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Vol. XXI, No. I
January - March’ 15
Glimpses of BES Expo 2015
Contents
Vol. XXI, No. I
BES Review
January'15 - March’15
Editorial Board
Chairman
Ashish Bhatnagar
Member
A. Shanmugam-Advisor
M.S. Duhan
Meenakshi Singhvi
O.P. Rajpurohit
Pradeep Mehra
Sunil Bhatia
Published by :
P. K. Singh, Hon. Secretary,
on behalf of
Broadcast Engineering Society (India)
912, Surya Kiran Building,
19, K.G. Marg, New Delhi-110001
Tel. : + 91-11- 23316709
Fax : + 91-11- 23316710
E-mail : [email protected]
Printed at :
Pragati Creations
27/1B, Dilshad Garden Ind. Area,
G.T. Road, Delhi-110095
e-mail : [email protected]
Ph.: 011-22596695, 9312438440
Views expressed by authors are their
own and may not be that of BES(I)
Editorial
2
From the President
3
BES Council 2014-2016
4
Report : BES Expo 2015
- I. I. George
6
Anatomy and Agility of TV & Radio Signals: The Digital Epoch of
Terrestrial Broadcasting
- M.S. Duhan
11
Interactive Multimedia Services: IBB Technologies and standards
- Dr. Amal Punchihewa
16
Implementing Cloud Services – A case study
- S. Venkataraman
21
Image acquisition solutions for the next generation broadcasting...
-Klaus Weber
26
Role of Broadcasting during Disasters
- J M Kharche
31
Magical LAMBDA λg
- Dr. S. Raghavan
34
RAVENNA- Real-time Audio Video Enhanced Next-generation
Network Architecture
36
Photovoltaics: Solar Electricity and Solar Cells
-A. Chitra
42
Lip Sync Problems in Television
- S. S. Bindra
48
Adieu SW Radio!
- E. Venkitakrishnan
50
Report : Ahmedabad Chapter
-Workshop on “TV on Web :Emerging Trends”
54
Report : Pune Chapter
55
News from Broadcasting World
-By Meenakshi Singhvi
56
Corporate Members
62
New Members
64
Editorial
Dear Friends,
First quarter of 2015 was a treat for Broadcasters. Members of Broadcast
st
industry and eminent Talkers met at BES Expo 2015 – the 21 International
Conference and Exhibition on Terrestrial Satellite Broadcasting at New
Delhi in mid January. The Expo was inaugurated by Mr. Arun Jaitley,
Minister of Finance, Corporate Affairs and Information &Broadcasting,
Government of India in presence of top officials of Ministry and Prasar
Bharati. The Conference on the theme “Social Media Broadcast – New
Opportunities” was attended by about 800 Delegates and saw 44 eminent
National and International speakers. The exhibition was visited by over 4000
Professionals and Media enthusiasts and showcased products, technologies
of over 300 companies from 20 countries.
The first Quarter also witnessed commissioning of DRM Radio Transmitters
at few locations in India thus accelerating the digital radio revolution in the
country. Progressing towards the big FMisation of its network, AIR
commissioned some more FM Transmitters. One of the great news in FM
Radio industry is announcement of roll out of Phase III FM Radio service to
about 227 new cities. TV technology in the country also advanced with
progressive installation of digital terrestrial TV Transmitters at few more
locations.
Apart from bringing a comprehensive report of the BES Expo 2015 and
important developments in the world of broadcasting, this issue of BES
Review brings to you articles on varied broadcasting topics from selected
experts from the world.
Extending our best wishes to you and your family members on the occasion
of Indian New Years' Day – Ugadi-Telugu, Putthandu-Tamil, Gudi PadwaMarathi, Baisakhi-Punjabi, Cheiroba-Manipur, Pohela Boishakh-Bengali,
Bohagali Bihu-Assam, Vishu-Malayalee, Navreh-Kashmiri, Cheti ChandSindhi and alike, We will look forward for your valuable comments on the
Journal, which will help us improve it further.
Ashish Bhatnagar
[email protected]
2
From the President
Dear Friends,
I am interacting with you, after successful organising the BES Expo-2015
and Public Service Broadcasting Day 2014. The efforts made by BES were
encouraged and praised by the Hon'ble peace prize winner Shri Kailash
Satyarathi and Hon'ble Minister of Finance, Corporate Affairs, Information
and Broadcasting Minister, Shri. Arun Jaitleyji. The changes made during
the conferences were liked by all key persons and hon .members.
I am happy to share with you that BES Expo-2015 will be organised on a new
venue, hotel Kempinski Ambience in New Delhi, during first week of
February 2015 (4th to 6th Feb). This hotel is a five star hotel is a well
connected by road and metro in Delhi. Many international seminars and
exhibitions are being held in this hotel for last many years.
This year the theme for 2016 will be related with the multiple delivery
platforms of digital broadcasting and media, particularly related with OTT
and live streaming and cloud technology. The council of members are
working on various things related with seminars and exhibitions for 2016. I
am sure that this BES Expo 2016 will touch the new horizon.
It is my pleasure to see that this issue of BES review got articles on various
subjects related with new technology and practical problems. I congratulate
the whole editorial team for their excellent work for bringing this issue again
in time and hope the readers will enjoy this journal.
With best wishes
O.K. Sharma
[email protected]
3
BES (I) Council 2014-2016
Name
Designation
Mobile / E-mail
O.K. Sharma
President
Addl. Director General (E)
AIR & DD
8750451819
[email protected]
A.K. Dixit
Immediate Past President
Former Engineer-in-Chief
Doordarshan
9958581560
[email protected]
R.K. Sinha
Past President
Former Engineer-in-Chief
Doordarshan
9868631895
[email protected]
I.I.George
Vice President
AIR & DD
9868233470
[email protected]
Om Prakash Rajpurohit
Vice President
Asstt. Engineer
Doordarshan
9414251557
[email protected]
Pravin Kumar Singh
Hon. Secretary
Director (Engg.)
All India Radio
9968993838
[email protected]
R.C. Bhatnagar
Hon. Treasurer
Former Addl. Director
General (Engg.), DD
9968296792
[email protected]
A.V Swaminathan
Council Member
Former Chief Engineer
AIR & DD
9811470018
[email protected]
Deepak Joshi
Council Member
Dy. Director General (E)
All India Radio
9435032256
[email protected]
Meenakshi Singhvi
Council Member
Dy. Director (E)
All India Radio
9426302816
[email protected]
N. Thiyagrajan
Council Member
AIR & DD
9445562769
[email protected]
Anila Shah
Council Member
Asstt. Engineer
Doordarshan
9825956386
[email protected]
V. Appakutty
Council Member
AIR & DD
9444015580
[email protected]
S.S Bindra
Council Member
AIR & DD
9899968022
[email protected]
K. Murugan
Council Member
Director (Engg.)
All India Radio
9971159629
[email protected]
P.S. Shrivastava
Council Member
Director (Engg.)
Doordarshan
9419171731
[email protected]
Dinesh Pratap Singh
Council Member
Director (Engg.)
Doordarshan
9868103141
[email protected]
Neeraj Goel
Council Member
Dy. Director General (E)
All India Radio
9968326123
[email protected]
P.S. Sundram
Permanent Invitee
CMD, Technomedia
9811197746
[email protected]
Animesh Chakraborty
Permanent Invitee
Engineer-in-Chief
All India Radio
9871178429
[email protected]
N.A. Khan
Permanent Invitee
Engineer-in-Chief,
Doordarshan
9871345550
[email protected],
[email protected]
Saurabh Sanyal
Co-opted Member
Executive Director, PHD
Chamber of Commerce
9650225333
[email protected]
Rakesh Aggarwal
Co-opted Member
Director
M/s. Comcon
9810298552
[email protected]
4
Local Chapters
Chapter
Chairperson
Hon. Secretary
Hon. Treasurer
Tel. No. /E-mail.
1) Ahmedabad
Chandira J.K.
A.K. Gupta
Ramesh Tele
9426513961
[email protected]
2) Bangalore
Anil Mangalgi
A. Hanumant
Sanjeev K.P.
9448490241
[email protected]
3) Bhubaneshwar
L.K. Pradhan
A.C. Subudhi
N. Jethi
9437073498
4) Chennai
S.K. Aggarwal
K V Ramachandran
P Bhoopathy
[email protected]
5) Jaipur
H. P. Meena
O.P. Rajpurohit
K.C. Jani
9413331405
[email protected]
6) Kolkatta
Ved Prakash (Officiating) Ved Prakash
Soumitra Kumar Deb
-
7) Hyderabad
M.B.S. Purushottam
Er. Nuli Namassivaya
R. Janardhan Rao
+91-9869489551
[email protected]
8) Mumbai
S.C. Khasgiwal
P.K. Sharma
P.S. Khurana
[email protected]
9) Thanjavur
Ms A. Chitra
S. Periandavar
G. Muthukrishnan
[email protected]
10)Thiruvananthapuram
-
-
-
-
11) Pune
Ashish Bhatnagar
Ashok Kale
Ravindra Rajnekar
+91-9421053428
[email protected]
12) Guwahati
MS Ansari
R.C. Boro
-
-
BES Committees
S. No. Name of Commitees
Chairman
Co- Chairman/Members
1.
BES EXPO Event (Conference)
I.I. George
N Thiagarajan, M.S Duhan, J.K. Chandira,
Ms. Meenakshi Singhvi, Devesh Kumar, Rajender Kumar
2.
BES EXPO Event (Exhibition)
D. P. Singh
A.V. Swaminathan
3.
BES Review
Ashish Bhatnagar
M.S. Duhan, Ms. Meenakshi Singhvi, O.P. Rajpurohit,
Pradeep Mehra, Sunil Bhatia
4.
Website Management
K. Murugan
Neeral Goel, V. R. Hari, P. Narayanan, Alpana Pande
5.
BES Awards
N. Thiagarajan
V. Sitaram, V. Srinivasvardan
6.
Constitution Committee
V. Appakutty
R. Vardadrajan, S.Ramesh
7.
New Member Induction
S.C. Khasgiwal
A.V. Swaminathan
8.
Seminar and Lectures
Deepak Joshi
Ms. Meenakshi Singhvi, Devesh, K.Murugan,
Rajesh Chandra, Anila Shah Chaudhry
9.
Innovative Ideas
P.S. Shrivastava
Anil Khandelwal, B.G. Nair
10.
Local Chapters
O.P. Rajpurohit
Ms. A. Chtra T. Rajendiran, Nuli Namassivayam,
Pradip K Sharma
5
REPORT
BES Expo 2015
I. I. George
Introduction
by Prasar Bharati, ABU Malaysia, Society of Broadcast
Engineers, U.S.A. Ministry of Communications & IT
and IETE. The theme of this year's conference was the
“Social Media and Broadcasting – New Opportunities”.
This Annual event which is the largest broadcasting
engineering exposition and conference in this part of the
sub-continent was conducted most successfully. The
function was attended by more than 800 broadcasting
professionals, media representatives and visitors. The
Hon'ble Minister while inaugurating the event
highlighted the role of social media and new
technologies in the competing broadcasting arena.
The Broadcast Engineering Society (India) organised
BES EXPO 21st International Conference & Exhibition
on Terrestrial and Satellite Broadcasting from 15 to 17
January in Hall 12A, PragatiMaidan, New Delhi. The
expo was inaugurated by Mr. Arun Jaitley, Minister of
Finance, Corporate Affairs and Information &
Broadcasting in the presence of Mr. Rajyavardhan
Singh Rathore, Minister of State for Information &
Broadcasting, Mr. Bimal Julka, Secretary, Ministry of
Information & Broadcasting and Dr. A. Surya Prakash,
Chairman, Prasar Bharati.
Mr. Ajay Vidyasagar, Regional Director, Youtube
Partnerships Asia Pacific delivered the keynote address.
He emphasised the role of social media which has come
Approved by ITPO as an international event, the expo
was endorsed by IABM and DRM, U.K. and supported
6
th
th
held on 16 & 17 January, 2015 on following session
themes:• Social Media and Broadcasting – Thou are great.
• Resurgence of Terrestrial.
• Audio Visual Repository – An imperative asset of
broadcasters.
• Challenging Content for Broadcast Revenue in New
forward as an alternate form of broadcasting with
millions of viewers across the world. He also elaborated
with examples how a new form of content generation is
taking over the conventional medium of broadcasting.
He summed up with the following observations that the
audience which he termed as fans, ignore borders,
ignores time slots, pay tributes and become talents for
content generation.
Broadcast engineering society also gave away award for
technical excellence in the fields of broadcast
technology. These were awarded to the outstanding
contributors by Mr. Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore,
Minister of State for Information & Broadcasting.
•
•
•
•
Platforms.
Over the Air to Over the Top.
Ultra - Breaking the ice.
Make in India – Opportunities for Manufacturers.
Broadcasting as an Effective Social Power.
Each session with five speakers on various topics made
the session very rich and quiet interactive. The
individual topics of all the sessions were most relevant
and current in the broadcast technology and production.
All sessions were attended by large number of delegates
which made the conference very successful. Some of
the informed speakers remarked that “It is amazing to
see such large number of participating delegates which
is rarely seen elsewhere”. The details of the sessions,
topics, speakers are given in the annexure. Conference
Conference
BES Conference is a star attraction of BES Expo. About
800 delegates attended the conference during this year.
There were eight conference sessions and one tutorial
session in this year conference.
There were 44 speakers in this conference, of them
about 20 were from outside India. The main conference
7
proceedings were brought out in hard copies as well as
in CD and made available to the delegates during the
conference.
Exhibition
Exhibition, the star attraction of BES Expo was visited
by about 4000 Broadcast Professionals, Engineers,
Media Personnel's, Engineering students and media
13 new companies participated in this year's expo which
indicates that there is an increasing awareness and
business interest in the BES Exhibition by the
manufacturers from abroad. Wide publicity was given
about the exhibition through direct mailing, contacts,
emails and SMSs to attract media personnel. The event
and inaugural part of the exposition was covered by
print and electronic media which added more publicity
for the exhibition. Major broadcasting equipment
manufacturers from all over the world showcased their
latest equipment in the exhibition which was both
beneficial to the delegates as well as to broadcast
professionals as a whole. The media industry in India is
a multi-million dollar market and this type of product
exhibition will definitely create awareness and develop
business in the field of broadcasting in the time to come.
students. Spread over an area of over 5,000 sqm, the
exhibition, held concurrently with the conference, was
also a great success with over 300 companies from 20
countries displaying the latest broadcast products and
technologies from across the world directly or through
their dealers in India. Exhibiting companies included,
among others, Argosy, Aveco, Broadcast Electronics,
Canon, Digigram, Dolby, Exir Broadcasting, FOR-A,
Grass Valley, Ikegami, Imagine Communications,
Nautel, Octopus News, Orban, Rohde & Schwarz,
Sennheiser Electronics, Sony and Western Digital.
There were appreciable increase in the number of
exhibitors from abroad in this year's expo. There were
Next year's BES EXPO-2016will be held from 4 to 6
Feb 2016 at Hotel Kempenski Ambience, Delhi.
I I George
Chairman Conference Committee
Vice President, Broadcast Engineering Society (India)
8
BES Conference 2015
-
DVB 2 Chips – Mendy Segal
Social Media and Broadcasting- New opportunities
-
DRM integration in transmitters – Simon Keens,
Ampegon
-
DRM+ The Future of FMJohn Abdnour, Nautel
-
DVB T2 Transmtter – Hideyuki TANABE -NEC
Sessions and topics
15th Jan 2015
1000 -1230 hrs Inauguration
Key Note Speakers- Ajay Vidyasagar - You tube
Session 3, 1400 to 1530 hrs – Audiovisual
Repository - An Imperative Asset of Broadcasters
1400 -1600 Hrs Tutorial session
Chairman : VK Jain, ADG(P), DD
Chairman : Animesh Chakraborty, EinC AIR
-
Content everywhere – cloud based networks Tapan Acharya, Akmai
-
Audio Video archival – Ankurjain
-
Monetising Archives- Sanjay,Media Guru
-
Next generation broadcast networks- Steven
Soenens, Newtec
-
Media Asset Management- Pedro Gomez – TedialMedia guru
-
DRM Disaster management- ChristophLessnau,
DRM
-
FM Combiner Techniques- MAGNUS WIBERG,
Elixir
-
High Frame Rate Cameras 6X & 4K-OeffelanVan,
Grass Valley
-
DVBT2 Indian Perspective- MS Duhan,
Doordarsan
-
An introduction to multi-channel audio post
production (Work flows and best practises)
Vikram Joglekar and Jayant Shah,
Chairman- RC Gopal, Director All India Radio
Dolby
-
Content production- new horizons Ashok Ogra
16th Jan 2015
-
Session 1, 0930 to 1100 hrs - Social Media and
Broadcasting- Thou are great
Challenging Content for broadcast revenues –
Paritosh Joshi
-
Remote production and live multimedia delevaryStephane Jauroyou
-
Beyond HD – Eric- Rhode and Schwarz
Session 4, 1600 to 1730 hrs – Challenging Content
for broadcast revenues in new platforms
Chairman : AK Dixit, Former Ein C, Doordarsan
-
The rise of social media and second screen
technology- Prasant Arya, Google
17th Jan 2015
-
Where does broadcast fit in an IP centric world?
Anuj Malhotra, Imimobile
Session 1, 0930 to 1100 hrs – Over the air to over
the top (OTT)
-
Broadcast meet broadband- Dr.Amal Punchihewa,
ABU
Chairman : Dr.Amal Punchihewa, ABU , Tech.
Director ABU
-
Commotion- The second screen for Radio- Tim
Bealor, BE
-
OTT - Zulfakkar Ali, Envivo
-
-
Cyber security-Dr Muktesh Chander, IPS
OTT and IPTV competing or complementing
Jayakumar, Mmiyacomm
Session 2, 1130 to 1300 hrs – Resurgence of
Terrestrial
-
IP based audio distribution – Vincent DefretinTelos/Sound4
Chairman : NA Khan, E-in-C, DD
-
OTT - M.K. Seth, Principal General Manager,
ALTTC/RP Singh
-
Delivering content in the hyper connected world -
-
Revitalisation of Radio – Ruxandra Obreja
9
Akmai
-
Session 2, 1130 to 1300 hrs – Ultra HD, Breaking
the ice
Chips for terrestrial receivers- NXP
Semiconductors
-
Chairman : Dr. Sandeep Sancheti, VC- Manipal
University
Future for DRM radio Receiver manufacturers in
India – Subbu
-
Digital Radio for Indian automotive marketMs.Chandrika-Visteon
-
4k/8k production and storage Mr.Trevor Francis,
Quantel
Session 4, 1600 to 1730 hrs – Broadcasting as an
effective social power
New era of compression technologies- John
Femin, Ateme
-
DVB-SX what's new? Steven SoenensNewtec
-
Immersive sound- Mark Pascoe
-
Mobile TV-DVBT2 Solution- Hirabayashi
Katsuki, Sony devices
Chairman : P S Sundaram, Technomedia
Session 3, 1400 to 1530 hrs – Make in India –
Opportunities for manufacturers
-
Community Radio A to Z - Archana- President
Community Radio assosciation
-
Disaster management – Role of broadcasting
media- Neeraj&Kharche
-
TV White space opportunities and challenges in
India- Hemant Malapur, Saankhya Labs
Chairman : Ms. R. Jaya, Joint Secretary, MIB
-
Receiving devices- Ankit Aggaral
BES AWARDS
Sl.No
AWARD
CATEGORY
AWARDEES
DETAIL OF WORK
1
Dr. Vassumal Hazarimal
Merani Award
Best technical Innovative work in
the field of digital technology
related to broadcasting
Shri M.H.Chowdhary, AE
Shri K .G.Rajeev, EA
Shri R.K.Jain EA
DDK, Ahmadabad
A Low Cost Digital
Archive System
2
Padmavati Ganesan Award
Outstanding work in Broadcasting
II George ADG
V.Rabby EA AIR Alleppey
Transmitter Fault
Monitoring and
Messaging System
3
Mukul N. Trivedi Award
Best Technical innovation in the
engineering field of All India Radio
and Doordarshan
Gajendra Singh Chouhan AE
DDMC Bilwara
Development of Indigenous
system for nitrogen gas
charging in liquid coolant
circuit of R&S transmitters
4
Venkateshwarlu Nori Award
Outstanding Trainer in Broadcast
Engineering
Shri.Rajender Kumar
Director (E), NABM
10
Anatomy and Agility of TV & Radio
Signals: The Digital Epoch of
Terrestrial Broadcasting
M.S. Duhan
Introduction:
As consumers are confronted with plurality of options
with various signal distribution technologies, the
broadcasting continues to thrive and prove time and
again its tenacity when all else fails. Broadcasting is a
highly efficient medium when it comes to spectrum
usage – its one-to-many network architecture
transmitting one signal to many receivers, its service
area spanning hundreds of square miles. In the
broadcasting process everybody watches the same
content at the same time and it guarantees everybody the
same high level of service, since they are all bathed in
the same signal, while in telcos the signal quality
depends upon number of subscriber at given time. It is
the fundamental requirement for the nation that the
widest possible dissemination of information from
diverse and antagonistic sources is essential to the
welfare of the public. Digital Terrestrial TV(DTT) is the
essence of reliable and agile broadcasting.
As
broadcasters, it is primary job to make sure that signals
are available on every device and everywhere – Big
screen fixed TV, small screen smartphones, laptops,
tablets – and of course, multiple channels of digital TV.
