the new french - canadian bourgeoisie
Transcription
the new french - canadian bourgeoisie
113 Jorge Niosi THE NEW FRENCH - CANADIAN BOURGEOISIE This paper will examine teristics of contemporary make a rapid overview present the findings the conclusions 1. ferior position bourgeoisie. ity, which Bourgeoisie and finally and society, have immediately the place of the or "bourgeoisie" pointed by this group in relation is concomitant population offer in the Literature "businessman" These authors French-Canadian own research then that follow from that research. 'entrepreneur," occupied It will first on the subject, all the authors who have examined economy the main charac- capitalism. literature of the author's and predictions French-Canadian Canadian French-Canadian of existing The French-Canadian Almost and seek to explain as a whole economic in comparison out the in- to the anglophone have then sought to explain with the inferior in the this inferior- status of the to English-speaking 114 Canadians. wardness" They are not, in these analyses, of Quebec vis-a-vis a "backwardness" industries, evident in the fact that per-capita equal distribution the province whole, the other provinces in the traditional 10% lower than elsewhere, etc. Rather, In other words, French-Canadians to the "back- in Confederation-- nature of major Quebec income in Quebec is always they are talking about the un- of income and occupation itself. referring by "ethnic" group within in Quebec as in Canada hold the least qualified, as a least remunerative positions. Different and cultural authors have proposed explanations, irreconcilable. theory, The new metropolis financial ties with England: commerce, transportation vities of the country, for a century and have remained knowledge that there was no existing preventing Latin largely commercial to maintain and a dominant the very presence it needed of Britain position. as Granted who were francophone of a new anglophone It is unlikely (cf. S<'guin) into agriculture: very pro- they had always been, of a creole bourgeoisie acti- in the hands of the of the laws and customs simply left them where the formation America. (1), undoubtedly and a half, English-Canadian such a class from taking shape. that they were "driven back" the Conquest favoured class of large entrepreneurs at the time of the Conquest, prevented Seguin complementary. This group had all the advantages well as of the English market) bably, and often and finance have been the main economic bourgeoisie. contacts, and sociologically put forth by Maurice offers part of the answer. bourgeoisie exclusive political Yet, it is not hard to see that some of these hypo- The Conquest (language, of economic, as if they were mutually theses are, in fact, both historically Anglo-Saxon a variety such as emerged thereby in 115 In the period French-Canadian controlled clothing, from 1760 to the end of the 19th century, petty and middle several paper) banks, where eliminated industries existed. Linteau (especially urban, shoes, companies. This theory, which (2), seems adequately Meanwhile, settlers) the and service the great majority remained tied to agriculsystem of produc- small family agriculture) concentrated is that to explain banks and manufacturing (the original by the more dynamic, It in most of the sectors As we know, under the capitalist tion, agriculture finance and transportation in the years 1900 to 1930. tural activities. (food, textile, control of French-Canadian of French-Canadians came into being. took place in the first third of this bourgeoisie by Paul-Andre disappearance which French-Canadian a francophone offered some industries and some commercial But the wave of mergers century bourgeoisie a activities is exploited of commerce, and industry. From 1930 to 1940, the Depression fields they already occupied confined capitalists and few new companies were founded. War II then stimulated economic branches It was at this time, for example, of industry. growth and the development family of Sorel built up Marine Steel Foundries rare. (3). It is at this point tural factors developments bourgeoisie. the development confined itself to a conservative and Sorel political and cul- 1930 to 1960-- Until 1960, the of a French-Canadian It had not given itself the means goal; it did not even have such a goal. that the Simard were still fairly the long delay--from of a new francophone World of new Sorel Industries that one must introduce state did not promote bourgeoisie. such in order to explain in the creation Quebec However, Industries, to the to accomplish such a The state under Duplessis and clerical nationalism. had The system 116 of higher education nuns, professionals had limited itself to the training in the liberal arts and men of letters. technology, administration The federal state, like the provincial ment according American, and economics to criteria European of priests were almost of profitability, and English-Canadian Science, totally one, promoted and ignored. industrial develop- and these criteria favoured enterprises. Errol Bouchette was the first to insist upon the role that the Quebec and Canadian states should play in the promotion The francophone century bourgeoisie almost entirely Boivin Beique (hydro-electricity), Rolland (paper), Brillant etc.--all whatever reasons, borders kets. (shoes), Barsalou operated of 1900-1930) to Quebec. ways), rivals. almost exclusively in the Quebec market. never spilled at the turn of the century Other hypotheses of this situation The familial nature of French-Canadian Norman Taylor), (cf. Fernand effects feriority economic of economic the conservative Ouellet) of socio-economic itself is better and political explained structures maror enterprise its fragility. enterprise are, in this author's of the situation Canada-wide seem to mistake inferiority, mentality For by English-Canadian which have been put forward consequences (banks), over the provincial nature of French-Canadian helps to explain (rail- (sawmills), Beaudry had no hope of dominating The provincial its ac- Leduc Desjardins, ~ost of them were fated to be absorbed American (4). (retail commerce), (finance, paper), (electricity), and they therefore had limited The big families--Senecal (soap), Dupuis Forget their empires industry of the late 19th and early 20th (wiped out by the mergers tivities of French-Canadian for its cause. (cf. Jacques Melan~on, of francophone opinion, by the dependent entrepreneurs simply peripheral inferiority and the resulting the (5). The in- nature of the educational system. 117 Moreover, the causes of this economic inferiority as a whole and of their bourgeoisie) centuries and today, post-war dynamism of a new French-Canadian now dependent 2. The Contemporary private the ownership ones do not pUblish therefore, does not include kerage houses wholly-owned (like Levesque, family concerns of $10 million Beaubien, of Montreal. companies graphical information came from the Financial Martindale-Hubbell Law Directory dictionaries, The Canadian Inc.), or or Sorel have been taken Post, as well as Cooperatives and entrepreneurs of the Quebec Supplementary bro- and We have also drawn on the monthly 1950 by Commerce Commissions. Express of Consumers, companies came from the Bulletins since Our list, or Rene T. Leclerc by The Financial including Information and Ontario published Who's Who and Who's Who in Canada since Securities of these of Directors, and from the major Canadian Biographies por- on stock ownership about the directors Post Directory which, Data on French-Canadian assets and history traits of French-Canadian magazine or more. companies, like J.B. Baillargeon by the Quebec Ministry companies statements. the most important Surveys published (6). and society Bourgeoisie their financial from the annual Institutions The the development an economy for publically-owned Data on company Financial seem to apply. of all French-Canadian Steel Foundries. from Reports over the States. French-Canadian can only be gathered varied has permitted within at the end of 1975, had total assets assets no longer capitalism bourgeoisie on the United We studied have probably in large measure, of Canadian (of French-Canadians the bio- Canadiennes-Francaises, (7). 