Rodnik 11. - Ft.Tul.cz - Technical University of Liberec

Rodnik 11. - Ft.Tul.cz - Technical University of Liberec

Rodnik11
2(J04
tssl{1335-0617
Indexed
in:
Ghemical
Abstracts,
WorldTextile
Abstracts
EMBASE
Elsevier
Biobase
Elsevier
GeoAbstracts
VlSkna a textil(3) 2OO4
Fibres and textiles (3) 2OO4
CONTENTS
-\
t i
Li
./
.i5
OBSAH
FIBBESANDYARNS
I,i
75')BolhovAE., l.tjhelyiovdA., KdrmendyovdE.', "' .; .:,,1'f,.:
'-u' The dyeabilityof blendpolypropylene/polyesiers
fibresusing
dlspersedyes
VLAKNAAPRIADZE
75 Bolhovd E., tJjhelyiovdt
A., KiirmendyovdtE.
Hodnotenie vyfarbitel'nostizmesnlch PP/PES vldkien
vyfarbenfch disperznfmi farbivami
84 UihelyiovA
A., BolhovdE., Oravkinovit
J./'ti,qt:'
"/ ,:
82
.'.t Kinetics
of dyeingprocessof blendpolyfropylene/polyester
fibreswithdispersedyes
\
'
TESTING
Ujhetyiovd
A., BolhovdE., Oravkinovd
J.
Kinetikafarbeniazmesnfchpolypropyl6n/polyesterovfch
vl6kiendisperznf
mi farbivami
SKUSOBNE
MET6DY
88 SyrovdL., RavasR., JambrichM., GrmanJ.
88 SyrovdL., RavasR., JambrichM., GrmanJ.
The use of schlieren
visualization
methodin the diagnostic.,
Pou2itieSlirovejvizualiza6nej
met6dyv diagnosticklich
polymeric
testingof opticailytransparent
potym6rnyih
foils
testochoptickypriehladnfch
f6lii
BESEARCH
VVSKUM
94 DipayanD.
Rawmaterialcharacteristics
vis-d-visrotorspinning
technology-areview
94 DipayanD.
Charakteristiky
surovinya technol6gie
rotorovdho
spriadania
-,-nre\lad
j,
' ' 99 HricovaM., MarcintinA.
99 HricovdM., MarciniinA.
' -''Vplyv pigmentovna Strukt[rua vlastnostisyntetickfch
Theinfluence
of pigments
on thestructure
andproperties
of
4
vltikien.
ll. 6ast
synthetic
fibres.ll. part
NEWSFROMDEPARTMENTS
ZVEDECKO.VVSXUMTYCXAVVVOJOVVCHPRACOViSK
prdcobhdjenfch
106SUhrnydiplomovlch
106Abstractsof
na Katedretextilua
StudentsmasterthesisdefendedatDepartment
odievania,FPT TnU so sidlom v Prichovev rdmci
of TextleandClothing,
FITTnUAlexander
Dub6ek
in P0chov
iniinierskeho
after5 year'sgraduatestudyin 200312004
Studiav Skolskom
roku2003/2004
110Separation
of oil compounds
fromwastewater
110Separovanie
ropnlchlaitokz odpadovlch
v6d
1 1 2N E W SF R O MM A G A Z I N E S
| | | Z O Z A H R A N I E N Y CEHA S O P I S O V
,
!
.'
",J'
1 1 4F R O MC O N F E R E N C E S
weknaa rexril11 (3) 73 (2004)
1 1 4Z K O N F E R E N C I I
73
V6Zeniditatelia
v ostatnfchdvochrokochvychddzaniatohto odborn6hodasopisusa Fakultapriemyako ste urditespozorovali,
Prlchove,
ktordpatridoTrendianskej
univerzity
AlexandraDubdekav Trencfne,
v6lenilamedzi
selnlichtechno169iiv
jeho vydavatelbv.
Cel6vedeniefakultya v5etcijejvedecko-pedagogicki
zamestnanci
si
a myslimsi aj elit,zaoberajfcichsa
cenia,2e patrlmedo tohtozoskupeniavydavatelstva
vedoua vfchovouv oblastivldkiena textiluna Slovensku.
Fakultapriemyselnlich
inStit0technol6giivPtichove( FPT)je mladdvysoko5kolskd
vie o ndsmdlo.Dovoltemi preto,aby somVamju akodecia,Sirokdodborndverejnost
kan fakultyv krdtkostipredstavil.
Vznikfakultyiniciovala4irobnii sf6raregi6nuP0chova,ako priemyselnej
oblasti.
podnikova prosperuj0cich
Aktivitav oblastivzdel6vania
zo stranytu p6sobiacich
sriproducentov
hospoddrskeho
dasnfchslovens[<r/ch
vyplynulaz dlhodobejperspektivy
rozvoja vlirobnlTch
akciovlchspolocnosti.V ich rozvojovfchz6merochtotii chlibaliI'udsk6
poZiadavky
zdroje,ktoreby splnaliSpecificke
novfchmaterielov
a novlichtechnol6gii,
ako
podmienok
pldnovan6ho
rozvoja.
nevyhnutnfch
technick6ho
Fakultapriemyselnfch
technol6giivPuchove,ktor6zacalasvg'uvfchovno- vzdeldvaciudinnost10.septembra
univerzity
v Zilinepo vznikunovfch
1996vo zviizkuZilinskej
krajova vznikuTrendianskej
univerzityv Trendinesa v6lenilado komplexutejtovysokej
Skolyv roku1997.
pretozekaZd!rok sa o Strldium
in5titricia
Hocifakultavzniklaz potriebregi6nu,je to vzdeldvacia
celo5tdtna,
na
je zast0penieStudentov
roku2003120A4
nej uchAdzaj0
Studentiz cel6hoSlovenska.V akademickom
z TrendianskekrajovSR 57 %.
ho kraja43 %, z ostatnlTch
upravovanim
Tvorcovia
edukadn6ho
obsahufakultypostupnym
a upresiovanim
u6ebnlchpldnovstv6rnilifakultu
v Studijnom
dojej teraj5ejpodobys definovanim
hlavnej0lohy- pripravovat
absolventov
odbore,,Materidlov6
inZinierstvo".
je jedenz najperspektivnej5ich
StuOilny
odborMateridlov6
inZinierstvo
odborovpre 21.storodie,
ktor6sa oznaduje
je zameran6na vfchovukomplexne
pripravenyich
ako,,Ageof Materials"
inZinierov
Specializovanfch
na tvoriv0prdmateridlov,
optimiilneho
vyuZitiavlastnostimateridlov,
kontrolyich akostia ich
cu v oblastivfrobnfchtechnol6gii
postupmi.
modernfmitechnologicklimi
spracovania
V s[dasnostimeifakultapriemyselnlich
technol69ii
v Studijnom
odboreMateridlov6
inZinierstvo
akreditdciu
vo
v5etkfchtrochstupfiochStrjrdia.
InZinierske
St[diumsa Studujev zameraniach:
- ch6miaa technol6gia
gumy,
vyiroby
- ch6miaa technol6gia
vfroby skla,
- textilnda odevndtechnol6gia,
- fyzikdlneinZinierstvo
materiAlov,
- riadeniemateridlovo-technologickfch
syst6mov,
* environmentdlne
inZinierstvo
rozvoj.
a udrZatel'nf
v trochodborocha to:
V doktorandskom
St0diumd fakultapriznanuakreditdciu
- 39-03-9materi6lov6
inZinierstvo
a medzn6stavymateridlov,
- 28-02-9anorganickd
technol69ia
a materidly,
- 28-11-9technol6gia
makromolekuldrnych
l6tok.
Pr6vona habilitadn6
konaniea konaniena vymenlvanieza profesorov
md fakultav prvfchdvochmenovanfch
odboroch.
prena5ufakultu,t6myv5etkfch
Prvlabsolventi
inZinierskeho
5t0diaukon6ili
St0dium
v roku2001.Co je prizna6n6
praxea ichnisledkynachadzaj0
pr6c(doteraz'182)sa zaddvalina zdkladepoZiadaviek
z podnikatelskej
diplomornich
6innosti.Je to dokaz0zkejspoluprdceFPT s praxou.
uplatneniev podnikatelskej
Fakultypriemyselnfch
rozsiahla.
Med-zindrodnd
spoluprdca
technol6giije
Spolupracuje
s r6znymivysokfmi5kolamiv Cechdch,Pol'sku,
Nemecku,N6rsku,Sv6dsku,Finsku,Rak[sku,Talianskua Rusku.
PretoZev regi6nePfchova je uj'skumno-vyivojovd
zdkladia vo fabrikdchpomernesilnii,zaloZilisme na fakulte
vlskumu,kto4iakoorganizadnf
a technologick6ho
iltvarfakultyzabezpeduje
okreminlichdinustavmaterielov6ho
nostiaj pripravn6al(ivity pre vznikcentraexcelencie,ako Spi6kov6ho
vedeck6hopracoviskav oblastispracovania
guryy.
procesuabsoldynamikyzmienv spolodnosti
na fakulteznamendakcelerdciu
adaptadn6ho
Uspe5n6zvlddnutie
podnikovna vyisledky
vliskumu,kooperacn6rieventovv praxia na druhejstranei pruZn6prepojeniepriemyselnyich
prosperitu.
Senievliskumnfchprojektov
a obojstrann0
pripravuje
FPTsvojichabsolventov,
medzinimiaj textildkov
a verimZe aj dasopis
V intencidch
tychtomy5lienok
Vfdknaa textila tzka spojitosts jeho vyddvanlmndm k tomu pomdZu.
Nemcok,PhD.
Doc.lng.Ondrej
dekanFPT v Prlchove
destnf 6lenredakdnejrady
74
Vldkna a texfl 11 (3) 74 (2004)
Vldknaa priadza
Fibresandyarns
THE DYEABILITY
OF BLENDPOLYPROPYLENE/POLYESTERFIBRESBY DISPERSE
DYES
BolhovdE, Ujhelyiovd
A., Kdrmendyovd
E.,Marcindin
A.
Slovak lJniversityof Technotogyin Bratislava,Facultyof Chemical and Food Technotogy,
Department
', ',',onJ.fl,o,,,':x::';":,1""r'3'!{;f"?![!]1",2i,f;"?13",2'""ii,tistaua'
stwak
Repubtic
The aim of this workwas to studythe colourproperties
fibresmodifiedwith
of polypropylene
(PES).Polypropylene
varioustypesof polyesters
(PP)wasmodified
by polyethylene
terephthalate
(PET),polybuthylene
(PBT),poly(trimethylene
(PTT)anda polyester
terephthalate
terephthalate)
blend(PET/PBTIPTT).
Thefibresweredyedat the temperature
of 98 'C (usingthe classicprocessfor PETfibres)usingdisperse
dyesC. l. Disperse
Red86 andC. l. Disperse
Blue56.The
(totalcolourdifference
colourproperties
AE, positiondataof colourcoordinates
L*, a*, b*) were
evaluated
usinga CIELABanalysis.
The affinityof the dispersedyesto the blendPP/PESfibredependson the contentof the
variousPES component
in the blendfibre.The polyester
in the PP matrixpositively
dispersed
affectsthe dye uptakein the exhaustprocess.
The disperse
dyesare expected
to mainlydiffuse
intothe amorphous
regionsand at the interface
of the fibreblendcomponents.
The resultsobtainedindicatethe differenteffectsof individual
PESon the dyeability
of blend
PP/PESfibre.Sufficient
colourstrengthof the fibreswas achievedfor polypropylene
modified
withPETand PBT.
INTRODUCTION
re.Thehighestcolourstrength
of dyedfibreswasobprocedure
tainedusinganinjection
andmixingof blend
DyeingPPfibresusingtheclassicmethod(ina dye meltsina dynamic
homogeniser
beforespinning.
Inthis
bath).result
in a verylowyieldof dyesandlowwasha- casethe internalstructure
of PP/PESfibresis more
bility.Recently,
theintensity
workhasincre- accessible
of research
to themolecules
of disperse
dyes.Thehigh
asedin the fieldof dyeingPP fibresusingclassic dispersity
of PETin PP,whichwasassumed,
usinga
method.
lmprovement
inthedyeability
of PPfibrescan twin-screw
extruderfor mixing,doesnot providethe
beachieved
bythechemical
andphysical
modificationexpectedincreaseof the colourstrength.
The same
of PP[1*10].Thenewmethod
forthepreparation
of PP resultswerealsoobtained
bythepreparation
of blend
fibresrepresents
itsmodification
by lowmolecular
wei- PP/PES
fibreusinga singlescrewextruder
withtheadghtcompounds
andnanoparticles
additives ditionof PPchipsandconcentrate
fromfeedstock
and
[8],polymeric
(copolymers)
groups
withsuitable
fixingcertaindyes[9- homogenisation
of the mixturein an extruderbefore
polymers
141,dendrimers
andhyperbranched
Forgooddyeability
of blendPP/PES
fibre,it
[15,16]. spinning.
polymer
Theinmrporation
of hyperbranched
intopolypro- is necessary
to unifythepositive
effectof thepolymer
pylenepriorto fibrespinning
hasmarkedly
enhanced
withoptimalconditions
the additive
duringthemixingand
dyeability
of PPby disperse
dyes[12].In addition,
fibre[3].
it is a spinning
of blendPP/PES
modification
usingpolymers
andthepreparation
of poly- Ingeneral,
thefollowing
conditions
fordyeingsynthe(bicomponent
mermixtures
PP/PESand PP/PAfibres) ticfibresusingtheclassicmethodmustbefulfilled
[5]:
o thespatialaccessibility
of themolecules
of polymer
[2-7]whicharelargelyusedforthispurpose.
TheblendPP/PESfibrerepresent
a newmethodof
formolecules
or additive
of dyes,ergo,sufficient
conpreparing
syntheticfibreswith improvedproperties. tentof amorphous
areasin polymer
withsufficient
fleThemodification
of polypropylene
fibreswithpolyester xibility
of macromolecule
chainsegments
andincreis interesting
fromtheviewpoint
of betterdyeability
from
asedfreevolume,
wherethemolecules
of dyescan
properties diffusein accordance
a dyebath
anda changein somemechanical
withthe free-volume
dyeing
of PPfibres.A polymeradditive
likea concentrate
is adtheory(usuallyattainedabovethe temperature
of
glasstransition
dedintothemeltedpolymerandusuallycontainsester
Tn)
groups,whichareableto increase
theaffinityof disper- o a sufficient
amountof groupsableto fix thedyeby
se dyesto the blendPP/PESfibre.Themodification
of
theformation
of stronginteractions
between
thepoPPfibresbypolyesters
hasanimportant
effectonthedye
lymeror additive
andthedyemolecules.
uptakeintheexhaustpro@ss,evenof a lowconcentra- Theaimofthisworkisto studythedyeability
of blend
tionof polyesters
in PP/PESfibres[1-4].
PP/PESfibresby classicmethodand,theeffectof vaThemiscibility
of polymerblendcomponents
hasan rioustypesof PESon colourproperties
of blendPP/
essential
effecton thedyeability
of blendPP/PESfib- PESfibres.
vldknaa rex0711 (3) 7S-U pA04)
75
Vl6knaa priadza
Fibresand yarns
EXPERIMENTAL
meterswere estimatedby measuringthe reflectivecurXE spectrophotometer
ves by the Ultrascan
equipment.
The K/Svaluesfromthe Kubelka-Munk
equationwere
calculatedby the equation:
Materials
Syntheticfibres
polymers
the
wereusedfor preparing
Thefollowing
(1)
K/S = (1 -R)ZPR
fibres:
blendPP/PES
- Polypropylene
TatrenTG 920 (PP),Slovnaft,
a.s.,
where K- absorptioncoefficient,S - scatteringcoeffimeltflowindexMFI= 11g/10min;
Bratislava,
value.
cient,and R - reflectance
- Polyethylene
(PETLFK),Slovenskf
Terephthalate
The
RCS - the relativecolour
colour
coordinates,
lV = 0,5l.g-t;
Hodvdb,
a. s.,Senica,
- the differencein lightnessbetweenthe
AL*
strength,
- Polybuthylene
(PBT)Celanex2000,
Terephthalate
standardand sample,Aa",Ab* - the differencesin the
Polymer;
TiconaEngineering
colourcoordinatesbetweenthe standardand sample,
- Poly(trimethylene)teraphthalate
(PTT)withan intrinAE* - the colourdifferencebetweenthe standardand
in a 50/50mixof lV : 9 l.g-'(measured
sicviscosity
sample,and AC* - the differencein chromabetween
andtrifluoroacetic
acidat
tureof methylene
chloride
the standardand samplewere definedusingthe soft30 "c),
the D6510' standardilluminant
- Li- ware for a colorimeter,
- Compatibilizer
- oligomeric
polyester
(OLPET)
observer.
cowaxE
The blendPP/PESfibreswere preparedin two
and Determinationof the dye uptake
of the PPIPESconcentrates
steps- preparation
preparation
of theblendPP/PESfibres.ThecomposiThe dye uptakeof the blendPP/PESfibreswas de'1.
tionof theusedblendPP/PESfibresarein Table
terminedindirectlyby determining
the concentration
of
process
the
The
dyeing
the
dye
in
bath.
of
took
90
miTable 1 Compositionof blend PP/PESfibres
nules.Afterthe removalof the fibrefrom dyebath,a 5
Compositionof blend PP/PESfibres
ml dyebathwas completedby addingethanolto a 25 ml
x T T O L P E T flask.The quantityof the remainingdye in the bathwas
Sample PP TG 920 P E T L F KP B T C e l a n e P
wt.% wt.% wt.%
wt.%
wt.%
of a dye solutionmeasuestimatedfromthe absorption
= 590 nm for Dispersethe Blue 56 and
red at trma,1
100
1
Lna,z=520 nm for DisperseRed 86 by the SPEKOL
100
92
B
curves.
equipmentand the calibration
a
A
o
92
92
94.34
94.4
94.34
a
7.88
1.88
la
1a
5.54
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
DisperseDyes
Blue56 (IerasilBlue3RL)
C. l. Disperse
Red86 (ferasilRosa2GLA)
C. I. Disperse
2.2 Dyeing
A lubricant
was removedfromthe fibresin a bath
1.5g/lSlovapon
A and1 gil Na3POa
at 75 "C
containing
for20 min.
laboratory
equThefibresweredyedusingColortest
ipmentat a temperature
of 98 "C.Thedyebathcontai2 g/l
ned 1 g/l KortamolNNO as a dispersant,
(NH4)'SO4,
lhe
3 g/l NarSO+,
dceticacidfor adjusting
pH = 5, and2 wt. % disperse
dye.Thedyeingregime
for PETfibreswas used.
Colour characteri stics
The colourcharacteristics
of the dyedfibreswere
Thecolourparaevaluated
usingtheCIELabmethod.
76
R E S U L TA
S N DD I S C U S S I O N
ThefibresfromblendPP/PESfibresweredyedusing
method
designated
forPETfibresat 98"C
thestandard
Red86 andC.l.Disperse
by twodyes- C.l.Disperse
Blue56.Theresultsof thecolourmeasurements
obtained by evaluation
of the CIE Lab parameters
are in
Tables2 and3 andFigs.1-4.
In orderto dyeof blendPP/PESfibresusingdispertheassumption
se dyesfroma solution,
thatdisperse
primarily
intotheamorphous
regions
dyesdiffuse
offibBasedon theexperimental
rere blendsis accepted.
sults,it is possible
to statethataffinity
of disperse
dyes
to a blendPP/PESdependson the typeof polyester
structure
of the disperse
usedandthe molecular
dye
of thedyeuptakeof C. l. Disperse
used.A comparison
PPfibresandblendPP/PES
Blue56between
standard
fibres(Fig.1)showsthatthedyeuptakeof C. l. Disperfor allthePP/PESfibres.Thehise Blue56 increases
ghestdyeuptakeof C. L Disperse
Blue56 (60%)is
in blendPPiPESfibresmodified
achieved
by PET(Fig.
1, PP/PET,
sample3).Theincrease
in PTTcontentin
blendPP/PES
fibresdoesnotaffectthedyeuptake(Fig.
1, PP/PPT,
samples
5 and6).BothblendPP/PTTiOLV6kna a textil 11 (3) 75-81 (2004)
Fibresandyarns
Vldkna a priadza
PET fibresachievethe same dye uptake.We can assumethatthe differencein the contentof PTT in blend
s
fibresis smallto show the highereffecton theirdyeability.The highercontentof PTT in blendPP/PESfibresdamagesthe supermolecular
structureof PP as well
o50
o
as the lowercontentof PTT. The dye uptakefor blend
PP/PESfibresdyedby C. l. DisperseBlue56 movesin
4 times
a rangefrom 35 to 45 % and is approximately
higheras for PP fibres(Fig.1).
The dye uptakeof blendPP/PESfibresdyedwithC.
l. DisperseRed86 is about65-70% (Fig.3). The blend
PP/PBTand blendPP/PET/PBT/PTT
fibresachievethe
highestdye uptake.The molecularstructureand sizeof
the particlesof dispersered dye have a resulton a higherdye uptakein comparisonwithdispersebluedye.
fibres
The particlesof dispersered dye diffuseintofibresduringthe dyeingprocessfasterthan particlesof disper- Fig. 1 The dye uptakeof DisperseBlue 56 for unmodifiedPP and
blend PP/PESfibresat 98 "C
se blue.
For dyeingof blendPPiPESfibreswith C. l. Disperse Blue56,the dependencyof KS on the composition
is in Fig.2. Fromthe results,it follows,that KS acqui- a
Y
resthe highestvaluesfor PP fibresmodifiedwith PET
and PBT and the lowestfor unmodifiedPP fibres.The
l(S of blendPP/PETand blendPP/PBTfibresis severaltimeshigherthanfor otherblendPP/PESfibres.We
assumethe PTT polyesterswith (OLPET),PBT with
1A
(OLPET)and a blendof PES (PET/PBT/PTT)
do not
affectchangein the crystallinepart as much (thesupermolecularstructureis not changedsufficiently)
andthe
1,0
not
into
fibres
is
dye is
able to diffuse
the
and mainly
caughton the surfaceof the fibre.The variousamounts
f
Table 2 CIE Lab characteristics
of unmodifiedPP and blendPP/
PES fibresdyed using C.l. DisperseBlue 56, standard
P P f i b r ei s s a m p l eN o 1 .
AL*
Sample
1
-1.2
-1.5
2.3
2.0
-8.7
-34.0
-40.6
-41,0
AE"
AC.
RCS [%]
f ibres
Fig. 2 The |(/S valuesfor unmodifiedPP and blend PP/PESfibres
at 98'C, DisperseBlue56
of PTT(7.88and5.54wt. %)do notaffecttheirdyeup(Fig.2).
take
4 7 . 7 4 3 1 . 9 1058
On the baseof theknowledge
47.13 32.3
971
[1-a]gainedandthe
4
-JY.b
J.I
results(Figs.1-4),it is possible
48.60 31.0
192
experimental
to state
-39.8
185
3.1
48.09 31.2
thatthePETadditive
disperse
inthePPmatrixof blend
-38.1
4,2
172
48.71 29.6
PP/PES
fibresis ableto increase
thedyeability
of blend
-38.6
3.4
251
8
48.84 30.0
PP/PES
fibresseveral
timesat a temperature
of 98 "C
withtheunmodified
PPfibres.A compaTable3 CIE Lab characteristics
of unmodifiedPP and blend PP/ in comparison
PES fibresdyed usingC.l. DisperseRed 86, the stand- risonof thedyeingability
of blendPP/PETfibreswith
ard PP fibre is Sample No 1,
PETfibresis moreinteresting;
blendPP/PETfibres
achievebetterdyeexhaustion
at 98 "C thanPETfibre
Sample
AL.
AE*
ac* Rcs [%]
(thetemperature
of 98 'C is notsufficient).
lt is possib1
7.9
t.o
predict
PET
le
to
that
the
additives
change
thestable
.|r.t
-8.3
z
22.0
0.4
,iu
s3s
of
PP,
and
higher
crystalline
structure
a
diffusion
of the
anl
-u.o
-2u.3
40.5
1224
32.4
into
fibres
disperse
dyes
the
is
allowed
-0.9
-17.B
[3-4].
4
34.4
44.3
26.3
894
--{+.c
-zz. I
TheKS valuesoftheC, l. Disperse
Red86arecomJC-Z
4 1. 3
27.3
1212
-2.2
-20.8
parable
6
34.9
41.0
26.8
1104
to alltheblendPP/PESfibres(Fig.a).Thehi- 3 . 2 - 2 1 . 0 4 1. 0
36.7
28.7
1 181
ghestl(iSwasmeasured
forthePP/PETandblendPP/
-3.8
-20.4
+z-J
I
33.9
26.0
1058
PET/PBT/PTT
fibres.Thelowestvalueswereachieved
z
-sl.s o*n
-35,3
-34.1
-37.2
-36.4
-38.4
-38.3
Vldkna a textil 11 (3) 75-81 (2004)
,i.t
ti,
77
Vl6knaa priadza
Fibresandyarns
2,5
a
Y
I
2,0
9oo
-5U
1,5
1,0
n4
fibres
Fig. 3 The dye uptakeof DisperseRed 86 for unmodifiedPP and
blend PP/PESfibresat 98 "C
0,0
f ibres
Fig. 4 The l(S valuesfor unmodifiedPP and blend PP/PESfibres
blendsat 98 "C. DisperseBed 86
fortheunmodified
PPandPETfibresas well.Theun- valuesare high becauseunmodifiedPP fibreswere
modified
PPfibreshavea verylowaffinityto thedisper- usedand they have no affinityto the dispersedyes.The
fordyeingthePETfibreswere yieldof dispersedyesusingthe PP fibreswas verylow
sedyes.Theconditions
(a lowdyeingtemperature,
dyeingwitho- at the givenconditions(Fig.1 and 3) and it is not comnotsufficient
forthegoodcolouring
ofthesefibreswhich parableto the blendPP/PESfibres.The deviationof the
ut carriers)
withthelowervaluesof KS incomparisonAC* chromaindicatethat all shadesof blendPP/PES
corresponds
withblendPP/PES
fibres.Thedependences
ofthedye fibresare deeperthan unmodifiedPP fibres.The colouptakeand 1(Son the composition
of blendPP/PES ur coordinatesa* and b* representthe positionof the
fibresaresimilar(Figs.3 and4).Thechangeoccursat samplesin the a*b*diagram.They showthatthe samof plesare eventuallyblueror redderthanthe unmodified
blendPP/PBTfibres.At the dyeingtemperature
inthepolymeric
98'C,themotion
ofthesegments
chain PP fibres.The blendPP/PESfibreshavea dimmershaThiscausestheporesto becomebigger,and de in comparisonwith the PP fibresbecausevery low
increases.
thedyesareableto diffusefromthe surfaceintothe dye uptakeof the unmodifiedPP fibres.
withthedyeuptakefor
massoffibres.Thiscorresponds
a blendPP/PBTfibres(Fig.3). The dyewas ableto
penetrate
of
CONCLUSION
andfix itselfintofibreat a temperature
process
"C.
After
is
finished
the
tempe98
thedyeing
B l e n d P P / P E Sf i b r e s w e r e d y e d u s i n g e x h a u s t
raturedecreased
andwiththelowering
temperature,
the
pores
reduced.
Thebackdyediffusion
into methodwith C. l. DisperseBlue56 and C. l. Disperse
sizeof the
wasworseandlower.lt confirms
thediffe- Red 86 dyes. From the colourcharacteristic
of blend
thedyebath
rencebetween
at PP/PESfibresobtainedfollowsthat:
thedyeuptake,whichwasmeasured
directly
fromthe
1. The dyeabilityof all blendfibreswas excellent.
98"C,andthel(S, whichwasmeasured
(Fig. ).
2. PP fibresmodifiedby all the polyesteradditives
dyeing
fibresby DATACOLOR
equipment
Theresults
indicated
thatthedyeuptashowa muchbetteradsorotion
and diffusion
of disthatfollowed
persedyesthan intothe unmodifiedPP fibresand
keandKS valuesaredependent
onthecomposition
of
structure
and
muchbetterdyeabilityas well.
the blendPP/PESfibres,the molecular
andthesizeof theporeson/
3. The highestcolourstrengthwas obtainedby the
sizeof thedyepafticles,
inthefibres.TheblendPP/PES
fibresreached
dyeabimodification
of the PP with PET and PBT.
was not observed.
litymuchhigherthancorresponds
to theamountof PES
4. Streakiness
present
in PP.
Throughappraisal
of theeffectof PESin blendPP/ Acknowledgement
Support
of theAPVT(GrantNo20-010101) andVega(grantNo
(Tables2 and 3), it
PESfibreson colourproperties
4926- FCHPT, STU) grant agencies is appreciated.
emerged
thatalltheblendPP/PESfibresaredimmer
PP fibreswithbothusingdisperse
thanunmodified
is themeasure
dyes.TheAE*colourdifference
of the
REFERENCES
(unmodified
in colourbetween
thestandard
difference
47, 1997,pp. 376-384
fibres.TheAE* [1] Ruys,L,: ChemicalFibresInternational,
PPfibres)andsamples
of blendPP/PES
78
Vldknaa textil 11 (3\ 75-81 (2004)
Vldknaa priadza
Fibresandvarns
[2] Marcindin,A., et al.: Polypropylenefibres dyeable by an
exhaustionprocess, in 38th Man-Made Fibres Congress,
Dornbin.Austria.1999
A., Brejka,O., Mur6rovd,A., Hodul,P., Brejkov6,
[3] Marcin6in,
A.: Vldkna atextiUFibresand Textile6, 1999, pp. 119-124
T.: Macromol.
[4j Marcindin,A., Ujheliyov6,A., Marcindinovd,
Symp.,176, 2001, pp. 65-72
, . , O n d r e j m i 5 k aK, . :
[ 5 ] P r c h a l ,V . , M a r c i n i i n ,A . , K r i 5 t o f i dM
Vldknaa textil,3, 1994, pp. 136-138
[6] Seves,A.; Testa, G. at al.: Dyes and Pigments,35,1997,
pp. 367-373
[7] Prchal,V.,Hodul,P.; Marcindin,A., JambrichM.: Fibresand
Textiles in Eastern Europe, 2, pp. 42-44, 1994
0/Projects/C01
IB] http://www.ntcresearch.org/current/year1
D20.htm
[9] Jap. Pat. 6. 19173/1967:Hol. pat. d. 6502104
[10] Maidsek, 2., Borsig,E,, Romanov,A., Sldma,P., Capuliak,
J . : C h e m i c k 6v l d k n a ,3 7 , 6 . 1 , 1 9 8 8 ,p p . 1 - 1 0
[11] Mahasek,2., Romanov,A., Borsig,E., Sliima,P., Capuliak,
J.: Chemick6vldkna,37, d.3, 1987, pp. 189-200
M.: Fibresand Textilesin EasternEurope,2, 1994,
[]21 KriStofic,
pp. 38-39
[13] Marcin6in,A., Ko5tialov6,A., Kri5tofi6,M.: Vldkna a textil,
5, 1998, pp.210-212
[14] Prchal,V., Kri5tofic,M., Lapdik,L., jr., Havlikovd,B.: Fibres
and Textilesin EasternEurope,5, 1997, pp. 48-50
, . , E . , B u r k i n s h a wS, . : M a n - M a d eF i b e r Y e a r
[ 1 5 ] F r o e h l i n gP
Book,August,2001, pp. 19-20
i, .: Dyes
[ 1 6 ] B u r k i n s h a wS, . , M . , F r o e h l i n gP, . , E . , M i g n a n e l l M
and Pigments,53,2002, pp.229-235
Received:September2004
HodnotenievyfarbitelhostizmesnichPP/PESvldkien
vyfarbenichdisperznymifarbivami
Translation of Article:
The dyeabilityof blend polypropylene/polyester
fibres by dispersedyes
(PP) vldkienmodifikovanfch
Prdcasa venuje5t[diu koloristickych
vlastnostipolypropyl6novlich
s rOznymitypmi polyesterov(PES) farbenfch disperznlimifarbivami(C. l. DisperseRed 86 a C.
(PET), polybutyl6nL DisperseBlue 56). Polypropyl6nbol modifikovanypolyetyl6ntereftaldtom
(PTT)a zmesoupolyesterovPETiPBT/PTT.Zmesn6
tereftal6tom(PBT),polytrimethyl6ntereftaldtom
PP/PESvl6kna boli vyfarben6disperznlmifarbivamivytahovacimpostupompre PET vldkna pri
98 "C. Koloristick6vlastnostiboli hodnoten6CIE Lab anallizou.
Afinitadisperznlchfarblv ku zmesnlim PPiPES vl6knamje zdvisldod obsahu a povahy PES
aditiva v zmesnfch PP/PES vldknach. Polyester rozdispergovanfv polypropyl6novejmatrici
podstatnezvf5il silu vyfarbeniazmesnlch PP/PES vldkien pri farbeni vytahovaclmpostupom.
Difriziadisperzn6hofarbivaprebiehahlavnedo amorfnlichoblastia medzifdzovehorozhraniaPP
a PES zloZkyzmesnfch PP/PESvlakien.
Z i s k a n 6v l i s l e d k yp o u k a z u j r in a r o z d i e l n yv p l y v P E S n a v y f a r b i t e l ' n o sztm e s n f c h P P i P E S
vldknach.Dostatodn6farebnd sila a percentovytiahnutiafarbiva bolo dosiahnut6pri zmesnlich
v l d k n a c hs o b s a h o mP E T a P B T .
Uvoo
FarbeniePP vlakienklasick;impostupom(z k0pela)ddva
vel'mi nizku vftaZnost farbiva a nizke stdlosti v prani.
V poslednomobdobisa zvf5ila intenzitavliskumn;ichprdc
v oblastiklasick6hofarbeniaPP vl6kien.Zlep5enievyfarbi(PP) vldkien z k0pel'asa dd dotel'nostipolypropyl6novlich
siahnutichchemickou
a fyzikdlnou
modifikdciou[1-101.Noqi
sposobpripravyPP vldkienfarbitelhyich
z roztokupredstavuje modifikdcianlzkomolekulovyimi
latkamia nanodasticami
aditivamis vhodnyimi
funkdnlTmi
skupinami
[8],polym6rnymi
(kopolym6ry),
ktor6majil dobril afinituk disperznfmfarbivdm
vlAkna
a textil11(3)75-81(2004)
a rozvetvenlmipolymermi[15,16].Za[9-141,dendrim6rmi
6lenenierozvetvenlichpolym6rovdo PP matricepodastavenia zmesiznadnezvli5ilovyfarbitel'nost
PP vlakiendisperzpolym6rmi
nlim farbivom[12].Okremtohoje to modifikacia
6 P/PES
a p r i p r a v ap o l y m e r n y c hz m e s i ( b i k o m p o n e n t n P
a PP/PAvldkna)[2-7].
Zmesn6 PPiPES vldknareprezentujtinovli spdsobpripravy syntetickiichvlakiens vylepSenfmivlastnostami.Modifipolyestermije
k6ciapolypropyl6nu
zaujimavdz hladiskalepSejvyfarbitelhosti
h/chtovl6kienz roztokua zmienniekto4Tch
mechanickfchvlastnostiPP vldkien.Polym6rneaditivum,
ktor6je priddvan6ako koncentrdtdo taveninypolym6ru,
79
Vldkna a priadza
Fibres and yarns
obsahujeesterovf skupinu,kto16zvy5ujeafinitudisperznfch kienfarbivomC. L DisperseBlue56 sa % vytiahnutia
farbifarbiv k zmesnlimPP/PESvldknam.Modifikdciapolypropy- va pohybujev intervale3545% (obr.1) a je cca Stuorndsobl6novlichvldkienpolyesterommd vfznamnf vplyv na silu ne vy5Sieako pri bistomPP vl6kne.
vyfarbeniauZ pri jeho nizkychkoncentrdcidch
v zmesnfch
Pri pouZitifarbiva
C. L DisperseRed 86 sa % vytiahnutia
vl6knach[1-4].
na zmesn6PP/PESvldknapohybujev rozmedzi65a270%
Na vyfarbitel'nost
zmesn;ichPP/PES vldkien ma vplyv aj (obr.3). Pricomnajvy5Sie
% sa dosiahlou zmesnlchPP/PBT
mie5aniepolym6rnej
zmesipri ich priprave.Najvy5Sia
fareb- a PP/PET/PBT/PTT
vldknach.Toto vySSie% vytiahnutiadernd silafarbenyich
PP/PESvlSkiensa zlskalaza pouZitiavstre- ven6hodisperzn6ho
farbivam6 za ndsledokjeho molekulokovaciehoprocesua mie5aniataveninyzmesi polym6rov vd Struktfraa velkost6astic.Casticecerven6hofarbival'ahpredich zvl6kiovanlm.Vnrjrtor- S i e d i f u n d u j 0d o v l d k n a p o c a s f a r b i a c e h op r o c e s ua k o
v dynamickom
homogeniz6ri
nd Strukt0rataktopripravenfchzmesnyichPP/PESvldkienje disoerzn6mod16farbivo.
prlstupnej5ia
pre molekulydisperzn6hofarbiva.VysoklistuN a o b r . 2 s r i h o d n o t yK / S p r e C . l . D i s p e r s eB l u e 5 6
peridispergdcie
PES v PP, ktonisa dosiaholpouZitimdvoj- v zdvislostiod typu farbenlch zmesn;ichPP/PESvldkienpri
z6vitovkov6ho
exdrtderapri mie6ani,neposkytolocakdva- 98"C.2 vfsledkovvyplfva,Ze K/S nadobfdanajvy55ie
hodn1ivzrastfarebnejsily.Rovnakdvfsledkyboliziskaneaj pri noty pri modifikdcii
pre PP vldkno.
s PET a PBT a najniZ5ie
p r i p r a v ez m e s n f c h P P / P E Sv l A k i e np o u i i t i m r o v n a k 6 h o V porovnanis PP/PETa PPiPBT vl6knamije niekol'kokrdt
gran0la koncentrAtu
exdrideras priddvanim
z poddvacieho ni2Siaaj (S pri d'alSich
zmesnlTch
PP/PESvldknach.PTT s
zdsobnlka
taveninya homogenizdcie
zmesipredzvldkriova- OLPET,PBTs OLPETa zmes PES (PET/PBT/PTT)
ovplyvn i m . K d o s i a h n u t ivuy S S i e h sot u p n av y f a r b e n i a
z m e s n ; i c h nujI len vel'mimdlonadmolekulovri
StruktfruzmesnfchPP/
PP/PESvldkienje potrebn6zjednotitpozitfvnyvplyvpolymer- PES vlakienv porovnanis PET a PBT a ich vplyvomnedopodmien- chddzak takejzmenekryStalickeho
nehoaditiva(PES)s optimelnymi
technologickyimi
podieluPP, aby farbivo
kamipri pripravezmesnyich
PP/PETvlakien[3].
mohlo difundovatdo vnitra vldkna. Zachyt6vasa iba na
Vo v5eobecnostiplati,Ze pre schopnostvyfarbeniasynte- povrchu.Roznepercentudlne
zast0peniePTT (7,88 a5,54
ticklichvldkienklasickfmpostupommusiabyt splnen6na- hmot. %) v zmesnlch PP/PTTvldknachnemd vplyv na silu
sledovn6podmienky[5]:
vyfarbenia(obr.2), modryimfarbivom.
o priestorovd
pristupnost
Na zdkladepoznatkov[1-a] a ziskanfchexperimentdlnych
vo vl6knepre molekulyfarbiva,
'1-4)je
moZnekonStatovat,
2e PES rozdisperteda dostatodn6amorfnd6ast polym6rus pohyblivfmi uisledkov(obr.
govanli
v
PP
matrici
polym6rnymi
zmesn6hoPP/PESvldknazvy5ujemoZpri
segmentami, teplotefarbenianad teppri 98 'C v porovnani
lotousklovitenia(prifarbenipolyesterovyich
vldkiensa nostjeho vyfarbenianiekolkondsobne
PP vldknom.Porovn6vanie
vyZadujetlakov6farbeniebez alebos prenaSadmi); s nemodifikovanfm
schopnosti
o tvorbainterakciimedzipolym6roma farbivom.
vyfarbeniazmesnfchPP/PESvldkiens PETvlaknomje zaz toho hl'adiska,
2e u zmesnlichPP/PESvtdkien
V p r a c is m e s a z a m e r a l in a h o d n o t e n i ev y f a r b i t e l ' n o s t iujimavejsie
pri 98"Cako pri PETvldkne(pri
zmesnfch PP/PESvl6kien klasickfm postupoma vplyvu sa dosiahlolep5ievyfarbenie
16znychpolyesterovna koloristick6vlastnostih/chtovlakien. farbeni PET vldkien nie je teplotafarbenia98'C postadujtica).Je mo2n6predpokladat,2e
r6znePESnarlSajrirozdielne stabiln0kryStalickriStrukt0ruPP a tfm umoZiujri vySSiu
difriziudisperzn6ho
farbivado vn[tra zmesnfchPP/PESvlaV V S L E D K YA D I S K U S I A
kien [3-4].
Pri pouZitidisperzn6ho
farbivaC. L DisperseRed 86 bola
Vldknazo zmesnfchPP/PESvldkienbolivyfarbeneStandardnyimpostupomurcenfm pre PET vldknapri 98"C dvo- sila vyfarbenial(S porovnatelhdu vSetkfchzmesn;ichPP/
m a f a r b i v a mCi . l . D i s p e r s eR e d 8 6 , C . l . D i s p e r s eB l u e5 6 . PES vliiknach(obr. 4). Najvy55ieK/S boli nameran6pre
Vfsledkykoloristicklch
vlakna.Naini25ie
merani,ktor6sa zfskalihodnotenlm zmesn6PP/PETa PP/PET/PBT/PTT
hodCIE Lab parametrovvyfarbenfchvldkien,su v tab. 2 a 3 a na noty sa dosiahlipri PP a PET vlakne.Nemodifikovan6
PP
vldknomd nizkuafinituku disperzn6mufarbivu.Pre farbeobr. 1--4.
podmienky(nizkateploPrivytahovacomspdsobefarbeniazmesnlichPP/PESvld- nie PET vldknaneboliposta6uj0ce
kien disperzn;imfarbivomsa predpokladd,Ze disperznffar- ta farbenia,farbeniebez pren65aca)na dostatodn6vyfarbebivo difundujehlavnedo amorfnyichoblasti.Na zdkladezls- n i e , c o k o r e 5 p o n d u j es n i Z S i m i h o d n o t a m i K / S a k o
kanyich vfsledkov m62eme konStatovat, 2e afinita u zmesnfchPP/PESvlaknach.Priebeh% vytiahnutia
farbidisperzn6ho
farbivaku zmesnyimPPiPESvl6knamje zdvis- va a (S v zdvislostiod zloZeniavlakien(obr.3 a 4) je pold od typu polyesteru
a molekulovej
Struktlryfarbiva.Pri po- dobn! a k zmenedochddzalen pri zmesnomPP/PBTvliikrovnani% vytiahnutia
farbivaC. L DisperseBlue56 na Stan- ne. Pri teplotefarbenia98'C dochadzak zvdd5eniup6rov
dard(PPvlakno,obr.1)a vzoriekzmesn;ichPP/PESvldkien a k zv!5en6mupohybusegmentovv polym6rnomretazci.
(obr.1)je vidiet,2e % vytiahnutia
difunduj0z povrchudo vn0travldkfarbivaviditelhest[plo pre Molekulyfarbival'ahSie
v5etkyzmesnePP/PESvldkna.NajvySSie
s % vytiahnutiafarbivapre PP/PBTvldk% vytiahnutiafar- na, eo koreSponduje
bivaC. l. DisperseBlue56 sa dosiahloprizmesnomPP/PES no (obr.3). Farbivobolo schopneudrZatsa vo vl6kne pri
vl6knemodifikovanom
PET- okolo60% (obr.1, PP/PET-vz. danejteplote98 "C. Po ochladenikf pel'a,na koncifarbenia,
3). Zvyi5enieobsahu PTT v zmesnfch PP/PESvldknach dochadzak zni2eniuvelkostiporovzniZenimteplotyfarbianemdvplyv na % vytiahnutiafarbiva(obr.1, vz. 5 a 6). Pri cehok0pel'aa farbivodifundujez vldknaspditdo farbiaceho
obidvochzmesn;ichPP/PTT/OLPETvldknachsa dosiahti kfpelh. To potvrdzujeaj rozdielmedzi % vytiahnutiafarbiva
rovnak6% percentdvytiahnutia
farbiva.M62emepredpokla- nameranlimpriteplotefarbenia98'C a K/S,ktordbolalloddat, Ze rozdielv obsahuPTT v zmesnlchvlaknachje mal! notendpriamoz vyfarben6hovldknana pristrojiDatacolor
+1.
na to, aby sa prejavilvy55ivplyvna zmenuichvyfarbitelhosti. (obr.
Z 4isledkovvypl'!va,2eK/Sako aj percentovytiahnutiafarPredpokladd
sa, 2e vy55iobsahPTT (7,88%) v zmesnom
PP/PESvldknenaruSlnadmolekulov0
PPiPESvldkien,
Struktirurovnakoako bivana vldknozdvisiodzloleniazmesnlTch
niZ5iobsahPTT. Pri farbenid'al5ich
zmesnVchPPiPESvtd- molekulovejStrukttryfarbiva,velkostijeho dastica velkosti
80
v6knaa rexrl11 (3)7F81 (2004)
Fibresandyarns
Vldkna a priadza
p6rovvo vldkne.Zmesn6PP/PESvldknadosiahliovelavySzaSievyfarbenieako zodpoved6dan6mupercentuelnemu
stripeniupolyesterov6ho(PET, PBT a PTT) aditivav PP.
Pri posudzovanivplyvu PES v zmesnfch PP/PES
vlaknachna koloristick6vlastnosti(tab.2 a 3) vyplyiva,Ze na
z6kladeodchflkyjasu AL*, ktordm6 pre v5etkyzmesn6PP/
PES vl6kna zApornl hodnotuvyplwa, ie vSetkyvldkna s[
matnej5ieako Standard(PP vldkno) pri obidvochpouZitfch
farbivdch.
CelkovafarebnddiferenciaAE* je mierouvelkosti
a vyfarbenfmizmesfarebn6horozdielumedziStandardom
nlrmiPP/PESvldknami.HodnotyAE* sri vysok6z toho dovodu,Ze ako Standardsa pouZiloPP vldknovyfarben6danyimidisperznfmifarbivami.ViitaZnostfarbivaPP vlaknom
b o l a z a d a n f c h p o d m i e n o kv e l ' m in f z k a ( v i d ' .o b r 1 a 3 . )
so zmesnlimiPP/PESvldknami.Odchlila neporovnatel'nd
ka sftosti vyfarbeniaAC* ndm hovorio tom, Ze vSetkyvyfarben6 zmesn6vl6knamaj0 slitejSiodtieriako Standard.Koloristick6koordindtya* a b" zn6zorriuj0poziciujednotliviich
vzoriekv a*b*diagrame.Hovoriao tom ci je vzorkamodrej-
Vldknaa textil 11 (3) 75-81 (2004)
Sia prlpadnecervenej5iaako Standard.V5etkyzmesn6 PP/
ako PP vldkno,pretoZePP
PESvldknamajf matnejSiodtien
vldknomd nizkevyfarbenie.
ZAVER
PP/PESzmesn6vldknasa vyfarbilidvoma farbivamiC.
l. DisperseBlue56 a C. l. DisperseRed 86 a vyhodnotili
sa
vlastnostivlakien.Zo ziskanfchuisledzakladn6koloristick6
kov je moZn6kon5tatovat,Ze:
- RovnomernostvyfarbeniazmesnlichPPiPESvl6kienbola
vlbornd bez pruhovitosti.
- Vyfarbitel'nost
zmesnlichPP/PESvldkienje ovela lep5ia
PP vl6kien.Zlep5ilasa adsorpcia
ako nemodifikovanfch
PP zloZky
a prenikaniemolekfi farbivado modifikovanej
so v5etkfmipouZihimiPES.
- Najlep5ie
vfarbenie sa dosiahlopri modifik6cii
PP s PET
a PBT.
81
Fibresandyarns
Vldkna a priadza
PROCESS
KINETICS
OF THEDYEING
FIBRES
OF BLENDPOLYPROPYLENE/POLYESTER
DYES
WITHDISPERSE
J., Marcincin
A.
A., BolhovdE.,Oravkinov6
Ujhelyiovd
Slovak University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology
Radlinskdho9, 812 37 Bratislav,SK
e-mai|: an na.ujh elyiova @stuba. sk, eva,bolhova @stuba.sk
The dyeingof unmodifiedpolypropylene(PP) fibres by the exhaustionmethodis characterized
by the low affinityof dyes to the PP and the low colour parameters(low colour fastness,low
washingand dry-cleaningfastnesses)of the dyed fibres.The preparationof blend polypropylene/
polyester(PP/PES)fibres is interestingfrom the point of view of the dyeabilityof these fibres in
the bath. A polyesteradditivein the PP matrix is able to fix the disperseddyes and increase
the take-upof the dye from the bath. This paper presentsthe effect of two polyesters(polyethylene
terephtalate- PET - and polybuthyleneterephtalate- PBT) on the kineticsof dyeing blend PP/
PES fibres with C.l. DisperseRed 86 disperseddye. The dye uptake, dyeing rate constants,
diffusioncoefficientsand activationenergy of the dyeingof blend PP/PESfibres are defined.
Manytheoretical
equations
describing
theoverallrate
thattheenof dyeinghavebeenderivedby assuming
by therateof dyedifin tiredyeingprocessis determined
withpolyesters
Themodification
of polypropylene
of dyesinto
orderto prepareblendPP/PESfibreswithmostlyPP fusionintoa fibre[10-14].Thediffusion
fibrescanoccurunderbothinfinite
andfinite
is interesting
fromthepointof viewof the polyester
components
properties
duringthe dyeingprocess.In the
of the PPfibres.PESin the blendPP/PES dyebathconditions
thedyeconcentration
in the
fibresprovidesan improvement
in dyeability
usingthe caseof aninfinitedyebath,
process.
Inthe
elasticity
andsorption bathdoesnotchangeduringthesorption
classic
exhaust
dyeingprocess,
properties
at the
andinterface caseof a finitedyebath,the dye concentration
as well[1-3].Themorphology
decreases
duringthe
intheblend, fibre'ssurfacecontinuously
components
created
between
thepolymer
processuntilequilibrium
between
thedyeconwhichcanbe considered
as a thirdphase,playa pre- sorption
in thepolyester
fibresandthebathis achieroleintheimprovement
ofthedyeability
ofthe centration
dominant
ved[15].Thediffusion
rateof thedyemolecules
intothe
blendPP/PESfibres[4-61.
solution
is expressed
fibresfroma well-stirred
knowledge
aboutthediffusion polyester
Thecurrenttheoretical
fora finitedyebath
andHill'sequequation
froma solutionintofibresas wellas the byWilson's
of dyestuffs
dyebath.
makes ationforan infinite
effectof a fibre'ssuperstructure
on itsdyeability
of thedyeingof polyester
fibresby disit possible
thatdispesedyesdiffuseprima- Thekinetics
to observe
of blendPP/PES
fibres, pesedyeshavebeenstudiedby severalauthors[11rilyintotheamorphous
regions
modelswereused(VickerThenPES,whichis dispese
in 151.Variousmathematical
mainlyattheirinterface.
thecreation
of a lessor- staff[9,14],Patterson
andSheldon[9],Crank[12],Fick
a PPmatrix,makespossible
equations,
Hill[14]onequations)
fora
of blendPP/PESfibresaswellas [11]ondiffusion
deredsuperstructure
- the thirdphase,of the description
of thetime-dependent
dyeuptakeof blend
the creationof an interface
polymeric
thedyeability PP/PESfibresin thedyeingprocess.
systemandtherebyincreases
(powith Thispaperpresentstheeffectof two polyesters
of blend PP/PESfibres.This corresponds
- PET- and polybuthylene
terephthalate
in thetotalcrystallinity
of blendPP/PESfib- lyethylene
a decrease
- PBT)onthekinetics
withthetotalcrystal- terephthalate
of dyeingblendPPi
res(theeffectofPES)incomparison
PES
fibres
Disperse
Red
86
dispese
dyefl-erasil
B].
by
C.l.
linityoftheoriginal
PPandPEScomponents
[7,
Thedyeingprocessof fibresandtextilesconsistsof Rosa2GLA).
processes:
of a dye in a
fourconsistent
the diffusion
uptakeat thefibre'ssurface,diffusionintothe
solution,
2. Experiments
fibre,andfixation
of thedyein thefibre.Thediffusion
of thedyeintothefibrealsodependson the pH,tem2.1 Materials
perature
andauxiliary
agentsused.In a seriesof prothe slowestis Synthetic
fibres
reactions,
cessesjoinedby successive
process
fibres(PPfibresmodified
whole
PP/PES
bypolyethytherateof the
and,con- blend
thisdetermining
polybuthylene
PET
reaction
lene
terephthalate
and
leresequently,
thissettingtheorderof the
[9].
1.INTRODUCTION
82
weknaa rexrl 11 (3) 82-87 (2004\
Fibresandyarns
Vl6knaa priadza
- PBTCelanex)wereanalysedandusedfor
phthalate
exhaust
dyeing(Table1).Theamountof the PESdispersedphaseintheblendPP/PESfibreswas8 wt. %,
fibreswereprepared
intwostepsTheblendPP/PES
preparation
andpreparaof the PP/PESconcentrates
fibres.
The
tionof theblendPP/PES
characteristics
of
theblendfibresusedarein Table1.
D s ;=
p6
s,324'10-2KvR'cn'12 (2)
Table 1 Characteristicsof blend PPiPES fibres
Sample
1
z
3
Compositionof fibres
PES
Compatibilizer
PP TG 920
1,5 wt. %
wL o/o
8 wt. %
90.5
90.5
90.5
PET
PET
PBT
empirical
equation
andFick'sequation.
Theprinciple
of
forapparent
diffusion
coefficients
fromHill's
calculating
of the identification
of the
equationis an assumption
halftimeof the dyeing\p (ltnis the timerequired
for
halfthe quantityof dye absorbedin a state
absorbing
of equilibrium)
andthe half-time
of thediffusion.
The
(2):
were
calculated
diffusion
coefficients
by equation
OLPET
EDSA
EDSA
EDSA - ethylenedistearamide,
OLPET - oligomericpolyester
DisperseDyes
- C.l.Disperse
Red86 (Terasil
Rosa2GLA).
where:r - radiusof thefibre(m),D - diffusion
coeffi(s-1)usingVicKvn-dyeingrateconstant
cient(m2.s-1),
kerstaff's
equation,
cr- concentration
of dyein fibreaftertimet (mg.g-t),
c- - concentration
of dyein equi(mg.g-').
librium
(D)fromFick'sequation
Thediffusion
coefficient
was
(3):
fromthefollowing
determined
equation
c,/c-: 4.(D.t/rf)o''
(3)
where:r, D,c,andc- arethesameastheabovementioned.
2.2 Dyeing
3. Resultsand Discussion
A lubricant
was removedfromthefibresin the bath
(1.5g/lSlovapon
theeffectof twotypesof poA a 1 g/lNa3POa)
at 75 "Cfor20 min. Thispaperinvestigated
as wellon the dyeability
Thefibresweredyedin Colortest
laboratory
equipment lyestersand compatibilizers
of blendPP/PESfibresas depenat temperatures
The anddyeingkinetics
of 82,90 and100"C respectively.
dyeingbathcontained
1 g/l Kortamol
NNO- dispersant, dentontimeandthedyeingtemperature.
fromFig.1 thattheamountof exhausted
It is evident
2 g/l (NHo)2SOo,
formicacidfor pH = 5,
3 g/l Na2SOo,
(inmg.g-1)
Red86 dyestuff
by theblend
anddispersed
dye1 %.Thedyeingprocedure
for PET C.l.Disperse
PP/PES
fibresincreases
witha highertimeandtempefibreswasused.
ratureof dyeing.
Thedyestuff
isfirstlyabsorbed
onthe
fibresandwhena stateof equiKineticsof thedyeinganddetermination
of thedyeex- sudaceof thePP/PES
(between
libriumis attained
theabsorption
anddiffusion
haustion
andthedyestuffpenetrates
intothefibForan evaluation
of the kineticsof the exhaustion of thedyestuff)
(82,86,90,94
process
(decrea- re pores,At allthedyeingtemperatures
of blendPP/PESfibresan increased
sed)concentration
of dyeon thefibre(inthe bath)de- and100'C)of theblendPPiPESfibrestheabsorption
pending
isfasteratthebeginning,
andequilibrium
on thetimeis significant.