The irony here is that the wireless industry covets
broadcasting spectrum so that they can deliver video as
efficiently as broadcasting's one-to-many architecture,
but their networks can never truly achieve this, no
matter how much spectrum they obtain. The data size of
video and audio is reducing and distribution capability
of DTT is increasing to meet distribution requirements.
This paper provides complete anatomy of digital bits of
DTT and focus on how DTT can be agile.
platforms for distribution of Radio and TV Signals. The
Digital Terrestrial Television(DTT) has high potential in
distribution of Video and Audio signals and that is why
'no country in world has disbanded Terrestrial TV' albeit
Analogue Transmitters have been replaced/upgraded
with Digital Transmitters.
Because of the strength of the broadcast infrastructure
and the power of the airwaves, local stations are often
the only available communications medium during
disaster situations, when wireless networks can be
unreliable. Further it is crucial to broadcasting's mission
of delivering highly-valued services to local
communities. Regional and Local content delivery is
most attractive and viable options with DTT. Example
of number of Terrestrial TV Transmitters in few
countries are as : Italy (24000), U.K(1556),
Russia(7306), USA(2218),Vietnam(61),China (3240),
India(1416). Though the content is King but the
distribution is God.
Digital Terrestrial Systems and Standards:
The major DTT standards are ISDB-T, CMMB, ATSC,
DVB. The details like modulation, BW, Data Capacity,
C/N and spectral efficiency of each of major Digital
Terrestrial Standard is tabulated as below:Standard
Modulation
Bandwidth
Data
(Mbps)
C/N
(Gauss dB)
Spectral
Efficiency
ISDB-T
(Japan)
QPSK/
64 QAM
6 MHz
0.416+16.87
=17.27
5.5/ 19.4
2.88
CMMB
(China)
QPSK
8 MHz
4.37
1.6
0.55
ATSC
(USA)
8 VSB
6 MHz
19.29
15
3.22
Why DTT?
DVB-T
(Europe)
64QAM
8 MHz
24.88
18.9
3.11
Even in the presence of huge number of DTH and Cable
TV Channels, a strong Terrestrial platform is critical to
healthy competition in the TV and Radio market and to
the realisation of a wide range of social and cultural
benefits and most essentially an all weather reliable
DVB –T2
(Europe)
256 QAM
8 MHz
40.2
17.8
5.03
DVB- T2+
T2- lite
(Europe)
256
QAM(Fix)+
QPSK(Mob)
8MHz
33.36+1.02
=34.38
17.8 /0.7
4.3
11
April'14 - September’14
Anatomy of Digital bits of TV & Radio:
The data rate of each programme channel depends on
various content considerations, resolution and type of
end receiver. These are briefly described as below:
i). The contents variations may be like “Near static (e.g.
near static shots, News, TV shows)”, “Slow and uniform
motion (e.g. documentary channels)”, “Dynamic
motion (soccer) (e.g. sports, action movies)”, “Very
dynamic and complex motion
(e.g. complex
transitions, frequent scene cuts and occlusions)” etc.
The bit rate for each of above will be different and as
such type of content has bearing on deciding the
programme data rate.
ii). There are the different screen size being used by
public like 4 ", 5" for mobile and 14” , 19”, 32”, 42”,
48”, 81” etc. for fixed TV. The resolution and bit rate
depends on type of contents and screen size. Generally
the requirement may be the following:
a. Mobile TV(4” & 5” Size): 380x240 or 384x216 =
300- 400 kbps (for standard contents) and 480x270 =>
500-600 kbps (for difficult contents) using MPEG 4H.264. The data rate will be halved if HEVC: H-265
compression is used.
iv). Possible Options:Generally the number of
Programme channels depends upon RF Profile of DTT
and type of compression. Few possible scenarios with
MPEG 4 are as below:Scenario 1: Only Mobile reception for SDTV
programming services, using DVB-T2 Lite mode ;8 -10
SDTV programmes can be relayed for low resolution
smart phones and tablets.
b. For Big Screen fixed reception: generally 720x480i
and 720x576i are used in SDTV and 1280x720 and
1920x1080(Interlaced or Progressive) is used for
HDTV. Progressive means that all lines of the picture are
loaded simultaneously, which can make a substantial
difference in picture quality, particularly with fast
moving images -- sports, action movies, and so forth.
Scenario 2: 50 Radio Channels can be relayed or mix of
Mobile and Radio is also feasible.
Scenario 3: Only Fixed HDTV Reception; broadcasting
of 3-4HDTV to stationary end devices in DVB-T2 mode
iii). Compression Techniques: The compression
technology, H.264/AVC provides approximately a
factor of two improvement in compression efficiency
compared to the previous generation, MPEG-2 . This
ability to get the same quality of video at half the bitrate
has provided an important technology enabler for the
launch of HDTV services, particularly via terrestrial
transmission. A new video compression standard,
known as High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), has
been developed jointly by ISO/IEC MPEG and ITU-T
VCEG. The benefits of HEVC are in Network Saving,
Storage Saving, Enable new service like 4k or more
HD/SD or Mobile channels and improved quality etc.
The data compression with various compression is
shown in the sketch as above:
Scenario 4: Only Fixed SDTV Reception; Broadcasting
of 8-10 SDTV to stationary end devicesin DVB-T2
mode
Scenario 5: Only Fixed SDTV & HDTV Reception; 4 or
5 SDTV programmes and one HDTV programme can be
relayed.
v). Capacity of various Digital Radios: The various
digital formats/standards and experiments thereof for
Radio are as below:
a. Depending upon chosen QAM, Digital Radio
Mondiale (abbreviated DRM; mondiale being Italian
and French for "worldwide") may have capacity from
50 Kbps to 150 Kbps. DRM and AIR carried out trial in
New Delhi(as per DRM+ New Delhi Test Report May
12
vi). DD has planned for DTTs in UHF Band IV and V
with 8 MHz Bandwidth in MFN. The gap fillers will be
in SFN. World-over there are 4-6 Mux at each locations,
but with DVB T2 and HEVC even 2-3 Mux are
sufficient.
2011), for the DRM+ a single test frequency of 100.1
MHz , which carried three program channels - Gold
DRM (FM), Rainbow DRM (FM) and AIR news in
Journaline. .The robustness optimized DRM Multiplex
configuration used the 4-QAM mode with PL 1,
resulting in an available net capacity of 49.7 kbps. It
carried 'FM Gold' with an assigned bit rate of 22. 640
kbps, 'FM Rainbow' with 22. 720 kbps, and Journaline
and the PRBS sequence with 1. 840 kbps each. The
capacity optimized DRM Multiplex configuration used
the 16-QAM mode with PL 2, resulting in an available
net capacity of 149.0 kbps. It carried 'FM Gold' and 'FM
Rainbow' with an assigned bit rate of 70.0 kbps each,
Journaline with 3. 840 kbps, and the PRBS sequence
with 4.560 kbps.
b. DAB+ uses HE-AAC at 64 kbit/sec incl. the 1/12
bits for the second level RS error correction. The bit-rate
for the audio is then 64 kbit/sec . This enables 17 or 18
services in a DAB mux (1152 kbit/sec).
c. With DVB-T2 3.3 Mbit/s capacity (~ 50 HE AACv2
radio stations) can be achieved compared to the DAB /
DAB+ 1.1 Mbit/s capacity (~ 6 mpeg1 layer II / ~ 16 HE
AACv2 radio stations) with the same propagation
model. DVB-T2 can provide a 2.5 to 4 times increase in
capacity over the DAB/DAB+ standard under the same
broadcasting conditions (2 ½ - 4 Mbit/s vs ~1MBit/s).
The DVB-T2 standard offers the efficient HE-AAC
audio codec, Dolby AC-3, Dolby Enhanced AC-3 ,
AMR-WB+ and AMR-WB speech codec.
viii). Reception and Receiving Devices: The STB,
integrated Digital TV(iDTV) , Dongles for smartphones
and tablets are available to receive Digital TV and Radio
Signals. The following picture summarizes the accrued
benefits of DTTs:
Digital signage may be better choice for people than
conventional Television because a live Broadcast
channel can be combined with News or Stock tickers,
Weather maps or Sports results that are continuously
updated. Since a final content on a screen in a digital
signage system may be selected individually for each
screen. Digital television & radio is fast becoming a
standard automotive feature in the most developed
European market and it will be followed in India in
future. The introduction of digital “wallpaper” TV will
open the possibilities to make extremely thin displays
that cover larger area of the walls. In future the wall
paper TV Sets or digital signage screen may become the
reality and may be glued to the walls. High gain dongles
for smarphones and 4 way diversity receivers for
moving vehicles like city buses, cars and autos etc. will
provide a new market for receiving digital signals from
DTTs. Today there are at least 8 chip manufacturers;
Sony Semiconductor, Silicon Labs, Panasonic,
Broadcom, Mstar, Altobeam, Siano, Parrot, which
produces DVB-T2 v1.3.1 chip, all of which also support
digital radio with T2 Lite profile . STBs and iDTVs may
vi). Audio World: Though HDTV is still broadcast with
only stereo sound, surround sound is an increasing
important part of HDTV content. Currently it is
broadcast as 5.1 channels i.e 5 full range audio channels
plus one low frequency effect channel. The most
relevant audio compression techniques includes AACLC, HE-AAC, Dolby Digital(AC-3), Dolby Digital
Plus(Enhanced AC-3). Further emphasis will be on
adding functionality for “3D Audio” using 22.2 channel
configurations. The immersion in audio world will be
really astonishing.
Spectrum requirement for terrestrial Television is as below:
Band
Band-I
Frequency range (MHz) & No. of TV
Channels available
existing
usage
54-68 (2 channels)
8 analog
Band-III 174-230( 8 channels)
1038 analog
Band-IV 470-582(14 channels)
366 Analog
64 Digital
Band-V
582-960 (28 Channels but Limited
upto 646 MHz for DD) 8 channels
planned
166 DTT
300 DTT
13
have features to watch DTT and OTT signals as well as
the interactivity.
iii. Catch up TV: Catch up TV (or Replay TV) is VOD
in which TV shows are available for a period of days
after the original television broadcast. Services
provided by broadcasters use this when offering
typically time limited on VOD options on schedules
aligned with their main transmissions. Broadcasters
may offer like last 7 days episodes of entertainment
programmes or documentaries etc. Bridging between
DTT and Inernet networks may popularize the
interactive programmes using MHEG or HbbTV.
How DTT can be Agile?
Sports, News & Entertainment factors have proven to be
pivotal in visual media, especially in television. The
beginning of soap opera on Doordarshan started with
the serial Hum Log in 1984 followed by Buniyaad in
1986-87 and Nukkad. During this period mythological
dramas like Ramayan (1987-88) and Mahabharat
(1988-89) glued millions of viewers to Doordarshan. In
1985 DD started commissioning programmes to private
production houses and this marked the beginning of
Indian television programme producing companies.
Understanding of customer behavior and preferences
need to be carried out to attract the viewers.
iv. Plurality of Channels: DVB T2/T2 Lite with HEVC
H-265 compression techniques provide high data
capacity for terrestrial TV. So, the large number of
contents, especially local contents and Mobile TV and
Radio, can provide advantageous niche for DTT and as
such, broadcasters must continue to move on fast track
to increase the number of distribution channels
In order to enhance agility of Digital Terrestrial
Broadcasting, the following factors are of paramount
importance which may prove differentiators and game
changers:-
iv. Expansion and Reach of Signals: The reach of DTT
Signal need to be assessed and the black spots reception
complaints need to be addressed with some low power
gap fillers/repeaters. The expansion of DTT coverage
with new Transmitters is required. As an effective
alternative distribution platform, DTT network need to
have at least coverage for 70-80% of population in the
country.
i. Genre preferences: Viewers prefer watching
National and Regional/Local channels with equal
likings, with their first choice being Films and Reality
Shows and fiction programs. The other genres of
programs preferred to by the viewers are music,
comedy, Women , Family and Health , Educational/ quiz
programs , Sports . Scientific programmes like
“Discovery Channel” and social programmes like
“Satyamev Jayate” are also in viewers top priority. DD
Bharati is the cultural introduction of India and need to
be publicized. Interactive programmes like Phone in
programme “Total Health” in DD News are highly
popular and useful. Live sports particularly Cricket and
Football is other premier and most liked programme
channels. So the broadcasters should make a consortium
of content creators for National and Regional
programmes and selection of bouquet with proper mix
of genre is critical differentiator for DTT.
v. Emergency Warning Messages: The emergency
alert is delivered as a TV service, using standard
broadcast video and audio. When an alert is triggered,
all normal programming is interrupted and replaced
with the emergency alert service, which is usually
provided by the Government Disaster Coordination
Centre. As the alert message is standard video and audio
all set-top boxes and iDTVs can receive the warnings.
The alert message can use video as well as audio, text
and graphics. Alert Aggregator Gateway may send the
signals to DTTs.
vi.Publicity: There is initial inertia in consumer interest
in digital television as seen in 2003 when the first DVB
T telecasts took place in four metro cities. Few reasons
for the lack of popularity was non availability of
receivers, duplicity of content in DTT and DTH and non
awareness among the masses. Now with passage of time
nd
there is no dearth of receivers and the 2 generation of
DTT has higher capacity and robustness. The need is to
evolve a firm business model involving DD, AIR and
Pvt Broadcasters. The epicenter however will be the
publicity campaign to promote the technology with
more enthusiasm.
ii. Innovations in Programmes: There is immense
opportunity for broadcasters to deliver the valuable
content to a multitude of platforms. HDTV, 4k, LTE+
overlay, Billboard, Text etc. are some of new
innovations which people will like most. The major
sport events in future like Olympics, Football World
Cup, Cricket matches and film based programme will be
highly popular in 4 K TV and immersive sounds.
Broadcasting of live "Theatre performances" and
“Classroom Tutorials from best School/Institute” will
be sociopragmatic devoir for the benefit of masses by
public service broadcaster.
14
vii. Digital dividends & Analog Switch Off : The
digital dividend refers to the spectrum which will
become available for other use once the switchover from
analogue to digital television transmission occurs. DD
may use UHF Band (470-646 MHz) and VHF Band III
may be used as T2 lite in 1.7 MHz. About 18 Radio
channels can be accommodated in single RF Channels
of 1.7 MHz raster in VHF Band-III. This may reduce the
forest of FM Transmitters by Pvt Operators and enable
large Radio Channels in the country which is difficult in
current FM Band. The Analog Switch Off may be
carried out in a phased manner and for about 1.5 -2 years
simulcast of Analog and digital should be continued.
The analog Transmitters may be upgraded as DTT in 1.7
MHz raster. Band-I may be spared for other users after
analogue switch off.
ix. Mobile TV: Lateral movements are taking place
across the distribution of valued contents. OTT & LTE
Streaming are emerging in a big way as viewer's
preferences. When it comes to introducing innovative
TV experiences, consumers are showing renewed trust
in the traditional broadcasting segment with mobile
reception in tablets, smartphones and moving vehicles.
There are mainly 3 standards for mobile TV viz. DMB
of South Korea, 1 Seg of Japan and T2 lite of DVB. DVB
T2 Lite has the highest capacity out of these three
standards. The receiving market is fast peaking up. The
dongles are available in the market and few
manufacturers have embedded in the mobiles/tablets
and others will follow soon. Further research and
innovation in receiving systems may make the TV
viewers and Radio audience very convenient with
DTTs.
viii. Incentives and Subsidies: Many households will
need help with the digital transition. Government should
prioritise the most vulnerable groups, which may
include:
•
•
•
•
•
Conclusion:
Broadcasters' future lies in innovating and spurring
technology that will deliver enchanting and absorbing
content to any platform for generations to come.
Emerging technology presents a great opportunity for
broadcasters to provide viewers with their favorite
content anywhere, on any device, anytime they want it –
and with high reliability. The DVB T2 and HEVC is
most suitable platform for distribution of contents. The
emphasis need to be given to local contents and proper
mix of genres. Publicity, appealing contents, catchup
TV and innovative business strategies are essential for
initial period for DTT. The use of DTT may be useful
during disaster management too. Study of consumer
behaviors and preferences for Audio & Video content
and creation of appealing content is key to success of
broadcasting. Innovations in receiving devices are
keenly awaited, which will change the receiving ecosystem of digital signals. While public nurses ambition
of 4K and even 8K, they also love to watch video and
audio in fixed as well as on move in smartphones, tablets
and moving vehicles mondiale!!!
Low-income households
Senior and disabled people
Ethnic minorities
Rural and remotely located public
Educational Institutes
Detail of incentives by few countries is as below:
Country
Description
Thailand
NBTC has proposed a value of 690 baht ($22) for the digital TV
subsidy coupons that it will distribute by mail to 22 million
households in the country.
USA
• Coupons for free STBs, eligible to any household (2 per HH)
• $1.5bn total funding
France
• Help Scheme focused at marketing
• Funding allocated where required as problems arose during DSO
UK
• Subsidised STB and installations for senior and disabled population
• STB + installation guide of £40
Argentina
• 1.2m STBs distributed among low income (30% of non Pay-TV
households) in first year of DTT transmission
About The Author
Sh. M. S. Duhan is an officer of 1988 batch of IB(E)S and has a rich experience of Studios and
Transmitters of AIR and Doordarshan. He possesses degree in Electrical Engineering, MBA and Master
of Mass Communication. He has received the DD Awards four times, for the best maintained High Power
Transmitters & DMCs.
He is keen student of RF Waves and has widely traveled in quest for study of RF waves - AM, FM and
COFDM. He has given many presentations on Digital Terrestrial TV in various conferences and seminar
as well as participated in TV Talk shows. He has contributed significantly in the implementation of DVB
T2 Transmitters in India and finalization of BIS Standard for DVB T2- HDTV STB and iDTV.
He is currently posted at DG:DD New Delhi and is responsible for planning and implementation of TV
Transmitters and spectrum planning for Doordarshan.
Email: [email protected] Phone: +9123383840 Mobile: +919013462293
15
Interactive Multimedia Services:
IBB Technologies and standards
Dr. Amal Punchihewa
Introduction
IBB systems work with digital broadcasting systems.
Interoperability with the existing broadcasting systems
is required to minimise the impact of the introduction of
IBB services on the existing broadcasting systems and
to facilitate the deployment of IBB services. The
following are some key considerations for planning and
implementing such IBB systems.
This article will address Integrated BroadcastBroadband (IBB) interactive multimedia services that
are integrated with traditional broadcasting. The
increasing penetration of the Internet and the increasing
performance of broadband have stimulated interactive
multimedia services that are not integrated into
traditional broadcasting; commonly known as Overthe-Top (OTT) services. Another article in the first
quarter of 2015 Technical will address opportunities,
challenges and issues that have arisen with OTT for both
incumbent operators and new entrants to the broadcast
and media fields.
IBB systems need to:
i) be interoperable with existing broadcasting systems,
mitigating any possible issues,
ii) enhance traditional broadcast operation,
iii) have a provision, if required, to provide mechanisms
that offer regionally exclusive services and content –
Free view plus implementation based on Hbb TV in
Australia with a large geography is an example of
this in the Asia-Pacific region,
Recommendation ITU-R BT.2037 defines the general
requirements of IBB systems. Recommendations ITUR BT.2053 and ITU-T J.205 Corrigendum 1 define
technical requirements based on the concept of
Recommendation ITU-R BT.2037. Recommendation
ITU-TJ.206 defines the reference architecture of the
IBB system. As described in these Recommendations,
the IBB system is a system in which broadcasting
operates in parallel with broadband telecommunication
systems and provides an integrated experience of
broadcasting with interactivity, by combining media
content, data and applications from sources authorised
by the broadcaster.
iv) explore the possibility of broadcast reception by
mobile and portable devices if there is viable
business opportunity.
IBB services give broadcasters the opportunity to
establish a direct relationship with each member of the
audience so the entire service offering can be used to
reduce churn, by building brand loyalty.
Linear Digital Television
Also based on ITU-R, BT. 2037, Internet and Integrated
Broadband-Broadcast services are all key technologies
that can be used to provide effective and efficient
Interactive Multimedia Services. Technically, any
service that can facilitate a return path from the viewer
to the service provider can enable interactivity. For
example, the DVB family of standards and technologies
has defined a number of return paths based on various
telecommunications technologies such as ATM, PDH
and SDH.
Traditional linear broadcast services are offered by both
public service and commercial broadcasters as home
reception services over terrestrial, satellite and cable
networks. As interactive services require a return
channel and interactivity with live broadcasts are
established using telephone networks, by dialing into
the studio. Sending mobile text messages (mobile
SMS-Short message service) or responding via web
servers also enables either live or off-line interactivity.
In more elaborate forms of interactivity, the return path
accesses additional data servers to provide enhanced
experience. The up and down streams can be operated
via heterogeneous transmission technologies.
In many instances, the caller or texter needs to bear the
cost of the return path communication. Another factor
that determines which return path they select for
television services is the platform of delivery. As
satellites can deliver over large geographical areas,
16
There are number of systems that can operate in hybrid
configuration. Most of these systems have exploited
information and communication technologies to build
such a system. Broadcasters have been experimenting
with a number of IBB systems.
web-based feedback is more practical. When the
television service is delivered over a terrestrial
transmission platform, telephone calls and texting are
viable options. In this category, the television service
provider will assure the quality of service either directly
or through a network provider, having defined service
levels (included in an agreement). For more information
on digital broadcast services, please refer to the ITU
Guidelines1 for the Migration from Analogue to Digital
Broadcasting, 2014 and Recommendation J.205 (01/12)
of ITU-T2.
