BALIKESİR WIND FARM

Transcription

BALIKESİR WIND FARM

BARES ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş.
ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACT
ASSESSMENT REPORT
for
BALIKESİR WIND FARM
in CENTRAL and KEPSUT DISTRICTS of BALIKESİR
MGS PROJECT CONSULTANCY ENGINEERING
TRADE LIMITED COMPANY
ANKARA – JANUARY /2010
Updated APRIL 2010
CLIENT
COMMUNICATION DETAILS
BARES ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş.
Ambarlı Liman Tesisleri
Marmara Mah. Kumcular Yolu No.33, Yakuplu Köyü,
Büyükçekmece/İstanbul
Tel
Fax
: +90 216 468 0034
: +90 216 468 0039
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT
PROJECT
LOCATION OF PROJECT
ASSESSMENT FOR BALIKESIR WIND FARM
CENTRAL and KEPSUT DISTRICTS of BALIKESİR
REPORT PREPARED BY
MGS PROJECT CONSULTANCY
ENGINEERING TRADE LIMITED Co.
COMMUNICATION DETAILS
OF REPORT PREPARER
Şehit Cevdet Özdemir Mah. 1351.Sok No:1/7 06460
Çankaya/ANKARA
Tel :+90 312 479 84 00
Fax :+90 312 479 84 99
DATE
JANUARY 2010
Updated APRIL 2010
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Figures .....................................................................................................................iii
List of Tables .......................................................................................................................iii
List of Annexes....................................................................................................................iv
Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................... i
1
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT ....................................................................................... 1
1.1
Project Description and its Necessity ..................................................................... 1
1.2
Physical and Technical Characteristics of Project .................................................. 4
1.3
Summary of Potential Environmental and Social Impacts .....................................15
1.3.1 Environmental Impacts ......................................................................................15
1.3.2 Social Impacts...................................................................................................17
1.4
Policy, legal, and administrative framework...........................................................18
1.4.1 National Legislation ...........................................................................................18
1.4.2 International Legislation ....................................................................................19
2 LOCATION OF PROJECT AREA AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ...................21
3 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS ...........................39
3.1
Meteorology and Climatic Characteristics .............................................................39
3.1.1 Wind..................................................................................................................39
3.1.2 Other Components ............................................................................................41
3.2
Geological and Geomorphological Characteristics ................................................42
3.3
Structural Geology & Seismicity ............................................................................47
3.4
Ground Survey Analysis........................................................................................48
3.5
Hydrological Characteristics ..................................................................................49
3.6
Ecology and Biologic Life ......................................................................................51
3.7
Air Quality .............................................................................................................70
3.8
Noise ....................................................................................................................77
3.9
Socio-economic Profile .........................................................................................77
3.10 Cultural Heritage ...................................................................................................78
3.11 Landscape ............................................................................................................78
4 WASTES AND WASTE DISPOSAL .............................................................................79
4.1
Solid Wastes .........................................................................................................79
4.1.1 Solid Wastes to be formed in Construction Phase and Their Disposal ..................79
4.1.2 Solid Wastes to be formed in Operation Phase and Their Disposal ......................80
4.2
Liquid Wastes .......................................................................................................80
4.2.1 Liquid Wastes to be formed in Construction Phase and Their Disposal ................80
4.2.2 Liquid Wastes to be formed in Operation Phase and Their Disposal ....................81
4.3
Medical Wastes.....................................................................................................82
4.4
Hazardous Wastes................................................................................................82
5 POTENTIAL IMPACTS ON ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS AND MITIGATION
MEASURES .........................................................................................................................83
5.1
Construction..........................................................................................................83
5.1.1
Impacts on Soil..............................................................................................83
5.1.2
Impacts on Habitat ........................................................................................84
5.1.3
Dust Emissions .............................................................................................85
5.1.4
Noise .............................................................................................................86
5.1.5
Other .............................................................................................................86
5.2
Operation ..............................................................................................................86
5.2.1 Visual Impacts...................................................................................................86
5.2.2 Noise.................................................................................................................87
5.2.3 Impacts on settlements and socio-economy ......................................................87
5.2.4 Impacts on Natural Protection Areas, Cultural and Archaeological Areas ..........88
5.2.5 Impacts on Forest Lands ...................................................................................88
5.2.6 Light and Illumination Impacts ...........................................................................88
i
6
7
8
9
5.2.7 Impacts on land use, agriculture and animal husbandry, reinstatement of pasture
lands after completion of operation period .....................................................................91
5.3
Occupational Accidents and Emergency Plan .......................................................92
5.4
Occupational Health and Safety Measures ...........................................................93
5.5
Community Health and Safety Measures ..............................................................94
5.5.1 Lightning protection ...........................................................................................94
5.5.2 Aviation warning lights ......................................................................................94
5.5.3 Other .................................................................................................................94
5.6
Greviances Mechanism.........................................................................................95
5.7
Monitoring Program ..............................................................................................95
5.7.1 Construction Phase ...........................................................................................95
5.7.2 Operational Phase ............................................................................................96
PUBLIC CONSULTATION............................................................................................97
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.............................................................................................100
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................103
ANNEXES ...................................................................................................................104
ii
List of Figures
Figure-1. Location Map of Balıkesir Wind Farm .........................................................................................3
Figure-2. Simple Layout Map .....................................................................................................................6
Figure-3. Zoning Map .................................................................................................................................6
Figure-4. Wind Electricity System Components .........................................................................................8
Figure-5. Typical Wind Electricity System Work Flow ................................................................................9
Figure-6. Typical Foundation Structure of wind turbines ............................................................................10
Figure-7. Typical Turbine Structure ............................................................................................................11
Figure-8. Main components of Nordex N90/2500 ......................................................................................12
Figure-9. 3-blade turbine sample (Nordex N90 2500) ................................................................................12
Figure-10. Tentaive Work Schedule ...........................................................................................................14
Figure-11. IFC‟s Policy and Performance Standards on Social and Environmental Sustainability ...........20
Figure-12. Project area ...............................................................................................................................21
Figure-13. Map showing location of alternatives ........................................................................................23
Figure-14. Map showing location of selected alternative, Alternative-3 .....................................................27
Figure-15(a). Different site views of proposed windfarm location ..............................................................33
Figure-15(b). Different site views of overhead powerline route ..................................................................37
Figure-16. Figure showing Turbine Layout and Mast Locations ................................................................40
Figure-17. Comparison of sunshine durations (hours) ...............................................................................41
Figure-18. Map showing general geology ..................................................................................................43
Figure-19(a). Generalised Stratigraphic Section ........................................................................................45
Figure-19(b). 1/100.000 scaled geology map.............................................................................................46
Figure-20. Phytogeographical regions in Turkey (after Davis et. al. 1971) ................................................51
Figure-21. Vegetation Map .........................................................................................................................52
Figure-22. Important endemic species map of Turkey ...............................................................................53
Figure-23. IUCN category relations ............................................................................................................61
Figure-24. Turkish bird migration pathways ...............................................................................................68
Figure-25. Workflow of land reinstatement and rehabilitation ....................................................................84
List of Tables
Table-1. Wind speed over months .............................................................................................................4
Table-2. Turbine Location Coordinates (UTM 35S, Eurpoean Datum 1950) .............................................5
Table-3. Potential impacts on environment ................................................................................................16
Table-4. Classification of Environmental Impacts ......................................................................................16
Table-5. Classification of Social Impacts ....................................................................................................17
Table 6(a). Comparison of proposed alternatives showing environmental and social aspects .................24
Table 6(b). Comparison of proposed alternatives showing technical and commercial aspects ................25
Table-7. Sunshine durations in Balıkesir, Bandırma and Ayvalık ..............................................................41
Table-8. Flora of studied area ....................................................................................................................55
Table-9. Determined Amphibians in the project area and its vicinity, Their Protection and Status ...........62
Table-10. Determined Reptilia in the project area and its vicinity, Their Protection and Status ................62
Table-11. Determined Mamalia in the project area and its vicinity, Their Protection and Status ...............63
Table-12(a). Determined Brooding Avea in the project area and its vicinity, Their Protection and Status 64
Table-12(b). Determined migrating avea in the project area and its vicinity, Their Protection and Status 66
Table-13. Summary of Baseline air quality measurements ........................................................................70
Table-14. Balıkesir Air Quality Station Measurements between 31/12/2008 and 31/11/2009 ...................70
Table-15. Baseline Noise Quality ...............................................................................................................77
Table-16. Settlements‟ geographic and demographic indicators ...............................................................78
Table-17. Pasture lands and acquisition amounts .....................................................................................91
iii
List of Annexes
Annex-1
Annex-2
Annex-3
Annex-4
Annex-5
Annex-6
Annex-7
Annex-8
Annex-9
Annex-10
Annex-11
Annex-12
Annex-13
Annex-14
Annex-15
Annex-16
Annex-17
Turkey Wind Atlas
Wind Farms in Operation
Energy Production License, Special Provisions and Amendment
EIA Not Necessary Statement
Site Conditions Assessment Report
Balıkesir Energy Production Assessment Report
Correspondences with Local Institutions
Landownership Maps
Social Impact Assessment Report
Meteorological Bulletins
Baseline Air Quality Report
Baseline Noise Quality Report
Visual Impacts Assessment Report
Correspondence between BARES and EMRA for private land acquisition
Sample Complaints Form and Tracking Sheet
Environmental Management Plans
Drawings, Plans and Documents
iv
Abbreviations
ABBREVIATION
EMP
EMRA
ESIA
GH
ICRP
IEC
IFC
ILO
OHP
PPE
PS
SHW
TEIAS
TUBIVES
TITLE
Environmental Management Plan
Energy Market Regulatory Authority
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
Garrad Hassan
International Commission on Radiological Protection
International Electrotechnical Comission
International Finance Corporation
International Labor Organisation
Overhead Powerline
Personal Protective Equipment
Performance Standart
State Hydraulic Works
Turkish Electricity Transmission Co.
Turkish Plants Data Service
i
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT
FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM
1
1.1
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Project Description and its Necessity
Generating energy from any energy source existing on world surface changes depending on
that source‟s own characteristics, abundance and type. While accessing that kind of resource
requires huge investments, some can be reached costless. However, operating these
resources has different processes and each process has a different cost.
Access to energy is essential for good health also. Hundreds of millions of people – mainly
women and children – spend several hours daily gathering fuel wood and water, often from
considerable distances, for household needs. Because of these demands on their time and
energy, women and children are denied opportunities for other endeavors such as economic
activities and school attendance, respectively. They also suffer considerable damage to their
health, especially respiratory diseases from indoor air pollution, by having to cook indoors on
poorly vented stoves.
Energy services are essential means to support overall development, rather than an end in
itself. The demand for energy services, and thus for energy, is derived from the output of
other goods and services. Most economic activity is not possible without energy, and no
country in modern times has substantially reduced demands without massively increasing its
use of energy.
Facing a rapidly increasing energy demand in the world, depletion in existing exhaustible
resources and due to environmental problems caused by some resources brought the
concept of new and renewable energy sources to scene. Sensitivity raised due to
environmental problems caused by electricity generation by means of conventional methods
in the world increased energy generation from new and renewable energy sources which are
environment friendly, constituting local resourcing, not requiring combustion/fuel costs; since
costs governed by used technology to minimize effects caused by conventional methods are
very high and the fact that employed resources are not renewable. As per data published by
Energy Agency as of November 2002, contribution of use of renewable energy sources is
13,8% of total energy resources.
Turkey needs a 2500 MW investment annually in order to compensate energy requirement
which is increasing by 8% each year. Among the alternatives to accommodate energy,
hydroelectric power plants step into operation in 4 to 5 years, nuclear power plants in 6 to 7
years. Natural gas power plants come into operation in 1,5 to 2 years, however, in this case
raw material becomes a major problem.
Wind power plants can be taken into operation within 1 year depending on their capacity.
Besides short duration of commissioning, it is one of the most preferred means of energy
generation due to the method employed to generate energy. Wind energy is a high
technology product power source due to the following reasons: It does not cause acid rains
or atmospheric (in other words to global) warming; reduces pollution due to CO 2 emission;
saves use of fossil fuels; no shortage in raw material; is a continuous and unlimited energy
resource; provides economic production; has faster technological improvement and does not
have any external dependence.
Worlds wind resource is calculated to be 53 TW/year and it is foreseen that increase in
energy demand in 2020 will be 25,579 TWH/year world-wide. In order to achieve 1,245 GW
world wind resource target in 2020, necessary investment cost is 692 billion dollars. In this
period, it is envisaged that energy production costs decrease from 3.79 e-cents/kWh to 2.45
1
e-cents/kWh. It is also forecasted that 2,3 million employment opportunities will be available
world wide in wind energy sector, mainly in fabrication, installation and other lines of
business.
Wind energy has an important role in our energy future and fighting against climate change.
It is still one of the growing industries world wide. Today‟s global energy policy is important
not only for climate changes but also increase in energy demand as well as securing energy
sustainability. Under these three headings, wind energy is the strongest candidate to become
the leader. According to a survey conducted in USA, wind potential in California itself
reduces 1,2 million tones CO2 and 15 million tones of other pollutants, which corresponds to
a forest with 90 million and 175 million trees respectively to satisfy same air quality.
While 12% of total world energy demand can be supplied from wind, 11 billion tones CO2 can
be reduced until 2020 according to industry reports. Wind energy plays a critical role in our
energy future and contributes mitigation in climate changes. For this purpose, G8 union has
to encourage and support use of wind energy worldwide in order to avoid greenhouse gas
emissions. Currently available wind power in Europe prohibits generation of more than 50
million tones of CO2 production.
Besides, as per Kyoto Protocol, EU committed that greenhouse gas emissions will be
decreased by 8% of values in 1990 and that 20% of total energy will be generated from
renewable sources. If today‟s growth continues, wind energy will save 109 million tones until
2010 which is already 30% more than the commitment made in Kyoto Protocol.
Worldwide surveys indicate that while 80% of countries are in favor of wing energy, only 5%
are against it. Oppositions are generally related to cost concerns, visibility and public
dissatisfaction. On the other hand, same survey indicates that there exist social benefits as
positive recognition for use of a “Greener” source of energy and trend-setter for urban areas
of comparable wind classes.
Similar to world, energy demand in our country increases due to economic growth, increase
in population, etc. Turkey has strategic opportunities to divert into clean energy production
considering that it is economic, reduces dependency to imported fossil fuels, commissions
faster and it has least environmental pollution.
With its commercial dimension and characteristics, wind energy will attract foreign
investments on Turkey‟s renewable energy resource and will bring Turkey and Turkish
economy to a growing alternative market in terms of wind energy investments. In addition, it
will contribute to private sector investments in energy sector and improvement and
development of commercial electricity enterprises.
Turkey, by popularizing use of renewable and environmental friendly wind energy potential,
will gain an advantage in terms of economic and environmental aspects due to the fact that it
is located in one of the very wind effective areas over the world. Wind Atlas of Turkey
(Annex-1) prepared considering geographical characteristics of our country; shorelines,
mountains, valleys as well as wind measurements, land roughness, surrounding
environmental data, show that wind energy potential in Turkey is an important source that
has to be considered. For this reason, in recent years, operating wind farms in our country
increased significantly (Annex-2).
When utilization of wind energy becomes wide-spread in the country, 15% of energy demand
of Turkey will be compensated in 5-6 years which can be considered very short term.
Considering the stated reasons, Bares Elektrik Üretim A.Ş. is planning to construct and
operate a wind farm in Balıkesir Province Central and Kepsut Districts (Figure-1) in order not
2
only to contribute to national economy but also compensate energy demand of the country.
Proposed wind farm will be in 142,5 MW capacity operating with 57 wind turbines of 2,5 MW
each. Expected annual energy production is calculated to be 549.200.000 kWh/year.
Electricity collected in switch area will be transmitted to national electricity network through
Balıkesir – Poyraz II Transformer as approved by Turkish Electricity Transmission Co.
(TEIAS) with a 4.5 km long over head energy transmission system (154/kV).
Figure-1. Location Map of Balıkesir Wind Farm
3
1.2
Physical and Technical Characteristics of Project
Bares Elektrik Üretim A.Ş. is designing a wind farm in Balıkesir, Central and Kepsut districts
by constructing 57 turbines each with 2,5 MW capacity. Total capacity of the plant is
forecasted to be 142,5 MW and annual average production is calculated to be 549.200.000
kWh/year. Total cost of project is envisaged to be 250 € millions.
Bares Elektrik Üretim A.Ş. applied for license to Energy Market Regulatory Authority (EMRA)
in order to be granted for energy generation for the said project and Production License
(Annex-3) is achieved as of 18/04/2007 coded EÜ/1167-6/839, as per Law on Electricity
Market (Law No. 4628) for 49 years. Due to certain reasons, this license is amended (Annex3).
As per national legislation, for the planned wind power plant area, Balıkesir Provincial
Directorate of Environment and Forestry issued an “EIA Not Required” statement (Annex-4)
in accordance with the fact that the facility is environment friendly and will not consume any
fossil fuel nor generate any pollutant. Its associated electric transmission line for transmitting
produced energy to national electricity network is designed to be 4,5 km and it is not subject
to any environmental approval procedure as per national regulations and legislations. This
line will be connected to national electricity network through a new component that will be
constructed by TEIAS. Necessary approvals for that connection are already obtained from
related authorities.
Electric energy to be generated by means of wind turbines are a function of;
- Wind speed and frequency,
- Area dredged by turbine blades as well as land and surface characteristics of
turbine area.
In addition,
- Surface roughness,
- Topography: accessible and eligible for construction,
- Extend of land,
- Proximity to national electricity network
are important factors to be considered while making site selection.
13 months average of wind in the proposed wind farm area is measured. Measurements are
taken from 7 different locations for 10-20-30 meters. Average monthly wind speeds are
recorded and presented in Table-1.
Table-1. Wind speed over months
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Months
1st month
2nd month
3rd month
4th month
5th month
6th month
7th month
Speed (m/s)
9,40 m/s
7,50 m/s
7,00 m/s
9,40 m/s
9,50 m/s
7,00 m/s
8,40 m/s
No
8
9
10
11
12
13
Months
8th month
9th month
10th month
11th month
12th month
13th month
Speed (m/s)
7,40 m/s
6,40 m/s
7,80 m/s
9,70 m/s
9,20 m/s
11,40 m/s
Environmental characteristics are also taken into consideration during site selection. During
feasibility studies, target production capacity of each production unit, micro-location of
turbines and detailed placement plans are defined by considering wind speed, frequency,
4
prevailing wind direction, surface roughness and turbine power curves obtained from
manufacturers.
While locating turbines on the defined area for proposed activity, also taking into account of
above stated requirements, coordinates for turbine locations are defined and given in Table2 below. For this purpose, detailed technical assessments are made and attached hereto
(Annex-5 and Annex-6). Small shifts may take place during construction of turbines due to
surface requirements. Simple layout map and zoning plans are provided in Figure-2 and
Figure-3 respectively.
Table-2. Turbine Location Coordinates (UTM 35S, Eurpoean Datum 1950)
Turbine
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
T13
T14
T15
T16
T17
T18
T19
T20
T21
T22
T23
T24
T25
T26
T27
T28
T29
Northing (m)
587612
587831
588596
588780
588967
589174
589375
589597
589901
590192
590421
590725
590955
590625
590744
590997
591257
591644
591796
591983
592174
592382
592612
593030
593325
591001
591431
591664
592030
Easting (m)
4401727
4401645
4401806
4401667
4401529
4401447
4401334
4401294
4401720
4401747
4401719
4401706
4401669
4401025
4400791
4400813
4400831
4400702
4400514
4400405
4400269
4400200
4400141
4400194
4400244
4400475
4400121
4399981
4399602
Turbine
T30
T31
T32
T33
T34
T35
T36
T37
T38
T39
T40
T41
T42
T43
T44
T45
T46
T47
T48
T49
T50
T51
T52
T53
T54
T55
T56
T57
Northing (m)
592443
592671
592913
593118
593334
589032
589255
589435
589587
585104
585289
585493
585688
585845
586033
586172
586294
585214
585497
586671
587107
587296
587503
587765
587912
588252
588515
588717
Easting (m)
4399369
4399308
4399291
4399232
4399178
4400190
4400120
4399981
4399814
4398178
4398035
4397943
4397835
4397650
4397529
4397323
4397108
4397616
4397431
4398074
4398113
4397974
4397869
4397896
4397661
4397609
4397649
4397559
5
Figure-2. Simple Layout Map
Figure-3. Zoning Map
6
Area allocated by proposed wind farm cover 275.610 m², overhead powerline poles 2647 m2
and access roads 283.390 m². Total area will be 561.647 m². 10% of the area crosses forest
land, 67,3% pasture land, 10,9% on private land and 11,8% unregistered public land.
Institutions are contacted in relation to existing wind farm designs and their provisions are
taken considering their short-, medium- and long-term investments (Annex-7). Necessary
changes for site selection are made in accordance with their comments. Following, required
permissions are granted and land acquisition/rental procedures are initiated. Parcels under
private ownership are also subjected to acquisition first by mutual agreement. Where
agreement is not reached, court procedure is employed as per national land acquisition laws.
Besides, in cases where lands (wind area, access roads, and energy transmission lines) are
cropped, crop compensation will be made accordingly.
Maps showing landownership are provided in Annex-8, ownership is summarized below:
 Within administrative borders of Yeniköy; turbines and their access roads are on
public lands (unregistered lands) and on a negligible amount of private land,
 Within administrative borders of Kürse Village, turbines and access roads are
completely on pasture lands,
 Within administrative borders of Gökçeören Village, turbines and access roads are
 Within administrative borders of Eşeler Village, turbines and access roads are
 Within administrative borders of Karakaya Village, turbines, switchyard, social
facilities, overhead line poles and access roads are completely on pasture lands,
 Within administrative borders of Ayvatlar Village, turbines and access roads are in
majority on pasture lands and partially on private lands.
Wind turbines will be imported from Europe. Installation of turbines will be made both in-lands
and abroad. Cables, transformers and other electromagnetic equipment will be supplied
domestically and/or from abroad.
Wind turbines are machinery converting moving energy of air into mechanical energy. Wind
turbines used to generate electric energy are 1-bladed, 2-bladed or 3-bladed turbines
operating in high frequency. Under the scope of the proposed project, 3-bladed turbines will
be employed. Reasons behind high frequency run can be explained by:
1. A high speed wind turbine with equal diameter is lighter than a slower turbine, hence
is cheaper.
2. Since rotation speed is high, necessary rotation ratio is lower. For this reason, gear
box is relatively lighter.
3. Start-up torque of electricity generators is small. Although start-up torque of a high
speed rotor is small, it speeds-up the generator easily. For this reason, high speed
wind turbines are very appropriate for this purpose.
Turbine blades employed in the system will be in different angles. In some designs, when
rotor brake is in charge, a special regulator increasing the angle will be used to ease start-up.
Wind rotors are placed in tower either in up-wind or down-wind direction. In first case, startup effect is avoided. Second case is advantageous since the start-up torque is small
therefore motor‟s direction finding power will decrease. Under the scope of the project, they
will be placed up-wind.
Basic configuration of a wind-electric system and workflow are given in Figure-4 and Figure-5
respectively. Mechanical energy generated from moving air is transmitted to an electric
7
generator through an adequate coupling and a gear box. Output from generator is connected
to a loader or a network depending on its design.
Control device used in this kind of systems detect wind speed and direction, axial-speed and
torque, output power and generator heat, then produces signals so that blade angles are
checked, directions are controlled and input and output power are equalized by the
generator. In addition, it protects the system from cases like system over-loading, electric
failures/faults and extreme conditions because of strong wind. In wind-electric systems, total
conversion capacity from wind energy to electricity output phase is 25-35%.
Figure-4. Wind Electricity System Components
8
Figure-5. Typical Wind Electricity System Work Flow
It is planned that electricity will be transmitted from turbines to the switch area by
underground cable systems and transferred to national electricity network through overhead
energy transmission line. Basic components that will be present in wind farm are:








2,5 MW turbines and generator blocks (57 pieces; N90/2500 LS and N90/2500 HS)
80 m high towers (57 pieces)
Step-up Transformer
Switchboard
- Transformer
- Control Room
- Administrative Unit
- Social Unit
Protection Equipment
Control Equipments
Cables and associated equipment
Energy transmission poles (13 pieces) to connect switchboard area with national
electricity network in Balıkesir – Poyraz II Transformer
Area where wind towers will be installed will be excavated by 20x20m with 3 meter depth.
Basic foundation structure will be completed following concreting and steeling, and turbines
will be located by cranes. Typical foundation structure for wind turbines is provided in Figure6. While preparation of turbine locations and switchyard, excavation waste will be formed.
This material will then be used as fill material. There will be no use of additional material
which requires external transportation. Any of the activities will not require blasting or
hazardous or toxic material.
9
Figure-6. Typical Foundation Structure of wind turbines
As wind turbine Nordex N90 is planned to be used. Tower diameter of wind turbine is 3m,
tower height 80 m, and rotor diameter is approximately 90 m with three blades. Typical
turbine structure and main components are given in Figure-7 and Figure-8. 3-blade turbine
sample is provided in Figure-9.
10
Figure-7. Typical Turbine Structure
11
Figure-8. Main components of Nordex N90/2500
Figure-9. 3-blade turbine sample (Nordex N90 2500)
12
4,5 km energy transmission line will be composed of 13 pieces. National legislation defines
permanent expropriation areas for each type of pole. Poles will be constructed in sizes
changing between 11x11m and 19x19. Accordingly total area required for energy
transmission poles is 2647 m2. Similarly, excavation amounts for each pole are also
calculated. Total amount of excavation will be 778 m2. Electricity poles will be made up of
galvanized steel.
It is planned that 60 people in construction and 15 during operation phases will be employed.
Tentative work plan is provided below, in Figure-10.
13
14
1.3
Summary of Potential Environmental and Social Impacts
The project is expected to have a strong development impact by increasing the availability of
additional resources to the company and to the country for its development program. These
additional resources will be used to develop new energy projects that will help the country
reduce its dependence on imported fossil fuels and accelerate a change in its energy mix
towards more sustainable non - fossil fuels. The project is also expected to improve the
efficiency and competitiveness of renewable energy sector of the country. Environmental and
social impacts are evaluated in this respect considering power plant area and its associated
features.
1.3.1
Environmental Impacts
Construction activities for wind energy project include land clearing for site preparation,
energy transmission lines and access roads; excavation and filling; transportation of supply
materials and fuels; construction of foundations involving excavations and placement of
concrete; operating cranes for unloading and installation of equipment; electrification and
commissioning of new equipment. Decommissioning activities may include removal of project
infrastructure and site rehabilitation.
Given by IFC Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Wind Energy, environmental
issues associated with these construction and commissioning activities are:




Dust and exhaust
Noise and vibration,
Soil erosion,
Threats to biodiversity, including habitat alteration and impacts to wildlife.
Due to typically remote location of wind energy conversion facilities, the transport of
equipment and materials during construction and decommissioning may present logistical
challenges. However, since excavated material will be used as fill material, any additional
material transport will not be necessary for the proposed wind farm. In case it is needed,
access to land will be enabled through access roads.
Environmental issues specific to the operation of wind energy projects and facilities basically
include the following:






Visual impacts
Noise
Species mortality or injury and disturbance
Light and illumination issues
Habitat alteration
Water quality
Said impacts and proposed mitigation measures are evaluated in detail in Section 5 of this
report. Findings are summarized in Table-3 in environmental aspects and their impacts are
classified in Table-4.
15
Table-3. Potential impacts on environment
Component
Dust and exhaust
Noise and vibration
Soil Erosion
Potential Impact
Only in construction phase with a limited amount
Both in construction and operation phases
Only in construction phase with a limited amount, technical design is
completed considering soil erosion potential
Threats to biodiversity, habitat alteration
Mortality due to hit the turbines
Birds
Disturbance on breeding and in food chain areas due to construction of
turbines, maintenance and uninstalling process of already operating turbines.
Disturbance of habitat due to noise, blade movements, disturbance on food
Mammals
chain, accidents, electromagnetic affect in close vicinity of switchyard and
vibration
All livings and
Noise and electromagnetic area effect
organisms
Visual Impacts
No impact is envisaged as per social surveys conducted in the activity area
Shadow flicker effect is the best known effect given by literature.
Lighting and
No impact is envisaged as per proper siting of turbines and distance between
Illumination
turbines and settlements
Surface and
No impact since no water course or groundwater is crossed in the proposed
groundwater sources location
Table-4. Classification of Environmental Impacts
Impact
Dust and exhaust
Noise and vibration
Soil erosion
Threats to biodiversity, including habitat
alteration and impacts to wildlife
Visual impacts
Species mortality or injury and disturbance
Light and illumination issues
Water quality
*3: very serious; 2: serious; 1: not serious
Construction
√
√
√
√
√
Operation
√
√
√
√
√
√
Impact Degree*
1
1
1
1,5
1
1,5
1
0
16
1.3.2
Social Impacts
Similar to environmental impacts, project will cause socio-economic impacts through
construction and operational phases of the project inevitably. In order to identify these
impacts, a socio-economic research is performed in the area. Details of the research are
further given in Annex-9 of this report. Summary of the findings are given below and
classified in Table-5.
1. Permanent and/or temporary acquisition of land;
2. Potential loss of income;
3. Reduced use of fossil fuels; in doing so, displace carbon emissions, reducing
pollution and contribute to the effort to reduce global warming;
4. Create employment opportunities in the area where the project is located during
construction and operation phases;
5. Enable transfer of knowledge as turbine supplier will train site employees in the
installation, operation and maintenance of the wind turbines;
6. Contribute to local and regional economy since the cables, transformers, construction
equipment, and subcontractors are to be procured locally;
7. Diversify the sources of electricity generation and support Turkey in meeting its
growing energy demands;
8. Reduced dependency on foreign sources of energy thereby strengthening Turkey‟s
energy security and self sufficiency;
9. Assist Turkey in accelerating the commercialization of grid-connected renewable
energy technologies and markets in the country;
10. By size and nature of the transaction, influence Turkey‟s ability to attract foreign
investment in the renewable energy sector and position Turkey as an alternative
emerging market destination for wind power investments;
11. Contribution to the development of merchant power operations and private sector
investment in Turkey‟s energy sector;
Table-5. Classification of Social Impacts
Item
Item 1
Item 2
Item 3
Item 4
Item 5
Item 6
Item 7
Item 8
Item 9
Item 10
Item 11
Impact Degree
(-3: worst negative
+3: best positive)
-1
-1
+3
+3
+3
+3
+3
+3
+3
+3
+3
Local Impact
Country-wide Impact
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
17
1.4
1.4.1
Policy, legal, and administrative framework
National Legislation
 Conservation of Culture and Natural Assets and related regulations, No. 2863
changed with No. 5226 and related regulations
 Environment Law, Law No. 2872 and Law concerning change in Environmental Law,
 Law No. 5491 and related regulations


























Regulation on Conservation of Agricultural Lands
Regulation for Septic Tanks where In place Sewer System Construction is not
Possible
Regulation on Protection of Air Quality Stemming from Industrial Facilities
Regulation on Control of Solid Wastes
Regulation on Facilities to be Constructed in Disaster Areas
Regulation on Occupational Health and Safety
Regulation on Environmental Impact Assessment
Regulation on Control of Waste Oil
Regulation on Control of Excavated Soil, Construction and Debris Wastes
Regulation on Occupational Health and Safety for Temporary Employment
Regulation on Control of Waste Battery Cell and Accumulators
Regulation on Control of Waste Water
Regulation on Control of Soil Contamination
Regulation on Control of Packing Waste
Regulation on Control of Medical Wastes
Regulation on Assessment and Management of Environmental Noise
Regulation on Control of Tires Completed Their Lifecycle
Land Expropriation law, Law No. 2942 and related regulations
Pasture Law, Law No: 4342
Electricity Market Law, Law No. 4628 and related regulations
Labor Law, Law No: 4857 and relevant legislations,
Law on Use of Renewable energy Sources for Electricity Production, Law No. 5346
and related regulations
Soil Protection and Land Use Law, Law No: 5403
Energy Efficiency Law, Law No. 5627 and related regulations
Forest Law, No. 6831 and Law on Changes in Forest Law, No. 5192 and relevant
regulations
Regulation on Electricity Driven Current Facilities
18
1.4.2
International Legislation
The project is subject to the following international legislations.

ICRP - International Commission on Radiological Protection

IFC Performance Standards on Social & Environmental Sustainability
IFC applies the Performance Standards to manage social and environmental risks and
impacts and to enhance development opportunities in its private sector financing in its
member countries eligible for financing. The Performance Standards may also be applied by
other financial institutions electing to apply them to projects in emerging markets. Together,
the eight Performance Standards establish standards that the client is to meet throughout the
life of an investment by IFC or other relevant financial institution:
 Performance Standard 1: Social and Environmental Assessment and Management
Systems
 Performance Standard 2: Labor and Working Conditions
 Performance Standard 3: Pollution Prevention and Abatement
 Performance Standard 4: Community Health, Safety and Security
 Performance Standard 5: Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement
 Performance Standard 6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Natural
Resource Management
 Performance Standard 7: Indigenous Peoples
 Performance Standard 8: Cultural Heritage
Performance Standard 1 establishes the importance of (i) integrated assessment to identify
the social and environmental impacts, risks, and opportunities of projects; (ii) effective
community engagement through disclosure of project-related information and consultation
with local communities on matters that directly affect them; and (iii) the client‟s management
of social and environmental performance throughout the life of the project. Performance
Standards 2 through 8 establish requirements to avoid, reduce, mitigate or compensate for
impacts on people and the environment, and to improve conditions where appropriate. While
all relevant social and environmental risks and potential impacts should be considered as
part of the assessment, Performance Standards 2 through 8 describe potential social and
environmental impacts that require particular attention in emerging markets. Where social or
environmental impacts are anticipated, the client is required to manage them through its
Social and Environmental Management System consistent with Performance Standard 1.
IFC‟s Policy and Performance Standards on Social and Environmental Sustainability are
represented in Figure-11.
19
Figure-11. IFC‟s Policy and Performance Standards on Social and Environmental
Sustainability
Clients are obliged to comply Part II (Performance Standards) and Part III (Implementation).
Therefore, an assessment is made to define applicable standards for the proposed project.
Specific to the project area, it is a fact that land acquisition will take place for project area,
access routes as well as overhead power lines. Any sensitive area nor any endemic flora or
fauna is encountered in the project area during feasibility studies, but additional work is in
progress. Additionally, as per provisions received from Ministry of Culture, study area does
not hold any significance in terms of cultural heritage. Therefore, applicable IFC Standards
would be:






PS1: Social and Environmental Assessment and Management;
PS2: Labor and Working Conditions;
PS3: Pollution Prevention and Abatement;
PS4: Community, Health Safety and Security;
PS5: Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement; and
PS6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Natural Resource Management.
Compliance with these performance standards are further evaluated in this report.
20
2
LOCATION OF PROJECT AREA AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES
BARES Elektrik Üretim A.Ş. is planning to construct and operate the proposed wind farm at
Balıkesir, Kepsut and Central Districts. This area is in western Turkey and has a strong wind
potential (Annex-1). Site access is possible through Turkish Highway Network.
Wind Farm
Figure-12. Project area
21
While making site selection for the wind power plant, following aspects are taken into
consideration.

Technical / Commercial Aspects:
o Wind Resource and energy generation potential
o Ground conditions
o Site access
o Electrical connection capability to national electricity network

Environmental and Social Aspects:
o Current land use
o Established easements
o Surface and groundwater systems, river basins
o Flora and Fauna including migration pathways
o Wildlife
o Forest areas
o Archaeological sites
o Protected areas
o Naturally conserved areas
o Settlements
o National Aviation Administration
o Recreational uses
o Telecommunication
Before starting to site selection, a desktop study is performed considering initially the
environmental and social aspects together with technical requirements. As a result of this
desktop study, 6 different locations are proposed (Figure-13). Commonly, none of the
alternatives cross any protected area or any archaeological site. Nearest airport is in more
than 100 km distance to the proposed areas.
22
Figure-13. Map showing location of alternatives
23
Alternative-1 sits on irrigation area of SHW (State Hydraulic Works) and has lower elevation,
therefore not feasible. Although elevations for Alternative-4, Alternative-5 and Alternative-6
are feasible in terms of elevation, all cross forest lands; besides Alternative-4 is very close to
Yağcılar Pond constructed by SHW; Alternative-6 sits close to an irrigation area.
Remaining alternatives, Alternative-2 and Alternative-3 are two possible locations
considering environmental components. They are sufficiently elevated and do not have any
potential interference with the listed environmental or social concerns. Therefore, technical
considerations became more important in selection between these two locations.
Comparison of all proposed alternatives is provided in Table-6.
Table-6a. Comparison of proposed alternatives showing environmental and social aspects
Environmental and Social Considerations
►:Same
▲:Relatively Positive
▼:Relatively Negative
Alt-1
Alt-2
Alt-3
Alt-4
Alt-5
Alt-6
Current land use
►
►
►
►
►
►
Established
easements
▼
►
►
►
►
►
Surface and
groundwater systems,
river basins
►
►
►
▼
►
▼
Flora and Fauna
including migration
pathways
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
▼
▼
▼
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
Wildlife
Forest areas
Archaeological sites
Protected areas
Naturally conserved
areas
Settlements
24
Environmental and Social Considerations
►:Same
National Aviation
Administration
Recreational uses
Telecommunication
Greenhouse gas
emissions reduction
Alt-1
Alt-2
Alt-3
Alt-4
Alt-5
Alt-6
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
▲
▲
▲
▲
▲
▲
Table-6b. Comparison of proposed alternatives showing technical and commercial aspects
Technical / Commercial Considerations
►:Same
Wind Resource and
energy generation
potential
Ground conditions
Site access
Electrical connection
to national electricity
network (by distance)
Alt-1
Alt-2
Alt-3
Alt-4
Alt-5
Alt-6
►
►
▲
►
►
►
►
▲
▲
►
►
►
▲
▼
►
►
▼
►
▲
►
▲
►
►
►
For any potential circumstance, provisions and approvals of public institutions are also
requested (Annex-7). These include:




General Directorate of Forestry, Balıkesir Provincial Administration
Balıkesir Special Provincial Administration, General Directorate of Plan, Design,
Investment and Construction
Balıkesir Special Provincial Administration, General Directorate of Development and
Urban Improvement
T.R. Uludağ Electricity Distribution, Balıkesir Provincial Administration
25










Balıkesir Special Provincial Administration, General Directorate of License and
Control
Ministry of Environment and Forestry, General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works
and its related division (25th Division)
Balıkesir Governorship, Provincial Directorate of Industry and Commerce
TEIAŞ, Turkish Electricity Transmission Inc. 2nd Transmission Group Directorate
Balıkesir Governorship, Local Health Authority
Turkish Telecommunication Inc., Balıkesir Provincial Telecom Division
Balıkesir Governorship, Provincial Administration of Agriculture
Balıkesir Governorship, Provincial Administration of Environment and Forestry
T.R. Ministry of Defense
BOTAŞ Petroleum Pipeline Corporation, Department of Land, Survey and Acquisition
Stated institutions gave their consent for the construction and operation of proposed project
such that their provisions and requirements are satisfied.
Project area does not cross any protected area, national park, wildlife area or archaeological
site nor major bird migration corridors. In conclusion, Alternative-3, being more close to
national electricity network, is selected to be the best alternative. Final location of site and
project layout is given in Figure-14.
26
Figure-14. Map showing location of selected alternative, Alternative-3
27
Current site views of selected proposed area are provided below.
28
29
30
31
32
Figure-15(a). Different site views of proposed windfarm location
33
For the purpose of the project, wind masts are erected and wind measurements are initiated
in 1999. The results of long term wind measurements confirmed that the area possesses
good wind. Geotechnical drillings for site investigation also showed that there exists no
surface water and groundwater level reached into 17 meters depth. Besides, Provincial
Administration of Balıkesir Environment and Forestry announced an “EIA Not Required”
statement (Annex-4) which already approves that selected area is environmentally
sustainable.
One remaining item, social aspects, is further evaluated by a social impact assessment
performed through a questionnaire in the project affected area. Findings of the study are
discussed in upcoming sections.
Location of proposed wind farm is very close to main transformer of national electricity
network. Transmission of produced energy will be connected to the national network through
a 4,5 km long overhead powerline. Due to its short length, powerline is also exempted from
EIA process as per national legislation. However, during social impact assessment works on
site, local people are informed about not only the power plant but also its associated
powerline and access roads. Approval of connection to national electricity network with
TEIAS is completed. Site views for the proposed location of overhead powerline are provided
below Figure-15b (Please see Annex-17 for more site views).
View from Karakaya Village, Switchyard Area
34
View from switchyard area looking north
View from IP-1 looking NEE
35
View from IP-1 looking east
View from IP-1 looking SEE
36
View from IP-2 looking SEE
View from IP-2 looking SE
Figure-15(b). Different site views of overhead powerline route
37
Final step of site selection is approval from EMRA. Once the contractor agreed on location
following technical and environmental evaluations, submits the project files to EMRA. Where
appropriate, EMRA issues electricity generation license. Depending on its policy, EMRA
sometimes rejects such applications due to certain reasons. Balıkesir Wind Farm Power
Plant Project already has been granted operating license (Annex-3).
38
3
BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS
3.1
Meteorology and Climatic Characteristics
3.1.1
Wind
Wind is the most important climatic component in wind farms. In Turkey it is rare to find
sources of long-term reference wind data that are suitable for wind energy applications.
Nearest reference locations for long term meteorological measurements are approximately
55 km away from the study area. Therefore, an independent assessment of the
meteorological and environmental conditions for turbines at the Balıkesir site is carried out a
contractor, by Garrad Hassan (GH). The analysis relies on wind data recorded by masts at
the Balıkesir site since November 1999. However, it is noted that for this analysis that the
site data has been recorded over a longer period than in typically seen for proposed wind
farms. This mitigates the influence of not identifying suitable sources of reference wind data
in this case.
A description of the meteorological conditions at a potential wind farm is best determined
using wind data recorded at the site. Data recorded at the Balıkesir site since November
1999 by the contracting company is provided to GH from four meteorological masts up to a
height of 50 m.
GH has carried out an energy assessment of the proposed wind farm based on wind data
recorded at the site. A description of the site, recorded wind data and wind farm layout are
provided in the energy assessment report which should be referred to in conjunction with this
report (Annex-6).
It is noted that three different turbine models with 80 m to 90 m rotor diameter, 80 m hub
height and rated power in the 2.0 to 3.0 MW range were taken into consideration for the
analysis. This report presents the most onerous results for the 90 m turbine option under
consideration for the wind farm.
Based on the current IEC standards, the objectives of the work presented in this report are
as follows:
 To summarise key findings regarding mean wind speeds at the proposed wind
turbine locations.
 To predict the extreme hub height wind speeds for the proposed turbine locations
using a Method of Independent Storms based approach.
 To analyze the turbulence statistics recorded at the site and predict the appropriate
levels of effective and representative turbulence intensity for each turbine location.
 To assess the maximum terrain slope and the expected maximum and minimum
temperatures at the site.
In the said report, the following items are also evaluated:






Turbulence intensity at the site
Site air density
Extreme wind speed at the site
Terrain slope at the turbine locations
Soil conditions
Access to the site for construction and maintenance activities
39
The wind measurement campaign at the Balıkesir site commenced in November 1999 with
the installation of the 30 m mast, Mast 5. In August 2006, a further 30 m mast, Mast 81, and
two 50 m masts, Mast 80 and Mast 82, were installed. The masts are of tubular construction.
A number of other masts have been installed at the site during the measurement campaign
but are either not representative of the proposed turbine locations or provide broadly
concurrent data with Mast 5, therefore have not been utilized for the wind analysis.
A display of measurements used in the assessment, including the grid co-ordinates of the
masts, is presented in Figure-16. The masts were observed by GH staff during a site visit in
October 2007.
The wind data have been recorded using Second Wind Nomad 1 data loggers, NRG
Maximum 40 anemometers and NRG 200 P wind vanes. The data loggers have been
programmed to record, at hourly intervals, mean, average deviation, minimum and maximum
wind speed, and mean and standard deviation wind direction.
The anemometers installed at Mast 5 prior to April 2006 have not been individually
calibrated. An investigation of the calibration of 472 NRG Maximum 40 anemometers has
been reported, the results of which include the following proposed consensus transfer
function for this model of anemometer:
Recorded wind speed [m/s] = 0.7650 x Data frequency [Hz] + 0.3500 m/s
Complete data collection, calibration, processing and analysis with recommendations are
available in Annex-6.
Figure-16. Figure showing Turbine Layout and Mast Locations
40
3.1.2
Other Components
Average maximum pressure is recorded in the area is in December, minimum in August.
Minimum monthly average relative humidity is recorded in August, maximum in January.
Especially in summer, due to northern winds and high temperature effect, evaporation is
seen. Maximum precipitation is seen during March. Snow is seen in January, February,
March and December. There is neither a registered flood case nor any drought in 2007.
There is not any area/feature constituting microclimate.
Annual average temperature in Balıkesir is 14.5 °C. Lowest annual temperature in Balıkesir
is in January (4,8°C) and highest in July (24,5°C).
Sunshine duration surveys are performed in Balıkesir, Ayvalık and Bandırma. Among these
three stations, station with annual average sunshine duration is Ayvalık with 7 hours 12
minutes (Figure-17).
Table-7. Sunshine durations in Balıkesir, Bandırma and Ayvalık
Balıkesir
Bandırma
Ayvalık
Jan
2,7
2,3
3,4
Feb
2,9
3,0
4,0
Mar
4,0
4,3
5,2
Apr
6,6
6,2
6,7
May Jun Jul
Aug Sept Oct
9,3 10,9 11,8 11,7 7,6 4,7
9,8
9,4 10,6 9,9
7,0 3,6
11,1 11,3 12,2 11,7 8,5 4,8
Nov Dec Average
3,2 3,1
6.5
4,6 2,3
6.1
4,3 3,2
7,2
Source: Regional Directorate of Meteorology
Sunshine Duration
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Months
BALIKESİR
BANDIRMA
AYVALIK
Figure-17. Comparison of sunshine durations (hours)
Meteorological bulletins obtained from Turkish State Meteorology Services are attached to
this report showing long term measurements for meteorological elements (Annex-10).
41
3.2
Geological and Geomorphological Characteristics
General geologic characteristics of Balıkesir area shows that, topography is composed of old
and new Quaternary alluviums, Upper Miocene - Pliocene aged Soma Formation with
conglomerates, sandstones, marn and limestone, Mid-Upper Miocene aged Yuntdağ
volcanites with lava, tuff, silicified tuff, agglomerates and lahars of Tertiary and older units.
Geomorphology of the area is formed as a result of fluvial activity with erosion and
sedimentation activities on the lithologies. For this reason, it has a rich topography in terms
of fluvial erosion and type of sedimentation.
Two separate erosion periods are identified. Among these, Pliocene aged erosion surface is
a very fragmented and disjointed surface bearing on highest hills in the region. Under this
layer lays Lower-Pleistocene erosion surfaces with a larger extend. Transition from erosion
surfaces to plains are through four different terraces sets (Tağıl, 2003).
Map showing general geology of the area is provided below.
42
Figure-18. Map showing general geology
43
In the basement of Balıkesir area, various different metamorphic rocks and Upper Paleozoic
aged Fazlıkonağı Formation characterized with volcanic intrusion which overlies these
metamorphic units. Lower-Triassic Karakaya Formation composed of clastic rocks and
limestone blocks unconformably lies over that layer. On top of Karakaya Formation, Upper
Jurassic – Lower Cretaceous Akçakoyun Formation of limestone sits unconformably. Yayla
melange (Upper Cretaceous), composed of deposits, metamorphics and ophiolites which
does not have any primary relation is tectonically together with Akçakoyun Formation.
Tertiary is characterized by Çataldağ which is Paleocene aged older granite and
granadiorite, on top of which is unconformably overlain with Upper Oligocene aged Hallaçlar
Formation composed of andesites and dacite type volcanic rocks. This level is overlain by
Miocene-Lower Pliocene Soma Formation with terrestrial characteristics as well as Yuntdağ
Formation laterally and vertically. On top, Pliocene aged older terrestrial deposits are
present.
Specific to project area, andesites belonging to Neogene series are dominant. Project area
covers basically three different formations: Paleozoic aged marble (Pzmr) formation,
Cretaceous aged Plateau Mélange (Ky) and Neogene aged Volcanic Rocks (Na). Quaternary
aged alluvium (Qal) is located on all the formations. All the turbines, buildings and switchyard
structures lay in the volcanic rocks of Neogene. General stratigraphic section of the region
and 1/100.000 scaled geology map are provided below.
44
Figure-19(a). Generalised Stratigraphic Section
45
Figure-19(b). 1/100.000 scaled geology map
46
Palaeozoic Marbles (Pzmr)
They are grey, white, sugar-textured, thin, and medium layered. They are
observed as thick-layered at upper levels. Age of this unit, in which no organic
residue has been observed due to metamorphism, has been accepted to be
Upper Paleozoic by considering its location and other studies carried out in
Western Anatolia.
Cretaceous Plateau Mélange (Ky)
It is a complex aggregate formed by basic and ultra basic rocks belonging to
sedimentary, metamorphic and ophiolite aggregate without primary relationship
with each other. The formation has a mottled outlook with dominant colors
green, grey, yellow, purple, red and brown. It consists of radiolaritine,
mudstone, spilite, tuff, serpentine, diabase, gabbro, dunite, harsburgite, marble,
meta sandstone and chlorite in block outlook – lawsonite – glaucophane schist,
epidote – lawsonite – glauchophane schist without primary relationship and
limestone blocks at various sizes and various ages within them. Plateau
Mélange is present on all the old units as tectonic-contacted.
Neogene Volcanics (Na)
The unit, which consists of Andesite lava, Agglomerate and tuff, is white, grey,
light purple and pink colored. It is seen in the area as widely-observed tuff,
agglomerates and andesite lava in patches. Andesites usually have a
hialocrystalline, porphyritic texture. Lavas contain plagioclase, mica and small
amount of quartz. Plagioclases are originally in oligoclase – andesine
composition. Micas are mostly biotite. And they are decomposed. Its dough
consists of volcanic glass plagioclase microlites and small amount of sanidine
micro crystals and it is silicified in patches. Blocks in the agglomerate varies
between 1-100 cm. Volcanics are observed as intermediate compounded with
neogene sediments. Therefore, it has been accepted to be at neogene age.
Quarternary Alluvium (Qal)
These are unattached pebble, sand and mud depots formed in stream beds
and on plains. Current stream beds are sediments remaining below water
basement level.
3.3
Structural Geology & Seismicity
The project area and its surroundings and Karakaya Village are in a collapse basin.
Sedimentary materials are placed on old folded schists with angular discordance in this
collapse area.
Movement of sedimentary materials due to ritiolithic dacidic, andesitic eruptions in various
phases on the north and the south of Balıkesir has caused lateral and vertical sedimentary
volcanic passes. Basement of Neogene lakes start with colored pebbles of basement rock.
47
The project area takes place within the 1st degree earthquake zone. It is known that the
earthquakes have close relations with the active faults. The active faults that may cause
possible earthquakes and affect the survey area are the Manyas, Edincik, Yenice – Gönen
and Sarıköy faults according to the Active Faults Map of Turkey, prepared by Şaroğlu, F. and
others.

Manyas Fault: This fault stretches in the east-westward direction and
has a length of 60 km. The fault is a right-lateral direction and caused a
major earthquake at a magnitude of 7.0 on 06 October 1964. It is
possible to expect this fault to produce an earthquake at a scale of 7.0 –
7.4 in the future.

Edincik Fault: This fault has a northeastern- southwestern lateral
direction (strike) with an approximate length of 30-35 km. This
northeastern- southwestern lateral fault created an earthquake on 04
January 1935 at a magnitude of 6.4. The Edincik fault may be expected
to produce an earthquake at 6.0 – 6.5 magnitude in the future.

Yenice – Gönen Fault: This fault has a northeastern- southwestern
direction with approximate length of 55 km. This fault caused an
earthquake on 18 March 1953 at a magnitude of 7.2. There may be an
earthquake at 7.0 – 7.4 magnitude in the future according to the
relationship in the severity of the earthquake that may be come out in
comparison with the length of fault.