Thedyeingprocess ofthedyestuff
later(Fig.1).Thetypeof dependence
(ata
wasfinished
at a certaintimeinterval(3,5, 10,15,20, is reached
dependson thetypeof polyester
30,40,50,60,70,80,90,100,110 and130min.).Af- certaintemperature)
as wellas thecomoatibilizer.
terremoval
ofthefibrefroma dyebath,
thedyebath
was usedforthemodification
of thedyeuptakeconfirm
completed
theby halfandhalfethanol,
Thequantity
of ex- Thetimedependencies
experience
abouttheexhaustdyeingof textile
hausted
dyeby thefibrewasestimated
indirectly
from oretical
Thedifferences
amongthementioned
depentheabsorption
of thedyesolutionmeasuredat its 1,,", materials.
on SPEKOL
equipment
andfromthecalibration
curve. dencies(Figs.1a-e) at certaindyeingtemperatures
PP/PES
fibrecompoThedependence
of thedyeis exhaustion
ontimewas werecausedonlybythedifferent
(82-90'C)blendPP/PET
At lowertemperatures
(K)anddif- sitions.
usedto calculate
thedyeingrateconstants
(D).The kineticsof the dyeingof (OLPET)fibresabsorbedmostof thedispesedyestuff
fusioncoefficients
polyester
withdispesedyeshavebeenstudiedby se- (Figs,1a-c).At highertemperatures
thehighest
dyeup- Fick[5],Vickerstaff
(EDSA)fibres
(Figs.
take
is
exhibited
by
blend
PP/PBT
veralauthors
Patterson
[8-10],
[8],
duringthe PP/PBTdyCrank[6] andHill[9].The rateof dyeingwas determi- 1d-e).At a testedtimeinterval
einga relative
equilibrium
between
nedfromVickerstaff's
theabsorption
hyperbolic
and
equation:
is notattained
(thecurvedoes
diffusion
of thedyestuff
K u ,. t . c i
the constantvaluesof the dye uptake( 1 ) not approach
ctFig.
1e).
The
morphology
of synthetic
fibre(blends)
has
K v n . t . c o+ 1
for dyeingbecausethe dyestuff
a crucialimportance
Thediffusion
coefficients
D wereobtained
fromHill's preferably
diffuses
intoamorphous
or lessordered
fibV6knaa textll11 (3) 82-87 (2004)
83
Vldknaa priadza
Fibresandyarns
'oo 2o
bg20
b0
bb
!.1
x
J,1
rtgl
.:
?x ' o
aE
I
-:
Dlo
c)
x
-
, \ F
rllr
Fla'
frs
a
a
$:.
.a
4000
b)
Time,s
a)
'bp
20
bo
'bp
20
()
,r-<
J
pl0
C)
x
Time, s 8000
p10
r,
l
-a
a
fililn
a
1fi
n
>.
E.
r3
a
4000
Time, s 8000
c)
Time, s 8000
d)
e)
0p20
d0
()
,14
r PBT(EDSA)
r PET(EDSA)
, PET(OLPET) a
o
gi
a
I
P10
c)
Fig.1 Dyeuptakeof C.l. Disperse
Red86 (IerasilRosa2GLA)at
82'C(a),86'C(b),90"c (c),94'c (d)and100'C(e)of blend
PP/PESfibres
9ri
4000
Time. s 8000
re regions.Thedifference
inthedyeuptakeof blendPP/ are reportedin Table2 withthe activation
energiesof
PETandblendPP/PBTfibrescan be causedby the thedyeingof PP/PES
fibreswithC.l.Disperse
Red86.
creationof the differentmorphologies
of thesefibres, TheresultsshowthatconstantKyqdyeingrateanddifwhichcorresponds
withthebetterdyeability
of theblend fusioncoefficient
according
to Hill(D*,.)risewitha hiPP/PBTfibres,
mainlyat highertemperatures
for allblendPP/PESfibres.A
[16].The gherdyeingtemperature
higherthetemperature,
themoreopenthefibrepores significant
increase
in the constantKypdyeingrateis
andthehigheris thedyeuptakeof blendPP/PESfib- observed
fortheblendPP/PESfibresmodified
withPBT
resmodifiedby bothPETandPBT.
and PET(OLPET).The rateof dyeingdependson a
A similartemperature
effectas PETandPBTisachie- sufficient
amountof poresin the morphological
fibre
(EDSA structure
vedbytheutilization
of different
compatibilizers
capable
of accepting
dyestuff
molecules.
HiandOLPET)in blendPP/PETfibres.
At lowertempera- ghervaluesof theconstantKysratefor blendPP/PBT,
turesthe dyeuptakeof dispeseC.l.Disperse
Red86 PP/PET(OLPET)
blendsaswellas PP/PET(EDSA)inis higherwith
OLPETincomparison
withEDSAandvice directlyconfirmthe creationof lessorderedstructures
versaat highertemperatures.
andstructures
witha higheramountof poresfor the
According
to Vickerstaff's
equation(1)the constant sorptionof dyestuffrespectively.
Diffusion
coetficients
dyeingrateKyqwasevaluated
anddiffusion
coetficientsaccording
referto the higherdiffusion
to Hill(D6;1)
of
werecalculated
as wellfromFick'sequation(3) and dispese
dyemolecules
duringthedyeingof blendPP/
Hill'sequation(2).Thevaluesof thesecharacteristicsPESfibresmodified
by PBTandPET(OLPET).
Higher
84
Vlaknaa textT11 (3) 82-87 (2004\
Vldknaa priadza
Fibresand varns
Table 2 Diffusioncoetficients(D), dyeing rate constants (K) and activationenergies of dyeing (E) of blend PP/PES fibres dyed
with dispersedye C.l. DisperseRed 86
Sample
Temperature
of dyeing,"C
PP/PETLFK (OLPET)
82
on
94
100
PP/PETLFK(EDSA)
PP/PBT(EDSA)
82
86
90
94
100
82
86
90
94
100
Vickerstaff-smodel
K.105
D.1015
m-.s
S
1.48
1.72
1.89
2.62
2.76
'1.09
1,14
I
^a
1.59
1.97
1.80
2.07
2.70
Fick-s model
D.1o1s
m-.s
3.95
4.64
8.00
3./O
7.51
8.39
7.30
7.30
7.69
2.24
J.O
I
3.77
4.79
5.03
4.41
5.24
5.67
7.84
12.17
E, kJ.mol-'
43.9
/.o I
11.0
7.04
11 . 5 0
9.80
8.63
6 1. 5
5.42
Y-J4
6.04
Supportof the NationalGrant Agency of Slovakia APVT GrantNo 20-010102and VEGA(GrantFCHFT 927)is appreciated.
References
[1.] Ruys, L.: ChemicalFibreslnternational,4T(1997) pp.
376-384
A.: Text. Res. J.
[2.] Sengupta,A.K., Senk, Mukhopadayaya
5 6 ( 1 9 8 6 )p . 5 1 1
[3.] Marcindin,A., Brejka, O., et al.: Vl(tkna atextil (Fibres and
T e x t i l e ) , 6( 1 9 9 9 )p p . 1 1 9 - 1 2 4
R., SeppAkiJ., lkkala O.T.: Polym. Eng.
[4.] Housti-Mietinen
Sci. 32 (1993)p. 868
[ 5 . ] P a n gY . X , ,J i a D . M . ,H u H . J . ,H o u r s t o nD . J . ,S o n g M . :
Polymer41 (2000)p. 357
l/T. K-'
[6.] OkoroaforE.U.,VillemaireJ.P., AgassantJ.F.: Polymer33
Fig. 2 Valuesof In D at differentdyeingtemperatures
for blendPP/
(1992)p. 5264
PESfibres
[7.] UjhelyiovdA., MarcindinA.: Morphologyand Propertiesof
Blend PP/PETFibres.In: Proceedingsof the 1''
InternationalTextile, Clothing and Design Conference,
diffusion coefficients (Dn,'')as well as the highest actiOctober 2002, Dubrovnlk,Croatia, Universityot Zagreb,
(E)of blendPP/PBTfibresat theranvationenergies
2002, pp. 127-129, ISBN 953-96408-8-1
geof 82-100"C indicate
betterdiffusion
of C.l.Disper- [8.] UjhelyiovdA., BolhovAE.: Vldkna a textil (Fibresand
Textiles)10(4) (2003)pp. 163-167
se Red86.
[9.] Cegarra,J., Puente,P.: TextileResearchJournal,3T
(1967)pp. 343-3s0
A., Ujheliyovd,A., Marcindinovd,
T.: Macromol.
[10.]Marcin6in,
4. Conclusion
Synp., 176 (2001) pp. 65-72
[11.]Peters,R., H.: fexflle Chemistry,3, ElsevierScientific
Publishing,Amsterdam(1975)
- Thehigherthetemperature,
thehigherthedyeabili[12.]Crank,J., Park, G., S.: Drllusionin Polymers,Academic
ty of blendPP/PESfibresby C.l.Disperse
Red86;
Press,London(1968)
- Dyeability
at highertemperatures
is betterfor blend [ 1 3 . ] W a n gP, . , Y . , M a , J . , F . : D y e sa n d P i g m e n t s , 3 T( 1 9 9 8 )
pp. 121-127
PP/PBTfibres;
- Dyeability
at lowertemperatures
is betterfor PP/PET [14.]Etters,J., N.: fext7e Chemistand Colotist,26 (1994)pp.
17-23
(OLPET)
fibres;
, . : A U T E XR e s .J . 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 0 0 4 )p p .
[
1
5
.
]
P a r kK, . H . ,K o n c a r V
- Higherdyeingtemperatures
favorhighervaluesof dy45-51
eingrateconstants
anddiffusion
coefficients
aswell. [16.]Marcindin,A., Brejka,O., Ujhelyiov6,A., Kormendyov6,
E,, Starfch, R.: Vldkna atextil (Fibresand Textiles)10(1)
(2003) pp. 3-8
Acknowledgement
Beceived:
August2004
weknaa rexr,/11 (3) 82-a7 (20041
85
Vldknaa priadza
Fibresandyarns
pOIYPROPYLEN/
KTNETTKA
FARBENTA
ZMESNVCH
POLYESTEROVVCH
VLAKIENDISPERZNYIUI
TANEIVAMI
Translation
of Article:
Kineticsof dyeing processof blendpolypropylene/polyester
fibreswith dispersedyes
Vzhl'adomk hydrof6bnemuretazcu majl polypropyl6nov6(PP) vldkna vel'mimal0 a2 zanedbatelh0afinitu
k farbiviim, a preto ich vyfarbenie klasicklimvytahovacimpostupom z k0pel'addva nizku vftainost farbiva
a nizke stdlosti v prani. Priprava zmesnfch polypropyl6n/polyestero{ch(PP/PES) vldkien je zaujimavAz
hladiska lepsej vyfarbitel'nosti
tychto vldkien vytahovaclmpostupom.PfS rozdispergovanfv PP mauici
umoiiuje fixdciu dispernfch farbiv a znj'SenievftaZnostifarbiva z k0pela. Cl6nok sa zaoberi vplyvom dvoch
typov polyesterov (PET LFK a PBT) na kinetiku farbenia zmesnfch PP/PES vliikien disperznlimfarbivom
C.l. Disperse Red 86 (Terasil Rosa 2GLA). Bola sledovand moZnostvyfarbeniazmesnlich PP/PES vldkien
a boli vyhodnoten6nl'chlostn6kon5tanty,difizne koeficientya aktiva6nilenergia procesufarbenia zmesnlich
PP/PES vl6kien disperzn!'mfarbivom.
molekflfarbivado polyesterov6ho
vldknapri dokonalom
je moZn6popisatWilsonovou
preohranimie5ani
rovnicou
polypropyl6nu
(PP)rdznymitypmipolyesterov cen! kupel'aHillovourovnicoupreneohranidenlT
Modifikdcia
kripel'.
(PES)za 0delompripravyzmesnfchPPiPESvldkien Kinetika
farbenia
PESvldkiendisperznfmi
farbivami
bola
s majoritnyim
obsahomPP zlo2kyje zaujimavdz pohl'adu Studovand
viacen/'mi
autormi
[11-15].Na popiszdvislosti
preferujfcich
vlastnosti
PPvlakien.
zlepSenia
niektonich
PES mnoZstva
vytiahnut6ho
farbivaod dasuprifarbeniPESvldvflarbe- kienbolipouZit6
v zmesnfchPP/PESvlaknachumoZiujezlep5enie
r6znematematick6
modely(Vickestaffov
[9,
nia klasickyim
vytahovacim
spdsobom,
zvf5enieelasticity 141,Pattersonov
a Sheldonov
Crankov
[9],
[12],Fickov[11],
vlastnosti
vyfarbitel'nostiHill[1a]a ine).
a sorpdnfch
[1-3].Prezlep5enie
vzniknut6
(PET
zmesnlich
PP/PESvldkienmad6leZitu
r.rlohu
morClAnok
sa zaoberdvplyvomdvochtypovpolyesterov
fol6giaa medzifdzovd
vrstvamedzipolymernymi
zloZkami, LFKa PBT)na kinetiku
farbenia
zmesn;ich
PP/PES
vldkien
ktoramoZebyt povaZovan6
aj ,,tzv.tretiuf6zu"[4-6].
disperznyim
farbivomC.l. DisperseRed86 (TerasilRosa
Na zdkladeteoreticklichpoznatkovo dif0ziifarbiva 2GLA).
z roztokudo vldknaakoaj na zdkladevplyvunadmolekuloje moZn6konStatovej Strukt0ry
vl6knana jehovyfarbenie
vat, Ze difrlziadisperznlich
farblvprebiehaprimdrnedo
3. Vfsledky a diskusia
oblastivl6kien.PotomPES,
amodnfchmenejusporiadanlich
v PP matrici,umoZiujetvorbumektonije rozdispergovanf
V prdcisa hodnotilvplyvrdznychpolyesterov
a komnej usporiadanej
nadmolekulovej
Strukt0ry
zmesnfchPPi patibilizdtorov
na vyfarbitelhos(
a kinetiku
farbenia
zmesnyich
-,tzv. tretejtitzy"la- PP/PES
(Obr.1).
PESvl6kienakoaj Norbumedzivrstvy
vldkien
v zdvislosti
farbenia
oddasua teploty
k6hotopolym6rneho
syst6mua tyimzvySuje
aj vyfarbitelhost Z obr.1 je evidentn6,
2e mnoistvovytiahnut6ho
farbiva
Red86 zmesnlimi
PP/PES
zmesnfchPP/PESvldkien.To kore5ponduje
aj so zniZenim (mg.gt)C.l.Disperse
vlaknami
zmesnfchPP/PES
vldkienvplyvomPES sa zvy5ujeso zvy5uj0cim
celkovejkryStalinity
sa 6asomi teplotoufarbenia.FarkryStalinitou
v porovnanis
celkovou
6ishichPPa PESzloZiek bivoje najprvabsorbovan6
na povrchzmesnfchPP/PES
vldkiena potom,ked'saustdlirovnovdZny
stavmedziabsor[7,8].
Procesfarbeniavldkienresp.textfliisa obvyklerozdeluje bovanyim
a difunduj0cim
farbivom,
farbivovchddzaaj do
farbivav roztoku,ad- porovvldkna.Priv6etkyich
do Styroch
ndslednfch
dejov- dit(tzia
teplotdch
farbenia(82,86,90,94
sorpciafarbivana vl6kno,difriziavo vldknea fixdciafarbiva a 100'C) zmesnfchPP/PESvldkienv z6vislosti
od dasu
na vldkno.Prechodfarbivana vldknoje okremafinityfarbi- dochddza
v za6iatkoch
farbeniak nichlejSej
absorpcii
farbi(pH,teplota,
(Obr.1).TvarzAva k vldknuovplyviovanfi d'alSimifaktormi
elek- va vldknom
a nesk0rnastdvarovnov6ha
trolyty,TPP)a vyjadrujesa stupiomvytiahnutia
farbiva vislostiprijednotli4Tch
farbeniazdvisiod typupoteplotdch
v dasovejzdvislosti.
V5etkyprocesyprebiehajO
s0casneai lyesterupouZit6ho
na modifikdciu
ako aj od pouZit6ho
do dosiahnutia
rovnovdhy
a najpomal5i
stupenurcujery;ch- kompatibilizdtora.
Ziskan6zdvislosti
% vytiahnut6ho
disperzpotvrdzuj0
lostcel6hoprocesu[9].
PP/PES
vldknami
n6hofarbivazmesn;imi
teoreje tick6poznatky
Najviac
teoretickrj'ch
rovnicopisujricich
nj'chlost
farbenia
materielov
o farbenitextilnych
z ktpela.Roz(Obr.1a-e) pri
za predpokladu,
2e difriziafarbivapodascele- dielymedzispomlnanlmi
z6vislostami
odvodenlich
je urcovand
hoprocesu
farbenia
farbeniasp6sobilo
dif0ziefarbivavo jednotlivfch
teplotdch
len in6 zlo2enie
ryichlostou
(82- 90'C)
vldkne[10-14].Rfchlostdifrizie
farbivado vldknabolaStu- zmesnlich
PP/PES
vl6kien.
PriniZ5ich
teplotach
podmienok.
dovandza r6znychpodiatodniich
Ties0 charak- v sledovanom
dasovomintervale
zmesn6PP/PET(OLPET)
terizovan6ako neohranidenf(vysokVpomer k0pel'a vl6knonaabsorbovalo
najviac
disperzn6ho
farbiva(Obr.1apercento
a substr6tu)
a ohranidenf(malf pomerk0pelaa substretu) c). PrivySSich
teplotdch
sa najvy5Sie
vytiahnut6ho
farbiaci
k[pellPrifarbeniz neohraniden6ho
k0pel'a
sa kon- farbivanaviazalo
na zmesn6PP/PBT(EDSA)
vlakno(Obr.
centrdcia
farbivav kfpelinemenipodascelehoprocesufar- 1d-e).PrifarbeniPP/PBTv sledovanom
dasovomintervale
farbiaceho
k0pel'a,
koncen- nedochddza
benia.Ak safarbizohraniden6ho
ani k vytvoreniu
relativnej
rovnov6hy
medzi
podas absorpciou
vl6knasa kontinudlne
zniZuje
farbiva(krivkanedosahuje
tr6ciafarbivanapovrchu
a difrlziou
limitn6priprocesuaZdo dosiahnutia
rovnov6hy
kon- bliZovanie
hodnotevytiahnut6ho
cel6hosorpdndho
ku konStantnej
farbivafarbivavo vldknea v k0peli[15].Rfchlostdiftlzie Obr.1e).Farbivoprifarbenisynteticklich
centrdcie
vldkiendisperzn!1.Ovod
86
Vldkna a textll 11 (3) 82-87 (2004\
Vlaknaa priadza
Fibresandyarns
prednostne
do amorfnfchresp.me- tocn6hopoctuporovvo vldkne(morfologickejStrukture),ktodifunduje
mi farbivami
hrdui- 16s0 schopn6prijatmolekulyfarbiva.VyS5ienichlostn6konoblastivl6kna,a pretomorfologia
nejusporiadanyTch
farbiva
zmes- StantyKvHpre zmesn6PP/PESvldknas PBT i PET(OLPET)
Rozdiel
v sorpcii
znamniflohupriichfarbeni.
byt ako pre vldkna s PET(EDSA)nepriamopotvrdzujtivznik
PETa PBTmOZe
vldknami
modifikovanfmi
nVmiPP/PES
Struktiryresp.Struktfrys vySSimpo6tom
morfol69ie
t'ichtovl6kienvply- neusporiadanej5ej
vznikomrozdielnej
spdsobenli
vznik p6rovpre sorpciumolek0lfarbivaC.l. DisperseRed 86. Divom PETa PBT[16].VplyvomPBTsa predpokladd
podl'aHillapoukazuj0na
zmesnfchPP/PESvldkien,6o friznekoeficienV(Dni11)vypodftan6
neusporiadanej5ej
Strukttiry
farbivaC.l. DisperseRed
PP/PESvldkien vy55iudif0ziumolek0ldisperzn6ho
kore5ponduje
i s lep5ouvyfarbitel'nostou
SozvySo- 86 pri farbenizmesnyichPP/PESvlakien modifikovanyich
PBThlavneprivy55ich
teplotdch.
modifikovanfch
p6rov PBT a PET(OLPET).VySSidiffznykoeficient(Ds;1,)
ako aj
otvoreniu
vanimteplotydochadzak vfraznej5iemu
farbivazmesnfmiPP/ najvy55iaaktiva6ndenergia(E) zmesnfch PP/PESvlakien
veidSieho
mnoZstva
a tyimi k absorpcii
PBT v teplotnomintervale82 - 100'C tieZ
modifikovanfch
PETi PBT.
modifikovanfmi
PESvl6knami
farbivaC.l.
v z6vislosti poukazujena relatlvnelep5iudifriziudisperzn6ho
Podobnfvplyvako PBTa PETna vyfarbenie
(EDSA DisperseRed 86.
kompatibilizatora
m6i pouZitie
rozdielneho
odteploty
PPs PET.VldknaPPiPESs OLPET
a OLPET)primodifikdcii
priniZ5ich
disperzn;im
lep5ievyfarbenie
teplotdch
dosahujri
4.76ver
farbivomC.l. DisperseRed 86 ako vl6knas EDSA.Pri
je to naopak.
vy65ich
teplotdch
zmesV d'alSombola vypo6itandrlichlostndkon5tantaKu* - So zvySujucousa teplotousa zvy5ujevyfarbitel'nost
Vickerstaffovej
rovnice('1)a diffznekon5tan- nlich PPiPESvldkiendisperznfmfarbivomC.l. Disperse
z hyperbolickej
Red 86.
ty z rovnicpodlhFicka(3) a podl'aHilla(2).Vfsledkys0
energieprefarbe- - PrivyS5ichteplotachje lepSiavyfarbitelhostzmesnfch PP/
v Tab.2, kdes0 tieZhodnotyaktivadnej
PES vldkienmodifikovanfchPBT zapoulilia disperzn6farbivom
C.l.DisPP/PES
vl6kien
disperznfm
niezmesnfch
perseRed86. Vfsledkyukazujri,Ze ryichlostn6
kon5tanta ho farbivaC.l. DisperseRed 86.
zmesnfch PP/
podl'aHilla(Ds;fisa zvy5ujti
(Kuila diftiznykoeficient
sozvy- - Pri niZSichteplotachje lepSiavyfarbitel'nost
PET(OLPET)
za pouZitia
disPESvlakienmodifikovanyich
sa teplotoufarbeniaprev5etkyzmesn6PP/PES
Sujricou
perzn6hofarbivaC.l. DisperseRed 86.
kon5tanty
Ky6dovl6kna.K r4irazn6mu
nerastu4ichlostnej
sa teplotoufarbeniazmesnlichPP/PESvlaprifarbeni zmesnfch PP/PES
ch - So zvySujricou
vldkienmodifikovanf
ch6dza
je
kien sa zvysujrin/chlostn6konstantyi dif0znekoeficienty.
farbenia zdvisld
od dostaPBTa PETs OLPET.Rlichlost
Vldknaa textl 11 (3) 82-87 (2004)
87
Sk(5obn6met6dy
Testing
THEUSEOF THESCHLIEREN
VISUALIZATION
METHOD
IN
THEDIAGNOSTIC
TESTINGOF OPTICALLY
TRANSPARENT
POLYMERIC
FOILS
SyrovdL.*,RavasR.*,Jambrich
M.**,GrmanJ.*
*Faculty of Electical Engineering and lnformation Technology, Bratislava
**Faculty of lndustrial Technologies TnU A. Dubcek, Puchov
The articlediscusses
the principles
of the Schlieren
opticalvisualization
methodas appliedto
polyan evaluation
of the properties
of opticallytransparent
materials,
especially
transparent
mericfoils.The qualityof imagesis a very important
factorduringvisualevaluation,
especially
whento use quantitative
in methodsin the description
of imagesof foils.
qualityof an imageachievedby visualization
Oneof the waysto affectthe subsequent
methods is the correction
of the inhomogeneous
brightness
of the image,the sharpening
of images
and the adjustment
of the Schlieren
opticalapparatus.
In this way we can acquireimagesthat
polymeric
are suitablefor the identification,
comparison
and defectoscopy
of transparent
foils.
INTRODUCTION
lightbeamtraverses
thetestobjectandisfocused
thereafterby meansof a lensor spherical
mirror,named
Optical
visualization
methods
offernumerous
advan- theSchlieren
head.A knifeedgeis placedintheplane
properties
tagesin studiesof thehydrodynamic
fluof
of the lightsourceimageto cutoff partof thetransmitviids[1,2],buttheycanprovideusefulinformation
on
tedlight.ThisToeplerSchlieren
systemhasdeveloped
suallyinaccessible
objectssuchas optically
transparent a greatvarietyof modifications.
An opticalapparatus
polymers,
polymeric
foils[3, 4]. The most constructed
especially,
afterJ.Bolf utilizesa modified
Schlieren
commonmeansof visualizing
transparent
materials
is headin theformof a smallcircular
diaphragm.
Lightis
to recordtheirrefractive
behaviorwhenilluminated
by deviatedalongtheopticalpathfromitsnominalcourse
- indexvariations.
a beamof visiblelight.Thematerial
densityis a function intheabsence
of refractive
Theamogenerated
of the refractive
indexof the testedfoil whichnowre- untof thelightdeflection
bythetransparent
presents,
inopticalterms,
a phaseobject.
A lightbeam opticalphaseis measured.[3].
transmitted
throughthe testedobjectis affectedwith
Fig.1contains
thefundamental
opticalarrangement
respect
to itsopticalphase,butthedensityor amplitu- of theSchlieren
system.
de of the lightremainsunchanged
afterthe passage. Theapparatus
consistsof thelightsourcelocatedat
Opticalmethodswhicharesensitive
to changesin the thefocalpointof thecondenser
lensK. Beyondthislens
refraction
indexinthetestedfieldcanprovide
informa- focalpointD is ontheopticalaxisasthecommonpoint
tiononthedensity
distribution
andfromthethusdeter- of thelensK andtheobjective
01.Thecollimated
light
mineddensity
valuesfurtherinformation
ontheproper- passesthroughthetestobjectOo(polymeric
foil)and
tiesof thetestedmaterial.
Theintensity
anddirection
of enterstheobjective
Or,whichfocusesthe lightto form
theopticalbeamleavingtheobjecttesteddependson an imageof thelightsource.Thediaphragm
Dz(a knithe material's
depth.The mainadvantage
of these fe edgein theoriginal
arrangement,
mostlyreferred
to
methodsis thattheyprovideinformation
thatcan be as theToeplersystem)is locatedat thefocalpointof
usedforfurtherprocessing
afterphotographic
A cameralensis positioned
or digi- thesecondobjective.
beytalrecording.
andlocatedto forman imageof the
ondthediaphragm
Fromthemanyopticalvisualization
methods(sha- lightsource.Thecameraobjective
focusesthetestobplane,wherea reduced
dowgraph,
interferometric
method)[5],we havechosen jectontotherecording
intensitheSchlieren
method.
Inthefundamental
arrangement,ty of thelight,depending
on theamountof lightcutoff
mostlyreferred
to as theToeplersystem[1],a parallel bythecarefully
adjusted
diaphragm,
canbe observed.
Withoutanydisturbances
in theopticalpath,theoriginallightsourcewillhavea uniformreduction
in its ino1
oo
or
D2 ok
due
light
cutoff
tensity
to
the
by
the
diaphragm.
When
--: -:{l
. ..
D
z, z, K
ll
..- lin theopticalpath,thelightrays
thereis a disturbance
, -:. fln :,f,+-" li F llI ll- --,, ftJ- willbedeflected.
Theconclusions
of papers[6,7] referto possibilities
visualization
methodinthefield
oftheuseof theSchlieren
Fig.1Theopticalarrangement
of theSchlieren
system
polymericfoils.
of thediagnosing
optically
transparent
r/N
88
l\Eul/l
Vldkna a lextl 11 (3) 88-93 (2004)
Testing
SkriSobn6met6dy
OF
A N D I M A G EP R O C E S S I N G
RECORDING
V I S U A L I Z E DP O L Y M E R I CF O I L S
In orderto do imageprocessingit is necessaryto
the
correcteffectof the lightsource'sinhomogeneity,
effectof the opticalstringand the sensingdevicefor the
evaluationof imagesachievedby the opticalvisualization of polymericfoils.
in brightnesscan be causedby the
The disturbances
in the
inhomogeneity
of the lightsource,by impurities
of the opticalaxes
opticalpathand by the noncollinearity
o f o b j e c t i v e sO , a n d O , ( f i g . 1 ) .E x p e r i m e n t sh a v e
shown,thatthe latterfactorhas a substantialeffecton
of the imageobtainedby the Schliethe homogeneity
ren appararus.
b)
d)
'--fi",i
!$ i
$r
f '$,$,,fl.
