Signature Series Turf Type Tall Fescue Blend

Transcription

A Professional Turfgrass Seed
Blend backed by the most
scientific data in the industry
Why is
Better?
• Varieties are Ranked at the
Top by the National Turfgrass
Evaluation Program (NTEP)
– Justice
– Rebel IV
– Rebel Exeda
• All Seed Used in Blending is
Blue Tag Certified
• Also Available with the MYCO
AdvantageTM Advanced Seed
Treatment Technology
Festuca arundinacea
Growing a better tomorrow, today…
Justice is an elite tall fescue turfgrass that requires less irrigation
frequency than bluegrass, ryegrass and fine fescues. Justice is a
shade tolerant variety and ideal for home lawns, parks, and sod
production. It exhibits outstanding wear tolerance and resists
hard use on athletic fields, park and home lawns. Justice has an
early spring green-up and holds its color late into the fall.
Justice has performed well under low to moderate fertility, but
performs better under high fertility levels associated with the
maintenance of extensively used athletic fields and showcase
lawns.
TYPE:
Elite Turf Type Tall Fescue
Experimental Designation – RB2
FEATURES:
•
•
•
•
•
Outstanding color
Superb Fine Texture
Dwarf upright growing
characteristics
Improved Disease
Resistance
Commendable Drought
Tolerance
BENEFITS:
•
•
•
Mean Turfgrass Quality Ratings of Tall Fescue Cultivars
Grown at Eighteen Locations in the U.S.
Maintained using Schedule “A”
Table 1
2004 Data
Turfgrass Quality Ratings 1-9; 9=Ideal Turf
Cultivar
Mean
Justice
6.5
Picasso
6.2
Grande II
6.1
Tar Heel II
6.1
Southern Choice
5.7
K-31 E+
3.5
LSD Value
0.2
These examples represent a few of the varieties tested in the NTEP
2001 National Tall Fescue Report, 2004 Data
For complete trial data, go to www.ntep.org
•
The narrow fine
consistency of the leaf
blade endows you with a
highly sought after dark
green turfgrass
You will expand less
energy, time in addition
to less wear and tear on
mowers as a result of less
vertical growth
demonstrated with this
variety
Scheduling conflicts can
be reduced along with
the expense of fungicide
applications due to
increased disease
resistance
A smaller water bill is
always welcome
RECOMMENDED USE:
•
•
•
•
•
Golf Courses (Roughs)
Sod Farms
Park Settings
Athletic Fields
Home Lawns
Growing a better tomorrow,
Genetic Color Ratings of Tall Fescue Cultivars
Table 12
2004 Data
Genetic Color Ratings 1-9; 9=Dark Green
Cultivar
Mean
Hunter
7.6
Justice
6.8
Southern Choice II
6.8
Picasso
6.6
Grande II
6.6
Tar Heel II
6.3
K-31 E+
4.2
LSD Value
0.2
Festuca arundinacea
OPTIMAL ADAPTATION AREAS:
Climatic Zones: 3, 5, 6, 7, 8
(may not be adaptable to all
areas within each climatic zone)
Leaf Texture Ratings of Tall Fescue Cultivars
Table 14
2004 Data
Leaf Texture Ratings 1-9; 9=very fine
Cultivar
Mean
Coyote II
6.6
Justice
6.2
Grande II
6.0
Picasso
5.7
Tar Heel II
5.6
Southern Choice II
5.2
K-31 E+
3.3
LSD Value
0.2
SEEDING RATES:
Fall Density Ratings of Tall Fescue Cultivars
Table 23B
2004 Data
Density Rating 1-9; 9=Maximum Density
Cultivar
Mean
Guardian-21
7.6
Justice
7.2
Tar Heel II
6.8
Picasso
6.8
Grande II
6.4
Southern Choice II
5.7
K-31 E+
3.6
LSD Value
0.5
ESTABLISHMENT:
Home Lawns, Parks:
8 - 10 lbs/1000 sq ft
(3 ½ - 5 kgs/100 sq meters)
Athletic Fields/Parks:
10 - 15 lbs/1000 sq ft
(5 – 7 kgs/100 sq meters)
Sod Farms:
8 - 10 lbs/1000 sq ft
Justice mixes best with 5-7%
Kentucky Bluegrass such as Monte
Carlo or Chateau for a more
luxurious turf.
Cover seed to a depth not
exceeding 1/4 inch (6.35 mm)
and keep seedlings moist until
well rooted. The first mowing
can be expected after 30 days,
or when the grass blades reach
a length of 3 inches (76.2 mm).