Recommendation ITU-T J.2004 identifies the structure,
the origins and the specification sources for a
harmonised environment, including a set of application
programming interfaces (APIs) for interactive
television services. Various IBB systems have been
considered for standardisation by various global and
national standards bodies. This Recommendation was
developed primarily for traditional interactive TV
services, but the ideas described in the
Recommendation can be expanded to IBB systems. The
report ITU-R BT.2267 describes several IBB systems5.
Teletext services can also provide limited interactivity.
In Teletext additional data is transmitted with the normal
video transmission in the same data stream. Buttons on
the remote controller allows the user to access a number
of data services such as flight, financial, weather
information etc.
Standards have historically been set on a country-bycountry basis (proprietary standards), requiring delivery
of specialised hardware or content to each nation. The
establishment of a unified standard means content
owners and application developers can write once and
deploy across many countries. Unfortunately there is no
unified global standard yet.
There are other technologies that can be used to deliver
linear television broadcast services, mainly for mobile
or handheld devices. For instance, one-seg of ISDB-T
can be used to receive linear television services on
mobile devices, including recent developments and
status of mobile multimedia broadcasting for
mobile/hand-held terminals. Similarly DVB-T2 Lite
can also deliver linear broadcast services to mobile or
3
portable devices .
ITU working partiesare studying IBB systems to
formulate ITU-R and ITU-T Recommendations. The
ITU-R SG6 is currently studying the Integrated
Broadcast-Broadband (IBB) Systems, and based on the
Recommendations established by ITU-T SG9 in July
2013, they established the Recommendation ITU-R BT.
2037: General requirements for broadcast-oriented
applications of integrated broadcast-broadband systems
and their envisaged utilisation. Then, in February 2014
they established the Recommendation ITU-R BT. 2053:
Technical requirements for integrated broadcastbroadband systems.
Wired Integrated Broadband Broadcast
Recently, a combination of broadcast and broadband has
been considered to expand the opportunity for new
services. This approach is quite natural because this
combination has the potential advantage to provide both
efficient mass content delivery and personalised
services. At the same time, combined use of broadband
may bring complexity tothe system as well as to its
usage due to wide capability and flexibility. Hence
integrated broadband Broadcast (IBB) systems are more
than just the addition of another delivery channel.
shows a system overview of IBB.
In addition, the ITU is currently working towards a new
Recommendation ITU-R BT. [IBB-SYSTEM], which
defines the IBB systems. This new draft
Recommendation is being developed cooperatively
with ITU-T SG9. Japan proposed the inclusion of their
own Hybridcast in the new recommendation and, as of
October 2014, this work involves consideration of
Hybridcast and HbbTV.
1
See http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Spectrum-Broadcasting/Documents/Guidelines%20final.pdf
See https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-J.205-201201-I
See https://www.itu.int/ITU-D/arb/COE/2012/DTV/documents/doc2.pdf page 45
4
See https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-J.200-200103-S/en
5
See http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-r/opb/rep/R-REP-BT.2267-2013-PDF-E.pdf
2
3
Figure 1: IBB System Overview
17
There are three IBB systems, vis. Hbb TV, Hybridcast
and iCon. Abrief overview of three of the IBB systems is
given here.
Having a European origin the HbbTV standard has been
foremost adopted by broadcasters in Europe.
HbbTVwasalso launched in Australia in September
2014 and by New Zealand and Malaysia. The
HbbTV standard is also in the process of being tested
in Indonesia, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand and
Singapore. NorthandSouthAmerica,andRussia are also
considering the HbbTV standard.
i. HbbTV
The Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV (HbbTV) is a new
international standard that is supported by a range of
new television sets and can be used by broadcasters and
distributors to offer innovative services. These can be
offered directly on a "Connected TV" or on an
appropriate set-top- box or dongle without the consumer
having to buy extra equipment.
A wide variety of HbbTV services and applications
have been deployed including service like Video On
Demand, Catch up, Start Over, Information services,
EPG and shopping services. Several commercial and
public broadcasters have developed HbbTV services,
including leading European broadcasters like ARTE,
M6, NPO, NRJ, RTVE, TF1 and ZDF.
HbbTV is one of the standards that can provide a direct
link between the linear programme and online content.
Through this link, HbbTV provides a new service
dimension in the provisioning of television programmes
and channels. As HbbTV is well standardised,
broadcasters and distributors can roll out such
innovations without interoperability issues.
ii. Hybridcast
The Japanese public broadcaster (NHK) launched the
new integrated broadcast-broadband service
“Hybridcast” on September 2, 2013. Hybridcast. Like
the other systems enhances a broadcasting service with
broadband, NHK started by offering the HTML5
application via a TV receiver to provide detailed and
useful content such as latest news, weather, sports, and
financial information. NHK also provides programmerelated services, video on demand services and device
linkage services, which use a mobile terminal as a
second screen. In the future, any service provider will be
able to create applications and distribute them to
viewers. Application authentication will be necessary to
verify that an application was originated by a trusted
service provider and has not been modified in any way.
HbbTV standards are developed by the "HbbTV
6
Association" and published by European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)7. The
HbbTV Association was established in 2009. Hence the
standard has been available for five years and with the
migration from analogue to digital broadcasting its
application is on the rise.
The Hbb TV association aims at providing an alternative
to the proprietary technologies and creating an open
platform for broadcaster to deliver on-demand services
to the customer. The association has defined an HTMLbased specification to enable broadcaster to associate
applications with their television content, allowing
consumers to access their video content and additional
in formation.
It has been widely adopted by
broadcasters and manufacturers.
Hybridcast services are currently provided by using
“Broadcast-oriented managed application”. When a
service is about to start, a broadcaster transmits a control
signal to for example terrestrial television receivers to
launch an application automatically. The broadcaster
creates an application and distributes it to each viewer,
so a viewer can feel safe to use it.
Figure 2 shows the global adoption of the HbbTV
standard.
In the future, Hybridcast services will also be provided
by using “Non-broadcast-oriented managed
application”. In this case, a service provider who the
broadcaster trusts will create an application and
distribute it to each viewer who can then launch it at
anytime. Therefore, security technologies such as
6
Figure 2 : Global Adoption of The HbbTV Standard
7
18
A Swiss not-for-profit organization, for more details seehttps://www.hbbtv.org .
ETSI is officially recognized by the European Union as a European Standards Organization.
identification, authentication, and digital signature are
necessary to ensure reliability of applications. The
architecture of the security system for Hybridcastis
defined in Hybridcast Specification Ver. 2.0.
The figure 4 shows a system block diagram of OHTV
system.
Hybridcast Specification Ver.1.0 for broadcast-oriented
managed application wasstandardised at theIPTV
Forum in Japan in March 2013. Hybridcast
Specification Ver.2.0 for non-broadcast-oriented
8
managed application wasstandardisedin June 2014 . In
addition, applicability of Hybridcast is extended to
UHDTV by ARIB STD-B62 which was standardised in
July 2014 at Association of Radio Industries and
Businesses of Japan (ARIB).
iii. iCon
Figure 4 : OHTV System Block Diagram
The Korean Public broadcaster (KBS) launched iCon,
or Open Hybrid TV (OHTV) in Korea on March 19,
2013. iCon is the first terrestrial hybrid TV service in
Korea. The service includes EPG, program search,
video clip, vote, etc. The aim of the standard is to
integrate digital terrestrial television services with
broadband interactivity, as do the two previously
discussed standards.
Advertising market share on the Internet has been
rapidly increasing and a smartphone is the most
necessary device for the under 30's age group. The
number of viewers using smartphones while watching
TV is increasing in Korea.With iCon KBS intends to
respond to these trends in the market. In the future
OHTV 2.0 services will be provided. These services use
HTML5 and second screen devices such as smartphones
or tablets and KBS is planning tolaunchsuchVOD
services in the fourth quarter of 2014.
Figure 3 shows the various technologies and building
blocks to form OHTV hybrid technologies for
broadcasting.
iv. System specifications
If the above three IBB systems are compared based on
their system characteristics, the majority of the features
are found to be common in all three.
Specifications for the three systems can be obtained
from the standard documents listed below.
1. HbbTV: ETSI TS 102 796 V1.2.1, “Hybrid
Broadcast Broadband TV” and ETSI TS 102 809
V1.2.1 “Signaling and carriage of interactive
applications and services in Hybrid broadcast /
9
broadband environments ”;
2. Hybridcast: IPTVFJ STD-0010, “Integrated
Broadcast-Broadband system specification V2.0”,
IPTV Forum Japan and IPTVFJ STD-0011,
“HTML5 Browser specification V2.0”, IPTV Forum
Japan;
3. OHTV – TTA (Telecommunications Technology
Association) TTAK KO-07.0099/R1. (2013.12.18).
In the Recommendation ITU-R BT.2053-0 (02/2014)
titled, “Technical requirements for integrated
broadcast-broadband systems”several application
types are defined10. This Recommendation defines
technical requirements for integrated broadcastbroadband systems and aims to harmonise the
8
Figure 3 : Ohtv Specifications And Related Building Blocks
For more information see http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-r/opb/rep/R-REP-BT.2267-2013-PDF-E.pdf
See http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_ts/102700_102799/102796/01.02.01_60/ts_102796v010201p.pdf
See ITU website with URL http://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-BT.2053-0-201402-I/en
9
10
19
behaviour and the interaction of a variety of types of
applications by broadcast delivery, broadband delivery,
pre-installed, via application repository, and home area
network delivery.
requirements for IBB applications and their
environments. From a technical point of view, some
important requirements characterising the system were
chosen in this comparison and additional items were
added from the viewpoint of service provisioning.
Recommendation ITU-T J.20511 titled, “Requirements
for an application control framework using integrated
broadcast and broadband digital television” defines
11
See https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-J.205-201201-I
About The Author
Dr. Amal Punchihewa is the Director of ABU Technology and Vice-Chair of the WBU-TC
(World Broadcasting Union-Technical Committee). He has more than 29 years of experience
in all three sectors of broadcasting; viz Academia, Research and Industry, having held senior
roles in broadcasting technologyand ICT, including research and development. Involved in
regional capacity building in media he wasHead of Engineering of national television
broadcaster, SLRC in Sri Lanka. He started his career as a computer engineer.
Amal graduated with a Master of Electronics Engineering(Digital Video Signal Processing)
degreefrom the Technical University of Eindhoven and gained his PhD through a study of image
and video compression artefacts. He has published over 100 scholarly articles in reputed
journals and conference proceedings. Amal is a Chartered Professional Engineer-CEng, Fellow of IET(UK), Senior
Member of IEEE(USA) and Fellow of IPENZ, New Zealand.
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1. Article should not exceed 3000 words. For book/website/ Conference Reviews, the word limit is
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2. Articles/reviews can be sent by e-mail at [email protected] or by post to The Editor, BES
Review, Broadcast Engineering Society (India) 912 Surya Kiran Building, 19 K.G. Marg,
New Delhi-110001, India.
3. Relevant figures/ tables/ photographs should be sent in hard copies preferably in 5’X7’ size, soft
copies in 300dpi or with better resolution.
4. Passport size photograph and brief bio-data of the author(s) must be enclosed with the article.
5. For book reviews please mention the title, name of the author(s), publisher(s), year of publication,
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Review.
20
Implementing Cloud Services –
A case study
S Venkataraman
In one of the previous issues of BES Review we have
read an article about Cloud Computing which had
generated immense interest in the minds of the readers
urging them to know about the migration process
involved in moving to cloud. This article aims to share
the experiences we had in migrating to cloud. There may
be various ways available in the process of moving to
the cloud. This case study attempts to share with the
readers the path adopted by us.
First Step
As the manager of IT department of our organization, it
was my dream to move to the cloud as I felt strongly the
need to adapt our organisation to the trends of the future.
Then I started discussing with my IT team members
frequently about this idea. All my team members were
introduced to various aspects of cloud computing
through seminars and various other sources on the net.
Their interests were kindled which is very crucial in the
implementation process as generally everyone feels
comfortable with existing things.
was implemented and being maintained successfully.
Initially it was suggested to go in for in house virtualised
environment by consolidating different legacy systems
working in more than twenty servers into virtual
machines with only two physical servers with VM.
More such VMs can be created in the same physical
servers till the resources (CPU, memory, disk space etc)
are exhausted. Reallocation of the resources is also
possible post creation of VMs. All such VMs can run
concurrently in the same physical severs. Scalability /
higher performance can be achieved by adding one or
more physical servers as and when required. The
committee highlighted the advantages of Virtual
machines over physical servers like reduced space,
power savings, optimum utilization of server resources,
load balancing, cost reduction in air conditioning etc
Legacy Systems
Review Existing Scenario
Before taking initial steps in the direction of migrating
to the cloud it is mandatory to thoroughly understand
and review the existing IT infrastructure. The entire
specification of the servers, the Operating System (OS),
Application Server (AS), Database (DB), connectivity
to external sources, security, the number of users, data
size should be on your table. Normally all IT solutions in
an organization will be through different flavours of
servers, OS, AS, DB. It is not advisable to attempt to
move everything in one Go to Cloud. As an IT manager
one has to identify the proper team members from
developers and DBAs to embark on this task of
migration.
Working out Justification
An expert technical committee was formed to study the
project of migrating from existing legacy systems to a
new system. The committee studied various IT solutions
provided by existing systems and the detailed
infrastructure used for this purpose. Field visit was
arranged to another organisation where virtualization
21
Key Benefits of migrating to Cloud
We interacted with one of the cloud service providers.
They agreed to host our services in their data center, as a
proof of concept. We hosted our mail services in Linux
and a part of reporting services in Windows in the cloud
successfully.
1. Lower Cost: Due to the inherent efficiencies of the
managed services model, which allows for economies
of scale, use of remote technologies, efficient use of
experts, and affordable all-inclusive pricing models, the
cost of providing IT is lower
Meanwhile BSNL, as part of diversification, moved to
the business of offering cloud services with their six data
centres spread across India. BSNL Data centers are first
in India to attain world renowned uptime Tier III
certification with 99.982% uptime over a year. BSNL
IDCs have ISO 27001 certificate for security and ISO
20000 for IT service management.
2. Predictability of service: While cost is a
consideration, far more important is the quality of
service. What the business really wants is reliable IT
services that continue to work and meet the
requirements of the business. Additionally, because an
MSP (managed service provider) supports many
customers, it can afford to make resources available to
its customers that they could not justify on their own
The SLA offered is as below
3. Managing Complexity: Businesses (small or large),
don’t want to be preoccupied with countless IT choices,
like technology decisions, upgrades, architecture
strategies and management platforms.
•
Service Uptime Target – 99.5%
•
Support Response Time Target – 30 minute
•
Latency Target – <1 ms
BSNL IDC Services Feature
Ease of Access and Use
•
Monthly Payment options for the resources used
(e.g. RAM, CPU, Storage and bandwidth)
•
Web-based Administrative Interface plus a
complete set of APIs
•
Rich online community to share and collaborate
with peers
Enterprise Security & Compliance
•
Unique customizable firewalls for security
•
VPN administration of all servers
•
Unique username/password for each administrator
•
Role-based permissions controlling the activities of
each administrator
•
Audit logs of all environmental changes made by
administrators
BSNL Cloud Services, the Right Choice
•
SSAE-16 audited
The proposal of the committee for an in-house VM
solution was presented to Finance department for
approval. Considering the huge cost factor involved in
procuring high end servers and VMware the proposal
was sent back for working out a more cost effective
solution. We later realized that this rejection of the
proposal was a blessing in disguise as we were urged to
move to cloud straight away.
Enterprise Performance
22
•
Multi-tier architecture
•
Sub-millisecond access time
•
Industry standard technology, including VMware
Hypervisor and Cisco networking
•
Network and Server uptime SLA
Enterprise Controls
•
•
•
Welcome Pack for CaaS
The Welcome pack contains useful information on
Plan & Account Information
Centralized control and billing
In-depth usage reporting by asset
Audit log reporting by user and department
Plan Guide: Plan Name and Start date
Account Guide: URL for Administrator with credentials
info; Private/Public IP of VMs
Optional Managed Services
•
•
Provides system monitoring and system
administration for Cloud Servers
24x7 phone support with ticketing/status tracking
Sales & Billing Information
Sales Contact Information
Billing Information: Billing Cycle
Bank Account details with mode of payment
Standard network offering
•
•
•
•
•
•
Redundant, multi-tier firewall protection with
customized, client-specific rule sets
Redundant, web tier load balancing
Three public IP addresses per client
Dedicated context with two VLANs per client
Seven VIPs per client
10 client-to-site SSL VPN connections per client
Support Information
Incident Priority Levels 1 to 4[Production network is
down Priority Level 1]Escalation Matrix and Contact
List
Deploying infrastructure on cloud
Explain in detail the procedure in steps
Layers of security
•
Fully managed, hardened, stateful inspection
firewall technology with customized client-specific
firewall rules
•
Fully managed intrusion detection system (IDS)
utilizing signature, protocol and anomaly based
inspection methods
•
Edge-to-edge security, visibility and carrier-class
threat management and remediation utilizing
industry leading Arbor Networks Peakflow to
compare real-time network traffic against baseline
definitions of normal network behavior,
immediately flagging all anomalies due to security
hazards
• Create Sub-Administrator ID for those you want
build your infrastructure in the system. The ID
provided in the Welcome pack is the Primary
Administrator account. You can create more User ID
s, to configure certain elements in the infrastructure,
such as Networks, Servers etc. Users can also be
restricted to Read only access.
• Deploy one, or more, Networks
• Deploy one, or more, Servers
• Modify Server Processor and Memory Configuration
• Add Local Storage to the Server
• Connecting to your server, securely, via VPN
• Creating your own server image
• Access Controls on your networks and servers
• Load balancing traffic across servers
• Client site to Cloud site VPN connectivity
Once order is placed as above for VMs a welcome pack
for Compute as a Service (CaaS) is received by us
Use of community site
• A search on the Community site can often provide the
answers you are looking for, quickly and reliably.
https://community.opsourcecloud.net/ This will
highlight potential solutions to a problem, and
guidelines on how to get the most from your Cloud
service. Information is provided in many forms
including Articles published and Discussions held
within the Cloud user Community
• Raise a case in the community site by logging to
https://community.opsourcecloud.net/NewCase.jsp
Virtual Machines ordered in Phase I
23
Migrating Application to Cloud
Standard Practice
• Determine which apps are right for cloud.
• Decide which cloud is best for which app.
• Maintain standardized app templates.
• Automate deployment to the best cloud provider.
• Monitor and manage app performance, availability,
and compliance.
• Track and optimize cloud costs and vendor SLAs.
• Report back to the business to guide further cloud app
design.
Connectivity to the IDC
We have to establish connectivity to the IDC location
with suitable bandwidth depending upon our
requirement. We preferred 10mbps bandwidth
connectivity between our network and the IDC through
BSNL public network as it is reliable.
We also followed the standard practice and best suitable
applications were chosen for migration to avoid
complexity at the start. To begin with, in house Mail
application was first migrated. Subsequently
independent package modules were migrated. As our
data source were spread across various locations we
chose not to expose everything to the cloud in first go.
We kept the data extraction, aggregation and analysis
portion with us and migrated the applications used for
presenting the output to the cloud using Windows
application service in cloud. At the same time we chose
to keep some data in cloud and related Linux PHP
applications on cloud. Cloud Management Is Different
From Traditional IT Management. Traditional IT
provisioning is a slow and manual process, while cloud
provisioning is on demand, automated. Application
performance and user experience are paramount. Our
cloud monitoring approach should start at the user and
work back to the infrastructure.
The network was configured to ensure security and at
the same time making the cloud services available to our
users using our intranet. This will ensure that while the
applications are in the process of moving to the cloud in
a phased manner the users can seamlessly browse
through our portal without any difficulty irrespective of
the status of the applications residing locally or in the
cloud. While the users are away from office they can still
get access to the portal and all migrated applications
through internet cloud.
The employee has to log in to the portal with his
employee ID only to ensure that outsiders are not
allowed portal access. The standard Login interface
with Strong password and password reset was the entry
point to the cloud portal
24
Deploying Applications to Cloud
Managing VMs
We followed traditional methods to begin with as our
developers are comfortable with viz by maintaining a
shared application folder in local machine in case of
Windows. Our developers used Secure Shell (SSH)
command interface in case of Linux. More options are
available like Chef recipes and Puppet, Perl or Power
Shell, Dell’s Cloud Manager, Microsoft, Right Scale,
Scalr, and VMware support a range of configuration
tools. CliQr Technologies, Racemi, Ravello systems,
and River Meadow Software offer dedicated migration
tools, and most of the leading cloud management
solutions include migration features as well.
Administrative privileges in full will be extended to
client administrator for managing the hired servers
(VMs) with the help of tools available in admin portal.
Server Images [Cloning]
The concept of server images [a] cloning in cloud VMs
is a great advantage for developers and server
administrators. Before any modification or deployment
it is advisable to take the image of the VM as server
image. Any number of images can be created.
Administrator can easily manage resources like CPU,
memory, storage. Additional resources can also be
sought easily, of course, with a cost. Portal enables the
client to extract various reports on usage of CPU Hours,
CPU count, RAM Hours, Storage Hours, Bandwidth In,
Bandwidth Out, Network Hours, Software Units, Cloud
Files Account Hours, Enterprise Backups (GB) etc on
daily basis. Client Administrator will have access to
Cloud Support Community, Forums.
