slides - Insight Cruises

VIKING VOYAGES OF DISCOVERY
KENNETH W. HARL, TULANE UNIVERSITY
Bright Horizons 26, August 1-15, 2015
Painting by Christian Krogh, 1893
NORSE WESTERN VOYAGES, 800-985
ca. 800-825
Norse Settlement of Shetland Islands
ca. 825
Gimur Kambon
Norse Discovery & Settlement of
Faroes
ca. 860-870
Gardar Svavarrson
Naddod, the Viking
Floki Vilgerdarson
Accidental Discovery of Iceland
871-873
Ingholf Arnarason
First Settlement of Iceland
874-930
Norse Settlement of Iceland
Ulfljot establishes Althing
ca. 930-935
Gunnbjorn Ulf-Krakason
Sighting of Greenland
982-984
Erik the Red
Discovery of Greenland
985
Erik the Red
Establishment of Greenland
Settlements
SAILING WEST
Knarr
SKULDELEV
SHIP 1
975-1000 A.D.
NORSE SETTLEMENT
OF NORTHERN SCOTLAND
AND THE NORTHERN ISLES
ca. 800-825
THE WAY WEST: FAEROES AND ICELAND
THE FAROES, ca. 825-1000
Torshavn, Viking Age Farmstead
DISCOVERY OF ICELAND
ICELAND: COLONIAL
SCANDINAVIA
-6Area: 39,700 square miles
15-20% inhabitable in 870
Glaciers & Snowfields
Vatnajókull
3,500 sq.
miles
Hofsjökull,
520 sq. miles
Langjökull ,
500 sq
miles
Myrdalsjökull, 390 sq.
miles
Volcanoes:
Mt Hekla
Eruptions 860, 1103 & 1341
Mt. Laki
Eruption 1783
associated snow fields Hofsjökull (520 square miles), Langjökull (500 square miles), and
Mýrdalsjökull (390 square miles). In the northwestern Iceland, lesser glaciers nearly descend to
the ocean, and so limit habitation. The landscape of Iceland has been shaped by the glaciers,
DISCOVERY OF ICELAND
DISCOVERY OF ICELAND
Eyjafollajkoll Glacier
DISCOVERY OF ICELAND
SETTLEMENT OF ICELAND
SETTLEMENT OF ICELAND
Settlement of Ingolf, ca. 870; Painting, Johan Peter Raadig (1806-1882)
SETTLEMENT OF ICELAND
Ari Thorgilsson “the Learned”
(1057-1148); Landnamabok
Viking Age Farmsteads, Iceland
THE WAY WEST:
GREENLAND 965
GREENLAND SETTLEMENTS, 986-1490
GREENLAND SETTLEMENTS, 986-1490
Gardar, reconstructed farmstead
GREENLAND SETTLEMENTS, 986-1490
Hvalsey, Ruins of the church
END OF THE GREENLAND SETTLEMENTS
Little Ice Age, ca. 1350-1650
NORSE WESTERN VOYAGES, 986-1014
986 
Bjarni Herjolfsson
Accidental Discovery: Markland
(Labrador) & Helluland (Baffin
Island)
1000 or 1001
Leif Eiriksson
Exploration: Helluland, Markland,
Vinland (Newfoundland or New
Brunswick)
1004-1006
Thorvald Eiriksson
Settlement, Vinland (L’Anse aux
Meadows)
1009-1012
Thorfinn Karlsefni
Settlement, Vinland
1013-1014
Thorvald & Freydis
Settlement, Vinland
EUROPEAN DISCOVERY OF AMERICA
Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)
Painting by Sebastiano del Piombo, 1519
Voyages, 1492, 1493, 1498. & 1502
EUROPEAN DISCOVERY OF AMERICA
Christopher Columbus, October 12, 1492; painting by John Vanderlyn (1775-1852)
CHICAGO WORLD’S FAIR, COLUMBIAN EXPOSION, 1893
Commemorative Dollar, 1893
Replicas: Nina, Pinta & Santa Maria, 1893
Commemorative Stamps, 1893
THE NORSE DISCOVERY: GOKSTAD REPLICA, 1893
The Viking, commanded by Captain Magnus Anderson
Bergen-Newfoundland, 28 days 3,900 nautical miles
THE NORSE-AMERICAN CENTENTIAL, 1925
Leif Erikson
Commemorative
Stamp, 1958
Restauration, StavangarNew York, October 9, 1825
Replica, The Viking
Commemorative Dollar, 2000
HONORING NORSE DISCOVERS
Leif Erikson, Seattle 1962
Thorfinn Karlsefni, Philadelphia 1918
NORSE WESTERN VOYAGES, 986-1014
986 
Bjarni Herjolfsson
Accidental Discovery: Markland
(Labrador) & Helluland (Baffin
Island)
1000 or 1001
Leif Eiriksson
Exploration: Helluland, Markland,