Mow back to 2 inches (50.8
mm) until turf is established.
(38.1 mm)
MAINTENANCE:
2001 National Tall Fescue Report, 2004 Data
Limited use of the area can
be expected in 6 weeks.
Justice can tolerate a mowing
height of 1.5 inches.
Festuca arundinacea
Rebel IV is an elite tall fescue turfgrass that requires less
irrigation frequency than bluegrass, ryegrass and fine fescues.
Rebel IV is a shade tolerant variety and ideal for home
lawns, parks, and sod production. It exhibits outstanding
wear tolerance and resists hard use on park and home
lawns. Rebel IV has an early spring green-up and holds its
color late into the fall. Rebel IV has performed well under
low to moderate fertility, but performs better under high
fertility levels associated with the maintenance of extensively
used athletic fields and showcase lawns.
TYPE:
Experimental Designation – R-4
FEATURES:
•
Outstanding color
•
Superb Fine Texture
•
Dwarf growing characteristics
•
Improved Disease Resistance
•
Admirable Drought
Tolerance
BENEFITS:
•
Improved Disease
resistance reduces the need
and cost of fungicide
applications
•
Rebel Sentry will perform
well in the area where tall
fescue is most widely used
The transition zone
•
Mean Turfgrass Quality Ratings of Tall Fescue Cultivars Grown at Nineteen
locations (Selected Locations Shown Below, Mean is for Nineteen
Locations) in the U.S., Maintained using “Schedule A”
Table 1
2002-05 Data, Turfgrass Quality Ratings 1-9; 9=Ideal
Cultivar
IN1 KY1 MD1 NC1 NJ1 NJ2 VA1 OVERALL
MEAN
Rebel IV (R-4) 6.7 7.4 6.4
5.9 6.6 6.2 6.6
6.3
Ultimate
6.5 6.9 6.5
6.5 5.7 5.4 6.7
6.1
(01-RUTOR2
Lexington
6.3 6.9 6.0
6.0 5.2 5.2 6.9
6.0
(UT-RB3)
Riverside
6.3 6.0
6.1
5.6 4.9 5.0 6.5
5.9
(Proseeds 5301)
KY-31 E+
3.9 3.9
3.1
4.6 1.2
1.1
4.0
3.6
LSD Value
0.6 0.8 0.8
0.8 0.9 0.7 1.2
0.2
2001 National Tall Fescue Report, 2002-2005 Data, Final Report
Fall Density relates to
summer survival
•
Everyone desires a dark
RECOMMENDED USE:
•
•
Sod Farms
•
Park Settings
•
Athletic Fields
•
Home Lawns
Festuca arundinacea
Table 31
CULTIVAR
Rebel IV
(R-4)
Escalade
(01-0RU1)
GreenKeeper
WAF
(K01-WAF)
Lexington
(UT-RB3)
Southern
Choice II
Coyote II
(K01-8015)
JTTFF-2000
LSD Value
Brown Patch (Warm Temperature) Ratings of Tall Fescue Cultivars
(Selected Locations Shown Below, Mean is for Fourteen Locations)
2002-05 Data, Turfgrass Quality Ratings 1-9; 9=No Disease
AR1
GA1
IN1
MA1
MD1
MO1
NJ2
OK1
PA1
VA1
WI1
MEAN
7.2
6.3
8.0
8.7
9.0
4.0
6.2
7.0
8.1
8.7
8.0
6.8
6.8
6.7
9.0
7.0
9.0
4.7
5.7
6.3
8.0
7.3
8.3
6.6
7.8
6.0
7.7
8.0
8.3
5.7
5.4
7.0
7.7
7.0
8.0
6.4
6.7
6.0
7.7
7.3
9.0
6.3
5.2
7.7
7.6
7.0
8.7
6.3
7.8
6.7
8.0
8.0
8.7
4.3
4.2
6.7
6.8
7.3
8.3
6.2
5.5
6.0
7.3
4.7
8.3
4.3
5.0
7.0
6.7
7.3
8.3
5.9
4.8
2.6
5.7
1.3
6.7
1.5
6.0
2.1
8.3
0.9
4.3
1.8
2.6
1.5
6.3
1.6
4.4
1.6
6.7
2.4
7.3
0.9
4.7
0.8
Mean Turfgrass Quality and Other Ratings of Tall Fescue Cultivars Grown Under Traffic Stress at
St. Louis, MO
Table 13
2002-05 Data, Turfgrass Quality Ratings 1-9; 9=Best
Quality
Quality Quality Quality
Mean
Mean
Mean
CULTIVAR
Mean
2003-05
2005
2004
2003
Coyote II (K01-8015)
5.6
5.9
5.6
5.7
Rebel IV (R-4)
5.7
4.9
6.1
5.6
Constitution (ATF-593)
5.1
5.2
5.1
5.1
Olympic Gold
4.9
5.4
4.9
5.1
Silverado II (PST-578)
5.1
4.9
5.1
5.0
Barrobusto (BAR FA 1003)
4.7
5.1
4.7
4.8
KY-31 E+
2.4
2.8
2.4
2.5
LSD Value
0.8
1.2
1.3
0.5
Leaf Texture Ratings of Tall Fescue Cultivars
(Selected Locations Shown Below, Mean is for Twenty-four Locations)
Table 16
2002-05 Data, Leaf Texture Ratings 1-9; 9=Very Fine
CULTIVAR
MD1 MI1 MO1 NC1 NJ1 NY1 PA1 VA1 WI1
Coyote II
7.0
6.7
6.3
5.7
7.3
4.4
7.5
7.8
6.9
(K01-8015)
Rebel IV
6.3
5.3
6.0
5.8
6.5
4.3
7.0
7.3
6.8
(R-4)
Greenkeeper
WAF
6.2
6.0
6.0
5.7
6.4
4.6
6.8
8.0
6.6
(K01-WAF)
Barrington
6.0
5.7
6.3
5.6
5.4
4.3
6.9
7.7
7.1
Silverstar
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.4
6.3
4.4
6.5
7.7
6.3
(PST-5ASR)
Southern Choice II
5.3
6.3
6.0
5.3
4.2
4.4
5.9
7.2
6.6
KY-31 E+
3.0
5.0
4.3
4.1
1.2
4.0
3.1
4.0
5.4
LSD Value
0.7
1.0
0.5
1.2
1.4
0.7
1.1
0.9
0.9
MEAN
6.6
6.3
6.0
5.9
5.8
5.4
3.5
0.3
Climatic Zones: 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 (may not
be adaptable to all areas within each
climatic zone)
SEEDING RATES:
Home Lawns, Parks
8 - 10 lbs/1000 sq ft
Athletic Fields/Parks
10 - 15 lbs/1000 sq ft
Sod Farms
8 - 10 lbs/1000 sq ft
Fairways & Roughs
5 - 10 lbs/1000 sq ft
ESTABLISHMENT:
Sow in sun or shade in spring or
fall. Mid-summer sowing is not
recommended except for areas of
dense shade that can be well
watered. Lime soil to 5.5 – 6.0 pH
and follow soil test
recommendations for fertilization.
Maintain adequate soil moisture for
proper germination. Under ideal
conditions, germination may begin
in as few as 9 days. Full
germination may take up to 21
days. First mowing is suggested
when plants reach approximately 2
inches. (7.5 cm).
MAINTENANCE:
Best when managed at 2.5 inches,
though will tolerate lower heights.
Festuca arundinacea
Rebel Exeda is a high performance, dark green, fine textured tall
fescue. It is a cool season perennial grass that develops an
extensive fibrous root system in order to adapt to the influences
of Mother Nature. Rebel Exeda performs well for use on
premium home lawns, park settings, and sports fields along with
other high traffic areas. Rebel Exeda is suited for use by the turf
professional as well as the discriminating homeowner.
TYPE:
Experimental Designation - 9501
FEATURES:
•
Exceptional upright growth
habit
Good Seedling Vigor &
High tiller density
Exceptional Green Color
Tolerates low water input
and heavy traffic wear
Does not thin at a low
cutting height of 1 1/2 - 2
1/2 inch
Outstanding performance
in the transition zone
Exceptional fall density
•
•
•
•
•
•
BENEFITS:
•
The upright growth allows
more airflow to reduce the
disease pressure
Seedling Vigor & tiller
density translates into a
rapid establishment
Dark green genetic color
provides the desired
aesthetics
Reducing water input saves
costs
Heavy traffic tolerance at a
2 inch height of cut
provides an award winning
stand of grass
•
•
•
Mean Turfgrass Quality and Other Ratings of Tall Fescue Cultivars Grown
Under Traffic Stress at St. Louis, MO
Table 13
2002-05 Data
Turfgrass Quality and Other Ratings 1-9; 9=Best
Quality
Cultivar
Quality
Quality
Quality
Mean
Mean
Mean
Mean
2003-2005
2003
2004
2005
Coyote II (K01-8015)
5.6
5.9
5.6
5.7
Rebel Exeda
5.4
5.7
5.3
5.5
Wolfpack
5.2
5.2
4.8
5.1
2nd Millennium
5.8
5.1
4.2
5.0
Falcon IV (F-4)
5.3
4.8
4.5
4.8
KY-31 E+
2.4
2.8
2.4
2.5
LSD Value
0.8
1.2
1.3
0.5
•
RECOMMENDED USE:
•
•
•
•
•
Sod Farms
Park Settings
Athletic Fields
Home Lawns
Grown at Nineteen Locations in the US, Maintained Using
“Schedule A”
Table 1, 2002-05 Data
Cultivar
Mean
R-4
6.3
Justice
6.3
Rebel Exeda
6.1
Masterpiece
6.0
Dynasty
5.9
KY-31 E+
3.6
LSD Value
0.2
Grown at Three Locations – In The Southeast Region
Table 5, 2002-05 Data
Cultivar
AL2 GA1 TX1 Mean
Padre (NJ4)
5.9
6.4
5.8
6.1
Rebel Exeda
5.7
6.5
5.5
5.9
Pure Gold
5.5
6.1
5.0
5.5
Southern Choice
5.3
6.1
5.1
5.5
KY-31 E+
4.3
5.2
4.5
4.7
LSD Value
0.6
0.7
1.2
0.5
Brown Patch (Warm Temperature) of Tall Fescue Cultivars
Table 31 , 2002-05 Data
Brown Patch Rating 1-9; 9=No Disease
Cultivar
Mean
R-4
6.8
Rebel Exeda
6.6
Southern Choice II
6.2
Pure Gold
5.5
JTTFF-2000
4.7
LSD Value
0.8
Festuca arundinacea
Climatic Zones: 3, 5, 6, 7, 8
(may not be adaptable to all
areas within each climatic zone)
SEEDING RATES:
Home Lawns, Parks:
8 - 10 lbs/1000 sq ft
Athletic Fields/Parks:
10 - 15 lbs/1000 sq ft
Sod Farms:
8 - 10 lbs/1000 sq ft
Fairways & Roughs:
5 - 10 lbs/1000 sq ft
ESTABLISHMENT:
Sow in sun or shade in spring
or fall. Mid-summer sowing
is not recommended except
for areas of dense shade that
can be well watered. Lime
soil to 5.5 – 6.0 pH and
follow soil test
recommendations for
fertilization. Maintain
adequate soil moisture for
proper germination. Under
ideal conditions, germination
may begin in as few as 9
days. Full germination may
take up to 21 days. First
mowing is suggested when
plants reach approximately 2
inches. (7.5 cm).
MAINTENANCE:
Best when managed at 2.5
inches, though will tolerate
lower heights.
What are the Advantages
of Buying “Blue Tag
Certified” Seed?
• Certification Begins in the production field
– Certified fields must be seeded with breeder seed,
foundation seed, or registered seed
– The land must be clean, weed free and not
previously planted to another variety or class of
seed that could affect the genetic purity of the
improved variety
– There are also requirements for isolation distances
between fields of similar crops to prevent cross
pollination of varieties
– Blue-tag certified seed cannot contain the
following weeds• Wild onion/garlic, morning glory, quackgrass,
thistle, annual bluegrass, wild oats, hairy chess,
brassica spp, cheat grass
• Blue Tag Certified Seed Insures Varietal
Integrity & Genetic Purity
Seeing an OSU Blue Tag on your
bag of seed is the only way to know
for sure that-
“What is on the Tag is
actually in the Bag!!!”
What is
MYCO Advantage ?
TM
• MYCO AdvantageTM is the Next Step
in Customer Satisfaction.
– Our customers want outstanding Turf with
less inputs (fertilization, water, fungicides,
etc.)
– Our society is demanding Turf and
Landscapes that require less inputs
(fertilization, water, fungicides, etc.)
• How?
– Mycorrhizae
• Mycorrhizae reduces the plant’s need for
water and increases its efficiency of
utilizing fertilizers by– Strengthening the root mass & increasing
root depth
– Reducing root establishment time from
seed
– Enhances the plant’s ability to tolerate
drought
Mycorrhizae Seed
Treatment on root tips
increases the root mass
which increases the
plant’s uptake efficiency
MYCO AdvantageTM
Advanced Mycorrhizal Fungi Technology
Growing a better tomorrow, today...
Get the most out of the seed you plant with Pennington’s exclusive
Myco Advantage™.
Pennington’s Myco Advantage™ is an advanced seed additive
technology that when added to our highly rated seed varieties,
further maximizes their performance. Myco Advantage™
improves the partnership between both the emerging seed roots,
establishing turf roots and the beneficial soil fungi. Myco
Advantage™ is our exclusive blend of three carefully selected
species of endomycorrhizae. These beneficial fungi build a natural
microbial system, which greatly enhances plant growth, vigor and
tolerance of environmental extremes. MYCO Advantage™ is a
liquid seed coating of mycorrhizal fungi that colonize roots and
extend into the surrounding soil forming an essential link between
plant and soil resources. About 90% of the worlds plant species
benefit from mycorrhizae with these endomycorrhizal fungi.
Beneficial mycorrhizal fungi expand into the surrounding soil and
greatly increase
the root’s ability
to absorb water
and nutrients,
while improving
plant yields and
health.
Treated with
MYCO AdvantageTM
Untreated
Mycorrhizae fungi have been around from the beginning of time,
though not everyone knew the benefits of these specialized fungi.
These fungi have supported Mother Nature by enhancing the
plants ability to gather the elements needed to support optimal
plant life. Over time many turf managers have come to appreciate
the benefits of mycorrhizal fungi and what they can do to enhance
their properties, performance of their grounds and increase
environmental benefits. Mycorrhizae can reduce the plants need
for water plus increase the plants efficient use of less than ideal
water, increase the efficiency and utilization of fertilizer, reduce
establishment time, strengthen root mass and depth, plus enhance
the plants ability to tolerate drought with 30% less water.
2004 Turf Trial:
Comparison
of established
Bentgrass turf plots
where one plot
used seeds treated
with MYCO
Advantage™
versus another plot
where seeds were
left untreated.
Seed treated with
MYCO AdvantageTM
Untreated
Type:
• Advanced Seed Treatment Technology
Features:
• Myco Advantage™ can reduce the plants
need for water plus increase the plants
efficient use of less than ideal water, increase
the efficiency and utilization of fertilizer,
reduce establishment time, strengthen root
mass and depth, plus enhance the plants
ability to tolerate salinity and drought.
Benefits:
Reduces:
•
•
•
•
Drought stress
Water requirements
Fertilizer requirements
Transplant shock
Increases:
• Improved seed establishment
• Water and nutrient storage and uptake
• Root growth
• Salt tolerance
• Drought tolerance
Recommended Use:
• We recommend utilizing Pennington’s
exclusive Myco Advantage™ advanced
seed additive technology on all of your
Pennington turf seeds.
MYCO AdvantageTM
Advanced Mycorrhizal Fungi Technology
Growing a better tomorrow, today...
Modern day turf managers are stewards of the environment. They
have the difficult job of balancing turf to produce an aesthetically
pleasing stand of grass while minimizing herbicide, pesticide,
fungicide and fertilizer inputs into the environment along with
being stewards of water conservation. To further the tools available
to today’s Turf Managers, Pennington Seed’s offers their exclusive
Myco Advantage™ seed coating.
• Zones: All
If Mycorrhizae is naturally abundant in the soil, you may ask why
this is necessary. Mycorrhizae require a host to survive in the soil
which means when the soil is disturbed during construction or the
topsoil is removed or if the land lays fallow for an extended period
then the fungi perish. Host plants such as grasses and nursery plants
that receive intensive care can survive without Mycorrhizal fungi
though the Mycorrhizae cannot survive without the host plants.
Myco Advantage™ Test results:
Treated with
MYCO AdvantageTM
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Untreated
Sahara bermuda with
MycoApply®
Control
5
20
/8/
0
5/2
5/1
0
2/2
5/2
Percent cover of Apron treated Sahara Bermuda grass with and without
treatment with Myco Advantage™ mycorrhizal seed inoculant
Tall Fescue Production Fields
Myco Advantage™ treated field
SEEDING RATES:
• Myco Advantage™ does not effect the
seeding rate when applied to seed, see
individual variety product specifications for
specific seeding rates that are applicable to
that variety.
ESTABLISHMENT:
• Myco Advantage™ improves seed
establishment. See individual seed
varieties for detailed information related to
establishment time MAINTENANCE:
• Follow the recommended maintenance
guidelines for each seed variety. • Myco Advantage™ planted seed will help
you get more out of your turf.
06
06
06
06
20
/1/
5
Establishment
photos of Apron
treated Sahara
Bermuda grass
with and without
treatment with
MycoApply®
mycorrhizal seed
inoculant
Untreated field
Mycorrhizae &
Turf Type Tall Fescue
Tall Fescue Production w/o
MYCO AdvantageTM
Treatment
Tall Fescue Production w/
MYCO AdvantageTM
Treatment
Percent cover of Apron treated Tall Fescue
with & without MYCOAdvantageTM
Percent Coverage
35
30
25
Tall fescue
w/MYCO
Control
20
15
10
5
0
Cover 6/15/06
Dates
Cover 6/22/06
Mycorrhizae And Turfgrass
Biological tool improves establishment, growth, disease and drought
resistance of golf turf grasses
Draft 9/27/01 Mike Amaranthus
Myco-what?
Ten years ago the mention of mycorrhizal fungi to a golf superintendent might have met with a blank stare.
Today’s managers are much more knowledgeable regarding the benefits of mycorrhizae. Research studies
have shown us all how these specialized fungi can improve fertilizer utilization, rooting depth, the speed of
establishment, disease and drought resistance of turf. The golf industry and golf managers take their
responsibility for managing the game and the environment seriously. New tools, such as the use of
beneficial mycorrhizal fungi, allow golf managers to improve the condition of both turf and soil
Golf course management is a balance between the speed of play, golfer’s desire to see perfectly manicured
turf grass and the ecological concerns of frequent chemical and water use. Golf courses do not operate in a
vacuum but are part of a watershed. The selection of fertilizers, pesticides and water are important not only
to the "look" of the course but to the surrounding environment as well. Golf course managers have a new
tool in their belt that utilizes nature’s own way for growing plants and conserving resources. Golf course
managers can use a group of beneficial soil organisms, the mycorrhizal fungi, to improve the health and
vigor of their turf grass.
What mycorrhizae are
Most grass species in their
undisturbed natural
environments form a beneficial
association with mycorrhizal
fungi. The resulting structure is
called a mycorrhiza, or literally
"fungus-root". Although several
types of mycorrhizal fungi form
mycorrhizae with plants, the
Figure 2
Figure 1
largest group, -endomycorrhiza
Arbuscule within root where mycorrhizal
or also called arbuscular
Glomus mosseae spores (left)
fungus
and grass root exchange food and
mycorrhizae form with most
colonized root (center) and hyphae
nutrients.(Curtesy of M. Brumett)
grass species. Mycorrhizal fungi (right)
are present in soil as spores, as
hyphae in soil (filaments) or as colonized roots (Figure 1). Hyphae of mycorrhizae penetrate into and
between the outer cells of the root. Inside the root the fungus forms special coiled hyphae (arbuscules)
(Figure 2) that provide increased surface area for exchanges of food to the fungus and nutrients for the
grass.
The mycorrhizal fungi once established on the turf root system
radiate out from the roots to form a dense network of filaments
(Figure 3). These filaments form an extensive system of hyphae
that grow into the surrounding soil and provide a variety of benefits
for the grass plant. This network of filaments obtains 15 major
macro and micro nutrients and water and transport these materials
back to the turf root system. Mycorrhizae are especially important
for uptake of nutrients that do not readily move through the soil
such as phosphorous and many of the micro-nutrients. The
elaborate network of hyphae beneath the soil surface greatly
increases the potential of the root system to absorb nutrients and
Figure 3
water. Conserving and incorporating fertility and water directly into
The abundance of hyphae attached to
the target turf grass is a goal of golf management professionals and
colonized turf grass roots greatly expand the
minimizes off site and groundwater movement of fertilizer that is not
level of nutrients.(Curtesy of B. Auge)
utilized. The network also binds soil particles together, improves
soilporosity and the movement of air and water within
the soil.
Where mycorrhizae are
Soils in natural settings are full of beneficial soil
organisms including mycorrhizal fungi. Research
indicates, however, many common practices can
degrade the mycorrhiza-forming potential of soil.
Construction practices, tillage, removal of topsoil, site
preparation, heavy use of pesticides and chemical
fertilizer, compaction, and leaving soils bare are
some of the activities that can reduce or eliminate
these beneficial soil fungi (Amaranthus et al. 1996;
Doer et al. 1984; Dumroese et al. 1998). In many
man-made landscapes we have reduced or
eliminated healthy diverse populations of mycorrhizal
fungi. (Figure 4)
Figure 4
Golf Course under construction near Las Vegas, Nevada.