F i g . 3 l m a g eo f t h e v i s u a l i z e d
rotated f oil in case of
inaccurateadjustedoptical
axis.a) angleof rotation0",
b) 45', c) e0"
:i
b)
c)
b)
c)
toolin the
Fig. 2 a) lmageof a helpfultool , b) lmageof a visualized
caseof the inaccurateadiustmentof an opticalaxis,c) lmage
of a visualizedtool in the case of an accurateadiustmentof
an opticalaxis
In orderto rectifythiserror,a usefultoolconsistingof
four squareareasone another90' turnedroundwas
produced.Areaswere carvedout of the suitablechoice perspex.Senseof areasdirectionis suchadjusted,
that the change in brightnessof the respectivearea
marksthe directionof the adjustmentof the opticalaxis
of the objective02 in the Schlierenapparatus.Fig. 2
containsan imageof a helpfultool with the effectsof
differentadjustmentof the opticalaxis.
showedthat
In additionto thiseffectthe experiments
of opticallytransas in the processof the visualization
parentpolymericfoils,this factor causes substantial
in the characterof the visualizedstructudeformations
res that can be revealedby rotatingthe foil sample.
Fig.3 showsthe effectof turningthe transparentfoil
sampleon the imageobtainedby the Schlierenappavbkna a rexrll11 (3) 88-93 (2004)
foil
Fig.4 lmageof thevisualized
from Fig.4 in the case of
an
An.rrrAtc
adirrsted
evJ
v
optical axis; a) angle of
rotation0', b) 45", c) 90"
ratus in the case of an inaccurateadjustmentof the
opticaiaxisof the objectiveof the apparatusillustrated.
Fig"4 containsimagesof the same samplewhichcorrespondto thevariousturningsin the caseof properadjustmentof the Schlierenapparatus.
It is necessaryin imageprocessingto correctthe efthe effectof the
fectof the Iightsource'sinhomogeneity,
opticalstringand the sensingdevicefcr the evaluation
of polyof imagesachievedby the opticalvisualization
is to use reference
mericfoils.One of the rrossibilities
imagepickedup withoutthe presenceof thetestobject.
imagecan be takenas an imageof the
The referenced
errorsof the wholeopticalsystemon the assumption
thatwe haveuseda virtuallightsoirrce[6].The correc-
B9
Sk0Sobn6
met6dy
Testing
a)
b)
c)
Fig.5 Examples
of images:a) imagewithouttestedfoil,b) withtestedfoil, c) imageof thesamefoilaftercorrection
forfurtherimage
tionof brightness
errorsis necessary
processing
by statistical
methods.The correction
of
from[8],
brightness
canbeevaluated
g(i,D=j- r(,,0
t"U'l)
(1)
wheref(i,j)arevaluesof the brightness
of the testedfoil;
(fig.5.b),fc(i,j)arevaluesof the referencedimage'sbrightnessat the same point(fig.5.a),c is a suitablyselectedconstant,and g(i,j)is the grey levelof the resultingimage(fig.5.c).
It is suitableto modifythe imagecontrastfor visualassessment.One of the possibilities
is to use imagesharpeningby Laplacian(2)
v z r ( x ,=y*). *
ox- dy-
e)
imagecanbe obtained
Thepixelsof thesharpened
from
g ( x , Y=) f ( x , Y-) a Y ) f( x , Y =
)
=f(x,y)-a.f(x,y)*ht(k,t)
c)
d)
(0.5, 1, 2 a4)
Fig. 6 Effectofthe sharpening
intensitycr
(3)
imagesof varioussamplesshowsomesimilarity.
The
features
showsomeregularity
of a stochastic
characfordescribing
ter.Oneof thepossibilities
thecharacter
ofthefoils'imagesisto usetheirstatistical
characteris7.band7.dcontainhistograms
tics.Figures
of the relativeoccurrences
of greylevels.
It canbe seenthattherearedifferences
amonghistograms
withregardto theirpositions
andshapes.
The
attributes
of histograms
canbe numerically
characterizedusingmoments
of distribution
as themeanvalueof
thegreylevel.
whereg(x,y),
f(x,y)is theoutputandinputvaluesof the
greylevel;g is the sharpening
intensity;
and product
f*h..is the convolution.
Fig.6 illustrates
effectof the
sharpening
intensity
image,
ontheresulting
Inanidealimageofvisualized
foilsthechanges
in brightnessreflectchangesin the refractive
indexof the
transparent
foil.The refractive
indexdependson the
densityof the material
throughwhichthe lightbeams
systemvisualizes
changes
traverse,
andtheSchlieren
inthefirstderivative
of thedensity.
Fig.7.aand7.cdisplaythe sharpenedcorrectedimagesof two different
BOPPfoils(AG36andAC700).Fromtheimagesit can
EVALUATION
OF POLYMERIC
FOILS
be seenthatvariousfoilshavedifferent
characteristic
features
thatarewellobserved;
the imagesof thedifproperties
Thephysical
of plasticfoilsarerelatedto
ferentfoilscanbedistinguished
andto thecontrary,
the theirproduction.Manyfoilshavescratches,
mostof
90
vbkna a lexrll 11 (3) 88-93 (2004)
Testing
SktlSobn6metody
c)
c
0)
0)
.:
(!
c)
cc
0r
n
Grey-level
100
200
Fig. 7 Modifiedimageof AG36and AC700foilsand theirhistograms
processeswhewhichare derivedfrom manufacturing
re the polymeric
filmrunsoverrollers[9].
The evaluationof the qualityof polymericfoilsis an
importantpafi of theirproduction.Naturally,the parameters whicha givenfoil has to exhibitdependon its application.For the purposesof testingwe have chosen
samplesof foilswhich are commonlyavailableon our
market,namelysafetywindowfoils(for houseand vehicularwindows)and foilsused in the food industry.
Assessingvisualqualitypermitslocatingplaceswith
elasticstrainsand stressregionson a pre-processed
picturewhich are markedby variationsin the levelof
brightness(gradeof grey).This methodis suitablefor
an on-lineevaluationof the qualityof foilsduringtheir
production.
Thereare samplesof testedfoilswith and
withoutdefects.On sometypesof foilswe havedelibe- Fig. I
Schlierenapparatusused for the visualization
of polymeric
f oils
a)
b)
Fig 9 Partsof equipmentfor evaluatinga) DigitalCCD camerab) computer
forimageprocessing
v6kna a rexrl 11 (3) 88-93 (2004)
91
Testing
Sku5obn6metody
Fig. 10 Samplesof testedBOPPfoilswit and withoutdefects
ratelycreateddefectsfor the purposeof visualizingthe reforecouldbe successfullyused for the assessment
areaof strainas is illustratedin fig. 10.
of differentpolymericfoils in the future.A comparison
Usingimageprocessingand a statisticalapproachthe of severalareasof the imagesprovidesinformation
on
Schlierenmethodcan be successfully
usedin the field the averagesegmentshade'sdistributionand allows
icationlargerdefectswhilecomparinghistograms
of the identification
and defectoscopy
of polymericfoils identif
1
1].
To
foils
we
have
evaluate
the
homogeneity
of
or
using
a co-occurrence
matrix,whichis suitablefor the
[10,
used a methodbasedon comparingthe localproper- identification
of varioussamplesof foils becausethe
ties of pictures.The comparisonof sectionsof images shapeof the histogramdependson the structureof the
consistsin comparingstatisticalcharacteristics
calcu- foil.
latedfrom the grey levelof the corresponding
section
suchas averagebrightness,standarddeviation,etc.
The comparisonof imagehistogramsconsistsin comREFERENCES
paringthe histogramsof severalsamplesof the same
, . J . : F l u i dD y n a m i c sN
. e w Y o r k :A c a d e m i aP r e s s ,
typeof foil. Thismethodis suitablefor the identificatlon [ 1 ] E m r i c h R
1981
of foils,becausethe shape of the histogramuniquely
Smith,A. J., Lim, T. T.: FlowVisualization.
lmperialCollege
reflectsthe structureof the foil and does not dependon [2] Press,London,2000
light.
the intensityof the illuminating
[3] Bolf, J., Bajcsy,J., Bolf, P,: Methodsof TestingProperties
At a lowerintensityof light,the histogramis shiftedto
of Optically Transparent Materials.Journal of Electrical
Vol. 44, 244-247, 1993 (in Slovak)
Engineering,
the right,whichis broughtaboutby a loweredmeanillumination.
Figure7 showsthe histogramsof two diffe- [4] Syrov6,L.: OpticalMethodsfor Examiningand Comparing
OpticallyTransparentPolymericFoils.Journalof Electrical
rentfoils.
Engineering
51, 133-137,2000
CONCLUSION
The presentedmethodsfor assessingpolymericfoils
pictures,evenvery
allowslocating,on pre-processed
smallregionswith elasticstrainsand defectsand the92
[5] Syrova,1., Ravas,R, Grman,J.: Principlesand Application
of VisualizationMethods.Journal of ElectricalEngineering
52. 278-283. 2001
[6] Grman, J., Ravas, 8., Syrovd, L.: Use of an Optical
VisualizationMethodfor Evaluationof TransparentPolymeric
Foils.In: 11'nInternational
DAAAMSymposiumon "lntelligent
Manufacturing&Automation",Opatija,Croatia2000, pp. 16716 8 .
VlSknaa textil 11 (3) 88-93 (2004)
metody
Sk05obn6
Testing
Cling Films. Journalof ForensicScienceSociety34, 61[7] Syrovd,L., Ravas,R., Grman,J.: Use of lmage Processing
in Schlieren Ootical Visualization Methods. ln: 121h
68,1994
InternationalScientificRADIOELEKTRONIKA
Conference [10] Syrov6, L., Ravas, R., Grman, J.: Use of a Statistical
2002, May 14.-16, 2002, Bratislava,pp. 158-161.
Approach for Defectoscopy of Visualized Transparent
Analysis,
Polymeric Foils. ln 3rd International Conference on
[8] Sonka,M., Hlavac,V., Boyle,R.: lmageProcessing,
and Machine Vision. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company,
Measurement,
Smolenice,2001, pp. 385-388.
PacificGrove,USA, 1998, 770 pp.
Approach
[11] Syrov6,L., Ravas,R., Grman,J.: Use of Statistical
for Classification
of VisualizedTransparentPolymericFoils.
[9] Castle,D. A., Gibbins,B., Hamer,P. S.: PhysicalMethods
for Examiningand ComparingTransparentPlasticBags and
I n : P r o c e e d i n g so f t h e 2 n d W o r k s h o p o n " l n t e l l i g e n t
Manufacturing
Systems,Ko5ice,2000, pp. 69-70
Pouiitie SlirovejvizualizaLnejmet6dyv diagnostickfchtestoch
optickypriehlhdnlichpolym6rnychfolii.
Translation
of Abstract
The Use of SchlierenVisualizationMethodin the DiagnosticTestingof Optically
TransparentPolymericFoils
e tdnokje zameranli
na popisprinclpu
5lirovej
vizualizadnej
met6dyaplikovanej
na vyhodnotenie
vlastnosti
polym6rnych
optickypriehl'adnyich
materi6lov,
obzvld5t
transparentnlich
fdlii.Strucne
je popisanfprincipmet6dy,konStrukdn6
pristroja.Prlstrojje doplnenf
usporiadanie
SlirovhoCCDkamerou,
ktordumoZiujeziskatobrazyv dislicovej
forme.ClSnokpoukazuje
na d6leZitost
kvalitysniman6ho
obrazuprejehodal5iespracovanie.
Kvalitaobrazusa dd vfznamneovplyvnit
vhodnlimnastavenlm
Slirovhopristroja.Kvalitu6islicov6ho
obrazuje moZn6dalej zvy5ovat
pouZitim
vhodnlichmet6d6lslicov6ho
spracovania
obrazu,ktorfmis0 jasovakorekciapouZitim
etalonov6ho
obrazua ostrenieobrazu.PouZitel'nost
uvedenfchpostupov
a met6dpre vizudlne
hodnotenievizualizovan'fch
polym6rnych
obrazovoptickypriehl'adn;ich
f6lii je ilustrovanlT
na
obrazochBOPPf6liibez defektova foliis umelVmi
defektami.
Vldknaa fextri1 l (3) 88-93 (2004)
93
Vlskum
Research
RAWMATERIALCHARACTERISTICS
VIS.A.VISROTOR
TECHNOLOGY:
A REVIEW
SPINNING
DipayanDas
Department of Textile Sti'ucfures, Textile Faculty, Technical University of Liberec, Halkova 6, 461 17, Czech
Republic, E-mail: [email protected]
Thisreviewpaperis an attemptto summarize
someof the published
workon the processibility
of cottonand man-madefibersand the effectof their properties
on the qualityof rotor-spun
yarns.The effectsof fiberstrength,
elongation,
cleanliness,
fineness,length,friction,crimp,and
finishon the tensility,
imperfection,
evenness,
and hairiness
of singleand blendedrotor-spun
yarnsare discussed
with a view pointon the processibility
of cottonand man-made
fibersin a
rotorspinningsystem.
lntroduction
Swiech[4]observed
thatstatistically,
the overallcorrelation
coefficient
between
cottonyarnstrength
andfiberpropefiies,
micronaire,
Rotorspinning
is a commonly
strength,
staplelength,dust
usedspinning
system,
se- namelyfineness,
in frequency
andtrashcontent,
is 0.70,butthatfiberstrength
condonlyto ringspinning
of use.As in other content,
alospinning
systems,
fiberproperties
exena decisiveinfluence ne is 0.59.Simpsonand Murray[5] noticedthatwhena weyarn.Theuseof cottonfibers akercottonfiberis replaced
ontheproperties
of rotor-spun
bya stronger
one,therotor-spun
in thisspinning
systemis farfromnew,buta drasticincrea- yarn'sstrength
is affected
muchmorethanitsringcounterseinthepriceof cottonandtherisingdemandbyconsumers part.Regarding
thisFaerber[6]observed
thateachadditioproducts
forsomespecific
haveledspinners
to produce
blen- nal cottonfiber'sstrengthtranslates
into0.5 cN/texin rotor
yarns.Blending
provided
dedrotor-spun
isbasedonthemeasurementyarntenacity,
the yarntwistalwaysremainsthe
proportioningsame.
of majorfibercharacteristics
andquantitatively
properties
yarns,Frau[7] notedthatthe
andcombining
compatible
in a judicious
wayto
In the caseof man-made
yarnproperties.
Thechoiceof theblend's advantage
achieve
thedesired
of highfiberstrengthis notso pronounced
in rocomponents
needscareful
consideration,
bothintermsofthe torspinning
as it is in ringspinning,
although
thesituation
is
kindof fibersto be usedandtheirproportion
in theblendso different
forcottonfiber.Thegreaterelongation
of man-made
as to projecttheirpositiveattributes
to the maximum.
The- fiberstranslates
intohigheryarnstrength,higheryarnelonrefore,a thoroughknowledge
of theeffectof theconstituent gation,
andfewerhairs(>3mm)permetre[8].A rathersmall
yarnhairiness
fiberproperties
on the yarnproperties
is quitenecessary. effectof fiberelongation
on rotor-spun
was
Witha viewto this.an attempthasbeenmadein thisreview foundby ZhuandEthridge
[9].
articleto summarize
someof the published
workon the imyarn
pactof differentfiberproperties
on variousrotor-spun
properties
andontheprocessibility
of cottonandman-made
Cleanliness
of fiber
fibersin a rotorspinning
system.
A debateexistsamongthe researchers
regarding
the efperforfectof trashandfinedustparticles
on rotor-spinning
Review
manceandyarnquality.
Swiech[4],Ethridge
et al. [10]did
notfindanysignificant
effectfromtrashanddustcontentin
product(CSP)of roAccording
to Deussen
of fiberproperties
in the rawmaterialon the count-strength
[1],theranking
importance
forrotorspinning
orderof decreasing
forthepro- tor-spun
cottonyarn.On thecontrary,
Faerber,
et al.[11]foduction
ofcottonyarnsis:strength,
fineness,
length,
andcle- undan adverseeffect,of trashanddustcontentin slivers
anliness(trashanddustcontent).Butthe samerankingfor duringprocessing
in a rotorspinning
system.
Whileexplaithe production
of man-made
and blendedyarnsis friction, ningthiseffecttheyclassified
trashcontent
in thesliverinto
strength,
fineness,
andlength.Although
theremightbe dif- threecategories:
largeandheavyparticles,
smallandlight
ferentopinions
on the orderof the rankingof thefiberpro- particles,
andseed-coat
fragments.
The largeand heavy
perties,in general,researchers
in theyarnengineering
sec- particles
usuallydo notcreateanyproblemin spinning
owing
tor have realizedthat among the measurableand tothehightangential
acceleration
thatoccursatthecombing
properties
immeasurable
of textilefibers,strength,
elonga- zoneof theopening
roller;thesearecentrifuged
awayfrom
tion,cleanliness,
fineness,
length,
friction,
crimp,andfinish thefibermassintoa trashdisposalsystem.Thelow-density
playmajorrolesin determining
thetenacity,
evenness,
im- andsmallparticles
aredifficult
to remove,asthekineticenerpedection,
yarn.Theseinfluen- gy impartedby the acceleration
andhairiness
of rotor-spun
forceis ofteninsufficient
to
cesaresummarized
below.
dislodge
themfromthe combingroller.Butsometimes
the
actionof the aerodynamic
buoyancyflattensthe trajectory
whichseparates
thesepafticles
out.Butthebuoyancy
of large andlightparticles
FiberStrengthand Elongation
maybecomegreaterthanthe inertial
forceandgravity,andthiswillchangethe trajectory
back
Severalresearchers
have
found
a
direct
relation
roller,whereit maybe engulfed
towards
theopening
bythe
[2-6]
betweenfibertenacityand rotor-spun
cottonyarntenacity. rotatingairflowandentrained
withthe suctionair intothe
94
Vl'kna a texfi711 (3) 94-98 (2004)
Vfskum
Research
in theuneven- [20] noticedhigherend breakagesduringthe processingof
rotor.Thiscontamination
leadsto an increase
yarnanda reduction
in yarnstrength
nessof short-wave
and heavierdenierfibersthan finerfibersfor a fixedfiberlength
elongation,
andin somecasestheycancauseyarnbreaka- and openingrollerspeed.In theirstudy,yarnstrength,elonge eitherby impeding
are foundat
twistpropagation
intothe rotorgroo- gation,hairiness,evenness,and imperfections
in thespinning
tension
as a higherrate with finerfibersthan coarserones. The yarn
ve or by causing
a rapidincrease
theyarnistakenupfromtherotor.Severalresearchers
['l2- strengthwith finerfibers is due more to the presenceof a
lt has
141havealsomentioned
thattheseembeddedparticlesin- greaternumberof fibersin the yarn'scross-section.
sidethe rotorgrooveaffectthe yarnstructureand thatthe been reportedthat more fibers in the yarn's cross-section
yarnformationprocessbecomeserratic,whichcausesthe resultingfrom the finerdenierprovidemore opportunityfor
yarnto be irregular
andweak.Faerber,
et al. [11]reported the fibersto be randomlyand evenlydistributedalongthe
unaffected
by axisof theyarn,whichin turnreducesthe yarn'sunevenness.
thatthe seedcoatfragmentsare completely
process
thatandtheseproduce
frequthetrashseparation
ent end-breaks
as wellas reducethe yarn'sappearance
Length of fibers
value,whichin turnreduces
theopticalqualityof greyfabrics.Theyobservedthatapaftfromthe residualtrashconThe length of fibers remainsa very controversialtopic
tent,thesliveralsocontains
a ceftainproportion
of fiberfragintothe amongresearchers.Swiech[4] and Ethridge,et al. [10] have
ments.Thelongerfiberfragments
boundedpartially
passages
yarnwilldetachfromit duringsubsequent
in the not observedany significantinfluenceof staplelengthon the
fragments strengthof rotor-spuncottonyarn. However,severalresearformofdisruptive
flyanddeposits,
buttheshorter
insidethegroove,
asthesewill chers have observedthis relationdifferently.Voughn and
willbegenerally
accumulated
notbe boundup in theyarnandremainas disruptive
depo- R h o d e s[ 2 1 ] h a v e r e p o r t e dt h a t s h o r tf i b e rc o t t o ny a r n i s
et al.observed
thatthetrash strongerand evenerand containsfewerthinplacesand naps
sitsintherotorgroove.Faerber,
cottonfibers,althouis capable thanyarn producedfrom medium-length
separation
systemof the rotorspinning
machine
of a limiteddegreeof dustseparation,
butmostof thedust gh the latterproducesyarns with betterelongation.They
goesto the rotorgroove.The microdust
particlesusually observeda trash and lengthinteraction,which is responsibwhereasthefineandcoarsedust le for lesseryarn strengthproducedfrom longerfibers. Baadhereto thefibersurface,
particles
lodgebetween
thefibers.Thequalityof lodgeddust sed on their observations,more trash particlesaccumulate
pafticles
insidetherotorgrooveis constant
dueto theself- in the collectionbox of a rotorspinningmachineduringthe
of mediumstapleyarnthanshorlstapleyarn,and
cleaning
actionof the rotor.However,
therewillbe a less processing
noticeable,
butcontinuous,
impairment
intheregularity
ofthe the extractionof coarsertrash particlesby the air streamof
yarnmassaccompanied
yarn t h e o p e n i n gr o l l e ri s e a s i e rt h a n w i t h f i n e rp a r t i c l e sF. i n e r
bya dropinthedynamometric
for
valuewhenthe rotorgrooveis filledaroundto a ceftainle- particlestrappedamongthe longerfibersare responsible
vel by thedustparticles.
Thedustaccumulation
in the rotor loweringthe strengthof yarn.Contraryto the findingsof Vougroovehasprovedcriticalin conjunction
withthestickysub- ghn and Rhodes[21],however,Deussen[22]foundthat short
fibersreduceyarn strength,increaseyarn unevennessand
stances(honeydew)
thatare quitecommonin cotton.
imperfections,
and lowerthe spinningperformance.
Poorlength uniformitypossessesa problemin the spinningof 100%
cottonas it affectsyarn evennessand spinningperformanFinenessof fiber
ce. Whilestudyingthe effectof 50% span lengthon the proAlthough
the pertiesof rotor-spuncottonyarn,Hunterand Gee [3] obsera greatdealof controversy
existsregarding
-gravimetric
fineness v e d t h a t a 5 0 % i n c r e a s ei n s p a n l e n g t h i n c r e a s e sy a r n
appropriateness
of theterminologies
andmicronaire
value- indicating
thefinenessof cottonfiber tenacity,CSP and that the extensiondecreasesthe variabi[16-18], severalattemptshavebeenmadeto analysethe lity of mass and strength,hairiness,and imperfections.Acvalueon cordingto Zhu and Ethridge[9], the hairinessof rotor-spun
importance
finenessand micronaire
of gravimetric
yarn14,5,91.
thequalityof rotor-spun
lt hasbeenobserved yarndecreaseswith increasesin fiberlengthand decreases
thatfinercottonfiberresultsin strongeryarnandthatreduc- in shortfibercontent.
Looney[23]observedthatthe staplelengthof polyester(1
tionin yarnstrength
because
of poorfiberparallelisation
in
rotoryarnscanbe minimised
by increasing
the numberof to 1.5 inches)has littleeffecton end breaksand yarn strenfibersin yarncross-sections.
coeffi- gth,but greatlyaffectsfiberdamage,rotordepositsand yarn
[4, 5]. The correlation
cientsbetweenyarnunevenness,
fiberfineness,
andmicro- twists. He reportedthat fiber damage and the difference
nairevaluearepositiveat a lowmagnitude.
ZhuandEthrid- betweentheoreticaland actualtwistsvariesdirectlywithstapge [9]pointed
outthatan increase
in micronaire
valuecauses le length.The evennessof yarn is improvedwith a decreayarn.Theyreasoned
morehairiness
in rotor-spun
thathigher se in staplelengthfrom 1.5 to 1.25 inches,but that afterthat,
Salhotra,Tyagi,and Dhamija[24] observed
micronaire
fiberswilllikelyresistbeingwrapped
ontoyarnas it deteriorates.
theyaremorerigid.
a reductionin yarn tenacitywith an increasein the staple
Whilestudying
fibers,Kaushik
andTyagi[19] lengthof viscosefiber.They reasonedthat this is due to the
man-made
yarn h i g h e rt w i s tl o s s i n v o l v e di n t h e s p i n n i n go f l o n g e rf i b e r s .
obserued
thatthebreaking
strength
of polyester-viscose
decreases
withincreases
in thedenierof polyester
fiber.This Accordingto Ghoshand Elam[20],longerviscosefiberproresultsfromthelowtwisttranslation
efficiency
of the coarse duces more hairyyarn with fewer defects.
fiberdueto highertorsionalrigidity.
The breakingextension Several researchershave analysedthe importanceof
and unevenness
decreasewith decreasesin the denierof wrapperfiberson the qualig of rotor-spunyarns.Keller'sstupolyester
fiber.Theyarnsmadefromfinerfibersare more dy [25] is quiteinterestingin this respect.Accordingto him,
nappythanthosemadefromcoarserfibers.Thisis becau- the yarns spun from long-staplefibersare beltedso tightly
seof lowerresistance
to thenapping
of finerfiberthancoar- thatthey looklikethin places,althoughthey actuallyhavea
serfiber.In otherworkwithviscosefiber,GhoshandElam greatermass per unit lengthbecauseof the extramasswrapVldknaa lexfil 11 (3) 94-98 (2004)
95
Vliskum
Research
ped aroundthem and are so indicatedby the UsterEvenness
Tester.On the otherhandthe beltsare so slackin short-staole yarnsthat they becomeloose and are movedalongthe
y a r n q u i t ee a s i l y .T h e s e b e l t s c a n c r e a t et r o u b l ed u r i n g
furtherprocessing.lt has been observedthat an increasein
wrapperfibersresultsin a deterioration
in yarnstrengthboth
in the caseof long-stapleand short-stapleyarns.Looney[23]
statedthat the frequencyof wrappersis proportionalto the
numberof fibersper cross-sectionof the yarn,the staplelength and the twistedlengthof the yarn on the rotorwall. In this
regard,Klein[26]pointedoutthatfibersof greaterlengthcan
resultin advantagesonly insofaras the fiberscan be well
depositedin the rotor;the inadequacyof a rotordiameterfor
a givenfiberlengthcan deteriorate
the spinningperformance due to the poordepositionof fibersin the rotorgroove.
Fiber Friction
A few investigations
have been performedto determinethe
relationbetweenfrictionand otherphysicalpropeniesof cotton and man-madefibers.Accordingto Subramaniam,
et al.
cotton
fiber
friction
negatively
correlates
witn
a
25%
[27],
span lengthand bundlestrength,but positivelycorrelates
with micronaire
value.In theirstudy,the correlations
between othercottonfiber characteristics,
e.g., convolutionangle,
per cm, and maturityand fiberfricnumberof convolutions
tion are not significant,
althoughLord [28] observedthat fiber maturityand convolutionfrequencyare relatedto fiber
friction.Ghosh and Elam [20] have observedthat an increase in staplelengthand a decreasein the denierof viscose
rayonresultin high fiber-to-fiber
and fiber-to-metal
friction.
They havealsoobservedthatthe type and levelof finishaffect the inter-fiberfrictionof viscosestaplefiber. The applicationof a high cohesionfinishresultsin morefrictionthan
the regulartype of finishand an increasein the finishlevel
decreases
fiberfriction.
A similarobservation
has beenmade
by Mavely[29].Ghosh,et al. [30]noticedthat the numberof
crimpsper inch in polyesterfiber positivelycorrelateswith
f iber-to-f
iberf riction.
The roleof fiberfrictionis a bit contradictory
in rotorspinningas explainedby Looney[23].He has reportedthat the
leadingedge of fibershas a tendencyto form a hook around
the teethof the openingrollerduringthe extractionof fibers
f r o m t h e s l i v e rd u e t o t h e g r e a td i f f e r e n c ei n t h e s p e e d s
betweenthe feed rollerand openingroller.In orderto preventfiberbreakage,the forceimpartedby the openingroller
mustexceedthe resultingforceswithinthe sliver.As a result
of this,a differential
motionwill set up betweenthe fiberand
openingroller,whichwill resultin the scrappingof the skin
from the fiber'ssudace,therebyresultingin depositionor
damagingthe teethor pins of the openingroller.Thus,the
conditions
and actionsin the openingrollersectionimplylow
inter-fiber
frictionand highfiber-to-metal
friction.But an entirelydifferentset of conditionshas been repoftedwithinthe
rotor.A twist backingup to the rotorwall from the yarn in the
rotortube providescohesionto liftthe fiberbundlefromthe
rotorwall,whichmeanshighfiber-to-fiber
cohesionand low
fiber-to-metal
frictionwill be advantageous
as far as the rotor and tube are concerned.Deussen[31] has pointedout the
impactof fiberfrictionon the processibilityof cottonfibers in
a rotorspinningsystem.Accordingto him, cottonfiberscan
be rotorspunat higherspeedthan man-madefibers,because naturehas endoweda maturecottonfiber with natural
waxes and a convoluted,ribbon-likecross-section,
which
96
togetherresultin lowerfiber-to-metal
frictionbut goodfibertoJibercohesion.Mogahzy,et al. [32] performedan extensive study with forty-sevenuplandcottonsto observethe
effect of fiber frictionon rotor-spunyarn quality.They measuredthe conventional
frictional
force,i.e.,resistance
to sliopageundera certainnormalpressureusingthe AuburnBeard Test,and the cohesionforcewhichcausesthe fibersto
stickor holdtogetherat a contactpoint,even undera zeroappliedload usingthe Rotor-ringTester.They observeda
positivecorrelation
betweenthe non-uniformity
of yarn and
conventional
frictionalforceand a negativecorrelationbetween non-uniformity
of yarnand a cohesionforce.At the beginning of the spinningprocess,the fiber web obtainedfrom
cardingis a very weak and fragilenetworkand has a low
density.The stabilityof suchan assemblywilllargelydepend
on the presenceof the cohesionforcein it. That impliesthat
the fiber cohesionforce positivelycontributesto the formation of uniformyarns.The cohesionforceformsa mechanical interlocking
of the crimpedfibersand causesfiberto stick
togetherat the contactpoints.This can resultin achievinga
uniformdistribution
of fibers,whichcan assistin the production of a yarn havinga minimumof irregularity.
lt was concludedthat the relativelylowerfrictionbetweenfibrousassembliesshouldease the processingand resultin a good
uniformspinning.The count-strength-product
andyarntenacity have a negativecorrelationwith the maximumfrictional
yarn,whichindicatesthata lowerfrictioforcefor rotor-spun
nalforceshouldgivethefinishedyarnwitha higherstrength.
