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HISTORY OF ARHITECTURE 1.
THE BEGINNINGS AND VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
DEPARTMENT FOR HI STORY OF ARCHI TECTURE AND OF MONUMENTS / Dr. PETER RABB / 2013
PROGRAMME
1.
09. 09.
INTRODUCTION / INFORMATION
-
09. 16.
BME SPORT-DAY
2.
09. 23.
ARCITECTURE OF PALEOLITHICS
3.
09. 30.
ARCITECTURE OF NEOLITHICS
-
10. 07.
CANCELLED
4.
10. 14.
ARCHITECTURE OF BRONZE AND IRON AGE / CULTIC
OBJECTS
5.
10. 21.
ARCHITECTURE OF BRONZE AND IRON AGE / LIVING
HOUSES
6.
10. 28.
FIRST TEST
7.
11. 04.
VERNACULAR ARCITECTURE OF AFRICA
8.
11. 11.
VERNACULAR ARCITECTURE OF ASIA
9.
11. 18.
VERNACULAR ARCITECTURE OF AMERICA
10.
11. 25.
VERNACULAR ARCITECTURE OF EUROPE
11.
12. 02.
SECOND TEST
12. 17.
RE-TAKE BOTH TESTS
THE MOST COMMON STRUCTURES OF NEOLITHIC DWELLING HOUSES
A
wall made of mud (balls of mud; it has to carve with spade on it’s vertical
surface; the floor of house is sinked here)
B
wall with timber sticks entwined by wands (wattle) and plastered with mud
(1. stand up the sticks (staves) 2. weave the sticks by twigs 3.
plaster the texture of twigs with wattle on both side of wall)
C
earthen wall tiled (covered) with rubble-stone (most common in bronze
age)
(1. put the course of stone in both side of wall 2. put mud into the stone
courses 3. compress the layer of mud with rammer)
D
wall made of slate ( most common in the north part of the British
Islands)
E
wall made of rammer
(in iron age: „murus gallicus” = „gallic wall” : wall made of rammer and
fixed by wooden framework – longitudinal and transversal)
F
timber wall with posts and logs (most commom in the late bronze age)
tounge and groove system
(1. sink grooves into posts 2. stand up the posts 3. slip logs into the groove)
G
timber wall with logs (most common in the late bronze age)
(double saddle – or square – notch log construction)
H
beam seats on the branch of post
(lenghtening the beams is permitted on the supporting only)
I
beam seats on the post fixed with cords
J
joints of posts, beams and rafters fixed with cords
K
Trilith (joint of column and lintel)
L
joint of vertical stone slabs with groove and tongue
M
false-volulted roofing structure
N
roofing materials: thatch or bundle of grass
O
roofing materials: slate or bark
P
worm eye view of false dome
EARLY HOUSES / CIRCULAR OR ROUND PLAN
Los Millares / fortified settlement / close to Alméria / Spain / 3000 BC / round planned houses / conical roofs
Skara Brae / Orkney / Scotland / 3180-2500 BC / early houses = round shaped / later version = rectangular
DWELLINGS AT SKARA BRAE
The earlier houses were circular / round shaped – one main room with a central
hearth (heating). Beds were set into the walls at either side of the hearth and
opposite the main entrance was shelved stone dresser.
The later houses followed the same basic design but on a larger scale.
The house shape changed slightly, becoming more rectangular with rounded
internal corners.
Although it was in use by lot of generations, Skara Brae never grew any larger
than 8 structures with no more 50 to 100 villagers in any one time.
The houses were linked by a series of short, roofed tunnels.
The houses were not sunk into the ground.
Because nothing survived of the stuctures’ roof we must assume that they were
made of perishable organic material. It is likely that whalebone or driftwood.
The roofs were covered by skins, thatched seaweed or straw.
Seaweed, weighted down with straw rpoes or stones, remained a common
roofing material in Orkney into recent history.
FORTIFIED SETTLEMENTS IN SARDINIA AND CORSICA
1800-500 BC
NURAGHIS
Su Nuraxi in Barumini / Sardinia
(The earliest nuraghi was built about 1800 BC. It is the black tower in
below left.)
