
7.97
8.40
1.63
8.62
1.34
1.32
1.21
6.97
0.68
1.19
2.41
1.47
1.63
6.92
1.18
2.79
1.90
0.69
1.61
2.28
1.68
1.01
0.63
1.70
5.36
2.73
1.97
1.23
2.96
1.27
1.04
2.60
0.96
0.68
2.11
1.65
1.59
Make
Model of Car
Kia
Kia
Kia
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Spectra
Cerato LD
Rio JB
Laser / 323
Autozam AZ-3
3 / Axela
A-Class W168
Stanza
Gazelle / Silvia
Exa
Exa
NX/NX-R
Pulsar
Tiida
Civic
Civic / Shuttle
Civic
Civic
CRX
CRX
S2000
Civic
Civic
Integra
Integra
Integra
Integra
Concerto
306
307
Wira
Gen 2
19
Scenic
Quintet
MGF / MG TF
Impreza
Impreza
Impreza
Mazda
Mercedes Benz
Holden / Nissan
Holden / Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Peugeot
Peugeot
Proton
Proton
Renault
Renault
Rover
MG
Subaru
Subaru
Subaru
Suzuki
Years of Serious
per 100
drivers
involved
%
01-04
3.73
04-08
3.45
05-09
3.53
82-88
5.93
90-93
4.30
95-98
4.28
99-03
3.23
89-97
4.56
98-05
3.20
90-97
3.22
03-09
98-04
84-86
88-90
92-95
96-99
82-83
84-86
83-86
87-91
91-96
00-05
06-09
82-83
84-87
88-91
92-95
96-00
87-91
92-98
99-09
01-05
06-09
86-88
90-92
93-01
02-06
89-93
94-01
01-09
95-96
04-09
91-96
01-04
82-86
99-05
93-00
01-07
07-09
95-02
2.35
4.47
6.29
5.32
3.91
4.40
4.51
6.19
8.09
6.02
6.72
3.83
4.16
5.78
6.42
4.85
4.05
3.53
7.25
4.46
0.90
3.09
1.89
5.31
4.37
3.69
3.52
4.45
2.79
2.13
4.92
5.83
3.51
2.45
5.36
2.51
4.77
2.61
4.28
3.93
Lower 95% Upper 95%
Limit
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
2.22
2.17
2.46
5.68
3.84
3.75
2.83
2.95
1.84
1.99
6.26
5.48
5.06
6.18
4.81
4.87
3.68
7.06
5.54
5.22
4.04
3.31
2.61
0.50
0.98
1.12
0.85
4.12
3.70
3.23
1.95
2.45
5.81
4.94
3.52
4.02
2.95
4.88
5.90
3.75
5.22
3.42
2.43
4.67
5.69
4.34
3.57
3.05
5.61
2.73
0.22
2.38
1.07
4.18
3.36
2.86
1.76
3.34
2.06
1.27
3.92
2.92
1.79
0.84
3.38
1.19
4.24
2.06
1.85
3.10
2.82
8.15
6.80
5.72
4.35
4.83
6.90
7.85
11.10
9.64
8.65
4.30
7.14
7.14
7.24
5.42
4.60
4.08
9.37
7.29
3.67
4.01
3.31
6.75
5.67
4.76
7.04
5.93
3.78
3.59
6.17
11.64
6.88
7.14
8.51
5.28
5.36
3.30
9.87
4.98
0.86
5.70
0.98
0.78
0.83
0.81
3.96
2.97
5.20
5.89
3.44
0.88
4.72
2.47
1.55
1.08
1.03
1.04
3.76
4.56
3.45
1.64
2.24
2.56
2.31
1.90
5.28
2.60
1.72
2.32
2.25
8.71
5.09
6.30
5.14
4.09
1.12
1.24
8.02
1.88
Make
Model of Car
Suzuki
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota / Holden
Toyota / Holden
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Volvo
Volvo
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Liana
Corolla
Corolla
Corolla / Nova
Corolla / Nova
Corolla / Allex
Corolla
Corolla
Tercel
MR2
MR2
Paseo / Cynos
Corolla 4WD Wagon
Prius II
300 Series
S40/V40
Golf
Golf
Golf / Bora
New Beetle
Golf / Jetta
Years of Serious
per 100
drivers
involved
%
01-07
2.74
82-84
5.67
86-88
5.30
89-93
4.66
94-97
4.34
98-01
3.13
02-07
3.37
07-09
3.58
83-88
4.99
87-90
7.06
91-00
4.13
91-99
4.29
92-96
4.01
03-09
3.18
84-88
5.23
97-04
2.21
82-94
5.73
95-98
2.76
99-04
2.16
00-09
1.78
04-09
1.36
Light Cars
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daewoo
Daewoo
Ford
Ford
Holden
Holden
Holden
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Nissan
Honda
Honda
Peugeot
Peugeot
Proton
Charade
Charade
Charade
Pyzar
Sirion / Storia
Mira
Matiz
Kalos
Festiva WD/WH/WF
Ka
Barina XC
Barina SB
Barina TK
Getz / TB
Mirage / Colt
Colt
Festiva WA / 121
121 Metro / Demio
2
2
Micra
Jazz / Fit
City
205
206
Satria
82-86
88-92
93-00
97-01
98-04
90-96
99-04
03-04
94-01
99-02
01-06
95-00
05-09
02-09
82-88
04-09
87-90
94-96
97-02
02-07
07-09
95-97
02-08
83-86
87-94
99-07
97-05
Lower 95% Upper 95%
Limit
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
1.66
5.24
4.96
4.41
4.04
2.76
3.05
2.61
3.54
5.02
2.54
3.41
2.50
1.61
2.93
1.37
3.53
1.85
1.58
0.85
0.83
4.51
6.14
5.67
4.93
4.65
3.56
3.72
4.92
7.02
9.93
6.72
5.39
6.41
6.28
9.33
3.56
9.28
4.11
2.95
3.72
2.24
2.85
0.91
0.71
0.52
0.61
0.80
0.67
2.31
3.47
4.91
4.18
1.99
3.91
4.66
6.40
2.19
5.75
2.26
1.37
2.87
1.41
5.08
4.95
5.21
0.26
8.39
6.47
6.42
4.82
4.55
10.08
5.31
5.00
6.16
4.92
3.34
4.63
4.21
5.04
6.13
3.78
6.31
5.22
4.41
3.81
2.65
6.36
3.48
7.55
4.53
4.24
3.60
7.32
5.86
5.75
2.98
3.59
8.25
4.10
3.38
5.76
3.41
2.76
4.14
3.25
4.25
5.70
2.35
5.74
4.53
3.71
2.86
1.34
4.96
2.71
6.14
2.78
2.94
1.39
9.63
7.14
7.17
7.81
5.77
12.31
6.87
7.38
6.60
7.10
4.05
5.19
5.46
5.99
6.59
6.10
6.92
6.01
5.23
5.08
5.26
8.17
4.48
9.28
7.39
6.11
9.31
2.31
1.28
1.42
4.84
2.18
4.05
2.78
4.00
0.84
3.69
1.30
1.05
2.21
1.74
0.89
3.75
1.18
1.48
1.51
2.23
3.92
3.20
1.77
3.13
4.61
3.18
7.92
Make
Model of Car
Renault
Subaru
Suzuki
Holden / Suzuki
Holden / Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Clio II
Swift
Hatch / Alto
Alto
Ignis
Swift
Starlet
Echo
Yaris
Polo
Polo
Years of Serious
per 100
drivers
involved
%
01-04
3.31
89-92
9.83
82-85
8.43
86-88
7.77
89-99
5.90
82-84
9.94
85-00
9.66
00-02
6.24
05-09
3.72
96-99
5.22
99-05
4.35
05-09
3.16
96-00
2.95
02-09
4.66
Lower 95% Upper 95%
Limit
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
1.32
7.99
5.49
6.99
5.53
8.13
7.27
4.53
2.95
4.60
3.88
2.52
1.81
2.82
7.03
4.10
7.46
1.65
0.78
4.03
5.55
4.09
1.74
1.32
0.99
1.45
3.02
4.91
8.34
12.09
12.95
8.64
6.31
12.16
12.83
8.61
4.68
5.91
4.87
3.97
4.82
7.73
CRASHWORTHINESS RATINGS
Make
Model of Car
ALL VEHICLE AVERAGE
Years of Serious
per 100
drivers
involved
%
3.57
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Holden
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi /
Peugeot
Kia
Kia
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Nissan
Lada
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Land Rover
Subaru
Subaru
Suzuki
Suzuki
Holden / Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Width of
Confidence
Interval
3.46
3.32
3.60
0.28
Feroza / Rocky
Rocky / Rugger
Terios
Cruze
Tucson
Outlander
Outlander / 4007
89-97
85-98
97-05
02-06
04-09
03-06
06-09
5.23
6.55
4.99
4.92
3.45
3.01
1.49
4.20
5.12
3.94
3.89
1.86
1.83
0.49
6.51
8.38
6.31
6.22
6.40
4.93
4.55
2.30
3.26
2.37
2.33
4.54
3.10
4.06
Sportage
Sorento
Escape / Tribute
CX-7
X-Trail
Niva
CR-V
CR-V
HR-V
CR-V
Freelander
Forester
Forester
Vitara / Escudo
Grand Vitara
/ SJ413
Jimny
Grand Vitara
RAV4
RAV4
RAV4
98-03
03-09
01-06
06-09
01-07
84-99
97-01
02-06
99-02
07-09
98-06
97-02
02-08
88-98
99-05
82-99
3.13
2.37
2.85
0.71
3.02
4.13
2.45
2.08
4.16
1.90
5.43
2.52
2.21
5.06
2.93
6.00
2.32
1.35
2.26
0.14
2.53
2.81
2.01
1.63
2.92
1.02
3.57
2.06
1.74
4.50
2.22
5.41
4.23
4.17
3.58
3.57
3.61
6.06
2.99
2.67
5.93
3.54
8.28
3.08
2.79
5.67
3.86
6.66
1.91
2.82
1.32
3.43
1.09
3.25
0.98
1.05
3.02
2.52
4.71
1.01
1.04
1.17
1.64
1.25
98-09
05-08
94-00
01-06
06-09
4.13
3.58
3.39
2.82
2.67
2.91
2.31
2.93
2.38
1.92
5.86
5.56
3.92
3.34
3.71
2.95
3.25
0.99
0.97
1.79
2.74
2.60
2.89
0.29
Daewoo /
Ssangong
Ford
Holden / Isuzu
Holden / Isuzu
Holden / Isuzu
Holden
Lower 90% Upper 90%
Limit
Limit
Musso
98-02
4.10
2.63
6.39
3.76
Territory SX/SY
Jackaroo / Bighorn
Jackaroo / Bighorn
Jackaroo / Bighorn
Frontera / Mu
04-09
82-91
92-97
98-02
95-03
2.37
3.50
2.98
3.29
3.40
1.79
2.74
2.27
2.50
2.31
3.13
4.49
3.91
4.33
5.01
1.35
1.75
1.63
1.83
2.70
Make
Model of Car
Holden
Holden
Hyundai
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Jeep
Jeep
Jeep
Land Rover
Nissan
Nissan
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Lexus
Toyota
Adventra
Captiva CG
Santa Fe
Terracan
Pajero
Pajero
Pajero NM / NP / NS
Challenger
Cherokee XJ
Wrangler
Cherokee KJ
Defender
Kluger
Landcruiser Prado
Landcruiser Prado
RX330
Kluger
Years of Serious
per 100
drivers
involved
%
03-06
1.38
06-09
2.52
00-06
3.79
01-07
1.41
82-90
4.78
92-99
3.04
00-06
2.25
98-06
3.19
96-00
2.96
96-04
3.93
01-07
1.88
92-09
4.25
88-94
2.93
95-05
2.01
03-07
2.72
96-03
2.27
03-09
1.67
03-05
4.15
07-09
1.20
BMW
Ford
Ford
Ford
Jeep
Jeep
Land Rover
Mercedes Benz
Nissan
Nissan / Ford
Nissan
Land Rover
Land Rover
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
X5
Bronco
Explorer
Explorer
Grand Cherokee ZG
Discovery
M-Class W163
Patrol / Safari
Patrol / Safari
Range Rover
Range Rover
Landcruiser
Landcruiser
Landcruiser
01-08
82-87
00-01
01-05
96-99
99-05
91-02
98-05
82-87
88-97
98-09
82-94
95-02
82-89
90-97
98-07
Commercial - Vans
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Holden
Kia
Mercedes Benz
Handivan
Hi-Jet
Handivan / Cuore
Falcon Panel Van
Falcon Panel Van
Transit
Transit
Shuttle / WFR Van
Pregio
MB100 / MB140
82-90
82-90
99-03
82-95
96-99
95-00
01-07
82-87
02-06
99-04
Lower 90% Upper 90%
Limit
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
0.60
1.38
2.52
0.54
4.12
2.62
1.67
2.26
2.36
2.65
1.06
2.95
2.29
1.51
1.93
1.78
1.32
2.43
0.38
3.18
4.61
5.70
3.72
5.55
3.52
3.03
4.50
3.71
5.83
3.33
6.11
3.76
2.68
3.83
2.90
2.12
7.08
3.79
2.57
3.23
3.18
3.19
1.43
0.90
1.36
2.24
1.35
3.18
2.27
3.16
1.47
1.17
1.90
1.12
0.79
4.65
3.41
2.68
2.58
2.78
0.20
0.86
6.47
4.33
1.89
2.35
1.68
2.48
1.98
3.61
2.63
2.18
3.01
1.20
4.26
3.04
2.44
0.33
3.93
3.18
1.13
1.39
0.97
1.89
1.12
2.90
2.37
1.89
2.31
0.54
3.91
2.81
2.20
2.21
10.66
5.89
3.16
3.97
2.93
3.24
3.52
4.49
2.92
2.52
3.93
2.64
4.64
3.29
2.72
1.88
6.73
2.71
2.04
2.58
1.97
1.34
2.40
1.58
0.55
0.62
1.62
2.10
0.73
0.48
0.52
3.76
3.60
3.92
0.33
8.89
12.61
6.16
3.58
2.49
3.22
1.24
6.50
3.65
2.48
7.28
9.07
3.91
3.05
1.56
2.41
0.80
4.77
2.57
1.36
10.85
17.54
9.70
4.21
3.97
4.30
1.94
8.85
5.18
4.54
3.57
8.47
5.79
1.16
2.41
1.89
1.14
4.07
2.61
3.18
Make
Model of Car
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Honda
Holden / Suzuki
Suzuki
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Vito
Sprinter
Acty
Scurry / Carry
Carry
Hiace/Liteace
Hiace/Liteace
Hiace/Liteace
Hiace/Liteace
Hiace
Years of Serious
per 100
drivers
involved
%
99-04
2.27
98-06
2.51
83-86
4.03
82-00
9.79
99-05
5.09
82-86
5.96
87-89
5.14
90-95
4.66
96-04
3.08
05-09
3.49
88-94
3.00
95-04
1.81
Commercial - Utes
Ford / Nissan
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Holden
Holden / Isuzu
Holden / Isuzu
Holden / Isuzu
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Kia
Kia
Ford / Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Proton
Subaru
Suzuki
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Falcon Ute
Falcon Ute AU
Falcon Ute BA/BF
Ford F-Series
F-Series
Commodore Ute VG/VP
Rodeo / Pickup
Rodeo / Pickup
Rodeo / Pickup
Rodeo
Rodeo
WB Series
Commodore Ute VR/VS
Commodore VU Ute
Commodore VY/VZ Ute
Rodeo
Commodore VE Ute
Triton MK
Triton ML / MN
Ceres
K2700
Ranger / BT-50
720 Ute
Navara
Navara
Navara
Navara
Jumbuck
Brumby
Mighty Boy
4Runner/Hilux
4Runner/Hilux
4Runner/Hilux
82-95
96-99
00-02
03-08
82-92
01-06
90-93
82-85
86-88
89-95
96-98
99-02
82-85
94-00
00-02
02-07
03-08
07-09
96-06
06-09
92-00
02-08
98-02
03-06
06-09
82-85
86-91
92-96
97-05
05-09
03-09
82-92
85-88
82-85
86-88
89-97
Lower 90% Upper 90%
Limit
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
1.38
1.66
2.63
7.79
2.65
5.38
4.49
4.18
2.71
2.61
1.62
1.15
3.73
3.81
6.20
12.31
9.76
6.60
5.89
5.18
3.50
4.66
5.55
2.86
2.34
2.15
3.57
4.52
7.11
1.22
1.40
1.00
0.78
2.05
3.93
1.71
3.32
3.24
3.40
0.16
4.00
3.14
2.63
2.32
2.79
2.05
4.48
4.64
2.63
4.42
3.38
3.49
5.44
3.99
3.05
2.59
2.58
2.65
2.29
1.22
5.75
3.67
2.95
3.03
1.87
4.62
4.19
3.63
2.51
2.46
4.01
6.58
9.93
4.88
4.54
4.04
3.68
2.63
2.22
1.92
2.01
1.15
3.77
3.50
1.56
4.02
2.91
3.03
4.58
3.66
2.56
2.27
2.21
1.26
1.70
0.61
4.72
1.89
2.47
2.47
1.24
3.83
3.70
3.04
2.12
1.67
2.01
5.72
7.82
4.42
4.10
3.82
4.35
3.74
3.13
2.79
3.87
3.67
5.32
6.15
4.44
4.86
3.92
4.01
6.46
4.36
3.62
2.95
3.01
5.58
3.08
2.45
7.00
7.11
3.52
3.73
2.82
5.57
4.73
4.34
2.98
3.64
8.01
7.56
12.60
5.37
5.02
4.26
0.67
1.11
0.91
0.86
1.86
2.53
1.55
2.64
2.88
0.84
1.02
0.98
1.88
0.69
1.06
0.68
0.80
4.33
1.39
1.84
2.28
5.21
1.05
1.27
1.57
1.74
1.02
1.30
0.87
1.98
6.00
1.84
4.78
0.95
0.92
0.45
Make
Model of Car
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Hilux
Hilux
Hilux
Years of Serious
per 100
drivers
involved
%
98-02
2.81
03-04
2.43
05-09
2.14
Lower 90% Upper 90%
Limit
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
2.52
1.99
1.80
3.13
2.97
2.54
0.61
0.97
0.74
3.37
3.32
3.42
0.10
82-86
87-94
95-01
82-88
82-87
88-Mar 92
Apr 92-94
88-94
95-98
99-02
03-07
08-09
94-98
98-02
96-98
02-08
89-93
82-85
90-93
94-98
93-97
97-02
99-03
02-07
01-05
03-06
82-88
06-09
89-97
99-00
85-90
2.81
4.32
1.70
4.45
4.27
4.03
3.69
3.27
3.52
2.91
3.21
1.22
3.40
3.03
4.03
2.47
4.41
7.03
4.55
3.34
3.68
3.17
2.59
2.62
3.27
2.90
4.97
2.51
3.72
1.42
4.72
1.44
2.84
0.79
4.29
3.85
3.86
3.48
2.91
2.93
2.14
2.02
0.62
3.25
2.85
2.91
2.28
4.26
4.55
3.47
2.93
3.54
3.02
1.97
2.41
2.46
1.95
4.79
2.13
3.23
0.55
4.49
5.48
6.57
3.69
4.62
4.73
4.20
3.92
3.68
4.23
3.97
5.09
2.42
3.55
3.22
5.59
2.68
4.57
10.89
5.97
3.82
3.83
3.32
3.40
2.84
4.33
4.32
5.16
2.96
4.28
3.65
4.96
4.03
3.73
2.90
0.34
0.87
0.34
0.44
0.78
1.31
1.83
3.06
1.81
0.30
0.37
2.68
0.40
0.31
6.34
2.51
0.88
0.29
0.29
1.43
0.43
1.88
2.37
0.37
0.83
1.05
3.10
0.47
96-03
3.44
3.21
3.69
0.48
91-96
3.70
3.50
3.92
0.42
03-05
05-08
82-86
87-94
99-08
82-90
92-96
82-85
86-94
2.45
2.28
5.13
2.07
1.27
4.76
3.93
3.25
2.92
1.85
1.40
3.29
1.24
0.49
4.20
2.38
2.00
2.20
3.24
3.70
7.98
3.44
3.27
5.40
6.51
5.27
3.88
1.40
2.30
4.70
2.19
2.78
1.20
4.13
3.27
1.69
Large Cars
BMW
BMW
BMW
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Holden / Toyota
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden / Toyota
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Hyundai
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Jaguar
Jaguar
Jaguar
Mazda
Mazda
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
7 Series E23
7 Series E32
7 Series E38
Falcon XE/XF
Fairlane Z & LTD F
Fairlane N & LTD D
Fairlane N & LTD D
Fairlane & LTD AU
Falcon FG
Falcon EF/EL
Falcon AU
Taurus
Falcon BA/BF
Stateman/Caprice VQ
Commodore VT/VX
Commodore VY/VZ
Monaro
Commodore VB-VL
Commodore VE
Sonata
Grandeaur / XG
V3000
V3000 / Diamante
380
XJ6
XJ6
S-Type
929 / Luce
E-Class W123
E-Class W124
Make
Model of Car
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Honda
Rover
Saab
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Lexus
Lexus
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Volvo
Volvo
Volvo
E-Class W210
S-Class W126
E-Class W211
Skyline
300ZX / Fairlady Z
Maxima
Maxima / Cefiro
Maxima
Maxima
Legend
3500
9-5
Camry
Cressida / Mark II
Supra
ES300 / Windom
LS400 / Celsior
Avalon
Camry
Aurion
Camry
850/S70/V70/C70
700/900 Series
960/S90/V90
Years of Serious
per 100
drivers
involved
%
96-02
2.43
82-92
3.01
02-09
0.61
83-88
4.59
90-95
4.43
90-94
3.66
95-99
3.84
00-02
3.61
06-09
3.07
86-95
3.04
82-87
2.23
98-05
1.87
98-02
3.20
82-85
4.75
86-88
4.40
89-93
3.05
82-90
6.13
92-01
3.56
90-00
1.39
00-05
2.98
02-06
2.57
06-09
2.62
06-09
2.30
92-99
3.09
84-92
2.58
90-98
2.97
Medium Cars
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Audi
Audi
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
Chrysler
Daewoo
Daewoo
Daewoo
Ford
Ford
Ford
Holden
Holden
156
147 / GT
A4
A4
Z3 E36
5 Series E60 / E61
3 Series E90 / E91
3 Series E30
3 Series E36
3 Series E46
5 Series E28
5 Series E34
5 Series E39
PT Cruiser
Espero
Leganza
Tacuma
Mondeo
Probe
Cougar
Calibra
Camira
99-06
01-09
95-01
01-08
97-03
03-09
05-09
82-91
92-98
99-06
82-88
89-95
96-03
00-09
95-97
97-02
00-04
95-01
94-98
99-03
94-97
82-89
Lower 90% Upper 90%
Limit
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
1.64
2.16
0.12
4.20
3.30
2.95
3.17
2.62
2.01
2.30
0.98
0.84
2.97
4.07
3.39
2.52
4.67
2.63
0.59
2.52
2.27
1.75
1.70
2.46
2.05
1.38
3.59
4.19
3.14
5.02
5.97
4.53
4.67
4.96
4.67
4.02
5.10
4.19
3.45
5.54
5.71
3.69
8.04
4.81
3.26
3.52
2.91
3.92
3.11
3.86
3.26
6.37
1.95
2.02
3.02
0.82
2.67
1.58
1.50
2.33
2.66
1.72
4.13
3.35
0.48
1.47
2.31
1.17
3.37
2.18
2.66
1.00
0.63
2.17
1.40
1.40
1.22
4.99
3.62
3.56
3.69
0.13
2.98
2.40
3.22
2.08
3.17
2.51
1.31
3.75
3.33
3.04
3.44
3.32
2.09
3.21
5.70
3.38
6.83
2.97
4.18
3.11
3.01
5.64
1.69
0.97
2.36
1.24
1.84
1.11
0.58
3.28
2.94
2.53
2.53
2.50
1.48
1.48
4.53
2.50
3.83
2.52
2.59
2.20
2.01
5.32
5.24
5.93
4.40
3.51
5.44
5.68
2.95
4.30
3.77
3.65
4.67
4.40
2.96
6.96
7.18
4.58
12.20
3.49
6.75
4.38
4.49
5.97
3.54
4.95
2.05
2.28
3.60
4.57
2.37
1.02
0.83
1.12
2.14
1.90
1.48
5.49
2.65
2.09
8.37
0.97
4.15
2.18
2.48
0.65
Make
Model of Car
Holden
Holden
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Vectra
Vectra ZC
Sonata
Sonata EF
Tiburon
Lambda
Starion
Galant
X-Type
Cronos
626
RX7
RX7
Eunos 500
Eunos 800
6
RX8
6
C-Class W201
C-Class W202
CLK C208
SLK R170
C-Class W203
CLK C209
Pintara
Bluebird
280ZX
Bluebird
200SX / Silvia
350Z
Accord Euro
Accord
Accord
Accord
Accord
Accord
Accord
Prelude
Prelude
Prelude
Prelude
405
505
406
944
Feugo
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Jaguar
Ford / Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Nissan
Nissan / Ford
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Peugeot
Peugeot
Peugeot
Porsche
Renault
Years of Serious
per 100
drivers
involved
%
97-03
3.03
03-05
2.19
98-01
4.30
02-05
2.93
02-09
4.17
82-84
4.97
Lower 90% Upper 90%
Limit
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
2.62
1.37
3.26
1.34
1.67
4.65
3.50
3.48
5.66
6.39
10.42
5.31
0.89
2.11
2.40
5.05
8.75
0.67
82-87
95-96
02-09
83-86
88-91
92-97
9.08
4.10
1.07
4.61
4.06
3.66
6.34
3.46
0.34
4.30
3.73
3.33
13.00
4.87
3.45
4.94
4.42
4.03
6.67
1.41
3.11
0.64
0.69
0.69
98-02
82-85
86-91
93-99
94-00
02-07
03-09
08-09
87-93
95-00
97-03
97-04
00-07
03-09
86-88
89-92
82-86
82-84
93-97
94-02
03-09
03-08
03-07
82-85
86-90
91-93
94-98
99-02
82-82
83-91
92-96
97-02
89-97
82-93
96-04
82-91
82-87
3.30
5.38
4.40
3.89
2.37
2.14
1.33
2.03
3.33
2.75
2.84
2.53
2.58
1.72
4.54
4.95
5.60
5.34
3.31
3.38
4.88
2.56
2.07
5.48
3.83
3.35
3.49
2.18
3.60
4.63
4.19
2.62
3.58
2.73
1.85
5.14
3.99
2.77
4.09
3.14
2.46
0.92
1.70
0.50
0.76
2.46
2.09
1.41
1.01
1.72
0.67
4.09
4.61
5.26
2.89
2.84
2.69
2.90
1.94
1.41
4.88
3.36
2.79
3.04
1.53
1.88
4.18
3.50
1.83
2.69
1.96
1.05
2.52
2.58
3.94
7.08
6.15
6.18
6.14
2.69
3.50
5.46
4.52
3.62
5.73
6.35
3.88
4.44
5.03
5.33
5.96
9.86
3.85
4.25
8.20
3.37
3.05
6.15
4.36
4.02
3.99
3.09
6.91
5.13
5.02
3.75
4.76
3.81
3.26
10.47
6.16
1.17
2.98
3.00
3.72
5.23
0.98
2.99
4.71
2.06
1.53
4.32
5.34
2.16
3.77
0.94
0.72
0.71
6.98
1.01
1.56
5.30
1.42
1.64
1.27
1.00
1.23
0.95
1.56
5.03
0.95
1.52
1.91
2.08
1.85
2.21
7.95
3.59
Make
Model of Car
Saab
Saab
Saab
Saab
Subaru
900 Series
900/9-3
9000
9-3
Wagon
Liberty / Legacy
Corona
Camry
Celica
Celica
Celica
Celica
Celica
IS200 / IS300
200 Series
S60
Passat
Subaru
Subaru
Subaru
Subaru
Toyota
Toyota
Holden / Toyota
Holden / Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Lexus
Volvo
Volvo
Volkswagen
Years of Serious
per 100
drivers
involved
%
82-92
3.94
94-02
2.26
86-97
1.95
03-09
3.60
82-93
4.97
89-93
94-98
99-03
03-09
82-88
83-86
88-92
93-97
81-85
86-89
90-93
94-99
00-05
99-04
82-93
01-09
98-06
People Movers
Chrysler
Holden
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Kia
Kia
Mazda
Nissan
Nissan
Honda
Honda
Honda
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Small Cars
Voyager
Zafira TT
Nimbus / Chariot
Nimbus
Starwagon / L300
Carnival
Carnival
MPV
Prairie
Serena
Odyssey
Odyssey
Odyssey
Tarago
Spacia
Avensis Verso
Tarago
97-01
01-05
85-91
92-98
99-03
83-86
87-93
95-98
98-03
99-06
06-09
94-99
84-86
92-95
95-00
00-02
04-09
83-89
91-99
00-06
93-00
01-09
06-09
Lower 90% Upper 90%
Limit
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
3.08
1.65
1.34
1.87
4.57
5.05
3.09
2.85
6.91
5.40
1.97
1.44
1.51
5.04
0.84
3.83
3.40
2.41
2.38
5.06
5.00
4.09
4.25
4.44
4.49
4.53
3.62
3.64
1.88
3.40
1.84
2.52
3.48
2.99
2.03
1.83
4.78
4.40
3.89
4.02
3.82
3.82
3.91
2.91
2.43
1.02
2.87
0.73
1.62
4.21
3.87
2.88
3.10
5.37
5.67
4.29
4.48
5.17
5.29
5.26
4.49
5.45
3.47
4.02
4.63
3.91
0.73
0.88
0.85
1.27
0.59
1.27
0.40
0.46
1.35
1.48
1.36
1.58
3.01
2.45
1.16
3.89
2.30
3.94
3.77
4.12
0.35
2.31
3.03
4.60
4.31
1.93
7.68
5.24
3.94
4.55
2.51
0.48
2.28
4.94
2.62
2.42
2.62
1.07
5.99
3.17
2.38
3.49
5.39
2.89
1.32
1.76
3.51
3.38
0.95
6.87
4.74
3.17
3.66
1.88
0.09
1.12
3.63
1.65
1.75
1.37
0.42
5.41
2.69
1.72
1.86
3.06
1.33
4.03
5.21
6.03
5.48
3.93
8.60
5.79
4.91
5.66
3.36
2.50
4.63
6.72
4.15
3.34
5.01
2.72
6.64
3.74
3.29
6.58
9.48
6.32
2.71
3.45
2.52
2.10
2.98
1.73
1.05
1.74
2.01
1.48
2.40
3.51
3.09
2.50
1.58
3.64
2.30
1.23
1.05
1.57
4.72
6.41
4.99
4.16
4.10
4.23
0.13
Make
Model of Car
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Audi
Mini
Chrysler
Chrysler
Citroen
Daihatsu
Daewoo
Daewoo
Daewoo
Daewoo
Daewoo
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Fiat
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Kia
Kia
Kia
Kia
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
33
75
GTV
Sprint
Alfasud
A3/S3
Mini Cooper
Neon
Neon
Xsara
Applause
1.5i
Cielo
Nubira
Lanos
Lacetti
Laser
Laser
Capri
Focus LR
Focus LS / LT
Regata
Gemini
Gemini RB
Astra TR
Astra TS
Astra AH
Viva JF
Excel
Excel
Excel / Accent
Elantra
Accent
S Coupe
Lantra
Lantra
Coupe
Accent
Lancer / Mirage CA
Lancer / Mirage CB
Lancer / Mirage CC
Lancer / Mirage CE
Cordia
Lancer CH / CJ
Rio
Spectra
Cerato LD
Rio JB
Years of Serious
per 100
drivers
involved
%
83-92
86-92
82-84
82-88
82-84
97-04
02-09
96-99
00-02
00-05
89-99
94-95
95-97
97-03
97-03
03-04
91-94
95-97
89-94
02-05
05-09
84-88
82-84
86-87
96-98
98-06
04-09
05-09
86-90
90-94
95-00
00-06
06-09
90-96
91-95
96-00
96-00
00-06
89-90
91-92
93-95
96-03
83-87
03-09
00-05
01-04
04-08
05-09
82-88
90-93
4.80
3.51
7.71
4.89
6.70
2.55
1.73
4.21
4.29
2.33
4.85
6.39
4.81
3.73
4.94
4.78
4.70
4.65
5.80
2.67
2.60
4.88
5.70
5.96
3.46
3.09
2.87
2.81
6.63
5.98
5.24
3.72
1.51
5.72
5.22
4.25
4.97
4.51
4.45
5.58
4.57
4.50
6.34
3.59
4.48
3.73
3.45
3.53
5.93
4.30
Lower 90% Upper 90%
Limit
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
3.56
1.62
4.61
2.52
3.53
1.45
0.92
2.93
2.14
0.75
4.22
3.77
4.28
3.21
4.46
2.72
4.42
4.18
4.88
2.13
2.01
2.81
5.23
4.91
2.75
2.82
2.27
2.02
5.97
5.57
4.98
3.07
0.49
4.69
4.46
3.77
3.89
4.02
4.04
4.60
4.19
4.22
5.52
2.96
3.86
2.41
2.34
2.61
5.72
3.91
2.90
5.97
8.29
6.95
9.18
3.00
2.35
3.12
6.45
6.47
1.37
7.07
1.12
1.10
1.01
5.70
0.57
0.99
2.01
1.22
1.35
5.67
0.99
2.33
1.59
0.57
1.34
1.89
1.40
0.85
0.53
1.42
4.13
2.28
1.65
1.03
2.47
1.06
0.87
2.17
0.80
0.57
1.76
1.37
1.33
3.34
2.74
2.17
0.42
0.82
6.46
7.59
12.90
9.47
12.71
4.46
3.27
6.05
8.60
7.22
5.58
10.84
5.40
4.32
5.47
8.42
4.99
5.17
6.90
3.35
3.36
8.48
6.22
7.24
4.34
3.39
3.61
3.91
7.37
6.41
5.51
4.50
4.63
6.97
6.10
4.80
6.35
5.07
4.91
6.77
4.99
4.79
7.28
4.34
5.19
5.75
5.08
4.77
6.14
4.73
Make
Model of Car
Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Laser / 323
Autozam AZ-3
3 / Axela
A-Class W168
Stanza
Gazelle / Silvia
Exa
Exa
NX/NX-R
Pulsar
Tiida
Civic
Civic / Shuttle
Civic
