Vas ti ta s Bor ea li s Arca dia P lan i t i a o P a i a Terra A i d al lan it

N
N
Scandia Coll
es
60°
·
a
Nili Fossa
e
· B
arn
ard
es
Holm
S –2
Pla
niac
· Vish
·
ert
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ia
·
Kas
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Suz
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is
Vall
Mad
Malea Planum
el
ich
· M
lles
· Te
rb y
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on
He
ll
e
tes
He
AR
rhen
al
les
lla
Sc
op
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ulu
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dis
Sco s
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us
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Mon
us
20°
Co
ro
na
xi
aC
ol
h
·C
Ne
r
t
sl oges
·
s
s
oros R
upes
80°
Jarry De
Au
xi a
sV
all
e
les
T iu V
allis
O
is
di
Va
llis
Sha
lb a
sa
e
Fla
m
m
Line refers to the max. extent of frost cover
A uqakuh-v.
us
oV
Vallis
Maja
Bosporos Rupes
Fo
ss
a e
la
ri
ta
s
C
Na
ne
sae
Sac ra Fos
e
T
tam
aV
alli
s
es
i V
all
na
on
te
s
ha
rs
is
Ul
yss
M
es
Pa
ter
a
es
up
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Su
ga
s
Gi
se
y
i
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s
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r
Ju
vent
ae Ch.
a
pic
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m
u
Lyc
us
S
a
us P
atera
se
Er
eb
us
Phleg
ra M
o
Vall
is
ira
ul
aS
cop
a ni
Hype rn
W
Er
id
Valli
s
Pro
me
th
Promethei P
l.
·
us
P ro m e t h ei R u p
es
· Verlaine
ul
h
a in
· M
op
pu
sM
ons
Sc
Reull
ia
During one Martian year measured at 0° longitude, various
latituted. Source: MGS TES Jun 2000. - Apr. 2002.
tr
Temperature
L
no
Gu
Lu
ntes
Va
llis
Foss
ae
A me
nthe
s
Orc
itia
an
Pl
is
ti a
ani
s Pl
Oe
· McMurd
o
· S ou
t
· Fournier
·
Scopulus
vi
–3900
Isidi
llis
s Va
id
s
u
Arn
Is
e
oll
aC
en
Ar
Vallis
ing
Hs
Liris V
alles
s
Valle
Cor
onae
-85°
600
45°
180°
s
su
1000
90°
sV
cra
Lo
56-sol months (1=Ls 270)
1400
0°
0°
uo
Cu
llis
Va
7 8 9 101112 1 2 3 4 5 6
ae
ss
Fo
ng
*
270° Ls
VIEW OF CHRYSE PLANITIA (Viking–1)
PRESSURE [mbar] Viking–2, 47°N
10 mb
Southern CO2 frost
sublimated
Southern CO2-frost
precipitated
0°
90°
180°
0 mb
270° Ls 0°
WIND SPEED [m/s] Viking–2, 47°N
20
dust storm season
0°
90°
180°
270° Ls 0°
0
TEMPERATURE [C°] Viking–2, 47°N
daily max
.
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
-120
dail y min
.
DAILY SOLAR ENERGY
AT VARIOUS LATITUDES [Wh/sol·m2]
-45°
loe
Co
I
56-sol months (1=Ls 270)
-140
Change of seasons on Mars is expressed as Ls
degrees (Solar Longitude: distance of the Sun from the
first point of Aries).
Seasonal changes are caused not only by the tilt of axis,
but also by the Solar distance, which is a major factor
because of the highly elliptical orbit of Mars. This plays
a major role on the actual extent of the polar (frost)
caps. Southern seasons are extreme: Summer is while
Mars is close to to Sun (perihelion), Winter is while far
from the Sun (aphelion). Northern seasons are less
different: Winter is in perihelion. The basis (x axis) of
the diagrams shown here is not Ls, but a 56-sol month.
The southern Summer is the season for global dust
storms. The almost always cloudless sky of Mars is pale
pink in colour because of the dust. During the winter,
CO2 is precipitated as frost, even at 50° lat. By summer,
this sublimates, adding to global atmospheric pressure
and making strong winds.
85°
*
m
7 8 9 101112 1 2 3 4 5 6
K
313
293
270
253
233
213
193
173
153
133
+M
*
rsu
Do
a
hi C
Sisyp
M.
ore
sC
av i
· Lyell
s
n
po
197
1†
*
Pa
u sa tera
ty
Pi
i by
a M.