118 All this information is summarized in Appendix I. Sixteen of these companies had total assets of more than $100 million at the end of 1975: the nine largest companies in the Power Corporation (see Graph no. 1, page 129), two development poration and Allarco Developments), of Canada, Bank Canadian National, Montreal City and District Quebec commercial of Ottawa. companies group (Campeau Cor- Bombardier Ltd., General Trust the Provincial Savings Bank. Bank of Canada and In August 1977, ProvigO, a company, joined this list by absorbing M. Loeb Ltd. These are the giants of the French-Canadian French-Canadians control only 11% of the 136 biggest companies under Canadian control at the end of 1975. are underrepresented business world. Francophones, in the Canadian big bourgeoisie therefore, (8). Except for the banks, almost all these companies have been recently formed Developments (Bombardier in 1942, Campeau Corp., in 1953, Allarco in 1954, Provigo in 1969) and are still in the hands of their founder-owners. by French-Canadians: In some cases, control was recently acquired Paul Desmarais, for example, bought Power Corp. from the Nesbitt and Thompson families in 1968. Only General Trust, founded in 1909, and the three banks named above, have not only been in existence for a long time, but French-Canadians as well, right from the start. All these companies are active in more than one province: are trans-Canadian and, in some cases, transnational. portant difference from the large French-Ganadian of the century, whose interests were restricted they This is an im- companies of the turn almost entirely to Quebec. The non-Qu~becois Louis Desmarais element is also well represented: (Power Corp.) and Robert Campeau Paul and (Campeau Corp.) are 119 Franco-Ontarians, while Charles Allard ~llarco Developments) is a Franco-Albertan. One may therefore the development conclude that the post-war of a French-Canadian bourgeoisie with trans-Canadian bourgeoisie is certainly under Canadian (not uniquely and transnational under-represented control, but it is dynamic million companies, (see Appendix the immediate whose I). post-war French-Canadian period. Alphonse control. T. Brodeur and growing public Cassidy's grocery stores. industrial companies, Bombardier financial including a number L'Unique, La Solidarite, of assurance bourgeoisie Logistec One of the eleven the war and Perron, .Te1e- Inc. Most of the have been established since 1940, Union). companies Appendix of the companies of these companies Paul Desmarais, (e.g., II gives the year on our list. did not belong of the turn of the century. tune in one generation. and Vachon United by three large companies, Normick and mutual-fund Canadian (9). and went Ltd., was formed during institutions and place of incorporation The owners families after the war. Simard-Beaudry on in 1953 by Prefontaine after the war--Quebecor, Te1e-Metropo1e, medium-sized and Yui1e Two of the three transportation seven of the others, Capita1e, Ltd. was purchased were founded date from companies is the result of a 1969 merger Corp. and La Verendrye, to $100 1868) is under long-standing in 1926 by Charles-E. in 1961; Provigo This there are also some thirty Of the four commercial (established big quickly. than half of them barely from the Prentice Auto Parts was founded markets. assets range from $10 million More our list, only Dupuis Freres Queb~cois) in the major companies As well as these large enterprises, medium-sized period has seen to the francophone Most of them made Charles Allard, their for- Robert Campeau, 120 Antoine Turmel, Rene Provost, Paul Tardif, Gerard Parizeau, Paul Gourdeau, Fernand Marc Carriere, Jean-Louis Paul and Benoit Vachon, the Perron brothers, Alphonse biographer or historian of course, including Beaubien), the Rolland (part-owners of 1940. the Beaubien family of Melchers family Michel T. Brodeur, Doyon ••• these names would have meant nothing Canadian L~vesque, Latraverse, Pierre Peladeau, to the French- There are a few exceptions, (of Beaubran Corp. and Levesque, (Rolland Paper) and the Marchand Distilleries, Jean- which declared family bankruptcy in 1977) • It is difficult of French-Ganadians just as marked to estimate in medium-sized more than one thousand published of the Ministry companies of Consumers, is meant Post and by Moody's, companies) the in the Reports and Financial Institutions, holds true, even if (for example, some brokerage houses, that do not publish in French-Canadian the capacity or a majority their on that board. group or family shares in a given company. by Jean-Marie Chevalier 100% of the vote), majority 49%) and internal control is very high. Control semi-absolute therefore the categories control (50% - 79%), minority (0% - 4.9%). of that holds the largest bloc This study adopts (10): control companies to elect the board of directors of positions lies with the individual, defined by studying size listed in the This marginality and transportation The almost marginal statements. By "control" of voting of comparable companies The degree of control a company, but it is certainly can be confirmed Cooperatives sources. one adds in the private financial enterprise by The Financial and in other public and industrial companies, here as it is in the larger ones. nature of French-Canadian Annuals the degree of under-representation (80% - control (5% 121 The 46 compan~es the degree of control have been classified company, unless subsidiary itself. on our list have been classified (see Iable I). according on the list exercised by the latter on its is less than that exercised on the parent company Jean-Louis Fund, which in turn wholly Inc. final control. the classic L~vesque is classified This classification company has 35.9% control of F.I.C. owns the industrial This subsidiary to to the degree of control of the parent the degree of control For example, Lambert The subsidiaries according company of Alfred as being under minority system is the one followed by all studies done on the subject of control. TABLE I Degree of Control No. of Companies Internal 5 (10%) Minority 8 (17%) Majority 25 (52%) Semi-absolute, Private and 9 (19%) Unknown 1 (2%) Total 48 (100%) This Table would not change significantly twenty or so private statements, Laurentian companies that do not publish or the various mutual-assurance the their financial companies such as the group. The five companies Canadian if we took into account chartered banks, under internal control the Montreal and the two major subsidiaries Imnat and Canagex. the Jean-Louis group City and District of the Bank Canadian The companies Levesque are the two French- under minority Savings Bank, National, namely control are those of (see Graph no. 5. page l32).two of the 122 Power Corporation Douglas), group (Consolidated and Provigo. control and another very concentrated 20% under semi-absolute involved: (A) The conditions It is also, however, This of the scale a result of and of the "outsider" bourgeoisie nature of has developed since the of its growth have been as follows: The growth of new sectors of economic quire an industrial velopment, control. capitalists. Thus, a new French-Ganadian war. or private they are all smaller than the firms studied youth of the companies the new francophone are under majority is largely a function by the classic works on the subject. the comparative and its subsidiary, More than half the companies degree of control of the companies Bathurst technology. activity that did not re- One example here is real-estate which was sparked by urbanization and accompanying de- financial speculation. (B) The post-war companies (C) a chance concentration of retail commerce to build huge corporations From 1940 on, rising revenue Canadians in particular Per-capita small in the distribution field. for Quebec in general and for French- has swelled the market for local capitalists. income in Quebec has gone from a mere $363 in 1926 to $655 in 1946 (an increase of 80%) and to $4,504 in 1974 (an increase almost 700% since 1946). increasingly surance, gave several solvent. French-Canadians, They have acquired of since the war, have been new financial and urban homes, and are fully integrated services, in- into the market economy. (D) Religious logy adopted Canadian (E) ideology has declined, relatively speaking, and an ideo- in its stead which is better suited to the contemporary capitalist society. Since 1960, the Quebec state has been promoting French-Ganadian 123 capitalists. stitutions The Quiet Revolution whose purpose Two important the General examples is to help develop Corporation tion in the share-capital panies, take-over which have helped supported of Quebec. of many Quebec boards and placed French-Canadians Through in- bourgeoisie. and Investment francophone in the capitalization French-Canadian a group of public a francophone are the Quebec Deposit Investment institutions established Fund, and their participa- enterprises, these of French-Canadian of directors on the boards com- under threat of of enterprises in they hold shares. The Quebec Deposit the height Lesage. of the Quiet Revolution, It administers Insurance Commission, governmental between hospitals, and the investment kinds of bonds assets). Board, organizations. the supposed of various Its assets (totalling secrecy It supports French-Canadian examples and other French the shares in circulation in the retail-commerce Sobey Stores--a 15% - 20% in a variety in Provigo, companies. of ways, as the demonstrate. At the end of August with consolidated are divided of the Fund's and Eng1ish-Canadian capitalists other Hydro-Quebec, it is known that it owns large blocs of shares Logistec of Jean the Quebec Health municipal, companies in 1965, at government portfolios (provincial, Despite Bombardier, following by the Liberal etc.) and shares in Canadian of the Fund's Fund was founded the Quebec Pension and para-governmental various holdings, and Investment 1977, Provigo Ltd. bought of M. Loeb Ltd., an Ontario field. Provigo assets approaching thus became $300 million. almost 80% of transnational a commercial Two weeks group later, Nova Scotia group owned 54% by the Sobey family and 40% by the Westons, of G. Weston The shares of the Quebec company Ltd.