Putting greens constructed according to U.S. Golf association standards lack mycorrhizal fungi at the time of
sowing and mycorrhizal populations are slow to increase in the green (Koske et al. 1997). All important turf
grass species can form a specialized symbiotic (mutually beneficial) relationship with mycorrhizal fungi.
Unfortunately, modern golf construction practices often reduce or eliminate these beneficial organisms).
New mycorrhizal products designed for the golf industry are now returning these ancient allies of grass back
to golf course soils.
Show me the data
Mycorrhizae are, by far, the most researched aspect of soil biology. Over 48 thousand studies of the
mycorrhizal relationship with plants are available in the literature.
Figure 5
Studies have shown that grass species in the family Poaceae
benefit greatly from mycorrhizal colonization in terms of growth
and nutrient acquisition (Gemma and Koske 1989; Sylvia and
Burks 1988; Hall et al 1984)(Figure 5 & 6). Warm-season
grasses such as bermuda grass with coarse root systems are
very dependent upon mycorrhiza for sustained growth (Hetrick et al 1988; 1990). Recent data indicates that
cool-season, finer rooted bentgrass species also form abundant mycorrhiza and benefit from the
relationship, especially where the phosphorous levels are not too high (Gemma et al. 1995; Gemma et al
1997; Koske et al 1997). It is also well documented that inoculation of grasses with mycorrhizal fungi in soil
with low phosphorous concentrations can produce greater shoot and root biomass (Hall et al 1984; Petrovic
1984; Hetrick et al. 1986; 1988).
Mycorrhizae inoculated bentgrass (left) and
control (right) grown in sandy substrate with low
fertility.
Recent findings of improved turf grass establishment, root growth, fertilizer utilization, cover percentage,
drought, nematode and disease resistance has golf course managers including mycorrhizal inoculations in
their construction and maintenance practices. Golf course greens incur environmental stresses caused by
compaction, frequent mowing, and artificial sandy substrates lacking nutrient and water holding capacities.
Mycorrhizae can benefit many plants and results are often very apparent in situations where environmental
stress is high.
Water, water everywhere?
Attention has focused on water conservation as water
becomes a more expensive and environmentally
sensitive component of golf course management.
Research studies have shown that mycorrhizae can
enhance the ability of grasses to avoid water stress
(Koske et al 1995; Auge et al. 1995; Allen et. al. 1991).
Recent studies from the Journal of Turfgrass Science
indicate that creeping bentgrass inoculated with the
mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices tolerated
drought conditions significantly longer than nonmycorrhizal turf (Gemma et al. 1997). Mycorrhizal
inoculated turf also recovered more quickly from wilting
than non-mycorrhizal turf. Mycorrhizal turf maintained
significantly higher (avg. 29% more) chlorophyll
concentrations than non mycorrhizal turf during
drought events. Other research studies indicate that
greater chlorophyll content and enhanced
photosynthate production can lead to increased
drought resistance. Mycorrhizal inoculations can be a
useful tool to managers because sand/peat putting
greens dry out quickly and creeping bentgrass is
intolerant of drought and difficult to maintain under
summer conditions.
Figure 6
Faster grow-in
Research (Gemma et al, 1997; Green et al. in
preparation) indicates that mycorrhizal inoculation at
the time of sowing can increase the rate of
establishment by turfgrass species. The early
Figure 7
establishment of turfgrass in sand/peat medium has
received the attention of managers where early
playability can have a significant economic payback. In recent trials in Oregon and California, mycorrhizal
inoculants at the time of sowing doubled the percent grass cover in the early establishment period.(Figure 7,
8, 9).
Figure 8
Creeping Bentgrass cover with mycorrhizal inoculation with
endoroots (left) and cover in control area (right). (Courtesy if
Robert Green PhD Research Argonomist, University of
California)
Figure 9
Bermuda grass cover with mycorrhizae inoculation using
Glomus intraradices spores (right) and non inoculated
control (left).
Resistance to disease and nematodes
Root pathogenic fungi and parasitic nematodes can be acute problems for golf course managers. Research
indicates that the mycorrhizal relationship can improve grasses resistance to the negative effects of these
organisms (Newsham et al. 1995; Little and Maun 1996; Thompson and Wildermuth 1989, Linderman 1994).
Mycorrhizal fungi improve the plants resistance to soil born diseases in several ways for a wide range of
host species (Allen 1991; Linderman 1994). The literature of recent years, indicates that mycorrhizal control
of plant diseases may be strongly influenced by enhanced nutrition. Other factors might also play a role,
such as less availability of resources for the pathogens, physical changes in roots and root tissues, chemical
changes of root and plant tissues, reduction of environmental stresses, and increased concentrations of
other beneficial soil organisms around roots.