Sarıköy Fault: This fault has a northeastern- southwestern direction with
approximate length of 60 km. This right-lateral fault may produce an
earthquake at 7.2 – 7.5 magnitude in the future.
Since the project area takes place at the 1st order earthquake zone, it is necessary to design
the buildings and other premises to be built or erected therein and conform to the earthquake
regulation in their construction. Any earthquake that may occur at the region may be very
destructive. The Effective ground Acceleration Coefficient is A0 = 0.40 need to be admitted
since the survey area takes place at the 1st order earthquake zone.
3.4
Ground Survey Analysis
On the project area, it is planned to construct 57 wind turbines and a Switchyard area.
Switchyard area includes 154 kV switchyard and administrative buildings. In order to define
the prevailing geological conditions, geological drillings and some laboratory tests have been
performed and reported. 21 geological drillings and 18 test pits are drilled in the project area.
Analysis with regard to laboratory tests showed that:
- Thickness of top soil on the Turbine number 4, 8, 42, 45 and 55 is in the
order of 17.00 m. For others Turbines the different depths of the bedrock
vary between 0 m and 5,0 m except the turbine No 38 where the bedrock is
15,5 m deep.
- The bedrock‟s depth at the switchyard area varies between 1,5 and 3,0 m
from the ground-line.
- Main rock formation is composed of andesite, agglomerate and tuff with
varying degrees of weathering.
- Core recovery is generally between 30% and 50%. Only Turbine number T10
is 100%.
48
- RQD values are above 40% in all boreholes.
- RQD values are about 0% and 8% at the switchyard area.
- Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) values at 3.00 meter deep all the
drill holes were found between 95,80 kg/cm2 and 159,09 kg/cm2
- Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) values at 6.00 meter deep all the
drill holes were found between 102.9 kg/cm2 and 149.06 kg/cm2
- Underground water level was not observed in any borehole.
- The project area is located at the 1st degree earthquake zone and the wind
loads are also affecting to the turbines.
- Active Ground Acceleration Coefficient A0 is 0.40.
- There is no risk of liquefaction in the project area
- RMR values were found between 33 and 62.
- Rock Sub Grade Reaction all of places is 50.000 t/m³.
- Soil Sub Grade Reaction is generally 5.000 t/m³. But, soil sub grade reaction
at Turbine No 42 is measured 10.000 t/m³ and at the Turbine No 4 is
measured 50 000 t/m3.
- Cohesion values of rocks are changing between 3,758 MPa and 7, 57 MPa;
internal friction angle of rocks are changing between 18º and 37º experiment
of Triaxial Compressive Strength tests.
- Allowable bearing capacity of soil or weathered rock is 3 kg/cm² and of rocks
is 4 kg/cm².
- The thickness of weathered rock at Turbine 4, 8, 42, 45 and 55 is 17 meter.
Natural soil was observed between 0,30 m and 0,50 m during the drilling of
these boreholes. The weathered rock was cut until the 17,0 m in these holes.
In addition, the Standard Penetration Tests (SPT) were applied in these
boreholes. The SPT‟s values were observed very high (50 blow). It means
this type of foundation will be highly tight.
- The turbines on the thick weathered rock foundation areas shall be fixed into
the bedrock. The fixing of turbines to this type of foundations shall be applied
by jet-grouting or micro-pile. The depth of jet-grouting columns and micropiles shall be determined according to the Contractor‟s calculations.
- The switchyard area foundation shall be treated by grouting or excavated
until the bedrock
- The load bearing capacity shall be revaluate according to the final project of
the foundation dimensions.
- The earthquake regulations should be fulfilled in design and construction of
buildings and plants to be built,
3.5
Hydrological Characteristics
Hydrology of the region is also studied both for the wind farm and its associated elements to
identify the flood regime in the activity area. For this purpose three methods are employed:
 Local flood analysis by using the floods flow observations,
 Regional flood analysis by using the local flood analysis,
 Synthetic flood analysis methods, by using the precipitation observations and
physical river basin parameters.
7 culverts and 7 basins are studied under the scope of the project and 10 and 100 years
frequency floods values are calculated. Also rainfall intensities are given for all drainage
areas that are corresponding to the culverts are identified.
49
As the outcome of the study, culverts, pipes dimensions, flows and intensities are found to
be:
where,
a, b = pipe diameter
Q10 = 10 years frequency floods
Q100 = 100 years frequency floods
I10: Rainfall intensity for 10 years
I100: Rainfall intensity for 100 years
In addition to this study, it should be reminded that as per the drillings performed over the
proposed activity area, underground water level was not observed in any of the borehole
which is in 17 meters depth in maximum.
50
3.6
Ecology and Biologic Life
FLORA
In order to perform bioanalysis of an area, a field study has to be performed during nesting,
wintering and flowering periods of flora and fauna species. Necessary time period for flora
species is two flowering session. It may not be possible even in the best observation season
to see every species in a defined area due to certain reasons.
Studies related to flora and fauna started with initiation of EIA works with field studies.
Detailed field works in relation to flora and fauna is realized by biologist between February –
April and July – August with 1 week duration on project area in places where regions
vegetation is represented.
Due to the fact that meteorological conditions complicated identification of different species in
the area, additional information from literature collected in last 5 years are considered and
primarily included into the report.
While flora section of the report is prepared, Flora of Turkey and East Aegean Islands of
Davis and Turkish Plants Data System (Tubives) database as well as observations-field work
outputs are referenced. As per the bioanalysis, identified and potentially available species
are given in Table-8.
Concerned wind farm is located in Kepsut and Central Districts of Balıkesir. Project area is
taking place in A1, A2, B1, B2 square according to the Square Grid System (Flora of Turkey
and the East Aegean Islands) prepared by P.H. Davis. While preparing flora section of the
report, TUBITAK Turkish Plants Data Service (TUBIVES) is referenced.
VEGETATION
Turkey is under effect of three different floristic regions due to its topographic and climatic
characteristics. Study area falls in Marmara region and sits in intersection of Mediterranean
and Europe-Siberia elements (Figure-20).
Figure-20. Phytogeographical regions in Turkey (after Davis et. al. 1971)
51
Prevailing climate in Marmara region shows a transition between terrestrial and
Mediterranean climates. As seen in Figure-21 terrestrial characteristics increase when going
closer to inner regions. Plant cover is represented by broad-leaved forest at north and thin
leaved forests in other regions. In locations close to sea, especially upto 200 meters
elevation, scrub flora is dominant. However, in recent years scrub and frigana areas are
disturbed and secondary vegetation came out in the area. Dominant vegetation species in
the area are: Vulpia muralis, Vulpia myosurus, Vulpia ciliata, Cynodon dactylon var. villosus,
Aegilops geniculata, Poa pratensis, Linum bienne, Cerastium comatum, Anagallis arvensis
var. arvensis, and Rubia tenuifolia subsp. tenuifolia. Major tree species in the forests is Pinus
nigra.
Figure-21. Vegetation Map
ENDEMISM
Turkey has a big importance in intercontinental transition area characteristics; hence, it is
very rich in the frame of endemic flora. Nearly 30% of plant species identified in our country
is composed of endemic species. However, as it is seen from Figure-22 that available
species in the area are not species having a narrow range or under restraint, on the contrary
they show large distribution.
As a conclusion of field works performed in the area, species, endemic species, their
abundance and endangerment categories are identified and listed in relevant tables. All
identified organisms are abundant but do not have any endangerment status not only for
today, but also in the future. Additionally in this field there are no species which are rare,
endangered or under protection.
52
Figure-22. Important endemic species map of Turkey
In determination of endemic plant species, “The Red Book of Turkish Plants” prepared by
Ekim et al (2000) and IUCN - European Red List (ERL) data are referenced. While the table
is prepared, evaluations in Red Data Book updated in 2001 (version 3.1) are also considered
in the tables. IUCN Red List categories determined in 2001 are given below:
EX- Extinct: If there is no doubt that last example of this species could not be found, this
taxon is within this category. Some taxons which are believed to survive in Turkey Flora but
could not be determined despite detailed researches are placed in this category.
EW- Extinct in Wild: If taxon could not be found during studies realized in areas where it
could be found in different periods of a year, lost in the nature and living only in cultivated
habitats then its is classified under this category.
CR- Critically Endangered: A taxon is critically endangered when it is facing an extremely
high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future.
EN- Endangered: A taxon is endangered when it is not critically endangered but facing a
very high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future. If a species is not recorded
under CR, it is placed under EN.
VU- Vulnerable: Taxons which are potentially endangered in mid-long terms but are not
categorized under CR and EN. Species are categorized under this category which are
currently thought not endangered but potentially be endangered in the future in our country in
order to be protected and known in a number of localities
LR- Lower Risk: A taxon is low risk when it does not satisfy the criteria for the other
categories. Species with a good population status and depicted under 5 different locations
are under this category. It has 3 sub-categories in accordance with their future
endangerment.
a) cd- Conservation Dependent: Taxons potentially be in one of the above categories
in 5 years are in this category. They require a taxon-specific and habitat-specific
conservation programme.
b) nt- Near Threatened: Taxons that can not be categorized under the above
categories but which are close to qualify for VU.
c) Ic- Least Concern: Taxa which do not require conservation and are not threatened.
DD- Data Deficient: A taxon is data deficient when there is inadequate information to make
any assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and/or population status. DD
therefore is not a category of threat or low-risk but depicts that more information has to be
acquired. When data is available, taxon has to be classified in the confirming category.
53
NE- Not Evaluated: Taxa which can not be evaluated as per any of the above classes are
placed in this category.
Definitive Information on Some Criteria
Additional criteria to be categorized under CR, EN and VU are:
For CR Category – For plants which are under risk of extinction in nature in near future, the
following criteria can be utilized for taking decisions.
A) Population is decreasing due to following treats;
a- Change in habitat characteristics and decrease in cloudiness degree of the species;
b- Under risk of actual and potential collection;
c- Incursion threat of another taxon, hybridization, illness, ingemination, contamination, to
be under the effect of competitive and parasites.
B) Total dissemination area is lower than 100 km2 and less than 10 km2 in one location; very
disjointed or only known for one location.
For EN Category - If it is under a high risk in the frame of the above mentioned risks, it is
thought that population will decrease by 50% in 10 years or in 3 generations, dissemination
is 5000 km2 or to 500 km2 at most in a single location, the number of individuals is under
2500 or is known at most in 5 locations.
For VU Category- Species which are thought to decrease by 30% due to stated risks in the
last 10 years or within 3 generations, those which have a dissemination area not more than
10 locations, those which have a total dissemination area less than 20.000 km2, and which