--managed to buy 12.5% of Provigo. had gone for $7 in May 1977, but were 124 bought in September by Sobey's at a price of $14 each. The risk of a take-over was very real, since the private French-Ganadian trolling Provigo itself held no more than 18% of the shares. the Quebec Deposit and Investment to sell to Sobey's. fore protected, saying, group con- Fund held 24.6% of Provigo, The Turmel-Provost-Lamontagne and on September Fortunately 24 Le Devoir and refused control was there- could run a headline "Provigo will remain a Quebec company": "Thanks to the support of various financial institutions, the management of Provigo has been able to ensure that company control will remain firmly in its own hands," yesterday stated the chairman of the board, M. Antoine Turmel. (Le Devoir, 24 September 1977, page 11). The opposite Desmarais situation had arisen tried to seize control which held Argus in March-April of the Argus Corporation. shares as well, promptly in order to support his take-over The Fund, sold those shares to Desmarais bid (11). In April 1976, Marcal Cazavan, Director-General clared that it had drawn up a list of francophoneswho elected 1975, when Paul to the boards of the major corporations of the Fund, deought to be in which the Fund held shares. "The Quebec Deposit and Investment Fund intends to play a more active role in the selection of the directors of the companies in which it holds an interest" yesterday declared the Director-General of the Fund to Le Devoir. With a portfolio of more than $600 million in common shares, the Fund can have some say in the choice of directors in various major Canadian corporations ••• Recently M. Robert Despr~s of the University of Quebec was named to the boards of the Campeau Corp. and Norcen Energy, two companies in which the Fund has large interests. (Le Devoir, 6 April 1976, page 16). It is obvious of directors matically that the mere election of companies enlarge in which of French-Canadians the Fund holds shares will not auto- the French-Ganadian chosen representatives to the boards bourgeoisie. of State interests But it may initiate into the secrets of corporate 125 senior management and perhaps, at the same time, into the art of be- coming a millionaire. 3. Conglomerate Organizing In both Canada ganization form. into entirely distinct (12). third the mutual phone newspaper studied funds of Canada circulation insurance largest trust company company (Laurentide company Paul Desmarais like Canadian albeit Levesque Pacific, in one or two related are today conglomerates Argus Corporation, conglomerate note that through (Investors Group), (Gesca Ltee), Corp.), the subsid- the sixthfinance paper company (Dominion Glass) of this conglomerate. groups have adopted on a smaller the fourth- the third-largest the fourth-largest has 53% control one- the major Great Lines), glass producer in half the franco- (Great West Life), Trust), the largest The new French-Ganadian Jean-Louis groups the Power Corporation in Canada Financial of of goods and services (Canada Steamship (Montreal Bathurst), structure, or groups in form from the start. in Quebec company largest •••etc. are companies from 1960 to 1973, Power Corp. now controls transportation (Consolidated has adopted active We shall here merely iaries it acquired by the formation fields of activity. in 1945, was conglomerate some detail tional formerly and electricity), We have elsewhere Lakes In Canada, or- bourgeoisie whose production Ltd. and Power Corp., reaching founded Conglomerates activities. (transportation industrial has been characterised under one control, spans non-related fields States, post-war The new French-Canadian this same management Brascan and the United and reorganization of conglomerates. companies in the New Groups scale. the same organiza- The group controlled (see Graph no. 5, page 132) includes such major by 126 enterprises brokerage as Levesque, Beaubien Inc., the largest French-Ganadian house in stocks and bonds, and F.I.C. Fund, a holding pany whose subsidiaries on wholesale a racetrack manufacture and retail hardware (Windsor Raceway shoes business Holdings). Levesque has controlled Dupuis Freres poration Sherbrooke (C. Durant Jean-Louis the largest known bloc of share capital which in turn controls (Alfred Lambert in General Trust. Corporation Ltd.), and run also holds Trust of Canada, At one time or another, conglomerate, J.-L. as well, including the Trans Canada Fund, which was bought by Paul Desmarais into the Power Corp. group. Inc.), carry Levesque a number of other companies in 1949 and another com- Cor- in 1963 and integrated It was after the sale of the Trans Canada Fund that Levesque became interested in the companies which now form his new conglomerate. The Savings and Investment a much longer history. Alphonse Control group (see Graph no. 2, page 130), has The parent company was founded in 1928 by Tardif under the name of the Savings and Investment passed to his son Jean-Paul in 1953 with the formation Corp. in 1947 and diversification of the St. Maurice Insurance began Company. In 1957, the group was joined by two newly-incorporated companies, Aeterna-Life Mutual Canada, Ltd. other mutual gether, and the Savings and Investment Savings and Investment Trust was created funds in the group followed they make up a family-controlled 1975 assets of $141 million. page 131) consists of insurance and the managment brokerage, of reinsurance in 1972 as the financial conglomerate in 1961; the group To- with December (see Graph no. 3, which are active in the fields reinsurance companies. link between Fund of in 1968, 1972 and 1975. The Sodarcan of a dozen companies and reinsurance Corporation itself, consulting Sodarcan Ltd. was founded all these companies. The majority 12] GRAPH NO, I THE POWER CORPOAATION GROUP P. Desmarais 100% Canada 57.9% Steamship Laurentide Lines cial Corp. Investors reat West Life Insurance SOURCES: Montr.eal Trust Consolidated Dominion Co. Financial Post Directory F.P. Survey Assets Group of the Group of Directors, of Industrials, (December 1976. 1976. 1975) - $6,236 million. Glass Finan 128 GRAPH NO.2 THE SAVINGS AND INVESTMENT GROUP Savings and Investment Group St. Maurice Life 54.4% 98.8% Assurance CO. l'-----IIH+----71 < Jean-Paul Tardif Levis Tardif Aeterna-Life Assurance Co. Savings and Investment Savings and Investment American Fund Ltd. F---IHrIIllIf----,Corp. - Mutual Fund of Canada Savings and Investment Retirement Fund Group Assets SOURCES: Investment (end of 1975) = $141 million Financial Post Directory of Directors, 1976. Financial Post Survey of Funds, 1976. Ministry of Consumers, Cooperatives and Financial Institutions: Annual Report of Assurance Services, Quebec Official Publisher, 1976. Financial Post Survey of Industrials, 1976. (1) The Savings and Investment Trust administers both the Savings and Investment Retirement Fund and the Savings and Investment Trust Fund. 129 GRAPH NO.3 THE SODARCAN GROUP Gerard et Robert Parizeau Insurance Brokers Consulting Companies Reinsurance Brokers Reinsurance Co. + Managment Co. For Reinsurance Companies I I"N-a-t-i-o-na-l-R-e-i-n-s-u-r-a-n-c-e' G. Parizeau Ltee Le Blanc, Eldridge Parizeau J.E. Poitras Inc. Canadian Reinsurance Broker Canadian Reinsurance ntermediaries of America (USA) National-MGFVIE Management Cor'p] Group assets SOURCE: (November La Presse, 50% Hebert, Le HouiHier et Ass. Company of Canada Co. --' 1975) = $45 million 11 November 1975. GRAPH NO.4 THE YORK LAMBTON CORP. GROUP M. Latraverse J.R. Findley and Assoc. BFG Industries \0.-.--Gasex Lt~e Group Assets SOURCE: (November F.P. Directory _ 1 1975) = $124 million of Directors, 1976; F.P. Survey of Industrials, 1976. 130 GRAPH NO.5 THE JEAN-LOUIS LEVESQUE GROUP J.-L. LEVESQUE 35.9% Levesque, Beaubien Fondation L~ves ue 1.6% J-L 0.9% C. Durand I Ltd. W~ndsor Racewa1 Holdings Group Assets SOURCES: (exc1. L~vesque Beaubien Inc), (December 1975) $150 million F.P. Survey of Industrials, 1976, Bulletin, Ontario Securities Commission, Bulletin, Quebec Securities Commission. GRAPH NO.6 LE MOUVEMENT DESJARDINS/DESJARDINS MOVEMENT I I Federation de Quebec des Caisses Popu1aires Desjardins ("Quebec Federation of Desjardins Credit Unions") ,nn'l: .--::---:=------,,.