First Benefits
• Reduction in IT Infra space by 50%
• Energy Savings to the tune of Rs 1 lakh /mth
• Management is enabled to access portal through any
device any time leading to effective monitoring and
increase in productivity
About The Author
Shri S Venkataraman DGM IT BSNL has started his stint in IT Cell as a developer. He
developed many packages in Microsoft Access and distributed them to field units through run
time version. He then worked in MS SQL Server using its data access technologies
extensively. He developed a solution using SQL Server which interacted with more than 25
servers in various locations in real time. His current interest is cloud computing which he
implemented in his organisation at Chennai, a unique and first attempt in BSNL. His team is
now involved in development of mobile applications for Election.
25
11
Image acquisition solutions for the next
generation broadcasting formats
Klaus Weber
Introduction
cameras see Table 2 and Table 3 below:
With ever-increasing momentum, image acquisition for
broadcast must adapt to new requirements for
supporting signal formats. This includes having to
support higher resolution for live event progressive
formats. As viewers expect higher quality content,
across wider distribution points, broadcasters will be
forced to improve the quality of their content using high
dynamic range and high frame rate operation.
Requirements to the pixels
Table 2
The “optimum” pixel size
Before going more into depth about requirements, let’s
look at the best pixel size for building cameras with
increased image quality. Comparing today’s typical
high-end imaging solutions, it can be found that they all
use square pixels with around 5x5µm, see Table 1
below.
Table 3
Since future broadcasting formats will be progressive,
the advantage in sensitivity and dynamic range of the
CMOS imagers, compared to CCD imagers, will be the
increase of another 6dB. Based on this, it can be
expected that any future broadcast camera systems will
use CMOS imagers to offer a higher level of
performance.
Table 1
CCD is the one exception in broadcast cameras
operating in a 1080p interlaced mode, because it
generates interlaced formats by adding together charges
of two vertically adjacent pixels of (5µm)² practically
forming a 5x10µm pixel. Thus, the advantage of the
CCD imager is that it offers double the sensitivity and
double the dynamic range in interlaced operation when
compared to the progressive operation.
Rolling shutter versus global shutter
There are still compromises to accept when using many
of today’s CMOS imagers related to how they readout
the image. With many CMOS imagers, the exposure and
the readout of the pixel are linked to each other. In other
words, the image is captured and pixel-by-pixel in a
manner very close to the former tube based cameras.
This kind of readout will lead to the so-called rolling
shutter effect introducing several kinds of artifacts such
CMOS versus CCD imagers for progressive formats
CMOS imager based broadcast cameras, offer an
interlaced operation that has better sensitivity and
dynamic range performance than the latest CCD based
broadcast cameras. For a comparison of the
specifications from some of the latest 2/3" broadcast
26
10
The memory capability inside the pixels allows
separating the exposure time from the moment of
readout, and by that all pixels can be exposed at the same
moment and the readout can still be done pixel-by-pixel
while the next image is exposed.
as wobble, skew, smear and partial exposure, especially
when capturing fast movements in typical live broadcast
applications. One example of this effect is shown in
Picture 1 below.
The disadvantages of the additional transistors inside
each pixel is that they reduce the fill factor, better known
as the area of the photodiode versus the total pixel area,
and lowers the sensitivity of the pixel. This can be
compensated by different measures which include
backside illumination and light piping, but in most
practical cases micro lenses in front of the photodiodes
are used. The micro lenses increase the (effective) fill
factor close to 100 percent under most practical
conditions, and only at very large lens iris settings will
this figure be reduced. To keep the chromatic lens
aberrations on an acceptable level, the lens iris should,
whenever possible, not be used wide-open therefore this
loss in sensitivity shall be acceptable.
Picture 1 (Source Wikipedia)
All CCD imagers used in broadcast cameras do not
behave in this manner as all the pixels have an identical
start and end of their exposure time and offers what is
called global shutter behavior.
Another challenge is reducing the next charge packet
reset noise, also known as kTC noise, because this noise
component is very large. For CCD imagers and most
CMOS imagers with rolling shutter, the well-known
correlated double sampling (CDS), is used for this. But
for CMOS imagers with global shutter, another solution
had to be found using either an intermediate storage
Most typical CMOS imagers use three transistors per
pixel, called 3T pixel, and will only allow a rolling
shutter operation. Making global shutter possible with
CMOS imagers requires the addition of memory
capability inside each pixel using at least five transistors
in each pixel, called 5T pixels. In Picture 2 below, a 5T
pixel from the Grass Valley Xensium-FT CMOS imager
is shown where the transistor “TxG” allows the
separation of the photodiode from the Cfd, acting as the
charge storage and the second additional transistor
which is required to reset the photodiode and the charge
storage independent from each other, by the transistors
“SG” and “RST”. At a 3T pixel, both are done together
using only one transistor.
Picture 3
node or external digital double sampling (DDS).
4K operation and why not reduce the pixel size
Many of the quality parameters, and especially the
sensitivity, is directly related to the pixel size and
Picture 2
27
11
because of this any reduction in the pixel size would
lower the performance of the pixel and the imagers
using these smaller pixels. But isn’t it possible to further
improve the relative pixel performance to compensate
for this?
that the quality from the HDR images is very impressive
and would likely be very convincing for any consumer
too. With CMOS imagers, a much higher dynamic range
can be achieved by using a multiple readout of the pixels
during one exposure cycle. This is due to the nondestructive readout possibility of the CMOS imagers,
which is not possible with CCD imagers.
For example, with a full 4K 2/3" imager, the pixel size
would need to be 4X smaller than today’s 1920x1080
progressive imagers (2.5x2.5µm vs. 5x5µm). This
would lead to at least 4X lower sensitivity and a reduced
dynamic range. The quantum efficiency (Qe), which
describe the percentage of photons hitting a photo
reactive surface producing charge carriers, of CMOS
pixels is already above 60 percent for the relevant
wavelengths and further improvement is limited. Since
the effective fill factor at all the relevant lens iris settings
is close to 100 percent, not much can be gained here.
HFR operation
High frame rate (HFR) operation is again much easier to
realize with CMOS imaging technology rather than
CCD technology. The main bottleneck for HFR
operation with a CMOS imager is the A/D conversion
which can be addressed in different ways. One possible
solution is to reduce the clock rate with the A/D
converters by the use of multiple on-chip or external
A/D converters. A further increased number of A/D
converters would allow for a practical unlimited readout
speed. But it has to be taken into account that any
reduction in exposure time has a direct effect to the
In conclusion, it can be stated that reduced pixel size
would lead to reduced performance and expectations for
relative improvements are limited. Especially a 4X
improvement by an improved pixel design and/or
improved manufacturing processes cannot be expected
in the near future. Native 4K imagers with large pixels
would require a lot of compromises in terms of depth of
field and the limited zoom range of the lenses available.
For these reasons, a 3-imager 2/3" camera with
progressive 1920x1080 operation, using a 4:4:4
processing in the RAW domain to derive the 4K image
formats, will very likely offer the best compromise for
most of the typical 4K live applications.
Picture 4
Which effect have the other requirements to the
imaging technology
HDR operation
sensitivity and the practical limit with the maximum
frame rate is mainly related to this.
High dynamic range (HDR) operation is much easier to
realize with CMOS imaging technology. The latest FT
CMOS based HD cameras already offer a dynamic
range of 13½ stops in regular operation with a linear
exposure and readout of the imager. In late 2014, these
regular broadcast cameras, with the adopted signal
processing, were used during several HDR test
productions achieving very impressive results. It is
important to note that the readout of the imagers have
not been changed in these cameras and only the signal
processing has been adapted to the characteristic
required by the HDR workflows. Part of this footage has
been used by several parties to illustrate HDR images
during resent broadcast exhibitions and it became clear
Summary
What does that mean to the image acquisition
solutions for the next generation broadcasting
formats?
New broadcasting formats will be a progressive format
and CCD imagers do not offer an acceptable
performance level in progressive operation. Today,
CCD-based cameras achieve an acceptable level of
performance only in interlaced formats where they add
the signal charges of two adjacent pixels together
doubling the sensitivity and the dynamic range. CCDs
28
10
operating in a progressive format offer only half the
sensitivity and dynamic range as in the interlaced
formats. In contrast, CMOS imagers work in a
progressive format, offering the same sensitivity and
dynamic range for both interlaced and progressive
formats.
frame rate readout possibilities that are requested for all
types of next generation broadcasting formats.
Additionally, for demanding live applications, a global
shutter operation is required and can be realized by
adding an additional storage node inside the pixels.
Solutions for all the specific challenges, such as readout
noise and fixed pattern noise suppression, are known
and are being implemented in the latest CMOS imagers.
As it has been explained, CMOS imagers with large
pixels offer the sensitivity, dynamic range and high
About The Author
Klaus Weber is responsible for the worldwide product marketing of the imaging products for
Grass Valley, A Belden Brand. The imaging products include all of the LDX Camera Systems
used in a wide range of broadcast application.
Klaus's past experience includes customer support, technical and operational training, and
regional sales management for broadcast cameras.
Klaus has over 30 years of industry experience, with the last 20 focused on various duties around
marketing and business development for the Grass Valley camera factory in Breda, The
Netherlands. He is the author of several technical articles and white papers addressing the
different camera related technologies and topics.
In addition, Klaus has presented several technical papers at various industry events, as well as participating in industry
round table discussions in many different countries around the world.
I&B min invites bids for e-auction of 1st batch of FM Phase
In its endeavour to expand the reach of FM radio broadcasting in the country, the
Information and Broadcasting ministry today invited bids for e-auctioning of the
first batch of Phase III FM channels. The Government has embarked upon Phase
III to enable setting up of private FM radio channels in all the cities with a
population of more than 1 lakh.
In addition, 11 other cities having a population less than 1 lakh in the border areas
of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) and the North East (NE) region are also proposed
to be included in the expansion. The first batch comprises of 135 channels in 69
existing cities of Phase-II. Simultaneous Multiple Round Ascending e-auction
process will be carried out for allotting the FM channels.
29
A comparison of strength and weakness
between CCD and CMOS sensors
M.S. Duhan
Presently, there are two main technologies that can be used for the image sensor in a camera, i.e. CCD
(Charge-coupled Device) and CMOS (Complementary Metal-oxide Semiconductor). CCD and CMOS
sensors have different advantages, but the technology is evolving rapidly and the situation changes
constantly. Although both technologies have their different strengths and weaknesses, a general
comparison is as below:
•
Traditionally, CCD sensors have had some advantages compared to CMOS sensors, such as better
light sensitivity and less noise. In recent years, however, these differences have disappeared.
•
The disadvantages of CCD sensors are that they are analog components that require more electronic
circuitry outside the sensor, they are more expensive to produce, and can consume up to 100 times
more power than CMOS sensors.
•
The increased power consumption can lead to heat issues in the camera, which not only impacts
image quality negatively, but also increases the cost and environmental impact of the product. CCD
sensors also require a higher data rate, since everything has to go through just one output amplifier,
or a few output amplifiers.
•
Unlike the CCD sensor, the CMOS chip incorporates amplifiers and A/D-converters, which lowers
the cost for cameras since it contains all the logics needed to produce an image. Every CMOS pixel
contains conversion electronics.
•
Compared to CCD sensors, CMOS sensors have better integration possibilities and more functions.
However, this addition of circuitry inside the chip can lead to a risk of more structured noise, such as
stripes and other patterns.
•
CMOS sensors also have a faster readout, lower power consumption, higher noise immunity, and a
smaller system size. Calibrating a CMOS sensor in production, if needed, can be more difficult than
calibrating a CCD sensor. But technology development has made CMOS sensors easier to calibrate,
and some are nowadays even self-calibrating.
•
Megapixel CMOS sensors are more widely available and generally less expensive than megapixel
CCD sensors – even though there are plenty examples of very costly CMOS sensors.
•
A CMOS sensor incorporates amplifiers, A/D-converters and often circuitry for additional
processing, whereas in a camera with a CCD sensor, many signal processing functions are
performed outside the sensor.
•
A CMOS sensor allows 'windowing' and multi-view streaming, which cannot be performed with a
CCD sensor. A CCD sensor generally has one charge-to-voltage converter per sensor, whereas a
CMOS sensor has one per pixel. The faster readout from a CMOS sensor makes it easier to use for
multi-megapixel cameras.
•
Recent technology advancements have eradicated the difference in light sensitivity between a CCD
and CMOS sensor at a given price point.”
26
30
Role of Broadcasting
during Disasters
J M Kharche
Introduction: This article describes about role of broadcasting and broadcasters during disaster of
any type for the benefit of masses. This article is based on my experiences in Doordarshan Kendra,
Srinagar during unprecedented flood in the Srinagar city. During September 2014, Kashmir valley
had experienced unprecedented rainfall throughout the valley region on all the hills in the upper
catchment areas of river Jhelum, due to which Srinagar and other parts of Kashmir valley were
flooded. It caused widespread damages to lives and properties. Particularly it has put local
population in hardship. During and after flooding, local people and tourists had to pass through
trauma due to non availability of basic support services and more specifically due to non availability
of correct information at right time.
Major challenges:
behaviour of drinking water, eating behaviour, washing
behaviour, usage of medicine, first aid awareness and
home remedies, how to save battery life of mobile
phones, how to walk while wading through water. Most
importantly, the moral of people needs to be boosted and
encouraged to stay united with fellow members in
disaster situation of difficult time.
At times disasters occur during night when people are in
deep slumber, which leads to higher casualties due to
lack of dissemination of information. Most of the time
city power supply is switched off during disasters hence battery operated receivers only can work. At the
same time in the absence of communication network,
family members get separated during rescue operations.
This separation causes mental trauma to children and
their parents.
Disaster preparedness of broadcasters:
Broadcast warnings are more suitable for disaster
warning as it works on “ONE to MANY” mode with
minimum bandwidth requirement. Further, broadcast
warnings do not need a return path - which could be
limited by radiating power of receiving device.
Needs during a Disaster:
In the interest of masses for safety and life saving, the
most important action is a timely warning. Along with
the warning, people need to be informed about what to
store, how to store, where to store, what to wear, what
not to wear, where to stay during disaster, where to
move after disaster and other Do's and Don'ts so that
people can face the disaster with a stable mental status.
Similarly, people need to be informed after passage of
disaster about the nearest temporary shelter, the
nearest temporary medical help center, the nearest food
centre, the nearest communication center, information
for tourists about bus, train, air service etc. including
other Do's and Don'ts.
With timely and pre-emptive actions, broadcasting can
save lives of masses and materials worth crore of rupees
by guiding people to move toward safer places well in
advance before the occurrence of disaster. This can be
done by storing programs related to all types of disasters
in head ends and all transmitters; store diesel etc. in each
transmitter; store critical spares and resources in each
zone to start services at the earliest, post disaster. Predisaster task lists to be displayed in each station for all
type of disasters for awareness of staff working in
transmitters and program generating centers.
Broadcasters can use DVDs for Program Archival. All
broadcasters can have country wide single Helpline Call
center phone Number(s) to collect Voice calls, SMS,
Photos, Videos etc. which can be routed to any
Program themes for broadcasting during disaster:
Before occurrence of disaster, people need to be
informed about storage of drinking water, usage
31
Transmitter and Studio during the disaster for extending
right kind of help to masses.
operated receivers (Smart Phones) for public
service and safety.
Desired features in Broadcast receivers:
3.
DTH Set Top Box OEMs and Mobile phone OEMs
may collaborate for development of a standard
interface (USB on DTH STB to Micro USB on
Mobile phone) for using mobile battery to give
power to DTH STB and use speakers / screen of
smart mobile phone for listening disaster warning
broadcast when there is no city power supply
during disaster. [See Figure-2]
4.
All transmitters and DTH Head Ends can be
upgraded to store pre recorded Disaster warnings,
advices to sustain long period of captivity or safety
precautions so that it can be broadcast on getting a
trigger and disaster code (Region, Type & level)
from NDMA.
5.
Similarly, Telecom companies can also help in
dissemination of disaster warnings by introduction
of Disaster mode in phones – which can be
activated by TELCO only. (i) So that automated
simultaneous wake up/ warning calls can be given
on all phones in targeted area (ii) So that Phone can
increase radiating power to its maximum limit. (iii)
So that battery energy can be preserved for disaster
period. (iv) So that BTS tower can radiate
maximum power to cover larger area. (v) So that
smart phone App can send location to a prespecified phone no.
6.
Development and promotion of Solar chargers for
Mobile phones.
Adoption of “Auto Switch ON” feature in radio
receivers and Digital TV sets-based on disaster code (to
be generated by National Disaster Management
Authority) sent from Radio and TV transmitters.
Development of Apps for DVB-T2 (Lite) ready smart
phones, which can alert users even in night based on
disaster code sent from transmitter.
Disaster Code shall contain (1) Geographical area
affected: so that warnings are flashed only in affected
areas; (2) Type of disaster; (3) Level (Gravity) of
disaster; (4) Time of strike and Period of Disaster.
Future options:
Following possibilities may be explored in the interest
of public service and safety:
1.
2.
Broadcasters, Telecom service providers, National
Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), Indian
Meteorological Department (IMD), Broadcast
Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) and
Telecom OEMs may collaborate for development
of a standard interface and Network among
themselves for seamless dissemination of timely
advices and warnings to masses. [See Figure-1]
All future DVB-T2 transmitter to have DVB-T2
(Lite) modulation so that it can transmit disaster
warnings and preventive advices on battery
32
7.
Inclusion of lessons in primary and secondary
education on precautions to be followed during
disasters and disaster warning system, disaster
preparedness.
8.
Awareness programs on disaster warning system
and disaster preparedness in schools.
About The Author
J M Kharche is presently working as Dy. Director General (Engg) in Doordarshan Kendra,
Srinagar, India. After completing his graduation in Engineering from MACT, Bhopal, he joined
Doordarshan through IES-88 batch. Since then he has been involved in operation and
maintenance of TV transmitters and Earth Stations equipments and Inspection of Broadcast
equipments. He has served in different capacities in Doordarshan Kendra, Ahmedabad;
Bhawanipatna; DD's Inspection Cell, Baroda; Central Production Center, New Delhi and
Satellite Planning Cell of Doordarshan Directorate, New Delhi, before his current posting to
Doordarshan Kendra, Srinagar. At Doordarshan Directorate, he has been involved in
Doordashan's DTH project, Digitalization of Satellite Earth Stations and Modernization of
DSNGs in Doordarshan Network for more than a decade. [E-mail: [email protected]]
Meet on community radio at Guwahati
The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (MoIB) organised a regional
consultation on community radio (CR) in Guwahati, in collaboration with One
World Foundation India.
Despite being one of the culturally rich regions, the north-eastern region has just
two community radio stations, said a press release.
The three-day workshop was organised on February 27, 28 and March 1 with
local partner Radio Luit – a community radio station being run by the Gawahati
University. The consultation also coincides with the fourth anniversary of Radio
Luit.
The consultation is part of a series of awareness workshops that the Ministry is holding to popularise
community radio movement and to encourage potential organisations to apply for licences. These workshops
are now being organised in regions from where there are less applications and the potential of the
communication media still lies untapped.
Experts, CR enthusiasts, government officials and NGOs interacted with the participants during these three
days to demystify the licensing process and the technology associated with community radio. The operating
community radio stations from the region shared their practical experiences.Community Radio Station
Radio Luit shared its experiences on community engagement and their popular radio programmes produced
by the community like Mukoli Sora, Bikhyon, Gawe-Bhuyen, etc.
Currently, the country has around 180 community radio stations that are owned by NGOs, educational
institutions and KVKs. The MoIB is putting a strong emphasis on creating thousands of CRS across the
country so as to strengthen the grassroots communities. The ministry has also set aside a fund of Rs 100 crore
for CRS in the 12th Five Year Plan.
33
Magical LAMBDA λg
Dr. S. Raghavan
Magic in the Ideal lossless 'Magic Tee' is nothing other
than one port is fully isolated while the power output
from other two ports are exactly half the input power and
this is happening without any active device inside.
Similarly in the popular Ideal Directional coupler one
port is fully isolated and that's happening due to the
distance between the Bethe holes is one quarter guide
wave length. Rat race function fully depends upon the
guide wavelength. The factor behind the Antenna is the
resonant wavelength or integer multiples of quarter
wave length .It is guide wave length which makes every
passive component function or active component in
action.Matching, Power splitting, power combining.
Power dividing, Phase shifting, radiation, K,J Inverters,
Edge coupled, End coupled planar filters or any
communication component function under the sky
revolves around the miracles of guide wavelength.
Especially in planar transmission line components and
Microwave Integrated Circuits, Guide wavelength is an
indispensible part. It will not be an exaggeration if it is
pointed out that Guide wavelength is the backbone of
the design, assuming that the height of the substrate is
manufacturer's concern. The Article consolidates the
usages of guide wavelengths and their technical
importance and makes the student crystal clear about the
basic funda of λg / 4 .
circumferential length of the
Smith chart. Again in the smith
chart the opposite point of Z
gives Y and vice versa merely
because one has to travel quarter
wavelength (which is known as
Impedance inverter Zo2 = ZS .ZR)
to reach the opposite point. Half
of Quarter wavelength, (one
eight wave length) is used to match complex impedance
to a real impedance because its property is ?Zs? = ?Zl
?.Inductance and Capacitance can be realized by both
Short and Open Circuit transmission lines and again
with the length ranging from zero to λg / 4 or from λg / 4 to
λg / 2. The lambda makes everything possible.
0
60
300
1
90
270
120
240
150
210
180
It is known that an isotropic antenna does physically not
exist, but its characteristics can be almost being
obtained from (5/32) λ radius antenna located in free
space. Efficient coupling to a potential radiator
generally requires antennas not very much shorter than
(1/5 to 1/10) λg . The physical length of the dipole is
about 5% shorter than a Half wave traveling in space L=
2
0.95 (λ/2).Gain of the Horn radiator is G = 10 A /λ ,
vertical beam width in degrees is 51 λ / b and Horizontal
beam width in degrees is 70 λ / a where a and b are wider
and narrower dimensions. Gain of a parabolic antenna is
G = k (π D) 2 / λ 2. Many of the antenna design s and
functions depend on integer multiples of λg / 4 0r λg /16.
