Ultra Fast Charging Lithium Battery Market - Shmuel De

Ultra Fast Charging
Lithium Battery Market
October 2012
Shmuel De-Leon
[email protected]
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What is Ultra Fast Charging?
Empty to Full in as little time as possible
Re-charging a battery within 5 min (more than 10C Rate)
Slow Charge
Quick Charge
Fast Charge
Ultra Fast
Charge
<C/3
C/3<, <2C
>2C
>10C
Fast
Charging
Slow
Charging
2
What is a High Power Cell
• A cell capable of delivering most of its capacity at “High” rate (>10C)
• These cell has a large surface area between Anode and Cathode
allowing them to decrease internal resistance and to deliver high
power (Spiral Construction)
• Energy density is low relatively to high energy cells as the high
power cell less active material
• Some of the high power cells has an advantage of capably to be
charge fast
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How To Define Ultra Fast Charging
Lithium Cells
Ultra High Power Lithium Cells
Max constant discharge current
>20C
Power weight density at max constant
discharge current
>2000 W/kg
Max pulse discharge current
>40C
Ultra Fast charging
>=10C
Max constant discharge current capacity/
1C constant discharge current capacity
>80%
4
What are the Options When Battery
Run Time is Insufficient?
Extra Batteries
Battery Swap
Fast Charging
More battery weight and
volume
More batteries for swap
stations
No extra batteries are
needed!!!
Powerful chargers or longer
charge time to fill the batteries
Suitable only for “standard”
size batteries
High Power chargers needed
High costs due to extra
batteries and more powerful
chargers
Special and expensive swap
machines
Complicated thermal battery
management system for safety
reasons
Very high costs due to extra
batteries and swap machines
More power from the grid
Faster battery degradation
High costs for “special”
batteries and powerful chargers
5
Why are We Always Thinking “Fully
Charge”
• Empty to Full in as little time as possible
o We should remember that
batteries are not often empty
– We rarely fully charge them!!!
• We also rarely need a full charge for our mission!!!
• Adaptive Charging – Standard charge when possible and Fast or
Ultra Fast only when it is necessary.
Energy is like money – we always want more even
if we don’t need it
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Example of Battery Markets Served by
Ultra Fast Charging
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
x-EVs – especially BEVs.
Electric bikes.
Smart grid energy storage.
High power tools.
Engine/generator starter.
Elevator energy recycle.
Why Can’t We Ultra Fast Charge
“Standard” Lithium Batteries?
1. Lithium Graphite Anode accepts the lithium ions at a slow rate
although the Cathode can transfer them at a faster rate.
2. During ultra fast charging the cell faces deposition of lithium
metal in the form of dendrites or as a high surface area film
over the Anode.
3. Leads to very fast capacity degradation and increase of internal
impedance.
4. Leads to safety problems like internal short circuit and
explosion when the dendrites reach the cathode.
Fast discharge is easy like going down stairs.
Fast charge is difficult like climbing stairs.
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What Happened When Ultra Fast Charging
Imply to a “Standard” Battery
• Reduce End of charge energy
Batteries Suffer
from Slow Ion and
electron transport
• Reduce charging efficiency
• Generate more heat during charge
• Charging Safety become a concern
• Generate Irreversible capacity lose
• Depredate Cycle and calendar life
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Rechargeable Lithium Chemistries that
can be Ultra Fast Charged
1. Lithium Titanate (LTO) – fast Anode kinetics. Anode voltage is
far from the voltage needed to deposit metallic lithium, thus
smaller probability for metallic lithium deposition over the
anode - Low energy density.
2. Lithium Iron Phosphate (LPF) – Nano Materials lower cell
voltage - Low energy density and faster self discharge.
3. Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO) – only Saft cells are spirally
designed to have a large Anode and Cathode surface area– thus
lowering internal impedance.
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Lithium Titanate Battery
• Lithium Manganese Oxide Spinel Cathode - LMO
• Lithium Titanate Oxide Anode – LTO
Advantages
Very Long Cycle Life
Disadvantages
Low cell voltage 1.9-2.4v
High charge/discharge rates
Lower energy than carbon
anodes
Higher cost per Kwh
Very temperature tolerant
High safety
Public domain technology
Toshiba Lithium Titanate
Rechargeable Battery - SCiB
• Recharges to 90% of full capacity in less than 5 minutes.
• Excellent safety because of high level anode stability.
• 6000 cycles of full D.O.D. to 90% of initial capacity.
• Low temperature discharge from -30C.
• Available on the Schwinn Tailwind E-Bike and EV projects
with VW, Mitsubishi and Honda.
2.4Voc/ 4.2Ah
65 Wh/Kg
131 wh/l
650 W/Kg
1316 W/l
VW &
Toshiba
Toshiba Super Charge Lithium Ion
Battery - SCiB
http://www.toshiba.com/ind/data/tag_files/SCiB_Brochure_5383.pdf
A123 LiFePO4 Rechargeable Batteries
•
•
•
•
•
•
Cylindrical and soft package cells.
High power density 3000 W/Kg (100C).
5-minute charge time possible on some models.
Safer technology.
3.3V working voltage.
Excellent cycle life - Thousands of cycles.
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Saft – Very High Power Cells
• Specially designed for high power.
• Can be charged in 4-10 min.
http://www.saftbatteries.com/doc/Documents/defence/Cube769/VL12V_0510.c
49bfef4-fb6b-4469-a620-d3ca7f6e6c5c.pdf
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From the Academy
• University of Illinois research group led by Prof Paul Braun has
developed an innovative three - dimensional nanostructure cathode
that enables faster charging and discharging without sacrificing
energy storage capacity.
http://braungroup.beckman.illinois.edu/PaulBraun.html
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Ultra Fast Charging Should Get More
Attention…
• Ultra Fast Charging enable smaller and lighter battery pack.
• There are very limited lithium ultra fast charging cell models on the
market.
• Current cell models have a lower weight energy density - only 65-108
Wh/Kg in comparison to 130-170 Wh/Kg of standard high power cells.
• A new Nano-Materials, electrochemical couples and high surface
area cells design should be develop for having a better charging
rates.
A small “payment” in + Ultra fast
Energy Density
Charging
=
EV Driving Range
Solution
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Thank You for Your Attention
Shmuel De-Leon Energy, Ltd.
Mazal Arie 10, Hod-Hasharon, Israel 45309
Tel/Fax: 972-77-5010792, Mobile: 972-52-8601517
www.sdle.co.il, www.batteriesdatabase.com
[email protected]
Information on this presentation was obtained by:
1. Public web sources.
2. Shmuel De-Leon Battery/Energy Sources DataBase ® (Includes 30,000 cell PDF
data sheets).
3. Shmuel De-Leon Batteries & Fuel Cells Seminar ® presentations.
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