Civic
CRX
CRX
S2000
Civic
Civic
Integra
Integra
Integra
Integra
Concerto
306
307
Wira
Gen 2
19
Scenic
Quintet
MGF / MG TF
Impreza
Impreza
Impreza
Liana
Corolla
Corolla
Corolla / Nova
Corolla / Nova
Mazda
Mercedes Benz
Holden / Nissan
Holden / Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Peugeot
Peugeot
Proton
Proton
Renault
Renault
Rover
MG
Subaru
Subaru
Subaru
Suzuki
Suzuki
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota / Holden
Toyota / Holden
Years of Serious
per 100
drivers
involved
%
95-98
4.28
99-03
3.23
89-97
4.56
98-05
3.20
90-97
3.22
03-09
98-04
84-86
88-90
92-95
96-99
82-83
84-86
83-86
87-91
91-96
00-05
06-09
82-83
84-87
88-91
92-95
96-00
87-91
92-98
99-09
01-05
06-09
86-88
90-92
93-01
02-06
89-93
94-01
01-09
95-96
04-09
91-96
01-04
82-86
99-05
93-00
01-07
07-09
95-02
01-07
82-84
86-88
89-93
94-97
2.35
4.47
6.29
5.32
3.91
4.40
4.51
6.19
8.09
6.02
6.72
3.83
4.16
5.78
6.42
4.85
4.05
3.53
7.25
4.46
0.90
3.09
1.89
5.31
4.37
3.69
3.52
4.45
2.79
2.13
4.92
5.83
3.51
2.45
5.36
2.51
4.77
2.61
4.28
3.93
2.74
5.67
5.30
4.66
4.34
Lower 90% Upper 90%
Limit
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
3.83
2.89
3.16
2.02
2.15
4.77
3.60
6.58
5.06
4.82
0.93
0.71
3.41
3.05
2.67
2.01
2.70
5.89
5.00
3.58
4.08
3.16
5.07
6.21
4.05
5.44
3.48
2.65
4.84
5.80
4.42
3.64
3.12
5.85
2.95
0.28
2.48
1.18
4.35
3.51
2.98
1.97
3.50
2.16
1.38
4.07
3.27
2.00
1.00
3.64
1.35
4.32
2.14
2.12
3.22
1.80
5.31
5.02
4.45
4.09
2.73
7.39
6.71
5.65
4.27
4.76
6.44
7.55
10.54
8.93
8.30
4.22
6.54
6.90
7.10
5.32
4.51
3.99
8.98
6.73
2.92
3.85
3.02
6.49
5.43
4.57
6.29
5.66
3.59
3.29
5.95
10.39
6.16
5.99
7.90
4.68
5.26
3.18
8.61
4.79
4.16
6.07
5.61
4.89
4.60
0.72
4.69
0.82
0.65
0.69
0.68
3.28
2.48
4.33
4.88
2.87
0.74
3.89
2.06
1.30
0.90
0.86
0.87
3.13
3.77
2.64
1.36
1.84
2.14
1.92
1.58
4.32
2.16
1.43
1.92
1.88
7.12
4.17
5.00
4.25
3.33
0.94
1.03
6.49
1.57
2.36
0.76
0.59
0.44
0.51
Make
Model of Car
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Volvo
Volvo
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Corolla / Allex
Corolla
Corolla
Tercel
MR2
MR2
Paseo / Cynos
Corolla 4WD Wagon
Prius II
300 Series
S40/V40
Golf
Golf
Golf / Bora
New Beetle
Golf / Jetta
Years of Serious
per 100
drivers
involved
%
98-01
3.13
02-07
3.37
07-09
3.58
83-88
4.99
87-90
7.06
91-00
4.13
91-99
4.29
92-96
4.01
03-09
3.18
84-88
5.23
97-04
2.21
82-94
5.73
95-98
2.76
99-04
2.16
00-09
1.78
04-09
1.36
Light Cars
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daewoo
Daewoo
Ford
Ford
Holden
Holden
Holden
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Nissan
Honda
Honda
Peugeot
Peugeot
Proton
Renault
Subaru
Suzuki
Holden / Suzuki
Holden / Suzuki
Charade
Charade
Charade
Pyzar
Sirion / Storia
Mira
Matiz
Kalos
Festiva WD/WH/WF
Ka
Barina XC
Barina SB
Barina TK
Getz / TB
Mirage / Colt
Colt
Festiva WA / 121
121 Metro / Demio
2
2
Micra
Jazz / Fit
City
205
206
Satria
Clio II
Swift
82-86
88-92
93-00
97-01
98-04
90-96
99-04
03-04
94-01
99-02
01-06
95-00
05-09
02-09
82-88
04-09
87-90
94-96
97-02
02-07
07-09
95-97
02-08
83-86
87-94
99-07
97-05
01-04
89-92
82-85
86-88
89-99
Lower 90% Upper 90%
Limit
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
2.82
3.10
2.75
3.75
5.31
2.75
3.54
2.70
1.80
3.22
1.49
3.82
1.97
1.67
0.96
0.90
3.49
3.66
4.67
6.64
9.39
6.21
5.20
5.94
5.62
8.49
3.29
8.58
3.85
2.81
3.30
2.06
0.67
0.56
1.92
2.89
4.08
3.45
1.66
3.23
3.82
5.27
1.81
4.75
1.87
1.14
2.34
1.16
5.08
4.97
5.19
0.22
8.39
6.47
6.42
4.82
4.55
10.08
5.31
5.00
6.16
4.92
3.34
4.63
4.21
5.04
6.13
3.78
6.31
5.22
4.41
3.81
2.65
6.36
3.48
7.55
4.53
4.24
3.60
3.31
9.83
8.43
7.77
5.90
7.48
5.96
5.85
3.22
3.73
8.52
4.27
3.60
5.82
3.62
2.85
4.22
3.39
4.37
5.77
2.54
5.83
4.64
3.82
2.99
1.50
5.17
2.82
6.35
3.01
3.12
1.63
1.53
8.27
5.89
7.11
5.59
9.42
7.03
7.04
7.22
5.55
11.91
6.59
6.93
6.53
6.69
3.93
5.09
5.23
5.82
6.51
5.64
6.82
5.88
5.08
4.85
4.70
7.84
4.30
8.97
6.82
5.76
7.97
7.18
11.69
12.07
8.49
6.24
1.93
1.07
1.19
4.00
1.82
3.39
2.32
3.32
0.70
3.07
1.08
0.88
1.84
1.45
0.74
3.10
0.98
1.24
1.26
1.86
3.21
2.67
1.48
2.62
3.81
2.64
6.35
5.65
3.43
6.18
1.38
0.65
Make
Model of Car
Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Hatch / Alto
Alto
Ignis
Swift
Starlet
Echo
Yaris
Polo
Polo
Years of Serious
per 100
drivers
involved
%
82-84
9.94
85-00
9.66
00-02
6.24
05-09
3.72
96-99
5.22
99-05
4.35
05-09
3.16
96-00
2.95
02-09
4.66
Lower 90% Upper 90%
Limit
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
8.40
7.62
4.77
3.06
4.69
3.95
2.61
1.96
3.06
3.36
4.63
3.40
1.45
1.10
0.83
1.21
2.49
4.06
11.77
12.25
8.17
4.51
5.79
4.78
3.82
4.45
7.11
APPENDIX 5
AGGRESSIVITY INJURY RISK
AGGRESSIVITY INJURY SEVERITY AND
RATINGS OF VEHICLE AGGRESSIVITY
(with 95% and 90% CONFIDENCE LIMITS),
TOWARDS OTHER VEHICLE DRIVERS
AND UNPROTECTED ROAD USERS
AGGRESSIVITY INJURY RISK RATINGS
Make
Model of Car
Years of Pr(Risk)
Manufacture %
Lower 95%
Confidence
Limit
Upper 95% Width of
Limit
Interval
ALL VEHICLE AVERAGE
15.77
14.60
14.14
15.08
0.94
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Holden
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi /
Peugeot
Kia
Kia
Ford / Mazda
Nissan
Lada
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Land Rover
Subaru
Subaru
Suzuki
Suzuki
Holden / Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Feroza / Rocky
Rocky / Rugger
Terios
Cruze
Tucson
Outlander
Outlander / 4007
89-97
85-98
97-05
02-06
04-09
03-06
06-09
19.65
17.26
17.18
14.14
9.53
15.80
17.26
16.54
12.95
13.67
10.86
5.31
11.44
11.30
23.19
22.64
21.38
18.20
16.52
21.40
25.47
6.64
9.69
7.71
7.34
11.20
9.96
14.17
Sportage
Sorento
Escape / Tribute
X-Trail
Niva
CR-V
CR-V
HR-V
CR-V
Freelander
Forester
Forester
Vitara / Escudo
Grand Vitara
/ SJ413
Jimny
Grand Vitara
RAV4
RAV4
RAV4
98-03
03-09
01-06
01-07
84-99
97-01
02-06
99-02
07-09
98-06
97-02
02-08
88-98
99-05
82-99
19.97
17.32
17.72
15.13
17.29
15.23
14.36
16.28
16.82
21.23
14.74
14.33
16.74
15.63
15.92
16.48
11.62
15.07
13.04
13.11
13.38
12.25
12.55
11.45
14.54
12.54
12.06
15.16
12.33
14.41
23.98
25.02
20.72
17.48
22.46
17.29
16.76
20.84
24.04
29.92
17.25
16.94
18.45
19.61
17.55
7.51
13.40
5.65
4.44
9.35
3.92
4.51
8.29
12.60
15.39
4.70
4.89
3.29
7.28
3.14
98-09
05-08
94-00
01-06
06-09
17.18
15.67
16.74
17.35
12.24
12.45
10.44
15.02
15.37
9.46
23.24
22.84
18.60
19.52
15.70
10.80
12.40
3.57
4.15
6.24
17.82
17.23
18.43
1.21
Daewoo /
Ssangong
Ford
Holden / Isuzu
Holden / Isuzu
Holden / Isuzu
Holden
Holden
Holden
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Musso
98-02
12.97
8.50
19.29
10.79
Territory SX/SY
Jackaroo / Bighorn
Jackaroo / Bighorn
Jackaroo / Bighorn
Frontera / Mu
Adventra
Captiva CG
Santa Fe
Pajero
04-09
82-91
92-97
98-02
95-03
03-06
06-09
00-06
82-90
15.06
21.37
19.78
22.45
18.30
15.80
18.69
21.41
20.42
12.68
18.10
16.57
18.95
14.00
10.58
13.46
16.32
18.14
17.80
25.05
23.44
26.38
23.56
22.94
25.35
27.56
22.91
5.12
6.96
6.86
7.42
9.55
12.36
11.90
11.24
4.77
Make
Model of Car
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Jeep
Jeep
Jeep
Land Rover
Nissan
Nissan
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Pajero
Pajero NM / NP / NS
Challenger
Cherokee XJ
Wrangler
Cherokee KJ
Defender
Kluger
Landcruiser Prado
Landcruiser Prado
Kluger
Years of Pr(Risk)
Manufacture %
92-99
00-06
98-06
96-00
96-04
01-07
92-09
88-94
95-05
03-07
96-03
03-09
07-09
BMW
Ford
Ford
Ford
Jeep
Jeep
Land Rover
Mercedes Benz
Nissan
Nissan / Ford
Nissan
Land Rover
Land Rover
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
X5
Bronco
Explorer
Explorer
Grand Cherokee ZG
Discovery
M-Class W163
Patrol / Safari
Patrol / Safari
Range Rover
Range Rover
Landcruiser
Landcruiser
Landcruiser
01-08
82-87
00-01
01-05
96-99
99-05
91-02
98-05
82-87
88-97
98-09
82-94
95-02
82-89
90-97
98-07
Commercial - Vans
Daihatsu
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Holden
Kia
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Honda
Holden / Suzuki
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Volkswagen
Handivan
Falcon Panel Van
Falcon Panel Van
Transit
Transit
Shuttle / WFR Van
Pregio
MB100 / MB140
Vito
Sprinter
Acty
Scurry / Carry
Hiace/Liteace
Hiace/Liteace
Hiace/Liteace
Hiace/Liteace
Hiace
82-90
82-95
96-99
95-00
01-07
82-87
02-06
99-04
99-04
98-06
83-86
82-00
82-86
87-89
90-95
96-04
05-09
88-94
Lower 95%
Confidence
Limit
Upper 95% Width of
Limit
Interval
19.90
17.97
18.25
19.85
23.78
17.41
19.34
23.02
18.10
18.55
22.26
20.71
13.37
18.29
15.28
14.49
17.41
18.85
12.78
14.44
18.90
15.06
14.72
19.26
18.37
8.33
21.62
21.02
22.72
22.54
29.53
23.26
25.42
27.74
21.59
23.11
25.57
23.27
20.77
3.34
5.74
8.23
5.13
10.69
10.48
10.98
8.84
6.53
8.39
6.31
4.90
12.44
19.56
19.13
20.00
0.88
13.95
26.33
20.28
15.46
19.78
14.78
18.12
23.38
23.68
21.25
20.92
23.25
14.89
22.57
22.74
20.20
10.18
18.80
15.66
10.51
14.89
10.75
15.34
17.87
20.94
20.12
19.40
19.60
9.29
21.36
21.77
18.91
18.82
35.54
25.84
22.15
25.79
19.98
21.27
29.96
26.67
22.43
22.52
27.35
23.01
23.82
23.74
21.55
8.64
16.74
10.18
11.63
10.90
9.22
5.92
12.09
5.73
2.30
3.13
7.75
13.72
2.45
1.96
2.64
19.14
18.59
19.70
1.10
9.15
17.08
17.15
22.51
19.17
21.17
23.90
19.26
23.33
21.19
12.94
13.16
21.70
22.06
23.96
22.13
19.92
22.13
6.64
15.47
13.39
19.55
15.84
16.48
19.99
14.59
18.93
17.02
8.06
9.01
19.82
19.65
22.40
20.70
16.72
16.54
12.48
18.82
21.70
25.78
23.02
26.78
28.31
24.99
28.40
26.05
20.13
18.81
23.71
24.68
25.59
23.64
23.56
28.97
5.83
3.35
8.32
6.23
7.18
10.30
8.32
10.40
9.47
9.03
12.07
9.80
3.89
5.03
3.19
2.95
6.85
12.43
Make
Model of Car
Volkswagen
Years of Pr(Risk)
Manufacture %
95-04
Commercial - Utes
Ford / Nissan
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Holden
Holden / Isuzu
Holden / Isuzu
Holden / Isuzu
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Kia
Ford / Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Subaru
Suzuki
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Falcon Ute
Falcon Ute AU
Falcon Ute BA/BF
Ford F-Series
F-Series
Commodore Ute VG/VP
Rodeo / Pickup
Rodeo / Pickup
Rodeo / Pickup
Rodeo
Rodeo
WB Series
Commodore Ute VR/VS
Commodore VU Ute
Commodore VY/VZ Ute
Rodeo
Triton MK
Triton ML / MN
Ceres
Ranger / BT-50
720 Ute
Navara
Navara
Navara
Navara
Brumby
Mighty Boy
4Runner/Hilux
4Runner/Hilux
4Runner/Hilux
Hilux
Hilux
Hilux
82-95
96-99
00-02
03-08
82-92
01-06
90-93
82-85
86-88
89-95
96-98
99-02
82-85
94-00
00-02
02-07
03-08
96-06
06-09
92-00
98-02
03-06
06-09
82-85
86-91
92-96
97-05
05-09
82-92
85-88
82-85
86-88
89-97
98-02
03-04
05-09
Large Cars
BMW
BMW
BMW
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
7 Series E23
7 Series E32
7 Series E38
Falcon XE/XF
Fairlane Z & LTD F
Fairlane N & LTD D
Fairlane N & LTD D
Fairlane & LTD AU
82-86
87-94
95-01
82-88
82-87
88-Mar 92
Apr 92-94
88-94
95-98
99-02
Lower 95%
Confidence
Limit
Upper 95% Width of
Limit
Interval
25.15
21.56
29.11
7.55
17.20
16.92
17.49
0.57
19.45
20.06
20.93
18.67
22.80
22.42
16.42
17.24
19.02
19.52
19.19
20.03
19.13
18.06
17.36
17.14
21.06
18.65
15.31
14.32
17.86
17.30
16.99
18.69
19.18
20.64
18.88
17.18
15.56
10.30
20.02
19.59
19.39
19.27
18.53
17.34
18.38
18.05
19.03
16.75
19.77
16.89
14.13
13.58
14.73
18.33
17.49
18.30
16.78
16.95
15.30
15.71
19.46
16.34
11.22
11.95
15.88
14.99
13.37
16.08
17.55
18.43
17.13
13.56
13.02
6.70
18.42
17.91
18.62
18.07
16.51
15.73
20.56
22.23
22.97
20.74
26.14
29.13
18.99
21.64
24.22
20.76
21.01
21.87
21.73
19.23
19.64
18.68
22.75
21.20
20.54
17.07
20.01
19.88
21.35
21.62
20.92
23.04
20.77
21.52
18.48
15.51
21.72
21.40
20.19
20.53
20.74
19.09
2.18
4.18
3.94
3.99
6.37
12.23
4.86
8.06
9.50
2.44
3.53
3.57
4.95
2.28
4.33
2.96
3.29
4.85
9.32
5.12
4.13
4.89
7.98
5.54
3.37
4.61
3.64
7.96
5.46
8.82
3.30
3.49
1.57
2.46
4.23
3.36
15.53
15.36
15.69
0.33
17.71
18.96
24.52
17.91
17.28
17.59
17.99
16.13
18.32
15.93
11.70
12.96
17.45
17.39
15.96
17.07
17.26
14.72
16.12
13.37
25.91
26.88
33.29
18.45
18.70
18.13
18.75
17.64
20.74
18.88
14.21
13.92
15.84
1.07
2.74
1.06
1.49
2.91
4.62
5.52
Make
Model of Car
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Holden / Toyota
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden / Toyota
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Hyundai
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Falcon FG
Falcon EF/EL
Falcon AU
Taurus
Falcon BA/BF
Stateman/Caprice VQ
Commodore VT/VX
Commodore VY/VZ
Monaro
Commodore VB-VL
Commodore VE
Sonata
Grandeaur / XG
V3000
V3000 / Diamante
380
XJ6
XJ6
929 / Luce
E-Class W123
E-Class W124
E-Class W210
S-Class W126
S-Class C140
E-Class W211
Skyline
300ZX / Fairlady Z
Maxima
Maxima / Cefiro
Maxima
Maxima
Legend
9-5
Camry
Cressida / Mark II
Supra
ES300 / Windom
LS400 / Celsior
Avalon
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Jaguar
Jaguar
Mazda
Mazda
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Honda
Saab
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Lexus
Lexus
Toyota
Years of Pr(Risk)
Manufacture %
Lower 95%
Confidence
Limit
Upper 95% Width of
Limit
Interval
03-07
08-09
94-98
98-02
96-98
02-08
89-93
82-85
90-93
94-98
93-97
97-02
99-03
02-07
01-05
03-06
82-88
06-09
89-97
99-00
85-90
14.60
11.57
18.18
18.06
18.98
17.14
16.22
21.01
15.78
15.31
15.97
18.21
18.86
16.80
18.37
16.51
17.17
16.21
16.35
21.19
16.51
11.22
7.78
17.67
17.41
14.83
16.34
15.78
13.94
12.11
13.90
15.52
17.69
16.28
15.97
15.01
13.06
16.65
14.70
14.85
16.03
15.87
18.78
16.85
18.69
18.73
23.96
17.97
16.68
30.40
20.31
16.83
16.42
18.74
21.75
17.65
22.29
20.66
17.71
17.83
17.96
27.48
17.18
7.56
9.07
1.03
1.32
9.13
1.63
0.91
16.46
8.20
2.93
0.89
1.05
5.47
1.68
7.28
7.60
1.06
3.13
3.10
11.46
1.31
96-03
17.26
16.56
17.98
1.42
91-96
17.48
16.86
18.11
1.26
03-05
05-08
82-86
87-94
82-90
92-96
82-85
86-94
96-02
82-92
93-98
02-09
83-88
90-95
90-94
95-99
00-02
06-09
86-95
98-05
98-02
82-85
86-88
89-93
82-90
92-01
90-00
00-05
16.14
13.78
20.49
21.90
17.71
15.24
17.61
13.95
16.74
15.02
17.41
16.01
18.37
19.95
17.24
17.05
15.37
14.21
20.20
12.99
17.27
17.70
14.80
14.65
23.64
19.23
13.96
18.46
14.03
10.61
14.78
17.14
15.88
10.11
13.64
11.60
13.50
12.22
11.67
11.27
16.93
15.42
14.15
14.51
11.63
10.09
16.73
8.62
16.55
15.40
11.82
12.75
18.75
15.36
9.07
16.72
18.51
17.71
27.69
27.54
19.70
22.33
22.43
16.68
20.56
18.34
25.16
22.25
19.91
25.42
20.84
19.93
20.03
19.66
24.17
19.11
18.02
20.26
18.38
16.76
29.35
23.80
20.89
20.34
4.48
7.10
12.91
10.40
3.82
12.22
8.80
5.08
7.06
6.12
13.48
10.98
2.98
10.00
6.68
5.43
8.40
9.57
7.44
10.50
1.47
4.86
6.57
4.01
10.60
8.45
11.83
3.62
Make
Model of Car
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Volvo
Volvo
Camry
Aurion
Camry
850/S70/V70/C70
700/900 Series
Years of Pr(Risk)
Manufacture %
Lower 95%
Confidence
Limit
Upper 95% Width of
Limit
Interval
16.43
14.76
13.25
18.66
16.65
15.31
11.70
11.15
16.42
14.50
17.61
18.44
15.66
21.13
19.04
2.29
6.74
4.51
4.71
4.55
14.22
14.02
14.41
0.39
99-06
95-01
01-08
97-03
03-09
05-09
82-91
92-98
99-06
82-88
89-95
96-03
00-09
95-97
97-02
82-82
95-01
94-98
99-03
94-97
82-89
97-03
03-05
98-01
02-05
82-84
10.39
15.64
13.40
16.34
15.33
14.36
14.38
13.38
14.72
17.30
15.04
16.31
11.53
17.41
17.07
16.92
15.60
16.69
12.14
17.52
17.19
15.62
17.41
16.28
15.63
15.76
7.24
12.61
10.36
10.43
9.90
10.52
12.78
12.17
13.09
13.99
11.95
13.31
6.61
14.47
14.01
15.21
13.79
11.49
9.20
13.27
16.30
14.15
13.03
13.62
11.10
14.90
14.70
19.24
17.16
24.68
22.98
19.30
16.15
14.69
16.52
21.22
18.76
19.82
19.36
20.81
20.63
18.79
17.59
23.62
15.86
22.78
18.12
17.21
22.88
19.36
21.56
16.66
7.46
6.64
6.79
14.25
13.08
8.77
3.37
2.53
3.43
7.23
6.81
6.51
12.75
6.35
6.61
3.58
3.81
12.13
6.66
9.51
1.82
3.06
9.85
5.74
10.46
1.75
95-96
83-86
88-91
92-97
15.39
15.40
14.75
13.71
13.12
14.37
13.62
12.62
17.97
16.48
15.96
14.87
4.85
2.11
2.34
2.25
98-02
82-85
86-91
93-99
02-07
03-09
87-93
95-00
97-03
00-07
03-09
86-88
89-92
13.37
13.67
18.08
15.57
13.31
20.44
14.48
10.59
12.94
14.14
12.97
15.72
16.25
11.61
9.71
13.07
11.30
11.42
13.94
11.57
8.66
8.01
11.52
8.12
14.46
15.25
15.35
18.91
24.47
21.06
15.47
28.94
17.97
12.88
20.23
17.24
20.07
17.08
17.29
3.74
9.20
11.40
9.76
4.05
15.00
6.41
4.22
12.21
5.72
11.95
2.62
2.04
02-06
06-09
06-09
92-99
84-92
Medium Cars
Alfa Romeo
Audi
Audi
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
Chrysler
Daewoo
Daewoo
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Hyundai
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Ford / Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Nissan
Nissan / Ford
156
A4
A4
Z3 E36
5 Series E60 / E61
3 Series E90 / E91
3 Series E30
3 Series E36
3 Series E46
5 Series E28
5 Series E34
5 Series E39
PT Cruiser
Espero
Leganza
Cortina
Mondeo
Probe
Cougar
Calibra
Camira
Vectra
Vectra ZC
Sonata
Sonata EF
Lambda
Galant
Cronos
626
RX7
RX7
Eunos 500
6
RX8
C-Class W201
C-Class W202
CLK C208
C-Class W203
CLK C209
Pintara
Make
Model of Car
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Peugeot
Peugeot
Peugeot
Renault
Saab
Saab
Saab
Saab
Subaru
Bluebird
Bluebird
200SX / Silvia
Accord Euro
Accord
Accord
Accord
Accord
Accord
Accord
Prelude
Prelude
Prelude
Prelude
405
505
406
Feugo
900 Series
900/9-3
9000
9-3
Wagon
Subaru
Liberty / Legacy
Subaru
Subaru
Subaru
Toyota
Corona
Toyota
Camry
Holden / Toyota Apollo JM/JP / Camry / Sceptor
Toyota
Celica
Toyota
Celica
Toyota
Celica
Toyota
Celica
Toyota
Celica
Lexus
IS200 / IS300
Lexus
IS250 / IS F
Volvo
200 Series
Volvo
S60
Volkswagen
Passat
Years of Pr(Risk)
Manufacture %
Voyager
Zafira TT
Nimbus / Chariot
Nimbus
Starwagon / L300
Upper 95% Width of
Limit
Interval
82-86
93-97
94-02
03-08
03-07
82-85
86-90
91-93
94-98
99-02
82-82
83-91
92-96
97-02
89-97
82-93
96-04
82-87
82-92
94-02
86-97
03-09
82-93
15.02
15.07
15.64
12.83
15.04
14.02
14.52
16.76
17.05
17.39
11.49
14.56
14.31
14.38
12.90
14.03
6.48
13.50
13.31
14.99
14.44
14.77
14.88
14.05
13.03
12.90
10.72
12.10
11.87
12.65
14.52
15.47
14.05
6.09
12.95
12.08
11.28
9.54
10.42
3.39
8.26
10.57
12.63
11.80
9.45
13.64
16.05
17.37
18.84
15.29
18.54
16.48
16.61
19.28
18.76
21.31
20.62
16.33
16.88
18.15
17.21
18.65
12.05
21.30
16.63
17.70
17.55
22.33
16.22
2.00
4.34
5.94
4.57
6.45
4.61
3.95
4.76
3.29
7.26
14.53
3.39
4.79
6.87
7.66
8.23
8.66
13.04
6.05
5.08
5.75
12.88
2.58
89-93
94-98
99-03
03-09
82-88
83-86
88-92
93-97
81-85
86-89
90-93
94-99
00-05
99-04
05-09
82-93
01-09
98-06
16.24
15.16
15.05
12.87
15.42
17.08
17.33
16.61
19.06
17.97
17.84
16.19
15.18
14.88
16.18
15.05
18.14
14.61
14.96
13.45
13.39
10.64
14.72
15.40
16.76
16.02
17.01
15.88
15.90
13.93
11.71
11.70
10.50
13.30
12.07
10.82
17.61
17.04
16.87
15.49
16.16
18.91
17.91
17.21
21.29
20.25
19.97
18.75
19.45
18.75
24.11
16.98
26.34
19.43
2.65
3.59
3.48
4.85
1.44
3.51
1.15
1.19
4.28
4.37
4.07
4.82
7.74
7.04
13.62
3.67
14.27
8.60
17.01
16.47
17.56
1.10
22.68
12.58
13.34
14.09
10.53
22.36
19.74
23.02
18.21
8.69
9.05
11.32
6.90
20.03
18.34
20.55
27.87
17.88
19.24
17.40
15.74
24.88
21.22
25.69
9.66
9.19
10.19
6.08
8.84
4.84
2.88
5.15
People Movers
Chrysler
Holden
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Lower 95%
Confidence
Limit
97-01
01-05
85-91
92-98
99-03
83-86
87-93
95-98
Make
Model of Car
Mitsubishi
Kia
Kia
Mazda
Mazda
Nissan
Nissan
Honda
Honda
Honda
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Carnival
Carnival
MPV
MPV
Prairie
Serena
Odyssey
Odyssey
Odyssey
Tarago
Tarago
Years of Pr(Risk)
Manufacture %
98-03
99-06
06-09
94-99
00-06
84-86
92-95
95-00
00-02
04-09
83-89
91-99
00-06
06-09
Small Cars
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Audi
Mini
Chrysler
Daihatsu
Daewoo
Daewoo
Daewoo
Daewoo
Daewoo
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Fiat
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
33
75
A3/S3
Mini Cooper
Neon
Applause
1.5i
Cielo
Nubira
Lanos
Lacetti
Laser
Laser
Escort
Capri
Focus LR
Focus LS / LT
Regata
Gemini
Gemini RB
Astra TR
Astra TS
Astra AH
Viva JF
Excel
Excel
Excel / Accent
Elantra
S Coupe
Lantra
Lantra
Coupe
Accent
Lancer / Mirage CA
Lancer / Mirage CB
Lancer / Mirage CC
83-92
86-92
97-04
02-09
96-99
89-99
94-95
95-97
97-03
97-03
03-04
91-94
95-97
82-82
89-94
02-05
05-09
84-88
82-84
86-87
96-98
98-06
04-09
05-09
86-90
90-94
95-00
00-06
90-96
91-95
96-00
96-00
00-06
89-90
91-92
93-95
Lower 95%
Confidence
Limit
Upper 95% Width of
Limit
Interval
18.79
21.87
19.02
22.20
14.69
14.06
13.78
18.71
17.81
12.94
17.80
18.07
16.01
17.06
16.37
18.77
13.09
17.19
9.49
9.47
8.23
14.85
12.47
8.97
16.26
16.40
13.33
11.35
21.47
25.32
26.81
28.18
22.04
20.37
22.16
23.30
24.80
18.32
19.45
19.87
19.11
24.83
5.10
6.56
13.72
10.99
12.55
10.90
13.92
8.45
12.33
9.35
3.20
3.47
5.78
13.48
12.67
12.52
12.82
0.31
7.72
21.26
15.21
11.65
15.26
14.24
19.30
13.79
14.75
16.31
19.15
14.10
12.79
16.43
16.61
15.16
13.15
12.55
13.69
13.25
13.73
13.47
15.27
11.41
16.49
14.46
14.02
15.13
13.18
15.59
15.60
16.68
16.01
13.33
15.90
12.82
4.98
14.34
10.92
7.48
11.75
12.71
13.50
12.53
13.27
15.06
12.69
13.37
11.64
14.35
14.41
13.05
10.97
7.05
12.45
10.81
11.51
12.65
13.27
8.92
14.81
13.59
13.47
13.50
10.99
13.77
14.32
13.76
14.78
12.14
13.35
11.85
11.78
30.34
20.80
17.69
19.58
15.92
26.83
15.15
16.36
17.65
27.85
14.85
14.03
18.75
19.07
17.55
15.69
21.35
15.04
16.13
16.31
14.34
17.52
14.49
18.32
15.39
14.59
16.93
15.72
17.60
16.98
20.08
17.33
14.62
18.84
13.85
6.80
16.00
9.88
10.20
7.83
3.21
13.33
2.62
3.09
2.59
15.16
1.49
2.39
4.40
4.66
4.50
4.72
14.30
2.59
5.32
4.80
1.69
4.25
5.57
3.51
1.80
1.12
3.44
4.73
3.83
2.66
6.32
2.55
2.47
5.49
2.00
Make
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Kia
Kia
Kia
Kia
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Model of Car
Lancer / Mirage CE
Cordia
Lancer CH / CJ
Rio
Spectra
Cerato LD
Rio JB
Laser / 323
Autozam AZ-3
Mazda
3 / Axela
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Stanza
Nissan
Gazelle / Silvia
Nissan
Exa
Nissan
Exa
Nissan
NX/NX-R
Nissan
Pulsar
Nissan
Tiida
Honda
Civic
Honda
Honda
Civic / Shuttle
Honda
Civic
Honda
Civic
Honda
CRX
Honda
CRX
Honda
Civic
Honda
Civic
Honda
Integra
Honda
Integra
Honda
Integra
Honda
Integra
Honda
Concerto
Peugeot
306
Peugeot
307
Proton
Wira
Renault
19
Renault
Scenic
Rover
Quintet
MG
MGF / MG TF
Subaru
Impreza
Subaru
Impreza
Suzuki
Suzuki
Liana
Years of Pr(Risk)
Manufacture %
Lower 95%
Confidence
Limit
Upper 95% Width of
Limit
Interval
96-03
83-87
03-09
00-05
01-04
04-08
05-09
82-88
90-93
95-98
99-03
89-97
98-05
90-97
13.80
17.45
13.84
13.62
15.75
12.51
11.21
14.45
13.64
12.87
13.07
16.08
9.87
12.71
13.19
14.84
12.25
12.03
11.24
9.35
8.57
13.95
12.28
11.75
12.10
11.85
6.76
9.49
14.43
20.41
15.60
15.38
21.62
16.55
14.52
14.96
15.13
14.08
14.10
21.44
14.21
16.83
1.24
5.57
3.35
3.35
10.37
7.20
5.95
1.01
2.86
2.33
2.00