That is due to the higheryarn uniformityand less fiberdamage duringthe spinningprocess,as a lowerfrictionalforce will generatelowerfrictionactionbetweenthe fibers.High
cohesionforceresultsin higheryarnstrengthdue to the fact
thatyarn uniformityincreaseswith an increasing
fibercohesion force. lt has been observedthat yarn elongationdecreases with increasingfiber cohesionand frictionforce.The
fiber cohesionforce will resistthe slippagebetweenfibers
duringyarnbreakageand resultsin a low elongation.
As the
frictionalforce increases,thin placesor weak pointsin the
yarn will increase,and the resultingyarn will be easy to break.Thusthe elongationof the yarn has a tendencyto decredJE.
FiberCrimp
Whilestudyingthe impoftance
of man-madefibercrimpon
rotorspinningtechnology,Naikand Lopez-Amo[33] classified fiber crimp into three categories:macro crimp, micro
crimp,and mixedmacro-micro
crimp.Macrocrimpis characterisedby highamplitude,
and mixedmacro-micro
crimphas,
in addition;a highfrequency.Microcrimpis characterised
by
a low amplitudeand high frequency.They observedthat
microcrimpdoes not give riseto erraticfibermotionduring
drafting,whereasaccordingto Plonskerand Backer[34],fibershavinga macro-crimp
movein the draftingzonewithan
erratic,springyand pulsatingmotion.The macro-crimpin the
fiberproducesa bulkyand compressible
sliver.Tensioning
thissliveraxiallyduringdraftingwillcausea reductionin the
cross-sectional
area.When these forcesare released,the
sliveragain contracts.That gives rise to a considerabledifferencebetweenthe mechanicaldraft and the actualdraft.
Darden[38]observedthat highlycrimpedfibersperformpoorly in a rotorspinningsystem,becauseas they havegreater resistanceto extractionfrom the sliverby the opening
roller,morefiberdamageand rotordepositstake place.He
vldknaa rexrl 11 (3) 94-98 (2004)
Vyiskum
lesearch
also statedthat the erraticmovementof the highlycrimped
fiberin the ductbetweenthe openingrollerand rotorand poor
distributioninsidethe rotor groove may be the reasonfor
unevenyarnsmadefromhighlycrimpedfiber.Fiberswithlow
a crimplevelleadto higheryarn strengththat twisteasilyinto
yarn,havefeweryarn defects,and a reducednumberof ends
down,but fiberswith too low a crimp levelor permanence
cause poor card web cohesion,and the result is a poorly
drawnsliver.
Regardingthe durabilityof fiber crimp [35],Naik and Lopez-amo[33] have statedthat crimpcontractionis increased
after processingbecausetexturedfibers tend to relax after
undergoingstress-and-strain
forcesduringprocessingand
mechanicalhandling.In some casesthey have observeda
reductionin crimp contractiondependingon the texturing
condition.
Theyrecommendselectingpolyesterfiberin such
a w a y t h a t t h e f i b e rc r i m p s h o u l dl a s t t i l l t h e c a r d i n ga n d
drawingprocessshouldremovemost of it.
F i b e rF i n i s h
As pointedout by Darden[36],the reasonbehindthe applicationof an antistaticagentas well as a lubricanton manmadefibersis to reducethe accumulation
of staticcharges
on the fibersur-face
duringprocessing.But the levelof applicationof the lubricantis crucial,as too higha lubricantlevel causesmoreopeningrollerwrap-ups,and too low a lubricant levelcausesstaticproblemsduringcardingand high
rotordepositsat thetimeof spinning.He recommended
using
a lubricantlevelduringthe processingof polyesterfiber in
open-endspinningslightlylowerthanthat normallyrequired
for ringspinningto improvethe processibility
of polyestbrfiber. Looney[23] has pointedout that a high lubricantfinish
is advantageous
on the one hand as it reducesfiberdamage in the openingroll section,but on the other hand,it adverselyaffectsprocessibility
due to lowerfiber cohesionat
the rotorwall.In the case of finerpolyesterfibers(1.5 denier),
a greaternumberof fibersin a yarn cross-section
overshadows the effect of fiber lubricity;hence, the rotor depositis
lesswithoutsacrificing
the spinningperformance.
Gaylerand
Schueren[37]havenotedthatinadequate
finishesleadto an
insufficient
openingof fibrousmaterialand causeend breakagesas the fiber tuft goes to the rotor groove.The rotor
depositswhichmay arisefroma fiberfinishleadto slubbyor
impedectyarn [38]. However,Landwehrkamp[39] has proved that the furtheradditionof 0.05-0.1% of an effectiveantistaticagentimprovespossibility,
whereasthe accumulation
of an electrostaticcharge on the materialand machineis a
p r o b l e m .D a r d e n[ 3 8 ] h a s d e t e r m i n e dt h a t t h e l u b r i c a n t s
which reducefiber-to-metal
frictionmost significantly
result
in fewer rotordeposits.Ghosh and Elam [20] has reported
that in the case of viscosefiber,a higherfinishleveland regular type finish produceless fiber-to{iberfrictionthan a
lowerleveland high cohesionfinish.
References
Technology,"
H.,"RotorSpinning
Schlafhorst
Inc.,
[1] Deussen,
U S A ,1 9 9 3p, . 3 1 .
[2] Ramey,H. H. Jr., Lawson,R., and Worley,S. Jr., fextle
Res.J. 47,685-691(1977).
63, 407[3] Hunter,L., and Gee, E., MelliandTextilberichte
411(1992).
Vl'knaa rexr/'/
11 (3)94-98(2004)
[4] Swiech, f ., Melliand Textilberichte 68, 874-877 (1987).
[5] Simpson,J., and Murray, M. F., TextileRes. J. 48,270276 (1978).
Cotton
[6] Faerber,C., "Proceedingsof the 22nd International
Conference,"Bremen,Germany,1964, pp. 33-48.
[7] Fray,M., "Open-EndRaw-YarnMaterial,FurtherProcessing,
EndUses,"BieterPublication,
Winterthur,Switzerland,
1976.
[B] Backe, E. E., "Proceedingsof the 9th Annual Engineered
Fiber SelectionSystemConference",1996,pp. 1-13.
[9] Zhu, R., and Ethridge,M. D., Textile Res. J. 67,694-698
( 19 9 7 ) .
[10] Ethridge,M. D., Towery,J. D., and Hembree,J. F., Textile
Res. J. 52, 35-44 (1982).
, . , L a n g h e i n r i c hD, . , a n d N e u h a u s ,L . , M e l l i a n d
[11]FaerberC
TextiIberic hte 72, 259-263 (1991).
[12] Locher,H., "ProblemsPresentlyAssociatedwith Open-End
Spinningand FutureAspects,"UsterPublcation,
Switzerland,
1975.
[13] Cripps,H., Ciba-GeigyReview No. 75 (1), 14 (1975).
[14] Reike, 1.,Melliand lnternational5,278-282 (1999).
, . , " R o t o rS p i n n i n gT e c h n o l o g y S
, "c h l a f h o r sI nt c . ,
[ 1 5 ] D e u s s e nH
U S A , 1 9 9 3 ,p p . 5 2 - 5 3 .
[16] Booth,J. E., "Principlesof TextileTesting,"Temple Press
Books Ltd., London,1964, p. 49.
[17] Martindale,J. G., J. TextileInst.36, T35-T47 (1945).
[18] Deussen,H., "RotorSpinningTechnology,"SchlafhorstInc.,
U S A ,1 9 9 3 ,p . 3 4 .
[19] Kaushik,R. C. D., and Tyagi,G. K., IndianJournalof Fiber
& T e x t i l eR e s e a r c h1 8 , 1 1 0 - 1 1 5( 1 9 9 3 ) .
[20] Ghosh,S., and Elam, E. A., TextilePraxislnternational46,
3 0 1 - 3 0 3( 1 9 9 1 ) .
[21] Vaughn,E. A., and Rhodes,J. A,, TextileWorld127,75-77
(1977).
[22] Deussen, H., TextileMonth, 41-44 (1984).
[23] Looney,F.5., TextileWorld 128,40-45 (1978).
[24] Salhotra,K. R., Tyagi,G. K., and Dhamija,5., lndianJournal
of Fiber & TextileResearch 24,21-26 (1999).
[25] Keller, H. 4., TextileMonth,84-93 (1969).
[26] Klein, W., "New SpinningSystems,"The Textile Institute,
Manchester,1993,p. 27.
[ 2 7 ] S u b r a m a n i a mV, . , S r e e n i v a s a nK, . , a n d P i l l a y ,K . P . R . ,
lndianJournalot TextileResearch6, 9-15 & 16-21 (1981).
[28] Lord, E., J. Textile/nst. 46, P41*P55 (1955).
[29] Mavely, J., Melliand Textilberichte81, 304-310 (2000),
[30] Ghosh,S., Rodgers,J. E., and Ortega,A. E., IexfrTeRes.
J. 62, 608-613 (1992).
SchlafhorstInc.,
[31] Deussen,H., "RotorSpinningTechnology,"
U S A , 1 9 9 3 ,p . 3 1 .
, . M. Jr., and Guo, H.,
[ 3 2 ] E l M o g a h z y ,Y . E . , B r o u g h t o n R
"Proceedings
of 1st BeltwideCottonConference",1998,pp.
719-722.
World:
[33] Naik,A., and Lopez-Amo,F., "Cottonin a Competitive
63rd Textile InstituteAnnual Conference,"1979, pp. 184201.
[34] Plonsker,H. R., and Backer,5., TextileFes. J. 37,673687 (1967).
[35] Lawrence,C. A., and Chen, K.2., TextileProgress13, 55
(1984).
[36] Darden,D. H., TextileWorld 130,70-76 (1980).
[37] Gayler, J., and Schueren,A., Chemiefasern/Textil-lndustrie
2 7 & 7 9 , 4 3 0 - 4 3 4 , & 5 9 1 - 5 9 9( 1 9 7 7 ) .
[38] Hunter,L., TextileProgress10, 96 (1978).
[39] Landvrehrkamp,H., Melliand Textilbeilchte 60, 825-829
(1s7e).
Received:Julv 2004
97
Vfskum
Research
CHARAKTERISTIKY
SUROVINY
VZHLEDEM
NA TECHNOLOGII
ROTOROVEHO
SpnAOnrui
Translationof Abstract:
Raw material characteristics vis-i-vis rotor spinning technology: A review
Tento6ldnekshrnujen6kter6publikovan6prdceo zpracov6vAni
bavlndnfcha syntetickych
vldken
a vlivujejich vlastnostina kvaliturotorovfchpiizi. Je hodnocenvliv pevnostia taZnostivl6ken,
distoty,jemnosti,d6lky,tienf,navln6nia fin6lnich0pravna pevnost,nestejnomdrnost,
podetvad a
jednokomponentnich
chlupatost
a smEsovfchrotorowchpiizis ohledemna jejichzpracovatelnost.
98
Vl*knaa texti/ 11 (3) 94-98 (2004)
Vfskum
Research
VPLYVPIGMENTOV
NA STRUKTURU
A VLASTNOSTI
SYNTETICKYCH
VLAKIEN
ll. Stupefidisperzitypigmentov,povrchov6interakcie
a reologick6vlastnostlzloZiek
Hricovd,
M.,Marcincin,
A.
Katedra vldkien a textilu, FCHPT STU, Radlinskeho 9, 812 37 Bratislava
em ail: [email protected]
1 Pripravakoncentrovanej
disperziepigmentov
tov a skrdtisa daszmdcaniacel6hopovrchuprimiirnychciastociek,z ktoryichje aglomerdtvytvorenli.Washburnodvodil
PridoterajSom
i farbenivld- vztah pre pripadnefpln6hozm66ania,podl'aktor6hodas t
4ivojifarebnlchkoncentrdtov
principy
kienv hmotesa muselire5pektovat
zakladn6
disper- je funkcioufyzikalnehostavu pigmentu- tvaru a vel'kosti
gdciepigmentov
polym6rnych
vo vysokovisk6znych
taveni- p6rov,ako aj viskozitya zmddatelhostipigmentupolym6rom:
ndchpri pripravekoncentretov
i vldkien.Do poZadovan6ho
pigmenty
podmienky
predobstupnadispergovan6
vytudraj0
k2l2
2rl
polym6rnej
r[ spracovatel'nost
taveninya vysokrifarbiacu
t(2)
r
yLCOS(p
silu.
podmienkydispergdcie
Termodynamick6
pigmentov
v taveninepolym6ru
s0 determinovan6
vzdjomnlimi
interak- kde k - koeficientz6visiaciod tvaru 6astic,| - dlZka,r - popigmentu,
ciamizloZiek,
spravidla
nosicaa dispergdtora.mer p6rov,11- viskozitapolymeru,y1- povrchov6napiitie
Reologickd
vlastnostizloliekhrajtitieZvliznamnf0lohu polym6ruza danlichpodmienokzm{cania,g - uhol zmAeav dispergdciipigmentova pri mieSanikoncentrdtunia pigmentupolym6rom,yLcosq - zmddacienapdtie.
polym6ru,
podmienka- Aby nedochadzalok spiitnejaglomerdciiprim6rnych6iasa zakladn6ho
do srivisls kinetickyimi
mi procesov
farbenia
v hmote.
todiekmusibyttento6as6o najkrat5ia zmddadenapiitiedo
p6sobenia
Vfsledkom
termodynamicklich
i kinetickfch
fak- najv?icSie.
Narokyna viskozituprostrediaz hl'adiskazm66,atorovje dispergdcia
pigmentovlich
aleboaglomerdcia
castlc, nia s[ v5akv rozpores ndrokmiz hl'adiskarozbijaniaaglopripadnevznikflok0lpri nemie5atel'nosti
dispergdtoramerdtov,pretoje l6elne volit nosic pigmentu(polym6r)so
pigmentov
s polym6rnym
nosidom.
Dispergdcia
v kvapalnom strednourelativnou
molekulovou
([rovenvosku),
hmotnostou
m6dium6Zebyt chapandaj akodezintegrdcia
aglomer6tov ktor6homolekulys[ mdlo objemn6a viac pohyblive,a volit
na men5iedastice- agreg6ty
a prim6rne
casticea ichsimul- nizkuteplotuaby sa zvliSilaviskozita Velmimaldrelativ[1].
pozost6va na molekulovdhmotnostnosicov,napr.
tdnnezm66aniem6diom.Procesdisperg6cie
olejov rozpustn;ich
z niekolkfchciastkouichprocesov,
ktor6sa navzdjompre- v polymeri,sp6sobujetvorbuflok0l,t.j. zhluk6iastociekpiglinaj0:
mentov,ktor6s[ ochudobnen6o nosi6a obalen6polym6(,,rozdrobovanie"
pigmentov,
1.dezintegrdcia
mletie,hnete- rom,do sa prejavujeako nepriaznivfkoloristicklT
defekt[a].
nie),
Dal5i sposob vytvoreniavhodnfch termodynamicklich
(ichzmadanie,
2.distribfcia
rozdelenie
v celejmasepolym6- i kinetickfchpodmienokpri dispergaciipigmentovje zaloleny
ru - homogenizdcia)
na aplikdciidispergdtorov,ktor6sa musia priddvatspravidla
3.stabiliziicie
dasticpigmentu
[1,2, 3].
vo viicSichkoncentrdcidch,
ako je to beZn6pri povrchovo
pigmentov
Pridezintegrdcii
sa uplatiuj0najmdmechanic- aktivnychldtkachv kvapalnfchdisperziach.Koncentr6cia
k6sily.Za prftomnosti
rozpadaglomerdtov
aditivprebieha
na dispergatora
je pribliZne
polovicndakoje konv koncentrdte
primdrne
dastice
aj v ddsledku
fyzik6lnych,
resp.chemickyichcentrdciapigmentu[5, 6]. Ako dispergdtorysa osvedcilikvainterakcii.
paln6alebonlzkotuhnfceldtkys antistatickfmivlastnostaPrihnetenisa
gradientu
akondsledok
deformdcie
uplatiuje mi. Pigmentysa v 0plnenevodivomprostredinab(laj0a m6Zu
namdhanie
sp6soben6
Smykovfmnapiitim,vznikajricim vytv6rattaZkodispergovatelh6aglomerdty.
pr0denim
v zariadeni
m6dia,v ktoromsatuh6diastodky
disDal5irozpadaglomerdtov
nastdva,ked'sapigmentnajprv
je Smykov6
pergujri.
Podl'aNewtona
napatie(t) umern6sri- zm5,6,a
dispergdtorom,teda nechd sa prest[pit zmddadlom
dinuSmykovej
nichlosti(y)a viskozig(n):
a aZ potomsa hnetie.Sk0senostiz praxepotvrdzujri,
Zetento
( 1 ) sposobje vhodnf ak je nosidomprd5kovfpolym6r[1]. Kvar = rt.y
palnf dispergdtorsa v mie5a6kenajsk6rnanesiena prii5kovf
To znamend,
2estrihov6
silyvyvolan6Smyko4i
m napetim polym6ra potom po pridanipigmentuprebiehana velkom
s0vtid5ievtedy,ked'je viskozitamaterielu
vri65ia,prip.akje p o v r c h u p r d 5 k o v 6 h o p o l y m 6 r u 0 6 i n n 6 z m d d a n i e
vySSia
Smykoviinichlost.Viskozitapolym6rusa zvy5ujes a p r e s t 0 p e n i ep o r o v a g l o m e r d t o vp i g m e n t uz m d d a d l o m .
klesaj0cou
teplotoua so zvy5ujricou
sa relativnou
molekulo- Rfchlostzm6caniazdvisiod vlastnostipigmentu,hlavneod
polym6ru.
vou hmotnostou
velkostipovrchovejenergiea tvaru p6rov.Vfhodnd je najmZi
V druhejfdzedispergdcie
sa zmddapovrchdiastobiek.
Pri lzv. kyprd Strukt0ra s plochlimi a vel'kfmi otvormi
je vel'midoleiitouvelidinou
zma6ani
6as,za ktonisa zm6ca v aglomerdtoch.
povrch,resp.preniknezm66adlo
novovytuorenf
aj do p6rov
j e h o m o g e n i z d c i pa i g m e n t u
D r u h o uf d z o u d i s p e r g 6 c i e
aglomerdtov
a v ddsledkutohosa urlichlirozpadaglomerd- v celej hmotepolym6ru(nosida).Vzhladomna velkostdiasweknaatextil11 (3)99-105(2004)
99
Vfskum
Research
tocieka vysok0viskozitupolym6rusa pri homogeniz6cii
di- charaKeristikypigmentovpred dispergdciou.Mernf povrch
ffzne procesyneuplatnia,
a taKieZneprichddza
do fvahy ani pigmentovsa stanovilna z6kladeadsorpdnfchBET izoteriem
t u r b u l e n t np6r [ d e n i e( R e y n o l d s o vdoi s l o< 1 ) . R o z d e l e n i e a na meranievelkosti6asticpigmentovsa pouZilaelektr6nop i g m e n t uv h m o t e p o l y m 6 r us a u s k u t o c n u j et e d a v p o d - vA mikroskopiaa sedimentacnAanal,lza.Parameterdispermienkachlamindrneho
tokupolym6ru.
Vysok! homogenizad- zity bol na zdkladedistribuanej
funkciev logaritmicklich
srin1iefektsa dosahujepouZitfmdvojzdvitovko4ichextr0derov. radniciach vyjadrenli ako priemernd vel'kost dastic
je vel'midoleZita,pretoZeaj od nej ziivisi a koeficientpolydisperzity.
Homogenizdcia
sftost vyfarbenia(vyu2itelhostpigmentov)a taktieZspracoVyjadreniestupnadisperzitypigmentovvyuZitfmnepriavatel'nostvyfarben6hopolymeru.
mych met6d je zaujimav6hlavne preto, Ze tieto veli6inys0
je stabilizecia
Poslednoufdzoudispergacie
disperzie.Pri dastospojen6so spracovatel'sklimi
vlastnostamipigmentov
pigmentovv polym6rochplnifunkciustabilizdto- a koncentrdtov
dispergdcii
a tieZs koloristickfmivlastnostamivl6kien.
ra disperziedispergacn6aditivum.Pri nizkychteplotdchsa Nepriamemetodysa tieZvyznaduj0velkou citlivostou.Na
stupendisperziepigmentuvo vldknachmeni len zanedba- nepriamevyjadreniestupriadisperzitypigmentovsa vyuZije vajd hlavnereologick6merania[9], met6dafiltrovatel'nosti
tel'nev d6sledkuvysokejviskozitypolymeru.Stabilizdcia
potrebnanajmiipritekutychdisperzidch,
kde pri nedostatoc- [17, 18] a meraniafarebnejsily pigmentovvo vldknach.
pigmentudochddzak sediment6cii
pigmenpodmienkypripravyfarebnej koncentrdcii
V prdci [19] sa optimalizovali
tovlichciastociekvplyvomich vySSejhustoty.V takfchto pri- nychkoncentrdtov
v polypropyl6noqich
vlaknach,sk0malisa
p a d o c hs a p o u Z i v a j fr 6 z n e z a h u s t o v a d l ak, t o r ez v y 5 u j 0 t e r m o d y n a m i c k 6a k i n e t i c k ep a r a m e t r ea i c h i m e r n o s t
viskozitua stabilitupast [7].
k filtrovatel'nosti
koncentrdtu,dispergovatelhosti
pigmentu
a jeho farebnejsile v polypropyl6no4ich
vldknach.
NieKordprdceskutodnepotvrdzuj0priamo0mern0
z6vis2 S t u p e n d i s p e r z i t yp i g m e n t o v v p o l y m 6 r n o mm 6 d i u lost medzispracovatelsklimi
vlastnostamifarebnyich
koncentrovanfchdisperzii(filtrovatel'nos{ou)
a stupriomdisperzity
Stupendisperzitypigmentovvo vldknachsa mOZestano- v polypropylenovlch
vldknach,resp.priamos farebnousilou
vit priamoualebonepriamoumetodou.Ako priamemet6dy pigmentov120,211.
V literat0res0 v5ak zaznamenan6tieZ
pouZivaj0mikroskopick6metddyv spojeni experiment6lne
sa najcastejSie
4isledky,ktor6nie s0 v sflade s touto [mers obrazovouanallizou[8, 9, 10],infracervend
speKroskopia nostou[22].
mikroRelativnufarebnI silu (RFS)m62emevyjadritpomocou
[11], alebonajnov5iemet6dyskenujfcejelektr6novej
skopies fluorescenciouX hidovv kombin6ciis digitalnou Kubelka- Munkovejrovnice[23]:
obrazovouanalfzou[12].
RFS = [(K/S')*o,,i (K/S)stand"rdl.100 (3)
Pri priamychmetodachsa stupendisperzitypigmentuvyjadrujepriemernouhodnotoupriemerudastic,mernfm povr- kde K je absorpdn! koeficienta S je rozptylorlikoeficient.
chomcastic,priemernouvzdialenostoudasticalebodistribucV prdcach.'24,251sana5lapriama0meramedziRFS* pignou krivkou{chto velidin.
mentovanlichvldkienstanovenejna zdkladeremisnlichmepigmentova jej vplyvna koloris- r a n i a a n a l o g i c k o ur e l a t l v n o uf a r e b n o us i l o us t a n o v e n o u
Problematika
anizotropie
pigmentov(napr.kryda schopnost,brilancia, transmisnlimimeraniamiRFSopo rozpustenivyfarbenfch
tick6vlastnosti
stalost,stupenrozloZeniapigmentuv matriciatd'.)bola pr- polypropyleno4'ch
vldkienv xyl6nepriteplotdchnad 100'C.
podmienoks[ pre procesfarbea2 v r. 1984 [13, 14]. Pre objektivnehodOkremtermodynamiclaj'ch
47kratStudovan6
noteniastupia disperzitypigmentovv koncentrdtocha ho- nia v hmote doleZit6tieZ kinetickeparametredispergdcie
tovyichvlaknachsa aplikovalamet6da anal,fzyobrazu. Na pigmentov.
pigmentovbolinavrhnuPrekinetikudispergdcie
zAkladeuisledkov bolo moZn6kon5tatovat,Ze met6damik- t6 kinetick6modely,ktonimimoZnozmenustuphakinetiky
roskopick6ho
hodnoteniadistribucie
velkostidasticpigmen- disperzitypigmentovvyjadritkvantitativne
nepriamopomotov v hmotevldkna vyuiitim obrazovejanal,fzyje vhodnfm cou relativnejfarebnejsily disperziealebovldknaI2q. Zeprostriedkompri rieseniproblematikydispergdciepigmentov vislostje exponencidlna,pridomexponentomje s06in nichv polym6rocha vlaknach[10].
l o s t n e j k o n S t a n t ya 6 a s u d i s p e r g d c i e .T e n t o p r i e b e h
je zaloZendna zlskavaniinfor- dispergdciebol potvrdenliaj pri dispergdciipigmentovurdeInfradervend
spektroskopia
macifo absorpdnyich
alebo reflexn;ichvlastnostiachlatok nlch pre polypropyl6n
v rozdielnychm6didch[25].
v infradervenom
rozsahuvlnoctov.V prdcisa pomocouinfraVfznamnf vplyv kinetikyfyzikdlnychprocesov,ktor6su
cervenfchspektierhodnotilipolypropyl6nov6
vldknafarbe- spojen6s pripravoukoncentrdtuspodfvavo vysokejviskozite
n6 v hmotez hl'adiskacelkovejkryStalinity,
relativnehoobsa- syst6mua nerovnovdhepri zmddanla adsorpciipri tvorbe
hu pigmentov,ako aj rovnomernostirozloZeniaich castic povrchouj'chvrstievna pevnfch dasticiach.To md za ndslev hmotevldkien[11]. Na zdkladeziskanfchexperiment6l- dok, 2e pre ziskanietechnologickyaplikovatelh6hosyst6mu
nych r,nj'sledkov
sa konStatuje,2e medzi pridinyrozdielnych sa musi zachovatoptimalnandslednostzdkladnfchoperdfarebnfchodtieiov sledovanlichvzoriekvlakienpatrikolisa- cii, naprikladzmddanieprd5kov6hopolym6rudispergdtorom
pridaniupigmentuk zmesia pod.1271.
nie celkov6homno2stvapigmentova stupei rovnomernosti musl predchddza{
rozloZenia
ich dastlcv hmotevlakien.
Na hodnoteniestupia disperzitypigmentovyich
dasticje
moZn6vyuZitaj koloristick6met6dyzalolenf na spektrdlnom 2.1 Povrchov6 interakcie v procese farbenia v hmote
stanovenlstupriadisperzity- met6daUK [15].Z hl'adiska
exaktnostipre hodnoteniedisperzitynajviacvyhovujemetoda
pigmentovpri pripraProcesdispergacie
a homogenizdcie
s t a n o v e n i aS k o d l i v epj l o c h y, , P s "[ 1 6 ] .J e d n d s a o m a t e - ve polypropyl6no4ich
vldkienfarbenlchv hmotepoukdzal
matick6vyjadreniepercentudlnehozastripeniadastlc,aglo- na nevyhnutnostpouZitiadispergacnfchaditiv.Bez tlichto
merdtova agregdtovviicSichako 5 nm na zdklademikrosko- latok by pigmentyv hmote polym6ruvytvdralinezm66an6
pick6hohodnotenia.
aglomer6ty,6im by sa spracovatel'nost
koncentrdtovpre
V prdci p. M. Nedasaa kol. [17] sa hodnotilipovrchov6 farbenievldkienstalanevyhovujucou.