------, I La Sauvegarde l Societe d'Assurance des Caisses Popu1aires ~ r ("Caisses Pop. Ins. Co. ")1 t Le Securite insurance r general Desj ardins Mutual Co. r Assurance 1 co. Life 100% 1 life insurance r Association ~----------+-----~~~IDesjardins r ("Des. I Cooperative Cooperative --- l lsocieted 'Investissements I 83% I Vachon Inc. Desj ardins ::--=Jj-----------t------=;;..:..""i.-.:.-==::.-==~----------J "Desjardins Investment Co;") 23% Provincial Bankl of Canada J [ Group assets SOURCES: (end 1975) Annual Reports = $8,971 million of the member companies I .! 1 r 1 I Assn. ") % .=1~0~0"'--1 Quebec Trust +- l- co. of this group. I 131 GRAPH NO.7 THE CASSIDY I GROUP A.T. Brodeur and sons 100% CONTINENTAL I MANUFACTURERS Montreal LTD. 75% 175% GAYLORD REGETHERMIC CANADA LTD. Montreal & Toronto LORLEA I M.K.E. 61% INDUSTRIES Montreal 1100% GH Kitchen Equipment Inc. Montreal INC. hOO% Robinson & Webber Ltd. Manitoba CASSIDY LTD. Montreal 100% ImbrexCassidy Ltd. New Brunswick 1100% Packer Floor Coverings Ltd Montreal 1100% Arbutus Food Equif ment Ltd. B.C. 1100% Cody's Food Equip. Ltd. N.B. SOURCE: STEELS LIMITED Toronto Cotmllercemagazine. July 1977. p , 30. I 40% 100% Buscome Food Equif ment Ltd. B.C. I 60% A.B.C. Cassidy Co. VancouverCalgary-Edmtn. 1100% Terminal Sheet Metal Wks Ltd. B.C. 132 of Sodarcan shares are held by G~rard and Robert and brother respectively the Parti Qu~b~cois founded government. or purchased the National of Jacques Reinsurance in 1975 totalled Company $29 million) Par izeau , Minister The companies after the war. Par izeau , the father The most important of Canada was bought America it works through (reinsurance Canadian brokers); Reinsurance of them all, (whose year-end assets in 1965 from La Nationale group is very active both in Canada In the U.S.A., subsidiary. The and in the United its subsidiary, Intermediaries it also own an Ontario Brokers Ltd., which it bought States. of subsidiary, in 1972. The total assets of this group at the end of 1975 were about $45 million Finally, Latraverse Corp. and Associates Beaudry a holding 4. Corp.), purchased company, products glass panels (Superseal by Michel d'Expansion in construction (BEG Industries (13). the Wellington the Corporation company with subsidiaries Inc.), electrical (GM Plastic group, which is controlled through a private In May 1975, York Lambton Financi~re, ducts the York Lambton for in this group were de Paris and had until that time been its Canadian Sodarcan of Finance (Simard- Ltd.), plastics Corp.) and petroleum pro- (Gasex Ltd.). Lawyers: the Organic Our sources have permitted chaff by distinguishing companies Intellectuals us to separate the true holders from the non-ownership advisers the wheat from the of control in French-Canadian and consultants who sit on their boards. Members of legal firms and independent men settle a multitude Nevertheless, of questions these lawyers, lawyers do help business- which have legal implications. like management or investment consultants 133 or actuarial advisers, are not to be confused with the bourgeoisie itself. Appendix III lists the lawyers who sit as outside on the FrendrCanadian these companies companies companies here under consideration. use the services and the average for the companies Those companies using the services from firms. board of General and the fifth, Lawyers taking General of December Sirois, M. Daniel Doheny, 216. were worth between lay with Jean-Louis common 5,375 and 100 shares. tinental Bherer, Paul Desmarais, shares at 6% (each worth shares at 5% (each worth Cassidy's 1,166 and Trust that year meetings Manufacturers, or indirectly, 94,441 The four counsels Pierre Genest, respectively, by contrast, ten votes) Control on Claude 2,500, 100, holds 1,353,035 and 1,585,058 preferred one vote), which give him 53% of the votes of the corporation. Ltd. is 61.1% controlled The counsel Again shares, M. Lavery Pich~, shares of General and the Hen. John P. Robarts--hold in the shareholders' they advise. 1,023, M. Marcel who held, directly Wilbrod on the practice. $17.50 and $22.00 on the Stock Exchange. Levesque them and using the final declarations shares at a value of roughly $2 million. preferred per board. legal firms has an independent holds only 1,153 common The common the Power Corp. board--Mes. Pratte to four different in the companies 3.533, M. Isidore Pollack, on the board, four of the five lawyers the Hon. Edouard Asselin, 1975, M. Asselin director of more than one lawyer choose Trust of Canada belong Trust as an example Only 17 on our list is 1.4 lawyers For example, hold few shares Most of of at least one lawyer. (or 36%) have no lawyer as an outside different directors by the Brodeur which holds 458,497 for this company, F.C. Cope As a final example, family through of Cassidy's (of the Montreal Con- common shares. law firm of 134 Ogilvy, Cope, Porteous, Montgomery, owns only 480 common shares In a few instances, partly own, a company Herv~ Baribeau to legal firms and own, or D~lisle Canadian holds M. each own the same number of shares as the three men control the company. This is, list. on boards of directors concerned: directors anything meetings advise. to classify They are merely linked to the dominant of the board and receive Given the number of shares they own, their on the board and their remuneration, the term "capitalist" it would be an abuse of them as part of the group which the non-ownership intellectuals, companies use the services law firms, but this is far from being an absolute notably anglophone firms--for sized companies organically of francophone rule. The largest those of the Power Corp. group, use lawyers example, Clarke and Kirkpatrick of Toronto. they class. Most French-Canadian companies, positions from $2,000 to $8,000 per year, depending on the size of the company. position rarely hold management nine times out of ten, they are simply who come to monthly for their services well. of and only a few similar cases are to be found on the English- in the companies Berlis and LaRue, (or, 25% of the vote) of Tele Capitale. and J.A. Pouliot Lawyers Renault, a member the single example of this kind on our list of French-Canadian companies, outside (14). lawyers belong Stein, Marseille, M. Pratte and, together, however, Clarke and Kirkpatrick) as well. Claude Pratte, for example, the firm of Letourneau, 73,864 Class B shares Renault, Anglophone Ogilvy, Cope, Porteous, of Montreal, and Aird, from Montgomery, Zimmerman and laws firms are called upon by medium- (Beaubran Corp., Cassidy's Ltd., Rolland Paper) as 135 The corporate or economic John Porter and Wallace member Clement in Canada, of a board of directors. these theories the exclusive (15). property of radical Industry and Commerce Shortly before sociologists, for the former liberal defeat of his party the francophone corporate are not Minister of in Quebec. (and himself), that every company of for this government should place at least two French-Canadians to enlarge to every that such theories Canadian Club of Montreal those of made a critique by such as M. Guy St.Pierre, the electoral told the Canadian including give equal weight We have already It is worth noting point Qf view is expressed Quebec elite theories, he operating in on its board in order elite. "About twenty francophones belong to the directorship elite and sit on the boards of the biggest and most prestigious companies, in accordance with the muchcriticized principal of musical chairs." (Le Devoir, 6 April 1976, page 17). And, acting on his own convictions, the position trolled of Chairman francophone that of Ogilvy, of Montreal, the case for the second-largest Beaulieu, McKell which T~treault, with 42 lawyers. associates, are exclusively Lesage, is con- and This is the case for the largest Cope, Porteous. Montgomery, which has 76 lawyers. in the province, and Clermont, again for the third-largest: firm of Amyot, for Ogilvy Mills, 1977 accepted (16). and associates. and Kirkpatrick Allison, in October legal firms in Quebec have both. anglophone partners firm in all Canada, Clarke of the Board by Brascan Ltd. of Toronto The largest M. St.Pierre Weldon, It is equally Martineau, Walker, which has 44 members. Courtois, Clarkson, Renault, And Parsons Other firms, with many fewer partners French-Canadian. de Grandpr~, Colas, Thus, Bernard for example, and Drolet and and the of Quebec, 136 with 23 lawyers; Montreal, or Desjardins, companies and most prestigious among their clients, businesses. controlled Their principal by interests the two principal and Valli~res Monast--sat (a subsidiary (American); partners from allover partners on the boards of St. Laurent of the following LAC Ltd. Rothmans Lafarge, of Pall Mall gives some information are associated. on the major and Andre Noranda Mines National family); IBM Canada (South African). Walters among others: Stores, (The Bronfman in 1975 Monast, (now deceased) Bank Canadian France); of companies For example, companies, Dominion Life (English-Canadian); of Ciments sit on the boards the world. foreign and English-Ganadian in the firm of St. Laurent, Bank of Commerce, (French-Canadian); lawyers and Bourque legal