9.59
7.46
7.35
03-09
98-04
84-86
88-90
92-95
96-99
82-83
84-86
83-86
87-91
91-96
00-05
06-09
82-83
84-87
88-91
92-95
96-00
87-91
92-98
01-05
06-09
86-88
90-92
93-01
02-06
89-93
94-01
01-09
95-96
91-96
01-04
82-86
99-05
93-00
01-07
95-02
01-07
13.70
12.52
13.98
14.89
14.52
14.17
17.42
13.48
21.28
18.80
20.56
12.40
9.35
10.90
15.37
14.21
14.31
15.67
15.27
16.91
13.77
10.55
14.05
18.63
15.50
14.72
12.44
13.04
11.57
13.60
14.84
13.92
13.05
9.22
14.67
14.29
11.63
13.03
12.46
8.79
12.99
14.09
13.48
13.32
12.85
9.12
16.15
12.67
17.21
11.50
5.85
7.75
13.43
12.86
13.09
14.46
10.26
11.20
11.73
7.99
10.62
14.97
12.80
10.22
9.19
10.62
8.45
11.58
10.09
8.75
7.66
5.37
13.36
12.62
9.94
9.42
15.03
17.53
15.03
15.72
15.63
15.07
23.19
19.49
27.50
26.99
24.36
13.36
14.61
15.12
17.53
15.67
15.62
16.95
22.11
24.74
16.10
13.81
18.37
22.93
18.65
20.75
16.63
15.90
15.63
15.92
21.30
21.42
21.35
15.38
16.09
16.14
13.56
17.76
2.57
8.74
2.04
1.62
2.15
1.75
10.34
10.38
11.34
14.32
7.15
1.87
8.76
7.37
4.10
2.81
2.53
2.49
11.85
13.54
4.37
5.82
7.74
7.96
5.85
10.53
7.44
5.28
7.18
4.34
11.21
12.67
13.69
10.01
2.73
3.52
3.63
8.34
Make
Model of Car
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota / Holden
Toyota / Holden
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Volvo
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Corolla
Corolla
Corolla / Nova
Corolla / Nova
Corolla / Allex
Corolla
Corolla
Tercel
MR2
MR2
Paseo / Cynos
Corolla 4WD Wagon
Prius II
S40/V40
Golf
Golf
Golf / Bora
New Beetle
Golf / Jetta
Years of Pr(Risk)
Manufacture %
82-84
86-88
89-93
94-97
98-01
02-07
07-09
83-88
87-90
91-00
91-99
92-96
03-09
97-04
82-94
95-98
99-04
00-09
04-09
Light Cars
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daewoo
Daewoo
Ford
Ford
Holden
Holden
Holden
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Nissan
Honda
Honda
Peugeot
Peugeot
Subaru
Suzuki
Holden / Suzuki
Holden / Suzuki
Suzuki
Charade
Charade
Charade
Pyzar
Sirion / Storia
Mira
Matiz
Kalos
Festiva WD/WH/WF
Ka
Barina XC
Barina SB
Barina TK
Getz / TB
Mirage / Colt
Colt
Festiva WA / 121
121 Metro / Demio
2
2
Micra
Jazz / Fit
City
205
206
Swift
Hatch / Alto
82-86
88-92
93-00
97-01
98-04
90-96
99-04
03-04
94-01
99-02
01-06
95-00
05-09
02-09
82-88
04-09
87-90
94-96
97-02
02-07
07-09
95-97
02-08
83-86
87-94
99-07
89-92
82-85
86-88
89-99
82-84
Lower 95%
Confidence
Limit
Upper 95% Width of
Limit
Interval
13.23
13.82
14.37
12.92
13.81
13.65
14.51
17.09
14.19
14.31
13.07
21.24
7.23
16.28
15.00
13.41
14.75
13.31
14.06
12.33
13.11
13.82
12.30
12.81
12.86
11.88
12.92
8.93
8.46
11.09
17.17
4.08
13.18
10.06
10.99
12.77
9.23
11.34
14.18
14.57
14.93
13.56
14.87
14.48
17.59
22.25
21.81
23.20
15.34
25.96
12.51
19.94
21.80
16.28
16.96
18.82
17.31
1.85
1.46
1.11
1.25
2.06
1.62
5.71
9.33
12.87
14.75
4.25
8.79
8.43
6.76
11.75
5.29
4.19
9.59
5.96
11.68
11.46
11.90
0.45
13.09
11.73
13.54
10.19
10.28
12.13
12.49
12.64
14.46
12.71
14.50
13.46
11.66
14.99
14.59
9.54
13.56
11.59
11.74
10.93
12.82
13.12
11.46
10.41
10.04
12.18
11.44
14.49
13.11
12.22
13.27
11.00
10.76
12.51
6.82
8.52
9.43
10.14
9.13
13.75
9.46
12.91
12.50
9.59
13.43
13.69
5.71
12.55
10.34
10.39
8.70
8.91
10.71
9.52
6.52
5.66
9.21
8.55
8.55
11.69
11.58
10.20
15.52
12.78
14.65
14.96
12.35
15.48
15.29
17.23
15.20
16.88
16.24
14.48
14.10
16.69
15.53
15.53
14.63
12.98
13.23
13.63
18.10
15.97
13.73
16.22
17.20
15.94
15.14
23.50
14.66
12.88
17.08
4.52
2.02
2.14
8.15
3.83
6.06
5.15
8.10
1.45
7.42
3.33
1.98
4.51
3.27
1.84
9.82
2.09
2.64
2.83
4.93
9.20
5.26
4.21
9.70
11.54
6.73
6.59
14.96
2.97
1.30
6.87
Make
Model of Car
Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Alto
Ignis
Swift
Starlet
Echo
Yaris
Polo
Polo
Years of Pr(Risk)
Manufacture %
85-00
00-02
05-09
96-99
99-05
05-09
96-00
02-09
15.31
13.68
14.24
12.11
11.62
11.74
11.35
15.69
Lower 95%
Confidence
Limit
Upper 95% Width of
Limit
Interval
10.16
10.41
12.09
10.97
10.65
10.14
8.42
11.29
22.42
17.77
16.69
13.34
12.66
13.57
15.13
21.39
12.26
7.36
4.60
2.37
2.01
3.43
6.71
10.10
AGGRESSIVITY INJURY SEVERITY RATINGS
New South Wales and Victoria Data (1987-2009), South Australia Data (1995-2009),
Queensland, Western Australia and New Zealand Data (1991-2009)
Make
Model of Car
Years of Pr(Severity) Lower 95%
Manufacture %
Confidence
Limit
Upper 95% Width of
Limit
Interval
ALL VEHICLE AVERAGE
22.38
21.77
20.72
22.85
2.13
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Holden
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi /
Peugeot
Kia
Kia
Ford / Mazda
Nissan
Lada
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Land Rover
Subaru
Subaru
Suzuki
Suzuki
Holden / Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Feroza / Rocky
Rocky / Rugger
Terios
Cruze
Tucson
Outlander
Outlander / 4007
89-97
85-98
97-05
02-06
04-09
03-06
06-09
21.37
28.82
20.39
23.79
22.18
23.69
6.10
15.48
19.87
13.69
15.32
9.12
13.72
1.43
28.75
39.81
29.26
35.01
44.74
37.75
22.49
13.27
19.93
15.57
19.69
35.62
24.03
21.06
Sportage
Sorento
Escape / Tribute
X-Trail
Niva
CR-V
CR-V
HR-V
CR-V
Freelander
Forester
Forester
Vitara / Escudo
Grand Vitara
/ SJ413
Jimny
Grand Vitara
RAV4
RAV4
RAV4
98-03
03-09
01-06
01-07
84-99
97-01
02-06
99-02
07-09
98-06
97-02
02-08
88-98
99-05
82-99
18.62
24.67
21.97
24.18
25.42
21.66
22.22
30.17
25.22
24.86
17.61
23.71
22.96
19.42
22.06
13.23
12.28
17.26
19.59
16.79
17.85
17.31
20.91
14.13
14.46
13.78
18.25
19.55
13.35
18.69
25.54
43.36
27.53
29.45
36.55
26.03
28.04
41.37
40.88
39.31
22.25
30.19
26.77
27.39
25.84
12.31
31.07
10.27
9.86
19.75
8.17
10.73
20.46
26.75
24.85
8.47
11.93
7.22
14.04
7.14
98-09
05-08
94-00
01-06
06-09
27.03
13.82
24.77
24.68
25.51
15.87
5.27
21.30
20.49
17.10
42.10
31.63
28.59
29.41
36.24
26.22
26.36
7.28
8.92
19.14
23.29
22.15
24.47
2.31
Daewoo /
Ssangong
Ford
Holden / Isuzu
Holden / Isuzu
Holden / Isuzu
Holden
Holden
Holden
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Musso
98-02
33.08
21.97
46.46
24.49
Territory SX/SY
Jackaroo / Bighorn
Jackaroo / Bighorn
Jackaroo / Bighorn
Frontera / Mu
Adventra
Captiva CG
Santa Fe
Pajero
04-09
82-91
92-97
98-02
95-03
03-06
06-09
00-06
82-90
26.27
26.21
24.30
26.30
29.15
24.70
20.94
27.92
24.86
20.49
20.90
18.74
19.80
20.13
14.80
11.69
19.45
21.25
33.01
32.32
30.89
34.04
40.19
38.25
34.65
38.31
28.86
12.52
11.42
12.15
14.24
20.06
23.45
22.97
18.86
7.61
Make
Model of Car
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Jeep
Jeep
Jeep
Land Rover
Nissan
Nissan
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Pajero
Pajero NM / NP / NS
Challenger
Cherokee XJ
Wrangler
Cherokee KJ
Defender
Kluger
Landcruiser Prado
Landcruiser Prado
Kluger
Manufacture %
Confidence
Limit
92-99
00-06
98-06
96-00
96-04
01-07
92-09
88-94
95-05
03-07
96-03
03-09
07-09
BMW
Ford
Ford
Ford
Jeep
Jeep
Land Rover
Mercedes Benz
Nissan
Nissan / Ford
Nissan
Land Rover
Land Rover
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
X5
Bronco
Explorer
Explorer
Grand Cherokee ZG
Discovery
M-Class W163
Patrol / Safari
Patrol / Safari
Range Rover
Range Rover
Landcruiser
Landcruiser
Landcruiser
01-08
82-87
00-01
01-05
96-99
99-05
91-02
98-05
82-87
88-97
98-09
82-94
95-02
82-89
90-97
98-07
Commercial - Vans
Daihatsu
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Holden
Kia
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Honda
Holden / Suzuki
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Volkswagen
Handivan
Falcon Panel Van
Falcon Panel Van
Transit
Transit
Shuttle / WFR Van
Pregio
MB100 / MB140
Vito
Sprinter
Acty
Scurry / Carry
Hiace/Liteace
Hiace/Liteace
Hiace/Liteace
Hiace/Liteace
Hiace
82-90
82-95
96-99
95-00
01-07
82-87
02-06
99-04
99-04
98-06
83-86
82-00
82-86
87-89
90-95
96-04
05-09
88-94
Upper 95% Width of
Limit
Interval
23.79
21.87
14.41
23.41
22.16
21.09
20.69
21.68
26.97
17.00
28.16
26.07
19.37
20.67
16.30
9.00
18.79
15.06
12.29
12.73
17.83
21.63
11.00
22.35
21.44
8.63
27.23
28.68
22.28
28.77
31.35
33.77
31.81
26.09
33.09
25.33
34.82
31.31
37.91
6.56
12.38
13.29
9.99
16.29
21.47
19.09
8.26
11.46
14.32
12.47
9.87
29.28
26.14
25.29
27.02
1.73
21.73
26.49
21.60
20.97
21.86
30.04
20.12
14.82
28.02
25.37
27.02
27.32
27.63
29.48
28.01
28.90
13.55
16.07
14.13
12.55
14.48
21.94
15.89
8.95
23.40
23.25
24.24
20.93
16.91
27.16
26.17
26.32
32.96
40.42
31.56
32.91
31.61
39.61
25.13
23.53
33.15
27.62
30.00
34.80
41.73
31.91
29.92
31.63
19.41
24.34
17.42
20.36
17.13
17.66
9.24
14.57
9.75
4.36
5.76
13.87
24.82
4.76
3.75
5.31
23.80
22.85
24.77
1.93
29.69
23.05
27.43
17.88
21.79
18.85
21.57
25.10
22.56
26.97
13.25
21.23
27.24
26.90
24.74
24.92
22.66
21.95
21.18
19.71
18.95
13.40
16.64
12.15
15.22
16.48
15.51
19.30
6.25
13.67
24.61
23.84
22.48
22.45
16.81
11.17
39.90
26.77
37.94
23.45
28.01
28.06
29.64
36.27
31.62
36.33
25.95
31.45
30.04
30.20
27.16
27.58
29.81
38.60
18.72
7.07
18.98
10.05
11.37
15.91
14.42
19.79
16.11
17.03
19.70
17.79
5.44
6.35
4.68
5.13
13.00
27.43
Make
Model of Car
Volkswagen
Manufacture %
Confidence
Limit
95-04
Commercial - Utes
Ford / Nissan
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Holden
Holden / Isuzu
Holden / Isuzu
Holden / Isuzu
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Kia
Ford / Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Subaru
Suzuki
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Falcon Ute
Falcon Ute AU
Falcon Ute BA/BF
Ford F-Series
F-Series
Commodore Ute VG/VP
Rodeo / Pickup
Rodeo / Pickup
Rodeo / Pickup
Rodeo
Rodeo
WB Series
Commodore Ute VR/VS
Commodore VU Ute
Commodore VY/VZ Ute
Rodeo
Triton MK
Triton ML / MN
Ceres
Ranger / BT-50
720 Ute
Navara
Navara
Navara
Navara
Brumby
Mighty Boy
4Runner/Hilux
4Runner/Hilux
4Runner/Hilux
Hilux
Hilux
Hilux
82-95
96-99
00-02
03-08
82-92
01-06
90-93
82-85
86-88
89-95
96-98
99-02
82-85
94-00
00-02
02-07
03-08
96-06
06-09
92-00
98-02
03-06
06-09
82-85
86-91
92-96
97-05
05-09
82-92
85-88
82-85
86-88
89-97
98-02
03-04
05-09
Large Cars
BMW
BMW
BMW
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
7 Series E23
7 Series E32
7 Series E38
Falcon XE/XF
Fairlane Z & LTD F
Fairlane N & LTD D
Fairlane N & LTD D
Fairlane & LTD AU
82-86
87-94
95-01
82-88
82-87
88-Mar 92
Apr 92-94
88-94
95-98
99-02
Upper 95% Width of
Limit
Interval
26.94
20.06
35.15
15.09
24.10
23.50
24.71
1.21
23.00
22.32
24.69
20.57
27.74
25.51
19.55
28.20
24.84
27.74
24.30
26.33
25.56
25.77
24.80
28.19
23.78
23.49
13.94
24.66
23.97
19.70
24.06
19.78
25.48
23.82
24.59
33.57
26.67
21.24
27.46
26.82
24.97
27.15
25.57
25.53
20.94
18.35
21.27
16.86
22.10
15.87
15.22
21.30
15.95
25.18
20.78
22.81
20.86
23.18
19.91
24.62
20.45
17.57
6.17
18.05
19.89
15.30
16.26
15.56
22.58
20.13
21.12
24.46
21.06
11.65
24.50
23.97
23.52
24.49
20.85
21.60
25.20
26.87
28.46
24.85
34.19
38.35
24.75
36.29
36.54
30.45
28.21
30.19
30.90
28.54
30.43
32.05
27.45
30.66
28.53
32.73
28.57
25.01
34.07
24.81
28.61
27.95
28.43
44.10
33.15
35.55
30.64
29.86
26.48
29.99
30.93
29.91
4.27
8.51
7.20
7.99
12.10
22.48
9.53
14.99
20.59
5.27
7.42
7.38
10.04
5.35
10.52
7.43
7.00
13.09
22.36
14.69
8.68
9.71
17.80
9.25
6.03
7.82
7.32
19.64
12.09
23.90
6.14
5.89
2.97
5.49
10.08
8.31
21.86
21.50
22.22
0.72
13.16
24.57
21.10
23.31
23.38
23.43
23.06
22.20
24.06
19.29
5.48
14.50
10.86
22.32
20.65
22.36
21.57
19.34
19.81
14.06
28.34
38.49
37.01
24.34
26.34
24.53
24.63
25.35
28.89
25.87
22.86
23.99
26.15
2.02
5.69
2.17
3.06
6.00
9.08
11.81
Make
Model of Car
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Holden / Toyota
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden / Toyota
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Hyundai
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Falcon FG
Falcon EF/EL
Falcon AU
Taurus
Falcon BA/BF
Stateman/Caprice VQ
Commodore VT/VX
Commodore VY/VZ
Monaro
Commodore VB-VL
Commodore VE
Sonata
Grandeaur / XG
V3000
V3000 / Diamante
380
XJ6
XJ6
929 / Luce
E-Class W123
E-Class W124
E-Class W210
S-Class W126
S-Class C140
E-Class W211
Skyline
300ZX / Fairlady Z
Maxima
Maxima / Cefiro
Maxima
Maxima
Legend
9-5
Camry
Cressida / Mark II
Supra
ES300 / Windom
LS400 / Celsior
Avalon
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Jaguar
Jaguar
Mazda
Mazda
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Honda
Saab
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Lexus
Lexus
Toyota
Manufacture %
Confidence
Limit
Upper 95% Width of
Limit
Interval
03-07
08-09
94-98
98-02
96-98
02-08
89-93
82-85
90-93
94-98
93-97
97-02
99-03
02-07
01-05
03-06
82-88
06-09
89-97
99-00
85-90
23.70
17.82
22.71
22.37
20.87
23.30
22.35
38.50
24.58
24.32
23.02
23.35
25.60
20.99
24.21
26.25
22.72
26.98
24.15
23.60
22.74
14.70
10.22
21.67
21.08
14.10
21.56
21.37
18.55
16.91
20.86
21.97
22.24
20.19
19.19
18.17
17.15
21.65
23.09
20.69
13.45
21.39
35.88
29.22
23.78
23.72
29.75
25.14
23.37
63.24
34.29
28.15
24.11
24.51
31.89
22.91
31.50
37.96
23.83
31.26
27.98
38.06
24.16
21.17
19.00
2.11
2.63
15.65
3.57
1.99
44.69
17.39
7.29
2.13
2.27
11.70
3.72
13.33
20.81
2.18
8.17
7.29
24.61
2.77
96-03
20.94
19.39
22.59
3.19
91-96
21.87
20.58
23.21
2.63
03-05
05-08
82-86
87-94
82-90
92-96
82-85
86-94
96-02
82-92
93-98
02-09
83-88
90-95
90-94
95-99
00-02
06-09
86-95
98-05
98-02
82-85
86-88
89-93
82-90
92-01
90-00
00-05
23.03
23.16
27.42
19.52
19.34
39.35
20.11
25.65
23.39
16.77
22.09
25.60
22.92
27.84
24.62
17.27
24.40
24.48
24.72
12.09
22.30
25.61
24.59
16.74
25.11
15.83
31.96
26.11
17.18
14.64
18.02
12.18
16.29
25.03
12.30
19.74
16.48
11.32
11.91
14.63
20.50
19.97
19.99
13.70
18.07
16.85
18.79
5.05
20.62
21.42
17.73
13.01
17.89
10.84
19.20
22.24
30.15
34.64
39.37
29.79
22.80
55.77
31.14
32.62
32.08
24.12
37.27
40.84
25.54
37.36
29.93
21.55
32.09
34.15
31.78
26.24
24.06
30.30
33.03
21.28
34.03
22.54
48.14
30.39
12.97
20.00
21.35
17.61
6.51
30.74
18.84
12.88
15.60
12.80
25.36
26.21
5.04
17.38
9.93
7.85
14.02
17.30
12.98
21.19
3.44
8.88
15.30
8.26
16.14
11.70
28.94
8.15
Make
Model of Car
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Volvo
Volvo
Camry
Aurion
Camry
850/S70/V70/C70
700/900 Series
Manufacture %
Confidence
Limit
02-06
06-09
06-09
92-99
84-92
22.11
22.45
23.85
26.30
21.85
19.34
14.24
17.22
21.55
17.35
25.14
33.55
32.06
31.66
27.13
5.80
19.31
14.84
10.11
9.78
20.97
20.55
21.40
0.86
99-06
95-01
01-08
97-03
03-09
05-09
82-91
92-98
99-06
82-88
89-95
96-03
00-09
95-97
97-02
82-82
95-01
94-98
99-03
94-97
82-89
97-03
03-05
98-01
02-05
82-84
15.98
19.78
24.68
21.73
26.06
32.64
20.67
24.44
20.36
24.41
25.70
18.31
30.13
20.14
27.23
22.58
22.12
34.41
20.86
26.18
21.76
23.33
19.67
19.20
21.93
22.21
7.91
13.90
17.11
11.66
12.76
20.61
17.51
21.46
16.60
17.96
19.98
12.69
15.19
13.88
19.48
19.28
18.81
21.02
13.28
18.62
20.05
20.13
12.54
13.14
9.85
20.47
29.64
27.35
34.22
36.85
45.92
47.49
24.23
27.69
24.72
32.27
32.40
25.69
50.95
28.30
36.65
26.25
25.83
50.84
31.20
35.47
23.58
26.88
29.48
27.20
41.93
24.05
21.73
13.45
17.11
25.19
33.17
26.88
6.72
6.22
8.13
14.30
12.42
13.00
35.76
14.42
17.16
6.97
7.02
29.82
17.91
16.85
3.53
6.75
16.95
14.06
32.08
3.58
95-96
83-86
88-91
92-97
19.62
21.18
23.66
20.16
15.96
19.44
21.56
17.97
23.88
23.04
25.89
22.54
7.92
3.60
4.33
4.57
98-02
82-85
86-91
93-99
02-07
03-09
87-93
95-00
97-03
00-07
03-09
86-88
89-92
24.99
36.51
21.83
20.39
17.47
15.80
23.75
25.49
20.99
20.00
22.87
21.91
23.30
20.79
26.46
14.03
11.43
13.33
5.83
17.05
19.60
11.40
13.21
10.82
19.17
21.24
29.72
47.88
32.34
33.70
22.57
36.28
32.08
32.44
35.44
29.10
42.00
24.93
25.49
8.92
21.42
18.31
22.27
9.24
30.45
15.03
12.85
24.05
15.89
31.18
5.77
4.24
Medium Cars
Alfa Romeo
Audi
Audi
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
Chrysler
Daewoo
Daewoo
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Hyundai
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Ford / Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Nissan
Nissan / Ford
156
A4
A4
Z3 E36
5 Series E60 / E61
3 Series E90 / E91
3 Series E30
3 Series E36
3 Series E46
5 Series E28
5 Series E34
5 Series E39
PT Cruiser
Espero
Leganza
Cortina
Mondeo
Probe
Cougar
Calibra
Camira
Vectra
Vectra ZC
Sonata
Sonata EF
Lambda
Galant
Cronos
626
RX7
RX7
Eunos 500
6
RX8
C-Class W201
C-Class W202
CLK C208
C-Class W203
CLK C209
Pintara
Upper 95% Width of
Limit
Interval
Make
Model of Car
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Peugeot
Peugeot
Peugeot
Renault
Saab
Saab
Saab
Saab
Subaru
Bluebird
Bluebird
200SX / Silvia
Accord Euro
Accord
Accord
Accord
Accord
Accord
Accord
Prelude
Prelude
Prelude
Prelude
405
505
406
Feugo
900 Series
900/9-3
9000
9-3
Wagon
Subaru
Liberty / Legacy
Subaru
Subaru
Subaru
Toyota
Corona
Toyota
Camry
Toyota
Celica
Toyota
Celica
Toyota
Celica
Toyota
Celica
Toyota
Celica
Lexus
IS200 / IS300
Lexus
IS250 / IS F
Volvo
200 Series
Volvo
S60
Volkswagen
Passat
Manufacture %
Confidence
Limit
82-86
93-97
94-02
03-08
03-07
82-85
86-90
91-93
94-98
99-02
82-82
83-91
92-96
97-02
89-97
82-93
96-04
82-87
82-92
94-02
86-97
03-09
82-93
21.54
18.88
26.61
20.26
26.43
18.35
24.17
18.25
19.70
24.38
16.67
22.12
20.86
24.18
21.75
26.62
24.56
13.44
16.37
18.99
19.24
38.19
18.69
19.70
15.94
19.83
15.30
18.41
15.23
21.01
14.55
16.75
18.12
6.35
19.44
16.62
17.33
16.01
18.16
15.24
6.30
10.95
13.98
13.58
20.43
16.42
23.50
22.22
34.70
26.33
36.38
21.93
27.63
22.66
23.02
31.95
37.11
25.05
25.85
32.67
28.84
37.22
37.08
26.37
23.75
25.26
26.55
59.78
21.20
3.80
6.28
14.87
11.03
17.97
6.70
6.61
8.11
6.26
13.83
30.76
5.61
9.24
15.35
12.83
19.06
21.84
20.06
12.80
11.28
12.97
39.35
4.78
89-93
94-98
99-03
03-09
82-88
83-86
88-92
93-97
81-85
86-89
90-93
94-99
00-05
99-04
05-09
82-93
01-09
98-06
20.97
26.56
22.63
15.34
22.74
20.10
21.49
22.25
21.21
22.39
23.60
18.42
22.56
21.63
23.04
22.73
21.28
26.85
18.71
23.23
18.93
10.75
21.15
16.90
20.28
20.86
17.70
18.47
19.73
13.82
14.03
12.87
9.37
18.82
10.52
18.43
23.44
30.18
26.82
21.41
24.41
23.74
22.74
23.71
25.21
26.88
27.97
24.12
34.21
34.02
46.43
27.19
38.33
37.36
4.73
6.95
7.88
10.66
3.26
6.85
2.46
2.85
7.50
8.40
8.24
10.30
20.18
21.15
37.06
8.38
27.81
18.93
22.32
21.27
23.40
2.13
20.13
24.42
18.99
27.47
18.33
23.85
22.61
23.61
12.73
13.61
13.48
21.19
9.15
20.63
20.24
19.30
30.34
39.86
26.07
34.78
33.34
27.40
25.17
28.54
17.61
26.24
12.59
13.59
24.19
6.77
4.93
9.24
People Movers
Chrysler
Holden
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Voyager
Zafira TT
Nimbus / Chariot
Nimbus
Starwagon / L300
Upper 95% Width of
Limit
Interval
97-01
01-05
85-91
92-98
99-03
83-86
87-93
95-98
Make
Model of Car
Mitsubishi
Kia
Kia
Mazda
Mazda
Nissan
Nissan
Honda
Honda
Honda
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Carnival
Carnival
MPV
MPV
Prairie
Serena
Odyssey
Odyssey
Odyssey
Tarago
Tarago
Manufacture %
Confidence
Limit
98-03
99-06
06-09
94-99
00-06
84-86
92-95
95-00
00-02
04-09
83-89
91-99
00-06
06-09
Small Cars
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Audi
Mini
Chrysler
Daihatsu
Daewoo
Daewoo
Daewoo
Daewoo
Daewoo
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Fiat
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
33
75
A3/S3
Mini Cooper
Neon
Applause
1.5i
Cielo
Nubira
Lanos
Lacetti
Laser
Laser
Escort
Capri
Focus LR
Focus LS / LT
Regata
Gemini
Gemini RB
Astra TR
Astra TS
Astra AH
Viva JF
Excel
Excel
Excel / Accent
Elantra
S Coupe
Lantra
Lantra
Coupe
Accent
Lancer / Mirage CA
Lancer / Mirage CB
Lancer / Mirage CC
83-92
86-92
97-04
02-09
96-99
89-99
94-95
95-97
97-03
97-03
03-04
91-94
95-97
82-82
89-94
02-05
05-09
84-88
82-84
86-87
96-98
98-06
04-09
05-09
86-90
90-94
95-00
00-06
90-96
91-95
96-00
96-00
00-06
89-90
91-92
93-95
Upper 95% Width of
Limit
Interval
19.66
24.91
24.01
24.15
25.17
23.28
17.31
23.79
32.23
16.85
25.50
22.98
28.39
12.07
14.88
18.58
9.88
14.25
12.08
16.47
11.66
18.58
19.44
8.79
22.35
19.52
21.19
4.79
25.51
32.52
47.68
37.89
45.17
31.83
24.93
29.92
48.38
29.86
28.93
26.85
36.90
27.24
10.63
13.94
37.81
23.64
33.09
15.36
13.27
11.33
28.94
21.07
6.58
7.34
15.71
22.45
20.42
20.04
20.80
0.76
23.84
23.97
27.29
21.16
14.78
18.72
12.37
19.91
19.97
20.52
16.14
20.81
22.71
17.63
17.48
23.20
25.58
29.32
20.94
19.24
22.43
21.15
22.31
26.04
20.52
21.25
21.78
23.74
19.22
20.32
22.09
16.95
20.21
20.62
25.24
20.03
15.77
11.08
17.19
10.59
8.57
15.02
3.16
16.57
16.29
17.68
6.08
19.10
19.56
12.90
13.30
18.18
18.79
16.54
18.12
13.56
17.07
18.96
17.01
17.39
17.10
18.89
20.24
18.79
13.62
15.59
18.97
11.06
17.03
18.11
19.92
17.59
34.36
44.38
40.44
37.83
24.28
23.08
37.90
23.75
24.23
23.68
36.38
22.63
26.20
23.63
22.62
29.11
33.81
46.48
24.07
26.58
28.89
23.51
28.70
37.05
24.42
23.82
23.40
29.53
26.41
26.06
25.56
25.08
23.81
23.38
31.43
22.71
18.58
33.30
23.25
27.24
15.71
8.05
34.74
7.18
7.94
6.00
30.30
3.53
6.64
10.73
9.32
10.94
15.03
29.94
5.96
13.02
11.82
4.55
11.68
19.66
7.33
4.93
3.16
10.75
12.79
10.47
6.58
14.02
6.78
5.27
11.52
5.12
Make
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Kia
Kia
Kia
Kia
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Model of Car
Lancer / Mirage CE
Cordia
Lancer CH / CJ
Rio
Spectra
Cerato LD
Rio JB
Laser / 323
Autozam AZ-3
Mazda
3 / Axela
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Stanza
Nissan
Gazelle / Silvia
Nissan
Exa
Nissan
Exa
Nissan
NX/NX-R
Nissan
Pulsar
Nissan
Tiida
Honda
Civic
Honda
Honda
Civic / Shuttle
Honda
Civic
Honda
Civic
Honda
CRX
Honda
CRX
Honda
Civic
Honda
Civic
Honda
Integra
Honda
Integra
Honda
Integra
Honda
Integra
Honda
Concerto
Peugeot
306
Peugeot
307
Proton
Wira
Renault
19
Renault
Scenic
Rover
Quintet
MG
MGF / MG TF
Subaru
Impreza
Subaru
Impreza
Suzuki
Suzuki
Liana
Manufacture %
Confidence
Limit
Upper 95% Width of
Limit
Interval
96-03
83-87
03-09
00-05
01-04
04-08
05-09
82-88
90-93
95-98
99-03
89-97
98-05
90-97
21.03
25.82
23.38
26.44
16.48
22.75
15.79
20.90
18.39
19.06
19.45
17.34
11.07
23.07
19.29
21.97
17.96
21.37
7.69
12.97
8.74
19.91
16.19
16.33
16.85
10.19
4.59
13.42
22.88
30.08
29.84
32.22
31.85
36.77
26.86
21.93
20.82
22.13
22.34
27.95
24.33
36.72
3.59
8.11
11.88
10.84
24.16
23.80
18.11
2.02
4.63
5.80
5.49
17.76
19.74
23.30
03-09
98-04
84-86
88-90
92-95
96-99
82-83
84-86
83-86
87-91
91-96
00-05
06-09
82-83
84-87
88-91
92-95
96-00
87-91
92-98
01-05
06-09
86-88
90-92
93-01
02-06
89-93
94-01
01-09
95-96
91-96
01-04
82-86
99-05
93-00
01-07
95-02
01-07
20.13
20.69
24.51
22.75
22.81
20.78
31.10
22.58
25.22
33.33
24.02
19.74
19.99
22.02
21.70
20.00
23.12
17.24
21.10
27.03
21.01
20.34
16.18
23.67
17.86
27.81
26.33
21.55
17.34
27.44
19.32
21.76
10.35
20.91
25.09
19.79
14.57
18.16
16.66
11.27
22.22
20.91
20.53
18.62
20.82
16.93
17.03
21.15
17.87
17.01
9.53
16.53
18.41
17.41
20.37
14.69
15.52
15.57
16.16
12.02
11.52
18.18
13.55
14.89
19.56
16.38
10.50
20.89
10.58
11.05
3.74
9.66
22.14
15.46
10.20
9.77
24.10
34.89