100
Vldknaa textil 11 (3) 99-1 05 (2004)
Vfskum
Research
V prdci[28]sa hodnotilivlastnostipolyglykolov
a ichvhod- objemovfzlomokdispergovanejpevnejldtky,k. - Einsteinov
nost pre aplikaciuv procesefarbeniapolypropylenornich
vl6- tvarovf koeficient(pre gulbv6 castice kE = 2,5) [31]. Tento
kienv hmote.Zo ziskanlchrifsledkovje mo2n6kon5tatovat, rastieso zvdcSovanim
asymetrie6astica to priamoumerne
Ze polyetylenglykoly
v ddsledkuvysokejhodnotypoldrnej s podielomdlheja krdtkejpoloosi.Pri vy55ichpodielochsa
zloZkypovrchov6honapAtianezmddaj0dokonalemdlo po- z6vislostmeni na kvadratick0.
Jeho hodnotazdvisitieZod
l6rneorganick6pigmentypouZlvanepre farbeniepolypropy- stupriaagreg6ciea orientdcie6astlcza toku [32]. Einsteinol6novlichvldkienv hmote. TaktieZich znd5anlivosts nepo- vd rovnicaplatilen pre disperzies casticamiblizkymigulbje nizka,v d6sledkucohoje vyuZitie vitdmuWarua pri nizkychkoncentrdci6ch.
l6rnympolypropyl6nom
farbiacichvlastnostipigmentovv procesefarbenianevyhoCasson [33] definovalvztah medzi viskozitoudisperzie
vuj0cea ziskan6farebn6tony sri kalne.Polypropyl6nglyko-a objemo4imzlomkomdispergovanej
latkyvyjadrenfempily, ako l6tky menej pol6rnesi s polypropyl6nomdobre zn6- rickourovnicou:
Sanliv6a taktieZ lepSie zmd6aj0 povrch pigmentov,
vyisledkom
6ohoje vysokyistupenvyuZitiafarbiacejsily pig, l = r''t n , , ( , - - ? c )^
t\t7)\
mentova zlskaniebrilantn6hovyfarbeniafin6lnehovldkna.
1l-l,7sac)2
Svojou06innostousa medzitieto hranidn6homopolym6ry
radia kopolym6ryetyl6noxidua propyl6noxidu,ktor6 boli kde ct - materialovyparameterdefinovanfako pomer 0cinzaveden6do vfroby farebnlTch
koncentrdtov,
aby nahradili n6hohydrodynamick6ho
objemudispergovanej
ldtkya jeho
dovtedypouZlvan6polyetyl6nglykoly.
skutocn6hoobjemu.Pri vel'mimallch hodnotdchc a pri cr=
Experimentdlne
sa overiltieZ0cinokniektonj'ch
oligomer- 1, co platiu velmi zriedenfchdisperziigulbvihichvzdjomne
nych aditiv,zl[6enin ktor6 boli zdkladompre vlirobupovr- sa nepritahuj0cich
castic,sa Cassonovdrovnicaredukujena
chovoaktivnychlatok pre nevodn6 prostrediaa zistilsa po- Einsteinov0.Parametercxje vzicSiako 1 v prfpadeagregdl u p o l y o x y p r o - tov nepravideln6ho
z i t f v n yv p l y v n a j m i i p o l y o x y e t y l e n g l y k o a
tvarua pri vznikuStrukturobsahujucich
pyl6nglykolu,
v kombindciis niektoryimi
tepelnlmistabitizd- nepohyblivri,
t. j. v Strukt0rach
uzavretfkvapalinu.Parametormi ako Antioxidant6 (tri-p-etylfenylfosfit)
[29, 30]. Tieto ter cr,resp.1/cr,je mieroustabilityStrukttrpri danlch podlatky vzhl'adomna svoju nfzku prchavosta tepeln[ stabilitu mienkach,t. j. pri urditomSmykovomnapdtir a pri urditomobpri teplotachtaveniaa zvl6knovaniapolypropyl6novlich
vld- j e m o v o mz l o m k ut u h e j l d t k yv d i s p e r z i iZ. d v i s l o s t1 / c rn a
kien sa pouZivaliako prve disperg6torypre polypropyl6no- sfcine t.c charakterizuje
celf syst6mz hl'adiska
stabilitysev6 vl6kna.Spracovatel'nost
tlTchtokoncentrdtovnebolavZdy k u n d d r n y c hS t r u k t I r ,c o u m o Z r i u j ep o s u d z o v a n
t apriklad
vyhovujtcaa organick6pigmentysa nachddzalivo vldknach vplyvmeniacehosa prostredla,
vplyvstupnadisperg6cie
pigvo forme aglomer6tova tieZflokul,ktor6sa vyUdraliinterak- mentovatd'.Teoretick!vlTkladCassonompoplsanlichstivisciamis dispergatorom.
losti zatial'nebolpredloZen!,ich praktickli4iznam je v5ak
jasnf [34].
V5eobecnej5iu
rovnicuna popiszdvislostirelativnej
visko2.2 Reologick6 a spracovatel'sk6vlastnosti
zity a objemov6hozlomkudispergovanejtuhej latky navrhol
farebnfch disperzii
Mooney:
StuOiumreologickfchvlastnostifarebnfchdisperziipevtnr1lr6=J+
(B)
nfch casticv polym6rochumoZiuje okrem poznaniatokor-u/9m
vlich vlastnostitieZ ziskat informdcieo vzajomnfch interakcidch pevnyTch
dastics kvapalnoufdzou najmii z hladiska kde koeficientc, je definovanfnasledovne[35]:
tvorby medznej vrstvy, d'alej inform6cie o tvare castic
c, = skutocnf objem tuhfch casticiobjem
a agreg6tova o tvorbenestdlychStruktfrv disperzii.
t u h l c h d a s t i cv d i s p e r z i i
(9)
Najdastej5iepouZivan6analytick6vyjadrenievztahu meAk dochadzav disperziik vznikuagregdtova aglomerdtov
dzi Smykovfmnapatima Smykovouryichlostoubolo formutuhfch 6astlchodnotaEinsteinov6ho
lovan6Ostwaldoma Waeleaom:
koeficienturastienajmA z d6voduzdanlivriho
zvli5enia
objemoveho
zlomkupev(4) nlich castico podiel
r = k.yn
kvapalnejzlolky uzavretejvo vznikaj0cich aglomer6toch.
respektivepre disperziemo2emepfsat:
Realnedisperzn6systemyobsahujricetuh6 dasticesa vo
t = to + k'Yn
(5) viic5inepripadovchovaj! ako nenewtonovsk6
kvapaliny.
kde r - Smykov6napatie,y - Smykovdnichlost,k, n - koefi- V tlTchtosyst6mochje viskozitaz6vislaod Smykornjchvelicin, pridomsa d'alejm62e meni{ eStev dosledkurozbijania
cienty.
Koeficientn vyjadrujeodchlilkuod newtonovsk6ho
toku.Ak aglomerdtova agreg6tovtuhfch castic [36].
je n < 1 je tok pseudoplastickli,
Viic5inudisperziis pseudoplasticklim
tokomvelmi dobre
ak je n > 1 je tok dilatantnli.
Koncentrovan6disperziemaj0 zlo2itejSicharaktertoku popisujeempirickdCrossovdrovnica[37, 38]:
v z 6 v i s l o s t io d S m y k o v 6 h on a p A t i a .R e o l o g i c k dk r i v k a
v dostatodneSirokomrozsahuSmykou/chvelidlnpredstavuje
(10)
casto s0hrn vSetkfchzdkladnfch typov toku: newtonovsk6pseudoplastickeho
ho,
a dilatantn6ho.
Zavislostviskozitydisperzieod koncentrdcietuhyich6astic
Empirick6
koeficienty
k a m s0 funkciou
rozmerov
a waru
pre newtonovskftok popisalEinsteinjednoduchlimempiric- aglomerdtov
a m6Zubyt tieZfunkcioumieryich rozpaduza
klim vztahom:
toku.Typick6hodnotyprem sd 112a 213.
0=0s+ffi
rt = Io (1 + kEc)
(6)
kde4, qs- viskozitazmesi,resp.disperzn6ho
prostredia,
cVldknaa textil 11 (3) 99-1 05 (2004)
Niektoriautori[39,40] poukazali
na to, Ze pri vysokom
Smykovom
napaiti
dochddzak rozbitiuv:id5inyaglomerdtov
je lenfunkciou
a Zeviskozita
disperzie
koncentrdcie
a tvaru
101
Vfskum
Research
podmienky
viskozitypri nekonednom
13a tymk vzdjomnej
6astic.Prestanovenie
Smykovom K splneniu
mie5atelhosprispieva
ti zlo2iek
kladnahodnota
napdtisa 6astopou2ivavztah:
entr6pie
zmie5avania
azApornS,
hodnotaentalpiezmieSavania.
Vplyvomvysokej
( 11 )
logn=log11--k'.r-'
molekulovej
hmotnosti
mdvau polym6rov
entropiclqi
6lenlen
priamkov0
polym6rov
ktoryivo vii65ineprlpadovpredstavuje
z6vislost mal6kladndhodnoty[42]a pretoo miesatel'nosti
predov5etkfm
loghod r-'. Jejextrapoldciou
na r-' : 0 ziskamehodnotulog rozhoduje
entalpiamie5ania.
Jej velkostje
zdvisl6na energeticklich
zmenachspojenyich
so vznikom
n-.
polymdrnych
prizmie5avani
kontaktov
segmentov
[43].
je podmienkou
Zo Strukt[rne
termodynamick6ho
hladiska
jednofdzovd
2.3 Mie5atel'nost
farebnfch koncentr6tov
mie5atelhosti
Strukttra
zmesi.U nemie5atelhych
polym6rov
a polym6rov
s[ prltomn6
asporidvetAzy.Zapodmienku
exispritomnost
medzifdzov6ho
tenciefdzysa povaZuje
rozhrapri6,om
farebnfchkoncentr6tov
Mie5atel'nost
s polym6rom
sa niaoddel'ujriceho
obidve'l6zy,
vlastnosti
f6zsa uplatzjednoduSenivyjadrit
m6Zepriurditom
vztahmi,
ktor6s0 ur- huj0samostatne.
Ak f6zutvoriavel'mimal66astice,su ich
zmesipolym6rov
aj napriek
den6prebin6rne
tomu,2e kon- vlastnosti
silnozdvisl6na ichvelkosti,
tedana podtemolecentrdtje viaczloZkov6
zmes.Teoreticky
mOZeme
farebnf ktilz ktoryich
sti tvoren6[44].Je to hlavnepreto,Ze vplyv
prevaZuje
koncentr6t
a polym6rpovaZova{
za individualne
komponenty molek0lv okrajouich
vrstudch
nadvplyvommolev procese
farbenia.
krilvovn0tritAzy.Je zndme,
Zestabilita
ultrajemnfch
disper(aditivum) zii nieje velkd,kedZepresvojvelkf povrchmaj0dastice
D6leZi\im
faktoromprizmieSavani
koncentrAtu
je ichvzajomnd
s polym6rom
mieSatelhost.
Z hladiska
mie- vysokripovrchov0
energiua taktieZsnahuasociova{
dovaicSatelhosti
aditivs polymdrom
moZedojstk tyimtoprlpadom: Sichcelkov1451.
Za minim6lnu
velkoststabilnlich
dasticfazy
pripade
Aditiva
mie5atelh6.
V takomto
s0s polymerom
sa sa beriehodnota
1 nm [46].
premie5anie
dosahuje
aZ molekulov6
niekolko
aditivas polym6rom, Bolonavrhnutfch
koncepciina
odhadvzdjomnej
polym6rnych
doje vfhodn6ak fdinnostaditivaje zalolenAna vz6jomnej mie6atel'nosti
zloliek[47].Jednaz nichje zaparametra
interakcii
s polym6rom
aleboje jednoznadne
funkciou
stup- loZend
na stanoveni
mieSatel'nosti
MP (misclbiliparameter
na disperzity
aditiva
Na vlpo6etMP m6Zebyt pouZitri
ty parameter).
Aditfva
s[ s polym6rom
nemie5atel'n6.
Pozamie5anivzni-rozpustnosti
6 komponentov
A a B:
kaji tzv.kompozity,
ktor6sa vyznacujri
dvomaf6zami(napr.
M P = ( 6 A- 6 8 ) 2
(16)
polym6rov).
zmesisemikryStalickfch
Tak6tosyst6mys0 4ihodn6,ak je p6sobenie
aditivzalolendna individudlnychpridom6 zahfria prispevkydisperznfch 60,poldrnych6o
fyzikdlnych
vlastnostiach
zloZiek.
a vodlkovlich6uinterakcii.
je obmedzend.
Mie5atelhost
Aditivasa
aditlva polym6rov
Oblastmie5atelhosti
koreSpondovala
s hodnotouparametpribliZne0,1.
zmie5avaj0
s polym6rom
len6iasto6ne
a v syst6me
s0 pri- ra mie5atelhosti
je uihodnf,ak
tomn6dvefdzy.Tentosp6sobpremie5ania
Technologickdzn65anlivostm6Zebyt vyjadrendpomocou
sa posobenie
aditivuskuto6riuje
na fdzovomrozhrani[1].
odchlilkynejaklTch
experiment6lne
vyhodnotenfchparametViic5inapolym6rnych
dvojic,ktor6sa zmesuj0pri pripra- rov od aditivnejhodnoty.Okoroafor,Willemairea Agassant
ve zmesnyich
vl6kienvykazuj0nedostatodnti
mie5atelhos{
i odvodilisymetrick6zmieSavaciepravidlopre viskozitudvoch
pozitivnu
kompatibilitu
i mieSatelhos{
zloZiek[48].Pravidlopredpokladd
sa m6Ze nemiesatelhlich
[41].lch zndSanlivost
zlepsitpouZitim
aditiv- kompatibiliz6torov.
odchflku pre zmes s viskozitoudisperznejfazy (nd)vii65ou
Z termodynamick6ho
hladiska
v5eobecne
m6Zeme
sprd- ako u polymernejmatrice(q,) a ovel'aviic5ou viskozitou
priichzmie5avanipopisat
vaniedvochpolym6rov
Flory-Hug- medzifazovejvrstvy(n) oproti polym6rnymzloZkdm.Negaginsouim
termodynamickfm
modelom.
Tentomodeljezalo- tivna odchyilkasa predpokladdak medzitlza m6 ovela niZje spojen6so Siuviskozituako obidve zlolky v zmesi. Medzit{zavzrasl6
Zen!natom,Zezmieiavanie
dvochpolym6rov
zmenouGibbsovej
volhejenergie:
s 6asom mie5ania.Sila medzif6zovejvrstvy a viskozitazdAGm: Gas- (G^+ Qr)
visi hlavneod adhezlvnejviizby. Smykov6napiitie (Smyko-
(12) vd nichlosf)a viskozitazlo2iekv procesezmieSavaniavplfvajti na makro5truktdruorientovanfchvldkien pripravenfch
kdeAG" - Gibbsovd
vol'n6energiazmieSavania,
Ga,Gs, z polym6rnychzmesi.
Go,-Gibbsov6volh6
komponentovA
energie
a Bv separo- Viskozitudispergovanejfazy a polym6rnejmatriceurduje
vanomstave,resp.v ichzmieSanom
stave.
kinetikazmie5avania.Ak viskozitadispergovanejt6zy ho
pri ur6i\ichkoncentrdcidch,vysokoprevy5ujeviskozitupolym6rneho
Dvapolymery
s0 mie5atelh6
m6dia11,deform6prektor6s0 splnen6s06asnedve nerovnice:
cia dispergovanfchcasticje mald.V opadnompripadepri
AGM<0
62AGy/6q1 > 0
( 1 3 ) vySSejviskozitepolym6rnejmatrices[ deforma6n6podmienky pre 6asticedispergovanejtazy ovel'avlihodnej5ie[a9].
( 1 4 ) Podl'atrojvrstvov6homodelum6ZemeSmykov6napdtiet
v druhej vrstve napr. v dispergovanejtAze, ak prv0 a tretiu
- objemonizlomokpolym6ru1.
kde <p1
vrstvu reprezentujepolym6rnamatrica,odvoditpodla vztaF l o r y - H u g g i n s o vt d
e o r i a r e p r e z e n t u j eG i b b s o v f v o l ' n 0 n u :
energiuzmie5aniaizotermick6hodeja ako sumu dvoch pr[?_n|i
,_,11/1_,12/2_,13/3
spevkov,ktor6opisujrldva hlavn6aspektyzmieSavania
(17)
entalpicklia entr6piclqi
:
A G u = A H M- T . A S M
je Smykovd
nichlost
vo vrstve1, 2,3 a
( 1 5 ) kde ii
kde AH" - entalpiazmieSavania,
ASy - entr6piazmie5avania,T - teplota.
102
iz = (vIH)I(H- zh)lH+ (ehlH)nlnrl-'
(18)
Vldkna a textll 11 (3) 99-105 (2004)
Vyiskum
Research
kde H - vzdialenostokrajovprvej a tretejvrstvy,h - hrilbka
prvejvrstvy(zhodn6s tretouvrstvou),v - nichlostvrchnfch
okrajov(nichlostdolnfch okrajov= 0)
Ak je viskozitadispergovanejf{zyovela viid5iaako viskozita matrice,potomr12ft1md vysok0hodnotua i" -+ 0,6i2e
p o d m i e n k yz m i e 5 a v a c i e h op r o c e s u n i e s [ v y h o v u j l c e .
V opadnompripade,ak je viskozitamatricevySSiaako viskozitadispergovanejzlo2ky,potom sa maximumSmykovej
4ichlostivypoditapodla vztahu:
nie granul6tupolymerupigmentamivo vhodnejmie5adke.Pri
tomto sp6sobesa na povrchugranfl polym6ruzachytilen
mal6 mnoZstvopigmentua pri dal5omspracovanlsa vyiaduje zariadenie,v ktorompri tavenidoch6dzak dostacujutaveniny.Preto sa tento postup
cemu premieSavaniu
v minulostipouZlvallen pre menejndrodn6farbeniena svetl e j 5 i e o d t i e n e .A v 5 a k p o s t u p n l i mv f v o j o m s a d o s p e l o
k urcilim zlep5eniama v sfdasnostisa tento postuppouZiva aj na n6rocn6uirobky. Na zachyteniepigmentuna povrchu granr.rl
sa pouZlvaj0pojidl6,obvykles dispergacnfm
polyolefinysa pouZivadioktylsulfojantaran
Pre
0dinkom.
(1e)
ir= vl(H 2n)
sodnliv kombindciis benzoanomsodnlimako nuklea6nlim
predeformdciu
dasticstl ove- 6inidlom,d'alejs mineralnym
olejoma stedranomv6penatfm
a podmienky
dispergovanyich
I'auihodnejSie.
kyselin.Pre polyamidysu
ako klzadloma neutraliz6torom
polyetyl6nglykoly,
vlakienje nosicompig- vhodn6vysokomolekulov6
Vzhladom
na to, 2e prefarbenie
resp.in6 nizpolym6r
mentuv koncentrdte
identickfs farbenlmpolym6- kotavitel'n6
antistatik6alebo dispergadn66inidld[58].Sfte
rom,mie5atel'nost
tfchto zlo2iekm6Zuovplyvnitnajmtiad- odtienevldkiena f6liisa dosiahnI poprd5enim
tzv. preddispigmentami
h6znea koh6zneviizbypolym6rneho
nosidapigmentu pergovanlimi
alebotuhfmipastamis nosi6omna
pigmentu
vovldk- b6ze ni25ietavitelhlichpolym6rovalebojednoduch5fchzhiDistriblcia
a rovnomernost
a dispergdtora.
kompatibilitu
a mieSatelhost6enin.Tlim sa zabr6ni,na rozdielod predchadzaj0cich
nachm6Zeuf'znamne
ovplyvnit
sp6polym6rom sobovfarbenia,vznikuaglomerdtovpigmentova tyimaj dekoncentrovanlich
disperziiso z6kladnlTm
vla- fektomvyfarbenia.Pri pouZitidisperziialebo nizkotaviacich
a ndsledne
tieZStruktdru
i geometrick0
nerovnomernost
pri6omjedvldkiena v mechanickfch pojivsa na mie5aniepouZlvadvojicamie5adiek,
kien,ktor6sa prejavlv priereze
vlastnostiach
na je s ohrevoma druhds chladenim.V prvejmie5a6kedo[50,51].
vo viacerlichprdcach chddzak rozotretiudisperziena povrchu granfl a v druhej
Tfmitoprobl6mami
sa zaoberali
zdvislosti.
V tfchtoprdcachsa Stu- dochddzak stuhnutiutohtopigmentov6ho
a bolizistendzaujlmav6
obalu,6im sa vf(visko- raznezjednodu5imanipuldciaso zafarbenfmmateridlom.
vlastnosti
dovalireologick6
koncentrdtov
a polym6rov
zita,odklonod newtonovsk6ho
toku,po6iatocne
napdtie, Niektor6polym6ry(napr.PA, PES) moZnofarbitv hmote
waroqia aglomeradnli
koeficient)
a stanovilasa tieZichfil- aj bez pridavkupojiv.Pri urdihichpodmienkachsa dosiahne
Vldknafarben6v hmote migr6ciafarbivado povrchovlichvrstievgran0lpolym6ru,
trovatelhost
za urditfchpodmienok.
(prierez)
sa hodnotili
z hlhdiskageometrickej
a Struktfrnej napr. pouZitfmrotacnlichsu5iarni,kde je niZ5iateplotaako
(pevnost,
nerovnomernosti
taZnosta ich rozptyl).
teplotataveniapolym6ru[59],ale pri ktorejprebiehadifrizia
Bolidokdzan6nasled
ujfce zdvislosti
farbivado polym6ru.Dal5oumoZnostouje pouZitienichlo152-57
l:
- ql'znamnfvplyvkinetiky
mieSania
na nerovnomernost
vld- mie5a6iek,v ktoryichv dosledkun{razov gran0lna seba alekienfarbenfchv hmote
bo na stenymie5adkydoch6dzak premenekinetickejener- priamo0mernd
zdvislostmedzifiltrovatel'nostou
a vis- gie na tepelnri,6imvznik6miestneprehriatiepovrchugran0l,
je skonpigmentu do umoZnimigr6ciu
kozitou
koncentr6tov
na koncentr6ciu
bezohl'adu
farbivdo polym6ru[60].Farbenie
- priamoumernA
zdvislost
medzigeometrickou
nerovnomer- den6vtedy,ked'granulatnadobudnevysolqilesk.Slitostfanos{ouPETvl6kiena filtrovatel'nostou
PETkoncentrdtov riebzdvisiodvelkostigranil polym6ru,cim md granuldtvii65i
pouZivanyich
povrch,tfm s[ odtienesyitej5ie.
na vyfarbenie
tfchtovldkien
Okrem toho sa pri farbeni
- zdvislostmedzinerovnomernostou
vldkiena tvarovfm v ryichlomieSadkdch
vyZadujeSo5ovkov!granul6tbez hrdn,
pretoZeobrusovanimtlichto hrdn vznikd prach, ktoqi viaZe
a aglomeradnlim
koeficientom
- nepriamoUmernd
pevnosti
nediZenfch velk6 mnoistvofarbivaa \im sp6sobujedefeKy pri zafarbenl
zdvislost
a taZnosti
vldkienod geometrickej
nerovnomernosti
vldkiencharak- a probl6mypri spracovani.Toto je tzv. suchf sp6sobfarbepriemerutfchtovldkien.
rozptylom
terizovanej
nra vldkien,f6liia plastickfchlatok.
Nazdklade
t'lichto
vyisledkov
a z nichodvodenfch
zAverov Za farbenie v hmote sa povaZujea1povrchov6 farbenie
moZnoformulovat
zlo2enie
koncentrdtov
vo vzta- granil za mokra u polym6rov,kto16moZnopovrchovofarbit,
ootim6lne
vo vlirobnomprocese.
hu k ichspracovatel'nosti
Farbenieprebiehav extrakcnom
napr.polyamidy.
zariadeni,
v ktoromsa v prvejf6ze vyperiemonomdra v druhejfdze sa
polym6rzafarbi.Na svetl6odtienea nen6rocn6aplik6ciesa
polym6r'larbiu2 pri granulaciiv chladiacomk[peli, kde sa
3 Technol6gia
farbeniav hmote
namiestovody pouZlvaroztokfarbiva.
Technol6gia
farbenia
v hmotesa vyvfjala
viacmenejpre
Najstar5imsposobomfarbeniav hmote aj pre narocn6
polypropyl6nov6
vl6kna,av5akv s0dasnosti
sa Ispe5ne aplik6cie1efarbeniev priebehupolykondenzdcle,ktordprepouZiva
aj predal5ietypyvldkien,najmiipolyamidov6
a poly- biehapomalya moino ju kontrolovat.
Pigmentydispergovaesterov6.
Bolovypracovanfch
niekolkopostupov
farbenia n6 v monom6risa pridavajfpred polykondenzdciou
alebo
poZiadavkAmpo6asjej priebehu.Pigmentys0 dlhf cas vystaven6vysoklim
vlAkien
v hmote,ktor6viacmenejzodpovedaj[
kladenfmna tietoprocesy.Najviic5idoraz
sa kladiepredo- teplotdm,takZemusiabyt tepelnestabiln6,inertn6a nesmti
vSetkyim
na kvalitudispergacie,
na farebnfsortiment,
a silu ovplyvriovatpriebehpolykondenz6cie.
Prechodz jedn6ho
podmienok
vyfarbenia,
d'alejna ndrodnost
na vfrobnfch odtieia na druh! je pri kontinualnej
4irobe z hladiskadistezariadeniach
a v nemalejmiere aj na ekonomick0 nia strojov6hozariadeniavel'mindkladnf.Tentosposobsa
vfhodnostpostupov.
p o u Z l v an a f a r b e n i el e n m 6 l o o d t i e h o vv l d k i e n ,h l a v n en a
a energetickri
pripadnesa pouZivana farbenie
V s06asnosti
sa na farbeniechemicklich
vldkienv hmote ciernoa bielo(matovanie),
pouZfva
niekolkopostupov.
plastovmasovejvyiroby,vAd5inouanorganicklmi pigmentaNajjednoduch5im
farbeniav hmoteje popr65e- mi, pripadnetermostabilnymi
spdsobom
organicklmipigmentami[61].
Vl'kna a textll 11 (3) 99-105 (2004)
103
Vliskum
Research
vlirobyje naj4ihodnej5ie
Pre kontinudlne
i diskontinualne
farbenie vysokokoncentrovanlmi farebnlmi disperziami
pigmentami),
preddispergovanlmi
(pastami,koncentretmi,
ktor6sa priddvaj[ k zdkladn6mupolym6rurdznymisposobmi a na rdznychstupioch spracovania.
Pri kontinu6lnychvfrobach je najvhodnejSiinjekin,i sp6sob, pri ktoromsa tekut6aleboroztaven6disperzieddvkujri
do taveninyzdkladn6hopolym6ru,s ktoqimsa v dal5omprocese homogenizuj0a prfpadnee5te filtrujO.Na taveniesa
pouZivaj0zdvitovkov6taviacezarladenia(extr0najcastejSie
zasa r6znedruhyhnedery,zavitovky),na homogenizdciu
mieSanieaxidlne(po osi) i radidlne
tacov,zabezpe6ujOcich
(napriec).Spr6vneddvkovanieje zabezpecen6zubovlimi
pricomtreba dodrZiavaturcit6tlakov6pomery
derpadlami,
tak, aby rozdieltlakovpredaza derpadlombol kon5tantnli.
V pripadefarbeniatekutfmi pastamisa poZadujeaZ nulovyi
tlakow rozdiel,ktoryimo2noregulovatpomocnlim6erpadlom,
ktor6hoot6ckysa regulujriv z6vislostina tlaku pred davkov a c i m c e r p a d l o m ,a l e b o k t o r e h oo t 6 6 k y s 0 k o n 5 t a n t n 6
a potrebnlitlak sa udrZiavaprepuStacim
ventilomnastavenym na urdibjtlak. Predderpadlomsa vyZadujeurditftlak (15 MPa podl'aviskozity)potrebnyna dostatodn6plneniederp a d i e l .T e n t o t l a k s a u e x t r 6 d e r o vd o s a h u j eo t 6 d k a m i
zdvitovky.Pastysa obvykleddvkujripri normdlnejteplote
(alebolen mdloprehriate),aby ichviskozitabolado najvyS5ia.