Circular defensive tower in the form of truncated cones built of stone,
with false-vaulted internal chambers. Some nuraghi – like those in
Barumini – were positioned inside a protective ring made up a smaller
towers and connected by fortified walls.
The top of towers were used as observer places.
There were small chambers and passages inside the tower covered by
false-domes or false-vaults.
The wall of these structures covered with stone and there was rubble of
stone between the two stone-rings
Settlements with small houses laid out in a circular-fashion were to be
found huddled together within the main protected areas. These were
small town-like settlements inhabited by soldiers and craftsmen.
SU NURAXI IN BARUMINI
THE SPREAD OF ROUND SHAPED HOUSES / CELTIC TRIBES IN EUROPE
1st period: Hallstatt (XIV-VI. century BC) / 2nd period: La Téne (V-0. century BC)
Hallstatt: salt mining → trading → connections among different cultures (celtic, greek, iberian)
Jarlshof / Shetland Islands / Scotland / 2500 BC – 9. century / early houses = round shaped / later (germanic) version = longitudinal
WHAT DO WE THINK ABOUT THE CELTICS… / „UNDER THE CELTIC’S MAGIC SPELL”
NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC 2006/03.
…WHAT WERE THE CELTICS… / THE CELTIC ART
Portrait of man / Prága
necklet / Snettisham
book of kells
mirror/ Deshamboroug
shield, Battersea
…OR NOT:
Celtics and the wild boar (carnyx / celtic battlehorn)
…WHAT DOES THE INTERNET KNOW ABOUT CELTICS? / WHAT CAN YOU FIND IF YOU TIPE ‚CELTIC’ INTO YOUR BROWSER:
Celtic FC / Glasgow / Henrik Larsson (1997-2004, played: 221, scores: 174) / Georgios Samaras (2008-, played: 156, scores: 68)
THE SPREAD OF CELTIC TRIBES
A
Celtic motherland (Hallstatt – La Téne, 6. century BC)
the biggest spread of celtic invasion (3. century BC)
CELTICS IN THE MOTHERLAND
Biskupin / fortified iron-age settlement / Poland / 800-600 BC / Hallstatt B-C
Biskupin / fortified iron-age settlement / Poland / 800-600 BC
It was settled in an island in the hearth of marsh approached by log-way.
There was lot of dwellings in the long houses. There is large main room, chamber and
open entrance-area in each dwelling. There was open hearth on the centre of the
room.
The houses was made of timber posts and logs with groove and tongue.
The fortified settlement was surrounded by wooden rampart that was 3,5 m wide. It
was made of oak trunks that formed boxes filled with earth.
CELTICS IN GALICIA (SPAIN) / CASTRO-CULTURE
Oppidum = special type of celtic settlements (means: fortified settlement of the mountains)
Castro de Santa Tegra (La Guardia, Ponteverda) / (15 ha)
Castro de Terroso / 9. century BC
Ruins of Castro de Santa Tegra / reconstructed house in Tegra / Ruins of Castro de San Cibrao de Lás (P) / Ruins of Castro de Terroso
(P) romjai / celtic decoration in Tegra
CELTIC TRIBES IN THE BRITISH ISLANDS / 1st millennium BC
Crickley Hill / Glouchestershire / England / 600 BC / fortified settlement / round shaped houses / rectangular granaries, store
houses, stables, sties
Oppidum / Castell Henlyss / Pembrokeshire / Wales
Flag Fen / Peterborough / 5x1 km long logway with 1 million logs
New Barn Field / Dorchester
IRON AGE DWELLING HOUSES
Experimental Farm / Butser Hill / Hampshire / UK / Reconstruction of buildings, farming, living.
CELTIC TRIBES IN ENGLAND
Butser Ancient Farm Petersfield / Hampshire (Butser Hill: 1970-1989, Butser: 1991-)
Store room
Poultry-sty
House from Pimperne / Pimperne Down / Dorset / 1976
house from Woodbury / Britford / Salisbury / Wiltshire / 2008
house from Moel y Gerddi / Wales
UNDER CONSTRUCTION
house from Glastonbury 2 / Butser Hill / Hampshire / UK
1.