Some specific mycorrhizal fungi like Glomus mosseae
(Figure 10) and Glomus intraradices are particularly
effective in preventing fusarium, pythium, and phytophora
infections (St-Arnauld et al 1995; Sitaramaiah and Sikora
1981; Baghel and Bhatti 1990))
Root infections by pathogenic nematodes are generally
less severe on mycorrhizal plants than on non mycorrhizal
plants, but the responses may vary, and the mechanisms
involved are being studied (Linderman 1992). Symptoms of
nematode infection are generally reduced, and often,
nematode populations themselves are reduced (Hussey
and Roncadori 1978; 1982). One reasonable proposed
Figure 10
mechanism is the improvement in turf grass vigor as a
Spores from a variety of Glomus mycorrhizal species.
result of the mycorrhiza relationship masks yield losses
caused by nematode infection. Also, changes in root
exudates by mycorrhizae may change the attractiveness of roots to nematode pathogens. Increased
production of inhibitory substances by mycorrhizae may additionally affect nematode population and
survival. Research has demonstrated mycorrhizal fungal species Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices
can help control the negative impacts of parasitic nematodes (Pinochet et al. 1993; Calvert et al. 1993;
Zambolim and Schenck 1983; Chou and Schmitthenner 1974).
When do I use mycorrhiza?
Sand/peat medium incorporated during construction of golf greens is generally devoid of mycorrhizal
inoculum (Gemma et al 1997) and is a prime candidate for achieving the benefits of the mycorrhizal
relationship. Mycorrhizal inoculum can be incorporated during construction and aerification. Mycorrhizal
propagules are then incorporated into the rooting zone where they will be effectively utilized.
Mycorrhizal inoculum should be incorporated both spring and fall for
several years until healthy populations of mycorrhizae are
established. Mycorrhizal colonization assessments are simple tests
now available at many soil testing laboratories. Incorporating
mycorrhizal inoculum during aerification is an appropriate way of
developing a mycorrhizal network in the soil even for greens not
inoculated during construction (Figure 11)
Figure 11
Use diverse species of mycorrhizal fungi
Natural areas generally contain an array of mycorrhizal fungal species. The
proportions and abundance of mycorrhizal species often declines following any
disturbance. Not all mycorrhizal fungi have the same capacities and tolerances.
Because of the wide variety of soil, climatic, and biotic conditions characterizing golf
environments, it is improbable that a single mycorrhizal fungus could benefit all turf
grasses and adapt to all conditions. For example, the types and activities of
mycorrhizal fungi associated with grasses are often different than those associated
with woody plants. Mycorrhizal fungi have differing abilities to produce antibiotics that
retard soil pathogens. Likewise, some mycorrhizal fungi are better at producing
enzymes that facilitate mineral uptake such as phosphorous and iron. Still other
mycorrhizal fungi can access organic forms of nitrogen. Selecting mycorrhizal
products that contain several mycorrhizal species likely provides a range of benefits
to the plant not found with only one species. (Figure 12)
Making a commitment
Figure 12
A diversity of
mycorrhizal spores
from the genus
Glomus.
How often do you think about the impact of your golf course maintenance practices on turf and
environmental quality? Annually? Weekly? Daily? If you responded weekly or daily you are probably a
person who is interested in organic, environmentally friendly products that will improve turf and soil quality.
Mycorrhizal fungi are not new, trendy, genetically engineered organisms. These specialized fungi have been
fundamental to the survival and growth of plants for over 400 million years. When you view turf grass at a
golf course it is like viewing an ice burg. Between 50 to 80 percent of the energy absorbed by the grasses is
allocated below-ground. This energy can be put to work by the manager utilizing specific beneficial soil
organisms.
New scientific advancements in the cost effective growing of certain mycorrhizal species beneficial to turf
grass are rapidly bringing mycorrhizal products to the golf management marketplace. Mycorrhizae can help
lower costs over the long run. Healthy living soil and turf will retain nutrients, build soil structure, reduce
stress and suppress disease, thus reducing the frequency and level of certain maintenance activities.
Choosing to incorporate mycorrhizal fungi into construction and aerification programs will not only benefit the
environment but improves turf cover, rooting, fertilizer utilization, disease and drought resistance. Protecting
the environment has never made more sense. Myco-what? This may be a question of the past.
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