0°
Schroeter
HUYGENS
Alphe
us Co
u s Pa tera
ne
Am
Pe
ph
i
Pa rites
t
a
e
P
ter
r
a
a
e
l
a
a
M
ia
ev
Br
t
u Toi · Dana
· D
oly
· J
S i s y p h i Te r r a
es
nt
Mo
rmán
ps
n Ká · Philli
o
v
·
Wegener ·
Australe
-140
K
303
293
283
273
263
258
253
243
213
203
183
173
163
153
148
143
is
all
aV
· Russell
80°
· Schaeber
le
· Green
hi
°C
30
20
10
0
-10
-15
-20
-30
-60
-70
-90
-100
-110
-120
-125
-130
T i si a
· Denning
· Bouguer
· Lambert
· Procto
r
· Roddenberry
Doaus Vallis
Planum
60°
PHOTOMAP OF MARS
Showing albedo features of the surface
Lambert Transversal Equivalent
Azimuthal Projection
Published by Eötvös Loránd University
Cosmic Materials Space Research Group,
Budapest, Hungary
http://planetologia.elte.hu
Source: Viking Orbiter
Map © Henrik Hargitai 2008
ISBN HU 978-963-463-969-5
North
METEO DATA
Legend
· Teisserenc de Bort
· Rabe
· Kaiser
p
Sisy
· Maraldi
Fri
g
· Flaugegues
Noachis Terra
· D a r w in
Planum
li Pa
60°
Dawes ·
· Le Verrier
l
al
sV
opa
c
a
l
Pal
20°
Syrtis
M a j o r tera
40°
Sa ba Ter ra
· Lohse
· Galle
Argentea
llis
Va
Pa
a
DI
ANTONIA
ier
Perid
* Ni 2300
Patera
* Meroe
Niesten
· Wirtz
ai V.
· Pollack
os
M
is
· F
ont
an
lle
Va
is
m
Sa
Rup
es
Bakhuysen ·
Newcomb
· Novara
· Helmholz
te
Charitum Mon
yre
rs
me
al l
s
lli
o
·N
ra
–3500
t
· Balde
al
les
· Shatskiy
· Mena
· Arkhangelsky
Dzig
A rg
ra · Peta
na
V.
as
im a
ov ra
Val
les
·K
er
r
· Wislicenus
· Vogel
· Hartwig
re
Arg y
nitia
Pla
ley
Hal
Ma
th
era V.
Him
e
· Hook
E vros
· Beer
+ MARS –6
· Bozkir
Na
kt
o
Janssen ·
V
os
Braz
· Jones
· Foros
arion
SCHIAPARELLI
Margaritifer Terra
1974†· Cartago
Ery th · Ostrov ma
raea
Fossa
m Montes
du
i
e
m
nu
S
x.
56-sol months (1=Ls 270)
T
Va
ll
80°
Highest daytime temperatures during one Mars year [K]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112
alin
ek
V.
80°
a
em
56-sol months (1=Ls 270)
-140
n
Pl a
· Airy
ti C a
vi
im
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112
EL
L
ia
·
ni
ridia
· Mädler
· Ag · Schm
assiz
idt An
gu s
·
ilt
56-sol months (1=Ls 270)
-140
do
· Henr y
20°
2004
· Hale
in
· Sumg
60°
da
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112
n
LO
W
· Lorika
· Bond
· Bunge
e
· Eg
glass
Dou
·
Uzboi Vallis
·
60°
1 61 126 193 257 317 371 421 468 514 562 612 668 φ
Solar Distance: 206–249 million km Sol 1 61 126 193 257 317 371 421 468 514 562 612 668 φ
80
80
Earth Distance: 54–401 million km
70
70
60
Equatorial Radius: 3396.2 km
60
50
50
Obliquity to orbit: 25°19’ (±10°)
40
40
Orbital Period: 668.59 Mars Day
30
30
20
20
(668.59 Sol) (=687 Earth Day)
10
10
Rotational Period (1 sol): 24h:37m
0
0
10
Gravity: 0.38 g
10
20
20
Length of Equator: 21 300 km
30
30
Surface Area: 144.2 million km2
40
40
50
50
Atmosphere: 95% CO2; 2,6% N2
60
60
Pressure: 6 mbar [min: 0,7–Olympus,
70
70
max: 12–Hellas)
80
80
Ls 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 350 Ls 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 350
0. Longitude: Airy-0 crater
da
Height Datum 3396 km radius
40
40
40
40 30°S
40 60°S
il t i
0°
me
20 60°N dailtime max.
20 30°N dailtime max.
20
20
20
ma
Distance from Earth at Light
0
0
0
0
0
x
.
-20
-20
-20
-20
-20
speed : 03:02–22:19 min.
-40
-40
-40
-40 Duststorm→
-40Duststorm→
Duststorm→
Duststorm→
-60
-60
-60
-60
-60
Solar Distance: 589.2 W/m2
-80
-80
-80
-80
-80
nighttime min.
-100
-100
nighttime
min.
-100
-100
-100
nighttime
min.
nighttime min.
nighttime min.