In a simple Yagi Uda antenna, the parasitic element is of
0.5 λg while the reflector is lengthened by 5 % (0.55 λg)
and the director is shortened by 5 % (0.45 λg).each
element is separated by 0.1 λ g. λg / 4 role in antenna
engineering is infinite.
The Basic equation of Sending end Impedance as given
below is the origin of most of the design concepts
(transmission line approach).
ZS = ZINPUT = Zo(ZR Coshλl +Zo Sinh λl) / (Zo Coshλl +ZR
Sinh λl)
Starting from a
point, moving
around a full
circle makes a
person reach
the same point
or in a way it is
technically
known as
'IMPEDANC
Planar version180o reverse _phase Hybrid –ring coupler
has four curvilinear sections and each of length λg / 4.
The shunt and series branches of
90o branch line coupler also
have each branch of length λg /
4. The planar version of
waveguide magic Tee(rat race
hybrid ring) has the
circumferential distance of 1.5
λg where the lower half has the
length of 0.75 λg and upper half
0
30
330
60
300
0.2
0.4 0.6
270
E REPEATION'. Hence only the ''half wavelength'
being the 'impedance repeater' (Zs = Zl) is the
0.8 1
90
120
240
150
210
180
34
30
330
ZSC plot till two lemda
has three sections of λg / 4
length. The mean
circumference of the ring
resonator with feed lines on
both the sides is equal to an
integral multiple of a guide
wavelength λg ie.(2π.r = n λg).
The same ring resonator with
single feed resonates when
2π.r = n mg/2. In the case of ring resonator the conductor
loss is proportional to λg and the dielectric loss inversely
proportional to λg.Since λg = λo / v (€eff ) , the design
formulae remain same for all planar transmission lines
where the effective dielectric constant has to be replaced
by the value corresponding to the respective planar
transmission lines. It has to replaced by €r for
homogenous planar transmission lines viz. Strip line.
distance between the 15
centers of the gap is λ g 10
/2. The
reactive
5
loading of the
resonators makes the 0
electrical length of -5
each resonator to be
slightly less than λ g / -10
2.Comb line filter -15 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
resonator has the
typical length of λ g /8 to λ g /16. The
lengt
h of the input and output lines of microstrip hairpin BPF
is approximately λ g /8 to avoid spurious mode
occurrence.
The average cell size 'p' of Left Handed Transmission
Line medium is much smaller than λ g . Photonic Band
Gap structures and Photonic crystals are usually
separated at frequencies where the lattice period p is
approximately equal to n λ g /2. . The Bragg condition
for maximum diffraction is given by 2 p. sin ? =m. λ g .
Parallel usage of guide wave length exists in
metamaterial as are the cases in transmission line. After
all the same transmission line theory and
Electromagnetic field theory exist in Metamaterials also
the differences being in ε and µ.
Wilkinson splitter/combiner
branches that connect input and
output have lengths of λg /4.
Transmission balun is having a
length of λg /2. Backward wave
coupler has only one design
length and that is λ g / 4. Disk
terminator that is useful for
accurate measurements at high
frequencies have a diameter of
λ g / 4 at the lowest frequency of interest. A single patch
antenna width is λ g /2 shortened by correction factor of
? on both the sides. If array of antenna is formed then
corporate feeds with branches of each with length, m= 0,
1, 2 …… λ g / 4. Is used. Shorted λ g /4 acts as a
resonator and the line appears very much like a parallel
RLC network. In the design of RF matching circuit
waveguide mixer, the characteristic impedance of the
diode mounting waveguide is given by Zo = 754 (b/a). =
m (λg / λ c).In the end coupled band pass filter the
Rat Race Coupler
Integer multiples of λg / 8 play a greater role in different
Phase shifters, Viz, Dielectric Flap Waveguide Phase
Shifter, Dielectric Slab Loaded Phase Shifter, Strip line
like Transmission line Phase shifter, Reciprocal and
Non reciprocal Ferrite Phase Shifter, Microstrip line
Phase Shifter, Fin Line Phase Shifter, Slot Line ,
Coplanar line , Fin Line Phase shifters, Reflection Type,
Transmission line Phase shifters, Circulator coupled,
Hybrid Coupled, Switched Line, Switched Network,
PIN diode , FET, Loaded Line , Varactor Diode,
Semiconductor Device Phase Shifters.
About The Author
Dr. S. Raghavan is a Professor in Electronics and Communication Engineering department,
National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli and has an experience of more than thirty two
years of teaching and research. He has won 'Best Teacher Award' twice. He has to his credit 72
papers in International journals, 60 papers in IEEE xplore. He is a Fellow in BES, IETE, IE ,
Senior Member in IEEE (EMBS,A&P,MTT) , CSI and in 18 more professional societies.He was
the organizing chair of the international conference IAW 2014 held in Chandigarh. He had
conducted tutorial in IEEE conference in Bejeing, China and in various international
conferences. His email id is [email protected].
35
RAVENNA- Real-time Audio Video
Enhanced Next-generation
Network Architecture
Contributed by:
Shanmugam Ayyasami
RAVENNA is a solution for real-time distribution of audio and other media content in IP-based network
environments. Utilizing standardized network protocols and technologies, RAVENNA can integrate and
operate on existing network infrastructures. Performance and capacity are scaling with the capabilities
of the underlying network architecture. RAVENNA is designed to meet the strict requirements of the pro
audio market featuring low latency, full signal transparency and high reliabilityfor real-time distribution
of IP-based network environments
• Since IP traffic is not bound to the underlying physical
transport layer, performance and capacity numbers
scale directly with the capabilities of the network
infrastructure.
Why Audio Over IP
The tremendous scale of manufacturing in the data
network world ensures large cost-savings on equipment.
In addition, using network-based solutions for media
transport enables broadcasters to leverage their existing
infrastructure and achieve greater flexibility in content
sharing and networking configuration. Since IP
technology was originally designed to forward a large
number of data packets without constraints towards
real-time, it bears some handicaps for media transport
applications compared to traditional technology.
Despite this handicap, the benefits of using IP for media
transport are increasingly too persuasive for
broadcasters and service providers to be ignored In the
past, the pro audio market has seen numerous
technological innovations created or invented by some
of the most ingenious minds of our industry.
Unfortunately, most of this valuable intellectual
property ended up in being used as proprietary or
patented technology. It was apparent that a new audio
distribution technology will not gain significant market
acceptance if it would not be supported by an ample
number of different companies. Thus, ALC NetworX
decided to make the underlying technology and
mechanisms used in RAVENNA publicly available.
• The IP protocol can co-exist with other network
protocols; thus, different services can share a
common network infrastructure concurrently.
• In order to minimize potential negative effects from
rivaling bandwidth requirements of other shared
services on the network, effective Quality of Service
mechanisms like DiffServ and VLAN are available,
which are supported in most network environments.
• Since IP traffic can be routed across LAN boundaries,
the A/V data streams can be accessed from within
different subnets.
• Even distribution across WAN connections can be
made possible without leaving the IP domain.
• By using IP as a protocol basis, the convergence
between the A/V and the IT world is accelerated. For
example, PCs may participate in the A/V stream
exchange and concurrently use other services - all
through the same network connector.
Ravenna Features
The Advantage of IP
• Suitable for audio, video and other media data as well
as for control protocols
• The IP protocol is based on and works in conjunction
with a number of widely deployed standards
• Precise media clock distribution - no requirement for
a separate house clock distribution
• IP as a transport protocol can operate on many
different network infrastructures and virtually any
existing network equipment; it is not bound to a
specific technology or topology.
• Sample-accurate play-out alignment across all nodes
on the network
36
• Concurrent support of multiple media clocks and data
formats - streams with different sample rates and / or
data formats may travel across the network without
sample rate conversion
Using GPS as the preferred time domain reference is an
option that can help with reliable and reproducible
operation.
RAVENNA nodes translate the real-time media signals
into IP packets and vice versa. A functional block
diagram of a typical RAVENNA node is discussed
below.
• Full bit transparency - signals are not changed by the
transport mechanism (e.g. even Dolby® E signals
stay intact)
• Definition of a fully bit-transparent AES3 signal
format - preserving all meta data bits
Basic Operation of a RAVENNA Node
The following drawing highlights the basic functional
• Low latency - depending on network infrastructure,
traffic patterns and stream configuration, a submilliseconds latency is achievable
• QoS support based on widely deployed DiffServ
scheme allows resource sharing with other traffic
• Full redundancy optionally supported through
integrated support of dual network interfaces
• Flexible configuration - streams may be individually
configured in terms of data format, number of
channels and bandwidth utilization
• Unicast and multicast mode supported on a perstream basis
blocks of a RAVENNA node:
• Operation on existing networks and in shared traffic
environment possible
Time Synchronization & Media Clock Generation
§
PTP packets arrive through the NIC and synchronize
the local clock to the wall clock (determined by a
grandmaster)
• Fully AES67-compatible - all fundamental operating
principles and protocols of AES67 natively supported
Technology Overview
§
The desired media clock is synthesized from the local
clock
Basic Components
§
An IP-capable network infrastructure
§
The synthesized media clock can be output for
external device synchronization (house or word clock
functionality)
§
A master clock device
Transmit Operation
§
Any number of RAVENNA-enabled I/O nodes
§
Incoming audio is sampled with the internal media
clock
Basic components of a RAVENNA system comprise of:
The network infrastructure needs to be able to transport
IP packets and has to support several standardized
operating protocols. As the network infrastructure or its
behavior is not controlled or managed by any
RAVENNA node or service, any configuration required
to meet the expected performance has to be
administered by the system operator or network
administrator.
§
Each sample receives a precise time stamp from the
local clock and is stored in the transmit sample buffer
§
Once the desired number of samples has been
acquired, they are packetized into RTP packets and
sent out via the NIC (or via both NICs in case of
network redundancy operation)
Receive Operation
The master clock can either be a dedicated device or any
RAVENNA node capable of serving as a grandmaster.
§
Incoming RTP packets are depacketized and stored
37
QoS
into the receive buffer according to their individual
time stamps (samples depacketized from packets
received on the second NIC are stored into the same
buffer location potentially overwriting previously
stored samples)
As different services can co-exist with RAVENNA on
the same network, it needs to be ensured that
RAVENNA traffic will be forwarded with expedited
priority through the network.
§
Play-out time offset is determined by maximum
expected jitter delay and potential correlation offset
with other streams
For IP-based traffic, Differentiated Services (DiffServ)5
is widely supported by most modern managed switches
and has become the primary Layer 3 QoS mechanisms
to provide different levels of service. DiffServ operates
on the principle of traffic classification, where each data
packet is assigned to a certain traffic class, which
receives a configurable forwarding characteristic in the
network switches. Through careful network
administration it can be ensured, that RAVENNA traffic
receives the required expedited forwarding treatment.
§
At due time samples are transported from the sample
buffer to the play-out stage with the internal media
clock
Standard protocols
All protocols and mechanisms used within RAVENNA
are based on widely deployed and established methods
from the IT and audio industry or comply with standards
as defined and maintained by international
standardization organizations like IEEE, IETF, AES and
others. One way of looking at RAVENNA is to see it as a
collection of recommendations on how to combine
existing standards to build a media streaming system
with the designated features. Adherence to RAVENNA
therefore also means that these base standards must be
followed, to this end the base standards are to be
considered part of RAVENNA.
Synchronization
While simple streaming across a network can be
achieved without any synchronization at all, in pro
audio applications a tight synchronization between all
devices and streams is absolutely mandatory. While
playback synchronization in most applications requires
sample accuracy, it has been the goal for RAVENNA to
optionally provide superior performance by providing
phase-accurate synchronization of media clocks
according to AES-11; this would render the separate
distribution of In RAVENNA, synchronization across
all nodes is achieved through IEEE1588-20086
(Precision Time Protocol version 2 - often referred to as
PTPv2), another standardized protocol which can be
operated on IP. PTPv2 provides means for
synchronizing local clocks to a precision in the lower
nanoseconds range with reference to a related master
clock - provided that all depending on size and
bandwidth utilization of the network - will be more than
sufficient to reach sample accurate synchronization
across all nodes.
RAVENNA is an IP-based solution. As such it is based
on protocol levels on or above layer 3 of the OSI
reference model. IP can be transported by virtually any
LAN and is used as the base layer for communication
across WAN connections. Although Ethernet will be
deployed in most cases as underlying data link layer, IP
is in general infrastructure-agnostic and can be used on
virtually any network technology and topology.
IP Transport
The RAVENNA suite of protocols is fully based on layer
3 of the OSI network abstraction model3, the so-called
“IP layer”. All employed protocols are widely known
and commonly supported protocols standardized by the
IETF4. Since transport is based on IPv4, virtually any
existing manageable switch can be used with
RAVENNA.
Sample-accurate synchronization can even be reached
across WAN connections, when local master clocks are
synchronized to GPS as a common time reference.
Streaming
As IP has been chosen as a basis, it's only natural to use
RTP (Real-time Transport Protocol) for streaming of
media content. RTP, as defined by the IETF, is widely
used and supported by numerous applications and
comes with a large number of standardized payload
formats. For RAVENNA, specifically RTP/AVP over
While some employed protocols operate in unicast
mode, multicast operation is a fundamental building
block of RAVENNA, since synchronization, stream
transport, device discovery and service advertisement
all rely on multicast transport.
38
61
UDP together with RTCP (the real-time transport
control protocol) according to RFC 3550 is used.
- can be used for auto-IP a Once configured, a
RAVENNA device advertises its existence and
available services on the network. Service
advertisement & discovery in RAVENNA is based on
the DNS-SD protocol. The mDNS mechanism (part of
Zeroconf) is used by default; in larger or more complex
environments, dedicated DNS servers can be used
alternatively or in addition. Other devices can then
discover the presence of a device and may retrieve
information on the offered stream services using the
RTSP/SDP A receiver can connect to any existing
stream through RTSP / SDP11 protocol. Again, this
scheme is supported by most common media players
(i.e. Windows Media Player, VLC media player et al).
While RTSP is used for control communication between
receiver and sender, the SDP record contains any
relevant information about one or more streams - like
stream name, payload formats, number of channels,
access information etc. Although a typical RAVENNA
SDP contains some specific extensions (i.e. clock
domain and sync information), any non-RAVENNAaware media player can still receive and play-out a
RAVENNA stream by just ignoring the specific
extensions.
Basic payload formats for audio are 16 and 24-bit @ 48
kHz with any desired number of channels. This would
allow any standard media player to potentially link to a
RAVENNA stream and monitor its content - even
without knowledge or support of any of the other
RAVENNA-specific features or methods. Of course the
payload format is not restricted to those basic formats as
with RTP a huge variety of different payload formats for
audio and video is already defined; it is even possible to
add vendor- or solution-specific formats (e.g. AES3 or
32-bit float), still preserving full RTP compatibility.
Streaming is supported both in unicast and multicast
mode7 on a per-stream basis providing the highest
flexibility to match the distinct requirements of different
applications. Unicast is preferred in situations where a
certain stream needs to be transported to a single
destination only or where the network infrastructure or
application prohibits the use of multicast (e.g. across
most WAN connections). On the other hand, multicast
allows resource-efficient usage of network links and
faster switching between available streams in situations,
where a certain stream will be accessed at different
locations participating switches natively support
PTPv2. But even without native PTP support, the
achievable precision - while varying an external
reference word clock throughout the facility or venue
obsolete.
Additional vendor-specific Control
Device configuration is suggested to be provided via
local web service accessible through HTTP protocol.
This has the advantage, that any device-specific
configuration can be executed through any common
web browser without the need for a vendor-specific
utility. However, as IP provides a platform for operation
of any type of protocol, vendor-specific commands and
functions can be executed on the same network interface
concurrently. Some RAVENNA devices are already
supporting the open Ember+ control protocol.
Device Configuration and Service Advertisement &
Discovery
In order to participate in an IP-based network
communication, a device must obtain a unique IP
address. Then, in order to be recognized by other
RAVENNA nodes, a device must announce its existence
and advertise information about available
protocolservices (e.g. IP address and host name,
supported protocols, access information, information
about available streams etc.).
Profiles as a Means for Interoperability
The full breadth of variability and flexibility offered by
RAVENNA might be intimidating, particularly for the
newcomer. This is true for both users and
manufacturers. In such a situation, incompatibility may
result if all individual parties exercise their freedom of
choice independently, and arrive at sets of choices
which do not overlap.
In order to support a wide range of application
environments, RAVENNA supports three different
methods for device configuration and service
advertisement & discovery: In managed networks
usually DHCP8 and DNS9 services are operated under
management and control of a network administrator. In
small networks, where usually no DHCP / DNS server is
present, the Zeroconf10 mechanism (also known as
“Bonjour”) - a fully automatic, self-configuring method
Profiles are a way around this. They apply to a certain
range of applications, and collect a minimum set of
features these applications are likely to require from
devices and from the network. Thereby they establish a
baseline of compatibility the user can rely upon without
39
Typical Fields of Application in the Broadcast
Market
having to check the details.
RAVENNA defines a set of profiles for application areas
which are regarded as important. Manufactures have the
freedom to implement these profiles in their devices as
appropriate for their designated use cases. Of course
devices can support multiple profiles concurrently, thus
allowing a wider field of application and increased
interoperability.
Typical fields of potential deployment are all areas
where audio routing mixing or mixing is involved. The
major areas comprise of:
§
Broadcasting centers: In broadcasting centers usually
a large number of signals is concentrated and managed.
Typically several hundred up to thousands of sources
and destinations are maintained. The main task is to
distribute and route incoming signals to specific
destinations. Since in traditional approaches resources
are usually limited, a very important task is to manage
these resources over time. Routes have to be ordered,
checked against conflicts, have to be switched in time,
and of course, have to be maintained and checked for
desired quality.
A Generic Profile has been defined to describe a base
line of features considered to be indispensable for most
devices; it contains a small set of requirements almost
every device should be able to meet, and can therefore
be expected by the user to be available in most
RAVENNA devices. This is enough for some common
use cases where particularly stringent requirements are
not present, and can also serve as the default setting in
more capable devices. Examples of commonly used
stream formats being defined in the Generic Profile
include:
These tasks are usually being served by centralized,
cost-intensive audio and / or video routing systems,
which imaginably could be replaced by an inexpensive
and far more flexible approach based on RAVENNA
technology, specifically where hundreds of PC-based
workplaces require access to selected media sources.
§
Low-latency stereo stream with 16 or 24 bit at 48 kHz
sampling rate and a packet time of 1 ms
§
surround stream with 16 or 24 bits, 48 kHz, 1 ms
packet time
§
standard stereo stream with 16 or 24 bits, 48 kHz, 4
ms packet time
§
Regional studios: Although similar to broadcasting
centers, regional studios are much more focused on the
management of their local sources and their appropriate
in-house distribution. Feeds coming from or going to the
related broadcasting center are usually distributed
across (permanently) leased lines, SDH networks or
ATM WAN connections. Some broadcasters also
maintain "corporate networks" (utilizing one of the
above technologies), which basically will give them the
freedom of transferring any type of signal or data
without interference from any "public" traffic. Part of
this expensive infrastructure could also be replaced by
RAVENNA network technology.
Other profiles cover high-performance operation with
MADI-like channel assembly and sub-milliseconds
latencies or backbone interconnectivity with ultra-low
latencies in the microseconds range and channel counts
beyond 256. More profiles can be defined as application
requirements demand. And manufacturers have the
freedom of adding their own formats and profiles for
their individual needs (i.e. DSD/DXD audio transport
with 384 kHz as supported by Merging Technologies'
Horus & Pyramix devices).
• OB vans: OB vans are "mobile studios". They are
packed with any type of equipment which is required to
feature a remote production (recording, live show etc.).
Beside a "central" switching and mixing infrastructure,
an OB van of course needs a large number of access
points for incoming sources, outgoing feedback and
communication streams as well as a stable uplink
connection to a related studio (regional studio or
broadcasting center). The main disadvantage of
conventional infrastructure originates from the
necessity that most connections to the venue have to be
set up physically and administered logically a certain
time before they are to be used. Since each venue or
Standardization: RAVENNA & AES67
While RAVENNA is already based on existing
standards from the audio and IT industry, the goal was to
create a new standard with RAVENNA itself. In
September 2013, the AES released the AES67 standard
on high-performance streaming audio-over-IP
interoperability, which is built on the same fundamental
principles as RAVENNA. Consequently, RAVENNA
fully supports AES67-based stream exchange with other
networking systems, but provides superior functionality
in terms of control, performance, flexibility and
applicability
40
event will have a different setup, network-based
RAVENNA technology can save a lot of valuable
installation and commissioning time. But also the studio
uplinks, which at current most often are leased satellite
lines, may benefit cost-wise from IP-based RAVENNA
technology.
Although within one recording session sample rates
usually stay constant, they may change on a per-session
basis. RAVENNA is sample-rate agnostic, it can even
transport streams of different sample rates concurrently.
The low-latency requirement may be essential in a
recording session when signal feedback (i.e. in-ear
monitoring etc.) is required; RAVENNA's capability to
configure latency numbers in the sub-milliseconds
range is a perfect match.
§
Venues: A venue may be any permanent, semipermanent or temporary installation which requires a
professional audio infrastructure (e.g. a sports stadium,
summer open-air stage, event installation etc.). These
venues usually have a variety of different signal sources
and sinks (microphones for ambience, on-stage, offstage, wireless for multi-purpose use around the venue,
reporter cabins, line feeds, monitoring signals etc.)
which in best case are routed through a local "mini"
switching center; in older installations you often can
also discover independent "systems" (consisting of
discrete cabling of incompatible type and signal
format).
Through the use of a RAVENNA Virtual Sound Card
(RVSC) – a software-only emulation of “real” sound
card –, Windows-based PC applications can participate
directly in a RAVENNA network without the need for an
extra sound card. While a RAVENNA Virtual Sound
Card on a standard PC requires more relaxed latency
settings, it is still possible to preserve the system-wide
sample-accurate synchronization
(source: Ravenna website :
http://ravenna.alcnetworx.com)
Most venues also offer "outside" connections, if - for
example - broadcasters (eventually with mobile OB
vans) desire to access the infrastructure for specific
events. This also includes monitoring and
communications lines which have to be fed back into the
venue infrastructure.
Since the specific requirements clearly may change with
each event, the replacement of "old" discrete
infrastructure with a RAVENNA-based solution will
offer many advantages towards flexibility, set-up time
and costs - especially if the OB vans are equipped with a
matching I/O technology
I/O
Input / Output
ICMP
Internet Control Message Protocol (RFC 792)
IEC
International Electrotechnical Commission
IEEE
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IETF
Internet Engineering Task Force
IGMP
Internet Group Management Protocol (RFC 2236)
IP
Internet Protocol (RFC 791)
IPv4
Internet Protocol version 4 (RFC 791)
IPv6
Internet Protocol version 6 (RFC 2460)
L16
Linear PCM 16-bit audio
L24
Linear PCM 24-bit audio
LAN
Local Area Network
mDNS
multicast-DNS (part of Zeroconf specification)
MTU
Maximum Transmission Unit, the size of the largest
packet that a network protocol can transmit
Recording Market
multicast
simultaneous transmission of messages to a group of
network destinations identified by a virtual multicast
group address (one-to-many transmission)
Although in a recording setup many requirements are
similar to those in broadcasting, a few requirements are
essential:
NIC
Network Interface Controller
Node
a device acting as connector or link between two
domains or layers
OSI
Open Systems Interconnection, a joint ISO and ITU-T
standard for computer networks and communication protocols
OSI model
a layered description for communications and computer
network protocol design
§
tight synchronization
§
support for variable sample-rates
§
low latency
It is essential for recording that all devices are tightly
synchronized, so that sample-accuracy is guaranteed
throughout the complete system setup. Thanks to the
sophisticated synchronization scheme of RAVENNA, it
is not only possible to guarantee system-wide sampleaccuracy, but to provide phase synchronization
precision as required for a word clock master according
to AES-11.
PTP
Precision Time Protocol (an acronym for IEEE 1588)
QoS
Quality of Service
RAVENNA
Real-time Audio Video Enhanced Next-generation Network Architecture
RFC RTPRTCP
Request for Comments, an IETF memorandum on Internet standards and
protocols Real time transport protocolReal-time Transport Control
Protocol (RFC 3550)
RTP/AVP
RTP Audio Video Profile (RFC 3551)
RTSP
Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RFC 2326)
SDP
Session Description Protocol (RFC 4566)
TCP
Transmission Control Protocol (RFC 793)
UDP
User Datagram Protocol (RFC 786)
unicast
transmission of messages to a single network destination identified
by a unique address (one-to-one transmission)
URI
Uniform Resource Identifier, consists of a URL and a URN (RFC 3305)
URL
Uniform Resource Locator (RFC 1738)
URN
Uniform Resource Name (RFC 1737)
WAN
Wide Area Network
Zeroconf
Zero configuration networking (RFC 3927)
41
Photovoltaics:
Solar Electricity and Solar Cells
A. Chitra
The word Photovoltaic is a combination of the Greek
word Photo for Light and the name of the physicist
Allesandro Volta. It identifies the direct conversion of
sunlight into energy by means of solar cells. The
conversion process is based on the photoelectric effect
discovered by Alexander Bequerel in 1839. The
photoelectric effect describes the release of positive and
negative charge carriers in a solid state when light
strikes its surface.
s junction, an interior electric field is built up which
leads to the separation of the charge carriers that are
released by light. Through metal contacts, an electric
charge can be tapped. If the outer circuit is closed,
meaning a consumer ( load ) is connected, then direct
current flows.
Silicon cells are approximately 10 cm by 10 cm large
(recently also 15 cm by 15 cm). A transparent antireflection film protects the cell and decreases reflective
loss on the cell surface.
How Does a Solar Cell Work?
Solar cells are composed of various semiconducting
materials. Semiconductors are materials, which become
electrically conductive when supplied with light or heat,
but which remain as insulators at low temperatures.
Over 95% of all the solar cells produced worldwide are
composed of the semiconductor material Silicon (Si).
As the second most abundant element in earth`s crust,
silicon has the advantage, of being available in
sufficient quantities, and additionally processing the
material does not burden the environment. To produce a
solar cell, the semiconductor is contaminated or
"doped". "Doping" is the intentional introduction of
chemical elements, with which one can obtain a surplus
of either positive charge carriers (p-conducting
semiconductor layer) or negative charge carriers (nconducting semiconductor layer) from the
semiconductor material. If two differently
contaminated semiconductor layers are combined, then
a so-called p-n-junction results on the boundary of the
layers.
Characteristics of a Solar Cell
The output (product of electricity and voltage) of a solar
cell is temperature dependent. Higher cell temperatures
lead to lower output, and hence to lower efficiency. The
level of efficiency indicates how much of the radiated
quantity of light is converted into useable electrical
energy.
At
thi
Figure:2 Current-voltage line of a si-solar
The usable voltage from solar cells depends on the
semiconductor material. In silicon it amounts to
approximately 0.5 V. Terminal voltage is only weakly
dependent on light radiation, while the current intensity
increases with higher luminosity. A 100 cm² silicon cell,
for example, reaches a maximum current intensity of
approximately 2 A when radiated by 1000 W/m².
Figure:1 Model of a crystalline solar cell
42
The output (product of electricity and voltage) of a solar
cell is temperature dependent. Higher cell temperatures
lead to lower output, and hence to lower efficiency. The
level of efficiency indicates how much of the radiated
quantity of light is converted into useable electrical
energy.
transparent Ethyl-Vinyl-Acetate, fitted with an
aluminum or stainless steel frame and covered with
transparent glass on the front side.
The typical power ratings of such solar modules are
between 10 Wpeak and 100 Wpeak. The characteristic
data refer to the standard test conditions of 1000 W/m²
solar radiation at a cell temperature of 25° Celsius. The
manufacturer's standard warranty of ten or more years is
quite long and shows the high quality standards and life
expectancy of today's products.
Different Cell Types
One can distinguish three cell types according to the
type of crystal: monocrystalline, polycrystalline and
amorphous.
Natural Limits of Efficiency
To produce a monocrystalline silicon cell, absolutely
pure semiconducting material is necessary.
Monocrystalline rods are extracted from melted silicon
and then sawed into thin plates. This production process
guarantees a relatively high level of efficiency.
The production of polycrystalline cells is more costefficient. In this process, liquid silicon is poured into
blocks that are subsequently sawed into plates. During
solidification of the material, crystal structures of
varying sizes are formed, at whose borders defects
emerge. As a result of this crystal defect, the solar cell is
less efficient.
If a silicon film is deposited on glass or another substrate
material, this is a so-called amorphous or thin layer
cell. The layer thickness amounts to less than 1µm
(thickness of a human hair: 50-100 µm), so the
production costs are lower due to the low material costs.
However, the efficiency of amorphous cells is much
lower than that of the other two cell types. Because of
this, they are primarily used in low power equipment
(watches, pocket calculators) or as facade elements.
Tabular :1
Material
Level of efficiency
in % Lab
Level of efficiency
in % Production
Monocrystalline Silicon
approx. 24
14 to17
Polycrystalline Silicon
approx. 18
13 to15
Amorphous Silicon
approx. 13
5 to7
Figure:3 Theoretical maximum levels of efficiency of
various solar cells at standard conditions
In addition to optimizing the production processes,
work is also being done to increase the level of
efficiency, in order to lower the costs of solar cells.
However, different loss mechanisms are setting limits
on these plans. Basically, the different semiconductor
materials or combinations are suited only for specific
spectral ranges. Therefore a specific portion of the
radiant energy cannot be used, because the light quanta
(photons) do not have enough energy to "activate" the
charge carriers. On the other hand, a certain amount of
surplus photon energy is transformed into heat rather
From the Cell to the Module
In order to make the appropriate voltages and outputs
available for different applications, single solar cells are
interconnected to form larger units. Cells connected in
series have a higher voltage, while those connected in
parallel produce more electric current. The
interconnected solar cells are usually embedded in
43
than into electrical energy. In addition to that, there are
optical losses, such as the shadowing of the cell surface
through contact with the glass surface or reflection of
incoming rays on the cell in surface. Other loss
mechanisms are electrical resistance losses
semiconductor and the connecting cable. The disrupting
influence of material contamination, surface effects and
crystal defects, however, are also significant. Single loss
mechanisms (photons with too little energy are not
absorbed, surplus photon energy is transformed into
heat) cannot be further improved because of inherent
physical limits imposed by the materials themselves.
This leads to a theoretical maximum level of efficiency,
i.e. approximately 28% for crystal silicon.
transforms it into heat. This absorber is embedded in a
thermally insulated box with a transparent cover
(usually glass) to minimize thermal loss.
A heat conducting liquid (usually a mixture of water and
non-environmentally damaging anti-freeze) flows
through the absorber and circulates between the
collector and the warm water storage tank. Thermal
solar energy systems will be brought into operation
through a solar automatic controller. As soon as the
temperature on the collector exceeds the temperature in
the storage tank by a few degrees, the regulator switches
on the solar circulation pump and the heat conducting
liquid transports the heat received from the collector to
the storage tank.
Solar Water Heating
The use of solar energy to heat water results in favorable
basic requirements, since a household's warm water use
is roughly constant throughout the year. Thus, there is a
larger conformity between demand and the solar energy
supply, than with the utilization for heating.
Figure:4 Percent of monthly solar coverage
Solar heating systems for hot water distinguish
themselves with simple system technology which is,
however, technologically sophisticated. In the
meantime, there are a large number of solar companies,
which have many years of experience in system
planning and mounting. They offer a wide palette of
system concepts for a variety of needs.
Figure:5 Elements of a solar heating system for hot water:
How does a solar heating system work?
The heart of a solar heating system is the collector. A
flat-plate solar collector, the most prevalent collector
form, is made up of a selectively layered absorber that
serves to absorb the incoming solar radiation and
44
•
Automatic solar controller
•
Temperature sensor on collector
•
Temperature sensor on storage tank
•
Solar circulation pump
•
Cold water inflow
•
Hot water run-off
•
Expansion tank
•
Temperature sensor for additional heating
•
Charging circuit- solar circulation pump
the PV modules, a power inverter, a safety device to
power down at failures in the grid and an electricity
meter. The "mains-commutated" inverter converts the
direct current (DC) provided by the modules to
alternating current (AC), simultaneously synchronizing
the AC output to the AC in the grid. The powergenerating capacity of a photovoltaic system is denoted
in kilowatt peak (measured at standard test conditions
and a solar irradiation of 1000 W per m²). Today's PV
modules will cover an area between 7 and 10 m² per
kWp..
The conventional heater guarantees, with the charging
circuit, that enough warm water will be available even
when the solar heating system supplies little or no heat at
all. Solar heating systems can be integrated into
buildings without a problem. Thus, a modern solar
heating system, with at least twenty years life
expectancy exceeds that of a boiler, and ideally
supplements conventional heating technology.
Figure:6 complete chain of solar system
Photovoltaic Power Plants:
Photovoltaic power plants convert sunlight to electric
energy. The energy output of such PV plants will
therefore reach it's peak at midday, meeting the daily
energy consumption peak, when the spot prices on
energy are highest. Despite this economic benefit
photovoltaic power has not yet reached grid parity, the
point at which the costs are equal to grid power (except
some sunny islands like Hawaii that use diesel fuel to
produce electricity).
Figure :7 Schematic diagram of a photovoltaic system
Solar Power:
Sunlight becomes the source of electricity. A grid
coupled PV system essentially consists of the PV panels
(modules), one or several solar inverters, a protections
device for automatic shutdown in case of a grid
breakdown and a counter for the fed in solar electricity.
The components of a grid-connected PV system include
Figure: 8 A PV system may cover the whole roof;
the pictured solar roof (233 square meters) has a nominal
power output of 24,2 kilowatt (kWp).
45
Ø
Required module space:
Experiments show that photovoltaic systems operate
most effectively with an azimuth angle of about 0° and a
tilt angle of about 30°. Of course small variances in
these values are not at all problematic: with the system
oriented towards the south-east or south-west, about 95
% of the highest possible amount of light can still be
absorbed. Large systems with arrays are fitted with
electric motors which track the sun in order to optimise
output.
Within bigger systems mostly crystalline silicon
modules are used today. To install a nominal capacity of
1 kWp (Kilowatt Peak) with such modules an area
between about 7 m² (using monocrystalline cells) and 10
m² (using polycrystalline cells) is required. Otherwise
unused pitched roofs are in many cases the most costefficient places to install a PV system, especially if they
are oriented to south and inclined to a degree of about
30° to 37°.
Ø
Power inverter:
Ø
PV Orientation and Output
PV systems provide direct current (DC) voltage. To feed
to the grid, this DC voltage has to be inverted to the grid
alternating current (AC) voltage by a mainscommutated« or grid-tied inverter, synchronizing
automatically its AC output to the exact AC voltage and
frequency of the grid.
The efficiency of the photovoltaic process is at its
highest if the sun rays hit the panel vertically. Therefore
PV modules should be oriented to south (speaking of the
northern hemisphere) and somewhat inclined; the
optimal inclination angle depends on the location
(including latitude, altitude and other factors). As a rule
of thumb the inclination angle would be best between
3/4 and 4/5 of the latitude – resulting in angles of 32° to
38° in Middle and Western Europe or 30° to 36° in most
of the US. However: Small divergences from the
optimal orientation and inclination result only in even
smaller reductions of energy output per year.
This MPP fluctuates during operation in an interval
depending on the radiation, the cell temperature and the
cell type und has so to be tracked by the inverter
controlling unit.The second important job of the solar
power inverter is to control the PV system to run near its
Maximum Power Point (MPP), the operating point
where the combined values of the current and voltage of
the solar modules result in a maximum power output.
This MPP fluctuates during operation in an interval
depending on the radiation, the cell temperature and the
cell type und has so to be tracked by the inverter
controlling unit.
In order to most effectively use Solar Radiation, a PV
Module or Collector of a photovoltaic system and Solar
Heating System, respectively, is aligned to absorb or
collect as much of the radiation as possible. The
radiation's angle of incidence, the tilt angle of the
module or collector, and the azimuth angle all play roles
in achieving the greatest possible power production.
Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) Panel Installation at
VLPTs Transmitters
Doordarshan has more than three hundred and fifty five
solar PV panels installed throughout the country in
remote forest hilly inaccessible areas with no electricity
or unreliable mains supply and signal shadow areas. Its
powers of 10 Watts, 40 watts, 75 watts etc very low
power unmanned TV transmitters (called VLPTs) on
365 days, many of them with remote facility for
monitoring and control and are maintained by
Doordarshan Maintenance Centers.
Figure:9 The azimuth angle (β) in the picture at right)
specifies how many degrees the surface of the moduleor
collector diverges from the exact south-facing direction.
The tilt angle (α) specifies the divergence from the horizontal.
46
Figure : 10 Block Diagram of Solar PV Panel
CHARGE
CONTROLLER
SOLAR
PANEL
BATTERY
CHARGER
LOAD
BATTERY
Technical Specifications of 75W Solar Panel is given
below:-
Reconnection level is 26.4V +o.2V
Battery low cut off level 22.8V
Battery re connection level 25.2V
Battery charger is 24V, 70A
Battery Bank is 24V, 1250AH, each battery 2V, and
1250AH
Solar Panel Consists of series parallel combination of
18V, 75W panel connected to 24V battery bank.
At night time battery charger gives the charging current
to the battery.
Reference :
Solar Power (True Books)
by Christine Petersen
Consumer Guide to Solar Energy, 3rd Edition
by Scott Sklar / Ken Sheinkopf
GCIL SPV Panel installation manual
http://www.solarserver.com
Charge controller provided short circuit and over
voltage production.
Battery reverse polarity connection production control
reverse flow of current from battery to solar panel .
Disconnection level of battery charging is 28.4V +0.2V
About The Author
Mrs. A. Chitra, DDE, DMC, Trichy & Chairperson, BES(I) Thanjavur Chapter Completed BE
Electronics and Communication Engineering at National Institute of Technology(NIT) ,
Trichirappalli. Joined in All India Radio, Pondicherry1988, and worked in various AIR
stations. When worked at Additional Directorate General office, south zone Chennai gained
much more technical experience and went for Technical Inspection of various AIR stations in
south zone, portblair and Lakshadweep etc...Attended many training programs at Staff
Training Institute, New Delhi, Administrative course at RSTI, Bhubaneshwar, Management
course IABM at IIT, Shillong etc.. Experienced in all type of Radio Transmitters, Harris FM
Transmitters, BEL 2 x 100 kw MW transmitters, 50kw, 100kw Short wave transmitters,
servicing of all broadcasting related equipment's. At present working as a Deputy Director of Doordarshan
Maintenance centre Trichy, Now as a Chairperson of the Broadcast Engineering Society [India] Thanjavur Chapter,
and organizing number of technical seminars in many Engineering colleges.
47
Lip Sync Problems in Television
S. S. Bindra
Missing synchronizing of Lips with corresponding
sound in any video clip in a TV program is very
annoying. Thus for every TV channel special efforts are
required both in studios using digital equipment and
transmission path using MPEG-2 based encoders for
maintaining proper lip synchronization.
precedes the PTS for a specific frame the frame is
decoded and held in a buffer until its presentation time
arrives.
a) Transmission Path
Cable operator will access any satellite TV channel by
using a Integrated Receiver Decoder (IRD) in a receive
path. The decoder here relies on time references placed
in the transport stream by the encoder in the
transmission path to synchronize the audio and video
components of a program. Lip sync may not be proper
if:-
The above figure shows the timing sequence in the
transport stream. At the encoder, each program is
stamped with the appropriate PCR, PTS and DTS. On
the decoder side, the PCR'o are put through a phase lock
loop (PLL) to regenerate the original system clock of the
encoder. This ensures that the decoder is synchronized
to the encoder so that data buffers in the decoder do not
overflow or underflow. Once the original system clock
is recovered the decoder uses the DTS and PTS in the
header of each audio and video packet to determine the
proper decoding and presentation time for the packet.
1) The encoder in the transmission path * does not
stamp the proper time reference into the stream or
2) The decoder misreads a correct time stamp supplied
by the encoder,
Let us study more about different time stamps or
references put into the transport stream by the encoder.
This will help us to understand the most common causes
for timing-related problems. It is also helpful to use lip
sync analysis tools to isolate and resolve these errors
quickly.
Timing Problems
This complex timing process is susceptible to encoder
and decoder errors. The three most common causes of
lip sync. errors are:-
Transport Stream Timing
System clock in the encoder helps Synchronization
between components in a transport stream Using this
clock the encoder periodically stamps the transport
stream with a time reference. It is called as Program
Clock Reference (PCR). It facilitates decoder to
generate its own 27MHz clock identical to the system
clock of the encoder.
An encoder's improper handling of video encoding
delay.
•
Faulty PCR stamping or PCR jitter.
•
Incorrect decoding of PCR and PTS/DTS values.
Encoding complementary audio and video pairs with
the correct time-stamp is not as easy. Since video
streams contain much more data than their audio
counterparts, they require much more time to encode.
This time lapse is called Video Encoding Delay When
generating an audio time stamp the encoder must
calculate the precise measure of Video Encoding Delay
that separates audio and video packets. The slightest
error in PTS values will cause noticeable lip sync
problems.
The encoder also adds time stamps to audio and video
elementary streams called Decoding time stamps (DTS)
and presentation time stamps (PTS). These time streams
(DTS & PTS) tell the decoder at what time a particular
frame or portion of audio should be decoded and
presented to the viewer.
In MPEG-2 compression, some frames may need to be
decoded well before their presentation time. A DTS in
the header of each video packet notifies the decoder, the
time at which a frame must be decoded. If the DTS
Incorrect PCR stamping by the encoder also causes lip
sync problems. If the encoder stamps the PCR with the
48
•
wrong time the decoder will not be able to re-create the
27MHz clock correctly. Since all PTS/DTS values
reference the PCR. The entire program will suffer,
causing lip sync errors as well as poor program quality.
Excessive jitter on the 27MHz cock will also cause lip
sync and video quality problems. Even if the encoder
has done its job correctly and all PCRs. PTSs and DTSs
are stamped as they should be, a faulty decoder can still
cause problems. If the decoder miscalculates the PCR it
will regenerate the 27 MHz clock incorrectly, and all
timing values in the transport stream will be adversely
affected. By the same token. if it does not use the
PTS and DTS values properly the audio and video
buffers in to decoder will overflow or under flow.
causing a loss of synchronization and poor program
quality.
challenges in digital broadcasting, sophisticated
measurement tools enable users to precisely analyze
transport stream timing during encoder and decoder
development.
Studio Environment
Studio equipment using combination of analog and
digital signal are likely to face Video delay in frames
whenever the video is passed through a Digital Video
switcher with DVE, Standard converters, or a Frame
synchronizer etc,. Audio in these cases need matching
delay for synchronization.
The use of frame synchronizers / video processors used
before transmission can also introduce a noticeable
video delay causing mismatching in audio and video
In cases where digital audio is used, then all the audio
processors / remapper or reshufflers should be locked
to the station reference (tone or silence) otherwise the
lip sync may mismatch.
Testing Lip Sync
Lip any analysis and verification can be performed
at the output of the encoder and at the output of the
decoder. Since these two pieces of equipment control
timing in the transport stream, their use of PCR, PTS and
DTS values must be precisely measured to ensure
quality programming if both the encoder and the
decoder are constantly monitored for lip sync accuracy,
failures in the stream can be detected and isolated
quickly
In virtual studios the video delays are used to achieve
synchronized switching of foreground and background,
hence the talent microphones should be delayed and not
the audio program output. If unattended lip sync will be
out and can easily be noticed in the output from studio.
Also where audio and video ADCs are used, the delay in
video ADC is more than audio ADC, therefore the audio
must be delayed to compensate delay of video ADC.
Though in the past manufacturers and broadcasters have
verified lip syncs by simply viewing television output.
The vast number of channels made possible by MPEG-2
compression and digital surround sound force industry
players to search for more sophisticated lip-sync
measuring equipment like Transport Stream Analyzer..
These delays may be small but their cumulative effect
may cause serious lip sync issues on the program output.
But thank God ! there are solutions for every problem
and the required tools are available to ensure happy
television viewing for all.
Through lip sync presents one of the most serious
About The Author
Mr. S. S. Bindra joined Doordarshan in 1975. He associated himself with television
productions in various capacities while serving Calcutta, Delhi, Srinagar and Central
Production Center (CPC) of Doordarshan. He has been continuously working in the area of
Television Studio Equipment, right from the days of Image Orthicon Cameras and Quad VTRs.
He also served Libyan Broadcasting Network and IGNOU on deputation in the area of
Television Broadcasting and Distant Learning. He has contributed for the development of
Human Resources in Doordarshan by producing several Audio Visual Packages for training
purpose while working as faculty member in staff training Institute of DD. While working
with DD Head Quarters in Delhi he was responsible for the optimum utilization of DD
resources for the outdoor TV coverage of the various events of National and International
importance. He has also served CPC, Doordarshan & DD News as Director and Superintending Engineer. Currently
he is working as Consultant (training) in Prasar Bharati after his retirement as Additional Director General, Staff
Training Institute of AIR &DD at Kingsway Camp Delhi. He is also serving as a Council Member of the Broadcast
Engineering Society (India) currently
49
Adieu SW Radio!
E. Venkitakrishnan
Short Wave, Your Time Is Up!
The frequency of most dog whistles is within the range
of, 23 to 54 KHZ. So, clearly they are above the range of
human hearing; although some are adjustable down into
the audible range. So, one could conclude, who
benefited most by the early radio broadcasts! But this
was the first step, for a venture into, what came to be
known as short wave radio.
Conventional radio, in the context of advances in
technology and changed listener preferences, is seeking
a new identity and definition. We have now genres of
radio, through digital television, mobile phones,
computers and satellite. If conventional radio looks
marginalized, then the short wave radio looks alienated.
The “sunset strategy”, leading to dismantling of radio
stations we witness today, is a logical trend towards
diminishing interest, in short wave radio.
Short wave, evolved through Ultrasonics, Long and
Medium waves. The history of shortwave radio dates to
1927, when Philips Laboratories of the Netherlands,
transmitted shortwave broadcasts, from Eindhoven to
the Dutch East Indies. But ever since that time, short
wave radio moved fast forward, to a place of
prominence in the radio spectrum, to prove its mettle in a
momentous era of world history.
Long and Short of It
Who made the first radio broadcast and when, is a
contentious issue and may remain so, forever. As a
starting point, we can perhaps pick up, one of the many
names and periods of prominence, handed down to us by
technology historians. One good starting point would be
that of Reginald Fessenden, who in 1906, using an
alternator transmitter of frequency 50KHZ, broadcast
sound to ships at sea. Today, it needs to stretch the
imagination a good deal, to come to terms with a 50
KHZ radio broadcast and the equipment used.
Made for Each Other
The ionosphere, mostly forgotten even by the radio man,
is a continually changing area of the atmosphere;
extending from altitudes of around 60 kilometers to
more than 400 kilometers, made of ions and free
electrons. While discovery of ionosphere was a great
event in itself, the tons of research and studies, relating
to radio frequency propagation and ionosphere,
established beyond any doubt that the pair short wave
radio and ionosphere, were made for each other!
Shortwave radio was ideally suited for long distance
communication, by virtue of its unique skip
propagation, allowed communication around the curve
of the earth. As the short wave propagation depended so
much on the ever fluid situation of the ionosphere, the
short wave signal had a special color and character, as a
consequence of mixing of sound effects caused by
fading, interference, noise and distortion.
The Short Wave Radio
The iconic short wave radio transmitting centre has been
a unique installation, with its transmitter building and an
expansive, aerial field.
The centre presented an
awesome spectacle. If daytime offered a spectacle of
masts in different orientations, painted in international
orange and white, with majestic curtains strung across;
night time offered the red glow of an array of aviation
obstruction lights. The sight transported the radioman
and layman alike, to another imaginary world. Short
Alternator Transmitter
The range of human hearing is typically considered to be
between 20 Hz and 20 KHZ. The top end of a dog's
hearing range is about 45 kHz, while a cat's is 64 KHZ. It
is thought, that dogs and cats evolved this higher hearing
range, in order to hear the high frequency sounds made
by their preferred prey; small rodents.
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the promise of improved audio quality, comparable to
the FM broadcast audio, using the existing short wave
amplitude modulation transmitting set up.
In India, the public broadcaster is trying out DRM, on
about 14 short wave broadcasts on frequencies 9950,
11620, 11645, 11715, 13605, 15050, 15140, 15795,
17715 & 17895 KHZ. But the receiving end is yet to be
made DRM ready, even
as an Indian made
DRM receiver was on
display at IBC2014.
The price tag turned
out to be a deterrent
even for the
aficionados of short
DRM Radio
wave radio.
A Short Wave Radio Station
Wave antennae have been considered, marvels of
engineering design. The aerial field had such a range of
designs, right from the simplest of Dipoles & Folded
Dipoles, to Yagis, Rhombics, Loops, Curtains & Log
Periodics. The last one, called log periodic, has been
the culmination of the quest for a broadband antenna, to
DRM admittedly, is a brilliant piece of innovation, to
resurrect a waning broadcast technology. But to what
extent it can lure back the listener to short wave listening
is any body's guess. At best DRM can be taken as an
interlude before short wave radio falls into oblivion.
Decline of Short Wave Radio
The beginning of decline could well be the trend in
Medium Wave broadcast to increase the range, by
increasing the power. This Medium Wave overreach,
by virtue of ground waves, that could travel over the
curvature of the earth and limited sky wave
propagation, saw an increased coverage area with
better signal quality compared to short wave audio.
Once dominant SW band
Another less known reason could be attributed to the
Broadband over Power Lines (BPL) that used a data
stream, transmitted over unshielded power lines. As the
BPL frequencies overlapped with shortwave bands,
severe distortions made analog shortwave radio signals
near power lines useless.
cover the entire short wave band. This was about the last
of developments in short wave antenna design, at a time
when short wave radio had reached its apogee. In the
cold war era of world history, short wave radio proved
most effective, in penetrating the iron and bamboo
curtains, as nations had a high stake in short wave radio,
as a means for furthering national interests.
But more importantly, the major challengers are:
• Satellite Radio
The DRM Interlude
The versatile communication satellites opened up
possibilities for yet another type of radio, known as
satellite radio. This brought about profound changes, in
the way broadcasting was done. Satellites became
virtual towers at 36,000 kilometers that could create
world-wide footprints. Allocation of set of frequencies,
for satellite radio, made things stable. Satellite radio
broadcasts had a short presence in India and proved
quite popular for its content and quality. Satellite radio is
As audio quality improved all around efforts got under
way to improve the audio quality of short wave radio
signals. It was thought that by doing so, (a) listeners
would remain tuned in and (b) short wave radio stations
would get a lease on life.
A new digital radio technology, known as Digital Radio
Mondiale (DRM), emerged as a technological bailout
for the distressed sw radio. This technology, held
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Internet radio emerged as a differently new platform
form, for radio. This genre of radio, came to be known in
a wide range of names, such as web , net , streaming , e
and online radios. Webcasting gained currency as an
audio service transmitted via the Internet or more
simply broadcasting on the Internet .Internet radio
involves streaming media, presenting listeners with a
continuous stream of
audio that typically,
cannot be paused or
replayed. Internet radio
is also distinct from
podcasting, which
involves downloading
rather than streaming.
Internet Radio
proven technology.
Its reemergence,
with a bigger global
footprint is a
possibility, as we
look at the
beginning of fading
out of short waves
form the band.
Satellite Radio fitted in Harley Davidson
• FM Radio
The invention by Edward Howard Armstrong in the year
1936, showed the world the feasibility and superiority of
FM over AM. It took about 50 years for FM to emerge
as a serious broadcast medium, in India. The FM radio
gathered momentum, first in the hands of the public
broadcaster, in the 1980s and saw great traction in the
private sector, in the 2000s. Even with restriction on
news and other non music programming, private FM
was a huge hit with the people and brought about a
resurgence of radio. At the end of two phases of FM
implementation in the private sector, we are now tuning
in to a 245 private and 326 public FM stations. This is
again set to change in phase three, when auctions of 839
channels in 294 towns take place.
FM radio directly
challenged MW radio and
brought about profound
changes, in listeners
preferences. In the first
instance the FM/AM radio
sets marginalized short
wave radio and then again,
when FM radio became a
permanent feature of cell
phones, both AM and FM,
saw marginalization.
Many Internet radio
services are associated with a corresponding traditional,
terrestrial radio stations or radio networks. But low
start-up and ongoing costs have allowed a substantial
proliferation of independent, Internet-only, radio
stations.
Internet radio is typically listened to, on a standard home
PC or similar device, through an embedded player
program, located on the respective station's website.
More recently, dedicated devices that resemble older
generation radio sets, have arrived in the market.
Adieu, SW Radio!
Many would have watched, the You tube video clips of
Short Wave radio stations being demolished, in many
parts of the world. In one such video clip it describes the
silencing of short wave radio- “It took 14.5 kilograms,
of dynamite to fell the massive antennas, which long
relayed news from the United States to the former Soviet
Union. But the most powerful force behind the
demolition was the rapidly shifting landscape of radio,
where listeners are migrating toward MP3 players,
FM Radio Cell Phone
• Internet Radio
Since the mid-1990s, the Internet has had a
revolutionary impact on culture and commerce,
including the rise of near-instant communication by
electronic mail, instant messaging, voice over Internet
Protocol (VoIP) telephone calls, two-way interactive
video calls, and the World Wide Web with its discussion
forums, blogs, social networking, and online shopping
sites.
Dynamiting of SW radio station
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Internet radio and podcasting”.
•
The above events and comments sums up, in real terms,
where short wave radio is heading to. And further, the
radio world is abuzz with news bytes such as these:-
Swiss Radio International ended shortwave
broadcasts two years ago, to transform into an online
news service.
•
All of the world's largest international broadcasters,
from the United States, France, Germany, England
and the Netherlands, are cutting back or reviewing
precious resources devoted to shortwave radio.
•
Finnish public broadcaster YLE has decided to end
Fallen Towers
all of its shortwave broadcasts, with the goal of
saving money and diverting resources, to online
news services.
•
Germany's public broadcaster, Deutsche Welle, has
decided to end its German language shortwave
broadcasts, aimed at Canada and the United States.
•
Japanese public broadcaster, NHK, and the Korean
Broadcasting System, have decided to
reduce
shortwave services.
•
Smaller international broadcasters, with more
limited resources, are phasing out shortwave
entirely.
•
Slovak Radio,has silenced its shortwave
programming
Adieu, SW!
It would be appropriate to conclude, that many
broadcasters, have found resonance with the view of the
leading international broadcaster, the BBC World
Service, in pursuing a diversification strategy that
regards the future in stark terms. "Audience needs are
changing and technology is moving rapidly," reads the
news service's explanation, of its strategy through
2010. "Shortwave is also declining at a fast pace and if
we don't change, we will die."
About The Author
Shri. E. Venkitakrishnan, served All India Radio from 1964 -1998. He
worked in designations of Engineering Assistant to Deputy Director (E),
at several locations. After superannuation in January 1998, he had several
post retirement assignments, related to broadcasting, in Public and
Private sectors. He lives in Bangalore.
Email ID: [email protected]
Mob: 09810634434 LL: 80 41608200
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REPORT
Ahmedabad Chapter
A.K. Gupta
Workshop on “TV on Web :Emerging Trends”
As a part of monthly lecture series, A workshop on “TV
on Web : Emerging Trends” was organized by Broadcast
Engineering Society, Ahmedabad Chapter in
association with Centre for Development of Advanced
Computing, Pune at Hotel Ashray Inn, S.G.Highway,
Ahmedabad on 20th February, 2015.
screen technology, HbbTv.
He also laid emphasis on participation of Indian
firms/Companies in formulation of International
Standards like HTTP 5 & other.
In the Second session, Shri Shubhanshu Gupta,
Technical Officer from C-DAC, presented a Demo on
Television-learning (DVB subtitling). He shared the
Technical information of the project developed by CDAC. A live demo was also displayed during the
session.
During Inaugural session, Shri J K Chandira, Chairman,
of BES Ahmedabad chapter welcomed the Guest &
participants of the workshop. He also introduced the
Guest Speaker Shri Mahesh Kulkarni (Associate
Director and HoD, GIST & WDG, Country Manager W3C India Office) and his Team from C-DAC.
Both the session were found very interactive and
appreciated by the participants of the seminar.
In the first session, Shri Mahesh Kulkarni delivered a
lecture on “TV on Web : Emerging trends”. The lecture
was very elaborative & speaker threw light on how Web
is driving the standards of television broadcasting,
penetration of Social media in Broadcasting, Second
Shri A K Gupta Hon. Secretary, BES, Ahmedabad
chapter conveyed the vote of thanks. The programmed
was anchored by Shri Ramesh Tale Hon. Treasurer, BES
Ahmedabad chapter.
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REPORT
Pune Chapter
Ashok Kale
WEBINAR - Safety precautions in Broadcasting stations
voltage. Presentations on safety measures to be
observed at various broadcast installations were made
by Shri DK Sudame, Asst. Director, Shri RK Ranjekar
AE and Shri HP Paradkar AE AIR Pune. Officers and
staff from DDK Pune ,HPT AIR Pune, AIR Satara,
DMC Satara, AIR Ratnagiri, AIR Sangali, AIR
Kolhapur and AIR Panaji participated and interacted in
this Webinar. AIR Pune was host of this Webinar.
Shri SS Raman, AE, Shri Ravindra Ranjekar, AE and
Shri Ravi Balani DDK Pune coordinated this event.
On 20th March,2015, BES Pune Chapter organised a
Webinar at conference hall of AIR Pune. Shri Liladhar
Mandaloi ,former Director General of Doordarshan and
AIR and Shri M L Batham, former Additional Director
General of Border Security Force were chief
guest.Safety precautions in Broadcasting stations was
t h e m a i n t o p i c o f w e b i n a r. S h r i A s h i s h
Bhatnagar,Deputy Director General, AIR Pune
elaborated the importance of safety and advised staff to
be more careful while working with High tension
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News from Broadcasting World
Information and Broadcasting Minister, Govt. of
India Inaugurates National Community Radio
workshop
comments to listeners in India and abroad.
According to a statement by the Information and
Broadcasting Ministry: “Facebook insight data shows
that AIR's News Service Division (NSD) is reaching
almost 10 million people in terms of posts on an average
per day across the length and breadth of the country
including the overseas diaspora.”
Honourable I & B Minister Sh. Arun Jaitely
inaugurated the fifth National Sammelan for
Community Radio Stations in Delhi on 16th March 2015.
AIR News also has a large number of followers are from
countries like Nepal, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia,
Bangladesh, Malaysia, USA, UK and Singapore.
It also has 5,07,800 followers on Twitter alone,
including the Prime Minister Narendra Modi, various
government and media organisations, politicians and
celebrities.
NHK to showcase 8K technology
The three-day workshop is a platform for Community
Radio Operators, policy makers, ministries, the UN and
other stakeholders to exchange ideas.
The role of community radio in promoting learning,
livelihoods and agriculture, sustainability, content
sharing and programming for development and
facilitating access to justice for marginalized
communities was discussed in the workshop.
So far, the Information and Broadcasting Ministry has
issued 409 licenses to for community radio stations in
the country out of which 179 stations have become
operational.
Japan's public broadcaster, NHK, will showcase its
ultra-high definition TV technology at this year's ABU
Digital Broadcasting Symposium (DBS) in Kuala
Lumpur. NHK has been leading the development of 8K
Super Hi-Vision, currently the most versatile ultra-highdefinition system, and will exhibit a compact 8K TV
camera. NHK will also display the world's smallest 13.3
inch 8K OLED display which uses an ultra-thin screen.
NHK will test 8K delivery by satellite and plans to start
an 8K broadcast in 2018.
2 million Facebook likes for All India Radio News
BBC plans to launch station for North Korea
The event has seen the release of a compilation of
inspiring stories of community radios from across the
country and the presentation of National Community
Radio Awards.
The BBC is planning to start
broadcasting within North
Korea through shortwave
radio to sidestep the country's
laws against foreign media
broadcasts, according to
International Business
Times.
Indian national broadcaster
All India Radio's (AIR) News
page has crossed a record two
million likes on Facebook.
AIR is one of the largest
broadcasting organisations in
the world and its News
Services Division (NSD)
disseminates news and
This comes as small radios are entering the country from
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Commercial Radio Australia's Kath Brown outlined
ten critical factors for success in rolling out digital radio
and explained that a crucial element in Australia's
success with digital radio was that all sectors of
broadcasting agreed on a united policy position and
presented it to government. Once there is an accepted
policy from government, the next steps are to get the
program makers and receiver manufacturers excited
about digital radio, then get car manufacturers on board.
borders with China and South Korea through a
flourishing black market even as internet access and
satellite television are mostly unavailable.
The British broadcaster would join the South Koreabacked KBS and the U.S.-supported Radio Free Asia
and Voice of America if it were to start broadcasting
content in North Korea.
Staying in analogue radio is a dead end: Digital
Broadcasting Summit KL
In Brown's opinion, “broadcasters are the best placed to
plan their networks and operate the multiplex licences.”
Her ten steps to success are:
1. Select spectrum efficient technology,
2. Start NOW
3. Give broadcasters incentives to embrace digital
radio, such as new digital spectrum licences
4. Tell governments that transmission costs will be
much less (one tenth of analog costs) once
simulcasting is finished and that there is a
potential digital dividend from the old analog
spectrum
5. Plan a national staged project
6. Save operational costs by careful coverage
planning
7. Encourage new content and affordable receivers
8. Work to get digital radio into vehicles and smart
phones
9. Marketing strategy to inform listeners
10. Use analog and online to cross promote digital
benefits
Transmission expert Les Sabel told broadcast managers
and engineers that staying in analog transmission is a
“dead end.”
Sabel, a technical consultant for World DMB, was
speaking at a workshop on Digital Radio in the lead up
to the official opening of the Digital Broadcasting
Summit, in Kuala Lumpur.He told delegates the cost of
inaction on digital radio “is that listeners will go
somewhere else.”
He laid out a range of suggested technical steps for
network planning and roll out in Asian countries. He
said a good time to roll out digital radio is when digital tv
is being rolled out, because the same benefits of more
content, more features and better quality are available
for both media and it is easier to educate listeners about
the benefits of digital radio if they are already thinking
about similar features for digital tv.
FCC Chairman Tom Wheeler to Address NAB Show
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
Chairman Tom Wheeler will speak at the 2015 NAB
Digital Radio's “long term payoff for broadcasters,”
according to Sabel, is lower operating expenses once
simulcasting is turned off, plus increased value in
content, added value for spectrum and the option for a
much more flexible future. He recommended that
broadcasters migrate gradually to digital transmission
rather than trying to launch everything at once with a
“big bang.”
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Show in Las Vegas, the National Association of
Broadcasters (NAB) announced today. The address,
which will be held Wednesday, April 15, 9:00-10:00
a.m., is expected to provide insight into the FCC's policy
and regulatory objectives related to broadcasting,
technology and communications law generally.
devices, thus eliminating the need for a connection to
present work. Media is available instantly from
wherever you are.”
Broadcast PixTo Launch 'Roadie' Mobile
Production System at NAB2015
Broadcast Pix, the leader in integrated production
switchers, will introduce Roadie, a mobile integrated
production switcher at the 2015 NAB Show. With builtin HD streaming and recording, as well as Broadcast
Pix's patented Fluent Control toolset, Roadie delivers a
complete end-to-end production workflow that
simplifies and streamlines live production on location
for a single operator or small staff.
“This is a great opportunity for NAB Show attendees to
hear first-hand from the FCC Chairman on the FCC's
progress on the TV spectrum incentive auction and a
host of other items currently under consideration at the
Commission,” said NAB President and CEO Gordon
Smith.
NAB Show, held April 11-16, 2015 in Las Vegas, is the
world's largest electronic media show covering the
creation, management and delivery of content across all
platforms. With more than 98,000 attendees from 150
countries and 1,600+ exhibitors, NAB Show is the
ultimate marketplace for digital media and
entertainment.
