Connective Tissue: Elastic (cartilage) Intermediate qualities to both

Connective Tissue: Elastic (cartilage) Intermediate qualities to both

Connective Tissue: Elastic (cartilage)
Intermediate qualities to both dense connective
tissue and bone
Stands up to tension and compression
Tough and flexible
Lacks nerve fibers and is avascular
Receives nutrients by diffusion from blood vessels
located in the perichondrium (connective tissue
membrane) surrounding it.
Contains a lot of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Connective Tissue: Elastic (cartilage, cont.)
Cartilage matrix contains a lot of fluid (80% H2O)
H2O associated with springyness and nourishment delivery
Chrondroblasts are the major cell type in growing
cartilage. They produce new matrix until the skeleton
stops growing
Three types of cartilage:
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Connective Tissue: Elastic Cartilage
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.9g
Connective Tissue: Hyaline Cartilage
Amorphous, firm matrix with imperceptible
network of collagen fibers
Chondrocytes lie in lacunae
Supports, reinforces, cushions, and resists
compression
Forms the costal cartilage
Found in embryonic skeleton, the end of long
bones, nose, trachea, and larynx
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Connective Tissue: Hyaline Cartilage
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.9f
Connective Tissue: Elastic Cartilage
Identical to hyaline cartilage except for more
elastin fibers found in the elastic cartilage
Forms the “skeleton” of the external ear &
epiglottis
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Connective Tissue: Fibrocartilage Cartilage
Matrix similar to hyaline cartilage but less firm
with thick alternating rows of collagen fibers and
chondrocytes (cartilage)
Provides tensile strength and absorbs compression
shock
Found in intervertebral discs, the pubic symphysis,
and in miniscus of the knee joint
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Connective Tissue: Fibrocartilage Cartilage
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.9h
Connective Tissue: Bone (Osseous Tissue)
Hard, calcified matrix with collagen fibers found in bone
Osteoblasts produce the organic component of the matrix
Bone salts are placed on and between the fibers
Osteocytes are found in lacunae and are well vascularized
Bone is composed of units called osteons:
Formed of concentric rings of bony matrix (lamellae)
surrounding central canals containing blood vessels and
nerve fibers
Supports, protects, and provides levers for muscular action
Stores calcium, minerals, and fat
Marrow inside bones is the site of hematopoiesis
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Connective Tissue: Bone (Osseous Tissue)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.9i
Connective Tissue: Blood
Atypical connective tissue in that it doesn’t
connect things/no mechanical support
Classified as connective tissue because it develops
from mesenchyme and is surrounded by matrix
(plasma)
Red and white cells in a fluid matrix (plasma)
Contained within blood vessels
Functions in the transport of respiratory gases,
nutrients, and wastes
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Connective Tissue: Blood
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.9j
Nervous Tissue
Branched neurons with long cellular processes and
support cells
Transmits electrical signals from sensory receptors
to effectors:
Dendrites respond to stimuli
Axons transmit electrical impulses over long
distances. Axons are myelinated or insulated w/ a
fatty sheath
Found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral
InterActive Physiology ®:
nerves
PLAY
Nervous System I: Anatomy Review
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Nervous Tissue
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.10
Muscle Tissue
Involved in movement
Muscle cells possess myofilaments, actin and
myosin, that bring about contraction
Three kinds of muscle tissue:
Skeletal
Cardiac
smooth
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Muscle Tissue: Skeletal
Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells with obvious
striations that reflect the alignment of the
myofilaments
Initiates and controls voluntary movement
Found in skeletal muscles that attach to bones or
skin
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Muscle Tissue: Skeletal
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.11a
Muscle Tissue: Cardiac
Branching, striated, uninucleate cells interlocking
at intercalated discs
Propels blood into the circulation
Found only in the walls of the heart
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Muscle Tissue: Cardiac
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.11b
Muscle Tissue: Smooth
Sheets of spindle-shaped cells with single central
nucleus that have no striations
Propels substances along internal passageways
(i.e., peristalsis) by alternating
contraction/relaxation
Found in the walls of hollow organs, e.g. digestive
tract, urinary tract, blood vessels, uterus
Voluntary muscle: under conscious control
Involuntary muscle: Not under conscious control
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Muscle Tissue: Smooth
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.11c
Epithelial Membranes
Three types:
Cutaneous
Mucous
Serous
All are multicellular sheets composed of an
epithelium bound to an underlying layer of
connective tissue proper
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Epithelial Membranes: Cutaneous Membrane
Cutaneous – skin
Consists of keratinized stratified squamous
epithelium (epidermis) firmly attached to a thick
layer of dense irregular connective tissue (dermis)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.12a
Epithelial Membranes: Mucous Membrane
Mucous – lines body cavities open to the
exterior
(e.g., digestive and respiratory tracts,
urogenital tracts)
Serous – moist membranes found in
closed ventral body cavity
Note: mucosa refers to location, not to
mucus cells
Contain mainly stratified squamous or
simple columnar epithelia
The lamina propria lies under the
epithelial sheet
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.12b
Epithelial Membranes: Serous Membranes
-Moist membranes found in closed ventral body cavities
-Consist of simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) resting
on areolar tissue
-mesothelial cells enrich local fluid with hyaluronic acid resulting
in a lubricating fluid so layers slide across each other easily
e.g. pleura (lungs), pericardium (heart), peritoneum (viscera)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.12c
Tissue Repair
Organization and restored blood
supply
The blood clot is replaced with
granulation tissue
Regeneration and fibrosis
Surface epithelium regenerates
and the scab detaches
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.13a
Tissue Repair
Fibrous tissue matures and
begins to resemble the
adjacent tissue
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.13b
Tissue Repair
Results in a fully regenerated
epithelium with underlying
fibrosal area (scar tissue)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.13c
Developmental Aspects
Primary germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and
endoderm
Three layers of cells formed early in embryonic
development
Specialize to form the four primary tissues
Nerve tissue arises from ectoderm
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Developmental Aspects
Muscle, connective tissue, endothelium, and
mesothelium arise from mesoderm
Most mucosae arise from endoderm
Epithelial tissues arise from all three germ layers
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Developmental Aspects
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.14
First Hour Exam is next Monday!!!
Game Day: The Lady Cougars Highlighted this week!
Tues. 7 PM
Tues. 7:30 PM
Wed. 7:30 PM
Wed. 4 PM
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings