Conservation and Management of Loktak oktak and Associated

Conservation and
Management of
Loktak and
Associated
Wetlands Integrating
Manipur River Basin
Ch. Gojendro Singh
Loktak Development Authority
C.L.Trisal
Wetlands International – South Asia
Lessons Learned
• Integration of conservation and wise use of
wetlands into Manipur River Basin management
• Mainstreaming of wetlands into developmental
planning
• Innovative approaches to rural development
programme through conservation and wise use of
wetlands
• Participatory approach in planning and
implementation of action plan
• Integration of traditional knowledge into
management practices
Loktak Wetlands within Manipur River Basin
Nepal
Bhutan
Loktak
India Lake
China
Bangladesh
Irrawady
River
Basin
Loktak
Lake
Myanmar (Burma)
Lao
s
B a y
of
B e n g a l
Thailan
d
Wetlands of Manipur River Basin
• Loktak Lake largest wetland
covering 61% of wetland area
within MRB
• Livelihood of 0.3 million
people living in and around the
wetlands.
Ikop
Kharung
• Traditionally wisely used for
fisheries and agriculture
Loktak
• Occurrence of phumdis characteristic feature
References
Rivers / Drains
Phumdis
• Keibul Lamjao National Park
(KLNP), habitat of Sangai
Khoidum
Open Water
Fish Farm
Islands
Agriculture Land
KLNP
Pumlen
Water Resources Development
Construction of 6 barrages particularly Ithai led to
• Degradation of KLNP
• Loss of migratory fishes
• Inundation of peripheral agricultural fields
and settlements
Power Channel
Ithai
Barrage
Hydraulic structures in MRB
Loktak Lake Management
• Loktak Development Authority established
in 1986
• Successful control of water hyacinth
• Catchment area treatment
• Desiltation and deweeding to ensure
supply of water for power generation
• Absence of baseline data / information for
management planning
Weevil Feeding on Water Hycinth
Collaborative Project - WI , LDA , ICEF, MoEF
Catchment Area
Water Resources
Development
Management
Sustainable Resources
Development &
Utilization
Community Participation & Development
Institutional Development & Capacity
Building
Database Management
Sustainable Development and Water Resources
Management of Loktak Lake
Collaborative Project - WI , LDA , ICEF, MoEF
• Database creation
• Involvement of local
communities and stakeholders
• Joint Demonstration Projects
for conservation and resource
management
• Capacity building at all levels
Inventorization and Assessment
• Proliferation of phumdis
Number of Athaphums
1989 ( 54%)
1999 ( 59%)
2002 ( 74%)
116.4 sq km/84 sq km
134.6 sq km / 101.2 sq km
217 Athaphums
2,642 Athaphums
1989 :
217
2002 :
2,642
2005 :
4,850
Inventorization and Assessment
• Most rapid phumdi proliferation in the
Central Sector ( 2.05 times within 1989
– 2002)
• Phumdis in the Northern Zone play a
critical role in maintaining lake water
quality
• Phumdis in the Southern Sector
crucial for biodiversity
• Need to restore phumdis from Central
Sector to pre barrage conditions ,
athaphums to be removed
Inventorization and Assessment
Reduction in habitat area
• Population increased 8 fold due to
protection measures
• Reduction in habitat area by 84%
Inventorization and Assessment
Phumdi degradation due to constant
water levels and poor circulation
93°50'
93°52'
24°32'
24°32'
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Phumdis with > 1 m thickness cover only 6.7
sq km out of 40 sq km
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24°30'
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24°28'
LEGEND
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24°28'
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Ph Value
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ZONE - I
ZONE - II
ZONE - III
ZONE - IV
ZONE - V
ZONE - VI
ZONE - VII
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24°26'
24°26'
93°50'
0.5 0 0.5 Kilometers
Sinking phumdis within KLNP
Sangai resting ground in KLNP
4-6
6-7
ABOVE 7
93°52'
Inventorization and Assessment
• Reduction in water holding capacity by 29% in the last two decades due to
catchment degradation and hydraulic structures
Phumdis and fish farms further reduced water holding capacity to 448 Mcum
STAGE CAPACITY CURVE
(Storage Capacity Pre Barrage)
Storage Capacity (2002)
STORAGE CAPACITY(in
Mcum)
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
766
-200
767
768
STAGE(in mt.)
769
770
Inventorization and Assessment
• Inundation of 56 sq km of
peripheral agricultural lands &
settlements
Inundated
areas
During monsoons, high water and
silt inflow into KLNP through
Ungamel
Waterlogging situation aggravated
due to barrage operations and silted
channels
Inundated
areas
Inventorization and Assessment
Awang
Kh
rok
ujai
• Deterioration of water quality
due to sewage brought by
Nambul River
%
RS5
R iv
Nambol
er
N
%
%
r
ive
ul R
b
m
Na
S13
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RS6
% S11
r
mRive
ba
ang
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RS15
ChS14
RS4
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%
S14
NingthoukhongRiver
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S12
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LOKTAK LAKE
S15
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Khordak channel
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REFERENCES
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ChS7 %
ChS8
Fecal Coliform / 100 ml
#
S7
%
Ungamel channel
ITHAI DAM
1-50 Low
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50-100 Medium
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100 & above High
Monitoring Stations
Inventorization and Assessment
• Decrease in migratory fish species
Rapid increase in athaphums has led to choking
of lake.