The place of the house is marked out and door posts in
place.
1. mark out the circle with a cord and two sticks
2. stand up (erect) the posts (of door)
2.
The wall posts are quite thin, and only 25 cms apart.
1. dig a little ditch followed the circle
2. stand up the wall posts
3. put back and ram earth into the ditch (to fix the posts)
3.
The wattle has to be very flexible at this scale, so one yearold willow rods are used to weave the walls.
4.
Wattling complete. The top edge is finished off as a basket,
to make a strong rim. All rafters in place.
1. put primary rafters in place. These are lashed at the peak
and onto the wall.
2. put all rafters in place and fix onto the top of wall with
cords.
5.
First layers of thatch in place. Each layer overlaps the layer
below. This helps the rain run down the outer surface.
1. put the twigs onto the rafters around the roof
2. put the layer of thatch onto twigs and bind it to twigs
6.
It finished! Still got daub to go on the walls, and the clay
floor to lay.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Lake-shore pile dwelling / Glastonbury / Somerset (300-100 BC)
Arthur Bulleid, 1897
Lake-shore pile dwelling / Loch Dwelling
Loch Tay Crannog / Scotland (crannog = man-made island) / sophisticated defensive strategy
Pile dwellings / in a shore of Lake Constance (Lake Bodeni) / Switzerland / 2200-800 BC / rectangular planned houses
PILE DWELLINGS AT THE BANKS OF LAKE
CONSTANCE (BODENSEE), SWITZERLAND 2200-800 BC
Pile dwellings were built on piles within the shore of lakes or
marsh. Africa, Asia and South America have had lake-dwelling
peoples, pile dwellings were also found in the laggons of Pacific
islands. In Europe, remains of Bronze Age lake dwellings were
discover in Britain, Ireland (where they called crannogs) and
central Europe (Germany and Switzerland).
The main aspect of the placing of dwellings: protection, to keep
away the aggressors
CELTICS VS GERMANIC TRIBES / ANY CHANGES?
celtic man / Prague
norwegian viking man from the coach of Oseberg ship
IV. century (the germanic migration begins)
1st half of VI. century (kingdom of franks and eastern goths)
2nd half of V. century (kingdom of visigoths and vandals)
middle of VI. century (reign of I. Justinianos: 527-565)
LONG HOUSES BEFORE THE GERMANIC TRIBES
Sittard / Holland / 5-4. millennium BC
Tiszajenő-szárazérpart / Hungary / 4. millennium BC
Csanytelek / Hungary / 4. mill. BC
Perleberg / Germany
Polgár / Archeovillage / Makó / Hungary
THE GERMANIC OR NORTH LONG HOUSES
Left: houses of Warendorf, Germany (7-8th century)
Right above: house in Gotland, Sweden (2-7th century, covered by
turves)
Right middle: Csanytelek, Hungary (4000 BC!) and Perleberg,
Germany (1000 BC) Early examples!
Right below: typical germanic long house, near to Bremerhaven,
Germany (the lenght of house up to 30 metres, there were three
naves inside. The cells were used by animals. It had been common
house since 4000 BC)
THE STRUCTURE OF LONG HOUSES
Wijster / The Nedherlands (2-5th century)
1. Typical structure: three naves, 4 or 5 purlins, the intermediate purlis supported by posts, eaves purlins supported by wall-posts.