firms number as well as French- of Quebec--Renault Imperial Confederation Life Desjardins with 28 members. The largest Canadian Ducharme, the and and Imperial Canada Cement and Home Oil Table No.2, below firms with which French-Ganadian 137 Table No.2 Major French-eanad;i.an Law Fums Amyot, Lesage, deGrandpr~, Colas, Bernard & Drolet (Que) Barnard, Fournier, Savoie, Demers, Caron, Tanguay et Dupr~ (Sherbrooke) Bherer, Bernier, Dionne, Houle Casgrain 22 1 23 8 1 9 Emery Ducharme, (Mtl) 14 5 & Stewart 19 20 (Mtl) DeGrandpre, Colas, Amyot, Lesage, Deschenes & Godin Desjardins, & Bourque Counsels C8te, Ouellet, & Morin (Que) Blain, Piche, Godbout, & Blain (Mtl) Byers, No. of Associates No. of partners Law Firm (Mtl)__ 20 26 1 27 2 28 1 20 Desjardins 11 Flynn, Rivard, Cimon, & LeMay (Que) 15 Leaaar d 19 Gagnon, deBilly, Cantin, Dionne, Martin, Beaudoin & Lesage (Que) 14 14 Guy, Vaillancourt, Bertrand, Bourgeois & Laurent (Mtl) 11 11 Letourneau, Stein, Marseille, Delisle & LaRue (Que) 16 16 Martineau, Walker, Allison, Beaulieu, Mackell & Clermont (Mtl) _ 25 16 Ogilvy, Cope, Porteous, Montgomery, Renault, Clarke, & Kirkpatrick (Mtl) 72 3 44 4 76 Riel, Vermette, Ryan, Dunton & Ciaccia (Mtl) St-Laurent, Vallieres Monast, (Que) Walkers & 7 Weldon, Courtois, Clarkson, Parsons & Tetreault (Mtl) SOURCE: Note: Martindale-Hubbell 39 7 3 Law D;i.rectory, 1976 Some firms do not list partners separately from associates. 42 138 5. The Unified Petty Bourgeoisie: The Quebec Cooperative a financial December l jardins and commercial movement giant. 1975, the Federation dominates the Quebec Cooperative With assets of $5.2 billion du Quebec des Caisses trust, management iaries had assets of $717 million, Bank of Canada or the $27 million December of becoming of Vachon (23% controlled Desjardins subsid- the $3,059 million by the Federation) Inc. (83% controlled). 1975, the Mouvement Des- At the and investment not counting in Populaires the savings and credit field in Quebec. end of 1975, its insurance, of the Provincial is in the process Movement All told, in and its subsidiaries had net total assets of some $9 billion. Other parts of the Quebec coOperative behind. This group includes, du QU~bec2 Coop~rative Caisses (with $116 million Agricole d'Economie for example, de Quebec are left far the Cooperative Feder~e in assets at the end of 1975); the de Granby3 4 movement ($67 million); ($28 million); the F~deration des and the Pecheurs Unis du Quebec. 5 Founded populaires) in 1900 by Alphonse movement Desjardins, got off to a slow beginning. 113 credit unions with 32,000 members the 1920s, regional Trois Rivieres, came together the credit union groupings Montreal, to form the Federation In 1920, it numbered and assets of $6.3 million. (unions regionales) and Gaspe. (caisses During were formed in Quebec, In 1938, those regional de Quebec des Caisses "Quebec Federation of Desjardins Credit Unions" "Federated Cooperative of Quebec" "Agricultural Cooperative of Granby" "Federation of SaVings Unions of Quebec" "United Fishermen of Quebec" English equivalents of titles for which no official trans1. note. groupings Populaires 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. English exists: 139 Desjardins. In 1945, a dozen of the Montreal from the F~d~ration Montr~al de Qu~bec Desjardins ganized has become something (as a mutual) Assurance life-assurance founded Mutual Quebec Trust, a registered separate mutual Ducharme family the majority a life insurance funds. Desjardins Life Assurance Co. a created In 1962, it trust fund, which administers Still in 1962, the Mouvement company. 1901 and controlled the Soci~t~ d' In 1948, SACP became That same year, Mouvement the Desjardins In 1943, it or- company, (SACP)2. de years the Mouv~ent of a conglomerate. Populaires mutual. another mutual, In the post-war its first insurance des Caisses split off in order to form the F~deration DeSjardins.l des Caisses credit unions of the share capital The Ducharmes bought from the of La Sauvegarde, had founded it until the 1962 sale. six this company Two members of the Du- charme family still sit on the board of directors of La Sauvegarde, which Desjardins. is now entirely controlled 1963, La S~curite, Compagnie bought financiers. from French 4 Cooperative company Desjardins by the Mouvement d'Assurance In 1963 as well, La Sauvegarde, is under the majority de QU~bec.5 du canada3, La S~curit~ control subsidiaries of the Unions R~gionales in 1971 - haVing as its purpose medium was In turn, ACD de la Federation Desjardins6 and long-term trust of the Mouvement, and Quebec Trust. The Societ~ d'Investissements In the Association (ACD) was set up as a non-prof it-making to hold the shares of several including G~nerales in (CID) was created credit and invest- 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ''Montreal Federafion of Desjardins Credit Unions" "The Credit Union Insurance Company" "Security General Assurance Company 'of Canada" "Desjardins Cooperative Association" "Regional Unions of the Quebec Federation" English equivalents of titles for which no official trans1. note. English exists: 140 ment in both new and existing SID is a registered commercial fund company, de Quebec. Desjardins the major shareholder Canada, the sixth-largest In 1970, the Mouvement supplies As well, charter bought controlled in the 1960s, the Mouvement in the Provincial bank in Canada 83% of Vachon Bank of in terms of assets. Inc., the company which 55% of the Quebec cake market. The management of the Mouvement cratic right from the start. the shareholders vote. companies. with its share-capital by the Federation became and industrial The members by French-Canadian of a particular sit on the boards each shareholder has effectively capitalists. set out to be demo- of the credit unions and in the annual meetings, This type of structure and development Desjardins prevented It has also favoured group of people, of the Fed'ration de Quebec, are has one take-over bids the emergence the shareholders the regional who unions and the subsidiaries. This group is drawn from the ranks of lawyers, notaries, doctors, accountants, local entrepreneurs, the directors engineers of the credit unions Desjardins owners in order to finance a political would be an error to confuse the Mouvement geoisie economic Desjardins of the private the most prosperous regions of the province. for their personal party of their choice. with the French-Canadian nor the political the large and medium-sized members However, benefit, Therefore, big or medium of the bourgeoisie non-cooperative come nor it which administers This petty bourgeoisie weight of and they may not dis- the petty bourgeoisie sector. small The great majority of the Mouvement pose of the assets of its institutions actuaries, and its subsidiaries They represent in the different they are not the private pharmacists, and the like. of the Mouvement from the petty bourgeoisie. dentists, companies. bour- has neither which controls the 141 There is, in some of the Mouvement's type of director from the one just described. family sit on the board of Vachon shares. Some French-Canadian vincial Bank of Canada, (Ur'geL, Bourgie subsidiaries, Two members capitalists sit on the board of the Pro- Antoine Inc.) and P. H. Plamondon Turmel with the Desjardins subsidiaries Canada. accountants who also advise Two examples Desrochers Edmonton, De Billy is a partner Beaudoin and Lesage Dominion Bank. vincial Accountant Dallaire, Gagnon the French-Canadian jardins Belanger of the Federation the control and Jacques Desrochers and Associates. de Billy. of Dionne,Martin, is on the board of the Pro- as well. plus its lawyers, firm of Nonetheless, accountants and on the boards of Mouvement and they are not represented The Mouvement of the French-Canadian accountant He sits on the board of and other companies de Quebec. in of the Bank of Montreal. of the Quebec chartered form a very small minority subsidiaries companies and sits on the board of the Toronto Marcel bourgeoisie there are a private in the firm of De Billy, Cantin, John Labatt Ltd., Provigo actuaries some of the biggest of Quebec, of on the boards of Mouvement in the law firm of McCraig, Bank and a member B~langer, and actuaries and one of the directors Two members As well, are lawyers Louis Desrochers is a partner Alberta group. The Ducharmes their former family com- on the board of La S~curite. number of lawyers, (Provigo), Marc Bourgie (La Solidarit.f). the family sit on the board of La Sauvegarde, pany and another of the Vachon Inc., and hold 17% of the company's including have also become directors a different Des- at all on the board Desjardins petty bourgeoisie, remains whose under interests it promotes. The same conclusion of the Quehec cooperative follows movement. from an analysis The Cooperative of the other parts Federee de Quebec 142 was founded in 1922 through By 1972, it had 52,000 members and a turnover of $255 cooperatives. million. whose