have a matured individual population less than 10.000 or species which are thought to
decrease by 10% of their population within the next 100 years according to field works.
Habitat Classes:
1. Forest, clearance and forest edges
2. Scrub
3. Frigana (mostly barbed, short and floc forming plants)
4. Cultivation areas (farm lands, garden, etc), fallow lands
5. Dry meadow and clear areas
6. Humid meadows, marshlands and wetlands, welwitschia steeps
7. Road edges, disolated places
8. Rocky and stoney areas, calcareous slopes
Habitat classes and their relative abundancy of flora species existing in the study area are
given with their descriptions below.
Relative Abundance: Given numbers here represent abundance and density of species.
1
2
3
4
5
Rare
Seldom
Relatively Abundant
Abundant
Forms pure population
54
Table-8. Flora of studied area
Family – Species Name
ACERACEAE
Acer campestre L. subsp. campestre L.
Acer campestre L. subsp. leiocarpum (OPIZ)
PAX
Acer hyrcanum FISCH. ET MEY. subsp.
keckianum (PAX) YALT.
Acer hyrcanum FISCH. ET MEY. subsp.
hyrcanum FISCH. ET MEY.
Acer trautvetteri MEDW.
ALİSMATACEAE
Damasonium alisma MILLER
ANACARDİACEAE
Pistacia terebinthus L. subsp. terebinthus L.
Pistacia terebinthus L. subsp. palaestina
(BOISS.) ENGLER
APİACEAE
Ammi majus L.
Anthriscus nemorosa (BIEB.) SPRENGEL
Chaerophyllum byzantium BOISS.
Ferula communis L. subsp. communis L.
Ferulago sylvatica (BESSER) REICHB
Heracleum platytaenium BOISS
Daucus carota L.
Laser trilobum (L.) BORKH.
Pimpinella peregrina L.
Sanicula europaea L.
Seseli peucedanoides (BIEB.) KOSO-POL.
Torilis nodosa (L.) GAERTNER
APOCYNACEAE
Amsonia orientalis DECNE
AQUİFOLİACEAE
Ilex aqifolium L.
ARACEAE
Arum elongatum STEVEN subsp. elongatum
STEVEN
Dracunculus vulgaris SCHOTT
Phytographic
Region
Locality (m)
Endemizm
Abundancy
IUCN(ERL)
Source
Europe-Siberia
0-1600
-
3
-
L
Europe-Siberia
700-2100
-
4
-
G,L
-
1100-1600
Endemic
1
NT
L
Europe-Siberia
600-2100
-
2
-
L
Black Sea
400-2100
-
3
-
G,L
-
15-1150
-
-
A,L
Mediterranean
0
-
4
3
3
-
G,L
Mediterranean
50-1100
-
3
-
L
Mediterranean
Mediterranean
Black Sea
Mediterranean
Europe-Siberia
Black Sea
Europe-Siberia
Europe-Siberia
-
0-700
500-3200
350-1350
0-50
0-100
0-1500
0-2000
0-1800
0-2500
0-2200
800-2300
0-1000
Endemic
-
4
3
2
4
4
2
4
3
4
2
4
2
LC
-
L
L
L
L
L
L,G,A
L
L
L
A,L
L
-
-
2
3
3
2
-
L
-
0
0
300-400
-
G,L
Europe-Siberia
400-1800
-
3
-
A,L
E.Black Sea
30-475
-
4
-
A,L
-
55
ARALİACEAE
Hedera helix L.
ARİSTOLOCHİACEAE
Aristolochia pallida WILLD
Aristolochia clematitis L.
Aristolochia sempervirens L.
ASCLEPİADACEAE
Cionura erecta (L.) GRISEB.
Periploca graeca L. var. graeca BOISS. ET
HELDR.
Periploca graeca L. var. vestita ROHLENA
ASPİDİACEAE
Polystichum aculeatum (L.) ROTH
ASTERACEAE
Andryala integrifolia L.
Bidens tripartita L.
Calendula arvensis L.
Carduus pycnocephalus L. subsp.
pycnocephalus L.
Carduus nutans L. subsp. trojanus P. H. DAVIS
Centaurea athoa DC.
Centaurea cuneifolia SM. AGG.
Picnomon acarna (L.) CASS.
Picris olympica BOISS.
Scolymus maculatus L.
BETULACEAE
Alnus glutinosa (L.) GAERTNER subsp.
glutinosa (L.) GAERTNER
Alnus glutinosa (L.) GAERTNER subsp. barbata
(C. A. MEYER) YALT.
BLECHNACEAE
Blechnum spicant (L.) ROTH
BORAGİNACEAE
Alkanna tinctoria (L.) TAUSCH subsp. tinctoria
(L.) TAUSCH
Anchusa officinalis L.
Cerinthe minor L. subsp. minor L.
Echium italicum L.
Phytographic
Region
Locality (m)
Endemizm
Abundancy
IUCN(ERL)
Source
-
0-1500
-
5
-
L
Europe-Siberia
Mediterranean
700-2100
0-1250
500-800
-
3
4
3
-
G,L
L
L
E.Mediterranean
0-1100
-
4
-
G,L,A
E.Mediterranean
0-1200
-
3
-
L
E.Mediterranean
0-1200
-
3
-
L
-
0-1500
-
4
-
G,L
Mediterranean
-
0-250
0-1950
0-2000
-
4
4
2
-
L
G,L
G,L
W.Mediterranean
0-1000
-
3
-
L,A
Mediterranean
Mediterranean
Mediterranean
0
1700
0-850
100-1600
1500-2100
0-1000
Endemic
Endemic
-
1
4
3
3
2
3
NT
LC
-
L
L,G
L,G,A
L
L
L
Europe-Siberia
0-1600
-
4
-
A,G,L
Black Sea
0-1700
-
3
-
L
-
0-1400
-
3
-
L
Mediterranean
0-800
-
4
-
L
Europe-Siberia
Europe-Siberia
Mediterranean
200-1600
2200
0-1950
-
4
3
4
-
A,L
A,L
L
56
Myosotis arvensis (L.) HILL subsp. arvensis (L.)
HILL
Echium russicum J. F. GMELIN
Heliotropium dolosum DE NOT.
Myosotis sylvatica EHRH. EX HOFFM. subsp.
rivularis VESTERGREN
Onosma heterophyllum GRISEB.
BRASSİCACEAE
Barbarea minor C. KOCH var. minor C. KOCH
Aubrieta deltoidea (L.) DC.
Hesperis balansae FOURN. subsp. mytilensis
DVORAK
Turritis laxa (SIBTH. ET SM.) HAYEK
CAMPANULACEAE
Campanula glomerata L. subsp. hispida
(WITASEK) HAYEK
Campanula persicifolia L.
Jasione idaea STOJ.
CAPRİFOLİACEAE
Sambucus ebulus L.
Viburnum tinus L.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Cerastium banaticum (ROCH.) HEUFFEL
Dianthus arpadianus ADE ET BORNM.
Arenaria serpyllifolia L.
Sagina procumbens L.
CUCURBİTACEAE
Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. RICH.
CRASSULACEAE
Sedum confertiflorum BOISS.
CUPRESSACEAE
Juniperus excelsa BIEB.
Juniperus foetidissima WILLD.
CUSCUTACEAE
Cuscuta brevistyla A. BRAUN
Cuscuta epithymum (L.) L. var. scabrella
(ENGELMANN) YUNCKER
FABACEAE
Phytographic
Region
Locality (m)
Endemizm
Abundancy
IUCN(ERL)
Source
Europe-Siberia
0-1400
-
3
-
L
Europe-Siberia
-
1550-2200
0-1640
-
2
4
-
G,L
L
Black Sea
1200-2900
-
3
-
L
Europe-Siberia
950-1700
-
4
-
L
-
1400-2600
500-2100
-
4
3
-
L,G
L,G
E.Mediterranean
900-950
-
4
-
L
-
1200-1650
-
3
-
A,L
Europe-Siberia
0-2700
-
4
-
L,G
Europe-Siberia
Black Sea
0-2000
1600
Endemic
3
1
VU
L
L
Europe-Siberia
Mediterranean
500-2000
400
-
3
4
-
G,L
L,G
Mediterranean
-
800-2250
1600
30-2500
0-2300
-
3
4
3
4
-
L
L
L,A,G
L
Mediterranean
0-600
-
4
-
G,L
Mediterranean
0-900
-
5
-
L
-
300-2300
700-1900
-
4
3
-
L
G,L
-
700-1700
-
4
-
L
E.Mediterranean
0-2100
-
4
-
L
57
Phytographic
Region
Europe-Siberia
-
Locality (m)
Endemizm
Abundancy
IUCN(ERL)
Source
100-2270
0-1300
-
5
3
-
G,L
L
Europe-Siberia
Europe-Siberia
Europe-Siberia
600-1700
30-2000
20-1000
-
3
4
3
-
L
L
L
-
200
-
3
-
G,L,A
E.Mediterranean
0-1800
-
4
-
A,L
-
50-2400
Endemic
1
LC
L
E.Mediterranean
200-3000
-
4
-
L,A
-
0-900
-
3
-
L,G
Europe-Siberia
0-3000
-
3
-
L
E.Mediterranean
Europe-Siberia
0-1400
0-2200
0-1400
0-2900
-
3
4
3
3
-
Salvia fruticosa MILLER
E.Mediterranean
0-700
-
4
-
L
L
L
L,A
L
Sideritis trojana BORNM.
Nepeta italica L.
Prunella laciniata (L.) L.
Scutellaria albida L. subsp. albida L.
LORANTHACEAE
E.Mediterranean
Europe-Siberia
E.Mediterranean
1500-1750
0-1300
0-1800
0-1700
-
3
4
3
4
-
-
300-1500
-
5
-
300-1500
-
4
-
L
E.Mediterranean
150-1550
-
3
-
L
Mediterranean
50-750
-
4
-
L
Vicia cracca L. subsp. cracca L.
Trifolium purpureum LOIS. var. purpureum LOIS.
FAGACEAE
Fagus sylvatica L.
Fagus orientalis LIPSKY
Quercus frainetto TEN.
Quercus petraea (MATTUSCHKA) LIEBL. subsp.
petraea (MATTUSCHKA) LIEBL.
GUTTİFERAE
Hypericum olympicum L.
İRİDACEAE
Crocus cancellatus HERBERT subsp.
cancellatus HERBERT
Crocus biflorus MILLER subsp. biflorus MILLER
JUNCACEAE
Juncus fontanesii J. GAY APUD LAHARPE
subsp. fontanesii J. GAY APUD LAHARPE
Juncus articulatus L.
LAMİACEAE
Marrubium vulgare L.
Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata L.
Origanum onites L.
Prunella vulgaris L.
Viscum album L. subsp. album L.
MALVACEAE
Alcea pallida WALDST. ET KIT.
OLEACEAE
Fontanesia philliraeoides LABILL. subsp.
philliraeoides LABILL.
Olea europaea L. var. sylvestris (MILLER)
-
L,G
L
L
L
L
58
LEHR.
Fraxinus ornus L. subsp. ornus L.
OROBANCHACEAE
Orobanche alba STEPHAN
PİNACEAE
Abies nordmanniana (STEV.) SPACH subsp.
nordmanniana (STEV.) SPACH
Pinus nigra ARN. subsp. pallasiana (LAMB.)
HOLMBOE
PLATANACEAE
Platanus orientalis L.
POACEAE
Aegilops markgrafii (GREUTER) HAMMER
Agrostis capillaris L. var. capillaris L.
Bromus intermedius GUSS.
Bromus sipyleus BOISS.
Bromus scoparius L.
Crypsis schoenoides (L.) LAM.
Poa trivialis L.
Secale anatolicum BOISS.
Triticum monococcum L.
RANUNCULACEAE
Clematis viticella L.
Nigella elata BOISS.
Delphinium peregrinum L.
SCROPHULARİACEAE
Digitalis trojana IVAN.
Linaria genistifolia (L.) MILLER subsp.
genistifolia (L.) MILLER
Misopates orontium (L.) RAFIN.
Verbascum mucronatum LAM.
Veronica serpyllifolia L.
Veronica triloba (OPİZ) KERNER
URTİCACEAE
Urtica dioica L
Phytographic
Region
Locality (m)
Endemizm
Abundancy
IUCN(ERL)
Source
Europe-Siberia
100-900
-
5
-
L,A
-
280-2550
-
3
-
L
Black Sea
1200-2500
-
4
-
L
-
300-1200
-
3
-
L
-
0-1100
-
Mediterranean
Europe-Siberia
E.Mediterranean
-
0-1230
200-1800
0-1750
0
0-2250
0-1950
0-2210
0-1300
110-1000
Endemic
-
4
3
4
3
4
2
4
4
3
4
4
EN
-
L
L,G
L
L
L
0-900
0-1100
0-1300
-
3
3
4
-
L
L
L
E.Mediterranean
90-800
Endemic
1
VU
Europe-Siberia
0-2100
-
2
-
L,G
E.Mediterranean
-
0-700
0-1250
0-2200
100-1900
-
3
3
4
4
-
L
L,A
L
L
Europe-Siberia
500-2700
-
5
-
L
L
L
L
L
L
59
FAUNA
In accordance with field observations and literature survey performed in and around project
area, amphibian is represented in Table-9, reptilian in Table-10, mamalia in Table-11 and
avea in Table-12.
In said tables, species‟ family, population density, IUCN (ERL) category, Red Data Book
category and Bern Agreement Att-2 (fauna species under absolute protection) and Att-3
(protected fauna species) lists status are displayed, for species not taking place in any list, (-)
sign has been used. Additionally, fauna studies have been evaluated in accordance with
“2007-2008 Hunting Season Central Hunting Commission Decision” of T.R. Ministry of
Environment and Forest, General Directorate of Nature Protection and National Parks which
became affective as of 6 July 2007 date and No: 26574 as published in Official Gazette.
Wildlife species given by Att-I List are under protection as per Article 4 of Terrestrial Hunting
Law (Law No. 4915) by Ministry of Environment and Forestry. It is strictly forbidden to hunt,
make trade (dead or alive) and transport said animals.
Avea and mammals given in Att-II List are under protection as per Article 4 of Terrestrial
Hunting Law (Law No. 4915) by Central Hunting Commission. It is strictly forbidden to hunt,
make trade (dead or alive) and transport said animals.
Game animals given by Att-III List are animals only permitted for hunting by “Game animals
permitted for hunting in specified periods determined by Central Hunting Commission” in
specified time interval as per Article 4 of Terrestrial Hunting Law (Law No. 4915) by Ministry
of Environment and Forestry.
For the species placed in the protection lists issued by T.R. Ministry of Environment and
Forestry, Nature Protection and National Parks General Directorate Central Hunting Decision
Commission, measures identified in the said commission decision will be followed.
Currently, there is no national red book data for fauna in Turkey. Most recent study related to
fauna in Turkey belongs to Ali Demirsoy (2002). Endangerment categories in this study is
given in following table.
Red Book data categories defined by Demirsoy, A., (2002)
E
: Endangered
Ex
: Extinct
I
: Indeterminate
K
: Insufficient
Nt
: Taxon not under threat
O
: Taxon out of threat
R
: Rare
V
: Vulnerable
IUCN Red List Categories
The following are the latest issued IUCN (The World Conservation Union: The International
Union for the Conservation Nature and Natural Resources) Red list categories. In European
countries, classification of flora and fauna species started in accordance with IUCN in 1970.
IUCN categories and their explanations are given in the following table and displayed in
Figure-23.
60
IUCN Categories
NE
AD
DD
EX
EW
CR
EN
VU
NT
LC
Not evaluated
Adequate data
Data deficient
Extinct
Extinct in Wild
Critically endangered
Endangered
Vulnerable
Near Threatened
Least Concern
Figure-23. IUCN category relations
61
Table-9. Determined Amphibians in the project area and its vicinity, Their Protection and Status
Family and Species Name
BUFONİDAE
Habitat
Bufo bufo
Humid sections of sparse forests
Att-III
nt
LC
G,L,A
Bufo viridis
Under stones, within the soil and holes
Att-II
nt
LC
G,L,A
Under leaves, meadows
Generally on shallow plains, highly planted pools,
lakes and slowly meandering rivers
Att-II
nt
LC
G,L,A
Att-III
nt
LC
G,L,A
Att-II
nt
LC
G,L,A
RANİDAE
Rana dalmatina
Rana ridibunda
Bern
SALAMANDRİDAE
Triturus karelinii
Stable or slowly meandering, shallow rivers
Source: Demirsoy, A. 1996, Aphibia.
(*) = Source; G: Observation
L: Literature
A: Questionnaire
Red Data
IUCN (ERL)
Source (*)
Table-10. Determined Reptilia in the project area and its vicinity, Their Protection and Status
Habitat
Bern
Red Data
IUCN
M.A.K.*
Source**
Att-III
nt
-
Att-1
L
Att-II
nt
LC
Att-1
G,L
Att-II
nt
LC
Att-1
L
Att-II
nt
LC
Att-1
L,A
AGAMİDAE
Trapelus ruderatus
Sparsly vegetated steppes, soiled areas
LACERTİDAE
Lacerta viridis
Stony forest lands and near rivers, farmlands and
gardens
Brushes nearby water bodies or woodlands
Podarcis taurica