26.95
24.70
25.26
23.11
43.65
29.44
35.66
48.24
31.46
22.78
37.22
28.72
25.39
22.86
26.11
20.14
28.02
42.67
26.85
32.32
22.25
30.19
23.17
45.90
34.44
27.80
27.26
35.13
32.65
38.36
25.56
39.51
28.30
24.96
20.39
31.26
7.43
23.62
4.73
3.79
4.73
4.49
22.83
12.51
18.62
27.09
13.59
5.76
27.69
12.19
6.97
5.44
5.74
5.45
12.50
27.10
10.69
20.30
10.72
12.01
9.61
31.01
14.87
11.42
16.76
14.24
22.08
27.31
21.82
29.84
6.16
9.49
10.19
21.49
Make
Model of Car
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota / Holden
Toyota / Holden
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Volvo
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Corolla
Corolla
Corolla / Nova
Corolla / Nova
Corolla / Allex
Corolla
Corolla
Tercel
MR2
MR2
Paseo / Cynos
Corolla 4WD Wagon
Prius II
S40/V40
Golf
Golf
Golf / Bora
New Beetle
Golf / Jetta
Manufacture %
Confidence
Limit
82-84
86-88
89-93
94-97
98-01
02-07
07-09
83-88
87-90
91-00
91-99
92-96
03-09
97-04
82-94
95-98
99-04
00-09
04-09
Light Cars
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daewoo
Daewoo
Ford
Ford
Holden
Holden
Holden
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Nissan
Honda
Honda
Peugeot
Peugeot
Subaru
Suzuki
Holden / Suzuki
Holden / Suzuki
Suzuki
Charade
Charade
Charade
Pyzar
Sirion / Storia
Mira
Matiz
Kalos
Festiva WD/WH/WF
Ka
Barina XC
Barina SB
Barina TK
Getz / TB
Mirage / Colt
Colt
Festiva WA / 121
121 Metro / Demio
2
2
Micra
Jazz / Fit
City
205
206
Swift
Hatch / Alto
82-86
88-92
93-00
97-01
98-04
90-96
99-04
03-04
94-01
99-02
01-06
95-00
05-09
02-09
82-88
04-09
87-90
94-96
97-02
02-07
07-09
95-97
02-08
83-86
87-94
99-07
89-92
82-85
86-88
89-99
82-84
Upper 95% Width of
Limit
Interval
20.05
22.19
21.71
21.31
21.86
21.12
28.75
16.31
21.74
27.03
25.30
27.46
28.10
16.96
28.60
23.79
17.50
26.44
24.89
18.20
20.53
20.40
19.64
19.08
18.94
21.19
9.73
13.86
17.50
19.40
17.88
15.35
10.33
18.83
17.17
13.44
16.58
17.69
22.04
23.94
23.08
23.08
24.92
23.48
37.73
26.07
32.43
39.27
32.27
39.70
45.72
26.59
40.88
31.97
22.47
39.38
33.82
3.84
3.42
2.69
3.44
5.84
4.54
16.54
16.35
18.58
21.77
12.87
21.83
30.37
16.25
22.05
14.81
9.02
22.80
16.13
19.70
19.07
20.34
1.27
21.77
20.12
20.73
28.82
18.49
21.06
23.35
20.27
18.79
17.71
20.28
21.81
16.62
31.25
20.79
24.73
19.02
17.64
19.30
23.53
31.63
21.90
20.93
23.03
16.42
20.37
20.43
22.02
19.34
19.99
25.69
17.47
17.32
17.60
17.72
13.04
15.26
15.99
10.30
16.98
10.46
16.32
19.00
10.68
26.24
18.84
14.38
16.46
13.99
15.41
16.06
16.88
14.75
15.37
17.51
7.43
12.44
14.42
10.51
16.28
18.15
18.35
26.78
23.24
24.25
43.22
25.56
28.34
32.79
36.04
20.73
28.41
24.91
24.90
24.96
36.74
22.88
39.12
21.87
22.00
23.90
33.11
51.31
31.24
27.84
29.67
32.47
31.54
28.11
40.42
22.81
21.96
34.71
9.30
5.92
6.65
25.50
12.52
13.08
16.80
25.74
3.75
17.95
8.59
5.89
14.28
10.50
4.03
24.73
5.41
8.01
8.48
17.05
34.43
16.49
12.47
12.16
25.03
19.11
13.69
29.91
6.52
3.81
16.36
Make
Model of Car
Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Alto
Ignis
Swift
Starlet
Echo
Yaris
Polo
Polo
Manufacture %
Confidence
Limit
85-00
00-02
05-09
96-99
99-05
05-09
96-00
02-09
28.33
17.46
19.23
20.36
22.28
19.71
18.62
27.18
19.89
10.59
13.93
17.08
19.22
14.63
11.99
16.11
Upper 95% Width of
Limit
Interval
38.63
27.41
25.93
24.08
25.67
26.02
27.76
42.05
18.74
16.82
12.00
7.00
6.45
11.39
15.77
25.94
AGGRESSIVITY RATINGS
Make
Model of Car
ALL VEHICLE AVERAGE
Years of Serious
Lower 95%
Manufacture injury rate Confidence
per 100
Limit
drivers
involved
%
3.53
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Holden
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi /
Peugeot
Kia
Kia
Ford / Mazda
Nissan
Lada
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Land Rover
Subaru
Subaru
Suzuki
Suzuki
Holden / Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
3.18
3.00
3.37
0.37
Feroza / Rocky
Rocky / Rugger
Terios
Cruze
Tucson
Outlander
Outlander / 4007
89-97
85-98
97-05
02-06
04-09
03-06
06-09
4.20
4.98
3.50
3.36
2.11
3.74
1.05
2.95
3.18
2.25
2.06
0.78
2.05
0.24
5.98
7.78
5.45
5.49
5.70
6.82
4.55
3.03
4.60
3.20
3.43
4.92
4.76
4.31
Sportage
Sorento
Escape / Tribute
X-Trail
Niva
CR-V
CR-V
HR-V
CR-V
Freelander
Forester
Forester
Vitara / Escudo
Grand Vitara
/ SJ413
Jimny
Grand Vitara
RAV4
RAV4
RAV4
98-03
03-09
01-06
01-07
84-99
97-01
02-06
99-02
07-09
98-06
97-02
02-08
88-98
99-05
82-99
3.72
4.27
3.89
3.66
4.40
3.30
3.19
4.91
4.24
5.28
2.60
3.40
3.84
3.04
3.51
2.54
2.02
2.93
2.85
2.73
2.63
2.39
3.21
2.21
2.84
1.95
2.51
3.19
1.98
2.90
5.43
9.02
5.17
4.70
7.07
4.15
4.26
7.52
8.16
9.83
3.46
4.60
4.63
4.66
4.24
2.89
6.99
2.23
1.86
4.34
1.52
1.86
4.32
5.95
6.99
1.52
2.10
1.43
2.69
1.34
98-09
05-08
94-00
01-06
06-09
4.64
2.17
4.14
4.28
3.12
2.59
0.80
3.46
3.45
1.98
8.32
5.85
4.97
5.32
4.92
5.73
5.05
1.52
1.87
2.94
4.15
3.91
4.41
0.50
Daewoo /
Ssangong
Ford
Holden / Isuzu
Holden / Isuzu
Holden / Isuzu
Holden
Holden
Holden
Upper 95% Width of
Limit
Interval
Musso
98-02
4.29
2.46
7.49
5.04
Territory SX/SY
Jackaroo / Bighorn
Jackaroo / Bighorn
Jackaroo / Bighorn
Frontera / Mu
Adventra
Captiva CG
04-09
82-91
92-97
98-02
95-03
03-06
06-09
3.96
5.60
4.81
5.90
5.34
3.90
3.91
2.95
4.27
3.55
4.30
3.46
2.11
2.08
5.30
7.35
6.52
8.11
8.24
7.23
7.38
2.35
3.09
2.97
3.82
4.78
5.12
5.30
Make
Model of Car
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Jeep
Jeep
Jeep
Land Rover
Nissan
Nissan
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Santa Fe
Pajero
Pajero
Pajero NM / NP / NS
Challenger
Cherokee XJ
Wrangler
Cherokee KJ
Defender
Kluger
Landcruiser Prado
Landcruiser Prado
Kluger
Years of Serious
per 100
drivers
involved
%
00-06
5.98
82-90
5.08
92-99
4.74
00-06
3.93
98-06
2.63
96-00
4.65
96-04
5.27
01-07
3.67
92-09
4.00
88-94
4.99
95-05
4.88
03-07
3.15
96-03
6.27
03-09
5.40
07-09
2.59
BMW
Ford
Ford
Ford
Jeep
Jeep
Land Rover
Mercedes Benz
Nissan
Nissan / Ford
Nissan
Land Rover
Land Rover
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
X5
Bronco
Explorer
Explorer
Grand Cherokee ZG
Discovery
M-Class W163
Patrol / Safari
Patrol / Safari
Range Rover
Range Rover
Landcruiser
Landcruiser
Landcruiser
01-08
82-87
00-01
01-05
96-99
99-05
91-02
98-05
82-87
88-97
98-09
82-94
95-02
82-89
90-97
98-07
Commercial - Vans
Daihatsu
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Holden
Kia
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Honda
Holden / Suzuki
Toyota
Toyota
Handivan
Falcon Panel Van
Falcon Panel Van
Transit
Transit
Shuttle / WFR Van
Pregio
MB100 / MB140
Vito
Sprinter
Acty
Scurry / Carry
Hiace/Liteace
Hiace/Liteace
82-90
82-95
96-99
95-00
01-07
82-87
02-06
99-04
99-04
98-06
83-86
82-00
82-86
87-89
Lower 95%
Confidence
Limit
Upper 95% Width of
Limit
Interval
3.89
4.19
4.03
2.84
1.58
3.62
3.42
2.03
2.33
3.81
3.69
1.96
4.82
4.32
1.07
9.19
6.16
5.57
5.44
4.37
5.97
8.11
6.63
6.88
6.54
6.45
5.08
8.16
6.75
6.25
5.30
1.97
1.54
2.60
2.79
2.34
4.69
4.60
4.55
2.73
2.76
3.12
3.34
2.43
5.18
5.11
4.91
5.32
0.41
3.03
6.97
4.38
3.24
4.32
4.44
3.64
3.46
6.64
5.39
5.65
6.35
4.11
6.65
6.37
5.84
1.76
3.97
2.72
1.76
2.68
2.89
2.75
2.00
5.37
4.87
4.96
4.68
2.16
6.04
5.88
5.21
5.22
12.26
7.04
5.98
6.98
6.82
4.83
6.01
8.20
5.97
6.44
8.61
7.83
7.33
6.90
6.54
3.46
8.29
4.32
4.23
4.30
3.93
2.08
4.01
2.84
1.10
1.48
3.93
5.67
1.30
1.01
1.32
4.55
4.33
4.79
0.45
2.72
3.94
4.70
4.02
4.18
3.99
5.16
4.83
5.26
5.71
1.71
2.79
5.91
5.93
1.74
3.28
3.08
2.94
3.03
2.45
3.54
2.99
3.49
3.90
0.73
1.60
5.17
5.04
4.25
4.72
7.19
5.50
5.76
6.49
7.52
7.81
7.94
8.38
4.03
4.88
6.76
6.99
2.52
1.44
4.11
2.56
2.73
4.03
3.98
4.82
4.45
4.48
3.30
3.28
1.59
1.96
Make
Model of Car
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Hiace/Liteace
Hiace/Liteace
Hiace
Years of Serious
per 100
drivers
involved
%
90-95
5.93
96-04
5.52
05-09
4.51
88-94
4.86
95-04
6.78
Commercial - Utes
Ford / Nissan
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Holden
Holden / Isuzu
Holden / Isuzu
Holden / Isuzu
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Kia
Ford / Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Subaru
Suzuki
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Falcon Ute
Falcon Ute AU
Falcon Ute BA/BF
Ford F-Series
F-Series
Commodore Ute VG/VP
Rodeo / Pickup
Rodeo / Pickup
Rodeo / Pickup
Rodeo
Rodeo
WB Series
Commodore Ute VR/VS
Commodore VU Ute
Commodore VY/VZ Ute
Rodeo
Triton MK
Triton ML / MN
Ceres
Ranger / BT-50
720 Ute
Navara
Navara
Navara
Navara
Brumby
Mighty Boy
4Runner/Hilux
4Runner/Hilux
4Runner/Hilux
Hilux
Hilux
Hilux
82-95
96-99
00-02
03-08
82-92
01-06
90-93
82-85
86-88
89-95
96-98
99-02
82-85
94-00
00-02
02-07
03-08
96-06
06-09
92-00
98-02
03-06
06-09
82-85
86-91
92-96
97-05
05-09
82-92
85-88
82-85
86-88
89-97
98-02
03-04
05-09
Large Cars
BMW
BMW
BMW
Ford
7 Series E23
7 Series E32
7 Series E38
Falcon XE/XF
82-86
87-94
95-01
82-88
Lower 95%
Confidence
Limit
Upper 95% Width of
Limit
Interval
5.28
4.88
3.23
2.44
4.93
6.66
6.24
6.31
9.67
9.32
1.37
1.36
3.08
7.22
4.40
4.15
4.02
4.27
0.25
4.47
4.48
5.17
3.84
6.32
5.72
3.21
4.86
4.73
5.41
4.66
5.27
4.89
4.65
4.31
4.83
5.01
4.38
2.13
3.53
4.28
3.41
4.09
3.70
4.89
4.92
4.64
5.77
4.15
2.19
5.50
5.25
4.84
5.23
4.74
4.43
4.01
3.60
4.34
3.08
4.88
3.40
2.41
3.41
2.91
4.83
3.90
4.47
3.86
4.12
3.37
4.13
4.24
3.22
0.93
2.49
3.45
2.57
2.63
2.80
4.22
4.03
3.89
3.96
3.11
1.08
4.78
4.56
4.51
4.64
3.77
3.66
4.99
5.56
6.15
4.79
8.20
9.64
4.27
6.93
7.68
6.07
5.57
6.23
6.19
5.26
5.51
5.66
5.92
5.96
4.91
5.00
5.31
4.53
6.34
4.88
5.66
6.00
5.54
8.40
5.53
4.42
6.32
6.05
5.20
5.90
5.95
5.35
0.97
1.96
1.80
1.72
3.32
6.24
1.85
3.52
4.78
1.23
1.67
1.76
2.32
1.13
2.14
1.53
1.68
2.74
3.98
2.51
1.85
1.96
3.71
2.07
1.45
1.97
1.66
4.43
2.41
3.34
1.53
1.49
0.70
1.26
2.18
1.69
3.39
3.33
3.46
0.13
2.33
4.66
5.17
4.18
0.92
2.52
2.57
3.96
5.87
8.61
10.42
4.40
4.95
6.08
7.85
0.44
Make
Model of Car
Years of Serious
per 100
drivers
involved
%
Ford
Fairlane Z & LTD F
82-87
4.04
Ford
88-Mar 92 4.12
Ford
Falcon EB Series II / Falcon ED Apr 92-94 4.15
Ford
Fairlane N & LTD D
88-94
3.58
Ford
Fairlane N & LTD D
95-98
4.41
Ford
Fairlane & LTD AU
99-02
3.07
Ford
03-07
3.46
Ford
Falcon FG
08-09
2.06
Ford
Falcon EF/EL
94-98
4.13
Ford
Falcon AU
98-02
4.04
Ford
Taurus
96-98
3.96
Ford
Falcon BA/BF
02-08
3.99
89-93
3.63
Holden
82-85
8.09
Holden
Stateman/Caprice VQ
90-93
3.88
Holden
94-98
3.72
93-97
3.68
Holden
Commodore VT/VX
97-02
4.25
Holden
99-03
4.83
Holden
Commodore VY/VZ
02-07
3.53
Holden
Monaro
01-05
4.45
Holden
03-06
4.33
Holden
Commodore VB-VL
82-88
3.90
Holden
Commodore VE
06-09
4.37
Hyundai
Sonata
89-97
3.95
Hyundai
Grandeaur / XG
99-00
5.00
Mitsubishi
85-90
3.76
V3000
Mitsubishi
96-03
3.61
Mitsubishi
91-96
3.82
V3000 / Diamante
Mitsubishi
03-05
3.72
Mitsubishi
380
05-08
3.19
Jaguar
XJ6
82-86
5.62
Jaguar
XJ6
87-94
4.27
Mazda
929 / Luce
82-90
3.42
Mazda
92-96
6.00
82-85
3.54
86-94
3.58
96-02
3.92
82-92
2.52
Mercedes Benz S-Class C140
93-98
3.84
02-09
4.10
Nissan
Skyline
83-88
4.21
Nissan
300ZX / Fairlady Z
90-95
5.56
Nissan
Maxima
90-94
4.25
Nissan
Maxima / Cefiro
95-99
2.95
Nissan
Maxima
00-02
3.75
Nissan
Maxima
06-09
3.48
Honda
Legend
86-95
Lower 95%
Confidence
Limit
Upper 95% Width of
Limit
Interval
3.49
3.90
3.84
3.04
3.51
2.16
2.06
1.07
3.91
3.77
2.54
3.65
3.44
3.88
2.50
3.12
3.48
4.02
3.68
3.18
3.17
2.73
3.69
3.65
3.30
2.77
3.49
4.67
4.36
4.49
4.21
5.53
4.37
5.81
3.97
4.36
4.33
6.18
4.37
3.82
16.87
6.02
4.45
3.88
4.50
6.33
3.90
6.25
6.87
4.13
5.23
4.72
9.03
4.04
1.18
0.45
0.65
1.17
2.02
2.20
3.75
2.90
0.45
0.56
3.65
0.72
0.38
12.99
3.52
1.33
0.40
0.48
2.65
0.72
3.08
4.14
0.45
1.58
1.42
6.26
0.55
3.32
3.94
0.63
3.56
4.10
0.54
2.72
1.93
3.40
2.57
2.80
3.41
2.08
2.62
2.64
1.64
1.92
2.20
3.67
3.72
3.21
2.23
2.52
2.14
4.99
5.09
5.28
9.30
7.11
4.18
10.57
6.02
4.88
5.81
3.88
7.69
7.62
4.83
8.30
5.62
3.88
5.57
5.67
3.62
2.37
3.35
5.90
4.54
1.38
7.16
3.93
2.26
3.18
2.24
5.77
5.42
1.15
4.59
2.41
1.65
3.05
3.53
6.88
Make
Model of Car
Saab
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Lexus
Lexus
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Volvo
Volvo
9-5
Camry
Cressida / Mark II
Supra
ES300 / Windom
LS400 / Celsior
Avalon
Camry
Aurion
Camry
850/S70/V70/C70
700/900 Series
Years of Serious
per 100
drivers
involved
%
98-05
1.57
98-02
3.85
82-85
4.53
86-88
3.64
89-93
2.45
82-90
5.94
92-01
3.04
90-00
4.46
00-05
4.82
02-06
3.63
06-09
3.31
06-09
3.16
92-99
4.91
84-92
3.64
Lower 95%
Confidence
Limit
Upper 95% Width of
Limit
Interval
0.62
3.53
3.63
2.48
1.85
4.01
1.98
2.39
4.01
3.13
2.03
2.22
3.90
2.80
3.96
4.21
5.65
5.34
3.25
8.79
4.67
8.33
5.80
4.21
5.40
4.51
6.18
4.73
3.34
0.68
2.02
2.85
1.40
4.79
2.69
5.95
1.79
1.08
3.36
2.29
2.28
1.93
2.98
2.91
3.06
0.15
99-06
95-01
01-08
97-03
03-09
05-09
82-91
92-98
99-06
82-88
89-95
96-03
00-09
95-97
97-02
82-82
95-01
94-98
99-03
94-97
82-89
97-03
03-05
98-01
02-05
82-84
1.66
3.09
3.31
3.55
3.99
4.69
2.97
3.27
3.00
4.22
3.86
2.99
3.47
3.51
4.65
3.82
3.45
5.74
2.53
4.59
3.74
3.64
3.42
3.13
3.43
3.50
0.78
2.07
2.15
1.72
1.84
2.79
2.43
2.79
2.38
2.95
2.78
1.99
1.53
2.35
3.20
3.17
2.82
3.24
1.52
3.01
3.40
3.06
2.05
2.08
1.53
3.17
3.54
4.62
5.08
7.33
8.68
7.87
3.63
3.83
3.78
6.06
5.38
4.48
7.87
5.24
6.74
4.61
4.21
10.19
4.21
6.99
4.12
4.34
5.73
4.69
7.70
3.86
2.76
2.54
2.93
5.61
6.84
5.08
1.20
1.04
1.40
3.11
2.61
2.49
6.34
2.89
3.53
1.44
1.39
6.95
2.69
3.99
0.73
1.28
3.68
2.61
6.17
0.69
95-96
83-86
88-91
92-97
3.02
3.26
3.49
2.76
2.34
2.92
3.09
2.40
3.90
3.64
3.94
3.18
1.56
0.71
0.85
0.78
98-02
82-85
3.34
4.99
2.66
3.19
4.19
7.81
1.53
4.62
Medium Cars
Alfa Romeo
Audi
Audi
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
Chrysler
Daewoo
Daewoo
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Hyundai
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Ford / Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
156
A4
A4
Z3 E36
5 Series E60 / E61
3 Series E90 / E91
3 Series E30
3 Series E36
3 Series E46
5 Series E28
5 Series E34
5 Series E39
PT Cruiser
Espero
Leganza
Cortina
Mondeo
Probe
Cougar
Calibra
Camira
Vectra
Vectra ZC
Sonata
Sonata EF
Lambda
Galant
Cronos
626
RX7
Make
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Nissan
Nissan / Ford
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Peugeot
Peugeot
Peugeot
Renault
Saab
Saab
Saab
Saab
Subaru
Model of Car
RX7
Eunos 500
6
RX8
C-Class W201
C-Class W202
CLK C208
C-Class W203
CLK C209
Pintara
Bluebird
Bluebird
200SX / Silvia
Accord Euro
Accord
Accord
Accord
Accord
Accord
Accord
Prelude
Prelude
Prelude
Prelude
405
505
406
Feugo
900 Series
900/9-3
9000
9-3
Wagon
Subaru
Liberty / Legacy
Subaru
Subaru
Subaru
Toyota
Corona
Toyota
Camry
Toyota
Celica
Toyota
Celica
Toyota
Celica
Toyota
Celica
Toyota
Celica
Lexus
IS200 / IS300
Lexus
IS250 / IS F
Volvo
200 Series
Years of Serious
per 100
drivers
involved
%
86-91
3.95
93-99
3.17
02-07
2.33
03-09
3.23
87-93
3.44
95-00
2.70
97-03
2.72
00-07
2.83
03-09
2.96
86-88
3.45
89-92
3.78
82-86
3.24
93-97
2.85
94-02
4.16
03-08
2.60
03-07
3.97
82-85
2.57
86-90
3.51
91-93
3.06
94-98
3.36
99-02
4.24
82-82
1.92
83-91
3.22
92-96
2.99
97-02
3.48
89-97
2.81
82-93
3.74
96-04
1.59
82-87
1.81
82-92
2.18
94-02
2.85
86-97
2.78
03-09
5.64
82-93
2.78
89-93
94-98
99-03
03-09
82-88
83-86
88-92
93-97
81-85
86-89
90-93
94-99
00-05
99-04
05-09
82-93
3.41
4.03
3.41
1.97
3.51
3.43
3.72
3.70
4.04
4.02
4.21
2.98
3.42
3.22
3.73
3.42
Lower 95%
Confidence
Limit
Upper 95% Width of
Limit
Interval
2.33
1.69
1.72
1.18
2.34
1.96
1.30
1.81
1.30
2.95
3.39
2.90
2.28
2.97
1.88
2.66
2.01
2.89
2.35
2.79
2.98
0.64
2.71
2.26
2.34
1.85
2.35
0.73
0.76
1.39
2.02
1.88
2.82
2.38
6.67
5.95
3.15
8.81
5.06
3.72
5.68
4.41
6.77
4.03
4.23
3.61
3.55
5.84
3.60
5.95
3.29
4.26
3.98
4.05
6.03
5.70
3.83
3.94
5.17
4.26
5.94
3.47
4.31
3.42
4.00
4.11
11.28
3.25
4.33
4.26
1.44
7.63
2.72
1.77
4.38
2.60
5.47
1.08
0.84
0.72
1.26
2.87
1.72
3.29
1.27
1.36
1.63
1.26
3.05
5.06
1.11
1.68
2.84
2.41
3.59
2.74
3.55
2.03
1.98
2.23
8.46
0.86
2.96
3.37
2.76
1.33
3.22
2.82
3.48
3.43
3.28
3.22
3.42
2.17
2.04
1.87
1.49
2.74
3.92
4.80
4.20
2.92
3.82
4.19
3.98
3.98
4.98
5.03
5.19
4.09
5.73
5.54
9.34
4.27
0.95
1.43
1.43
1.59
0.60
1.37
0.49
0.54
1.71
1.81
1.77
1.92
3.69
3.68
7.85
1.52
Make
Model of Car
Volvo
Volkswagen
S60
Passat
Years of Serious
per 100
drivers
involved
%
01-09
3.86
98-06
3.92
People Movers
Chrysler
Holden
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Kia
Kia
Mazda
Mazda
Nissan
Nissan
Honda
Honda
Honda
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Voyager
Zafira TT
Nimbus / Chariot
Nimbus
Starwagon / L300
Carnival
Carnival
MPV
MPV
Prairie
Serena
Odyssey
Odyssey
Odyssey
Tarago
Tarago
97-01
01-05
85-91
92-98
99-03
83-86
87-93
95-98
98-03
99-06
06-09
94-99
00-06
84-86
92-95
95-00
00-02
04-09
83-89
91-99
00-06
06-09
Small Cars
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Audi
Mini
Chrysler
Daihatsu
Daewoo
Daewoo
Daewoo
Daewoo
Daewoo
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Fiat
Holden
Holden
Holden
33
75
A3/S3
Mini Cooper
Neon
Applause
1.5i
Cielo
Nubira
Lanos
Lacetti
Laser
Laser
Escort
Capri
Focus LR
Focus LS / LT
Regata
Gemini
Gemini RB
Astra TR
83-92
86-92
97-04
02-09
96-99
89-99
94-95
95-97
97-03
97-03
03-04
91-94
95-97
82-82
89-94
02-05
05-09
84-88
82-84
86-87
96-98
Lower 95%
Confidence
Limit
Upper 95% Width of
Limit
Interval
1.80
2.47
8.28
6.22
6.48
3.74
3.80
3.58
4.02
0.44
4.56
3.07
2.53
3.87
1.93
5.33
4.46
5.44
3.69
5.45
4.57
5.36
3.70
3.27
2.39
4.45
5.74
2.18
4.54
4.15
4.55
2.06
2.81
1.60
1.53
2.79
0.89
4.46
3.91
4.34
2.73
3.96
1.89
3.09
1.67
1.97
1.27
3.21
3.23
1.07
3.88
3.45
3.26
0.78
7.42
5.90
4.19
5.37
4.19
6.38
5.09
6.81
5.00
7.49
11.03
9.31
8.17
5.43
4.47
6.18
10.20
4.45
5.31
5.00
6.33
5.41
4.61
4.30
2.65
2.59
3.30
1.91
1.17
2.47
2.27
3.53
9.14
6.22
6.49
3.46
3.19
2.98
6.97
3.38
1.43
1.56
3.07
4.62
2.59
2.53
2.65
0.12
1.84
5.10
4.15
2.46
2.25
2.67
2.39
2.75
2.95
3.35
3.09
2.93
2.90
2.90
2.90
3.52
3.36
3.68
2.87
2.55
3.08
1.03
2.29
2.42
1.13
1.26
2.09
0.63
2.24
2.35
2.83
1.14
2.65
2.44
2.08
2.15
2.66
2.38
1.71
2.42
1.72
2.25
3.29
11.34
7.11
5.36
4.04
3.40
9.02
3.37
3.69
3.95
8.36
3.24
3.45
4.04
3.92
4.65
4.75
7.90
3.40
3.77
4.23
2.27
9.05
4.69
4.22
2.78
1.31
8.38
1.13
1.33
1.12
7.22
0.59
1.01
1.96
1.77
1.99
2.37
6.18
0.98
2.05
1.98
Make
Holden
Holden
Holden
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Kia
Kia
Kia
Kia
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Model of Car
Astra TS
Astra AH
Viva JF
Excel
Excel
Excel / Accent
Elantra
S Coupe
Lantra
Lantra
Coupe
Accent
Lancer / Mirage CA
Lancer / Mirage CB
Lancer / Mirage CC
Lancer / Mirage CE
Cordia
Lancer CH / CJ
Rio
Spectra
Cerato LD
Rio JB
Laser / 323
Autozam AZ-3
Mazda
3 / Axela
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Stanza
Nissan
Gazelle / Silvia
Nissan
Exa
Nissan
Exa
Nissan
NX/NX-R
Nissan
Pulsar
Nissan
Tiida
Honda
Civic
Honda
Honda
Civic / Shuttle
Honda
Civic
Honda
Civic
Honda
CRX
Honda
CRX
Honda
Civic
Years of Serious
per 100
drivers
involved
%
98-06
2.85
04-09
3.41
05-09
2.97
86-90
3.38
90-94
3.07
95-00
3.05
00-06
3.59
90-96
2.53
91-95
3.17
96-00
3.45
96-00
2.83
00-06
3.24
89-90
2.75
91-92
4.01
93-95
2.57
96-03
2.90
83-87
4.50
03-09
3.24
00-05
3.60
01-04
2.60
04-08
2.85
05-09
1.77
82-88
3.02
90-93
2.51
95-98
2.45
99-03
2.54
89-97
2.79
98-05
1.09
90-97
2.93
03-09
98-04
84-86
88-90
92-95
96-99
82-83
84-86
83-86
87-91
91-96
00-05
06-09
82-83
84-87
88-91
92-95
96-00
87-91
92-98
01-05
2.76
2.59
3.43
3.39
3.31
2.94
5.42
3.04
5.37
6.27
4.94
2.45
1.87
2.40
3.34
2.84
3.31
2.70
3.22
4.57
2.89
Lower 95%
Confidence
Limit
Upper 95% Width of
Limit
Interval
2.52
2.53
1.89
2.75
2.69
2.81
2.79
1.74
2.38
2.90
1.80
2.69
2.35
3.02
2.21
2.63
3.60
2.44
2.83
1.18
1.56
0.95
2.84
2.13
2.05
2.16
1.55
0.43
1.64
3.23
4.58
4.66
4.17
3.51
3.32
4.63
3.69
4.21
4.09
4.44
3.90
3.22
5.35
2.98
3.20
5.64
4.29
4.58
5.72
5.18
3.30
3.21
2.96
2.93
2.98
5.02
2.75
5.26
0.71
2.05
2.77
1.42
0.81
0.51
1.84
1.96
1.83
1.19
2.65
1.21
0.87
2.33
0.77
0.56
2.03
1.85
1.74
4.55
3.61
2.36
0.36
0.82
0.87
0.82
3.47
2.32
3.62
2.24
1.33
3.04
3.07
2.92
2.60
3.37
1.90
3.40
3.57
3.54
2.08
0.82
1.56
2.71
2.40
2.84
2.26
1.98
2.40
2.14
3.39
5.05
3.87
3.74
3.76
3.34
8.72
4.88
8.48
11.00
6.89
2.88
4.29
3.71
4.11
3.36
3.85
3.22
5.24
8.72
3.90
1.15
3.72
0.83
0.68
0.85
0.73
5.35
2.98
5.08
7.43
3.34
0.81
3.47
2.15
1.40
0.96
1.01
0.96
3.26
6.33
1.76
Make
Model of Car
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Peugeot
Peugeot
Proton
Renault
Renault
Rover
MG
Subaru
Subaru
Suzuki
Suzuki
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota / Holden
Toyota / Holden
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Volvo
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Civic
Integra
Integra
Integra
Integra
Concerto
306
307
Wira
19
Scenic
Quintet
MGF / MG TF
Impreza
Impreza
Liana
Corolla
Corolla
Corolla / Nova
Corolla / Nova
Corolla / Allex
Corolla
Corolla
Tercel
MR2
MR2
Paseo / Cynos
Corolla 4WD Wagon
Prius II
S40/V40
Golf
Golf
Golf / Bora
New Beetle
Golf / Jetta
Years of Serious
per 100
drivers
involved
%
06-09
2.15
86-88
2.27
90-92
4.41
93-01
2.77
02-06
4.09
89-93
3.28
94-01
2.81
01-09
2.01
95-96
3.73
91-96
2.87
01-04
3.03
82-86
1.35
99-05
1.93
93-00
3.68
01-07
2.83
95-02
1.69
01-07
2.37
82-84
2.65
86-88
3.07
89-93
3.12
94-97
2.75
98-01
3.02
02-07
2.88
07-09
4.17
83-88
2.79
87-90
3.09
91-00
3.87
91-99
3.31
92-96
5.83
03-09
2.03
97-04
2.76
82-94
4.29
95-98
3.19
99-04
2.58
00-09
3.52
04-09
3.50
Light Cars
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daewoo
Daewoo
Ford
Ford
Holden
Holden
Charade
Charade
Charade
Pyzar
Sirion / Storia
Mira
Matiz
Kalos
Festiva WD/WH/WF
Ka
Barina XC
Barina SB
82-86
88-92
93-00
97-01
98-04
90-96
99-04
03-04
94-01
99-02
01-06
95-00
Lower 95%
Confidence
Limit
Upper 95% Width of
Limit
Interval
1.22
1.48
3.16
1.99
2.09
2.17
2.01
1.13
2.75
1.45
1.40
0.45
0.79
3.16
2.16
1.16
1.21
2.36
2.79
2.90
2.51
2.59
2.55
2.94
1.58
1.66
2.02
2.44
3.71
0.92
1.64
2.47
2.21
1.92
2.00
2.38
3.79
3.49
6.14
3.84
8.01
4.94
3.92
3.55
5.07
5.67
6.57
4.08
4.69
4.30
3.70
2.48
4.61
2.99
3.37
3.36
3.03
3.52
3.26
5.92
4.91
5.73
7.41
4.47
9.16
4.47
4.64
7.44
4.61
3.46
6.18
5.16
2.58
2.01
2.98
1.85
5.92
2.77
1.91
2.41
2.32
4.22
5.17
3.63
3.90
1.14
1.54
1.32
3.40
0.63
0.57
0.46
0.52
0.93
0.71
2.98
3.33
4.07
5.40
2.03
5.45
3.55
2.99
4.96
2.41
1.54
4.18
2.78
2.30
2.22
2.39
0.17
2.85
2.36
2.81
2.94
1.90
2.56
2.92
2.56
2.72
2.25
2.94
2.93
2.17
1.99
2.35
1.62
1.29
1.72
1.93
1.26
2.43
1.26
2.31
2.52
3.75
2.80
3.36
5.34
2.79
3.80
4.42
5.21
3.04
4.03
3.74
3.42
1.58
0.81
1.01
3.72
1.50
2.09
2.49
3.95
0.61
2.77
1.43
0.91
Make
Model of Car
Holden
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Nissan
Honda
Honda
Peugeot
Peugeot
Subaru
Suzuki