the union of three Quebec agricultural The Coop~rative F~d~r~e is a rapidly-growing sales are in the areas of farm supplies (23%) and the dairy business (35%). farms and poultry in Quebec, Poultry businesses in May 1975. the membership "one person, it issues. one vote." level of its owners, employees, conditions, follows the standard CNTUI publication This democracy, has pointed Fed~ree is directed almost dairy products; warehouse. of the business production a dozen industrial Confederation of the Cooperative. sectors Federee, of National Salaries, of businesses •••all this profit-seeking. As a procedures, (17). Its control founded and manufacture the The Cooperative lies with the in 1938, specializes of milk and related of farm machinery, tools and raw whose 1975 sales were $52 million. factories, the Quebec milk market in related Like the Cooperative 1. to the de Granby, it is also a supplier It dominates is, of Quebec. It owns 70% of Qu~bec-Lait, It also operates meetings it does not extend institution by farmers. of plus the common and pre- out, in its management Agricole in the commercialization, consists at the of capitalist petty bourgeoisie The Coop~rative capital Quebec remains and closing is a capitalist entirely for example, of course, the member-farmers; criteria many dairies, The rule in shareholders' the opening Cooperative materials. F~deree's who have no say in the decisions working agricultural including, shares bought by its members ferred shares which (42%), the meat business It has acquired The Coop~rative conglomerate five dairies and has a growing such as powdered it is administered and a grain milk and butter. by farmers Trade Unions--transl. share note. and, again 143 like the cooperative the agricultural F~deree, it promotes Caisses de Montreal d'Economie accounts institutions in Quebec--such des Caisses Desjardins, de Quebec, the P~cheurs for half the fish business etc.--may the F~d~iation in Quebec), forestry that unite the Quebec petty bourgeoisie as a class by the process commercial concentration. and financial The French-Canadian The political Bourgeoisie weight des (which cooperatives, but they too are or- posed to their existence 6. of as the Unis du Quebec have fewer means at their disposal, ganizations interests petty bourgeoisie. The other cooperative F~deration the economic against the threat of industrial, and Politics of the francophone bourgeoisie is limited by the fact that it is a small group, with a weak base of accumulation (the Quebec market) a short history. Liberal and, as far as the big capitalist As a group, or Progressive simple: these people are federalist, Conservative. as soon as French-Canadian of production, whole. companies controls a factory Windsor 1977, Provigo bought an Ontario 35% of the Ontario in Scarborough, Raceway Holdings, group is trans-Canadian snowmobiles Allarco Ontario. market subsidiary, Rolland level as a M. Loeb field. Paper owns F.I.C. Fund has a sUbsidiary, in Ontario. Every member of the Power Corp. Bombardier allover the country. in Ottawa, does business Developments a certain retail commerce cake market. in its operations. and trailers with its headquarters as well. reached they begin to think about the Canadian In August whether The reason for this is very Ltd., and so became a giant in the Canadian Vachon are concerned, Campeau Ltd. sells its Corporation, in Quebec and Alberta is balled in E<iIIIonton.Alberta. Cassidy's 144 Ltd. has offices in Cochrane, geoisie in several provinces. Ontario. is concerned, principal market, its position the separation on the Canadian bourgeoisie the Liberal The Liberal Distilleries) Liberal senator, exists between The Progressive Moreover, by Power Corp. (Paul (part-owner has regularly and the Liberal that Party. Party has always been less recepIn the past, it has fav- which Quebec has never accepted. some francophone supplied Conservatives. senators, One family (Beaubran this family of provincial ministers and governments. bourgeoisie as well. Guy Joron in the PQ Cabinet giance of the francophone shuns the New Democratic and, with only a few exceptions, The presence heralds bourgeoisie. editors, writers, of Jacques Parizeau The Parti Qu~b~cois professors, and alle- is and in the use of language: artists, Party, avoids no change in the political to be a party led by experts lawyere, of Melchers of the closeness For four generations, with its labour orientation the Parti Qu~b~cois and federal Party has never had a French-Canadian The French-Canadian naliste, bourgeoisie federalism Beaubien). funds to Conservative continues It's example of this rare breed is the Beaubien Corp.; L~vesque, businessmen Liberal. ties of the Simard family to the point of view. There are, of course, noteworthy chains operated Conservative the Conservative leader. is overwhelmingly are only two examples tive to the French-Canadian oured a centralizing scene. Paul Desruisseaux the francophone its and weaken Party at both the provincial and the traditional Party in Quebec, bour- truncate its companies and international no secret that the large newspaper level. of Quebec would force it to reorganize support Perron has a factory In sum, as far as the French-Ganadian The French-Canadian Desparais) Normick jour- teachers, 145 notaries. The preoccupations of either the bourgeoisie occupations therefore see in the assimilation and negates in part the already the anglophone bourgeoisie classic leaves for the French-Canadian role of a petty bourgeoisie. divides ting into two distinct is still represented have underestimated phone bourgeoisie, by the Liberal they contend, of managers and its potential that the Parti Qu~becois bourgeoisie teachers appeal represents and civil servants. to the most backward franco- With French-Canadian it is reasonable than just a "petty bourgeoisie" sector. Also, it would appear of the traditional as well as the majority The p~quiste elements and Frenette of the big and medium a segment of the liberal professions, civil ser- that Bourque of giant companies, private split- sector faction which for growth. to claim that these groups< are far more the Quebec and Canadian Party from 1960 of state companies, both the importance a number and re- Party and the other a techno- It seems to us, however, groups now controlling One is tradi- is now progressively one a private by the Quebec Liberal vants and the like. They claim that from 1936 to 1960; the other is modern, sub-groups, consisting by entrepreneur the liberal professions) and represented This latter group, Bourque exercised into two major sections. by the Union Nationale urban and industrial, in part made by Gilles bourgeoisie (farming, petty commerc~and within analysis supports They hold that the domination this petty bourgeoisie faction, of symbols and who (18). only the subordinate to 1967. they are the pre- of the Quebec nation a direct attack of the francophone and Nicole Frenette presented workers; are not those and their ideologies. Our analysis cratic or of salaried government of people who live by the manipulation on their interests tional of the pequiste program, of agriCulture however, petty of can only and local industry, 146 i.e., to those who need protection agree with Bourque whether federal and Frenette or provincial, for the interests from Canadian competition. is saying that the Liberal appears We do Party, to be the most likely channel of the new francophone bourgeoisie. Conclusion Ever since World War II, a new francophone developing, primarily (though not exclusively) be found in the field of financial funds), in commerce, traditional sectors which has pioneered services transportation of industry a new industrial role and where technical in Quebec. (insurance, and real estate, (Bombardier had access to those sectors where bourgeoisie It is to trusts, mutual and in several Ltd. being an exception field). technology developments, has been In other words, it has does not play a major therefore, do not bar the way to new competitors. The growth of this bourgeoisie ment of new sectors, by the anglophone of sectors by absorbing advantage bourgeoisie. gave various their rivals. of constantly rapid rise in personal their subsequent housing and commerce). by the creation As well, the belated on the develop- small entrepreneurs demand, income of French-Canadians to them (financial Finally, of a provincial tions both able and anKious could also take which was generated into markets which until then insurance, capitalism Quebec state, equipped to stimulate by the since the war and services, francophone al- the chance to grow Local small capitalists growing centralization where a local petty bourgeoisie entry as consumers has been inaccessible partly such as real estate, which are not controlled like retail commerce, ready existed, depends urban was boosted with institu- the growth of a French- 147 Canadian bourgeoisie. Liberal That was the political project of the Quebec Party and of