Vinland (Newfoundland or New
Brunswick)
1004-1006
Thorvald Eiriksson
Settlement, Vinland (L’Anse aux
Meadows)
1009-1012
Thorfinn Karlsefni
Settlement, Vinland
1013-1014
Thorvald & Freydis
Settlement, Vinland
WESTERN VOYAGES
986-1014
THE SOURCES: THE SAGAS
Grœnlendinga saga (Greenlanders’
Saga), ca. 1275-1300
From Flateyjarbók
Eiríks saga rauða (Saga of Eirik
the Red), ca. 1275-1300
From (1) Hauksbók (2) and
Skálholtsbók
THE SOURCES ADAM OF BREMEN
Schematic Map based on description of Adam of Bremen
Descriptio insularum Aquilonis, ca. 1075
Book IV of Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum
THE SOURCES ADAM OF BREMEN
Translation: Descriptio insularum Aquilonis, ca. 1075
Book IV of Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum
He also told me that many in this part of the Ocean have discovered an
island called Vinland because there are grapevines growing wild which
produces the best of wines. From trustworthy Danes rather than from
fantastic tales, I also have heard that there is an abundance of cereal
which is self-sown. Beyond this island, he [i.e. King Svein Estrithsson,
1047-1074] says, are no more inhabitable islands in the Ocean. Everything
farther out is covered by immense masses of ice and perennial fog.
Martianus tells of this:’ One day of sailing beyond Thule the sea is solid.’
This the widely travelled King Harald of Norway found to be true. With his
ships he recently investigated the extent of the northern Ocean but finally
had to turn back when the extreme limit of the world disappeared in fog
before his eyes. He barely escaped the gaping ravine of the abyss.
ARCHAEOLOGY: L’ANSE AUX MEADOWS
ARCHAEOLOGY: L’ANSE AUX MEADOWS
Helge & Anne Stine Ingstad,
“Jelly Fish Cove,” 1960
●
“Leif’s Booths” 1000
From
ARCHAEOLOGY: L’ANSE AUX MEADOWS
Loom Weight & Quartz Pin
ARCHAEOLOGY: L’ANSE AUX MEADOWS
Reconstructed Norse House
VOYAGE OF BJARNI HERJOLFSSON, 986
VOYAGE OF BJARNI HERJOLFSSON, 986
Markland: Labrador
VOYAGE OF BJARNI HERJOLFSSON, 986
Helluland: Baffin Island
FIRST VOYAGE OF JOHN CABOT, 1497
VOYAGE OF LEIF EIRIKSSON, 1000 or 1001
VOYAGE OF LEIF EIRIKSSON, 1000 or 1001
Markland: Porcupine Bay, Labrador
VOYAGE OF LEIF EIRIKSSON, 1000 or 1001
Vinland: L’Asne aux Meadows, Newfoundland
VOYAGE OF LEIF EIRIKSSON, 1000 or 1001
Vinland: New Brunswick or Cape Cod
VOYAGES OF JACQUES CARTIER, 1534-1536
VINNLAND COLONIES
Throvald Eirikson, 1004-1006
Thorfinn Karlsefni, 1009-1012
Thorvald & Freydis, 1012-1013
LIMITS OF OVERSEAS SETTLEMENT
Vinland Colony, 1009-1012
250 settlers
Greenland, Population 1000
4,000
Iceland, Population 1000
75,000
Norway, Population 1000
200,000
Jamestown Colony, 1607
Jamestown Colony, 1608
Jamestown Colony , 1608
Jamestown Colony, 1609-1610
James Colony, 1610
104 settlers
38 survivors
120 new settlers
60 survivors
500 new settlers
England , Population 1600
English Immigration, 1625-1680
5,000,000
100,000
INVENTING TRADITION: KENSINGTON RUNESTONE
Kensington Runestone, 1910
Kensington Runestone
Museum Display
KENSINGTON RUNESTONE
Transcription of Runes
THE KENSINGTON RUNESTONE
Main inscription:
8 : göter : ok : 22 : norrmen : po :
...o : opþagelsefärd : fro :
vinland : of : vest : vi :
hade : läger : ved : 2 : skLär : en :
dags : rise : norr : fro : þeno : sten :
vi : var : ok : fiske : en : dagh : äptir :
vi : kom : hem : fan : 10 : man : röde :
af : blod : og : ded : AVM :
frälse : äf : illü.