Holden / Suzuki
Holden / Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Barina TK
Getz / TB
Mirage / Colt
Colt
Festiva WA / 121
121 Metro / Demio
2
2
Micra
Jazz / Fit
City
205
206
Swift
Hatch / Alto
Alto
Ignis
Swift
Starlet
Echo
Yaris
Polo
Polo
Years of Serious
per 100
drivers
involved
%
05-09
1.94
02-09
4.68
82-88
3.03
04-09
2.36
87-90
2.58
94-96
2.04
97-02
2.27
02-07
2.57
07-09
4.05
95-97
2.87
02-08
2.40
83-86
2.40
87-94
1.65
99-07
2.48
89-92
2.34
82-85
3.19
86-88
2.53
89-99
2.44
82-84
3.41
85-00
4.34
00-02
2.39
05-09
2.74
96-99
2.46
99-05
2.59
05-09
2.31
96-00
2.11
02-09
4.26
Lower 95%
Confidence
Limit
Upper 95% Width of
Limit
Interval
1.21
3.83
2.70
1.16
2.19
1.59
1.76
1.68
2.08
1.87
1.69
1.41
0.65
1.44
1.50
1.36
2.07
2.19
2.26
2.58
1.38
1.93
2.02
2.19
1.68
1.26
2.39
3.10
5.72
3.40
4.81
3.03
2.64
2.91
3.94
7.89
4.40
3.40
4.07
4.19
4.27
3.63
7.48
3.10
2.72
5.14
7.29
4.13
3.89
3.00
3.06
3.20
3.53
7.62
1.88
1.89
0.70
3.65
0.84
1.05
1.15
2.26
5.80
2.53
1.71
2.65
3.55
2.83
2.13
6.12
1.04
0.53
2.88
4.70
2.75
1.96
0.98
0.88
1.52
2.27
5.23
AGGRESSIVITY RATINGS
Make
Model of Car
ALL VEHICLE AVERAGE
Years of Serious
Lower 90%
Manufacture injury rate Confidence
per 100
Limit
drivers
involved
%
3.53
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Holden
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi /
Peugeot
Kia
Kia
Ford / Mazda
Nissan
Lada
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Land Rover
Subaru
Subaru
Suzuki
Suzuki
Holden / Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
3.18
3.03
3.34
0.31
Feroza / Rocky
Rocky / Rugger
Terios
Cruze
Tucson
Outlander
Outlander / 4007
89-97
85-98
97-05
02-06
04-09
03-06
06-09
4.20
4.98
3.50
3.36
2.11
3.74
1.05
3.12
3.42
2.42
2.23
0.92
2.27
0.31
5.65
7.24
5.07
5.07
4.85
6.18
3.58
2.52
3.81
2.65
2.83
3.93
3.91
3.27
Sportage
Sorento
Escape / Tribute
X-Trail
Niva
CR-V
CR-V
HR-V
CR-V
Freelander
Forester
Forester
Vitara / Escudo
Grand Vitara
/ SJ413
Jimny
Grand Vitara
RAV4
RAV4
RAV4
98-03
03-09
01-06
01-07
84-99
97-01
02-06
99-02
07-09
98-06
97-02
02-08
88-98
99-05
82-99
3.72
4.27
3.89
3.66
4.40
3.30
3.19
4.91
4.24
5.28
2.60
3.40
3.84
3.04
3.51
2.71
2.29
3.07
2.96
2.95
2.73
2.51
3.44
2.46
3.14
2.04
2.63
3.29
2.12
3.00
5.11
7.98
4.93
4.51
6.54
3.99
4.06
7.02
7.33
8.88
3.30
4.38
4.49
4.35
4.11
2.40
5.69
1.86
1.55
3.59
1.27
1.55
3.58
4.88
5.74
1.26
1.75
1.20
2.23
1.12
98-09
05-08
94-00
01-06
06-09
4.64
2.17
4.14
4.28
3.12
2.85
0.94
3.56
3.57
2.13
7.57
4.97
4.83
5.13
4.57
4.72
4.03
1.27
1.56
2.43
4.15
3.95
4.36
0.42
Daewoo /
Ssangong
Ford
Holden / Isuzu
Holden / Isuzu
Holden / Isuzu
Holden
Holden
Holden
Upper 90% Width of
Limit
Interval
Musso
98-02
4.29
2.69
6.84
4.15
Territory SX/SY
Jackaroo / Bighorn
Jackaroo / Bighorn
Jackaroo / Bighorn
Frontera / Mu
Adventra
Captiva CG
04-09
82-91
92-97
98-02
95-03
03-06
06-09
3.96
5.60
4.81
5.90
5.34
3.90
3.91
3.10
4.46
3.73
4.52
3.71
2.33
2.30
5.06
7.03
6.20
7.70
7.67
6.54
6.65
1.96
2.57
2.48
3.18
3.96
4.21
4.35
Make
Model of Car
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Jeep
Jeep
Jeep
Land Rover
Nissan
Nissan
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Santa Fe
Pajero
Pajero
Pajero NM / NP / NS
Challenger
Cherokee XJ
Wrangler
Cherokee KJ
Defender
Kluger
Landcruiser Prado
Landcruiser Prado
Kluger
Years of Serious
per 100
drivers
involved
%
00-06
5.98
82-90
5.08
92-99
4.74
00-06
3.93
98-06
2.63
96-00
4.65
96-04
5.27
01-07
3.67
92-09
4.00
88-94
4.99
95-05
4.88
03-07
3.15
96-03
6.27
03-09
5.40
07-09
2.59
BMW
Ford
Ford
Ford
Jeep
Jeep
Land Rover
Mercedes Benz
Nissan
Nissan / Ford
Nissan
Land Rover
Land Rover
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
X5
Bronco
Explorer
Explorer
Grand Cherokee ZG
Discovery
M-Class W163
Patrol / Safari
Patrol / Safari
Range Rover
Range Rover
Landcruiser
Landcruiser
Landcruiser
01-08
82-87
00-01
01-05
96-99
99-05
91-02
98-05
82-87
88-97
98-09
82-94
95-02
82-89
90-97
98-07
Commercial – Vans
Daihatsu
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Holden
Kia
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Honda
Holden / Suzuki
Toyota
Toyota
Handivan
Falcon Panel Van
Falcon Panel Van
Transit
Transit
Shuttle / WFR Van
Pregio
MB100 / MB140
Vito
Sprinter
Acty
Scurry / Carry
Hiace/Liteace
Hiace/Liteace
82-90
82-95
96-99
95-00
01-07
82-87
02-06
99-04
99-04
98-06
83-86
82-00
82-86
87-89
Lower 90%
Confidence
Limit
Upper 90% Width of
Limit
Interval
4.17
4.32
4.14
2.99
1.72
3.77
3.67
2.24
2.54
3.98
3.86
2.12
5.03
4.48
1.24
8.56
5.96
5.42
5.16
4.02
5.73
7.56
6.02
6.29
6.26
6.16
4.70
7.81
6.51
5.41
4.39
1.64
1.28
2.16
2.30
1.95
3.89
3.78
3.75
2.28
2.30
2.58
2.79
2.03
4.17
5.11
4.95
5.29
0.34
3.03
6.97
4.38
3.24
4.32
4.44
3.64
3.46
6.64
5.39
5.65
6.35
4.11
6.65
6.37
5.84
1.92
4.35
2.94
1.94
2.90
3.10
2.88
2.18
5.56
4.95
5.07
4.92
2.40
6.13
5.96
5.31
4.77
11.18
6.52
5.41
6.46
6.36
4.61
5.49
7.92
5.87
6.30
8.19
7.05
7.22
6.81
6.42
2.85
6.83
3.58
3.47
3.56
3.26
1.73
3.31
2.37
0.92
1.23
3.27
4.65
1.08
0.85
1.10
4.55
4.37
4.75
0.38
2.72
3.94
4.70
4.02
4.18
3.99
5.16
4.83
5.26
5.71
1.71
2.79
5.91
5.93
1.87
3.38
3.30
3.10
3.19
2.66
3.76
3.24
3.73
4.15
0.84
1.75
5.28
5.17
3.95
4.58
6.71
5.23
5.47
5.99
7.07
7.22
7.43
7.87
3.50
4.46
6.61
6.81
2.08
1.20
3.41
2.13
2.27
3.34
3.31
3.99
3.70
3.72
2.67
2.71
1.33
1.64
Make
Model of Car
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Hiace/Liteace
Hiace/Liteace
Hiace
Years of Serious
per 100
drivers
involved
%
90-95
5.93
96-04
5.52
05-09
4.51
88-94
4.86
95-04
6.78
Commercial - Utes
Ford / Nissan
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Holden
Holden / Isuzu
Holden / Isuzu
Holden / Isuzu
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Kia
Ford / Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Subaru
Suzuki
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Falcon Ute
Falcon Ute AU
Falcon Ute BA/BF
Ford F-Series
F-Series
Commodore Ute VG/VP
Rodeo / Pickup
Rodeo / Pickup
Rodeo / Pickup
Rodeo
Rodeo
WB Series
Commodore Ute VR/VS
Commodore VU Ute
Commodore VY/VZ Ute
Rodeo
Triton MK
Triton ML / MN
Ceres
Ranger / BT-50
720 Ute
Navara
Navara
Navara
Navara
Brumby
Mighty Boy
4Runner/Hilux
4Runner/Hilux
4Runner/Hilux
Hilux
Hilux
Hilux
82-95
96-99
00-02
03-08
82-92
01-06
90-93
82-85
86-88
89-95
96-98
99-02
82-85
94-00
00-02
02-07
03-08
96-06
06-09
92-00
98-02
03-06
06-09
82-85
86-91
92-96
97-05
05-09
82-92
85-88
82-85
86-88
89-97
98-02
03-04
05-09
Large Cars
BMW
BMW
BMW
Ford
7 Series E23
7 Series E32
7 Series E38
Falcon XE/XF
82-86
87-94
95-01
82-88
Lower 90%
Confidence
Limit
Upper 90% Width of
Limit
Interval
5.38
4.98
3.41
2.73
5.19
6.53
6.11
5.97
8.64
8.85
1.15
1.13
2.56
5.91
3.66
4.15
4.04
4.25
0.21
4.47
4.48
5.17
3.84
6.32
5.72
3.21
4.86
4.73
5.41
4.66
5.27
4.89
4.65
4.31
4.83
5.01
4.38
2.13
3.53
4.28
3.41
4.09
3.70
4.89
4.92
4.64
5.77
4.15
2.19
5.50
5.25
4.84
5.23
4.74
4.43
4.09
3.73
4.47
3.19
5.09
3.70
2.53
3.61
3.15
4.92
4.02
4.59
4.02
4.20
3.50
4.24
4.36
3.39
1.06
2.64
3.57
2.69
2.83
2.93
4.32
4.16
4.00
4.21
3.26
1.21
4.89
4.67
4.56
4.73
3.92
3.78
4.90
5.37
5.98
4.62
7.86
8.85
4.07
6.54
7.10
5.95
5.41
6.06
5.95
5.15
5.29
5.51
5.76
5.67
4.29
4.72
5.12
4.32
5.90
4.66
5.53
5.80
5.39
7.90
5.27
3.94
6.18
5.91
5.14
5.78
5.74
5.19
0.81
1.64
1.51
1.43
2.77
5.15
1.54
2.93
3.95
1.03
1.40
1.47
1.94
0.95
1.79
1.28
1.40
2.28
3.22
2.09
1.55
1.64
3.07
1.73
1.21
1.64
1.38
3.68
2.01
2.73
1.28
1.25
0.58
1.05
1.82
1.41
3.39
3.34
3.45
0.11
2.33
4.66
5.17
4.18
1.08
2.79
2.88
4.00
5.05
7.79
9.30
4.36
3.97
5.00
6.42
0.37
Make
Model of Car
Years of Serious
per 100
drivers
involved
%
Ford
Fairlane Z & LTD F
82-87
4.04
Ford
88-Mar 92 4.12
Ford
Falcon EB Series II / Falcon ED Apr 92-94 4.15
Ford
Fairlane N & LTD D
88-94
3.58
Ford
Fairlane N & LTD D
95-98
4.41
Ford
Fairlane & LTD AU
99-02
3.07
Ford
03-07
3.46
Ford
Falcon FG
08-09
2.06
Ford
Falcon EF/EL
94-98
4.13
Ford
Falcon AU
98-02
4.04
Ford
Taurus
96-98
3.96
Ford
Falcon BA/BF
02-08
3.99
89-93
3.63
Holden
82-85
8.09
Holden
Stateman/Caprice VQ
90-93
3.88
Holden
94-98
3.72
93-97
3.68
Holden
Commodore VT/VX
97-02
4.25
Holden
99-03
4.83
Holden
Commodore VY/VZ
02-07
3.53
Holden
Monaro
01-05
4.45
Holden
03-06
4.33
Holden
Commodore VB-VL
82-88
3.90
Holden
Commodore VE
06-09
4.37
Hyundai
Sonata
89-97
3.95
Hyundai
Grandeaur / XG
99-00
5.00
Mitsubishi
85-90
3.76
V3000
Mitsubishi
96-03
3.61
Mitsubishi
91-96
3.82
V3000 / Diamante
Mitsubishi
03-05
3.72
Mitsubishi
380
05-08
3.19
Jaguar
XJ6
82-86
5.62
Jaguar
XJ6
87-94
4.27
Mazda
929 / Luce
82-90
3.42
Mazda
92-96
6.00
82-85
3.54
86-94
3.58
96-02
3.92
82-92
2.52
Mercedes Benz S-Class C140
93-98
3.84
02-09
4.10
Nissan
Skyline
83-88
4.21
Nissan
300ZX / Fairlady Z
90-95
5.56
Nissan
Maxima
90-94
4.25
Nissan
Maxima / Cefiro
95-99
2.95
Nissan
Maxima
00-02
3.75
Nissan
Maxima
06-09
3.48
Honda
Legend
86-95
4.99
Lower 90%
Confidence
Limit
Upper 90% Width of
Limit
Interval
3.58
3.94
3.89
3.12
3.64
2.29
2.24
1.19
3.94
3.81
2.73
3.70
3.47
4.37
2.69
3.21
3.51
4.06
3.85
3.24
3.35
2.95
3.72
3.76
3.40
3.05
3.53
4.56
4.32
4.43
4.10
5.33
4.12
5.34
3.57
4.32
4.28
5.75
4.31
3.79
14.96
5.60
4.32
3.85
4.46
6.06
3.84
5.91
6.37
4.09
5.08
4.58
8.20
3.99
0.99
0.38
0.54
0.98
1.69
1.83
3.09
2.38
0.37
0.47
3.02
0.60
0.32
10.59
2.92
1.11
0.33
0.40
2.21
0.60
2.56
3.43
0.37
1.32
1.18
5.15
0.46
3.36
3.89
0.52
3.60
4.05
0.45
2.86
2.09
3.69
2.79
2.90
3.74
2.27
2.76
2.81
1.76
2.15
2.44
3.76
3.97
3.36
2.34
2.69
2.31
3.82
4.84
4.86
8.56
6.54
4.05
9.63
5.52
4.64
5.45
3.61
6.87
6.89
4.72
7.78
5.36
3.71
5.22
5.23
6.53
1.98
2.77
4.88
3.75
1.15
5.90
3.25
1.88
2.64
1.85
4.72
4.45
0.96
3.81
2.01
1.38
2.53
2.92
2.72
Make
Model of Car
Saab
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Lexus
Lexus
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Volvo
Volvo
9-5
Camry
Cressida / Mark II
Supra
ES300 / Windom
LS400 / Celsior
Avalon
Camry
Aurion
Camry
850/S70/V70/C70
700/900 Series
Years of Serious
per 100
drivers
involved
%
98-05
1.57
98-02
3.85
82-85
4.53
86-88
3.64
89-93
2.45
82-90
5.94
92-01
3.04
90-00
4.46
00-05
4.82
02-06
3.63
06-09
3.31
06-09
3.16
92-99
4.91
84-92
3.64
Lower 90%
Confidence
Limit
Upper 90% Width of
Limit
Interval
0.72
3.58
3.77
2.64
1.94
4.27
2.13
2.64
4.13
3.21
2.20
2.35
4.05
2.92
3.41
4.15
5.45
5.01
3.10
8.25
4.36
7.53
5.62
4.11
4.98
4.25
5.95
4.53
2.68
0.57
1.69
2.37
1.17
3.98
2.23
4.88
1.49
0.91
2.78
1.91
1.90
1.61
2.98
2.92
3.04
0.12
99-06
95-01
01-08
97-03
03-09
05-09
82-91
92-98
99-06
82-88
89-95
96-03
00-09
95-97
97-02
82-82
95-01
94-98
99-03
94-97
82-89
97-03
03-05
98-01
02-05
82-84
1.66
3.09
3.31
3.55
3.99
4.69
2.97
3.27
3.00
4.22
3.86
2.99
3.47
3.51
4.65
3.82
3.45
5.74
2.53
4.59
3.74
3.64
3.42
3.13
3.43
3.50
0.88
2.21
2.31
1.94
2.09
3.04
2.51
2.86
2.47
3.12
2.93
2.13
1.75
2.51
3.41
3.27
2.92
3.55
1.65
3.22
3.45
3.15
2.23
2.23
1.74
3.23
3.13
4.32
4.74
6.51
7.64
7.23
3.52
3.73
3.64
5.71
5.10
4.19
6.89
4.91
6.34
4.47
4.08
9.28
3.88
6.53
4.06
4.22
5.27
4.39
6.74
3.80
2.25
2.11
2.43
4.58
5.56
4.20
1.00
0.87
1.17
2.59
2.17
2.07
5.14
2.40
2.93
1.20
1.16
5.73
2.22
3.31
0.61
1.07
3.04
2.16
5.00
0.57
95-96
83-86
88-91
92-97
3.02
3.26
3.49
2.76
2.44
2.98
3.15
2.46
3.74
3.57
3.86
3.11
1.30
0.60
0.71
0.65
98-02
82-85
3.34
4.99
2.76
3.43
4.04
7.26
1.28
3.82
Medium Cars
Alfa Romeo
Audi
Audi
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
Chrysler
Daewoo
Daewoo
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Hyundai
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Ford / Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
156
A4
A4
Z3 E36
5 Series E60 / E61
3 Series E90 / E91
3 Series E30
3 Series E36
3 Series E46
5 Series E28
5 Series E34
5 Series E39
PT Cruiser
Espero
Leganza
Cortina
Mondeo
Probe
Cougar
Calibra
Camira
Vectra
Vectra ZC
Sonata
Sonata EF
Lambda
Galant
Cronos
626
RX7
Make
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Nissan
Nissan / Ford
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Peugeot
Peugeot
Peugeot
Renault
Saab
Saab
Saab
Saab
Subaru
Model of Car
RX7
Eunos 500
6
RX8
C-Class W201
C-Class W202
CLK C208
C-Class W203
CLK C209
Pintara
Bluebird
Bluebird
200SX / Silvia
Accord Euro
Accord
Accord
Accord
Accord
Accord
Accord
Prelude
Prelude
Prelude
Prelude
405
505
406
Feugo
900 Series
900/9-3
9000
9-3
Wagon
Subaru
Liberty / Legacy
Subaru
Subaru
Subaru
Toyota
Corona
Toyota
Camry
Toyota
Celica
Toyota
Celica
Toyota
Celica
Toyota
Celica
Toyota
Celica
Lexus
IS200 / IS300
Lexus
IS250 / IS F
Volvo
200 Series
Years of Serious
per 100
drivers
involved
%
86-91
3.95
93-99
3.17
02-07
2.33
03-09
3.23
87-93
3.44
95-00
2.70
97-03
2.72
00-07
2.83
03-09
2.96
86-88
3.45
89-92
3.78
82-86
3.24
93-97
2.85
94-02
4.16
03-08
2.60
03-07
3.97
82-85
2.57
86-90
3.51
91-93
3.06
94-98
3.36
99-02
4.24
82-82
1.92
83-91
3.22
92-96
2.99
97-02
3.48
89-97
2.81
82-93
3.74
96-04
1.59
82-87
1.81
82-92
2.18
94-02
2.85
86-97
2.78
03-09
5.64
82-93
2.78
89-93
94-98
99-03
03-09
82-88
83-86
88-92
93-97
81-85
86-89
90-93
94-99
00-05
99-04
05-09
82-93
3.41
4.03
3.41
1.97
3.51
3.43
3.72
3.70
4.04
4.02
4.21
2.98
3.42
3.22
3.73
3.42
Lower 90%
Confidence
Limit
Upper 90% Width of
Limit
Interval
2.54
1.88
1.80
1.39
2.49
2.06
1.46
1.95
1.49
3.02
3.45
2.95
2.37
3.13
1.98
2.84
2.09
2.99
2.45
2.87
3.16
0.77
2.79
2.37
2.49
1.98
2.53
0.83
0.88
1.49
2.14
2.00
3.16
2.44
6.12
5.37
3.00
7.48
4.75
3.53
5.04
4.10
5.91
3.93
4.15
3.55
3.42
5.52
3.41
5.57
3.16
4.12
3.81
3.92
5.69
4.77
3.72
3.77
4.85
3.98
5.51
3.05
3.74
3.17
3.79
3.85
10.07
3.17
3.58
3.50
1.20
6.09
2.26
1.47
3.57
2.16
4.43
0.90
0.70
0.60
1.05
2.39
1.43
2.73
1.06
1.14
1.36
1.05
2.54
4.00
0.93
1.40
2.36
2.00
2.97
2.22
2.87
1.68
1.65
1.85
6.92
0.72
3.03
3.47
2.86
1.42
3.27
2.91
3.52
3.48
3.39
3.34
3.54
2.29
2.22
2.04
1.73
2.84
3.83
4.67
4.06
2.74
3.77
4.06
3.93
3.93
4.82
4.85
5.01
3.89
5.27
5.07
8.04
4.12
0.80
1.19
1.20
1.32
0.50
1.15
0.41
0.45
1.42
1.51
1.48
1.60
3.05
3.03
6.31
1.27
Make
Model of Car
Volvo
Volkswagen
S60
Passat
Years of Serious
per 100
drivers
involved
%
01-09
3.86
98-06
3.92
People Movers
Chrysler
Holden
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Kia
Kia
Mazda
Mazda
Nissan
Nissan
Honda
Honda
Honda
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Voyager
Zafira TT
Nimbus / Chariot
Nimbus
Starwagon / L300
Carnival
Carnival
MPV
MPV
Prairie
Serena
Odyssey
Odyssey
Odyssey
Tarago
Tarago
97-01
01-05
85-91
92-98
99-03
83-86
87-93
95-98
98-03
99-06
06-09
94-99
00-06
84-86
92-95
95-00
00-02
04-09
83-89
91-99
00-06
06-09
Small Cars
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Audi
Mini
Chrysler
Daihatsu
Daewoo
Daewoo
Daewoo
Daewoo
Daewoo
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Fiat
Holden
Holden
Holden
33
75
A3/S3
Mini Cooper
Neon
Applause
1.5i
Cielo
Nubira
Lanos
Lacetti
Laser
Laser
Escort
Capri
Focus LR
Focus LS / LT
Regata
Gemini
Gemini RB
Astra TR
83-92
86-92
97-04
02-09
96-99
89-99
94-95
95-97
97-03
97-03
03-04
91-94
95-97
82-82
89-94
02-05
05-09
84-88
82-84
86-87
96-98
Lower 90%
Confidence
Limit
Upper 90% Width of
Limit
Interval
2.04
2.67
7.31
5.77
5.28
3.10
3.80
3.62
3.98
0.37
4.56
3.07
2.53
3.87
1.93
5.33
4.46
5.44
3.69
5.45
4.57
5.36
3.70
3.27
2.39
4.45
5.74
2.18
4.54
4.15
4.55
2.06
3.04
1.78
1.66
2.94
1.01
4.59
4.00
4.50
2.87
4.17
2.18
3.38
1.90
2.14
1.41
3.38
3.55
1.20
3.98
3.55
3.44
0.92
6.86
5.30
3.86
5.09
3.69
6.19
4.98
6.56
4.76
7.11
9.55
8.51
7.18
5.00
4.03
5.86
9.29
3.96
5.18
4.85
6.00
4.62
3.82
3.52
2.19
2.15
2.68
1.60
0.98
2.06
1.89
2.93
7.37
5.13
5.27
2.86
2.62
2.48
5.74
2.76
1.20
1.30
2.55
3.70
2.59
2.54
2.64
0.10
1.84
5.10
4.15
2.46
2.25
2.67
2.39
2.75
2.95
3.35
3.09
2.93
2.90
2.90
2.90
3.52
3.36
3.68
2.87
2.55
3.08
1.13
2.61
2.65
1.29
1.38
2.18
0.79
2.32
2.44
2.91
1.34
2.70
2.51
2.20
2.26
2.79
2.52
1.94
2.49
1.84
2.36
3.00
9.95
6.51
4.72
3.67
3.27
7.26
3.26
3.55
3.85
7.11
3.19
3.36
3.82
3.73
4.44
4.49
6.97
3.31
3.54
4.01
1.87
7.34
3.87
3.43
2.29
1.09
6.47
0.94
1.11
0.94
5.76
0.49
0.85
1.63
1.48
1.66
1.97
5.03
0.82
1.71
1.65
Make
Holden
Holden
Holden
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Kia
Kia
Kia
Kia
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Model of Car
Astra TS
Astra AH
Viva JF
Excel
Excel
Excel / Accent
Elantra
S Coupe
Lantra
Lantra
Coupe
Accent
Lancer / Mirage CA
Lancer / Mirage CB
Lancer / Mirage CC
Lancer / Mirage CE
Cordia
Lancer CH / CJ
Rio
Spectra
Cerato LD
Rio JB
Laser / 323
Autozam AZ-3
Mazda
3 / Axela
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Stanza
Nissan
Gazelle / Silvia
Nissan
Exa
Nissan
Exa
Nissan
NX/NX-R
Nissan
Pulsar
Nissan
Tiida
Honda
Civic
Honda
Honda
Civic / Shuttle
Honda
Civic
Honda
Civic
Honda
CRX
Honda
CRX
Honda
Civic
Years of Serious
per 100
drivers
involved
%
98-06
2.85
04-09
3.41
05-09
2.97
86-90
3.38
90-94
3.07
95-00
3.05
00-06
3.59
90-96
2.53
91-95
3.17
96-00
3.45
96-00
2.83
00-06
3.24
89-90
2.75
91-92
4.01
93-95
2.57
96-03
2.90
83-87
4.50
03-09
3.24
00-05
3.60
01-04
2.60
04-08
2.85
05-09
1.77
82-88
3.02
90-93
2.51
95-98
2.45
99-03
2.54
89-97
2.79
98-05
1.09
90-97
2.93
03-09
98-04
84-86
88-90
92-95
96-99
82-83
84-86
83-86
87-91
91-96
00-05
06-09
82-83
84-87
88-91
92-95
96-00
87-91
92-98
01-05
2.76
2.59
3.43
3.39
3.31
2.94
5.42
3.04
5.37
6.27
4.94
2.45
1.87
2.40
3.34
2.84
3.31
2.70
3.22
4.57
2.89
Lower 90%
Confidence
Limit
Upper 90% Width of
Limit
Interval
2.57
2.66
2.04
2.84
2.75
2.85
2.91
1.85
2.50
2.99
1.94
2.77
2.41
3.16
2.27
2.68
3.74
2.56
2.95
1.34
1.72
1.05
2.87
2.19
2.12
2.22
1.70
0.50
1.80
3.16
4.37
4.33
4.03
3.43
3.27
4.44
3.47
4.02
3.98
4.13
3.78
3.14
5.10
2.91
3.15
5.43
4.10
4.40
5.03
4.70
2.98
3.17
2.88
2.84
2.91
4.56
2.37
4.78
0.59
1.71
2.30
1.18
0.68
0.42
1.54
1.63
1.53
0.99
2.19
1.01
0.73
1.94
0.64
0.47
1.70
1.54
1.45
3.69
2.97
1.93
0.30
0.69
0.73
0.68
2.86
1.86
2.98
2.32
1.48
3.10
3.12
2.98
2.65
3.64
2.05
3.66
3.91
3.74
2.13
0.93
1.67
2.80
2.47
2.91
2.33
2.15
2.66
2.25
3.28
4.53
3.79
3.68
3.68
3.27
8.06
4.52
7.87
10.03
6.52
2.81
3.74
3.45
3.97
3.27
3.76
3.13
4.84
7.85
3.72
0.96
3.05
0.70
0.56
0.71
0.61
4.43
2.46
4.21
6.12
2.78
0.67
2.81
1.78
1.17
0.80
0.85
0.80
2.69
5.19
1.47
Make
Model of Car
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Peugeot
Peugeot
Proton
Renault
Renault
Rover
MG
Subaru
Subaru
Suzuki
Suzuki
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota / Holden
Toyota / Holden
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Volvo
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Civic
Integra
Integra
Integra
Integra
Concerto
306
307
Wira
19
Scenic
Quintet
MGF / MG TF
Impreza
Impreza
Liana
Corolla
Corolla
Corolla / Nova
Corolla / Nova
Corolla / Allex
Corolla
Corolla
Tercel
MR2
MR2
Paseo / Cynos
Corolla 4WD Wagon
Prius II
S40/V40
Golf
Golf
Golf / Bora
New Beetle
Golf / Jetta
Years of Serious
per 100
drivers
involved
%
06-09
2.15
86-88
2.27
90-92
4.41
93-01
2.77
02-06
4.09
89-93
3.28
94-01
2.81
01-09
2.01
95-96
3.73
91-96
2.87
01-04
3.03
82-86
1.35
99-05
1.93
93-00
3.68
01-07
2.83
95-02
1.69
01-07
2.37
82-84
2.65
86-88
3.07
89-93
3.12
94-97
2.75
98-01
3.02
02-07
2.88
07-09
4.17
83-88
2.79
87-90
3.09
91-00
3.87
91-99
3.31
92-96
5.83
03-09
2.03
97-04
2.76
82-94
4.29
95-98
3.19
99-04
2.58
00-09
3.52
04-09
3.50
Light Cars
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daewoo
Daewoo
Ford
Ford
Holden
Holden
Charade
Charade
Charade
Pyzar
Sirion / Storia
Mira
Matiz
Kalos
Festiva WD/WH/WF
Ka
Barina XC
Barina SB
82-86
88-92
93-00
97-01
98-04
90-96
99-04
03-04
94-01
99-02
01-06
95-00
Lower 90%
Confidence
Limit
Upper 90% Width of
Limit
Interval
1.33
1.59
3.34
2.10
2.33
2.32
2.13
1.24
2.89
1.62
1.58
0.54
0.92
3.24
2.26
1.23
1.35
2.40
2.84
2.93
2.54
2.66
2.60
3.11
1.74
1.84
2.24
2.57
4.00
1.05
1.79
2.71
2.34
2.02
2.20
2.53
3.45
3.26
5.82
3.64
7.18
4.62
3.71
3.23
4.82
5.07
5.79
3.40
4.06
4.19
3.54
2.33
4.14
2.93
3.32
3.32
2.98
3.43
3.20
5.59
4.48
5.18
6.67
4.26
8.51
3.93
4.26
6.80
4.34
3.30
5.64
4.84
2.12
1.67
2.48
1.54
4.85
2.30
1.59
1.99
1.93
3.45
4.20
2.87
3.14
0.95
1.29
1.10
2.78
0.53
0.48
0.38
0.43
0.77
0.59
2.48
2.74
3.35
4.42
1.69
4.51
2.88
2.47
4.09
2.00
1.28
3.44
2.31
2.30
2.23
2.37
0.14
2.85
2.36
2.81
2.94
1.90
2.56
2.92
2.56
2.72
2.25
2.94
2.93
2.27
2.05
2.42
1.78
1.38
1.83
2.06
1.42
2.47
1.39
2.40
2.58
3.59
2.72
3.26
4.84
2.62
3.56
4.13
4.64
2.98
3.66
3.60
3.34
1.32
0.68
0.84
3.06
1.25
1.73
2.07
3.22
0.51
2.28
1.19
0.76
Make
Model of Car
Holden
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Nissan
Honda
Honda
Peugeot
Peugeot
Subaru
Suzuki
Holden / Suzuki
Holden / Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Barina TK
Getz / TB
Mirage / Colt
Colt
Festiva WA / 121
121 Metro / Demio
2
2
Micra
Jazz / Fit
City
205
206
Swift
Hatch / Alto
Alto
Ignis
Swift
Starlet
Echo
Yaris
Polo
Polo
Years of Serious
per 100
drivers
involved
%
05-09
1.94
02-09
4.68
82-88
3.03
04-09
2.36
87-90
2.58
94-96
2.04
97-02
2.27
02-07
2.57
07-09
4.05
95-97
2.87
02-08
2.40
83-86
2.40
87-94
1.65
99-07
2.48
89-92
2.34
82-85
3.19
86-88
2.53
89-99
2.44
82-84
3.41
85-00
4.34
00-02
2.39
05-09
2.74
96-99
2.46
99-05
2.59
05-09
2.31
96-00
2.11
02-09
4.26
Lower 90%
Confidence
Limit
Upper 90% Width of
Limit
Interval
1.31
3.96
2.75
1.30
2.25
1.65
1.84
1.80
2.32
2.01
1.79
1.54
0.76
1.57
1.62
1.56
2.14
2.23
2.42
2.81
1.51
2.04
2.09
2.25
1.77
1.37
2.62
2.87
5.54
3.34
4.28
2.95
2.53
2.79
3.68
7.08
4.10
3.21
3.73
3.60
3.91
3.38
6.51
3.00
2.67
4.81
6.69
3.78
3.67
2.91
2.98
3.03
3.25
6.93
1.56
1.58
0.59
2.98
0.70
0.87
0.96
1.88
4.75
2.09
1.42
2.19
2.85
2.33
1.76
4.95
0.87
0.45
2.39
3.88
2.27
1.63
0.82
0.73
1.27
1.88
4.31
APPENDIX 6
TOTAL SECONDARY SAFETY INDEX OF
1982-2009 MODELS OF CARS INVOLVED IN
CRASHES DURING 1987-2009
with
90 % CONFIDENCE LIMITS
TOTAL SECONDARY SAFETY INDEX
Victoria and New South Wales Data (1987-2009), Queensland, Western Australia
and New Zealand Data (1991-2009)
Make
Model of Car
Years of
Pr(Risk)
Manufacture %
Pr(Severity) Serious injury Lower 90%
%
rate per 100 Confidence
road users
Limit
involved
%
Lower 90%
Confidence
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
ALL VEHICLE AVERAGE
16.87
21.19
3.58
16.65
20.15
3.35
3.25
3.46
0.21
20.57
20.96
22.63
18.53
11.36
16.71
16.37
12.55
18.41
13.59
17.85
14.85
14.43
15.85
19.11
14.33
14.65
16.35
12.64
23.24
28.84
19.27
23.61
24.35
29.13
19.74
8.98
17.71
20.19
36.50
21.06
11.95
20.99
22.63
19.30
17.72
28.23
20.78
4.78
6.04
4.36
4.38
2.77
4.87
3.23
1.13
3.26
2.75
6.52
3.13
1.72
3.33
4.32
2.77
2.60
4.62
2.63
4.00
4.92
3.56
3.56
1.65
2.70
2.26
0.49
2.62
1.78
3.95
2.66
0.86
2.91
3.26
2.41
2.19
3.60
1.76
5.71
7.42
5.35
5.38
4.63
8.78
4.61
2.61
4.06
4.24
10.74
3.68
3.45
3.80
5.73
3.17
3.08
5.91
3.93
1.71
2.50
1.79
1.82
2.98
6.09
2.35
2.12
1.44
2.47
6.79
1.03
2.59
0.90
2.47
0.76
0.89
2.31
2.18
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Holden
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi / Peugeot
Kia
Kia
Kia
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Nissan
Lada
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Feroza / Rocky
Rocky / Rugger
Terios
Cruze
Tucson
Pajero iO
Outlander
Outlander / 4007
Sportage
Sorento
Sportage KM
Escape / Tribute
CX-7
X-Trail
Niva
CR-V
CR-V
HR-V
CR-V
89-97
85-98
97-05
02-06
04-09
99-03
03-06
06-09
98-03
03-09
05-09
01-06
06-09
01-07
84-99
97-01
02-06
99-02
07-09
Make
Model of Car
Land Rover
Subaru
Subaru
Subaru
Suzuki
Suzuki
Holden / Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Freelander
Forester
Forester
Forester
Vitara / Escudo
Grand Vitara
Drover / Sierra / Samurai / SJ410 / SJ413
Jimny
Grand Vitara
SX4
RAV4
RAV4
RAV4
Years of
Pr(Risk)
Manufacture %
98-06
08-09
97-02
02-08
88-98
99-05
82-99
98-09
05-08
07-09
94-00
01-06
06-09
Daewoo / Ssangong
Ford
Holden / Isuzu
Holden / Isuzu
Holden / Isuzu
Holden
Holden
Holden
Hyundai
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Musso
Territory SX/SY
Jackaroo / Bighorn
Jackaroo / Bighorn
Jackaroo / Bighorn
Frontera / Mu
Adventra
Captiva CG
Santa Fe
Terracan
Pajero
Pajero
Pajero NM / NP / NS
Pajero NM / NP / NS
98-02
04-09
82-91
92-97
98-02
95-03
03-06
06-09
00-06
01-07
82-90
92-99
00-06
07-09
%
road users
Limit
involved
%
Lower 90%
Confidence
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
16.11
16.99
14.99
13.68
19.93
16.02
23.37
21.32
15.42
9.86
16.62
15.44
13.07
30.76
20.11
16.95
19.15
22.87
18.89
21.29
20.61
21.42
15.59
22.13
21.52
22.31
4.96
3.42
2.54
2.62
4.56
3.03
4.98
4.39
3.30
1.54
3.68
3.32
2.91
3.53
1.64
2.18
2.21
4.15
2.43
4.56
3.30
2.25
0.65
3.31
2.94
2.28
6.96
7.13
2.96
3.11
5.01
3.76
5.43
5.84
4.85
3.66
4.09
3.76
3.73
3.43
5.50
0.78
0.90
0.86
1.33
0.88
2.54
2.61
3.01
0.78
0.82
1.45
15.28
21.09
3.22
3.11
3.34
0.23
13.12
12.70
21.82
17.50
17.88
17.17
14.60
17.40
17.20
15.15
19.73
16.17
12.62
12.43
33.82
23.28
19.59
21.55
23.83
25.34
17.92
17.36
26.11
26.43
24.48
22.78
21.34
26.89
4.44
2.96
4.27
3.77
4.26
4.35
2.62
3.02
4.49
4.00
4.83
3.68
2.69
3.34
3.25
2.46
3.59
3.12
3.52
3.35
1.71
2.03
3.44
2.48
4.32
3.33
2.20
1.63
6.06
3.56
5.08
4.55
5.16
5.64
4.00
4.50
5.86
6.47
5.40
4.07
3.30
6.85
2.81
1.10
1.49
1.43
1.64
2.29
2.29
2.47
2.41
4.00
1.08
0.74
1.10
5.22
Make
Model of Car
Mitsubishi
Jeep
Jeep
Jeep
Jeep
Land Rover
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Honda
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Lexus
Toyota
Volvo
Challenger
Cherokee XJ
Wrangler
Cherokee KJ
Wrangler
Defender
Murano
Pathfinder
MDX
Kluger
Landcruiser Prado
Landcruiser Prado
RX330
Kluger
XC 90
Years of
Pr(Risk)
Manufacture %
98-06
96-00
96-04
01-07
05-09
92-09
88-94
95-05
05-08
05-09
03-06
03-07
96-03
03-09
03-05
07-09
03-09
BMW
Ford
Ford
Ford
Jeep
Jeep
Land Rover
Land Rover
Mercedes Benz
Nissan
X5
Bronco
Explorer
Explorer
Grand Cherokee ZG
Discovery
Discovery
M-Class W163
Patrol / Safari
01-08
82-87
00-01
01-05
96-99
99-05
91-02
02-04
98-05
82-87
%
road users
Limit
involved
%
Lower 90%
Confidence
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
14.87
16.72
19.87
15.31
13.29
15.96
17.49
14.76
13.51
11.36
12.75
14.37
14.83
13.43
11.35
11.59
10.45
18.35
22.03
23.03
17.18
10.87
23.98
20.58
20.95
15.99
4.87
22.94
18.59
23.28
20.95
40.81
16.03
18.68
2.73
3.68
4.58
2.63
1.44
3.83
3.60
3.09
2.16
0.55
2.93
2.67
3.45
2.81
4.63
1.86
1.95
2.06
3.15
3.50
1.81
0.65
2.86
3.02
2.58
1.02
0.21
1.38
2.06
2.93
2.43
3.18
1.02
1.08
3.61
4.30
5.98
3.83
3.21
5.13
4.29
3.70
4.57
1.45
6.21
3.47
4.08
3.26
6.76
3.39
3.53
1.55
1.15
2.48
2.02
2.56
2.27
1.26
1.11
3.55
1.24
4.83
1.41
1.15
0.84
3.58
2.37
2.44
15.52
23.39
3.63
3.54
3.72
0.18
10.70
21.06
19.06
13.54
15.53
12.28
14.49
14.08
13.03
18.80
17.96
30.03
23.06
18.27
19.90
23.87
19.93
16.30
16.04
25.71
1.92
6.32
4.40
2.47
3.09
2.93
2.89
2.30
2.09
4.83
1.30
4.45
3.45
1.73
2.24
2.17
2.42
1.08
1.45
4.20
2.83
8.98
5.61
3.54
4.27
3.95
3.44
4.90
3.00
5.56
1.53
4.53
2.16
1.80
2.03
1.78
1.02
3.82
1.55
1.36
Make
Model of Car
Nissan / Ford
Nissan
Land Rover
Land Rover
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Volkswagen
Patrol / Safari
Range Rover
Range Rover
Landcruiser
Landcruiser
Landcruiser
Landcruiser 200 Series
Touareg
Years of
Pr(Risk)
Manufacture %
88-97
98-09
82-94
95-02
82-89
90-97
98-07
07-09
03-09
Commercial - Vans
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Holden
Kia
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Honda
Holden / Suzuki
Suzuki
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Handivan
Hi-Jet
Handivan / Cuore
Falcon Panel Van
Falcon Panel Van
Transit
Transit
Shuttle / WFR Van
Pregio
MB100 / MB140
Vito
Sprinter
Acty
Scurry / Carry
Carry
Hiace/Liteace
Hiace/Liteace
Hiace/Liteace
82-90
82-90
99-03
82-95
96-99
95-00
01-07
82-87
02-06
99-04
99-04
98-06
83-86
82-00
99-05
82-86
87-89
90-95
%
road users
Limit
involved
%
Lower 90%
Confidence
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
16.03
14.32
18.13
13.66
18.85
16.86
15.13
12.21
14.71
23.43
24.15
22.44
19.12
27.56
25.67
23.90
14.70
32.13
3.76
3.46
4.07
2.61
5.20
4.33
3.62
1.80
4.73
3.51
3.17
3.36
1.70
4.89
4.11
3.37
0.75
2.70
4.02
3.77
4.92
4.01
5.52
4.56
3.89
4.28
8.29
0.51
0.61
1.56
2.31
0.63
0.45
0.52
3.52
5.59
18.12
21.65
3.92
3.81
4.04
0.24
26.96
34.51
21.82
17.79
16.05
17.75
13.89
22.35
20.04
15.02
15.26
17.44
15.87
28.21
18.14
22.07
21.38
20.24
25.37
25.04
19.45
21.58
23.00
19.37
17.40
21.90
21.57
23.12
21.05
21.72
18.88
25.28
20.49
25.74
24.30
24.06
6.84
8.64
4.24
3.84
3.69
3.44
2.42
4.90
4.32
3.47
3.21
3.79
3.00
7.13
3.72
5.68
5.20
4.87
5.74
6.34
2.73
3.44
2.79
2.82
1.92
3.79
3.42
2.49
2.40
2.93
2.07
5.81
2.05
5.26
4.71
4.52
8.15
11.79
6.60
4.29
4.89
4.19
3.05
6.32
5.46
4.84
4.30
4.90
4.34
8.76
6.72
6.13
5.74
5.25
2.40
5.45
3.87
0.85
2.10
1.38
1.13
2.52
2.04
2.35
1.89
1.97
2.28
2.95
4.67
0.87
1.03
0.73
Make
Model of Car
Toyota
Toyota
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Hiace/Liteace
Hiace
Transporter
Caddy
Years of
Pr(Risk)
Manufacture %
96-04
05-09
88-94
95-04
04-09
05-09
Commercial - Utes
Ford / Nissan
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Holden
Holden / Isuzu
Holden / Isuzu
Holden / Isuzu
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Falcon Ute
Falcon Ute AU
Falcon Ute BA/BF
Ford F-Series
F-Series
Commodore Ute VG/VP
Rodeo / Pickup
Rodeo / Pickup
Rodeo / Pickup
Rodeo
Rodeo
WB Series
Commodore Ute VR/VS
Commodore VU Ute
Commodore VY/VZ Ute
Rodeo
Commodore VE Ute
Colorado RC
Triton MK
Triton ML / MN
82-95
96-99
00-02
03-08
82-92
01-06
90-93
82-85
86-88
89-95
96-98
99-02
82-85
94-00
00-02
02-07
03-08
07-09
08-09
96-06
06-09
%
road users
Limit
involved
%
Lower 90%
Confidence
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
17.44
17.03
17.03
18.99
13.63
19.26
21.78
21.95
21.42
19.57
33.19
22.53
3.80
3.74
3.65
3.72
4.52
4.34
3.49
3.04
2.39
2.94
2.58
2.32
4.13
4.60
5.57
4.69
7.92
8.12
0.64
1.57
3.18
1.75
5.34
5.80
16.19
22.17
3.59
3.53
3.65
0.13
17.93
17.62
16.46
14.65
18.34
13.79
17.03
19.02
20.03
18.62
17.55
16.91
17.91
17.03
14.69
14.89
16.51
14.43
18.66
15.76
14.03
23.14
20.77
22.08
19.91
24.29
23.89
23.25
24.90
18.50
25.96
21.75
24.08
28.38
24.96
23.80
22.90
20.52
22.45
24.45
19.60
11.16
4.15
3.66
3.64
2.92
4.45
3.29
3.96
4.74
3.71
4.83
3.82
4.07
5.08
4.25
3.50
3.41
3.39
3.24
4.56
3.09
1.57
3.90
3.22
3.25
2.56
3.71
2.31
3.44
3.87
2.69
4.52
3.43
3.69
4.46
3.97
3.06
3.10
3.05
1.94
2.16
2.54
0.96
4.42
4.16
4.06
3.33
5.34
4.70
4.56
5.80
5.10
5.17
4.25
4.50
5.79
4.54
3.99
3.74
3.76
5.41
9.63
3.76
2.56
0.52
0.94
0.81
0.77
1.63
2.39
1.12
1.93
2.41
0.66
0.82
0.81
1.33
0.57
0.93
0.64
0.71
3.47
7.47
1.23
1.61
Make
Model of Car
Kia
Kia
Ford / Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Proton
Subaru
Suzuki
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Ceres
K2700
Ranger / BT-50
720 Ute
Navara
Navara
Navara
Navara
Jumbuck
Brumby
Mighty Boy
4Runner/Hilux
4Runner/Hilux
4Runner/Hilux
Hilux
Hilux
Hilux
Years of
Pr(Risk)
Manufacture %
92-00
02-08
98-02
03-06
06-09
82-85
86-91
92-96
97-05
05-09
03-09
82-92
85-88
82-85
86-88
89-97
98-02
03-04
05-09
Large Cars
BMW
BMW
BMW
Chrysler
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
7 Series E23
7 Series E32
7 Series E38
300C
Falcon XE/XF
Fairlane Z & LTD F
82-86
87-94
95-01
06-09
82-88
82-87
88-Mar 92
Apr 92-94
%
road users
Limit
involved
%
Lower 90%
Confidence
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
18.46
14.36
15.66
16.84
15.28
18.67
17.76
17.59
14.17
14.01
14.68
19.69
28.84
19.09
18.35
17.55
16.08
15.47
14.13
26.69
28.89
22.28
18.90
17.99
20.63
23.61
23.07
23.57
26.88
18.41
27.63
23.97
25.17
25.32
23.96
22.30
21.18
20.98
4.93
4.15
3.49
3.18
2.75
3.85
4.19
4.06
3.34
3.76
2.70
5.44
6.91
4.81
4.65
4.20
3.59
3.28
2.96
4.18
2.64
3.07
2.72
2.09
3.32
3.83
3.59
2.98
2.94
1.44
4.81
5.53
4.46
4.29
4.03
3.33
2.85
2.64
5.80
6.51
3.97
3.73
3.61
4.47
4.58
4.59
3.74
4.83
5.08
6.15
8.65
5.18
5.03
4.38
3.87
3.76
3.34
1.62
3.87
0.89
1.01
1.52
1.15
0.75
1.00
0.76
1.89
3.64
1.33
3.12
0.73
0.73
0.36
0.54
0.91
0.70
16.34
20.81
3.40
3.36
3.44
0.07
15.06
17.31
16.33
13.68
18.42
17.98
17.89
17.09
19.19
25.57
17.97
16.17
23.41
23.31
22.72
22.66
2.89
4.42
2.94
2.21
4.31
4.19
4.06
3.87
1.75
3.20
1.80
0.96
4.18
3.87
3.93
3.70
4.78
6.12
4.78
5.10
4.45
4.53
4.20
4.05
3.03
2.93
2.98
4.14
0.26
0.66
0.27
0.35
Make
Model of Car
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Holden / Toyota
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden / Toyota
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Hyundai
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Fairlane N & LTD D
Fairlane N & LTD D
Fairlane & LTD AU
Falcon FG
Falcon EF/EL
Falcon AU
Taurus
Falcon BA/BF
Stateman/Caprice VQ
Commodore VT/VX
Commodore VY/VZ
Monaro
Commodore VB-VL
Commodore VE
Statesman/Caprice WM
Sonata
Grandeaur / XG
Magna TM/TN/TP / Sigma / V3000
Magna TR/TS / Verada KR/KS / V3000 /
Diamante
380
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Years of
Pr(Risk)
Manufacture %
%
road users
Limit
involved
%
Lower 90%
Confidence
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
88-94
95-98
99-02
03-07
08-09
94-98
98-02
96-98
02-08
89-93
82-85
90-93
94-98
93-97
97-02
99-03
02-07
01-05
03-06
82-88
06-09
06-09
89-97
99-00
85-90
96-03
15.42
16.60
15.92
13.93
10.87
17.16
16.77
18.42
15.23
17.72
19.37
16.10
15.96
16.85
17.15
16.53
15.86
16.24
15.91
18.99
14.94
13.35
18.32
17.10
18.65
16.95
21.95
23.30
19.09
22.54
14.93
21.44
20.59
22.14
20.20
23.15
40.92
26.31
22.37
21.97
21.00
21.56
18.90
24.28
21.81
24.02
21.81
13.80
21.25
18.00
23.22
20.63
3.38
3.87
3.04
3.14
1.62
3.68
3.45
4.08
3.08
4.10
7.93
4.23
3.57
3.70
3.60
3.56
3.00
3.94
3.47
4.56
3.26
1.84
3.89
3.08
4.33
3.50
3.09
3.39
2.45
2.26
1.07
3.56
3.31
3.18
2.91
3.98
5.63
3.40
3.23
3.59
3.48
3.00
2.82
3.21
2.63
4.42
2.91
0.71
3.51
2.00
4.16
3.32
3.70
4.42
3.76
4.36
2.46
3.80
3.60
5.22
3.25
4.22
11.16
5.28
3.94
3.82
3.73
4.24
3.18
4.84
4.58
4.70
3.65
4.77
4.31
4.74
4.51
3.68
0.61
1.03
1.31
2.10
1.39
0.24
0.30
2.04
0.34
0.24
5.53
1.88
0.71
0.23
0.25
1.24
0.36
1.63
1.96
0.28
0.73
4.05
0.80
2.75
0.34
0.36
91-96
17.77
21.41
3.80
3.65
3.97
0.32
03-05
05-08
16.41
14.47
18.63
18.86
3.06
2.73
2.52
1.99
3.70
3.75
1.18
1.76
Make
Model of Car
Jaguar
Jaguar
Jaguar
Jaguar
Jaguar
Kia
Mazda
Mazda
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Honda
Honda
Rover
Saab
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
XJ6
XJ6
XJ6
XJS
S-Type
Optima
929 / Luce
E-Class W123
E-Class W124
E-Class W210
S-Class W126
S-Class R129
S-Class C140
S-Class W220
E-Class W211
Skyline
300ZX / Fairlady Z
Maxima
Maxima / Cefiro
Maxima
300C / Laurel
Maxima
Legend
Legend
3500
9-5
Camry
Years of
Pr(Risk)
Manufacture %
82-86
87-94
95-97
82-96
99-08
01-06
82-90
92-96
82-85
86-94
96-02
82-92
93-02
93-98
99-06
02-09
83-88
90-95
90-94
95-99
00-02
85-87
06-09
86-95
96-98
82-87
98-05
98-02
82-85
86-88
19.67
16.78
13.50
19.39
12.64
20.70
19.64
17.37
16.23
15.62
14.67
14.96
13.31
12.07
14.34
14.55
18.90
20.02
17.98
17.84
17.14
19.93
14.84
16.31
9.58
20.34
15.80
16.88
19.23
15.19
%
road users
Limit
involved
%
Lower 90%
Confidence
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
28.72
17.53
34.41
14.94
13.82
20.53
21.72
29.89
20.23
22.18
20.39
18.58
9.61
21.57
23.78
19.46
23.06
24.02
21.32
19.72
22.67
25.61
20.70
22.79
13.13
17.37
12.11
20.68
24.45
26.26
7.61
4.08
7.96
7.66
3.14
8.00
4.72
7.24
4.58
4.18
3.85
3.56
4.25
4.31
6.24
4.52
4.69
6.02
4.52
4.10
4.88
9.27
4.16
4.53
3.47
5.89
3.33
3.68
5.30
4.90
3.42
1.96
5.25
6.56
2.17
5.74
0.87
3.52
2.23
1.31
1.52
1.39
3.86
2.74
4.37
2.75
0.64
2.18
1.27
1.08
1.78
6.46
1.89
1.47
3.01
3.76
2.23
0.37
1.12
1.65
5.65
2.94
4.64
2.90
1.75
4.25
4.27
5.19
3.28
3.46
2.99
2.78
1.28
2.60
3.41
2.83
4.36
4.81
3.83
3.52
3.89
5.10
3.07
3.72
1.26
3.53
1.91
3.49
4.70
3.99
4.19
2.12
2.71
1.10
0.97
2.26
3.85
3.72
2.35
2.87
2.33
2.17
0.39
1.57
1.86
1.77
4.05
3.84
3.25
3.02
3.10
2.81
2.27
3.05
0.46
2.12
1.10
3.31
4.17
3.25
Make
Model of Car
Toyota
Toyota
Lexus
Lexus
Lexus
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Volvo
Volvo
Volvo
Volvo
Volvo
Cressida / Mark II
Supra
ES300 / Windom
LS400 / Celsior
GS300
Avalon
Camry
Aurion
Camry
850/S70/V70/C70
700/900 Series
960/S90/V90
S80
V70 / XC70
Years of
Pr(Risk)
Manufacture %
89-93
82-90
92-01
90-00
97-04
00-05
02-06
06-09
06-09
92-99
84-92
90-98
98-06
00-07
Medium Cars
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Audi
Audi
Audi
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
BMW
164
156
GTV / Spider
147 / GT
A4
TT
A4
Z3 E36
5 Series E60 / E61
3 Series E90 / E91
3 Series E30
3 Series E36
3 Series E46
89-92
99-06
98-04
01-09
95-01
99-06
01-08
97-03
03-09
05-09
82-91
92-98
99-06
%
road users
Limit
involved
%
Lower 90%
Confidence
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
15.18
21.54
17.51
13.97
11.39
16.35
16.25
13.65
14.49
16.71
16.50
17.63
14.06
14.28
18.50
26.54
19.04
20.83
18.78
22.57
18.52
21.00
18.72
22.66
18.78
26.48
9.63
6.21
2.81
5.72
3.33
2.91
2.14
3.69
3.01
2.87
2.71
3.79
3.10
4.67
1.35
0.89
2.42
4.60
2.63
1.90
1.06
3.29
2.76
2.15
2.19
3.27
2.64
2.86
0.50
0.18
3.26
7.10
4.23
4.45
4.30
4.14
3.29
3.82
3.35
4.39
3.63
7.62
3.64
4.49
0.84
2.50
1.60
2.55
3.24
0.85
0.53
1.68
1.16
1.12
0.99
4.76
3.13
4.31
16.67
20.40
3.40
3.36
3.45
0.09
18.01
14.68
13.11
13.35
15.27
13.85
13.32
14.12
14.79
16.45
16.64
16.11
16.07
31.69
17.28
15.82
18.00
20.41
18.22
21.00
23.76
24.12
18.01
21.21
21.44
19.29
5.71
2.54
2.07
2.40
3.12
2.52
2.80
3.36
3.57
2.96
3.53
3.45
3.10
3.42
1.67
0.81
1.29
2.46
1.28
2.10
2.25
2.18
2.02
3.18
3.15
2.71
9.51
3.85
5.30
4.48
3.94
4.97
3.74
5.01
5.83
4.34
3.92
3.78
3.54
6.08
2.18
4.49
3.19
1.48
3.69
1.64
2.77
3.64
2.32
0.75
0.63
0.83
Make
Model of Car
BMW
BMW
BMW
Chrysler
Citroen
Daewoo
Daewoo
Daewoo
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Jaguar
Kia
Ford / Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
5 Series E28
5 Series E34
5 Series E39
PT Cruiser
Xantia
Espero
Leganza
Tacuma
Cortina
Mondeo
Probe
Cougar
Calibra
Camira
Vectra
Vectra ZC
Sonata
Sonata EF
Tiburon
Sonata NF
Sigma / Galant / Sapporo / Lambda
Starion
Galant
X-Type
Credos
Telstar / 626 / MX6 / Capella / Cronos
626
RX7
Years of
Pr(Risk)
Manufacture %
82-88
89-95
96-03
00-09
94-00
95-97
97-02
00-04
82-82
95-01
94-98
99-03
94-97
82-89
97-03
03-05
98-01
02-05
02-09
05-09
82-84
82-87
95-96
02-09
98-01
83-86
88-91
92-97
98-02
82-85
15.76
15.91
13.37
15.71
14.89
21.33
17.23
18.91
19.48
15.85
19.68
15.06
17.56
22.02
16.60
15.62
17.26
17.50
24.01
18.40
19.44
19.50
18.45
12.22
24.00
19.06
17.40
15.43
15.45
20.22
%
road users
Limit
involved
%
Lower 90%
Confidence
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
23.02
23.42
18.84
25.42
24.33
22.45
22.58
30.92
23.35
19.92
25.04
19.07
21.40
22.40
20.05
17.64
22.09
18.32
19.75
7.96
22.50
34.32
19.54
12.92
24.54
21.09
22.25
21.75
22.10
27.23
4.52
4.52
3.22
6.40
6.65
5.80
4.84
9.30
5.21
3.56
6.89
3.76
4.91
5.17
3.69
3.77
4.72
5.35
9.59
3.90
4.61
9.26
4.14
3.33
10.07
4.25
4.14
3.62
3.89
6.82
1.61
1.45
1.25
3.91
4.67
1.85
1.72
5.62
1.25
0.76
3.37
1.57
2.03
0.47
0.69
1.75
1.65
3.43
7.25
3.35
0.47
4.43
1.00
2.58
6.62
0.46
0.52
0.50
0.89
2.38
3.63
3.73
2.52
3.99
3.62
4.79
3.89
5.85
4.55
3.16
4.93
2.87
3.76
4.93
3.33
2.76
3.81
3.21
4.74
1.47
4.37
6.69
3.61
1.58
5.89
4.02
3.87
3.36
3.41
5.51
2.91
3.07
1.97
2.49
1.97
3.95
3.12
3.68
3.97
2.80
3.52
2.19
2.88
4.70
3.00
2.02
3.08
1.92
2.34
0.55
4.15
4.83
3.14
0.75
3.45
3.80
3.62
3.11
3.00
4.45
Make
Model of Car
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Mercedes Benz
Nissan
Nissan / Ford
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
RX7
RX7
Eunos 500
Eunos 800
6
RX8
6
C-Class W201
C-Class W202
CLK C208
SLK R170
C-Class W203
CLK C209
Pintara
Bluebird
280ZX
Bluebird
200SX / Silvia
350Z
Accord Euro
Accord
Accord
Accord
Accord
Accord
Accord
Accord
Prelude
Prelude
Years of
Pr(Risk)
Manufacture %
86-91
92-98
93-99
94-00
02-07
03-09
08-09
87-93
95-00
97-03
97-04
00-07
03-09
86-88
89-92
82-86
82-84
93-97
94-02
03-09
03-08
03-07
82-85
86-90
91-93
94-98
99-02
08-09
82-82
83-91
17.98
16.75
20.30
16.89
15.16
15.47
14.27
15.96
13.37
14.72
16.50
13.83
13.22
18.15
19.34
19.77
17.54
15.61
15.22
19.26
14.44
14.55
19.82
16.83
15.36
16.15
16.28
12.70
16.79
17.63
%
road users
Limit
involved
%
Lower 90%
Confidence
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
20.78
25.03
19.22
27.19
15.46
12.99
20.55
21.40
21.74
19.92
16.76
19.78
19.03
22.47
23.37
23.53
28.37
20.38
23.85
25.56
19.17
19.71
22.35
22.80
21.30
21.25
18.00
32.08
17.58
23.35
4.97
7.69
5.49
7.70
2.78
3.80
5.60
4.26
3.50
4.58
5.21
3.60
4.30
4.43
4.79
4.91
8.24
3.59
4.34
7.55
3.35
3.71
4.90
4.25
3.78
3.81
3.71
7.09
4.99
4.48
2.16
5.41
2.72
4.97
0.80
2.73
4.07
1.53
1.09
2.70
3.75
1.52
2.83
0.67
0.53
0.50
5.23
0.77
1.31
4.34
1.06
1.49
0.91
0.78
0.94
0.72
1.40
4.75
3.25
0.69
3.74
4.19
3.90
4.59
2.34
2.01
2.93
3.41
2.91
2.93
2.77
2.74
2.52
4.08
4.52
4.65
4.98
3.18
3.63
4.92
2.77
2.87
4.43
3.84
3.27
3.43
2.93
4.07
2.95
4.12
2.81
2.28
2.77
2.74
1.98
1.06
1.54
2.74
2.41
1.88
1.47
2.08
1.47
3.76
4.26
4.41
3.01
2.82
3.03
3.21
2.29
2.22
4.00
3.47
2.83
3.09
2.31
2.34
1.75
3.78
Make
Model of Car
Honda
Honda
Peugeot
Peugeot
Peugeot
Porsche
Renault
Rover
Saab
Saab
Saab
Saab
Subaru
Subaru
Subaru
Subaru
Subaru
Toyota
Toyota
Holden / Toyota
Holden / Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Lexus
Lexus
Volvo
Volvo
Prelude
Prelude
405
505
406
944
Feugo
75
900 Series
900/9-3
9000
9-3
1800 / Leone / Omega / 4WD Wagon
Liberty / Legacy
Corona
Camry
Celica
Celica
Celica
Celica
Celica
IS200 / IS300
IS250 / IS F
200 Series
S60
Years of
Pr(Risk)
Manufacture %
92-96
97-02
89-97
82-93
96-04
82-91
82-87
01-05
82-92
94-02
86-97
03-09
82-93
89-93
94-98
99-03
03-09
82-88
83-86
88-92
93-97
81-85
86-89
90-93
94-99
00-05
99-04
05-09
82-93
01-09
16.30
15.87
15.04
13.15
8.40
15.07
17.09
16.23
15.82
14.75
15.66
14.75
19.34
17.57
15.67
14.05
12.44
19.41
19.43
18.02
18.22
20.68
18.42
18.67
18.53
15.90
14.62
11.48
14.86
12.83
%
road users
Limit
involved
%
Lower 90%
Confidence
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
22.58
19.56
22.40
21.88
22.08
30.17
18.53
18.81
20.28
17.03
15.40
30.61
20.95
20.75
23.41
19.89
17.86
22.83
22.26
21.73
22.17
20.61
22.64
23.80
18.57
22.71
18.11
19.43
22.57
20.78
4.26
3.95
4.20
3.73
2.81
8.24
4.60
6.06
3.95
3.10
3.08
6.98
4.36
3.93
4.05
3.17
2.73
4.64
4.79
4.07
4.21
4.79
4.73
4.98
4.08
4.84
3.79
4.37
3.80
4.50
1.07
1.51
1.50
1.51
1.59
5.73
2.42
4.53
1.35
1.07
1.19
4.06
0.58
0.55
0.73
0.70
0.93
0.41
0.88
0.30
0.34
0.99
1.06
1.02
1.17
2.15
1.93
3.23
0.84
2.92
3.68
3.10
3.37
2.88
1.85
4.55
3.17
3.05
3.21
2.51
2.41
4.51
4.05
3.65
3.67
2.80
2.22
4.43
4.33
3.92
4.04
4.26
4.17
4.44
3.44
3.61
2.65
2.23
3.35
2.67
3.18
2.44
2.70
2.22
1.22
2.51
2.18
1.54
2.60
2.03
1.89
2.92
3.77
3.38
3.32
2.47
1.81
4.23
3.91
3.77
3.87
3.80
3.68
3.96
2.91
2.69
1.85
1.14
2.96
1.58
Make
Model of Car
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Passat
Passat
Years of
Pr(Risk)
Manufacture %
98-06
06-09
People Movers
Chrysler
Ford
Holden
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Kia
Kia
Kia
Mazda
Mazda
Nissan
Nissan
Honda
Honda
Honda
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Voyager
Spectron
Zafira TT
Nimbus / Chariot
Nimbus
Starwagon / L300
Carens
Carnival
Carnival
MPV
MPV
Prairie
Serena
Odyssey
Odyssey
Odyssey
Tarago
Spacia
Avensis Verso
97-01
86-90
01-05
85-91
92-98
99-03
83-86
87-93
95-98
98-03
00-02
99-06
06-09
94-99
00-06
84-86
92-95
95-00
00-02
04-09
83-89
91-99
00-06
93-00
01-09
%
road users
Limit
involved
%
Lower 90%
Confidence
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
13.69
13.92
23.44
24.41
3.21
3.40
2.40
1.86
4.29
6.19
1.90
4.33
17.72
21.16
3.75
3.63
3.88
0.25
16.85
22.94
14.37
19.73
17.69
11.77
24.49
20.88
20.54
17.20
24.30
15.58
14.28
16.32
11.53
20.69
14.63
15.44
13.50
13.43
21.60
15.79
13.61
17.47
13.85
18.60
17.35
23.11
19.63
23.89
13.06
25.98
22.19
20.67
22.33
22.87
22.20
13.59
21.84
21.44
22.07
17.59
19.04
27.84
13.21
24.90
21.81
23.48
21.10
34.86
3.13
3.98
3.32
3.87
4.23
1.54
6.36
4.63
4.25
3.84
5.56
3.46
1.94
3.56
2.47
4.57
2.57
2.94
3.76
1.77
5.38
3.44
3.20
3.69
4.83
2.24
1.97
2.28
3.08
3.51
0.87
5.81
4.30
3.66
3.23
2.66
2.84
0.99
2.42
1.41
3.57
1.80
2.34
2.55
1.10
4.96
3.07
2.58
2.23
2.99
4.38
8.03
4.83
4.86
5.08
2.71
6.97
5.00
4.93
4.57
11.61
4.22
3.81
5.24
4.33
5.83
3.67
3.70
5.53
2.86
5.83
3.86
3.96
6.09
7.80
2.13
6.06
2.55
1.78
1.57
1.83
1.16
0.70
1.27
1.34
8.94
1.38
2.82
2.82
2.92
2.26
1.87
1.35
2.98
1.75
0.87
0.79
1.38
3.86
4.82
Make
Model of Car
Toyota
Tarago
Years of
Pr(Risk)
Manufacture %
06-09
Small Cars
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
Audi
Mini
BMW
Chrysler
Chrysler
Citroen
Citroen
Citroen
Daihatsu
Daewoo
Daewoo
Daewoo
Daewoo
Daewoo
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
33
75
90
GTV
Sprint
Alfasud
A3/S3
Mini Cooper
1 Series E81 / E82 / E87 / E88
Neon
Neon
BX
C4
Xsara
Applause
1.5i
Cielo
Nubira
Lanos
Lacetti
Laser
Laser
Escort
Capri
Focus LR
Focus LS / LT
83-92
86-92
85-88
82-84
82-88
82-84
97-04
02-09
04-09
96-99
00-02
86-94
05-09
00-05
89-99
94-95
95-97
97-03
97-03
03-04
91-94
95-97
82-82
89-94
02-05
05-09
%
road users
Limit
involved
%
Lower 90%
Confidence
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
15.65
14.30
2.24
1.26
3.97
2.70
17.54
20.26
3.56
3.51
3.60
0.08
16.29
19.33
12.84
17.04
19.96
22.69
16.48
13.01
15.18
16.87
15.90
6.51
17.61
23.54
19.62
24.54
19.83
17.25
19.42
18.28
18.76
17.34
18.52
22.66
16.56
14.10
23.27
22.05
41.32