Forests, woodlands with short plants and scrubs,
Lacerta trilineata
Podarcis muralis
Very shiny, dry and rocky sections
Att-II
nt
LC
Att-1
L,A
Darevskia (Lacerta)
Forests and brushlands, grasslike slopes near rivers
Att-III
nt
Att-1
L
praticola
Source: Demirsoy, A. 1996, Reptilia.
(*) 2009-2010 Hunting Season Central Hunting Commission Decision, T.R. Ministry of Environment and Forestry Nature Protection and National Parks General
Directorate
(**) Source; G: Observation
L: Literature
A: Questionnaire
62
Table-11. Determined Mamalia in the project area and its vicinity, Their Protection and Status
Family and Species
Name
ERİNACEİDAE
Erinaceus concolor
TALPİDAE
Talpa europaea
LEPORİDAE
Lepus europaeus
SCİURİDAE
Sciurus vulgaris
CANİDAE
Vulpes vulpes
Habitat
Bern
Red Data
IUCN
M.A.K.*
Source**
Brushes and heathes
nt
-
LC
Att-1
L, A
Meadow and tree areas
nt
-
LC
-
L
Any kind of environment
nt
Att-III
LC
Att-3
G, L,A
Farmlands, open areas, meadows
nt
Att-III
LC
Att-1
L
Forests, steppes vegetation covered with
stepped, pebbled lands
nt
-
-
Att-2
G,A, L
SUIDAE
Any form of forest with rich vegetation,
A,L
Sus scrofa scrofa
heathes, cropped lands
nt
SORİCİDAE
Crocidura leucodon
Open spaces and brushes
nt
Att-III
LC
-L
Sorex minutus
Woodlands, grasslands and meadow lands
nt
Att-III
LC
L
Sorex araneus
Any kind of environment
nt
LC
Att-3
L
Source: Demirsoy, A. 1999, General and Turkey‟s Zoogeography “Animal Geography”, Meteksan, Ankara
Demirsoy, A. 1996,
(*)2009-2010 Hunting Season Central Hunting Commission Decision, T.R. Ministry of Environment and Forestry Nature Protection and National Parks General Directorate
(**) Source; G: Observation
L: Literature
A: Questionnaire
63
Table-12(a). Determined Brooding Avea in the project area and its vicinity, Their Protection and Status
PODICIPEDIDAE
Podiceps ruficollis
Phalacrocoracidae
Phalacrocorax pygmeus
ARDEIDAE
Ardea cinerea
Egretta garzetta
Ardeola ralloides
Nycticorax nycticorax
THRESTIORNITHIDEA
Plataiea leucordia
Plegadis falcinellus
CUCULIDAE
Cuculus canorus
STRIGIDAE
Asio otus
Bubo bubo
Otus scops
Athene moctua
COLUMBIDAE
Streptopelia decaocto
Streptopelia turtur
MOTACILLIDAE
Motacilla alba
Motacilla flava
Phylloscopus collybita
Sylvia curruca
Hippolais pallida
TURDIDAE
Luscinia megarhynchos
Turdus merula
Erithacus rubecula
Oenanthe oenanthe
PARIDAE
Parus major
Parus caeruleus
Habitat
Status
Red Data
IUCN
M.A.K.
BERN
Source
KZ
Y
A.4
LC
Att-1
Att-II
L
KZ
Y
A.3
LC
Att-1
Att-III
L
SA
G,Y
G,Y
SA
Y
Y
Y
Y
A.3
A.4
A.4
A.4
LC
LC
Att-2
Att-1
Att-III
Att-III
G,L
L
LC
Att-1
Att-II
L
SA ÇB
OR
Y
Y
A.2
A.1.2
LC
LC
Att-1
Att-1
Att-II
Att-II
G,L,A
L
-
G
A.3
LC
Att-1
Att-III
L
SA ÇB
OR
SA ÇB
ST OR ÇB
Y
Y
Y
Y
A.2
A.1.2
A.3
A.3
LC
LC
LC
LC
Att-1
Att-1
Att-1
Att-1
Att-II
Att-II
Att-II
Att-III
G,L,A
L
ÇB
ST ÇB
Y
G
A.2
LC
LC
Att-2
Att-3
Att-III
Att-III
G,L
G,L
SA DK
OR,ÇB,SA
ÇB OR
SA
ÇB, OR
Y
G
Y, G, T
Y
G
A.4
A.3
-
LC
LC
LC
LC
Att-1
Att-1
Att-1
Att-2
Att-1
Att-II
Att-II
Att-II
Att-III
Att-II
G,L
L
G,L
G,L
G,L
ÇB OR
ÇB OR
ÇB, OR
ST ÇB
G
Y, KZ
Y
G
A.3
A.3
LC
LC
LC
LC
Att-1
Att-3
Att-1
Att-1
Att-II
Att-III
Att-II
Att-II
G,L
G,L
G,L,A
G,L
OR ÇB
OR ÇB
Y
Y
-
LC
LC
Att-1
Att-1
Att-II
Att-II
L
L
G
64
FRINGILLIDAE
Carduelis carduelis
Fringilla coelebs
STURNIDAE
Sturnus vulgaris
PLOCEIDAE
Passer hispaniolensis
Passer domesticus
CORVIDAE
Corvus monedula
Corvus corono cornix
Pica pica
EMBERIZIDAE
Emberiza calandra
PICIDAE
Dendrocopos medius
UPUPIDAE
Upupa epops
MUSCICAPIDAE
Muscicapa striata
HIRUNDINIDAE
Hirundo rustica
Habitat
Status
Red Data
IUCN
M.A.K.
BERN
Source
OR ÇB
OR ÇB
Y
Y
A.4
-
LC
LC
Att-1
Att-2
Att-II
Att-III
G,L
G,L
ÇB ST
Y
-
LC
Att-2
-
G,L
SA ST
ÇB
Y
Y
-
LC
LC
Att-2
Att-3
Att-III
-
L,A
G,L
ÇB, ST
ST ÇB
ÇB ST
Y
Y
Y
-
LC
LC
LC
Att-3
Att-3
Att-3
-
G,L
G,L
G,L
ÇB ST
Y
-
LC
Att-2
Att-III
G,L
OR ÇB
Y
A.3
LC
Att-1
Att-II
L,A
ST ÇB
G
A.2
LC
Att-1
Att-II
G,L
G
-
-
Att-1
Att-II
L,A
ÇB
Y
LC
Att-1
Att-II
G,L
-
65
Table-12(b). Determined migrating avea in the project area and its vicinity, Their Protection and Status
Accipiter nisus
Anas actua
Anas penelope
Aquila clallga
Buteo buteo
Ciconia ciconia
Ciconia nigra
Columbo palumbus
Cotumix coturnix
Dendrocopus major
Egretta alba
Erithacus rubecuJa
Falco subbuteo
Falco tinnucu
Galerida cristata
Larus ridibundus
Turdus merula
Upupa epops
Habitat
Status*
Red Data
IUCN
M.A.K.
BERN
Source
OR,ÇB
SA
ÇB ST
OR SA
ST,DK
SA
SA
OR ÇB
OR SA
OR ÇB
SA
ÇB, OR
OR,DK,ST
SA
ST ÇB
SA DN
ÇB OR
ST ÇB
Y,KZ
Y
Y
G, T
Y,KZ,T
YGT
GT
Y
G
Y
G
Y
G
Y
Y
KZ T
Y, KZ
G
A.4
A.4
A.2
A.2
A.3
A.2
A.4
A.4
A.3
A.2
A.3
A.4
B.3
A.2
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
Att-1
Att-1
Att-2
Att-1
Att-1
Att-1
Att-1
Att-3
Att-3
Att-1
Att-1
Att-1
Att-1
Att-1
Att-2
Att-2
Att-3
Att-1
Att-II
Att-II
Att-II
Att-II
Att-II
Att-II
Att-III
Att-III
Att-III
Att-II
Att-II
Att-II
Att-II
Att-III
Att-III
Att-III
Att-II
G,L
L
G,L
G,L
G,L,A
G,L
G,L
G,L
L
L
G,L
G,L,A
L
G,L
G,L,A
G,L
G,L
G,L
66
Amphibia
As a result of studies performed in activity area and literature survey to define amphibian
fauna, 3 amphibia species are determined to be in Bern Att-2, 2 in Bern Att-3. Every
identified amphibian in the project area is under LC category of IUCN. Amphibia recognized
in project area or its vicinity is very abundant and common in Turkey and is not under any
threat.
Reptilia
4 species out 6 reptilia species identified in the study area belonging to 2 families are in AttII, remaining 2 is in Att-III of Bern Agreement. Although 4 species are displayed in 2008
IUCN Red List Category under LC status, according to studies completed by Demirsoy they
are very abundant and common in Turkey, besides not facing any risk.
Mammals
In the study area, 9 mammal species belonging to 7 families are identified. They are listed in
tables as per “2007-2008 Hunting Season Central Hunting Commission Decision” of T.R.
Ministry of Environment and Forest, Nature Protection and National Parks General
Directorate which became affective as of 6 July 2007 date and No: 26574 as published in
Official Gazette. These mammals appear under LC status of IUCN lists. In addition,
according to studies completed by Demirsoy (2002), they are very abundant and common in
Turkey, besides not facing any risk.
Within fauna, species exist which are under absolute protection and under protection
according to Bern Agreement Att-2 and Att-3. Protection measures as well as 6th and 7th
clauses of Bern Agreement will be employed for the said species. These are;
1- About Fauna which is under absolute protection
 Any kind of catching, holding, intentional killing acts
 Intentionally damaging or destroying reproduction and rest places,
 Intentionally disturbing wild fauna during reproduction, growing and hibernation,
which is against this agreement?
 Collecting eggs from wild environment or intentionally destroying the eggs or
holding those eggs even if they are empty.
 Holding and trade of fauna species dead or alive are prohibited.
2- About Fauna Which is Protected
 The principles that regulate closed hunting seasons and/or execution,
 Temporary or regional prohibition when required, in order to increase the number
of wild fauna to adequate population rate,
 Regulations about dead or alive trade, holding, transportation or sale of wild
animals, will be followed
Aveans
Activity area is under administrative borders of Balıkesir. Since this region is located along
one of the major bird migration pathways from northwest to Anatolia, it is characterized as a
region where every year 3 million birds shelter, accommodate and broode.
67
Figure-24. Turkish bird migration pathways
Ornithologically, Kuş Lake being one of the most important areas is one of the most
productive lakes of our country in terms of biologic production. It owns a very rich wild life
majority being water birds. Observations performed upto date, 239 bird species are recorded
in the vicinity of bird sanctuary national park. Kuş Lake is approximately 70 km away from the
proposed activity area.
For the identified avea in the region, Red Data Book categories are given below as defined
by Prof. Dr. İlhami Kiziroğlu. Explanation of symbols which are in relation with their protection
status are as follows:
Red Data Book categories
A1
: extinct species or species are under extinction threat
A1.1
: extinct species
A1.2
: species which are available as 1-25 couples in Turkey
A2
: species which are available as 26-50 couples and which are under a great risk in
the area they are disseminated
A3
: species which are available as 51- 200 (500) couples but decreased intensively in
some areas
A4
: species which have a high population but decreased in tensively in some areas.
B
: species which are temporarily coming to Turkey and will be under risk with
annihilation of biotope.
B1
: species which are using Anatolia for winter housing but which are not breeding in
Anatolia
B2-B3 : species which transiting Anatolia or using Anatolia for winter housing and having a
lower risk degree
Y
: local bird species which are incubating periodically in our country
G
: species which are migrating after incubated in our country
K
: species which are not incubating in our country, which are transiting from our
country for emigration
KZ
: winter visitor species which winter in our country
The ave species determined in the study area as well as their conservation degree are already
provided above under two separate tables. Some important bird species existing in the study area
are given below:
68
Pelecanus Crispus
It is the biggest bird in Kuş Lake. It is
approximatetly 170 cm by height and 11 kg.
wing separation is 3meters. It is differentiated
from white pelicans by its curly neck feathers,
gray legs and gray-white feathers. They
migrate in short distances. They move in
concordance wtih the covey. They reproduce
in marshlands and shallow lakes along
southeast africa and asia-china.
Remiz pendulinus
It is the only representative of its family in our
country and it is the smallest bird of Kuş
Lake. It can easily be differentiated from its
similars. Its eyes are large, beak is short,
conic and sharp. Top of its back is chessnut,
rest is in brownish color. While couples
resemble each other, males are more bright.
Phylloscopus collybita
These birds are approximately 10-12 cm in
length, they are greenish with white back. It
nests in rare brushes and leaves 4 to 7 eggs
in. Females brood 13-14 days. They are
seen in mild Europe and north of Asia. They
are the most well-knowns among old-world
sylvia. Not that much similar to other
sylvians, they migrate to southern and
western Europe in winter. They return with
springs and re-migrate in autumn.
Phalacrocorax pygmeus
Phalacrocorax pygmaeus is a species under
Phalacrocoracidae family. They are common
in southeast europe and southwest asia.
They live in wetlands or mild flowing rivers.
They are partially migrant. In majority they
stay where they grew up
69
3.7
Air Quality
An air quality survey is conducted for the proposed wind farm in Balıkesir Center and Kepsut
districts in Eşeler, Karakaya and Ayvatlar Villages for PM10. Appropriate sampling points are
selected and measurements are taken as of 04.12.2009. An emission report (Annex-11) is
prepared in accordance with Regulation on Industrial Air Pollution given by national
legislation. Baseline air quality values are represented in Table-13.
Table-13. Summary of Baseline air quality measurements
Receptor
Eşeler
Village
Karakaya
Village
Ayvatlar
Village
1st Meas.
3
(mg/Nm )
2nd Meas.
3
(mg/Nm )
3. Meas.
3
(mg/Nm )
Resultant
3
(mg/Nm )
Threshold
Value
3
(mg/Nm )
0,18
0,20
0,15
0,18
3 mg/Nm
3
Dust (PM10)
0,13
0,15
0,14
0,14
3 mg/Nm
3
Dust (PM10)
0,21
0,15
0,19
0,18
3 mg/Nm
3
Dust (PM10)
Type of
Pollutant
In Balıkesir province, an Air Quality Survey Station belonging to Ministry of Environment and
Forestry is available. While sulfur dioxide and particulate matter (PM) measurements are
taken, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, hydrocarbon and lead emissions are not performed.
Measurement results taken from Balıkesir Station between 31/12/2008 and 31/11/2009 are
provided in Table-14.
Table-14. Balıkesir Air Quality Station Measurements between 31/12/2008 and 31/11/2009
Date
PM10
3
(µg/m )
SO2
3
(µg/m )
31.12.08
01.01.09
02.01.09
03.01.09
04.01.09
05.01.09
06.01.09
07.01.09
08.01.09
09.01.09
10.01.09
11.01.09
12.01.09
13.01.09
14.01.09
15.01.09
16.01.09
17.01.09
18.01.09
19.01.09
20.01.09
21.01.09
22.01.09
49
90
126
68
65
86
34
51
195
47
56
46
70
272
275
387
251
72
204
243
250
322
306
9
7
1
3
14
15
13
13
13
15
19
10
34
11
17
19
32
27
Wind Speed Wind Direction
(m/s)
(Degrees)
3
0
0
1
0
1
2
2
0
3
1
3
2
0
0
0
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
160
208
215
204
247