the Quiet Revolution. This new bourgeoisie has trans-Canadian its funds and sells its products to the independence of Quebec. from sea to sea. of this rising bourgeoisie: the interests of the liberal professions and of civil servants, in short, the employees of Quebec and the nationalization nessman who dreams donations--differentiates parties capacity, The electoral succeeds, finance, individual and rich individuals, and not open to any in the dynamic bourgeoisie, to do its expanding bourgeoisie sectors research of in- and development like the cooperative in the traditional demonstrated--it the control of already-existing degree of technical capitalist transportation, complexity. bourgeoisie move- sectors. has already the new francophone the lines of the anglophone commerce, market. and, apparently, to compete panies which have a certain approach the busi- (19). Paul Desmarais from the anglophone based on the separation fund of the PQ is essentially of the lack of a technological ment, will be forced editors-- that depend of the PQ--limited it from companies the French-Canadian Occasionally--as methods whatsoever Since it is unable dustry because of services the Canadian in composition large contribution writers, es- as well, part of whose funds come from popular groups and trade unions. petty bourgeoisie and notaries, artists, project represents of symbols cannot attract of conquering Even the very financing from workers' (lawyers teachers, A political cannot represent the PQ primarily and petty producers on the use of language. It invests Thus, it is opposed The Parti QU~b~cois the interests pecially) interests. will seize com- If this will develop along class and in the same sectors: service, real estate development. 148 If, however, the province of Quebec forms an autonomous the control of its petty bourgeoisie, then the new franco phone bour- geoisie will try to seize that state with the weapons possesses--almost of those parties, Our analysis parties, participation etc. (cf. Marcel Rioux). It refutes also the ana- lyses of those who see in the new French-Canadian bryonic "national" bourgeoisie. class. are trans-Canadian. bourgeoisie In reality, this francophone geoisie is nothing other than the French-Candian Its markets, The petty bourgeoisie its investments, It may lean on the Quebec state of the cooperative could find in both the programs some nourishment the aggression the "wordsmiths" bour- its aims, all (Which it has movement, of Quebec. on the other hand, and the practice of the pequiste for its dreams of self-defence of big capital. an em- section of the Cana- helped to build), but it has no interest in the separation government in the squarely refutes the concept 'of the Quebec nation as an "ethnic class" dian capitalist that it already total control of the means of mass communication, the funding of one or more political management state under This petty bourgeoisie, against along with of the public sector (20), are today in Quebec the major bearers and creators of the independentist ideology. 149 Footnotes (1) M. Seguin: "La Conquet.e et la vie .fconomique des Canadiens," in R. Durocher and P.-A. Linteau et l'inferiorite (2) economique Trois Rivieres, P.-A. Linteau: "Quelques 1850-1914," Le "Retard" des canadiens Bor{al Express, quebecoise (eds.): franxais, du Quebec Les Editions 1971, pp. 93-111. reflexions autour de la bourgeoisie in R~vue d'Histoire de l'~rique Fran- caise, vol. 30, no. 1, June 1976, pp. 55-66. (3) Commerce (4) E. Bouchette: (ed.): magazine, Montreal, "Emparons-nous L'essor economique 1961, pp. 233-273. Quebec (5) fran;aise," E. Bouchette: "Retard ~. (6) Beauchemin, (ed.): L'essor sociale du Quebec 1760-1850, Maclean Hunter Ltd.: canadien- and P.-A. Linteau Financial (eds.) des canadiens-francais, Histoire economique et 1971. Post Survey of Corporate ties, Annual, Annual, du Quebec, 2 vol., Fides, Montreal, Financial du canadienne- economique "L'industriel in R. Durocher F. Ouellet: economique de l'enterprise du Quebec et l'inferiorite cit., pp. 43-74. Montreal, 1977. N.W. Taylor: et son milieu," Le "Retard" Montreal, in R.J. Bedard in R.J. Bedard L'independance de croissance 2P.' cit., pp. 158-176. fran~ais de l'industrie," du Quebec, (1906), La Presse, J. Me1anl'0n: August 1951, pp. 14-20. 1928-1946, Securi- Toronto Post Survey of Industrials, 1947-76, Toronto Financial Post Survey of Mines, Annual, 1926-176, Toronto Financial Post Survey of Oils, Annual, 150 1936-76, Maclean-Hunter Toronto Financial Ltd: Post Survey of Funds, Annual, 1962-76, Ministry of Consumers, Rapport de l'inspecteur Official Publisher, and Financial (7) Quebec 1976. Maclean-Hunter Ltd: Toronto. <raises: Biographies regular, Bulletin, Cooperatives Annual Montreal, 1974-77. Toronto, 1967-77. Bulletin, Post Directory Les Editions 1912-76, des Assurances, Quebec Report, 1975. Financial of Directors, Biographiques Press Ltd.: Toronto. Canadian Annual, Canadiennes-Fran- canadiennes-fran~aises, International Institutions, de fideicommis, of Consumers, Service Commission, 1931-76, Montreal. Ministry Commission, Securities and Financial des compagnies Publisher, Securities Ontario Cooperatives Institutions, Quebec Official Toronto irregular, 1920-76, Who's Who in Canada, Who's Who, irregular, ir1912-76, Toronto. (8) J. Niosi: The Economy of Canada, Black Rose Books, Montreal, (9) (10) Commerce magazine, J.-M. Chevalier: a study in ownership and control, 1979. May 1950 and July 1977. La structure financiere de l'industrie ameri- caine, Cujas, Paris, 1970. (11) "The Investment Fund will sell its shares," in Le Devoir, 11 April 1975, p. 17. (12) J. Niosi: (13) "Sodarcan The Economy out to conquer club," in La. Presse, (14) Bulletins of Canada, op. cit. chapter the closed international 11 November 2. reinsurance 1975, p , El. of the Quebec and Ontario Securities Commissions. 151 (15) J. Porter: 1965. The Vertical W. Clement: University The Canadian and Stewart, Toronto, see J. Heap (ed.): Ltd., Toronto, MOsaic, of Toronto Press, Corporate Elite, McClelland 1975; for a critique of elite theories Everybody's Canada, Burns and MacEachern, 1974, and J. Niosi: The Econo~ of Canada, op. cit., chap. III. (16) (17) "Guy St. Pierre, two francophone directors," Confed~ration G. Bourque MOntreal, translation "Classes (1760-1970)," 1970, MOntreal, in G. Teeple: 6 April 1976, page 17. La Cooperative sociales et ideologies in Socialisme pp. 13-55. Capitalism and the National of Toronto Press, 1978). Committee Expenses, Information Ottawa, 1966, Parties, Pal tiel: Political of Canada, Hurtubise Toronto, Party Financing 1970. HMH, Montreal, apr~s," Montr~al, 10-11 November, Question Canada, 1966. K.S. in Canada, McGraw-Hill Co. Le Parti Queb~cois, 1976, pp. 149-150. ("travailleurs in his excellent (One Year Later) Canada, Ottawa, V. Murray: The concept of "wordsmiths" by Marcel Fournier Report, Information quebecois, (English in Canada, University on Election Federee 1974. and N. Frenette: au Quebec 7 October in Quebec must have in Le Devoir, des Syndicats Nationaux: No. 20, April-June (20) in Le Devoir, "Every company operating nationalistes (19) of Ogilvy," 1977, page 17. est capitaliste, (18) hairman du langage") presentation Seminar at the Universite 1977. was used to the "Un An du Quebec a APPENDIX French-Canadian Assets 1. 1.1 Assets Insurance 1975 (millions) 4,872 3,059 969 Internal (1) Mouvement Desjardins Internal (2) (23%) Mutual 757 411 68 53 37 170 Power Corp., via Investors Group (50%) J.-L. Levesque (10.6%), Simard family (8%) (3) Savings and Investment Group (94%) ,... General Trust of Canada (90%) en N Private Allarco Financial Corporation (91.9%) Companies Great West Life Insurance Co. Imperial Life Assurance Co. La Sol Ldar Lt e" National Reinsurance Co. United Provinces Assurance Co. Canadian Union L'Unique 1.4 December Trust Companies Montreal Trust General Trust of Canada Savings and Investment Trust Sherbrooke Trust National Trust North West Trust Company 1.3 Companies Banks Bank Canadian National Provincial Bank of Canada Savings Bank 1.2 and Control, I 2,349 714 39 29 25 23 12 Power Corp. Power Corp. Private Gerard and Robert Parizeau Private (Major family?) Private Private (Belanger family?) (+50%) (4) Funds Investors Group Savings and Investment Beaubran Corp. Canagex Ltd. Mutual 636 25 22 15 Power Corp. (56.2%) Savings and Investment Beaubien family? Bank Canadian National Group )99%) 1.5 Holding Companies Power Corp. Corporation d'Expansion York Lambton Corp. F-I-C Fund 1.6 Mortgage Financial Corp. 429 Power Corp. (57.9%) 29 Bank Canadian National (50%) Industry Alfred Lambert Inc. Bombardier Ltd. Consolidated Bathurst Melchers Distilleries Dominion Glass East Sullivan Mines Normick Perron QuJbecor Rolland Paper Co. T~l~ C~pitale Tele Metropole Simard Beaudry Inc. Vachon Inc. 3. Paul Desmarais (53%) York Lambton Corp. (79%) Wellington Corp. (66.6%) J-L Levesque (35.9%) Companies Imnat Ltd. 2. 