46.21
19.12
30.67
20.55
15.20
14.09
18.68
23.45
16.24
27.44
15.89
20.25
19.48
20.18
19.99
21.71
22.21
21.18
22.81
17.51
20.04
18.43
21.01
3.79
4.26
5.31
7.87
3.82
6.96
3.39
1.98
2.14
3.15
3.73
1.06
4.83
3.74
3.97
4.78
4.00
3.45
4.22
4.06
3.97
3.95
3.24
4.54
3.05
2.96
2.95
2.58
2.80
5.24
2.12
4.22
2.39
1.25
1.07
2.33
2.07
0.52
2.27
1.83
3.54
2.94
3.63
3.07
3.88
2.52
3.78
3.62
2.46
3.93
2.59
2.44
4.87
7.06
10.05
11.82
6.85
11.47
4.79
3.14
4.28
4.26
6.70
2.13
10.28
7.65
4.47
7.77
4.41
3.88
4.58
6.53
4.18
4.31
4.28
5.25
3.60
3.59
1.92
4.48
7.25
6.58
4.73
7.25
2.40
1.89
3.21
1.92
4.63
1.61
8.01
5.82
0.93
4.82
0.77
0.81
0.71
4.00
0.40
0.69
1.82
1.31
1.01
1.15
Make
Model of Car
Fiat
Holden / Isuzu
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Kia
Kia
Kia
Regata
Piazza
Gemini
Gemini RB
Astra TR
Astra TS
Astra AH
Viva JF
Excel
Excel
Excel / Accent
Elantra
Elantra Lavita
Accent
i30
S Coupe
Lantra
Lantra
Coupe
Accent
Lancer / Mirage CA
Lancer / Mirage CB
Lancer / Mirage CC
Lancer / Mirage CE
Cordia
Lancer CE / CG / Cedia
Lancer CH / CJ
Rio
Spectra
Cerato LD
Years of
Pr(Risk)
Manufacture %
84-88
86-88
82-84
86-87
96-98
98-06
04-09
05-09
86-90
90-94
95-00
00-06
01-03
06-09
07-09
90-96
91-95
96-00
96-00
00-06
89-90
91-92
93-95
96-03
83-87
02-03
03-09
00-05
01-04
04-08
15.69
16.81
20.71
22.47
16.42
16.07
15.98
15.17
22.49
20.75
20.11
17.45
13.26
13.24
12.08
20.43
19.39
17.70
17.98
18.23
17.69
20.07
17.77
18.27
22.09
26.80
16.46
18.02
18.37
16.70
%
road users
Limit
involved
%
Lower 90%
Confidence
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
29.24
20.36
22.29
20.81
20.06
18.70
19.75
19.53
23.76
23.09
21.83
21.12
6.40
12.33
23.68
22.26
22.58
22.18
22.45
21.80
20.93
23.82
21.13
21.09
25.46
24.01
21.52
23.28
18.05
20.01
6.83
7.13
4.97
5.53
3.92
3.22
3.73
3.80
5.86
5.09
4.58
4.25
2.33
3.71
6.71
5.37
5.00
4.31
4.98
4.37
4.01
5.60
4.04
4.05
6.30
10.86
4.11
4.73
4.78
4.53
3.75
5.49
0.69
1.57
1.15
0.42
1.06
1.48
0.98
0.58
0.37
1.05
2.03
2.99
5.50
1.52
1.17
0.74
1.71
0.75
0.60
1.52
0.55
0.39
1.28
7.04
1.05
1.00
2.48
2.07
4.59
3.42
4.62
4.68
3.29
3.01
3.16
2.96
5.34
4.79
4.39
3.69
0.85
1.63
2.86
4.55
4.38
3.92
4.04
3.97
3.70
4.78
3.76
3.85
5.62
6.43
3.54
4.19
3.32
3.34
3.08
1.64
4.28
3.96
2.77
2.80
2.67
2.31
4.87
4.51
4.21
3.20
0.31
0.72
1.22
3.85
3.83
3.57
3.27
3.62
3.41
4.08
3.49
3.66
5.02
3.81
3.06
3.72
2.30
2.46
Make
Model of Car
Kia
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Rio JB
Laser / 323
Eunos 30X / Presso / MX-3 / Autozam
AZ-3
3 / Axela
MX5
A-Class W168
Stanza
Gazelle / Silvia
Exa
Exa
NX/NX-R
Pulsar
Tiida
Civic
Civic / Shuttle
Civic
Civic
CRX
CRX
S2000
Mazda
Mazda
Mercedes Benz
Holden / Nissan
Holden / Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Years of
Pr(Risk)
Manufacture %
%
road users
Limit
involved
%
Lower 90%
Confidence
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
05-09
82-88
90-93
95-98
99-03
89-97
98-05
90-97
15.08
21.36
17.82
17.62
16.23
20.15
16.28
16.96
18.90
22.34
19.76
20.01
18.57
20.13
14.48
19.33
2.85
4.77
3.52
3.53
3.01
4.06
2.36
3.28
2.19
4.63
3.25
3.22
2.77
3.03
1.58
2.41
3.71
4.92
3.82
3.86
3.28
5.43
3.50
4.47
1.52
0.29
0.57
0.64
0.51
2.40
1.92
2.06
03-09
05-09
98-04
84-86
88-90
92-95
96-99
82-83
84-86
83-86
87-91
91-96
00-05
06-09
82-83
84-87
88-91
92-95
96-00
87-91
92-98
99-09
14.83
12.85
16.75
21.20
19.40
17.52
18.00
20.82
19.89
27.03
20.59
21.48
16.59
15.08
19.51
21.26
18.97
18.08
17.78
21.98
18.32
11.71
16.96
35.80
21.25
24.35
23.36
21.09
21.60
23.69
25.69
26.55
27.96
27.59
20.15
22.95
23.86
24.66
21.44
20.60
17.89
25.50
24.35
9.04
2.52
4.60
3.56
5.16
4.53
3.70
3.89
4.93
5.11
7.18
5.76
5.93
3.34
3.46
4.65
5.24
4.07
3.72
3.18
5.61
4.46
1.06
2.24
2.48
2.45
4.88
4.31
3.45
3.65
3.80
4.26
5.77
4.20
5.00
3.09
2.37
3.96
4.79
3.76
3.43
2.89
4.61
3.20
0.41
2.82
8.55
5.18
5.46
4.77
3.96
4.14
6.41
6.12
8.93
7.90
7.03
3.62
5.04
5.47
5.73
4.40
4.05
3.50
6.82
6.22
2.75
0.58
6.07
2.73
0.58
0.46
0.52
0.49
2.61
1.86
3.16
3.70
2.04
0.53
2.67
1.51
0.94
0.64
0.62
0.61
2.22
3.02
2.35
Make
Model of Car
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Peugeot
Peugeot
Proton
Proton
Renault
Renault
Renault
Rover
MG
Subaru
Subaru
Subaru
Subaru
Suzuki
Suzuki
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota / Holden
Toyota / Holden
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Civic
Civic
Integra
Integra
Integra
Integra
Concerto
306
307
Wira
Gen 2
Megane II
19
Scenic
Quintet
MGF / MG TF
Vortex
Impreza
Impreza
Impreza
Liana
Corolla
Corolla
Corolla / Nova
Corolla / Nova
Corolla / Allex
Corolla
Corolla
Tercel
Years of
Pr(Risk)
Manufacture %
01-05
06-09
86-88
90-92
93-01
02-06
89-93
94-01
01-09
95-96
04-09
03-09
91-96
01-04
82-86
99-05
85-89
93-00
01-07
07-09
95-02
01-07
82-84
86-88
89-93
94-97
98-01
02-07
07-09
83-88
14.99
13.32
19.19
19.33
17.47
17.85
17.05
16.39
12.35
17.81
16.61
16.91
19.01
16.94
20.25
11.78
24.10
17.92
14.70
15.14
16.90
16.36
20.26
19.55
18.58
17.40
16.32
16.01
15.92
20.77
%
road users
Limit
involved
%
Lower 90%
Confidence
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
20.56
16.56
22.24
22.41
19.77
22.04
25.21
17.75
15.94
24.96
24.26
21.97
17.70
15.14
19.15
21.26
21.45
24.51
18.51
27.47
17.57
17.26
21.33
22.69
21.89
21.32
19.46
20.21
24.57
20.46
3.64
3.06
5.09
5.16
4.09
5.87
5.22
3.51
2.73
5.18
6.96
8.03
5.03
4.39
5.57
4.00
8.77
4.76
3.16
6.92
3.53
3.91
4.58
4.65
4.23
3.89
3.45
3.45
4.76
5.46
1.03
1.47
1.51
1.52
1.17
3.23
1.68
1.10
1.31
1.37
4.63
6.31
2.77
2.90
2.86
2.43
5.72
0.70
0.81
4.42
1.03
1.88
0.50
0.41
0.31
0.36
0.53
0.43
1.55
2.15
3.08
2.20
4.27
4.33
3.45
3.93
4.30
2.91
1.97
4.45
4.03
3.71
3.36
2.56
3.88
2.50
5.17
4.39
2.72
4.16
2.97
2.82
4.32
4.44
4.07
3.71
3.18
3.23
3.91
4.25
2.61
1.59
3.58
3.64
2.92
2.64
3.54
2.41
1.42
3.81
2.33
1.72
2.25
1.50
2.70
1.57
3.05
4.06
2.34
2.50
2.50
2.04
4.08
4.23
3.91
3.53
2.92
3.03
3.21
3.31
Make
Model of Car
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Volvo
Volvo
Volvo
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
MR2
MR2
Paseo / Cynos
MR2
Corolla 4WD Wagon
Prius II
300 Series
S40/V50
S40/V40
Golf
Golf
Golf / Bora
New Beetle
Golf / Jetta
Years of
Pr(Risk)
Manufacture %
87-90
91-00
91-99
00-05
92-96
03-09
84-88
04-09
97-04
82-94
95-98
99-04
00-09
04-09
Light Cars
Citroen
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daewoo
Daewoo
Ford
Ford
C3
Charade
Charade
Charade
Pyzar
Move
Sirion / Storia
Charade
Mira
Matiz
Kalos
Festiva WD/WH/WF
Ka
02-09
82-86
88-92
93-00
97-01
97-99
98-04
03-05
90-96
99-04
03-04
94-01
99-02
%
road users
Limit
involved
%
Lower 90%
Confidence
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
21.20
19.76
17.71
15.44
18.69
11.45
14.83
15.70
15.56
18.85
15.38
16.48
14.54
13.71
24.77
23.43
22.16
16.55
25.68
25.78
27.53
12.74
15.73
24.37
20.63
15.51
18.51
16.53
5.25
4.63
3.93
2.56
4.80
2.95
4.08
2.00
2.45
4.59
3.17
2.56
2.69
2.27
4.04
3.37
3.37
1.07
3.65
1.95
2.71
0.85
1.82
3.28
2.54
2.15
1.86
1.76
6.82
6.36
4.57
6.10
6.31
4.48
6.16
4.71
3.30
6.44
3.96
3.05
3.89
2.92
2.77
2.98
1.20
5.03
2.65
2.53
3.45
3.86
1.48
3.17
1.43
0.90
2.03
1.15
19.02
20.99
3.99
3.92
4.06
0.14
16.80
24.04
20.85
20.34
17.46
20.50
18.68
21.99
27.35
23.84
17.31
21.20
18.84
13.00
26.43
23.11
24.29
26.24
16.56
18.96
5.22
25.66
19.06
23.91
22.42
20.62
2.18
6.35
4.82
4.94
4.58
3.39
3.54
1.15
7.02
4.54
4.14
4.75
3.88
0.91
5.72
4.48
4.56
3.39
1.76
2.98
0.23
6.02
3.78
3.10
4.52
2.99
5.24
7.05
5.18
5.35
6.19
6.53
4.21
5.81
8.18
5.46
5.52
5.00
5.04
4.33
1.33
0.70
0.79
2.81
4.76
1.23
5.58
2.16
1.68
2.41
0.47
2.05
Make
Model of Car
Ford
Holden
Holden
Holden
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Nissan
Honda
Honda
Peugeot
Peugeot
Proton
Renault
Lada
Subaru
Suzuki
Holden / Suzuki
Holden / Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Suzuki
Toyota
Toyota
Fiesta WP/WQ
Barina XC
Barina SB
Barina TK
Getz / TB
Mirage / Colt
Colt
Festiva WA / 121
121 Metro / Demio
2
2
Micra
Jazz / Fit
City
205
206
Satria
Clio II
Samara
Swift
Hatch / Alto
Alto
Ignis
Swift
Starlet
Echo
Years of
Pr(Risk)
Manufacture %
04-08
01-06
95-00
05-09
02-09
82-88
04-09
87-90
94-96
97-02
02-07
07-09
95-97
02-08
83-86
87-94
99-07
97-05
01-04
88-90
89-92
82-85
86-88
89-99
82-84
85-00
00-02
05-09
96-99
99-05
15.22
17.54
19.79
16.68
17.93
21.76
15.18
21.16
19.63
17.56
14.41
14.71
20.07
15.66
25.66
16.62
15.16
20.34
18.33
18.33
29.66
24.51
24.07
20.41
30.07
27.95
20.84
17.35
18.70
16.78
%
road users
Limit
involved
%
Lower 90%
Confidence
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
4.40
18.22
20.25
20.20
27.10
22.61
21.73
22.82
20.15
20.30
23.32
21.45
24.56
20.38
22.51
19.75
22.83
23.80
20.49
43.44
23.70
26.73
23.62
22.11
25.76
25.98
21.96
19.34
22.06
22.22
3.45
3.63
4.33
4.08
5.43
5.18
4.62
5.17
4.39
4.02
4.11
4.75
5.91
3.79
6.81
4.77
4.50
8.13
7.50
13.80
8.26
9.06
6.17
4.74
9.01
9.05
5.80
3.95
4.52
4.04
3.32
0.81
0.62
1.30
1.08
0.52
2.27
0.66
0.83
0.85
1.36
2.65
1.80
1.10
1.90
2.52
1.83
5.24
5.62
9.21
2.28
4.31
0.92
0.44
2.36
3.22
2.19
1.10
0.75
0.60
0.67
3.19
4.01
3.37
4.86
4.92
3.30
4.83
3.95
3.56
3.36
3.15
4.93
3.19
5.78
3.28
3.46
4.84
3.76
7.96
7.03
6.55
5.69
4.51
7.75
7.26
4.58
3.36
4.13
3.73
0.13
2.81
3.71
2.78
4.35
4.67
2.36
4.51
3.56
3.16
2.75
2.10
4.11
2.69
4.90
2.25
2.66
2.88
1.88
4.59
5.98
4.74
5.24
4.30
6.66
5.83
3.61
2.85
3.77
3.44
Make
Model of Car
Toyota
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Yaris
Polo
Polo
Polo
Years of
Pr(Risk)
Manufacture %
05-09
96-00
01-02
02-09
15.60
17.31
17.15
16.84
%
road users
Limit
involved
%
Lower 90%
Confidence
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
18.70
15.72
30.61
26.38
3.41
3.66
8.98
6.13
0.91
1.64
5.92
2.91
2.92
2.72
5.25
4.44
2.50
2.02
3.06
3.22
APPENDIX 7
PRESENTATION OF CRASHWORTHINESS, AGGRESSIVITY AND
TOTAL SECONDARY SAFETY RATINGS FOR CONSUMER INFORMATION
CRASHWORTHINESS, AGGRESSIVITY AND TOTAL SECONDARY SAFETY
Victoria and New South Wales Data (1987-2009), South Australia Data (1995-2009),
Criteria
Latest Year of Manufacture
Confidence Limit Width
Coefficient of Variation
TSS 2.23%
8.00%
20.00%
CWR
Lower
90%
CL
Upper
90%
CL
90%
CL
Width
CoV
5.23
6.55
4.99
4.92
4.20
5.12
3.94
3.89
6.51
8.38
6.31
6.22
2.30
3.26
2.37
2.33
0.44
0.50
0.47
0.47
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Best
pick
At least 90% worse than
benchmark
CRASHWORTHINESS RATING
benchmark
89-97
85-98
97-05
02-06
AGG 2.28%
8.00%
30.00%
benchmark
Daihatsu
Feroza / Rocky
Daihatsu
Rocky / Rugger
Daihatsu
Terios
Holden
Cruze
Years
of
Manufacture
Worse than benchmark
Model
CWR 1.92%
8.00%
30.00%
Benchmark
Percentile
Increment
Equivalent to
benchmark
Make
1996
0.02
1.6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
Best Pick
0
0
0
0
Aggressivity
Rating
Total Secondary
Safety Rating
++ =Equivalent to
benchmark
+ =Worse than
benchmark
o =At least 30%
worse than
benchmark
x =At least 60%
worse than
benchmark
xx =At least 90%
worse than
benchmark
++ =Equivalent to
benchmark
+ =Worse than
benchmark
o =At least 20%
worse than
benchmark
x =At least 40%
worse than
benchmark
xx =At least 60%
worse than
benchmark
xx
xx
x
x
Best
pick
Best Pick
Aggressivity
Rating
Total Secondary
Safety Rating
++ =Equivalent to
benchmark
+ =Worse than
benchmark
o =At least 30%
worse than
benchmark
x =At least 60%
worse than
benchmark
xx =At least 90%
worse than
benchmark
++ =Equivalent to
benchmark
+ =Worse than
benchmark
o =At least 20%
worse than
benchmark
x =At least 40%
worse than
benchmark
xx =At least 60%
worse than
benchmark
Lower
90%
CL
Upper
90%
CL
90%
CL
Width
CoV
98-03
01-06
01-07
97-01
02-06
97-02
02-08
88-98
99-05
82-99
3.13
2.85
3.02
2.45
2.08
2.52
2.21
5.06
2.93
6.00
2.32
2.26
2.53
2.01
1.63
2.06
1.74
4.50
2.22
5.41
4.23
3.58
3.61
2.99
2.67
3.08
2.79
5.67
3.86
6.66
1.91
1.32
1.09
0.98
1.05
1.01
1.04
1.17
1.64
1.25
0.61
0.46
0.36
0.40
0.50
0.40
0.47
0.23
0.56
0.21
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
94-00
01-06
06-09
3.39
2.82
2.67
2.93
2.38
1.92
3.92
3.34
3.71
0.99
0.97
1.79
0.29
0.34
0.67
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
o
x
o
+
04-09
92-97
98-02
92-99
00-06
96-00
2.37
2.98
3.29
3.04
2.25
2.96
1.79
2.27
2.50
2.62
1.67
2.36
3.13
3.91
4.33
3.52
3.03
3.71
1.35
1.63
1.83
0.90
1.36
1.35
0.57
0.55
0.56
0.30
0.61
0.46
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
o
+
x
x
x
++
x
CWR
benchmark
benchmark
Sportage
Escape / Tribute
X-Trail
CR-V
CR-V
Forester
Forester
Vitara / Escudo
Grand Vitara
Drover / Sierra / Samurai /
SJ410 / SJ413
Toyota
RAV4
Toyota
RAV4
Toyota
RAV4
Ford
Territory SX/SY
Holden / Isuzu
Jackaroo / Bighorn
Holden / Isuzu
Jackaroo / Bighorn
Mitsubishi
Pajero
Mitsubishi
Pajero NM / NP / NS
Jeep
Cherokee XJ
Years
of
Manufacture
benchmark
Kia
Ford / Mazda
Nissan
Honda
Honda
Subaru
Subaru
Suzuki
Suzuki
Holden / Suzuki
Model
Equivalent to
benchmark
Make
o
o
+
+
++
+
o
o
xx
x
x
+
+
o
+
++
++
++
xx
+
xx
Best
pick
Total Secondary
Safety Rating
++ =Equivalent to
benchmark
+ =Worse than
benchmark
o =At least 30%
worse than
benchmark
x =At least 60%
worse than
benchmark
xx =At least 90%
worse than
benchmark
++ =Equivalent to
benchmark
+ =Worse than
benchmark
o =At least 20%
worse than
benchmark
x =At least 40%
worse than
benchmark
xx =At least 60%
worse than
benchmark
CWR
Lower
90%
CL
Upper
90%
CL
90%
CL
Width
CoV
benchmark
Best Pick
Aggressivity
Rating
benchmark
benchmark
Nissan
Toyota
Kluger
Toyota
Landcruiser Prado
Toyota
Landcruiser Prado
Jeep
Land Rover
Discovery
Nissan / Ford
Nissan
Patrol / Safari
Toyota
Landcruiser
Toyota
Landcruiser
Commercial - Vans
Daihatsu
Handivan / Cuore
Ford
Transit
Ford
Transit
Holden / Suzuki
Scurry / Carry
Toyota
Hiace/Liteace
Volkswagen
Commercial - Utes
Ford
Falcon Ute
Ford
Falcon Ute AU
Years
of
Manufacture
95-05
03-07
96-03
03-09
2.01
2.72
2.27
1.67
1.51
1.93
1.78
1.32
2.68
3.83
2.90
2.12
1.17
1.90
1.12
0.79
0.58
0.70
0.49
0.47
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
xx
xx
+
++
o
+
99-05
91-02
88-97
98-09
90-97
98-07
1.68
2.48
2.63
2.18
3.04
2.44
0.97
1.89
2.37
1.89
2.81
2.20
2.93
3.24
2.92
2.52
3.29
2.72
1.97
1.34
0.55
0.62
0.48
0.52
1.17
0.54
0.21
0.29
0.16
0.21
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
+
xx
xx
xx
xx
++
+
x
x
xx
x
99-03
95-00
01-07
82-00
96-04
95-04
6.16
3.22
1.24
9.79
3.08
1.81
3.91
2.41
0.80
7.79
2.71
1.15
9.70
4.30
1.94
12.31
3.50
2.86
5.79
1.89
1.14
4.52
0.78
1.71
0.94
0.59
0.92
0.46
0.25
0.94
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
xx
xx
o
++
xx
x
o
96-99
00-02
3.14
2.63
2.63
2.22
3.74
3.13
1.11
0.91
0.35
0.35
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
x
xx
x
x
Model
Equivalent to
benchmark
Make
Years
of
Manufacture
Lower
90%
CL
Upper
90%
CL
90%
CL
Width
CoV
Best Pick
Falcon Ute BA/BF
Rodeo
Rodeo
Commodore Ute VR/VS
Commodore VU Ute
Commodore VY/VZ Ute
Rodeo
Triton MK
Triton ML / MN
Ceres
03-08
96-98
99-02
94-00
00-02
02-07
03-08
96-06
06-09
92-00
98-02
03-06
2.32
3.38
3.49
3.99
3.05
2.59
2.58
2.29
1.22
5.75
2.95
3.03
1.92
2.91
3.03
3.66
2.56
2.27
2.21
1.70
0.61
4.72
2.47
2.47
2.79
3.92
4.01
4.36
3.62
2.95
3.01
3.08
2.45
7.00
3.52
3.73
0.86
1.02
0.98
0.69
1.06
0.68
0.80
1.39
1.84
2.28
1.05
1.27
0.37
0.30
0.28
0.17
0.35
0.26
0.31
0.61
1.50
0.40
0.36
0.42
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
Ford / Mazda
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Ranger / BT-50
Navara
Navara
Navara
4Runner/Hilux
Hilux
Hilux
Hilux
06-09
92-96
97-05
05-09
89-97
98-02
03-04
05-09
1.87
3.63
2.51
2.46
4.04
2.81
2.43
2.14
1.24
3.04
2.12
1.67
3.82
2.52
1.99
1.80
2.82
4.34
2.98
3.64
4.26
3.13
2.97
2.54
1.57
1.30
0.87
1.98
0.45
0.61
0.97
0.74
0.84
0.36
0.34
0.80
0.11
0.22
0.40
0.35
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ford
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Kia
Ford / Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Equivalent to
benchmark
benchmark
CWR
Best
pick
benchmark
Model
benchmark
Make
Aggressivity
Rating
Total Secondary
Safety Rating
++ =Equivalent to
benchmark
+ =Worse than
benchmark
o =At least 30%
worse than
benchmark
x =At least 60%
worse than
benchmark
xx =At least 90%
worse than
benchmark
++ =Equivalent to
benchmark
+ =Worse than
benchmark
o =At least 20%
worse than
benchmark
x =At least 40%
worse than
benchmark
xx =At least 60%
worse than
benchmark
o
x
xx
x
o
x
xx
o
+
x
x
xx
xx
x
x
+
x
xx
xx
o
o
o
+
++
xx
o
o
++
xx
o
o
xx
x
o
+
Mercedes Benz
Best
pick
Best Pick
Aggressivity
Rating
Total Secondary
Safety Rating
++ =Equivalent to
benchmark
+ =Worse than
benchmark
o =At least 30%
worse than
benchmark
x =At least 60%
worse than
benchmark
xx =At least 90%
worse than
benchmark
++ =Equivalent to
benchmark
+ =Worse than
benchmark
o =At least 20%
worse than
benchmark
x =At least 40%
worse than
benchmark
xx =At least 60%
worse than
benchmark
Lower
90%
CL
Upper
90%
CL
90%
CL
Width
CoV
95-98
99-02
08-09
94-98
98-02
02-08
94-98
93-97
97-02
99-03
02-07
01-05
06-09
89-97
96-03
3.52
2.91
1.22
3.40
3.03
2.47
3.34
3.68
3.17
2.59
2.62
3.27
2.51
3.72
3.44
2.93
2.14
0.62
3.25
2.85
2.28
2.93
3.54
3.02
1.97
2.41
2.46
2.13
3.23
3.21
4.23
3.97
2.42
3.55
3.22
2.68
3.82
3.83
3.32
3.40
2.84
4.33
2.96
4.28
3.69
1.31
1.83
1.81
0.30
0.37
0.40
0.88
0.29
0.29
1.43
0.43
1.88
0.83
1.05
0.48
0.37
0.63
1.48
0.09
0.12
0.16
0.26
0.08
0.09
0.55
0.16
0.57
0.33
0.28
0.14
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
x
+
x
o
o
x
+
++
x
x
o
x
xx
x
o
o
x
o
x
x
91-96
3.70
3.50
3.92
0.42
0.11
0
0
0
1
0
0
o
xx
03-05
2.45
1.85
3.24
1.40
0.57
1
0
0
0
0
0
+
+
96-02
2.43
1.64
3.59
1.95
0.80
1
0
0
0
0
0
CWR
benchmark
Mitsubishi
benchmark
Mitsubishi
Fairlane N & LTD D
Fairlane & LTD AU
Falcon FG
Falcon EF/EL
Falcon AU
Falcon BA/BF
Commodore VT/VX
Commodore VY/VZ
Monaro
Commodore VE
Sonata
V3000 / Diamante
Magna TL/TW / Verada
KL/KW
E-Class W210
Years
of
Manufacture
benchmark
Large Cars
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Holden
Holden / Toyota
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Model
Equivalent to
benchmark
Make
x
x
x
o
o
x
o
+
Lower
90%
CL
Upper
90%
CL
90%
CL
Width
CoV
Best Pick
Aggressivity
Rating
Total Secondary
Safety Rating
++ =Equivalent to
benchmark
+ =Worse than
benchmark
o =At least 30%
worse than
benchmark
x =At least 60%
worse than
benchmark
xx =At least 90%
worse than
benchmark
++ =Equivalent to
benchmark
+ =Worse than
benchmark
o =At least 20%
worse than
benchmark
x =At least 40%
worse than
benchmark
xx =At least 60%
worse than
benchmark
Maxima / Cefiro
Camry
Avalon
Camry
Camry
850/S70/V70/C70
95-99
98-02
00-05
02-06
06-09
92-99
3.84
3.20
2.98
2.57
2.30
3.09
3.17
2.97
2.52
2.27
1.70
2.46
4.67
3.45
3.52
2.91
3.11
3.86
1.50
0.48
1.00
0.63
1.40
1.40
0.39
0.15
0.34
0.25
0.61
0.45
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
+
o
x
o
+
x
o
x
x
o
++
x
3 Series E36
3 Series E46
5 Series E39
Espero
Tacuma
Mondeo
Vectra
Galant
Cronos
626
6
C-Class W202
Bluebird
92-98
99-06
96-03
95-97
00-04
95-01
97-03
95-96
92-97
3.33
3.04
2.09
5.70
6.83
2.97
3.03
4.10
3.66
2.94
2.53
1.48
4.53
3.83
2.52
2.62
3.46
3.33
3.77
3.65
2.96
7.18
12.20
3.49
3.50
4.87
4.03
0.83
1.12
1.48
2.65
8.37
0.97
0.89
1.41
0.69
0.25
0.37
0.71
0.46
1.22
0.33
0.29
0.34
0.19
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
+
+
+
o
+
+
x
o
++
xx
xx
o
o
x
o
98-02
02-07
95-00
93-97
3.30
2.14
2.75
3.31
2.77
1.70
2.09
2.84
3.94
2.69
3.62
3.85
1.17
0.98
1.53
1.01
0.36
0.46
0.56
0.30
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
+
++
++
+
o
++
+
o
benchmark
CWR
Best
pick
benchmark
Mazda
Mazda
Mercedes Benz
Nissan
Years
of
Manufacture
benchmark
Nissan
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Volvo
Medium Cars
BMW
BMW
BMW
Daewoo
Daewoo
Ford
Holden
Mitsubishi
Ford / Mazda
Model
Equivalent to
benchmark
Make
Years
of
Manufacture
Upper
90%
CL
90%
CL
Width
CoV
Best Pick
200SX / Silvia
Accord Euro
Accord
Accord
Accord
Prelude
Prelude
900/9-3
9000
Celica
94-02
03-08
03-07
94-98
99-02
92-96
97-02
94-02
86-97
94-98
99-03
03-09
93-97
94-99
3.38
2.56
2.07
3.49
2.18
4.19
2.62
2.26
1.95
3.40
2.41
2.38
4.25
3.62
2.69
1.94
1.41
3.04
1.53
3.50
1.83
1.65
1.34
2.99
2.03
1.83
4.02
2.91
4.25
3.37
3.05
3.99
3.09
5.02
3.75
3.09
2.85
3.87
2.88
3.10
4.48
4.49
1.56
1.42
1.64
0.95
1.56
1.52
1.91
1.44
1.51
0.88
0.85
1.27
0.46
1.58
0.46
0.56
0.79
0.27
0.72
0.36
0.73
0.64
0.77
0.26
0.35
0.53
0.11
0.44
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
Carnival
Odyssey
95-98
98-03
99-06
95-00
91-99
00-06
3.94
4.55
2.51
2.42
3.17
2.38
3.17
3.66
1.88
1.75
2.69
1.72
4.91
5.66
3.36
3.34
3.74
3.29
1.74
2.01
1.48
1.58
1.05
1.57
0.44
0.44
0.59
0.66
0.33
0.66
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
benchmark
Lower
90%
CL
benchmark
CWR
Best
pick
benchmark
Nissan
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Saab
Saab
Subaru
Subaru
Subaru
Holden / Toyota
Toyota
People Movers
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Kia
Honda
Toyota
Toyota
Model
Equivalent to
benchmark
Make
Aggressivity
Rating
Total Secondary
Safety Rating
++ =Equivalent to
benchmark
+ =Worse than
benchmark
o =At least 30%
worse than
benchmark
x =At least 60%
worse than
benchmark
xx =At least 90%
worse than
benchmark
++ =Equivalent to
benchmark
+ =Worse than
benchmark
o =At least 20%
worse than
benchmark
x =At least 40%
worse than
benchmark
xx =At least 60%
worse than
benchmark
++
+
+
++
++
o
+
++
o
+
xx
+
o
o
+
++
o
+
x
+
++
++
x
+
++
xx
o
xx
x
o
+
o
+
Lower
90%
CL
Upper
90%
CL
90%
CL
Width
CoV
4.85
4.81
3.73
4.94
4.65
2.67
2.60
3.46
3.09
2.87
2.81
5.24
3.72
5.72
4.25
4.97
4.51
4.50
3.59
4.48
4.22
4.28
3.21
4.46
4.18
2.13
2.01
2.75
2.82
2.27
2.02
4.98
3.07
4.69
3.77
3.89
4.02
4.22
2.96
3.86
5.58
5.40
4.32
5.47
5.17
3.35
3.36
4.34
3.39
3.61
3.91
5.51
4.50
6.97
4.80
6.35
5.07
4.79
4.34
5.19
1.37
1.12
1.10
1.01
0.99
1.22
1.35
1.59
0.57
1.34
1.89
0.53
1.42
2.28
1.03
2.47
1.06
0.57
1.37
1.33
0.28
0.23
0.30
0.20
0.21
0.46
0.52
0.46
0.19
0.47
0.67
0.10
0.38
0.40
0.24
0.50
0.23
0.13
0.38
0.30
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
CWR
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Best
pick
benchmark
89-99
95-97
97-03
97-03
95-97
02-05
05-09
96-98
98-06
04-09
05-09
95-00
00-06
90-96
96-00
96-00
00-06
96-03
03-09
00-05
benchmark
Applause
Cielo
Nubira
Lanos
Laser
Focus LR
Focus LS / LT
Astra TR
Astra TS
Astra AH
Viva JF
Excel / Accent
Elantra
S Coupe
Lantra
Coupe
Accent
Lancer / Mirage CE
Lancer CH / CJ
Rio
Years
of
Manufacture
benchmark
Small Cars
Daihatsu
Daewoo
Daewoo
Daewoo
Ford
Ford
Ford
Holden
Holden
Holden
Holden
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Hyundai
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Kia
Model
Equivalent to
benchmark
Make