There are two rows of posts inside the house → divided areas
2. Another: the indermediate purlins supported by butt-purlin (it is common in Britain and Hungary). There are no rows of posts
inside the house → continous area
Feddersen Wierde / saxon village / Germany
1st century BC: farmsted / later: 30 houses built on terps (artificial hills) / around 450: the habitants mooved away
Dorestad (Wijk bij Duursted) / frisian trading settlement / the most important center of the north trading routes / VII-IX. century /
frankish and viking attacks (vikings: 834, 835, 836, 837, 844, 857, 863)
Frisians / germanic tribes / about 2900 BC: first settlements on the hills far from the coast / about 750 BC: mooved down close to the
seeshore
Dorestad (Wijk bij Duursted)
Remains and reconstructions of houses, storehouses and piers / pile-dwellings
Haithabu (Hedeby) / danish (jüt) trading settlement / 770 –1050 (1066) / the new trading center in north
ANGLO-SAXONS IN BRITAIN
Biggest anglo-saxon tribes (VI. century)
The migration of celtic tribes
Vortigern (briton king) invited saxon (jüt) soldiers (under Hengest
and Horsa with 3 ships) against picts and scotts / they settled
down in the mouth of Thames (448) / The britons squeezed out
into Wales, Scotland, Cornwall, Bretagne (Fr) and Galicia (Spain)
A HEPTARCHIA (7 kingdoms):
ANGELS:
Deira (547), Kelet-Anglia (550), Bernicia (560)
JÜTS:
Kent (494) + Wight-sziget
SAXONIANS: Sussex (447), Wessex (514), Essex (527)
+Mercia (560)
Deira + Bernica = Northumbria
Anglo-saxon kingdoms (VIII. century)
Essential elements of possession system: HIDE (land which can
support one family = 100-120 acre) / HUNDRED (100 hide) / SHIRE
TRIBAL HIDAGE (Mercia?, VII. century):
East engle / East Anglia
30.000 hide
Eastsexena / Essex
7.000 hide
Cantwarena / Kent
15.000 hide
Subsexena / Sussex
7.000 hide
Westsexena / Wessex
100.000 hide
Hwiccna / Hwiccék
7.000 hide
Ciltern
4.000 hide
THE FIGHT AGAINST THE ANGLO-SAXONS / THE LEGEND OF KING ARTHUR
YEARBOOK OF WALES (VIII-IX. century):
490-516
The battle of Badon: Arthur and the britons defeated saxons in three day long battle
511-537
The battle in Camlann: Arthur and Medraut died
Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975)
THE LEGEND IS STILL ALIVE…
KING ARTHUR 2004. / Clive Owen / Keira Knightley / Ioan Gruffudd
ANGLO-SAXON BUILDINGS / LIVING HOUSES / LONG HOUSES
West Stow / Suffolk (East England, Angles) 70 dwellings: pithouses, halls, granaries, stables
ANGLO-SAXON BUILDINGS / LIVING HOUSES / LONG HOUSES
West Stow / Suffolk (East England, Angles) 70 dwellings: pithouses, halls, granaries, stables
Plan of excavation
pithouse (1976)
house (1984)
farmstead house
house
anglo-saxon hall(2005)
THE LONG HOUSE IS STILL ALIVE / BLACK HOUSE
Black (or smoky) house / Scotland
ANGLOSAXON IMPERIAL HALL
Hall of Edwin Bretwalda / Yeavering / Northumbria (623)
NORTHUMBRIA (Territory of north of river Humber = Bernicia + Deira / Angels = Englishmen)
Edwin (586-633) king of Bernicia and Deira / Bretwalda (≈ king of the britons)
Britons = celtic origin / anglosaxons = saxons (germanic) origin / normans = viking (germanic) origin via France
MERCIA
Offa, king of Mercia (757-796) / Tamworth / Staffordshire / The court (and hall) of Offa
Offa (757-796) / from 786: king of Mercia, Kent and Sussex / founder of archibiscopric of Lichfield (786) / penfriend of Charles the
Great and Alcuin (saxon origin priest of Charles) / he made the great dyke in the border of Wales (780)
Beowulf / oldenglish-germanic (anglosaxon) epic / Mercia / 8. century / fiction in real environment / it remainen in the Novell Codex
Beowulf / The knight of legend / director: Robert Zemeckis, actors: Ray Winstone, Anthony Hopkins, Angelina Jolie, John Malkovich
HALL OF KING OF ALL BRITONS
Cheddar / Somerset / X. century / Athelstan (893-939) / king of saxons / Wessex / he united the small briton and saxon kingdoms first
REBIRTH OF ATHELSTAN : ARAGORN SON OF ARATHORN
The caracther of Aragorn based on the story of Athelstan / he is one of the most popular king in GB / his grave to
be found(?) in Malmesbuy Abbey
(Viggo Morgenstern)
THE NORTH LONG HOUSES / VIKINGS
Jarlshof / Shetland Islands / Scotland / 2500 BC – 9. century / early houses = round shaped / later (germanic) version =
longitudinal
VIKING LONGHOUSE
Trelleborg / Slagelse / Danemark (981)
THE LATE GERMANIC LONG HOUSES / VIKINGS
TRELLEBORG, DENMARK (9-10th century)
Huge house with porch and curved ridge. The walls were also curved.