579 51 50 39 Finance Companies Laurentide 1.7 Financiere 10 145 662 22 107 47 40 34 62 11 37 23 27 F-I-C Fund (100%) Bombardier family (75%) Power Corp. (38.1%) Hon. Paul Desruisseaux (45.9%); S. Marchand (6.5%) Consolidated Bathurst Corp. (96%) Beauchemin family Normand, Michel and Jean Perron (75%) Pierre Peladeau and family (72.8%) L.G. Rolland and family (54.5%) H. Baribeau, J. Pouliot, Cl. Pratte (75%) J.A. De Seve Heritage (82.6%) Corporation d'Expansion Financiere (100%) Mouvement Desjardins (83%), Vachon family (17%) Commerce Cassidy's Dupuis Fr~res Provigo U.A.P. Inc. 24 21 77 43 Cont. Manufacturers (Brodeur family)(6l.l%) Marc Carriere (75%) A. Turmel, J. Lamontagne, R. Provost & Assoc. Pr~fontaine family (100%) (18%) 4. Transportation and Service Canada Steamship Lines Le Verendrye Management Logistec Corp. 5. Real-Estate Allarco Campeau 394 21 21 Power Corp. (100%) Board of directors and executive committee P. Gourdeau, R. Paquin & Assoc. (30%) 101 402 Dr. Charles Allard (48.2%) Robert Campeau (62.5%) Development Development Corp. (1) At the end of August 1977, the Quebec Deposit and Investment Fund and Hydro-Quebec held 10% of the shares, Canadian Pacific held 4.5%, Sun Life Assurance Co. held 3.7%, General Trust held 3.5%, Canadian National held 1.9%, the Mouvement Desjardins held 1.8% and Montreal Trust held 1.6% (La Presse, 3 September 1977, p. A7). (2) At the end of January 1977, the Quebec Deposit and Investment Fund held 10% of the shares, Canada Permanent Trust held 10%, Credit Foncier held 5%, Trucina held 5%, Laurentian held 6% (La Presse, 26 February 1977). (3) La Presse, 21 September (4) La Presse, 11 November 1974, p. A6. 1975, p. El. (32.9%) 155 APPENDIX French-Canadian II Companies, 1975 Year and place of incorporation YEAR National 1873 Dominion Bank of Canada 1861 Dominion Savings Bank 1971 Dominion Montreal 1889 Quebec 1909 Quebec 1961 Quebec Trust 1874 Quebec Trust Co. 1981 Quebec Bank Canadian Provincial Trust General Trust of Canada Savings and Investment Sherbrooke National Trust North West Trust Co. 1962 Edmonton Great West Life 1891 Dominion Imperial Life 1896 Dominion La SolLdar Lt e 1942 Quebec Canadian 1943 Quebec Union L'Unique 1967 Quebec United 1927 Quebec 1948 Dominion 1957 Dominion 1947 Charlottetown 1969 Dominion 1925 Dominion Provinces National Reinsurance Co. Savings and Investment Beaubran Canagex Corp. Mutual Fund Corp. Fund Power Corp. Corporation d'Expansion Financi~re York Lambton Corp. F-I-C Fund Laurentide Financial Imnat Corp. 1957 Quebec 1926 Dominion 1962 Quebec 1950 Victoria, 1971 Quebec 1937 Quebec INDUSTRY Alfred Lambert Bombardier Consolidated Me1chers Inc. Ltd. Bathurst Distilleries 1942 Quebec 1928 Dominion 1898 Quebec B.C. 156 INDUSTRY (Cont'd) Dominion Glass 1913 Dominion East Sullivan Mines 1944 Quebec Normick 1968 Quebec 1965 Quebec 1880 Quebec Perron QU~b~cor Rolland Paper Simard Beaudry 1964 Quebec The 1953 Dominion Capitale Tele Metropole 1960 Quebec Vachon 1947 Quebec Cassidy's 1796 Quebec Dupuis 1868 Quebec U.A.P. 1926 Quebec Provigo 1969 Quebec COMMERCE Freres TRANSPORTATION AND SERVICE 1913 Dominion La Verendrye 1962 Quebec Logistec 1952 Quebec Canada Steamship Lines Corp. REAL-ESTATE DEVELOPMENT Allarco Developments 1954 Alberta Campeau Corporation 1953 Ontario SOURCES: Financial Post Survey of Industrials, Financial Post Survey of Funds, Toronto, Toronto, 1928-76, Annual. 1962-76, Annual. Ministry of Consumers, Cooperatives and Financial Institutions, Rapport Annuel du Services des Assurances, Quebec Official Publisher, 1976. 157 APPENDIX Lawyers on the Boards of Directors of French-Ganadian Company Bh~rer, Bernier, Cet~, Ouellet, Dionne, Houle & Morin (Que.) Lagass~, Lagass~, Lagasse (Sherbrooke) St-Laurent, Monast, Walters & Valli~res (Que. ) J. Lagasse R. St-Laurent Bank of Canada Desjardins, Ducharme, Desjardins Bourque (Mtl.) Renaud & Renaud (Mtl.) C. Ducharme Hon. J.D. Renaud Savings (1975) National W. Bherer Provincial Companies Law Firm and Lawyer Bank Canadian III & Bank none General Trust of Canada Independent (Mtl.) Sirois & Tremblay (Que.) Letourneau, Stein, Marseille, Delisle & LaRue (Que.) Blain, Piche, Godbout, Emery & Blain (Mtl. ) Doheny, Mackenzie, Grivaker, Gervais s Lemoyne (Mtl.) Hon. Edouard Asselin L. Sirois J.C. Pollack M. Piche D.O. Doheny Sherbrooke Trust (subsidiary J. Lemieux Savings and Investment Trust Hon , J. Flynn Trust (subsidiary M.S. Hannon D.A. K.H. Hon. Hon. Trust) Lemieux, J. Taschereau Montreal of General Berlis Brown J.M. Godfrey J. Lesage (subsidiary Royer & Asso~. (Sherbrooke) of Savings and Investment Group) Taschereau, Grenier, Wright, Grainville & Champagne (Que.) Flynn, Rivard, Cimon, Lessard & Le May (Que. ) of Investors Group) Ogilvy, Cope, Porteous, Montgomery, Renault, Clarke & Kirkpatrick (Mtl.) Aird, Zimmerman & Berlis (Tor.) Lafleur & Brown (Mtl.) Campbell, Godfrey & Lewtas (Tor.) Howard, McDougall, Ewasaw, Graham & Stocks (Mtl.) 158 Montreal Trust (Cont'd) Duquet, Mackay, Weldon & Bronstetter (Mtl.) Stewart, Mackeen & Covert (Halifax) Sheperd, Mackenzie, P1axton, Little & Jenkins (London, Ont.) Owen, Bird (Vancouver) R. de W. Mackay J.W.E. Mingo A. E. Sheperd Hon , W. Owen The North West Trust Co. none National Trust none Great West Life Insurance Co. J.B. Macaulay Imperial Life Ass. Aikins, Macaulay (subsidiary J.G. Porteous & Thorya1son (Winnipeg) of Power Corp.) Ogi1vy, Cope, Porteous, Montgomery, Renault, Clarke & Kirkpatrick (Mt1.) St-Laurent, Monast, Walters & Va11i~res (Que. ) R. St-Laurent Canadian (subsidiary of Investors Group) Union Insurance Co. none La Prevoyance Bh~rer, Bernier, Cate, Ouellet, Dionne, Houle & Morin (Que.) Ahern, deBrabant, Nuss, Drymer (Mt1.) W. Bh~rer J. Ahern La Solidarite none L'Unigue Jules Landry United Provinces Independent Insurance Co. B.F. Clarke Ogi1vy, Cope, Porteous, Montgomery, Renault, Clarke & Kirkpatrick (Mt1.) Howard, McDougall, Ewasew, Graham & Stocks (Mtl.) Hon. J. Lesage Investors Group (subsidiary of Power Corp.) none Savings and Investment Hon. J. Flynn J. Taschereau Corp. Mutual Fund Flynn, Rivard, Cimon, Lessard & Le May (Que.) Taschereau, Grenier, Wright, Grainvi11e and Champagne (Que.) 159 Beaubran Corp. Ogilvy, Cope, Porteous, ~ontgomery, Renault, Clarke & Kirkpatrick (Mtl.) R.L. ~unro Canagex Fund Ltd. none Power Corp. W. Bherer Bh~rer, Bernier, Cote, Ouellet, Dionne & Morin (Que.) Cassels Brock (Tor.) Letourneau, Stein, ~arseille, Delisle & LaRue (Que.) Stikeman, Elliott, Robarts & Bowman (Tor.) P. Genest C. Pratte Hon. J.P. Robarts York Lambton Corp. P.F. Vineberg J.G. Porteous Philips & Vineberg (Mtl.) Ogilvy, Cope, Porteous, Montgomery, Renault, Clarke & Kirkpatrick (Mtl.) Guy, Vaillancourt, Bertrand, Bourgeois & Laurent (Mtl.) Byers, Casgrain & Stewart (Mtl.) J. Guy P. Casgrain Corporation d'Expansion Financiere J. Guy Guy, Vaillancourt, Bertrand, & Laurent (Mtl.) Bourgeois F-I-C Fund none Laurentide Finance Co. (subsidiary of Power Corp.) none Imnat (subsidiary of BeN) none INDUSTRY Company Alfred and Lawyer Lambert Law Firm Inc. (subsidiary of F-I-C Fund) none Bombardier Ltd. none Consolidated Bathurst Hon. J.B. Aird (subsidiary of Power Corp.) Aird, Zimmerman & Berlis (Tor. 160 Consolidated Bathurst (Cont'd) Ogilvy, Cope, Porteous, Montgomery, Renault, Clarke & Kirkpatrick (Mtl.) R.E. Morrow Melchers Distilleries none Dominion Glass (subsidiary Hon. J.B. Aird of Consolidated Bathurst) Aird, Zimmerman & Berlis (Tor.) East Sullivan Mines C. Beauchemin Normick Independent Perron none Quebecor P.W. Gauthier Rolland Ogilvy, Cope, Porteous, Montgomery, Renault, Clarke & Kirkpatrick (Mtl.) Paper E.J. Courtois Hon. J.B. Aird Weldon, Courtois, Clarkson, Parsons & T~treault (Mtl.) Aird, Zimmerman & Berlis (Tor.) T~le Capitale C. Pratte & R. Letourneau W. Bherer R. Amyot Letourneau, Stein, Marseille, D~lisle & La Rue (Que.) Bherer, Bernier, Cot~, Ouellet, Dionne, Houle & Morin (Que.) , Amyot, Lesage, de Grandpre, Colas, Bernard & DrSlet (Que.) Tele-Metropole M. Godbout M. Piche Simard-Beaudry J. Guy Vachon Inc. none & (subsidiary Blain, Piche, Godbout, Em~ry & Blain (Mtl.) of Corpex) Guy, Vaillancourt, Bertrand, & Laurent (Mtl.) Bourgeois, 161 COMMERCE Company Law Firm and Lawyer Cassidy's Ltd. Ogilvy, Cope, Porteous, Montgomery, Renault, Clarke & Kirkpatrick (Mtl.) F .C. Cope Dupuis FrE;res none Provigo Inc. Lagasse, Lagasse, Lagasse (Sherbrooke) Belanger, d'Allaire, Gagnon & Assoc. (Que.) J. Lagasse M. Belanger U.A.P. Inc. Desjardins, Ducharme, Bourque (Mtl.) C. Ducharme TRANSPORTATION Company Law Firm Steamship Lines (subsidiary W. Bherer Management of Power Corp.) Bherer, Bernier, Cate, Ouellet, Dionne, Houle & Morin (Que.) Stikeman, Elliott, Robarts & Bowman (Tor.) Hon. J.P. Robarts La Verendrye & AND SERVICE and Lawyer Canada Desjardins Corp. none Logistec Corp. R. Amyot Amyot, Lesage, De Grandpre, Dr8let (Que.) Colas & REAL ESTATE DEVELOPMENT Company Allarco and Lawyer Law Firm Developments none Campeau Corporation F. Mercier R.W. Macaulay Stikeman, Elliot, Tamaki, Mercier Robb (Mtl.) Macaulay & Perry (Tor.) &