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
Best Pick
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Aggressivity
Rating
Total Secondary
Safety Rating
++ =Equivalent to
benchmark
+ =Worse than
benchmark
o =At least 30%
worse than
benchmark
x =At least 60%
worse than
benchmark
xx =At least 90%
worse than
benchmark
++ =Equivalent to
benchmark
+ =Worse than
benchmark
o =At least 20%
worse than
benchmark
x =At least 40%
worse than
benchmark
xx =At least 60%
worse than
benchmark
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
o
+
+
+
+
x
xx
o
xx
xx
+
+
o
o
+
+
xx
x
xx
xx
x
xx
xx
o
xx
Lower
90%
CL
Upper
90%
CL
90%
CL
Width
CoV
4.28
3.23
2.35
4.40
6.72
3.83
3.53
3.09
1.89
3.69
2.79
2.13
4.92
4.77
2.61
3.93
4.34
3.13
3.37
3.58
4.29
3.83
2.89
2.01
4.08
5.44
3.48
3.12
2.48
1.18
2.98
2.16
1.38
4.07
4.32
2.14
3.22
4.09
2.82
3.10
2.75
3.54
4.77
3.60
2.73
4.76
8.30
4.22
3.99
3.85
3.02
4.57
3.59
3.29
5.95
5.26
3.18
4.79
4.60
3.49
3.66
4.67
5.20
0.93
0.71
0.72
0.68
2.87
0.74
0.87
1.36
1.84
1.58
1.43
1.92
1.88
0.94
1.03
1.57
0.51
0.67
0.56
1.92
1.66
0.22
0.22
0.31
0.15
0.43
0.19
0.25
0.44
0.98
0.43
0.51
0.90
0.38
0.20
0.40
0.40
0.12
0.21
0.17
0.54
0.39
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
CWR
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Best
pick
benchmark
95-98
99-03
03-09
96-99
91-96
00-05
96-00
01-05
06-09
93-01
94-01
01-09
95-96
93-00
01-07
95-02
94-97
98-01
02-07
07-09
91-99
benchmark
Laser / 323
3 / Axela
NX/NX-R
Pulsar
Civic
Civic
Civic
Integra
306
307
Wira
Impreza
Impreza
Corolla / Nova
Corolla / Allex
Corolla
Corolla
Paseo / Cynos
Years
of
Manufacture
benchmark
Mazda
Ford / Mazda
Mazda
Nissan
Nissan
Nissan
Honda
Honda
Honda
Honda
Peugeot
Peugeot
Proton
Subaru
Subaru
Suzuki
Toyota / Holden
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Model
Equivalent to
benchmark
Make
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
Best Pick
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Aggressivity
Rating
Total Secondary
Safety Rating
++ =Equivalent to
benchmark
+ =Worse than
benchmark
o =At least 30%
worse than
benchmark
x =At least 60%
worse than
benchmark
xx =At least 90%
worse than
benchmark
++ =Equivalent to
benchmark
+ =Worse than
benchmark
o =At least 20%
worse than
benchmark
x =At least 40%
worse than
benchmark
xx =At least 60%
worse than
benchmark
++
++
+
+
++
+
++
++
++
++
+
o
++
++
+
+
+
+
x
o
+
xx
xx
o
o
+
++
o
+
++
xx
xx
+
+
x
o
o
x
x
Years
of
Manufacture
Lower
90%
CL
Upper
90%
CL
90%
CL
Width
CoV
Best Pick
97-04
95-98
99-04
04-09
2.21
2.76
2.16
1.36
1.49
1.97
1.67
0.90
3.29
3.85
2.81
2.06
1.81
1.87
1.14
1.16
0.82
0.68
0.53
0.86
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
Charade
Sirion / Storia
Mira
Matiz
Festiva WD/WH/WF
Barina XC
Barina SB
Barina TK
Getz / TB
121 Metro / Demio
2
Micra
Jazz / Fit
Alto
93-00
98-04
90-96
99-04
94-01
01-06
95-00
05-09
02-09
94-96
97-02
02-07
95-97
02-08
89-99
85-00
6.42
4.55
10.08
5.31
6.16
3.34
4.63
4.21
5.04
5.22
4.41
3.81
6.36
3.48
5.90
9.66
5.85
3.73
8.52
4.27
5.82
2.85
4.22
3.39
4.37
4.64
3.82
2.99
5.17
2.82
5.59
7.62
7.04
5.55
11.91
6.59
6.53
3.93
5.09
5.23
5.82
5.88
5.08
4.85
7.84
4.30
6.24
12.25
1.19
1.82
3.39
2.32
0.70
1.08
0.88
1.84
1.45
1.24
1.26
1.86
2.67
1.48
0.65
4.63
0.19
0.40
0.34
0.44
0.11
0.32
0.19
0.44
0.29
0.24
0.29
0.49
0.42
0.42
0.11
0.48
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
S40/V40
Golf
Golf / Bora
Golf / Jetta
Equivalent to
benchmark
benchmark
CWR
Best
pick
benchmark
Volvo
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Light Cars
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daihatsu
Daewoo
Ford
Holden
Holden
Holden
Hyundai
Mazda
Mazda
Mazda
Nissan
Honda
Holden / Suzuki
Suzuki
Model
benchmark
Make
Aggressivity
Rating
Total Secondary
Safety Rating
++ =Equivalent to
benchmark
+ =Worse than
benchmark
o =At least 30%
worse than
benchmark
x =At least 60%
worse than
benchmark
xx =At least 90%
worse than
benchmark
++ =Equivalent to
benchmark
+ =Worse than
benchmark
o =At least 20%
worse than
benchmark
x =At least 40%
worse than
benchmark
xx =At least 60%
worse than
benchmark
++
+
++
++
+
+
+
++
x
++
++
++
++
++
++
+
++
++
xx
o
xx
xx
xx
o
xx
o
xx
x
x
o
xx
o
xx
xx
Lower
90%
CL
Upper
90%
CL
90%
CL
Width
CoV
6.24
3.72
5.22
4.35
3.16
4.77
3.06
4.69
3.95
2.61
8.17
4.51
5.79
4.78
3.82
3.40
1.45
1.10
0.83
1.21
0.54
0.39
0.21
0.19
0.38
0
0
0
0
0
38
CWR
0
0
0
0
0
40
Best
pick
benchmark
00-02
05-09
96-99
99-05
05-09
Number of vehicles rated
benchmark
Ignis
Swift
Starlet
Echo
Yaris
Years
of
Manufacture
benchmark
Suzuki
Suzuki
Toyota
Toyota
Toyota
Model
Equivalent to
benchmark
Make
0
1
0
0
1
41
0
0
0
0
0
18
1
0
1
1
0
47
Best Pick
0
0
0
0
0
20
Aggressivity
Rating
Total Secondary
Safety Rating
++ =Equivalent to
benchmark
+ =Worse than
benchmark
o =At least 30%
worse than
benchmark
x =At least 60%
worse than
benchmark
xx =At least 90%
worse than
benchmark
++ =Equivalent to
benchmark
+ =Worse than
benchmark
o =At least 20%
worse than
benchmark
x =At least 40%
worse than
benchmark
xx =At least 60%
worse than
benchmark
++
++
++
++
xx
o
xx
x
+
APPENDIX 8
CRASHWORTHINESS, INJURY RISK AND INJURY SEVERITY ESTIMATES
BY YEAR OF VEHICLE MANUFACTURE FOR THE AUSTRALIAN VEHICLE
FLEET
INJURY RISK BY YEAR OF VEHICLE MANUFACTURE
Year of
Manufacture
Coefficient of
Car Year
AVERAGE
-1.5553
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
0.4122
0.4862
0.3294
0.4094
0.3649
0.3580
0.3542
0.3045
0.3267
0.3512
0.3052
0.2116
0.2038
0.1611
0.1402
0.0724
0.1161
0.0987
0.0927
0.0994
0.0424
0.0525
-0.00736
-0.0300
-0.0507
-0.0872
-0.0738
-0.0897
-0.1129
-0.1621
-0.1512
-0.1748
-0.1528
-0.1706
-0.1811
-0.2061
-0.2563
-0.3161
-0.3078
-0.3373
-0.3694
-0.3553
-0.4087
-0.4353
-0.4679
-0.3883
Standard
Error of
Coefficient
Pr(Risk)
%
Lower 95%
Confidence
Limit
Upper 95%
Confidence
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
22.39
23.60
21.08
22.78
22.14
22.14
22.33
21.55
21.96
22.44
21.77
20.23
20.14
19.46
19.18
18.18
18.85
18.60
18.53
18.63
17.81
17.97
17.08
16.75
16.49
16.00
16.19
15.96
15.65
15.01
15.16
14.85
15.13
14.90
14.77
14.45
13.82
13.11
13.19
12.85
12.47
12.61
11.99
11.65
11.18
11.47
26.05
27.62
24.39
25.53
24.55
24.29
23.95
22.98
23.34
23.72
22.77
21.16
20.99
20.30
19.91
18.83
19.49
19.20
19.09
19.20
18.30
18.43
17.58
17.26
16.95
16.43
16.61
16.41
16.09
15.43
15.57
15.26
15.56
15.32
15.18
14.88
14.27
13.57
13.68
13.34
13.00
13.18
12.63
12.40
12.20
13.66
3.66
4.03
3.31
2.75
2.41
2.15
1.62
1.42
1.37
1.27
1.00
0.94
0.85
0.84
0.73
0.65
0.64
0.59
0.56
0.57
0.49
0.47
0.50
0.51
0.46
0.42
0.42
0.45
0.44
0.42
0.41
0.41
0.43
0.42
0.41
0.44
0.44
0.47
0.49
0.50
0.53
0.57
0.64
0.74
1.02
2.18
17.43
0.0509
0.0540
0.0482
0.0383
0.0344
0.0308
0.0232
0.0210
0.0200
0.0183
0.0147
0.0146
0.0132
0.0134
0.0118
0.0100
0.0105
0.0099
0.00928
0.00947
0.00853
0.00797
0.00884
0.00922
0.0084
0.00793
0.00787
0.00846
0.00836
0.00838
0.00807
0.00814
0.00847
0.00833
0.00821
0.00887
0.00937
0.0103
0.0107
0.0111
0.0121
0.0129
0.0151
0.0179
0.0252
0.0508
24.18
25.56
22.69
24.12
23.32
23.20
23.13
22.26
22.64
23.08
22.27
20.69
20.56
19.87
19.54
18.50
19.17
18.90
18.81
18.91
18.05
18.20
17.33
17.01
16.71
16.21
16.40
16.18
15.87
15.22
15.36
15.06
15.34
15.11
14.98
14.66
14.04
13.34
13.43
13.10
12.73
12.89
12.30
12.02
11.68
12.53
INJURY SEVERITY BY YEAR OF VEHICLE MANUFACTURE
Year of
Manufacture
Coefficient of
Car Year
AVERAGE
-1.1872
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
0.2937
0.0494
0.1642
0.1735
0.1407
0.3676
0.2549
0.2240
0.2364
0.2520
0.1438
0.1999
0.1116
0.1290
0.0873
0.1087
0.0671
0.0765
0.0971
0.0454
0.0488
0.0481
0.0426
0.0535
0.0443
0.0180
-0.00535
-0.00023
-0.0423
-0.0192
-0.0588
-0.0898
-0.1181
-0.1041
-0.1717
-0.1660
-0.1722
-0.1793
-0.2267
-0.3014
-0.2869
-0.2770
-0.3828
-0.2923
-0.2724
-0.3114
Standard
Error of
Coefficient
Pr(Severity)
%
Lower 95%
Confidence
Limit
Upper 95%
Confidence
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
25.70
20.92
23.45
24.19
23.81
28.52
26.71
26.22
26.54
26.97
25.06
26.16
24.55
24.85
24.18
24.63
23.87
24.08
24.50
23.54
23.66
23.68
23.52
23.69
23.57
23.12
22.71
22.74
22.01
22.40
21.74
21.20
20.71
20.94
19.83
19.88
19.74
19.59
18.81
17.66
17.80
17.90
16.22
17.31
17.06
14.16
32.62
27.97
29.67
29.21
28.30
32.73
29.83
29.07
29.25
29.44
27.06
28.16
26.34
26.70
25.79
26.15
25.34
25.48
25.83
24.87
24.88
24.83
24.79
25.02
24.80
24.29
23.86
24.02
23.26
23.68
22.95
22.42
21.96
22.20
21.07
21.20
21.14
21.06
20.34
19.19
19.49
19.70
18.27
19.85
20.79
23.24
6.91
7.04
6.22
5.02
4.48
4.21
3.12
2.84
2.71
2.47
2.00
2.00
1.79
1.85
1.62
1.52
1.47
1.40
1.33
1.33
1.22
1.15
1.26
1.34
1.23
1.17
1.16
1.28
1.26
1.28
1.22
1.22
1.26
1.25
1.24
1.32
1.40
1.47
1.53
1.54
1.69
1.80
2.05
2.54
3.74
9.08
23.38
0.0857
0.0978
0.0816
0.0656
0.0595
0.0506
0.0393
0.0363
0.0344
0.0311
0.0265
0.0258
0.0241
0.0247
0.0220
0.0205
0.0202
0.0191
0.0180
0.0185
0.0169
0.0160
0.0176
0.0185
0.0171
0.0165
0.0165
0.0182
0.0183
0.0184
0.0179
0.0182
0.0191
0.0189
0.0194
0.0207
0.0219
0.0232
0.0248
0.0261
0.0284
0.0301
0.0366
0.0429
0.0623
0.1550
29.04
24.27
26.44
26.63
25.99
30.59
28.25
27.62
27.87
28.19
26.05
27.14
25.43
25.77
24.98
25.38
24.60
24.77
25.16
24.20
24.26
24.25
24.15
24.35
24.18
23.70
23.28
23.37
22.63
23.03
22.34
21.81
21.33
21.56
20.44
20.53
20.43
20.32
19.56
18.41
18.63
18.78
17.22
18.55
18.85
18.26
CRASHWORTHINESS BY YEAR OF VEHICLE MANUFACTURE
Year of
Manufacture
Pr(Risk)
%
Pr(Severity)
%
Serious injury Overall
rate per 100
rank
drivers
order
involved
AVERAGE
17.43
23.38
4.08
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
24.18
25.56
22.69
24.12
23.32
23.20
23.13
22.26
22.64
23.08
22.27
20.69
20.56
19.87
19.54
18.50
19.17
18.90
18.81
18.91
18.05
18.20
17.33
17.01
16.71
16.21
16.40
16.18
15.87
15.22
15.36
15.06
15.34
15.11
14.98
14.66
14.04
13.34
13.43
13.10
12.73
12.89
12.30
12.02
11.68
12.53
29.04
24.27
26.44
26.63
25.99
30.59
28.25
27.62
27.87
28.19
26.05
27.14
25.43
25.77
24.98
25.38
24.60
24.77
25.16
24.20
24.26
24.25
24.15
24.35
24.18
23.70
23.28
23.37
22.63
23.03
22.34
21.81
21.33
21.56
20.44
20.53
20.43
20.32
19.56
18.41
18.63
18.78
17.22
18.55
18.85
18.26
7.02
6.20
6.00
6.42
6.06
7.09
6.53
6.15
6.31
6.50
5.80
5.62
5.23
5.12
4.88
4.69
4.72
4.68
4.73
4.58
4.38
4.41
4.18
4.14
4.04
3.84
3.82
3.78
3.59
3.51
3.43
3.28
3.27
3.26
3.06
3.01
2.87
2.71
2.63
2.41
2.37
2.42
2.12
2.23
2.20
2.29
45
40
37
42
38
46
44
39
41
43
36
35
34
33
32
29
30
28
31
27
25
26
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
6
5
7
1
3
2
4
Lower 95%
Confidence
Limit
Upper 95%
Confidence
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
6.10
5.26
5.22
5.75
5.48
6.53
6.12
5.79
5.96
6.18
5.55
5.38
5.02
4.91
4.70
4.53
4.56
4.53
4.59
4.43
4.26
4.30
4.06
4.01
3.93
3.74
3.71
3.67
3.48
3.40
3.33
3.18
3.17
3.16
2.96
2.91
2.76
2.60
2.52
2.30
2.26
2.30
1.99
2.07
1.98
1.76
8.08
7.32
6.89
7.17
6.70
7.71
6.97
6.53
6.68
6.85
6.06
5.86
5.45
5.34
5.07
4.86
4.88
4.84
4.88
4.72
4.51
4.53
4.31
4.27
4.16
3.95
3.93
3.90
3.70
3.62
3.54
3.39
3.38
3.37
3.17
3.12
2.98
2.82
2.74
2.52
2.49
2.55
2.26
2.40
2.45
2.98
1.99
2.06
1.67
1.42
1.22
1.18
0.86
0.75
0.72
0.67
0.52
0.49
0.43
0.43
0.36
0.33
0.32
0.30
0.29
0.29
0.25
0.24
0.25
0.26
0.23
0.21
0.21
0.23
0.22
0.22
0.21
0.20
0.21
0.21
0.20
0.21
0.22
0.22
0.23
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.27
0.34
0.48
1.22
APPENDIX 9
CRASHWORTHINESS, INJURY RISK AND INJURY SEVERITY ESTIMATES
BY YEAR OF VEHICLE MANUFACTURE BY MARKET GROUP FOR THE
AUSTRALIAN VEHICLE FLEET
CRASHWORTHINESS BY YEAR OF VEHICLE MANUFACTURE BY MARKET GROUP
Year of
Manufacture
Pr(Risk)
%
Pr(Severity)
%
Serious
injury rate
per 100
drivers
involved
%
Lower 95%
Confidence
Limit
Upper 95%
Confidence
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
13.01
28.19
25.63
20.44
18.41
27.55
18.21
22.87
21.75
22.55
22.75
25.59
21.81
15.39
18.04
18.99
22.04
19.59
19.37
20.30
14.18
19.38
21.16
18.04
18.99
19.60
13.47
4.04
8.12
7.35
6.42
5.30
7.75
4.54
5.67
4.96
5.47
5.24
5.46
4.34
3.07
3.44
3.32
3.60
2.92
3.01
2.83
2.26
2.83
3.32
2.77
2.66
2.41
1.80
3.23
7.25
6.83
6.12
4.58
6.99
4.12
5.46
4.80
5.26
5.02
5.22
4.15
2.84
3.25
3.21
3.52
2.85
2.93
2.76
2.21
2.77
3.25
2.69
2.56
2.28
1.47
5.04
9.10
7.90
6.73
6.12
8.58
5.00
5.89
5.14
5.69
5.47
5.71
4.53
3.31
3.63
3.43
3.68
2.99
3.09
2.90
2.32
2.88
3.38
2.85
2.76
2.55
2.20
1.80
1.85
1.08
0.61
1.54
1.58
0.88
0.43
0.34
0.43
0.45
0.49
0.38
0.47
0.38
0.22
0.15
0.14
0.16
0.14
0.11
0.11
0.13
0.15
0.20
0.27
0.73
31.63
30.74
15.57
27.76
10.57
28.51
38.05
16.54
19.60
19.87
18.41
21.91
22.40
10.13
6.44
3.29
6.05
1.88
5.35
6.14
3.01
3.38
3.91
2.61
3.15
2.77
7.77
5.20
2.64
5.65
1.32
4.48
5.58
2.78
3.10
3.21
2.44
2.98
2.58
13.20
7.97
4.11
6.48
2.66
6.40
6.76
3.27
3.68
4.77
2.78
3.33
2.97
5.43
2.76
1.47
0.83
1.33
1.92
1.18
0.49
0.57
1.56
0.34
0.35
0.39
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
31.01
28.82
28.65
31.41
28.77
28.11
24.95
24.79
22.82
24.26
23.05
21.32
19.89
19.94
19.06
17.47
16.33
14.91
15.55
13.94
15.96
14.59
15.67
15.35
14.01
12.31
13.37
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
32.02
20.94
21.14
21.80
17.74
18.77
16.14
18.21
17.22
19.70
14.17
14.39
12.36
Year of
Manufacture
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Pr(Risk)
%
Pr(Severity)
%
Lower 95%
Confidence
Limit
Upper 95%
Confidence
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
23.86
19.12
23.18
18.21
20.55
17.69
24.04
22.26
14.08
20.92
20.98
11.59
15.27
15.71
Serious
injury rate
per 100
drivers
involved
%
3.04
2.62
3.31
2.86
2.83
2.33
2.68
2.61
1.53
2.22
2.36
1.37
2.09
1.71
12.75
13.68
14.27
15.69
13.78
13.15
11.13
11.74
10.90
10.63
11.26
11.78
13.70
10.86
2.87
2.45
3.19
2.70
2.68
2.17
2.56
2.49
1.42
2.15
2.25
1.26
1.92
1.38
3.22
2.79
3.43
3.03
3.00
2.49
2.80
2.73
1.65
2.30
2.48
1.47
2.28
2.12
0.35
0.34
0.24
0.33
0.32
0.33
0.24
0.24
0.23
0.15
0.23
0.21
0.36
0.74
17.63
16.39
14.52
17.18
13.77
16.07
14.35
13.91
13.10
12.34
12.69
12.52
12.71
12.60
12.87
11.65
12.66
12.40
10.82
11.02
11.08
10.61
9.92
10.55
10.00
10.09
8.36
22.85
25.05
23.11
27.48
22.67
22.74
27.07
23.35
18.54
21.55
23.04
22.69
22.17
22.37
24.77
20.87
18.84
21.18
22.55
17.87
13.72
17.88
15.16
18.90
17.37
22.58
12.37
4.03
4.11
3.36
4.72
3.12
3.65
3.88
3.25
2.43
2.66
2.92
2.84
2.82
2.82
3.19
2.43
2.39
2.63
2.44
1.97
1.52
1.90
1.50
1.99
1.74
2.28
1.03
3.86
3.93
3.25
4.63
2.97
3.46
3.79
3.19
2.37
2.59
2.86
2.78
2.75
2.75
3.12
2.37
2.34
2.57
2.37
1.85
1.42
1.79
1.39
1.83
1.57
1.91
0.65
4.20
4.29
3.47
4.81
3.28
3.86
3.98
3.31
2.49
2.73
2.99
2.90
2.88
2.89
3.26
2.49
2.44
2.68
2.51
2.10
1.63
2.01
1.63
2.17
1.92
2.72
1.65
0.34
0.35
0.22
0.18
0.30
0.39
0.19
0.12
0.12
0.14
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.15
0.14
0.12
0.10
0.11
0.14
0.25
0.21
0.22
0.24
0.34
0.34
0.81
1.00
25.71
26.58
25.11
27.61
6.46
7.34
6.24
7.12
6.68
7.56
0.44
0.44
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Commercial - Vans
1982
1983
Year of
Manufacture
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Pr(Risk)
%
Pr(Severity)
%
Lower 95%
Confidence
Limit
Upper 95%
Confidence
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
24.67
23.29
21.26
18.17
29.41
24.46
19.80
28.35
20.34
24.92
23.77
23.36
16.75
27.84
15.73
19.80
21.17
18.87
16.43
15.69
13.37
23.75
17.54
21.96
23.48
Serious
injury rate
per 100
drivers
involved
%
6.10
5.28
4.80
4.05
6.53
5.24
4.01
4.90
3.77
4.18
4.16
4.25
2.65
4.59
2.69
3.07
3.19
2.58
2.36
1.89
1.96
3.42
2.56
3.00
3.89
24.73
22.66
22.55
22.30
22.22
21.44
20.25
17.29
18.54
16.77
17.49
18.20
15.81
16.49
17.11
15.52
15.05
13.66
14.33
12.02
14.68
14.42
14.61
13.66
16.55
5.95
5.13
4.65
3.86
6.37
5.03
3.81
4.65
3.55
3.93
3.95
4.08
2.46
4.38
2.52
2.89
3.01
2.37
2.17
1.71
1.72
3.09
2.17
2.20
2.84
6.26
5.43
4.95
4.25
6.70
5.47
4.22
5.17
4.00
4.44
4.37
4.43
2.85
4.81
2.88
3.26
3.38
2.80
2.55
2.08
2.24
3.79
3.03
4.08
5.32
0.31
0.30
0.29
0.39
0.33
0.43
0.41
0.52
0.45
0.52
0.42
0.35
0.40
0.43
0.36
0.37
0.37
0.43
0.38
0.38
0.51
0.70
0.86
1.88
2.48
19.67
17.62
18.75
21.09
19.02
18.97
18.20
17.83
17.84
16.65
17.65
16.34
16.06
15.99
16.36
16.48
15.09
15.20
14.93
13.68
12.60
25.10
26.34
24.06
25.36
22.80
21.03
25.49
22.08
22.40
23.71
22.44
25.44
23.39
21.81
21.57
21.80
19.42
21.98
19.77
20.82
18.67
4.94
4.64
4.51
5.35
4.34
3.99
4.64
3.94
4.00
3.95
3.96
4.16
3.76
3.49
3.53
3.59
2.93
3.34
2.95
2.85
2.35
4.85
4.54
4.46
5.30
4.28
3.91
4.59
3.90
3.96
3.91
3.93
4.12
3.73
3.46
3.50
3.56
2.90
3.31
2.92
2.81
2.32
5.02
4.74
4.56
5.40
4.39
4.06
4.69
3.97
4.03
3.99
4.00
4.19
3.79
3.52
3.56
3.62
2.96
3.37
2.99
2.88
2.38
0.17
0.19
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.15
0.10
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.06
Commercial - Utes
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Year of
Manufacture
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Pr(Risk)
%
Pr(Severity)
%
Lower 95%
Confidence
Limit
Upper 95%
Confidence
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
17.97
19.53
18.80
17.69
14.21
17.36
Serious
injury rate
per 100
drivers
involved
%
2.30
2.69
2.52
2.11
1.74
2.11
12.77
13.77
13.43
11.90
12.23
12.18
2.27
2.66
2.48
2.06
1.68
1.95
2.32
2.72
2.57
2.15
1.80
2.29
0.06
0.06
0.08
0.09
0.13
0.34
19.30
19.86
19.41
19.07
18.86
18.53
17.90
17.55
18.11
17.75
17.33
16.21
16.55
16.21
16.67
15.89
16.00
16.06
15.55
15.54
15.32
14.60
14.15
14.07
13.85
12.84
11.93
11.61
25.00
24.58
23.39
23.01
22.98
23.51
23.55
23.36
22.69
22.30
21.13
21.55
21.30
20.73
19.64
19.76
18.55
18.73
18.97
19.94
19.37
16.79
16.47
16.84
16.95
15.27
17.20
24.49
4.83
4.88
4.54
4.39
4.33
4.36
4.22
4.10
4.11
3.96
3.66
3.49
3.53
3.36
3.27
3.14
2.97
3.01
2.95
3.10
2.97
2.45
2.33
2.37
2.35
1.96
2.05
2.84
4.81
4.87
4.53
4.38
4.32
4.35
4.21
4.09
4.10
3.95
3.65
3.49
3.52
3.35
3.27
3.13
2.96
3.00
2.94
3.09
2.96
2.44
2.31
2.35
2.31
1.90
1.90
2.03
4.84
4.90
4.55
4.40
4.34
4.37
4.22
4.11
4.11
3.97
3.67
3.50
3.53
3.37
3.28
3.15
2.98
3.02
2.96
3.11
2.98
2.46
2.35
2.39
2.39
2.03
2.21
3.97
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.08
0.13
0.31
1.94
22.01
21.35
21.22
21.32
20.25
20.23
19.51
19.51
18.66
23.36
21.75
22.87
22.13
23.85
22.01
22.95
22.94
22.20
5.14
4.64
4.85
4.72
4.83
4.45
4.48
4.47
4.14
5.13
4.63
4.84
4.71
4.81
4.43
4.46
4.46
4.13
5.16
4.66
4.87
4.73
4.85
4.48
4.49
4.49
4.15
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.02
Large Cars
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Medium Cars
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Year of
Manufacture
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Pr(Risk)
%
Pr(Severity)
%
Lower 95%
Confidence
Limit
Upper 95%
Confidence
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
22.00
20.84
21.56
20.41
19.99
20.28
20.38
17.48
19.55
18.52
19.29
18.87
16.57
17.02
11.02
12.91
19.57
22.25
Serious
injury rate
per 100
drivers
involved
%
4.22
3.65
3.59
3.40
3.25
3.37
3.36
2.83
3.04
2.82
2.92
2.63
2.46
2.58
1.63
1.56
2.69
3.07
19.17
17.54
16.67
16.65
16.24
16.60
16.46
16.22
15.53
15.20
15.15
13.95
14.86
15.17
14.77
12.09
13.74
13.80
4.20
3.64
3.58
3.38
3.23
3.34
3.33
2.80
3.00
2.77
2.88
2.57
2.40
2.50
1.55
1.47
2.51
2.74
4.23
3.67
3.61
3.42
3.27
3.39
3.38
2.87
3.08
2.86
2.97
2.70
2.53
2.66
1.71
1.66
2.88
3.44
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.09
0.13
0.14
0.16
0.17
0.20
0.37
0.71
27.53
25.35
25.32
25.58
25.16
22.25
21.03
22.16
19.06
19.34
18.83
17.30
16.92
15.70
15.35
15.77
14.75
14.82
12.86
14.95
13.16
12.10
12.15
14.06
13.91
12.79
33.68
24.40
27.99
24.10
23.08
19.82
19.43
28.86
24.87
21.45
16.69
24.90
21.04
21.97
15.70
21.06
16.13
17.90
23.78
16.14
22.12
23.92
19.01
16.14
14.89
26.50
9.27
6.18
7.09
6.17
5.81
4.41
4.09
6.40
4.74
4.15
3.14
4.31
3.56
3.45
2.41
3.32
2.38
2.65
3.06
2.41
2.91
2.89
2.31
2.27
2.07
3.39
8.95
6.06
6.98
6.04
5.58
4.03
3.89
6.26
4.57
3.97
2.98
4.14
3.37
3.21
2.15
3.07
2.14
2.42
2.82
2.17
2.62
2.59
2.05
1.98
1.44
2.69
9.60
6.31
7.20
6.29
6.05
4.83
4.29
6.53
4.92
4.33
3.31
4.48
3.76
3.70
2.70
3.59
2.65
2.91
3.32
2.69
3.24
3.23
2.60
2.60
2.97
4.27
0.65
0.24
0.22
0.25
0.47
0.80
0.40
0.27
0.35
0.36
0.33
0.34
0.39
0.49
0.55
0.53
0.51
0.49
0.51
0.52
0.62
0.64
0.54
0.62
1.53
1.57
People Movers
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Small Cars
Year of
Manufacture
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Pr(Risk)
%
Pr(Severity)
%
Serious
injury rate
per 100
drivers
involved
%
Lower 95%
Confidence
Limit
Upper 95%
Confidence
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
24.51
25.22
23.76
24.53
23.33
23.15
22.70
21.58
21.14
21.00
20.79
20.54
20.80
19.90
20.58
20.23
20.05
19.50
18.47
17.33
18.20
17.75
16.99
17.16
15.58
15.38
14.60
15.02
24.54
23.14
22.89
23.40
22.49
23.96
23.47
23.32
22.80
22.27
21.81
21.69
20.62
22.26
20.63
22.21
21.01
20.63
20.62
19.42
19.54
18.55
17.53
19.05
15.17
19.80
19.81
24.55
6.02
5.83
5.44
5.74
5.25
5.55
5.33
5.03
4.82
4.68
4.54
4.45
4.29
4.43
4.25
4.49
4.21
4.02
3.81
3.36
3.56
3.29
2.98
3.27
2.36
3.05
2.89
3.69
6.00
5.82
5.42
5.73
5.23
5.53
5.32
5.02
4.81
4.67
4.52
4.44
4.28
4.42
4.23
4.48
4.20
4.01
3.80
3.35
3.54
3.28
2.96
3.25
2.33
3.00
2.79
2.98
6.03
5.85
5.45
5.76
5.26
5.57
5.34
5.04
4.83
4.69
4.55
4.47
4.30
4.44
4.26
4.50
4.22
4.03
3.82
3.38
3.57
3.31
3.00
3.29
2.39
3.10
2.99
4.56
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.06
0.10
0.20
1.58
28.92
30.20
27.01
28.22
27.15
27.16
27.25
24.78
26.03
24.88
24.92
24.59
23.87
23.63
23.48
22.46
22.61
27.17
21.72
21.42
27.61
26.66
28.79
20.59
23.43
25.48
24.54
25.75
24.96
22.59
22.52
21.72
23.19
22.45
7.86
6.56
5.78
7.79
7.24
7.82
5.61
5.80
6.63
6.11
6.42
6.14
5.39
5.32
5.10
5.21
5.08
7.74
6.47
5.72
7.74
7.16
7.73
5.53
5.76
6.59
6.07
6.39
6.11
5.36
5.30
5.07
5.18
5.05
7.98
6.65
5.85
7.84
7.31
7.91
5.69
5.85
6.68
6.14
6.45
6.17
5.42
5.35
5.13
5.24
5.10
0.25
0.17
0.12
0.09
0.15
0.17
0.16
0.09
0.09
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.06
0.06
0.06
Light Cars
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
Year of
Manufacture
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Pr(Risk)
%
Pr(Severity)
%
22.92
21.76
19.70
19.09
19.92
18.50
18.32
17.46
17.57
16.29
16.49
21.18
19.92
21.63
20.80
21.15
18.73
20.69
20.16
21.34
21.65
12.23
Serious
injury rate
per 100
drivers
involved
%
4.85
4.34
4.26
3.97
4.21
3.46
3.79
3.52
3.75
3.53
2.02
Lower 95%
Confidence
Limit
Upper 95%
Confidence
Limit
Width of
Confidence
Interval
4.81
4.29
4.19
3.90
4.16
3.41
3.74
3.46
3.66
3.34
0.81
4.90
4.39
4.34
4.04
4.27
3.52
3.84
3.58
3.84
3.73
5.00
0.08
0.10
0.15
0.15
0.10
0.11
0.10
0.12
0.18
0.39
4.19

vehicle crashworthiness ratings

Transcription

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