Aby nedo5lok stuhnutiupolymeruza ddvkovacfmderpadlom,
prechodpastydo taveninyzabezpe6ujejednosmerneprep [ S t a c i v e n t i l a l e b o t z v . h o r u c e ( v y h r i e v a n e c) e r p a d l o
s vyS5oukapacitoud5vkovaniaako ddvkovacie.ZvliSend
k a p a c i t a s a d o s i a h n e v y 5 5 i m i o t d d k a m i ,a s i o 1 0 % ,
v porovnanIsd6vkovaclm6erpadlom.Filtrdciasa v ndro6nejSichvfrobachzabezpedujevelkoploSnyimi
sviedko4imifiltrapracujricimi
filtrami.
mi, alebokontinudlne
Pre farbeniena poZadovanfodtiei sa pouZivaj0bud'farebn6disperzies pomerompigmentovpotrebnlimna danli
granuodtiei, alebozmes farebnfchdisperzii,najdastej5ie
lovan;7ch
monokoncentrAtov
zdkladnyichpigmentovv prlsluSjednotliviich
nom pomere.Aby sa prediSlo
odmie5avaniu
disperzifv zmesi(vplyvomrozdielnehoelektrostatickeho
n6boja)
priddvasa pri pripravezmesigranuldtovmal6 mnoZstuo(prostriedku(polyglykoly,
polyglykolfos0,05%)antistatick6ho
nasypkypolym6ru,
bud'dostredunadvretenom,
alebodo
prednej6astindsypkyoddelenej
prepdZkou
siahajticou
aZ
k vretenu.Zariadenia
na principepdsovlich
vdh,alebodiferen6n6ho
odvaZovania
umoZriujri
ddvkovatprd5kov6
i graprostriedky
priamodo streduvstupuzdnulovan6
farbiace
granulovan6ho
polym6ru
kladneho
taviaceho
zariadenia
cez
pomocn6
potrubie.
Pod'akovanie
Tento ilanok vznikol za podpory grantovej agentlry VEGA 927
(projekt1/9147/02)a APVT (projekt20-010102).
Literatura
a kol.: Prisadydo plastov,ALFA
[1] P. Oaudik,K. OndrejmiSka
Bratislava,1985, s. 383-435
[2] W. Damm, E. Hermann:ColorantsIn: PlasticsAdditives,
H a n d b o o k (, R . G d c h t e r ,H . M L J l l e rP, . P . K l e m c h u kE d . ) ,
Hanser,Munich,Vienna 1996,s. 637-707
VDI - VerlagGmbH,
[3] U. Kaluza:Einfarbenvon Kunststoffen,
1975. s. 101-120
DLisseldorf.
[4] K. Ondrejmi5ka,A. Marcin6in,M. Madurdk,E. Zemanovd,
polym6ry
N. Szentivalnyi:
In: ZbornikXlV. Konf.Vldknotvornd
a ich spracovanie,CSVTS Dom technikyKo5ice,1981, s.
158
[5] K. Ondrejmi5kaa kol.: PV 2594/81
a kol,: PV 2596/81
[6] K. OndrejmiSka
[7] Ondrejmi5kaK. a kol.: Farbeniesynteticklchvldkienv hmote,
Vfskumnd sprAva,Svit, 1977
[B] E. Zemanovd,A. Marcindin,T. Marcindinovd:Chemick6
vldkna43, 1993,s, 27-33
[9] J. Schroder:Progressin OrganicCoatings15, 1988,s. 337358
[10] A. Diadikovd:Chemickdvldkna 37, 1987,s. 110-117
Chemick6vlaikna31, 1981, s. 161[11] O. Durdovd,A. Dia6ikovd:
168
, . S c h u l t h e i sS, . K a u f m a n nC: h e m .F i b r .I n t . 4 8 ,
[ 1 2 ] R . D i e t z eK
1998,s. 414415
[13] G.H, V6lz, G, Weber: Die Teichengrossenanalyse von
nadelformigen
Pigmenten[1]
[14] G.H. Volz, G. Weber: Die Teichengrcissenanalyse von
faty),
Velmi d6leZit6je aj presn6 a reprodukovatel'n6
d6vkovaniefarebnlichkoncentrdtov
do taveninyzakladn6hopolymeru. Objemov6,resp.hmotnostn6davkovaceumoZnuj[ddvkovatjednotliv6zlo2kyzmesi koncentratov(v prislu5nfch
pomeroch)priamodo n6sypkybo6n6hotaviaco- d6vkovaciehozariadenia.Koncentr6tvsa mdZud6vkovati priamodo
zasobnlk
koncentrdtu
zesobnik
polym6ru
polym€r
+-
Obr. 1 a) Sch6mainjekdn6hosp6sobutarbeniav hmote,b) Sch6mafarbeniav hmotesp6sobomhomogenizdcie
polym6rua koncentretupred tavenim
104
Vldknaa fextl 11 (3) 99-105 (2004)
Vliskum
Pigmenten[2]. Farbe + Lack 90, 9, 1984, s.
nadelformigen
752-759
[15] E. Zemanov6a kol.: Prfpravafarebnfch disperzilz povrchovo
upravenfch pigmentov,Vfskumnd sprdva CHTF SVST,
Bratislava1982, s. 12
[16] E. Zemanov6 a kol.: Pigmentov6 disperzie pre priame
larbenie PP vldkien, Vliskumnd sprdva CHTF SVST,
Bratislava,1989,s. 6
[17l M. Nedas,A. Noviik,O. Svoboda:Chem.prum.35/60,1985,
s.204-208
Fibers,Sci. and Technol.,Elsevier
[18] M. Ahmed:Polypropylene
S c i . ,P u b l i s hC
. o m p . ,N e w Y o r k , 1 9 8 2 ,s . 1 1 8
[19] A. Marcindin,K. Ondrejmi5kaa kol.: Chemick6vldkna 1-2,
1 9 9 2 s, . 1 - 1 0
[20] A. Marcindina i.: Chim. Volokna9, 1990,s, 49
[21] K. Ondrejmi5ka,A. Marcindin,J. Repka: Chemickdvliikna
2 7 , 1 9 7 7s, . 7 7
[22] A. Diadikov6:Chemick6vldkna41, 1991, s. 23
[23] F.W. Jr. Billmeyer, M. Saltzman: Principles of Color
Technology,(YorkJ. Wiley 2"d ed.), New York, 1981
E. Zemanovd,T. Marcindinovd:
Chim,Volokna
[24] A. Marcindin,
6 , 1 9 8 9 ,s . 4 5 - 4 6
[25] A. Marcindin,E. Zemanovdakol.: Chim. Volokna 1, 1990,
s. 49-51
[26] O.J.Schmitz,R. Kroker,P. Pluhar:Farbeund Lack79, 1973,
s. 733-739
[27] A. Marcin6ina kol,: Chemick6vliikna 1-2, 1992, s. 11-20
[28] M. Macura:Chemick6vl6kna 1-4, 1993, s, 34-39
[29] K. Ondrejmi5ka,A. Marcindin,J. Repka: Chemick6vldkna
2 7 , 1 9 7 7 ,s . 7 7 - 8 4
[30] A. Marcin6ina kol.: Chemick6vldkna 28, 1978,s. 121-128
[31] A. Marcindinakol.: Chemick6vliikna 4, 1981, s. 228-238
[32] L.E. Nielsen:Polymerrheology,Marcel Dekker,lNC, New
York. Basel 1977. s. 133
[ 3 3 ] N . C a s s o n J: . O i l C o l . C h e m .A s s o c . , 6 4 ,1 9 8 1 ,s . 4 8 0 - 4 8 9
[34] N. Nedas,A. Marcin6inlChemick! prtmysl 2, 1987,s.8689
[35] S.V. Kao, L.E. Nielsen,C.T. Hill:J. ColloidInterfac.Sci. 53,
1975, s. 358-367
[36] l.M. Krieger,T.J. Dougherty:Trans. Soc. Rheol,3, 1959,s.
137
. c i . 2 0 , 1 9 6 5 ,s . 4 1 7
[ 3 7 ] M . M .C r o s s :J . C o l l o i d S
. c i . 3 3 , 1 9 7 0 ,s . 3 0
[ 3 8 ] M . M .C r o s s :J . C o l l o i dl n t e r f a cS
R. Lambourne:J. ColloidInterfac.Sci. 26,
[39] A. Doroszkowski,
1 9 6 8 ,s . 2 1 4
[40] J.S. Lipatova i.: Vysokomol.Sojed.A 15, 1973,s.2243
[41] A. Marcin6in,K. Ko5tialovd,M. KriStofi6:Vldkna atextil 5
v6kna a rexr,i11 (3) 99-105 (2004)
Research
( 4 ) ,1 9 9 8 ,s . 2 1 0 - 2 1 2
142)P.J. Flory:Principlesof PolymerChemistry,CornellUniversity
Press,lthaca,New York, 1962
[ 4 3 ]J , W . B a r l o w ,D . R . P a u l :P o l . I n g .S c i . 2 1, 1 9 8 1, s . 9 8 5
[44] S.S. Vojuckuj:Kurs koloidnfch6mie,SNTL, Praha,1984,s.
sistem,
[45] E.V. Lebedev: Fizikochimijamonokomponentnych
Tom ll, Polimernije
smesii splavy(ed.J. S. Lipatov)Naukova
'1
dumka, Kyjev, 986, s. 128
[46] M. Sova: Chem. Listy 86, 1992,s. 748
l47l D.J. David,T.F. Sicock:Polymer33 (4), 1992,s. 505
[48] E.U. Okoroafor,J.P. Willemaire,J.F. Agassant:Polymer33,
1992, s. 5264
[49] V.R. Torner:Teoreti6eskijeosnovy pererabotkipolimerov,
Chimija,Moskva,1977, s. 210
[50] A. Ujhelyiovd,A. Marcindin:Nerovnomernostgeometrie
a Struktfrysyntetickfchvldkiena met6dyjej hodnotenia,In.
Zbornik6. NairodnikonferenceSTRUTEX,TU Liberec,1999,
s. 25-31
a i . : V l a k n aa t e x t i l6 ( 3 ) , 1 9 9 9 ,s . 1 1 9 - 1 2 4
[51]A. Marcincin
[52] A. Marcin6in,O. Brejka, E. Zemanovd,T. Marciniinovd:
Estimation of Miscibility of Colour Concentrates with
Polyethylene
Terephthalate,
In. 7'hInt.Conf.of OrganicDyes
and Pigments,Colorchem98, VUOS Pardubice,CZ, 1998,
s. 23
for
[53] A. Marcindinet al,: Developmentof ColourConcentrates
PP and PET Spun Dyed Fibres,In: 3'd Inter.Conf. On New
Product and ProductionTechnologiesfor a New Textile
lndustry,Universityof Gent, Belgium,1999, s. 169-177
[54] A. Marcindin,K. Kostialovd,M. Kristofid:Vldkna atextil 5
( 4 ) , 1 9 9 8 ,s . 2 1 0 - 2 1 2
[55] A. Marcindin:PolypropyleneFibres Mass Pigmentingand/
or ExhaustDyeing,ln: First CentralEuropeanConference
on FibreGrade-Polymers,
Chem. Fibresand Spec.Textiles,
Lodz, Poland,2000
[56] A. Marcindin, E. Zemanovd: Processing of Colour
Concentratesfor PP and PET, 8'n Int. Conf. On Dyes nad
Pigments,Colorchem2000, VUOS Pardubice,CZ
[57] A. Marciniin a i.: Fibresand Textilesin EasternEuropean
4.2000. s. 66-70
[58] J. Benedikty,K. Ondrejmi5ka,M. Ma6ur6k,N. Szentivdnyi,
P. Franko: PV 5797181
[59] Fy BASF, Ludwigshafen
[60] PatentFR 2196048= CS 160075Ciba - Geigy,1972
[61] Fy Sandoz
Recieved: Jily 2004
105
pracovisk
a vyivojovfch
Z vedeckovfskumnfch
NewsfromDepartments
Sihrny diplomovfchpr6cobh6jenfchna Katedretextilua odievania,
FPTTnU so sidlomv Prichovev r6mciiniinierskehoStridia
v Skolskomroku 200312004
Jana Cuninkov6
PHYSICALM
. E C H A N I C AP
LROPERTIES
VALUATION
C O R D SB Y T H E R M A L
O F A R A M I D EA N D P O L Y A M I D E
STRAIN
Hodnotenie fyzikdln o-mechanick,ich v lastnosti aramidov,!ch
a polyamidov,ichkordov po tepelnom namdhani
The diplomawork deals on the relationbetweentemperapropertiesof reinforcingmateture and physical-mechanical
rials- aramidand polyamidcordnglefibres,it's essential
properties,
the most oftenapplicationof aramidand polyamid fibresand also basicconstructions
of reinforcing
materials applicatedin tyre industry.
Experimentalpart of diplomawork is concernedwith the
fundamentalmethods,which were used in measuringproproperties.
cessof physical-mechanical
On the basisof this
methodsthe resultsof singleparts,whichtook placein the
heatingthermalspace,were gained.The resultsare formed
in tablesand graphs.Finally,it is possibleto say that both
materials
dependeson thetemperature.
The aramidecordsare
much more resistantagainstthe effectsof hightemperatures
than polyamidecordsand thereforeare usedfor racingtyres.
Ludmila Belkotiakov6
INFLUENCO
E F T E C H N O L O G I C ACLO N D I T I O N-S J E R K
ROLLER PROCESSING
O F P O L Y E S T E HF I B R E SO N
C H A R A C T E RM
S A D EF L E E C E
Vplyvtechnologick,ichpodmienok- mykaciehovalca- spracovania polyesterovychvldkien na vlastnostivyrobendho
runa
The diplomawork is orientedon valuationof physicaland
propeftiesof fleeces,whichwas madefromholmechanical
- chan'
parameters
lowsPESfibres,by changetechnological
ge set positionsthe jerk roller.
Of thesecut PES was made fleeceswith differentcharacters,whichare usedas fillerto the blankets.By fleecethe dimensionalstabilityand deformationcharacterswas tested.
Makromorfologic
structureof fleece was evaluatedwiths
image analysis.On the base of valuationstructure'sand
physical's- mechanical'scharactersof fleeceswe determened relationsfor usefulqualitesthose products.
Alibeta Ciiove
OF THE DISPERSEDYES BY THE ACID
SUBSTITUTION
D Y E S D U R I N GT H E D Y E I N G O F T H E P O L Y A M I D E
KNITWEARS
Jaroslav Trdvnik
P R O G R E S S I VTEY P E SP P F I B R EW I T H O U T - D O W NI N . Ndhrada disperzn,lchfarbiv kysl,imifarbivami pri farbeni
polyamidov'ich pletenin
FLAMMABILITY
The thesissolvethe problemof the substitution
PROGRESIVNETYPYPP VUKIEN SO ZN:ZENOUHOR.
of the disperse dyes by the acid dyes duringthe dyeing of the polyaLAVOSTOU
Diplomawork was addictedto evaluationof effect of va- mide knitwearsat TechnopolTrikora,a.s. Vrbov6.The dispersedyes show lowerwet fastnessand do not realizethe
riousfire retardants,
and it's quantityin fibresto physicalrequirements.
mechanicalpropeftiesof fibresand textiles.lt regards an ef- human-ecological
fect of fire retardantsto the value of limitoxygenindex(LOl),
It was foundthe suitablecombination
of the aciddyesand
the recipesfor the imitationof the fixed patternswere propoas dependenceof varietyand quantityof used retardants.
sed.The appearanceof the dyeingpolyamideknitwearsacBc. HelenaBack5rov6
cordingto proposedrecipesmostlyshowthe excellentresults
L I N K I N GA N A L Y S EO F G A R M E N TC O M P O N E N T W
S I T H of the tests of fastness.The economiccomparisonbetween
AND STRUCTU. the appliedgroupof dyestuffand the new proposedgroupof
TREADSOF DIFFEFIENT
COMPOSITION
t-ttr
dyestuffis in disadvantage
to acid dyes.But the advantage
ANAL,?ZA
SPAJANIA
ODEVN,?CH
SUEASTOKNiAMI of thatgroupof the dyesis theirexcellentcolourfastnessand
quality.
favourablehuman-ecological
R'ZNEHOZLOZENIA
A STRUKTURY
Thediploma
worktreatswithwheels-influence
of sewing As a resultthe proposedsort of the acid dyes could be reforsewingabilityandchanging
commendedas the equalsubstitution
machine
of mechanic-physof the formerlyused
icalcharacteristics
in theconditions
of confection
oroduction dispersedyes.
Inc.P0chov.
in the Makyta,
Miroslav Smoldas
AndreaL6niov6
EFFICIENCY
C O M P A R E SS O C K SP R O D U C T I O N
FROM
PROPERTIESC O L O R E DA N D U N B L E A C H E DY A R N I N C O M P A N Y
VALUATION
OF PHYSICAL.MECHANICAL
ANDPOLYESTER
CARCASS
SILKSUNDER TATRASVIT@
OFVISCOSE
SVIT_ SOCKS,INC.
HEATSTRAIN
Porovnanieefektivnostiv'iroby pono2iek z farebnich a reLHodnotenie
fyzikAlnomechanickych
vlastnostivisk6zov,!ch nych priadzi v spoloinostiTatrasvit' S V/I-SOCKS,a.s.
a polyesterovlchkordov,ichvlakienpri tepelnomnamdhani Graduationthesescomparessocksproductionefficiency
Thediploma
workis oriented
on valuation
of physical-me-from coloredand unbleachedyarn in companyTatrasvit@
facilities
viscose
andpolyester
silks.Expe- SVIT- SOCKS,inc..The experimental
sectionanalysesthe
chanical
carcass
paftof theworkis oriented
rimental
onthemonitoring
of phy- p r o d u c t i o ns c h e d u l eo f t h e c o m p a n yT a t r a s v i t €S' V I T likea strenght,
sical-mechanical
facilities
tensibility,
extension SOCKS,inc.from severalpointof view.Consequently
themodulus
of 90Nand45N andtoughness
of polyester
and re is a suggestionof socksfrom colorand unbleachedyarn
viscose
carcass
reduction
silksundertemperature
andincre- appropriateto comparisonfrom productiontechnologyand
Vipotest productionefficiencypointof view. On the tail end of work
ase.Workwas realizedin accredited
laboratory
s.r.o.- branchPrichov.
106
vldknaa rexriT
11 (3) 106-109 (2004)
Z vedeckovfskumnfcha vfvojovfch pracovisk
NewsfromDepartments
proposalof socksproduction
of ladies'and men's
withpositi- dellingof the basiccuttingconstructions
is an improvement
clothesfor the needsof educationat the secondaryschoolsve economic
effect.
diplomawork alsorefersto reat the branchof clothing.The
gularconnections
of anatomy,somatometry,
and
DanielaDemjanovi6ov5
GROUPOF DYESFOR constructionsystemof the cut construction.
CHOICE
OF THECONVENIENT
DYEING
FIBRES
OF POLYESTER
PES M o n i k aS u r 6
V,iBERVHzDNEJSKUPINY
FARB|VPREFARBENIE
iEs,qrucn
DETERMINATION
O F Q U A L I T Y P A R A M E T E R SO F
AND MECHANICAL
S E W I N GT H R E A D SO N P H Y S I C A L
P A R A M E T E RO
SF S E A M SA I M E DF O RS E W I N GO F S P E .
CLOTHES
CIAL PROTECTIVE
STANOVENIEVPLYVUKVALITAT|VNYCH
PARAMETROV
Suacicu Ntri NA v'isLEDNE FyztKALNo-MECHANtcKE
PARAMETRE
SVOV PAZ XONFEKCIONOVANIE
SPTAEINYCH OCHRANN'?CHODEVOV.
Diplomaworkdealswith determination
of qualityparameters of specialsewingthreadsand their influenceon physical and mechanicalparametersof seamsin case of sewing
of specialprotectiveclothes.lt considersaboutfibreswith reducedimflammability
and aromaticpolyamides- aramids.
Alibeta Dubjelovii
PREPARATION
OFTHESPORTS
SOCKSFROMCOMPO- The aim of this diplomawork is specifyingof parametersof
FIB- s p e c i a sl e w i n ga r a m i dt h r e a d s .l t f i n d so u t t h e i rf i n e n e s s ,
SITION
OFTHEFIBRES
ONTHEPOLYPROPYLENE
numberof windingsper one meter,solidityand ductilityduRESBASIS
PripravaSportov,ich
termoponoZiekZo zmesivl1kienna ringherniation.Were employedtwo meta-aramidethreadsNtech 40 and N-tech70 and two para-aramidethreadsK-tech
bdzepolypropyl6nov,ich
vldkien
Graduation
andevalua- 50 and Ktech 75. The biggestsolidityduringherniationof
thesisis aimedat thepreparation
tionoftheutilityqualities
of thesportsthermo-socks
withva- seamand the smallestshiftof threadsin seamwas recogniriousmaterial
comoosition
of thefibres.Thebasicrawma- zed in specialfabric100 % Nomexwithsquarelyweight265
terialfor the production
of the socksis the PP fibresand g / m2incombinationwith specialsewingthreadN{ech 40.
PPfibrescalledbiostatandsanitized. Thereforewas recommendidenticalcharactersof special
antibacterial
modified
Themainpartof thethesisis dedicated
to theevaluation
of sewingthreadsand specialfabricin case of sewingof spequalities
theutilityqualities,
thephysical
of cial orotectiveclothes.
andmechanical
Merina,
disperse
dyesfordyAt present,
a.s.usesSerilene
fibre.TherearealsoSerilene
VX dyesinthe
eingof polyester
marketwhichofferreduced
dyeingtime.
Thethesiscompares
thesetwotypesof dyesfromthedypointsof view.Thequality
eingquality
anddyeingeconomy
of dyeingcan be considered
according
to the testsof dyeingfastness.
resultsit is recommended
Basedontheachieved
to Merina,a.s.substituted
the Serilenedyesfor the VX Serilene
dyesin orderto improveits production
effectiveness.
the mentioned
fibresand productsin the laboratory
conditions.Thispartcontains
alsotheevaluation
of thesportsther- E r i k aS u 1 6
O F Y A R N S P I N N I N GA N D D O U B L I N G
mo-socks'
utilityqualitiesby wearingthemby fivetesting I N F L U E N C E
ON
persons.
E N DA T T R I B U T EO
S F F I B E R SA I M E DF O R
Theresultvaluesof theutilityqualities
indicators
are S T R U C T U R A
OF CORDSAND ROPES
listedintablesandelaborated
intothegraphic
dependences.PREPARATION
Inthediscussion
andconclusion
of thethesisthereareeva- VPLYVPROCESUSUKANIAA ZDRUZOVANIANA STAUXluatedadvantages
anddisadvantages
of thesporlsthermo- TORUA yLASTNOST VLAKIENPREPR|PRAVIJPIVRA.
socksandthe proposalfor realization
and extension
of the ZOV A LAN
production
The diplomawork dealswith studyof processconditions
withthe additional
sockscollection.
J6n Durech
APPLICATION
OFTHECAMTECHNOLOGY
TOTHEAU.
TOMATIC
DESIGNS
CUTTING
OF FABRIC
STRIPE
AND
CHEKEDPATTERNINTHE LADIE'SCLOTHINGPRODUCTION
pri automatickom
Uplatnenie
CAMtechnol6gie
rezanimateridlov,ichdezdnovprlZok a kdro v ddmskejkonfekinejv,irobe
Thegoalof thethesiswereelaboration
andevaluation
of
variouslayingkindsandwaysof thestripeandthechecked
patternfabricsaimingat the mostmodernautomatic
and
computer
techniqueutilization.
Ensuringcleancuttingof
pansto provide
clothing
thehighquality
throughdesignopquality,
whatingluences
funcitonal
timalization
esthetical,
and
economic
levelof products.
of spinningand preparingof yarn and streamsusingof polypropylene
and polyethylenterephtalate
f ibres.
It judgesthe influenceof yarn spinningon lenghtof fibres
from positionof materialbalanceproductionof cords and
ropes.The diplomaworkfollowsbasicphysicaland mechanicalattributesof PP and PET yarns and basicstructuralattributesof PP and PET fibres,yarnsand PP streams.
Proportional
solidity,ductilityand moduleof elasticityof PP
and PET yarnsis determinedby monitoringof physicaland
mechanicalattributes.From structuralparameterspointof
v i e w t h e d i p l o m aw o r k j u d g e s t h e a v e r a g eo r i e n t a t i o n ,
crystallineshare of fibres and surfacestructureand inner
structureof PP and PET fibres.
The diplomaworkwas realizedin companyGleinstein
Slovakia,Ltd.whichdealsproductionof cordsand ropes.made
fromchemicalfibres,aswellas in FPTTnU AD andVUCHV,
a. s., Svit.
JanaSulekov6
CONSTRUCTIO
A N D M O D E L L I NO
GF L A D I E S ' A N DTom65 Janega
MEN'SCUTTINGS
PREPARATIOO
N F N E W B I O D E G R A D A B LTEE N S I D EKonStrukin6
a modelov6rieieniapdnskycha ddmskychstri- FROMOLIGOXYLANS
hov
PRiPRAVANov'iCH BIoDEGRADABILN,iCHTENzIDoV
Thisdiplomaworkdealsthe summaryof the nowadays Z OLIGOXYLANOV
knownknowledge
Hydrophobisation
of low molecularxylanesconventional
fromthe branchof construction
andmovl^knaa lexrll11 (3) 106-109(2004)
107
Z vedeckovfskumnfch a vfvojovfch pracovisk
NewsfromDepartments
waywasrealized
z karboxymetylSkrobu
andunconventional
andprepared
esters ChemickeSpeciality
properties
Physico-chemical
a functional
of O-(carboxyof xylanestestedas a sudaceactivecompounds.
performed
wascharakteri- methyl)starch
derivatives
Newprepared
by conventional
and
estersof xylanesderivates
pro- unconventional
methods
wasstudied:
dataandexhibited
thesefunctional
zedbyFT-lRspectral
- clasicalesterification
- conventional
procedure
method
oerties:
- verygoodemulgation
(stearoylchloride
withacylhalogenides
efficiencies
andlauroylchlori- goodwashing
power
undervariousreaction
de)in DMF/py/4DMAP,
condition
andantiredeposition
- lowering
(moleratio,time,temperature),
surface
tensionof water
- unconventional
procedure
withfattyacidmethylesters
(FAME)solvent
freetechnique.
KatarinaKurcinov6
R O MM I X T U R E D Water-soluble
O-(carboxymethyl)starch
PREPARATIO
ON
F T H E H M O L I N EFS
estherswaspreparedwithsurfaceactive
properties
FIBRES
BASED
FIBRES
and insoluble
in water
ONPOLYPROPHYLENE
TERMOBIELIZNE
ZO ZMESI VLAKIENNA withhigherthermalstabilityas a staftingmaterial.
PR(PRAVA
BAZEPOLYPROPYLENOV'?CU
VUXIIN
Thethesisareconcentrated
on preparation
andevaluation Poliakov6Katarina
ANDSTUDYOF PROPERTIES
featuresof thermolinens
withdifferentmate- PREPARATION
A NEW
of commercial
FROMHETEROPOLYSACCHARIDES
rialstructure
of hosieryyarn.Thestapleof thermolinens
are BIOPOLYMERS
polyprophylene
fibreswithcottonfibresor woolfibres.
XYLANS
yLAsI/VOSIiNoV,iCHBI)P)LY.
partof workevaluates:
Theexperimental
PR\PRAVA
A STUDIUM
- physical
qualities
SACHARI
DOV- XYUNOV
andmechanikal
of hosieryyarnused MEROVZ HETEROPOLY
properties
for production
of thermolinens
Thephysico-chemical
andpedormance
of ne- preparation
prepared
derivates
by partialhydrophobizaof hosieryknttingfor preparation
of ther- wlysynthesised
products
molinens
tionof xylanswithvinyllaurate
andwithchlorides
of higher
- physical
qualities
andmechanical
of hosieryknitting
for fattyacids.In thispresentworkwereuseda ,,Solvent-free"
thermolinens
in laboratory
conditions
synthesis
of xylanby transesterification
withmethyllaurate.
- commercial
properties
features
of preparedbiopolymers
were
of wornthermolinens
Surfaceactive
preparedpolymeric
Measured
valuesarecoveredbychaftsandprocessed
into tested.The
surfactants
exhibited:
- verygoodemulsifying
graphic
efficiency
compared
withcommerdependance.
cialemulsifiers
- excellent
washingpowercompared
KatarinaKyselov6
withsodiumdodecylEVALUATION
OF INFLUENCE
ON CHANGEOF FORMS
sulphate(LaSO.Na)
ANDDIMENSIONS
OF KNITWEARBY DIFFERENTWAYS - no significantly
antiredeposition
action
- no significantly
lowersurfacetensionof water.