There was the settlement within the earthwork (ditch and bank). The long houses
were stood in fours, enclosed a quadratic area. There was one group of houses
in each quarters of area enclosed by circular earthwork.
THE NORTH LONG HOUSES / VIKINGS / THE LONGEST
Reconstruction of long house (banquet-hall) / Vestvågøy / Lofotr-island / Norway / 67 m long, VI. century / 83 m long, IX. century
THE STORY OF GERMANIC LONG HOUSE CONTINUES
Tithe barn / Bradford-on-avon / Wiltshire Barton Farm / 51 m long, 10 m wide / today: XIV. century monastic stone barn
Barn/ Lenham / Kent
Trade center on the south edge of North Downs / 1085: it was mentioned by the Domesday Book / today: 14th century medieval
barn to St. Mary’s church / timber framework / the main part of the roof is supported on crown post trusses / stone plinth
ASTURIA / SPAIN / WHERE THE STORY OF VISIGOTHS AND CHRISTIANS CONTINUES (IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF SARACENS) /
WHERE THE WAR OF RECONQUEST (RECONQUISTA) STARTED FROM
718-737: Pelayo (Pelagius) visigothic noble become first king of Asturia / 759-842: II. Alfons / 842-850: I. Ramiro
I. 737-791: Santienes / II. 791-842: Oviedo-I. Alfons / III. 842-866: Oviedo-I. Ramiro / IV. 866-910: Oviedo-III. Alfons / V. 910-925: preroman
Naranco / mountain close to Oviedo / Santa Maria del Naranco / San Miguel de Lillo
I. Ramiro king of Asturia (842-850), after death of II. Alfons / war of conquest / with castilian wife / battles with vikings (844) and
moors / 846: all christians escaped from León
Santa Maria del Naranco / Oviedo / Hall of I. Ramiro / XII. szd.: rebuilt into chapel of palace, after collapse of church San Miguel de Lillo
Hall of Ramiro / Naranco / Oviedo / Spain
Lower level (cellar): store (covering with semi-circular barrel vault) / Upper level: hall of ceremonies with two balconies
SURVIVAL OF GERMANIC LONG HOUSE:
GERMAN IMPERIAL HALL
(PFALZ)
The typical form of halls in early medieval Europe
Palace of Theoderic in a mosaic of San Appolinare Nuovo, Ravenna
6. century / Theoderic was king of eastern goths
Hall of III. Henrik, Goslar, 11. century
Hall of I. Henrik, Werla, 10. century
lectures
1_2
1_3
1_4
1_5
questions
1.
What kind of shelters were used by Paleolithic men?
2.
What were the most important guidelines of settling (in the paleolithic)?
3.
What kind of shelters were used by the early hunter tribes?
4.
What were the common building materials of early hunter tribes?
5.
What was the most typical architectural project of farming settlements?
6.
What kind of defensive strategy is known in Çatal Hüyük?
7.
What are the differences between menhir and dolmen? Draw both of them!
8.
What were the function of tombs?
9.
Draw the plan of Stonehenge!
10.
What kind of building structures and materials were used by iron age men?
11.
Draw the germanic long house!
12.
Draw a pile dwelling!