Natural recruitment of major carps completely
stopped due to absence of flow in lake water
Osteobrama belangeri (Pengba)
Inventorization and Assessment
• Actual costs of water use
is 400% more than
present cost ( Rs. 5.16 /
unit against Rs. 0.96 / unit
actually charged
• Present form of water use
highly unsustainable
7,000
Cum ( Environmental Cost )
Cumulative Costs / Benefits ( Rs. Millions )
• Water use for hydropower
generation dictates water
allocation accounting for
63% of the overall
economic contributions
6,000
Total Cost
Net Societal Gain
5,000
Net Private Profits
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
1985
(1,000)
(2,000)
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
Economic efficiency
Management Planning
Sce
ario
n
e
Sc
o
1: N
de
a
ent
m
op
vel
ario
n
e
Sc
2: W
s
itie
v
i
t
l ac
ith
a
ent
m
p
elo
v
e
d
s
itie
v
i
t
l ac
na
n
: Co
3
rio
tion
a
v
r
se
and
eU
Wis
se
Management Issues
• Enhanced soil erosion leading to wetland sedimentation
• Changes in water regimes as a consequence of siltation, encroachments,
and prolific growth of aquatic vegetation
• Flooding in peripheral areas
• Decline in fish resources
• Degradation of phumdis in KLNP affecting biodiversity
• Poverty due to resource degradation and limited opportunities of livelihood
diversification
• Absence of policy, regulation and coordination
Management Planning Process
Preamble/Policy
Preamble
1.Description
Stakeholder Participation
ECOLOGICAL CHARACTER
SOCIO
-ECONOMIC
Evaluation
Evaluation
Confirmation of
Confirmation of
features
features
Rationale
.1.
Rationale
•Factors
•Factors
4.
• Objectives
• Objectives
Action Plan
4.1
Projects
4.2
Work programme
4.3
Annual review
4.4
Projects
Major review
or audit
Work Programme
Annual Review
Expert Consultations
Description
Management Planning Approach
Management Action Plan of
Loktak and Associated Wetlands
Sustainable Resources Development &
Livelihood Improvement
Catchment Management
Sustainable Fisheries
Development
Water Management
Management of Aquatic
vegetation and Utilization
Biodiversity Conservation
Ecotourism Development
Community & Stakeholder Participation
Institutional Development
Ecosystem Conservation
Catchment Conservation
ƒ Afforestation in 16
prioritized degraded microwatersheds
ƒ Agro forestry / Horticulture
in areas under shifting
cultivation
ƒ Small scale Engg.
Measures for soil & water
conservation
ƒ Additional income
generation programmes
Water Management
ƒ Enhancing lake circulation through flushing and
removal of Phumdi / Athaphum
ƒ Desiltation of Critical Areas to enhance water
flows and storage capacity
ƒ Flood mitigation through improvement of drainage
system
ƒ Water Quality Improvement
- Low cost Sanitation in island villages
- Pond Based Water Filters
•
Environmental Flow Assessment initiated for water
allocation
Sustainable Resource Development & Livelihood Improvement
• Construction of 16 Community
Owned Hatcheries
• Fish restocking
• Integrated fish farming
• Economic utilisation of Phumdi
through Composting
• Micro-enterprises Development
• Provision of sustainable fishing
options to Athaphum owners
through economic incentives
Institutional Development
Legislation
Manipur Loktak Lake Protection Act
( 2006) passed in Assembly
Delineation of lake boundary
Demarcation of core and buffer zone
Regulation of detrimental activities
LDA empowered to regulate and
coordinate developmental activities
Institutional Development
CAPACITY BUILDING
• Training programmes for officials of LDA &
other concerned Organizations
• Need Based Training Programmes for local
Communities
Communication, Education & Public Awareness
• HYDREC (involving Scientist, Youth Clubs, State Govt. Dept. & NGOs
for sustainable development of Loktak)
• Loktak Day , World Wetlands Day, Nature Camps, News letters,
Publications, Workshops.
• Website of Loktak Lake launched: www.loktak.org
Institutional Development
Monitoring & Evaluation
• GIS based Lake Information System established
• Lake monitoring through a network of
infrastructures like Laboratory; Hydro-meteorological
Stations; Remote Sensing Techniques using GIS.
Lake Central Zone
2003
2007
Project Implementation Arrangement
Loktak Implementation Committee
Project Management Unit
Government
Advisors
NGOs
Village Panchayat
or
Village Authority
Youth
Associations
or Local Clubs
Meira Paibis or
Women
Associations
Project Implementation
Teams
Thank You !