Satellites: Phobos, Deimos
-120
-120
-120
-120
-120
-140
lis
Lowest nighttime temperature [K]
llis
Va
CLIMATE
T iu
’s
ion
ar
er
La
l Va
llis
y
· Ritche
m
anu
s Pl
OPPORTUNI TY + Me
Margaritifer
Chaos
ire
H
Va
lle
s
· Tikhonravov
· Crommelin
0°
Lo
V.
ga
Nilosyrtis Men sae
r
· Schöne
Indus V
allis
· Gill
Pyrrhae
Chaos
is N Holden
irga
·
u ngarian 18
77
p/H
ma
wr
l
Va
South
North
MARS FACTS
He
rD
es h
er V
all
· Pasteur
A ra bia Ter ra
Iani Chaos
340°
Asrinoses
Chaos
· Flamm
CASSINI
· Marth
Aureum
Chaos
Vinogradov
· Luzin
· Bequerel
t
olles
Nili C
Cerulli
Maggini ·
Are
sV
a
audo
· Ren
ensae
isset
· Quen
· Rutherford
· Radau
· Galilaei
Aurorae Chaos
u
Os
akin
S
EÖTVÖS L. UNIVERSITY
COSMIC MATERIALS
SPACE RESEARCH GROUP
BUDAPEST, HUNGARY
s
Eo
40°
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·
Ma
es
Ar
m
au
Th
s
eno
rte
r
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x·
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s
· Trouvelot
ma
as
Ch
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imov
· Ibrag
ro
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b
· Ba
North
ux
· More
sm
enia
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e Fossa
· Sklodowska
V
Aram
Chaos
a
erl
in
ear
asia
Thaum
m
Planu
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ens
M
ia
on
· Marursky
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rr
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av
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ide
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am
b
· Po
s
Fo
ia
as
lli
Va
ud
Sim
· Ch
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40°
· McLaughin
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v
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pr
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VA LLES M A
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Bo
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Ganges Chasma
la
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m
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Plan a
s Ch
ra e
a sm Cop
sm
o
r
r
u
ates C
ha
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·
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Curie
1997
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s
up e
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e
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20°
r Ch
.
d
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+ PATHFINDER
320°
he
A
sma
lanu
m
nt
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80°
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sa
os
F
a
s
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sM
e
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nilus
o
r
e
t
eu
i
t
ni
a
Pl
a
pi
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tia
D
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·
60°
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Nilokeras M
ensae
V.
Xa
lph
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u
ius Sc.
ot
Australe Ch
a
Oudemans ·
Acidalia
· Timbuktu
Si
olds
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has
ma
Plani
Chryse P
lanitia
· Sharanov
ir P
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en
lis
al
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oss
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rac
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yn
um
ith
Sm
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man
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lia
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skaya
m
nu
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os
1999†
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ei
· Nans
· Wright
· Trump
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+ MA R S
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g
num
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s
er
Va
lle
s
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pes
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p
Ru
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d
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n ·
nlei um
i
e
· H einba
· W
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rro
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s·
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ton
·
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s·
les
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a
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NEWTON
Hipparchu
s·
Pto lemaeus ·
· Li Fan
· Mendel
Chronium
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ne
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os
C
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e
sa
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erra
·
· Campbell
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s
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inth
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nsa
· Chia
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Tithonium Ch
ida
ul
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keras Scop
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Bahram
Vallis
280°
Heb
es Ch.
Syria P
d
Ta
ri
Eu
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he
o
olst
A. T
R
KEPLE
et
V.
n·
iso
nn
om
Harm akhis
c
ebe
· S
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llis
40°
enius ·
Arrh
Pr
v.
Dao-
Hellas M.
Rupes
· Cruls
14057
260°
Arsia Mons
Daed alia
er
Tempe
Mensa
h.
· Martz
M
or
ph
e os
Niger Vallis
a ca
dri a
Ha ater
P
Pavonis Mons
um
lan
is P
Sol
M.
*
Mariner ·
ia
ov
um
Plan
a
oni
Aus
·
ich
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· M agelhaens
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um
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Va s t it a s B o re a l i s
ti
a
Pl
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sa
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· C olumbus
Ar iadnes
Colles
18229
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·
on
ss
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k
20°
20°
8700 is Tholus
s
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M
· Dejnev
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Fo
era
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ra
Pate
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Planum Bor
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Lob
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17780
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pe F
Tem
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ris Planum
s
niu
um
· W illiams
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be a
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s
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na
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lu
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p
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mp
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r
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s
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ae
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pe
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ate 6700
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1 cm = 320 km
sae
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lus
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nta
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ssae
a Fo
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Esc
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North
dae
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88
18
li
el
P H O T O M A P
Solis Dorsa
· Korolev
Ka
60°
80°
Sch
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ar
MARS
e
Oly
mpia Unda
sma
Ko
nk
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80°
Planum Boreum
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80°
80°
Chalcop
l ós 1877
Mik
ge
e
Th
0°
SPRING
90°
180°
SUMMER
270° Ls 0°
AUTUMN
WINTER
SOLAR DISTANCE (million km)
2
200
0°
0
2,5
0°
90°
180°
270° Ls
0°
VIEW OF UTOPIA PLANITIA (Viking–2)