Lateral Side:
här : (10) : mans : ve : havet : at : se :
äptir : vore : skip : 14 : dagh : rise :
from : þeno : öh : ahr : 1362 :
Translation:
Eight Götalanders and 22
Northmen on (this?) acquisition
journey from Vinland far to the
west. We had a camp by two
(shelters?) one day's journey
north from this stone. We were
fishing one day. After we came
home, found 10 men red from
blood and dead. Ave Maria save
from evil. There are 10 men by
the inland sea to look after our
ships fourteen days journey from
this peninsula (or island). Year
1362
KENSINGTON RUNESTONE
Oolf Olsson Ohrman, 1898
Kensington, MA
KENSINGTON RUNESTONE
Hjalmar Rued Holand (1872-1963)
Born Akershus, Norway
M.A., University of Wisconsin, 1899
Purchased Kensington Stone, 1907
KENSINGTON RUNESTONE
KENSINGTON RUNESTONE
KENSINGTON RUNESTONE
Kensignton Runestone Park
Alexandria, Douglas Co. MN
Runestone Memorial Replica
Alexandaria Lions Club, 1969
KENSINGTONE RUNESTONE PARK
Big Ole (25 feet)
Alexandria, Douglas Co, MN
OTHER FORGERIES AND HOAXES
Heavener Runestone, OK, 1928
Spirit Pond Runestones
Phippsburg, ME, 1971
Shawnee Runestone, OK, 1969
OTHER FORGERIES AND HOAXES
“Viking Tower,” Newport RI
Chesterton, England
Windmill, 1650-1675
OTHER FORGERIES & HOAXES
Beardman “Hoard,”
James Edward Dodd, 1936
Royal Ontario Museum
“Maine Penny”
Olaf Kyrre (1067-1093)
Guy Mellgren, 1967
Naskeag Point, ME
THE VINALND MAP, 1440
THE VINALND MAP, 1440
Yale University Press, 1965
R. A. Thomas E. Marston
George D. Painter Skelton
THE VINALND MAP, 1440
THE VINALND MAP, 1440: TEXT:
LEIF ERIKSON AND VINLAND
“God willed that after a long journey from Greenland to the
farthest remaining pats of the western ocean sea that
companions Bjani and Leif Ericsson, sailing south through
the ice, discovered a new land which was very rich and
which even had vines; they called in Vinland Island. Eric,
bishop of Greenland and the neighboring regions and
legate of the apostolic see in this truly vast and rich land,
arrived in the name of Almighty God in the last two years of
Pope Paschal [i..e. Paschal II, 1099-1118]. Eric stayed some
time in summer before returning to Greenland and laqter
proceeding southward in obedience to God’s will.”
THE VINALND MAP: POSITION OF GREENLAND
THE SKÁLHOLT MAP
Skálholt Map, Iceland
Sigurd Stefánsson, 1570
Copy by Thordur Thorlaksson, 1690
THE VINLAND MAP: REACTIONS, 1965
Columbus Day Parade, NYC,
October 12, 1965
Columbus Day Parade, Chicago
October 12, 1965
IMMIGRTION PATTERNS
Italian Americans, 2009: 18 million
IMMIGRTION PATTERNS
Scandinavian Americans, 2009: 18 million
EPILOGE: HONORING DISCOVERS
Leif Erikson, Seattle
Stamp, Iceland, 2000
Chrisopher Columbus, NYC