OFDRYING
HODNOTENIE VPLYVIJ ROZNYCH SPOSOEOY SUSEN/A
PLETEN1N
NAZMENYICHROZMEROV
PO PRAN1
Diploma
workwasoriented
on changeofformsanddimen- M6ria2ilkov
waysof drying.Therewere THE INFLUENCE
sionsof knitwearby different
OF THERMOFIXATION
OF COTTON
somesamplesof differentkindsof knitwearwithdifferent AND MIXTUREKNITTINGSTO DIMENSIONAL
STABILIry
material
composition
testedfor changeof formanddimen- ANDSTREADINESS
OFCOLOURS
waysof drying.
Theaim VPLYVTERMOFIXACIE
BAVLNEN'?CH
A ZMESOVICH
sionsafterwashing
underdifferent
of the workwasto compareeveryindividual
wayof drying, UPLETOVNA ROZMEROVUSTABILITU
A STALOFAREBrecommend
the bestwayof drying.
NOSr
Alldatawerecollected
andinsertin to thetableanddiaThepurposeof mythesiswasto makea research
of thergram.
mofixation
of cottonandmixtureknittingto dimensional
stabilityandsteadiness
of colours.Theresearch
of theinfluenM6riaLen6rtov6
ce of thermofixation
has beendoneat Inc.Slovenka
in
According
COMBINATIONMODIFICATIONSTEXTILES SPECIFIED BanskdBystrica.
to theresultsof measurements
FORPROTECTIVE
CLOTHINGS
sometermofixation
equipment
wereestablished
for some
IJPRAVYTEXT|LIi UREENE PRE typesof knitmaterial.
The resultsof the research
KOMBINOVANE
allowto
predictbehaviour
of different
OCHRANNE
ODEVY
typesthermofixation.
Inthisdiploma
workadjusted
cottonfabricassigned
for a
workingclothings
forwelding,bywhichachieved Bc. Sironov6Lenka
application
- DOF.
for a shorttermcontactfabric INFLUENCE
effectloweringinflammability
OFTECHNOLOGICAL
CONDITIONS
_ PROCESSING
modification
witha flame.Afterfireproof
comeaboutslump FERROLLER
OFPESFIBRES
ONMADE
inwashing.
foftresstextileandhadstability
On pattern,
which FLEECE
CHARACTERS
podmienok- snimacieho
was adjusted
withcombination
fireproofmodification
with Vplyvtechnologickych
valca- spramodification
hydrophobic
achieved
a slightwettedon surfa' covaniepolyesterovfchvl1kienna vlastnostivyroben6ho
claimsfor protective
clothings. r0na
ce of textile,whichsuitable
Fireproof
andhydrophobic
modification
hasbeenappliedon
physical
workwasfocused
fabricalsoin Levitex
a.s.Leviceand inflammabilitv
to veriThediploma
on valuation
and
fiedin PTEUMVSR in Bratislava.
mechanical
characters
of fleeces,especially
dimensional
stabilityof preparedfleecesimmediately
aftermadeand in
DanielaMoSkovd
determined
timedependencies.
FS
R O MC A R B O X Y M E T H Y L -Fleeces
weremadeof twotypesPESshearsfibres,wheC H E M I C ASLP E C I A L I T I E
positions.
STARCH
reasdofferrollerwasseton threedifferent
Unwo108
vldknaa rexrrT
11 (3) 106-109 (2004)
Z vedeckovfskumnfch a vyivojovfch pracovfsk
ven materials
madeof thesefibresare usedas fillerto the
blankets.
We observedthe deformation
charactersby fleece,too.
Withimageanalysisthe structureof preparedfleeceswas
evaluated,
whereasthe ratioof fibresand air was determined.In conclusion
prepawe judgedthe relations
between
rationconditions
andfleececharacte
News from Departments
Thepresented
diploma
workexamins
theinfluence
of oolypropylene
fibers,whichare madefor physicalactivitysorptionof oil materials
fromaquamediumby nonwoven
materials
in ditferentmakromorfological
struckture.
In the firstphasein the experimental
partof thisdiploma
work,thereare evaluated
physicaland mechanical
properpoftion,microscopic
photosof sudaceandthe
ties,crystalline
transverse
cutsof prepared
samplesof polypropylene
stap-
to
JanaUrbanov6
STRUCKTURE
ANDPROPERTIES
EKOPOLYPROPYLE- In the secondphasethere are evaluatedphysicaland meNEFIBROUSES
MATERIALS
chanicalpropertiesof nonwovenmaterialsand physicalac-
SrnuxruanA vLAsrNosrt
EKopoLypRopyLENotivity*
vic H VLAKN
IT! c H M ATERI
AL)V
VlAknaa textil11 (3) 106-109(2004)
sorptionof oil materialsfrom aqua medium.
109
Z vedeckovliskumnfch
a vfvojovyichpracovlsk
NewsfromDepartments
SEPAROVANIE
ROPNVCH
IATOT Z ODPADOVYCH
VOO
Met6dasa zaklad6na aplikdciiSpeci6lnych
PP vldknitlich
materidlovpre separdciuropnlichlatokz vodn6hoprostredia.
Komplexn6rie5eniepozostdvazo vz6jomnenadvdzuj0cich
dvoch casti:
- koagul6ciaropnfch latok na hladineodpadovlichv6d
0cinkomSpeciAlnej
zmesildtokSLOVMOBIL-u
a ich n6sledn6mechanick6odstrdnenie
- adsorpdn6dodistovanieodpadoqichv6d vlakni\imima(profilovanyimi,
teridlmiso Speci6lnou
Strukt0rou
dutlmi
polypropyl6no4imi
a aditivovanfmi
vldknami- dalejlen
EKO-PPvlakna)
Postupkomplexn6ho
rie5eniana oddelbvanieropnfchldtok z odpadovlichv6d a jeho aplikaciasa overovalana cispodniku(prilohal).
tiarniodpadovfchv6d v priemyselnom
SLOVMOBILje Specidlnazmes organicklchldtok(vysokorafinovan6
alifatick6uhlbvodiky,kondenza6n6produkty
prirodnfchmastnlichalkoholovs etyl6noxidom).Tdto latka
umoZnujevytladenieropnlch filmovz vodnejhladiny,ktorf
je moZn6odstrdnitodderpanimaleboadsorpciouna por6znych materi6lov(ako sorp6n6materialysa osved6iliSpeci6lnetypy).
Ako sorpcnti6inidloropnfchlatoksri vyu2lvan6Specialne
p o l y p r o p y l 6 n o vv6l d k n a ,p r o f i l o v a n 6d, u t 6 a a d i t i v o v a n 6 .
EKO-PPvlaknaboliuolatnen6vo formevlaknitehomateriAlu - netkanejtextilie.Po dlhodobejSich
sk0Skach
v trvaniniekolkomesiacovna mechanickomodlucovaciropnVchlatok
COV Uolivytipovandnajfcinnej5ieEKO-PPvldkna-avldknite materialy(priloha2).
5. AO 6. 275 806 Polypropyl6novfvlaknitliritvar (PV 6.
09072-87.8
zo dna 11.12.1987- platnostpatentudo 12.
6.1995)
5. M. Jambrich,J. Kletik,J. Horvath,K. Trubac,J. Hudak,
M . R e v f s : I n . : P r e d n d 5 k a n a 2 4V
. e d e c k e kj o n f e r e n c i i
toxikol6gia"
SpiSskaNovdVes, 2.4.10na
,,Priemyseln6
2004,
K o l e k t i va u t o r o v :
JambrichM., Fakultapriemyselnlch technologiiTnU AD,
P1chov 020 32, T.Vansovej1054/45,
e-mail: [email protected]
KlatikJ.,
Trubac K..
Huddk J.,
Revfs M.,
Slovnaft,a.s. Bratislava
Dochodca
V,iskumn,!tstav chemickych vldkien, a.s.
Svit,Stlrova, 059 21 Svit
Slovenskdspoloinosf priemyselnejch6mie,
Radlinskeho9, Bratislava
Dosiahnutf tidinok rieSenia
K o m p l e x n 6r i e S e n i eb o l o -a p l i k o v a n 6n a m e c h a n i c k o m
odludovadiropnyichl6tokna COV v Slovnafte,a.s.,Bratislava.
SLOVMOBILbol aplikovanlina vstupeaj vlstupe z 6istiarne odpadovfchvod a EKO-PPvldknaboliaplikovan6len na
vlistupez 6istiarneodpadoqichv6d vo forme adsorpdn6ho
v6d vypriStanfchdo povrchovlichv6d - recido6istovania
pientuMalf Dunaj.
VyuZivaniekomplexn6horieienia na do6istovanie
odpadovfch vod COV umoZriuje6istitodpadovevody na riroveli
ur6en[orgdnomStatnejvodnejsprdvypre ukazovatel'NEL,
t.j. 0,6 mg/l (priloha3).
Problematika
EKO-PPvldkiena adsorpdn6ho
dodistovapopinia odpado4ichvod od ropnfch ldtokje podrobnejSie
sand v nasledujricichprfspevkoch:
1. M. Jambrich,A. Murdrovd,A. Supik,P. Jambrich,J. L6lik, J. Kl6tik:VlastnostiEKO-OPvldkiena moZnostiich
vyuZitia,Ropaa uhliec. 37(1)72-77,1995
2. M. Jambrich,P. Jambrich,A. Stupdk:Struktlraa vlastn o s t i P P v l d k i e ns o z m e n e n o up r i e d n o ug e o m e t r i o u ,
polym6rya
Zbornikz XVlll. Konferencie,,Vldknotvorn6
ich spracovanie",
Svit 199'1,12-16
3. M. Jambrich,R. Simo,O. Durcovd:Preparation
of Profiled PolypropyleneFibres,ln: The FourthInternational
C o n f e r e n c eo n P o l y p r o p y l e n eF i b r e s a n d T e x t i l e s ,
Nothingham,
23.-25.9. 1987,p. 19/1-19/9
4. PV d. 3471-88zo dna 23. 5. 1988 polypropyl6nov6
olejofin6vl6kna
110
P r i l o h a2
vtekna a fextll 11 (3) 110-111 (2004)
pracovisk
a vyTvojovfch
Z vedeckovfskumnlich
NewsfromDepartments
Sch6inamleq!.ddvkqVanlqa-rberu-ropJVclrtAtoka schinla d*vkovaciahozaiia&nia
Legendq :
1 daldovd zdrl
2 esdatcfovych vdd
3 gfavitadnSodolejovafe
4 lamelovJodolejovsd
Vistup do MaldhoDunaja
$ $$ lamelov6hoodotejova6s
S CS kslu
7 objekt*esll
eov
Slovmobilu
dAvkcvanit
$lovrnobilu
P r f l o h a1
$1$
iij$
ii.i;ni
liiiii
.lilt .
:ir"ii
i1xi1
i.il:',iii
:,ii11
.${
{,q
:61
:llf
,li-!i'
.is
cs
x!*
,$
iF
Q:
fi;
i{i
ifi
P r i l o h a3
Vldknaa textil 11 (3) 110-111 (2004)
111
Zo zahranicnyichcasopisov
Newsfrommagazines
Vfznamnost'
Omikenshi:
vysokofunk6nfchvl6kien
Dvajavel'kivfrobcoviaPEShodv6buvyvijajriv z6mori
AS/ANTEXTILE 8US/NESS,
10, 575,Okt6ber,2002,str.32 b6zuprevfrobu materi6ludo interi6rovvozidiel
Fa Omikenshi
vyrdbamesa6ne1 500t visk6zovej
striZe, AS/ANTEXTILE
8US/NESS,
11,576,November,
2002,
hlavneprevlastnIpradiaren,
doddvkyr4irobcom
netkanich str.34-35
japonshich
v)tznamn[
textilii,
0lohuhraj[ tieZSpeciiilne
visk6zov6
Popisuje
strisa obchodn6
strat6gie
firiemTorayln- VSs s obsahomskvalenu(prljemvlhkosti, dustries
Ze:"Papolis"
a TeijinFibersLtd.prezaistenie
rast0ceho
dopytu
hladkliohmat);"Kishu-Binchotan"
s obsahom5pecidlnehotextiliipre
sedadld
automobilov
v Thajsku
a Cine.Spo6iva
v
drevn6ho
uhlia(radidcia
dlhyich
lC kidov,fyziol6gia
odieva- dovozePEShodvabupretieto06elyz pobo6iek
v zAmori:
'l00 t mesadne
- s obsahom Torayimportuje
nia- teplov zime,nelepisa v lete);"Crabyon"
a Teijin10%z domacich
(antibakteridlne,
protiplesni);
chitinu
liedive
vlastnosti,
"Sun- obchodov.
Snahouje dalejzvy5ovat
tietopodielyprezlepdia"- s obsahomTiO, povrstven)t
apatitem(fotokatalyticlfliSenieekonomiky.
ZmienujIsa tieZaktivity
textilnfch
vfrobfcinok,antibakteridlny
a dezodoradnli
06inok,
tvorbaradika- cov interi6rov
Kawashima
TextileManufacturers
v Cinea
- s obsa- Seirenv Thajsku,
"Kasumi"
lovbezOH prislnednom
a UV2iareni,);
USA,Brazilii
a Cine.
polym6ru
homprirodn6ho
(absorbuje
dusikat6ho
formalde- preinteridry
hyd,dezodordcia
na z6clonya tapety).
VlirobcoviaPESstriZezvy5uj0vfrobu vliikienpre
vf plne
Antibakteri6lne
vl6knafy Acordisv Ciine
AS/ANTEXTILE
8US/NESS,
11,576,November,
2002,
AS/ANTEXTILE
8US/NESS,
10,575,Okt6ber,2002,
str.43 str.39
FirmaAcordis(UK)spolupracuje
s cinskouDezhouCotTchajwansk6
firmyvyrdbaj0ce
podielvldPESstriZzvy5ujri
tonTextileGroupv provincii
Shandong
na viivojiantibakte- kienurcenfchprevfplnena rikorvldkienprepradenie:
Far
rialnych
textilii.ProtimnoZeni
baK6riisa pouZiva
inhibitor
ob- Eastern
Textilemd kapacitu13 000t/mesiacprevliplnez
siahnutliobvyklev zubnfchpastdchneboristnychvoddch. celkovej
kapacity
20 000timesiac.
Podobne
ify NanYa PlasTaktomodifikovan6
vldkno"Amicor"
vykazuje
dlouhodobf tics4 000t/mesiac,
Synthetic
Fiber3 000flmesiac,
TongHo
antibakteridlny
[6inok.Priadzezo zmesiAmicor/bavlna
sa Spinning
andWeawing
1 000t/mesiac.
Do USAsa dod6va
pouZiv6
prespodn0bielizei,Sportov6
odevy,ponoZky,
ute- 30 000VrPESstriZepreuiplne(v USAsadoposial'toto
vt6kpostelh0bielizefiap.
rdky,prik4ivky,
no nevyr6ba).
Podporavfvoju textiliiako priemysluhigh-tech
'10,575,
AS/ANTEXTILE
BUSINESS,
Oktober,2002,
str.5354
pl6nedo r. 2008
Tchajwanska
vlddapodporuje
v 6-rodnom
high-tech
technol6gie,
vysokom6dnevfrob4;vojtextiliipre
ky,textilieprevol'nf6asa 5por1.
V prispevku
sa zd6raziujri
hlavnehigh-tech
textilie,
vlrobkyz elektrovodivlich
vldkien
zaridelom
tienenia
elektromagneticlqich
vin,prevysokodist6
odevy(uniformy).
UvddzajIsa tieZmoZnosti
doddvok
hightechtextiliiprearmddu,
ktor6sa doposial'dovdZajt.
Vysokofunk6n6textilie
AS/ANTEXTILE BUS/NESS,
12, 577,December,
2002,str.
26-28
Prehl'ad
vlivojavysokofunk6nfchtextililv Japonsku,
zahriujricikomfort,
zdraviea ekol6giu:
- fa FujiSpinning
- aditivum
provitaminu
dovl6kien'V-UP"
umoZiuj0cipremenuna vitam[nC, ktonisa dostdvacez
koZudo tela.Zachovanie
funkciei po 30 praniach;
- fa Shikibo
- priorita
"Celgreen"
ekol6gie,
(modal
textilie
fy
"Chabafresh"
(dezodorant/antibakteridlnost),
Lenzing),
"Aloeju"(s aloe),"Melba"(bahno),
"ElaionAF" (olivovli
FirmaDyStarsledujerastvldkien
olej);
AS/ANTEXTILE
BUS/NESS,
11,576,November,2002,
polym6ruExevaj(vinylacet6t)
str. - fa Kuraray- kombindcia
s
- mikrovldkna,
19-23
PES-vldknom,
Airmint,Micromint
dutost
V 0vodeprlspevku
(rozpustnfPVAc),podobneSophista- kombindcia
sa popisujerastvlirobyPESvldkienv
preautomobily
80.a 90.rokochs aplikdciou
a Sporlov6
odeEVOH+PES,
(Clacarbo),
dal5ievlaknasi antistatick6
fotovy. V silade s tfm prebiehali 47vojdisperznlich
farbivpre
dezodoradn6,
s UV-ochranou.
PESu ty DyStar.
lchpodielnasvetovom
trhudini20%.Stru6ne sa charakterizujrl
hlavn6zna6ky:
DianixAC-Epresvetl6 FirmaTorayposilnujeobchodvo vzt'ahuk airbagom
DianixPLUSpremikrovldkna;
odtiene;
DianixXF a SF s AS/ANTEXTILE
BUS/NESS,
12,577,December,
2002,
pre Sportov6
maxim6lnou
stAlostou
odevy;DianixAM pre str.58
automobily;
DianixS presublimadn6
farbenie,
DianixP pre
TorayIndustries
rozhodla
o zr4Tsenivfroby
PAD66 hodpreluminiscendnd
tla6;DianixLuminous
a Brilliant
farbenie: vdbupreairbagyv Thajskuo cca6 000Vr (poetap6chv r.
DianixClassicpreStandardn6
farbenie.
Stru6ne
sa rozvddza- 2003a 2005)a v Japonsku
zo sfdasnlch7 500Urna 15 500
jI t6mydal5ieho
vlvoja.
t koncomr.2005(postupne
o 2 000t v r. 2003).Tomuzodpoveddi zvlisenieprodukcie
metr62ev Thajskuna 3,5 mil.
Trvanlivfmodifikdtorvnftorn6hopovrchuPPvliikien
m/rv r. 2005.Uvadzasa rastpotrebyPAD66 hodvdbuvo
ASIANTEXTILE
BUS/NESS,
11,576,November,
2002,
svetezo 60 000tJrv r.2001na 100000Urv r. 2005.Firma
str.25
takreagujena rozhodnutie
vyirobcov
automobilov
o zavedeni
FirmaCibaSpecialty
pre PP airbagov
vyvinulanoviimodifik6tor
i na zadnlchsedadlach
vozidiel.
vlaknas oznacenim
lrgasudHL 560umoZriujrici
hydrofilitu
vldkienpreaplikdcie
v hygienea zdravotnictve,
technick6
vf- FirmaTorayvyvija prv6 nano-nyl6nov6
vl6knana svete
robky(filtrea separ6tory
bat6rii).Modifikdtor
sa priddvado AS/ANTEXTILE
8US/NESS,
12,577,December,
2002,str.
taveninypredzvldkiovanim,
takZeefektje trvanlirni.
Zaistu- 59-60
je sa 8x vySSia
absorpcia
vodyPP netkanfchtextilii,nasiaPopisuje
sa qivoj technol6gie
a vlastnosti
nano-vldkien
z
kavos{pod3 sek.,vfrobkymaj0antistatick6
vlastnosti
priemerom:
a PA,vyzna6uj0cich
sa mimoriadnym
PAh44 dtex
zni2en6
trenie.S0 miikk6a majf prijemnfohmat.
sa skladdz viacneZ1,4mili6nov
filamentov
o priemere
20100nanometrov.
Doterai5ie
beZn6mikrovldkna
maiI r6do112
Vldkna a textli 11 (3) 112-113 (2004)
Zo zahranidnfch dasopisov
moZnopouZiti
Technologie
vo priemer1 000nanometrov.
prein6polym6ry
(PES,PP)a preuhllkov6
vldkna.Meniasa
vlhvlastnosti
vldkien,napr.absorpcia
zdsadnepovrchov6
je 1000xvySSia
neZu beZnfchPAvldkien,
kostina povrchu
je rovnak6
neZu bavlny.Pracujesa dhlejna
alebovySSia
vl6kien.
vyuZitinovfchvlastnosti
Newsfrommagazines
Va, Varese,predstavilnov0skuTaliansk!doddvatel'Fil.
pinubikomponentnlch
a trikomponentnlTch
vlakienpojenfch
prevfrobu netkanych
texstrizowchvlakientypupla5t-jadro
tilii.Nov6vl6kna,naz'lvanfTrilon,s0 vyrdban6Specialnym
postupoma mdZubyt zmesovan6s PP, PES,VS. Trojkompolymeov
ponentn6vldknas0 ziskavan6z termoplastickfch
ako PP, PES, Co-PES,Co-PPa s0 dostupa kopolym6rov
n6 v dvoch variant6ch:
A) jadrosa tavi pri 165 'C, pla5tpri 128 'C a tieZniZSich,
napr.
FirmaDyStarzavildzaprv6 fluorescendn6farbivona
svete
100"c
2002,
8US/NESS,12,577,December,
AS/ANTEXTILE
B)jadrosa tavi pri 256 'C, plaStpri 128 'C a tieZniZSich,
napr.
str.64
reaktivneho
nivoj prv6hofluorescen6n6ho
Firmaohlasila
Fluorescent
Yellow ObevariantyA i B su dostupn6v 6 typochpre 16znepoufarbivaprecelul6zov6
vldkna,Remazol
Zitie.Dl2kavldkienpre vfrobu pavu6inyje od 40 do 60 mm,
FL.MoZno
ho kombinovat
so v5etklmiRemazolovlimifarbivamia farbivami
LevafixCA a pouZitichvo vy{ahovacom,o r e k l a d e n i ev z d u c h o ma l e b ov o d o uo d 3 d o 1 2 m m .
procese
pad-batch
farbenia.
iv kontinudlnom
Md
zastudena
pracov- Nov6 vl5kno Kermel Tech
prevysokoviditel'ne
Splfruje
Standardy
dobr6stdlosti.
52, 2, April,2002,
terazfarbit CHEMICALF/BERS INTERNATIONAL,
n6 a Sportov6
oSatenie
i prem6du.TaktomoZno
str. 98
zmesicelul6zovlich
vl6kiens PESa nylonom.
Europa:Programjemnostichemickfchvl6kien
ZApadnA
pre netkan6textilie2002
CHEMICALF/BERSINTERNATIONAL, 52,1, FebruAr,2002,
str.7-8,10
vldkien
vlirobcovia
chemickfch
Formou
tabulkys0 uvedeni
ZApadnej
Eur6pypre vfrobu netkanlichtextilii.U kaZd6ho
hmotvldknaje uvedenfvlirobca,obchodnAznacka,
dlZkova
vldkiena ichkonednost(jemnost)
a dlZkastrihuvyrdbanSich
(typnetkanfchtextilii).
n6 pouZitie
V prehl'ade
s[ uvedenl
polyesteuj'robcovia
visk6zor4ich,
mod6lovyich,
lyocelouj'ch,
idovlich,aramido47ch,polyimidovfch, akryrovfch, polyam
PTFE
bikomponentnlich,
lovfch, polypropyl6novfch,
vlAkien.
a kovovlich
Vfsledkomdlhorocn6hor4iskumufirmyRhodiaKermelSA,
Francfzskoje novepolyimido-amidov6
vldknoKermelTech,
ktor6 sphia poZiadavkyna tepeln0a chemickriodolnos{pre
technick6aplikdcie.Vldkno md uj'nimodn6vlastnosti:vysovysokd
kd odolnosfvo6i kyselineslroveja chlorovodikovej,
pevnosta taZnostzvld5tvhodn6pre plste,extr6mnaodolnost
tahu d6leZitdpre filtrdciu,prevddzkovd
vodi mechanick6mu
neZu ostatteplota200'C (tepelndodolnostje o15o/ovySSia
vldkien),vrchol prevddzkovejteplotyje
nlch nehorl'avlich
privysokfchteplotdchje
240'C. Vldknos dlhouZivotnostou
vhodn6pre filtrdciuhortcich plynov,elektrickriizol{ciu za
vysokyich
tepl6t,pre kompozitys tepelnouodolnostoua odolnostouvodiohiu.
Vl6kno X-Staticod Noble Fiber Technologies
CHEMI CAL FIBERSIN TERNATI ON AL, 52, 2, Aprll,2002,
VfrobachemickfchvlSkienv 2005
52,2, April,2002, str. 98
CHEMICALFIBERSINTERNATIONAL,
je vfrobAmerickdspolocnostNobleFiberTechnologies
str.72
nitiz nekonecn;ich
vldkien.Spolo6nost
Podl'apredpovedi
vl6- com polyamidovlich
sa zuiSirodnevfrobachemicklich
kieno 5,30kna44mil.tonv r. 2005.Pokrok
sadosiahne
zis- vyvinulapostupv 6lenenikovov6hostriebrado polyamidopolyesterov
vldkien,
a polyolefi- vej bdzy.Vlirobokje vel'mivhodnlipre pouZitiev potravindrkamiu syntetickfch
najmdi
priemyslea pri vfrobe liekov.Vldknoje
nov,zatial'do
trhs celul6zovfmi
vl6knami
sa budezniZovat. skoma drogistickom
(eliminuje
bakt6rie,ktor6sp6sobuj0zdpach
vldkienv r. 2005zvii5isvojpodielna antimikrobidlne
Spotreba
chemickfch
presun a pliesne),nie je toxick6,neobsahujechemikdlieani pestispotreby
vldkien.Budepretrvdvat
65 o/oz celkovej
qirobydoAzie,predovSetklim
do Ciny,JuZnejK6reia Tchaj- cidy, je schopn6 prenosutepla, je antistatick6a lie2 vyuZiV telh6 v terapiivdaka vodivfm vlastnostiam.
wanu.Druh00roveizahrfruje
India,Indonezia
a Thajsko.
vldkienpodtabulkes[ uveden6
hodnoty
vfrobychemict<rj'ch
FiberVisions:Nov6 mPP mikrovl6kna
I'aoblastiv r. 1990,2000a 2005.
CHEMICAL FIBERS IN TERNATIONAL, 52, 2, April,2002,
str.52
DuPont:Nov6flu6rkopolym6rov6
vl6kno
firiemAtofina(Belgicko)
a FiberVisions
F/BEFSINTERNATIONAL,
Ulohouspoluprdce
CHEMICAL
52, 2, April,2002,
(DAnskob
) o l o o p t i m a l i z o v apt o d m i e n k ys p r a c o v a n i ap r e
str.74
Americkli
uirobcavl6kienDuPontpredstavil
novevlSkno vlirobujemnejSichPP vldkiena vfvoj polym6ru,ktoryiby bol
na bdzifluorkopolym6ru,
ktor6pontikavynikaj0cu
odolnost p o u Z i t !p r e t e p e l n 6p o j e n i e .P o l y m e r i z d c ipar o p y l 6 n us a
je chemicky
podmienkam,
za pritomnosti
katalyzdtora,
v tomtopripadesl
vodipoveternostnym
inertn6,
so uskutodhuje
pri Ziegler-Nattove
katalyz6tory
nahraden6metallocennymi
kaZivotnostou
znilenymkoeficientom
treniaa dlhodobou
v beZ- talyzdtormi,ktor6 umoZriujri u25iudistribIciumolekuldrnej
teplotdch
nad150'C. Vldknoje I'ahkospracovatel'n6
pri
(tkanie,pletenie,
nfchtextilnfchtechnol6gi6ch
Sitie)a je do- hmotnostipolymeru.T6tovlastnostzlepSujekonzistenciu
stupn6farben6v hmotev rozsahujemnostiod 'l3 do 110 zvldknovania umoZnuje4irobu vldkiens menSimpriemerom.
'1,5
Vldknosa vyrdbav jemnostiach1,0: 1,2 a
dtex,s pevdtex.
Fil.Va: Nov6trojkomponentn6
vl6knapre netkan6
textilie
CHEMICALFIBERS INTERNATIONAL, 52, 2, Aprit,2002,
str.98
Vldkna a textll 11 (3) 112-113 (2004\
nosti3,0-3,5cNidtexa 200-300 %-noutaZnostou.Dal5ie
vlastnostivldkiensrl uvedendv tabulkec. 1. V tabulke6. 2
si uveden6vlastnostinetkanlchtextilii.Vldknosa spracovdva predovSetkymna vyrobu tepelne pojenyichtextiliipre
detskeplienky,ddmskevloZky,a na vlTroburfn kladen;ich
za mokraore filtradnlmateridlv.
113