Simian Unveils SimianNOW!
Simian, the industry leader in creative workflow and
evolutionary media management solutions, today
announces the release of Simian NOW!, a new app that
allows Simian users to download reels and other media
assets to their iPhone or iPad for playback offline
without an internet connection.
Roadie's multi-format 1 M/E production
switcherfeatures three SDI/HDMI inputs and one
SDI/HDMI/analog input, eight internal channels (two
clip and six graphics), one SDI/HDMI/analog out, and
four balanced (1/4-inch TRS) and two AES (BNC)
audio I/O. Roadie can input embedded audio and mix it
with clip audio.
Simian NOW!, available free through the Apple App
Store, provides a simple and convenient way to store
and playback media from wherever one happens to be,
even when Internet and Wi-Fi service is unavailable.
“Now, Simian users will never have to worry about a
lack of access to the internet preventing them from
presenting their work,” says Simian COO Brian Atton.
“Simian NOW!puts reel presentations locally on mobile
Cloud-based content from Skype, Twitter, and other
resources can be included in live productions. All
sources are automatically ingested and scaled while
maintaining lip sync. Roadie also includes built-in WiFi as well as two network inputs to accommodate a
hotspot for connecting to cloud-based services or
connecting an iPad for system control.
ARRI ENLARGES ITS LED L-SERIES WITH
NEW L10 FRESNEL
ARRI has announced the L10, the newest edition to its
L-Series family of LED Fresnels, which also includes
the portable L5 and mid-range L7. The introduction of
the L10 fulfills ARRI's mission to provide a full line of
high-performance LED Fresnels to the film, broadcast,
theatre and live entertainment markets.
ARRI has announced the L10, the newest edition to its
L-Series family of LED Fresnels, which also includes
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the portable L5 and mid-range L7. The introduction of
the L10 fulfills ARRI's mission to provide a full line of
high-performance LED Fresnels to the film, broadcast,
theatre and live entertainment markets.
The L10 is the brightest and largest L-Series lamphead
to date. Its substantial 10” Fresnel lens and powerful
output allow for more distant fixture placement and the
wrapping of light around objects in a natural and
pleasing way.
Consuming only 400 watts, the L10 is incredibly energy
efficient. The L10-TT and DT versions have a
brightness level close to that of a 2,000-watt tungsten
Fresnel.
Black Box announces enhanced capabilities for IPbased KVM switching and extension
Extend digital signals long distances over the network.
Agility KVM-over-IP transmitters and receivers extend
DVI, digital KVM, and USB over CATx cable up to 330
feet, and farther with the addition of network switches.
Belar Announces HD Radio Delay Solution
Belar Electronics Laboratory has announced a “simple
and cost-effective way for radio broadcasters to
eliminate delay between digital and analog signals on
the fringes of HD Radio coverage” — Automatic Delay
Correction. The company explains, “This ensures a
pleasant listening experience for audiences in areas
where HD Radio coverage is less robust, seamlessly
switching back and forth between the two programs
without audience detection.”
ADC is an algorithm to be used in the Belar FMHD-1
HD Radio-capable modulation monitor. The algorithm
constantly monitors the HD Radio stream and the
analog stream, comparing them. It is capable of then
adjusting the streams and delivering the corrections to a
processor, delay or exporter further upstream in the
program air chain.
Belar CEO Mark Grant said, “Every HD Radio
broadcaster already has a delay line built into the air
chain, whether it's through the leading audio processors
on the market or within a current generation exporter.
We are removing an unnecessary step by feeding the
signal back to the processor or exporter. Our modulation
monitors require only a simple software upgrade in the
field, ensuring that broadcasters can seamlessly
incorporate time alignment without significant costs or
complexity.”
BBC Expands National DAB Transmitter Network
On top of the high-performance LAN access, the new
Agility with VNC port (ACR1012A-T) transmitter also
enables additional out-of-band remote management
access using a low-bandwidth VNC connection from a
secondary network. The Agility system also
incorporates the Agility Controller with a plug-and-play
management suite, iPATH™. The controller enables
remote, secure configuration of the transmitters and
receivers, turning the Agility into an IP-based matrix
switch.
As part of its plan for
digital radio network
expansion, the BBC
has added 20 more
DAB transmitters,
bringing the total
number to 299,
covering 95 percent
of the United
Kingdom population. The BBC's goal is to bring another
2 million people into the coverage area and increasing
coverage to 97 percent by the end of 2015.
59
NE
S FROM
OADCASTING WORLD
ASTING WORLD NEW
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FR
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CASTING
CASTI
NEWS FROM BROAD
LD
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NEWS FROM BROAD
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BROAD
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ORLD NEWS FROM
NEWS FROM BROAD
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AD
CA
M BRO
WORLD NEWS FRO
NEWS FROM BROAD
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C
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NEWS FROM BROAD
G WORLD NEWS FR
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NEWS FROM BROAD
According to the broadcaster, areas like Ashburton,
Stamford and Folkestone are now receiving improved
reception; while St. Just, Clun, Moffat and Innerleithen
are being served for the first time by its national DAB
network.In total, the transmitters have added 138,000
homes to the coverage area and improved reception in 2
million, it said in a release.
DRM and Voice of Vietnam Hold Workshop
The Digital Radio Mondiale Consortium and Voice of
Vietnam held their first digital radio workshop in Hanoi,
Vietnam on March 10.VoV is exploring ways of
covering the entire coastal country, made up of many
towns and villages, with broadcasting services that can
be viewed by the entire population in an energy-efficient
way.
digitization process we are looking at the most effective
ways to cover both large cities but also regional town
and villages over large and geographical diverse
territories. We wish to understand the full potential of
DRM and the way it could ensure the full and costeffective coverage of our large country.”
“VoV is the largest public station in Vietnam covering
the entire country with radio programs in analog mode,”
said Ngyuen Dang Tien, president of VoV. “In our radio
Event Update: Audio Networking Forum London
Audio networking forum conducted one day conference on12th December in London.The event provided
insight into the state of play of the technology and the craft of networking audio. LAWO,Ravenna,Calrec,
Merging technologies , Digico andArchwave sponsored the conferenceThe chairman Mark Yonge gave an
introduction to audio networking reflecting on its history.Jan Eveleens presented on the progress made by
AVB with the particular reference to its application to audio. Roland Hemming from RH consulting briefed
the recently completed research into networked audio products. Andreas Hildebrand from ALC Networx
explained Ravenna's development and underlying technology .
Patrick Warrington from Calrec introduced a practical implementation of networking across a facility that
mixed and integrated networking types. The morning session ended with a lively Question and Answer
session. The post lunch session saw Martin black from Sky delving deep at the ins and outs of the huge
networking system at the broadcasters Harlequin 1 facility. This followed an excellent presentation on the
practical implementation of mixed networking types employed frequently in large scale live productions
.Gil Wasserman from Waves Audio explained how SoundGrid saves time and creates efficiencies that are as
important in live sound as they are in studio.Claude Cellier from Merging Technologies concluded the
afternoon session with some real world large scale applications of Ravenna networking in recording before
another highly interactive Question and Answer session.
60
NG WORLD
ING WORLD
TING WORLD
ASTING WORLD
CASTING WORLD
FM Service of All India Radio will cover
the whole country in a few years
- Col.(Retd) Rajyawardhan Rathore, Minister of State for Information & Broadcasting, Government of India
FM Service of All India Radio will cover the whole
country in a few years. Inaugurating the new FM
Transmitter for Vividh Bharat Service in Mumbai today,
the Minister of State for Information & Broadcasting,
Col. (Retd). Rajyavardhan Rathore said the
Government intends to cover the whole country through
FM Service. He said this may take a few years but it will
be done. The Minister also said at present 40 per cent of
the country has been covered by FM service and we will
take it up to 60 per cent in the next two - two and a half
years. The Minister also said that 400 transmitters were
already available in the country and 250 more will be
added in the next two - three years. The Minister also
said that AIR and Doordarshan are like old friends
which we take for granted, but due to our Hon'ble Prime
Minister's interaction with the people on Radio it has
now got back its prominence. With 92% coverage of the
country, AIR touches every one's life and Radio gives us
information, knowledge and entertains us without
distracting us like television or social media, the
Minister added.
Sharma, "Yeh Vividh Bhrati Hai, Akashwani Ka
Pancharangi Karyakram". The first song played in
Vividh Bharati was "Naach re Mayura", written by Shri
Pt. Narendra Sharma, the pioneer of Vividh Bharati
Seva and was sung by Shri Manna Dey and composed
by Shri Anil Biswas.
Since its inception Vividh Bharati is not only playing a
pivitol role as premier channel for millions of listeners
but is also contributing and documenting the treasures
of classical music, recordings and interviews of legends
of Indian cinema. Vividh Bharati Treasures the
recordings of eminent personalities like Sumitranadan
Pant, Mahadevi Verma, Harivansh Rai Bachchan, Pt.
Bhimsen Joshi, Pt. Jasraj, Ashok Kumar, Amitabh
Bachchan, V. Shantaram, Raj Kapoor, Wahida Rehman
and Gulzar. To name few more the legendary Music
Director O.P. Nayyar, Naushad, Madan Mohan,
Shantanu Moitra, Pritam and many more.
Available on Akashwani at 102.8 mhz, the FM Vividh
Bharati Channel will serve approximately two crore
people in and around Mumbai. Being available on FM
the popular Vividh Bharati Service can now be heard on
mobiles and while in transit, while it continues to be
available on Short & medium waves. Shri Fayyaz
Sharyar, Director General, All India Radio, noted
broadcaster, Mr. Amin Sayani, Film Actors Jackie
Shroff and Vikram Gokhale were among those present
on the occasion.
Vividh Bharati was established in an era when our
nation had no dedicated entertainment channel to cater
to the audience yearning for entertainment programmes.
Radio Ceylon a foreign channel of our neighbouring
country had almost engulfed the entertainment scenario
of our country at that time. During the golden era of
music, the Government of India came with the idea of a
premier entertainment channel for its citizens and thus,
Vividh Bharati Service came into existence.
After almost six decades journey of Vividh Bhrati is still
going strong in modern broadcast scenario and is
providing wholesome entertainment to its ardent and
dedicated listeners in various formats and now in FM
too.Vividh Bharati service was initially in Delhi and was
shifted to Mumbai in the year 1972-73 at Churchgate
and then was finally shifted to Borivali in the year 199899. Live transmission was started on 1st May, 2000 and
DTH Service started on 16th December, 2004.
On 3rd of October, 1957 the first announcement which
went on Air was in the voice eminent Shri Sheel Kumar
Source and Credit :http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/
61
Corporate Members
Mem. No. Name
Address
1.
LCM-01
M/s AKG Acoustics (India) Ltd.
Kamal Cinema Building, Safdarjung Enclave, New Delhi-110029
2.
LCM-02
M/s Telematics Systems Ltd.
Mount Poonamallee Road, Nandambakkam, Chennai- 600 089
3.
LCM-03
M/s Electronics Corpn.of Tamilnadu Ltd. LLA Buildings, 735, Anna Salai, Chennai- 600 002
4.
LCM-04
M/s Hinditron Tektronix Inst.Ltd.
No.5, Crescent Road, High Grounds, Bangalore - 560 001
5.
LCM-05
M/s Rohde & Schwarz
Liaison Office India, 244, Okhla Industrial Estate, Phase-III,
New Delhi - 110 020
6.
LCM-06
M/s Maharashtra Elects.Corpn.Ltd.
D-26, South Extension, Part-I, New Delhi-110049
7.
LCM-07
M/s Asea Brown Boveri Ltd.
Gurunanak Foundation Building, 15-16, Qutab Institutional
Area, New Delhi - 110 067
8.
CM-09
M/s Acoustics Engineers
'VASANT' 1286 A, Shivajinagar, Opp.Balgandharava
Rangmandir, Pune - 411 005
9.
LCM-10
M/s Gujarat Commns. & Elect.Ltd.
G.I.D.C Industrial Estate, Makarpura, Vadodara - 390 010
10. LCM-15
M/s Comcon Industries
S-54, Functional Industrial, Estate for Electronics, Okhla PhaseII, New Delhi - 110 020
11. LCM-19
M/s Satcom Electronics (P) Ltd.
33, B.R.B. Bose Road, 2nd Floor, Calcutta-700001
12. LCM-21
M/s Army Headquarter Signal Regiment, 1, Army Headquarter, Signal Regiment, Signals Enclave, New
Delhi-110010
13. LCM-35
M/s Benchmark Microsystems Pvt. Ltd.
No.140,Greater Kailash-I, New Delhi-110048
14. CM-36
M/s Bharat Electronics Ltd
Jalahalli, Bangalore-560013
15. CM-25
M/s Visual Tech. India PVT.LTD.
A-1, First floor, lajpat Nagar-II, New Delhi-110024.
16. LCM-08
M/s Webel Mediatronics Ltd.
P-1, Taratala Road, Calcutta - 700 088
17. LCM-11
M/s Hindustan Photo Films Co.Ltd.
Indu Nagar, Ooty, Tamilnadu-643006.
18. LCM-14
M/s Broadcast Equipments(I) P.Ltd.
370-371/2, First Floor, Hospital Road, Jangpura, New Delhi-14
19. LCM-16
M/s R & S Electronics
A-1-24, Ghanshyam Ind. Estate, Veera Desai Road, Andheri
(West), Mumbai-400053
20. LCM-17
M/s Swati Industries
Z-40, Okhala Industrial Area, Phase-II, New Delhi-110020
21. LCM-20
M/s Elect. Corpn. of India Ltd.
ECIL Post, Hyderabad-500062
22. LCM-23
M/s BECIL
B-1, Sector 31, Noida-201301
23. LCM-24
M/s AVF Distributors (I) PVT. LTD.
208 and 12 jagani Ind. Comp., Near ATI, Chunabhatti, Mumbai400022.
24. LCM-26
M/s Cinecita Comoptronics Ind. Pvt. Ltd Parijat House 3rd floor, 1076, off. pr. E. moses Road, Worli,
Mumbai-400018
25. LCM-27
M/s Studio Systems
Sangeeta Aptts. Bldg. 6-C,Flat No. 5. Ground Floor, Behind Lido
Cinema, Juhu Road, Mumbai-400049
26. LCM-28
M/s Canara Lighting Industries Ltd.
Bata Compound Khopet, Pokhran Road No. 1, Thane-400601
27. LCM-29
M/s AGIV (India) Pvt. Ltd.
SION Chunabhatti Road, Mumbai-400022
62
Corporate Members
Mem. No. Name
Address
28. LCM-30
M/s Doordarshan
Doordarshan Bhavan, Copernicus Marg, New Delhi-110001
29. LCM-31
M/s Silicon Graphics Systems (I)(P)Ltd.
228 Udog Vihar Phase-1, Gurgaon
30. LCM-32
M/s Essel Shyam Communication Ltd
FC-20, Sector 16 A, Noida-201301
31. LCM-33
M/s All India Radio
Directorate General, Akashvani Bhavan, Sansad Marg, New
Delhi-1
32. LCM-34
M/s The IEI Delhi State Centre
Engineers Bhavan, Bahadur Shar Zafar Marg, New Delhi-2
33. LCM-37
M/s Trans World Radio- South Asia
L-15, Green Park, New Delhi-110016
34. LCM-38
M/s Kathrein India Pvt. Ltd.
4-B-4. Industry Manor, 3rd Floor, A.S.M. Marg, Prabha Devi,
Mumbai-25.
35. LCM-39
M/s Arraycom (India) Limited
B-13, 13/1 & 14, GIDC, Electronics Estate, Sector 25,
Gandhinagar, Gujarat
36. LCM-40
M/s Sun Broadcast Equipments Pvt. Ltd. 3/31, 3rd Floor, West Patel Nagar, New Delhi-110008
37. LCM-41
M/s Diksaat Transworld Ltd.
No. 12, Balia Avenue, Luz Mylapore, Chennai-600004
38. LCM-42
M/s Qualcomm India Pvt. Ltd.
3rd Floor, DLF Centre, Sansad Marg, New Delhi-110001
39. LCM-43
M/s. Monarch Computers Pvt. Ltd.
Monarch House, Royal Palms, Aarey Milk Colony, Goregaon (E)
Mumbai-400065
40. LCM-44
M/s. Setron India Private Limited
E-2 Greater Kailash Enclave-1 New Delhi-110048
41. LCM-45
M/s. Global Institute of Technology
Sitapur Jaipur-302022
42. LCM-46
M/s. Institute of Management Studies
A-8B IMS Campus Sector-62 Noida Uttar Pradesh-201303
43. LCM-47
M/s. A. V. Institute of Technology
Vinayaka Mission University OMR, Vinayaka Nagar, Paiyanoor
Tamilnadu-603104
63
New Members
S. No. Name
Mem. No.
Designation
Address
1
Sh. Parshuram Arya
LM 2866
Asst. Director Engg
Doordarshan Maintenance Centre, Soorajganj
Itarsi, Madhya Pradesh
2
Sh. Mithlesh Kumar Pandey
LM 2867
Asstt. Engineer
8, Janki Parisar, Behind Kolar Thana,
Akbarpur (Nayapura), Kolar Road,
Bhopal-462042 Madhya Pradesh
3
Sh. Sudarshan Ansolia
LM 2868
Dy. Director
AIR Bhopal, Shyamla Hills, Bhopal - 462002
Madhya Pradesh
4
Sh. Rakesh Kumar Vishnoi
LM 2869
Asst. Director Engg.
D-6 Akashvani Colony, Shyamla Hills,
Bhopal -462002 Madhya Pradesh
5
Ms. Heena Yadav
SM 2870
Student
House No.-739, Sector 2, Pocket-E
Gugaon-122016 Haryana
6
7
Sh. Vinod Kumar Sisodia
Sh. S.P. Methre
LM 2871
LM 2872
Operation & Maint. Engg.
Director (Engineering)
H. No. 90, Village Singal Pur, Shalimar Bagh
All India Radio, Kelagote
Chitradurga, Karnataka
8
Sh. Shailendra Nigam
LF 2873
Vice President
Technomedia Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
1001-1002, Kailash Building 26, K.G. Marg,
New Delhi-110001 Delhi
9
Sh. Vijay Kumar Sharma
LM 2874
Asstt. Engineer
H. No. 126, Sector-2, Channi Himmad, Jammu
Jammu & Kashmir
List of Converted Members
1
Sh. M.S. Ansari
LM to LF 335
DDG (E)
H-4, Type - 4s, Adrewsganj Extn.
New Delhi 110049
2
Sh. Girish Kumar
LM to LF 1843
Asstt. Engineer
928,Type-IV, Sector-12 R.K. Puram
New Delhi 110022
3
Sh. Dilip Kumar Srivastava
LM to LF 1916
Asstt. Engineer
M 3/13, Shiksha Apartment Sector-6, Vasundhra
Ghaziabad- 201012 Uttar Pradesh
4
Sh. Rajesh Srivastava
LM to LF 1844
Asstt. Engineer
Qtr. No. 485, Sector-3, R.K. Puram,
New Delhi-110022
5
Sh. P. S. Srivastava
LM to LF 1375
Director (Engg.)
1282, Sector-12R.K.Puram
New Delhi-110022
6
Sh. Neeraj Goel
LM to LF 611
DDG (Engg.)
231, Gagan Enclave, Rohta Road,
Meerut-250002 Uttar Pradesh
7
Sh. I.I. George
LM to LF 1944
Addl. Director General (Trg.)
NABM, Kingsway Camp
Delhi110007
8
Sh. S.K. Aggarwal
LM to LF 548
Addl. Director General (SZ)
A-1/25, St. -18 Rohini
Delhi110089
9
Sh. Dinesh Pratap Singh
LM to LF 1695
Director (Engg.)
B-64, Pocket-V, Kendriya Vihar-II
Sector-82, Noida201304
Uttar Pradesh
10
Mrs. Anila Shah (Chowdhary)
LM to LF 1629
Asstt. Engineer
D/22, Navdeep Appartment,
Nr. A-One SchoolSubhash Chowk Mamnagar
Ahmedabad-380052 Gujrat
11
Sh. Hanuman Prasad Meena
LM to LF 1637
Director (Engg.)
71/71 RHB, Pratap NagarSanganer
Jaipur-302029 Rajasthan
64
Glimpses of BES Expo 2015
* Plan and book, avail early bird discounts
PLAN YOUR PATRICIPATION
BES EXPO – 2016
22nd International Conference and Exhibition on Terrestrial Satellite Broadcasting
4th, 5th and 6th February 2016
Hotel Kempenski Ambiance, New Delhi, India
Organised By:
Broadcast Engineering Society (India)
Opportunities
Speak at BES Conference – BES Conference is a star attraction of BES Expo. The 21st BES
Expo Conference had 44 National/International Speakers, 800 Delegates, 8 Conference
Sessions and one Tutorial. Contact [email protected] for speaking opportunities.
Exhibit at BES Exhibition – Showcase your product/technologies at the National capital of
India, one of the emerging economy and market for broadcast business. BES Exhibition
2015 had a participation of over 300 companies of 20 countries and was visited by about
4000 broadcast professionals, policy makers. Visit www.besindia.com for more details or
contact at [email protected]
Collaborations/Sponsorships opportunities – BES Expo 2016 has number of
sponsorship opportunities in Exhibition, Conference and allied areas. The sponsorship
particulars are available on first cum first served basis.
Contact at [email protected] or 91-011-23316709 for availing Sponsorships opportunities.

detail... - Broadcast Engineering Society

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