192
179
177
220
171
196
186
198
233
213
167
221
189
226
207
197
171
198
Air Temp.
(C°)
1
2
1
4
3
5
4
5
3
3
2
3
3
1
2
8
5
4
0
4
8
8
9
Relative
Humidity
(%)
70
67
75
80
81
78
77
65
73
69
67
62
60
72
77
66
79
73
78
72
68
68
67
Pressure
(Mb)
1015
1010
1005
1002
997
997
996
1003
1007
1013
1010
1015
1017
1015
1008
1006
1000
1005
1007
1001
1001
1002
1000
70
Date
PM10
3
(µg/m )
SO2
3
(µg/m )
23.01.09
24.01.09
25.01.09
26.01.09
27.01.09
28.01.09
29.01.09
30.01.09
31.01.09
01.02.09
02.02.09
03.02.09
04.02.09
05.02.09
06.02.09
07.02.09
08.02.09
09.02.09
10.02.09
11.02.09
12.02.09
13.02.09
14.02.09
15.02.09
16.02.09
17.02.09
18.02.09
19.02.09
20.02.09
21.02.09
22.02.09
23.02.09
24.02.09
25.02.09
26.02.09
27.02.09
28.02.09
01.03.09
02.03.09
03.03.09
04.03.09
05.03.09
06.03.09
07.03.09
08.03.09
09.03.09
10.03.09
11.03.09
12.03.09
13.03.09
14.03.09
325
106
90
45
150
77
129
37
27
39
114
243
123
95
101
114
48
66
43
85
22
22
22
29
45
87
109
63
36
31
30
28
29
33
17
45
86
125
143
65
104
154
375
138
70
102
36
66
81
54
64
16
17
17
9
9
11
11
9
8
8
11
26
23
14
9
9
3
5
1
5
3
7
11
13
6
4
4
6
5
5
0
6
15
11
22
9
8
14
10
3
3
5
5
3
5
3
2
(m/s)
(Degrees)
1
2
1
2
1
1
0
2
3
1
0
0
3
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
3
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
3
3
3
4
5
3
1
0
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
223
214
237
216
207
207
200
174
180
192
209
196
231
195
212
209
255
193
190
237
216
198
214
159
181
188
191
224
169
148
177
183
181
182
176
166
169
214
189
196
214
217
203
230
199
182
167
204
184
172
227
Air Temp.
(C°)
8
10
13
11
11
11
8
7
5
6
6
9
15
13
11
13
12
10
6
8
11
8
7
2
3
4
8
8
5
2
2
3
4
4
2
2
4
5
8
9
11
13
16
11
9
9
10
8
6
5
4
Relative
Humidity
(%)
72
67
67
67
66
60
70
67
71
68
72
70
44
60
66
63
73
67
74
70
64
74
74
72
65
63
57
69
68
69
70
67
69
68
74
72
66
63
59
73
70
63
53
66
70
67
61
62
74
72
76
Pressure
(Mb)
985
981
982
988
997
990
990
993
996
1001
1005
1004
996
994
995
992
988
986
993
991
985
988
984
993
999
1002
997
990
990
1000
999
995
998
1001
996
995
998
1004
1001
1001
1000
990
983
984
987
993
993
1001
997
997
998
71
Date
PM10
3
(µg/m )
SO2
3
(µg/m )
15.03.09
16.03.09
17.03.09
18.03.09
19.03.09
20.03.09
21.03.09
22.03.09
23.03.09
24.03.09
25.03.09
26.03.09
27.03.09
28.03.09
29.03.09
30.03.09
31.03.09
01.04.09
02.04.09
03.04.09
04.04.09
05.04.09
06.04.09
07.04.09
08.04.09
09.04.09
10.04.09
11.04.09
12.04.09
13.04.09
14.04.09
15.04.09
16.04.09
17.04.09
18.04.09
19.04.09
20.04.09
21.04.09
22.04.09
23.04.09
24.04.09
25.04.09
26.04.09
27.04.09
28.04.09
29.04.09
30.04.09
01.05.09
02.05.09
03.05.09
04.05.09
70
117
92
44
35
59
87
38
80
92
40
28
46
90
111
135
120
91
69
58
61
73
51
44
52
82
77
65
45
91
93
43
84
76
76
80
84
101
58
26
35
60
45
39
40
71
64
49
28
52
45
4
11
12
7
5
3
11
4
5
9
10
2
5
9
17
24
16
8
4
4
3
3
2
1
5
9
8
6
3
4
4
1
5
7
6
6
4
3
2
1
2
2
1
4
3
3
1
1
2
(m/s)
(Degrees)
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
2
2
1
0
0
1
2
2
3
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
0
0
1
1
2
3
3
1
2
2
1
0
1
1
1
1
3
215
217
190
170
158
201
203
171
173
190
219
187
174
214
202
195
182
178
181
171
186
214
192
173
171
197
202
198
166
212
150
177
204
197
215
225
212
218
170
174
166
211
175
166
208
189
189
193
230
196
168
Air Temp.
(C°)
5
6
7
7
4
5
8
8
6
8
12
8
6
7
9
15
18
15
11
12
10
10
10
10
12
14
13
12
11
13
16
11
12
14
15
18
18
16
14
9
9
11
10
10
13
13
15
14
12
14
14
Relative
Humidity
(%)
64
59
59
64
67
62
55
71
65
58
57
75
57
55
55
53
55
62
68
59
65
71
76
74
61
52
49
57
62
67
54
71
58
52
48
55
53
63
64
71
56
55
60
60
56
69
60
64
77
68
61
Pressure
(Mb)
1005
1005
1004
998
997
1003
997
990
990
992
989
991
998
1003
1006
1002
1000
999
1001
1003
1001
999
995
995
1000
1001
1000
999
999
995
989
992
997
998
1000
1003
1003
998
991
997
1002
1001
1005
1005
999
993
993
991
997
1001
993
72
Date
PM10
3
(µg/m )
SO2
3
(µg/m )
05.05.09
06.05.09
07.05.09
08.05.09
09.05.09
10.05.09
11.05.09
12.05.09
13.05.09
14.05.09
15.05.09
16.05.09
17.05.09
18.05.09
19.05.09
20.05.09
21.05.09
22.05.09
23.05.09
24.05.09
25.05.09
26.05.09
27.05.09
28.05.09
29.05.09
30.05.09
31.05.09
01.06.09
02.06.09
03.06.09
04.06.09
05.06.09
06.06.09
07.06.09
08.06.09
09.06.09
10.06.09
11.06.09
12.06.09
13.06.09
14.06.09
15.06.09
16.06.09
17.06.09
18.06.09
19.06.09
20.06.09
21.06.09
22.06.09
23.06.09
24.06.09
28
49
68
54
49
54
60
71
82
89
86
88
79
69
37
30
32
40
57
2
2
3
3
49
61
61
62
103
86
28
45
60
59
64
50
56
50
64
45
33
48
41
59
46
30
44
58
67
47
64
2
4
4
2
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
3
1
(m/s)
(Degrees)
3
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
3
3
2
1
2
1
2
3
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
2
2
4
3
3
2
2
4
3
2
1
1
2
2
172
196
207
203
204
207
200
203
199
206
205
199
187
180
168
180
177
174
209
192
206
189
192
183
192
181
182
190
185
145
199
201
194
198
204
169
183
183
190
170
174
186
188
193
181
170
180
196
169
114
192
Air Temp.
(C°)
13
15
15
17
17
17
18
19
21
22
24
25
25
23
18
17
17
19
21
21
21
20
18
19
20
23
21
21
24
25
17
21
23
25
26
24
24
24
25
23
22
22
23
25
24
22
23
25
27
27
26
Relative
Humidity
(%)
61
60
60
54
45
44
46
44
48
48
49
47
50
56
66
66
63
61
53
59
54
46
48
48
44
41
60
65
51
41
74
57
48
44
42
53
56
52
54
46
40
39
39
41
48
50
55
50
42
41
44
Pressure
(Mb)
992
997
999
1003
1004
1004
1001
1001
1000
999
998
998
998
996
996
996
997
998
999
1000
998
998
1000
1001
999
1001
1003
1001
994
989
993
997
998
997
994
997
998
995
993
998
1002
1003
1001
999
1002
1001
997
993
992
993
991
73
Date
PM10
3
(µg/m )
25.06.09
26.06.09
27.06.09
28.06.09
29.06.09
30.06.09
01.07.09
02.07.09
03.07.09
04.07.09
05.07.09
06.07.09
07.07.09
08.07.09
09.07.09
10.07.09
11.07.09
12.07.09
13.07.09
14.07.09
15.07.09
16.07.09
17.07.09
18.07.09
19.07.09
20.07.09
21.07.09
22.07.09
23.07.09
24.07.09
25.07.09
26.07.09
27.07.09
28.07.09
29.07.09
30.07.09
31.07.09
01.08.09
02.08.09
03.08.09
04.08.09
05.08.09
06.08.09
07.08.09
08.08.09
09.08.09
10.08.09
11.08.09
12.08.09
13.08.09
14.08.09
41
41
53
45
62
48
49
43
39
42
44
45
53
54
68
62
49
42
22
34
44
41
43
61
57
57
46
36
43
38
67
81
41
35
38
41
37
39
39
41
47
55
73
78
83
40
41
39
38
33
49
SO2
3
(µg/m )
2
3
1
0
0
1
1
1
2
0
1
4
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
(m/s)
(Degrees)
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
2
3
3
1
1
3
4
4
4
3
1
3
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
4
3
3
2
190
177
188
189
206
194
191
180
168
186
189
201
190
202
204
178
207
184
168
195
195
173
174
195
197
188
175
180
179
166
196
191
186
182
178
181
179
180
185
176
192
201
176
185
180
182
182
179
175
171
190
Air Temp.
(C°)
23
22
24
25
24
25
27
26
26
26
26
27
28
28
29
28
27
25
24
24
24
26
27
28
29
27
25
24
26
27
29
27
25
24
24
24
25
25
26
27
28
27
26
27
25
24
23
23
22
23
24
Relative
Humidity
(%)
52
50
46
47
51
50
47
55
55
49
52
43
39
40
43
58
55
63
51
49
51
54
49
38
38
50
47
50
51
49
38
50
54
48
48
51
48
54
57
51
48
55
61
57
54
50
48
45
48
51
48
Pressure
(Mb)
992
992
993
993
994
997
997
995
991
988
989
990
992
994
993
992
990
991
995
998
999
997
994
992
992
997
999
998
997
997
995
994
997
998
997
997
996
996
997
997
995
993
991
991
994
996
999
998
997
996
997
74
Date
PM10
3
(µg/m )
15.08.09
16.08.09
17.08.09
18.08.09
19.08.09
20.08.09
21.08.09
22.08.09
23.08.09
24.08.09
25.08.09
26.08.09
27.08.09
28.08.09
29.08.09
30.08.09
31.08.09
01.09.09
02.09.09
03.09.09
04.09.09
05.09.09
06.09.09
07.09.09
08.09.09
09.09.09
10.09.09
11.09.09
12.09.09
13.09.09
14.09.09
15.09.09
16.09.09
17.09.09
18.09.09
19.09.09
20.09.09
21.09.09
22.09.09
23.09.09
24.09.09
25.09.09
26.09.09
27.09.09
28.09.09
29.09.09
30.09.09
01.10.09
02.10.09
03.10.09
04.10.09
55
47
44
39
42
56
35
31
41
37
25
39
46
39
50
43
34
26
25
55
81
77
66
19
18
25
54
52
30
37
56
47
43
44
55
27
19
15
22
27
46
63
47
32
26
58
86
102
98
69
52
SO2
3
(µg/m )
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
2
3
3
2
0
(m/s)
(Degrees)
2
4
4
3
3
4
4
4
4
3
3
4
3
2
1
2
3
4
2
1
1
1
2
4
3
1
2
2
1
1
0
1
2
1
2
3
4
3
2
2
1
1
2
4
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
195
179
181
179
182
178
179
177
175
177
171
180
180
171
199
191
172
172
173
206
193
207
201
165
173
208
191
186
174
170
199
188
172
186
194
178
177
179
179
179
181
196
186
183
176
186
199
194
185
176
189
Air Temp.
(C°)
24
24
25
24
25
26
24
23
23
23
23
23
24
24
24
25
24
23
22
23
24
25
24
20
20
19
20
21
21
20
21
22
23
22
22
22
19
17
18
19
19
20
20
19
18
18
18
20
20
22
22
Relative
Humidity
(%)
55
56
56
53
45
50
48
47
41
46
55
55
53
52
55
49
59
59
49
39
34
33
46
68
71
75
72
75
72
68
61
67
59
58
62
59
57
57
60
54
56
57
62
57
51
55
52
49
47
49
60
Pressure
(Mb)
997
996
995
996
999
1000
1001
997
995
994
996
1000
999
997
995
997
999
1001
999
997
997
995
994
993
993
998
999
992
989
996
1000
1001
1000
997
995
996
999
1002
1005
1007
1004
1000
1003
1005
1003
999
999
1001
999
997
997
75
Date
05.10.09
06.10.09
07.10.09
08.10.09
09.10.09
10.10.09
11.10.09
12.10.09
13.10.09
14.10.09
15.10.09
16.10.09
17.10.09
18.10.09
19.10.09
20.10.09
21.10.09
22.10.09
23.10.09
24.10.09
25.10.09
26.10.09
27.10.09
28.10.09
29.10.09
30.10.09
31.10.09
01.11.09
02.11.09
03.11.09
04.11.09
05.11.09
06.11.09
07.11.09
08.11.09
09.11.09
10.11.09
11.11.09
15.11.09
16.11.09
17.11.09
18.11.09
19.11.09
21.11.09
22.11.09
23.11.09
24.11.09
25.11.09
26.11.09
27.11.09
28.11.09
PM10
3
(µg/m )
71
107
112
58
27
48
65
85
90
69
46
34
25
28
10
16
21
50
40
98
165
157
129
112
81
37
188
202
159
181
156
168
112
253
379
219
225
204
190
SO2
3
(µg/m )
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
2
0
0
6
1
1
1
3
25
22
21
21
20
20
20
19
19
19
20
20
21
21
20
20
19
19
19
14
18
12
18
16
15
12
19
26
23
17
15
25
(m/s)
(Degrees)
1
3
2
2
1
1
0
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
2
3
3
3
3
4
5
5
4
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
199
178
180
181
202
203
214
181
233
147
186
194
178
192
175
162
195
208
197
187
194
181
172
171
177
175
167
163
168
225
161
192
173
190
188
190
220
219
211
197
236
211
211
243
238
238
220
206
218
255
228
Air Temp.
(C°)
19
20
20
19
19
19
19
20
20
16
13
18
20
19
19
19
16
14
16
18
17
19
18
15
15
14
11
8
7
8
12
12
15
16
15
16
16
14
7
10
8
9
9
7
5
6
7
9
6
4
8
Relative
Humidity
(%)
69
65
54
56
56
55
61
53
58
52
63
65
64
71
69
59
68
70
64
59
69
71
71
74
64
67
71
69
72
68
78
66
65
64
69
70
63
73
73
73
82
77
76
85
85
81
77
73
81
84
75
Pressure
(Mb)
1001
1003
1002
1001
1000
1000
998
996
989
996
1002
997
996
996
996
998
1002
1004
1000
996
997
998
997
998
998
997
999
999
998
992
984
998
1002
999
992
997
994
990
1004
1002
1006
1008
1008
1012
1008
1004
1000
1002
1006
1005
1004
76
Date
PM10
3
(µg/m )
SO2
3
(µg/m )
29.11.09
30.11.09
Minimum
MinDate
MinTime
Maximum
MaxDate
MaxTime
Avg
Num
Data[%]
STD
188
207
10
31.10.09
24:00
387
15.01.09
24:00
74
314
93
61.5
24
22
0
26.02.09
24:00
34
15.01.09
24:00
7
243
72
7.6
3.8
(m/s)
(Degrees)
1
1
0
01.01.09
24:00
5
26.02.09
24:00
1
331
98
1.1
177
211
114
23.06.09
24:00
255
08.02.09
24:00
190
331
98
19.1
Air Temp.
(C°)
13
11
0
18.01.09
24:00
29
09.07.09
24:00
15
331
98
7.7
Relative
Humidity
(%)
73
72
33
05.09.09
24:00
85
21.11.09
24:00
59
331
98
10.7
Pressure
(Mb)
1004
1006
981
24.01.09
24:00
1017
12.01.09
24:00
997
331
98
5.4
Noise
For the said project, a baseline noise survey is conducted as of 04.12.2009. 4 potential
locations are identified to determine baseline noise levels in whole area. Points where noise
surveys are performed for the closest receptors. Reason behind the fact that no any other
locations are selected; (i) the selected points are critical and (ii) noise levels on other
potential locations were below the sensitivity degree of device used for typical measurements
(less than 30dBA). Hence, in other areas in none of the locations, no background noise is
encountered that may affect future surveys.
Survey point locations and obtained results are summarized in Table-15. Complete Noise
Survey Report is given in Annex-12.
Table-15. Baseline Noise Quality
No
1
2
3
4
3.9
Survey Points
Coordinates
Location
Northing
Easting
592901,70
4398894,96
Eşeler Village
587735,27
4398969,99
Karakaya Village (1)
588014,93
4399366,14
Karakaya Village (2)
584791,35
4396819,68
Ayvatlar Village
Equiv. Noise Level
(dBA)
Category
40,3
41,5
42,8
40,9
A
A
A
A
Socio-economic Profile
Wind farm area sits on Central and Kepsut districts of Balıkesir. 7 settlements are present in
the vicinity of the farm area and it‟s associated above ground installations, i.e. access roads,
energy transmission lines. 6 of them are on activity area and remaining 1 near the energy
transmission route. Proximity of settlements to the activity area with their population is given
below.
77
Table-16. Settlements‟ geographic and demographic indicators
Labor Force*
(population between 15-64)
Yeniköy
2500 m
910
609
Kürse
1500 m
212
142
Gökçeören
1800 m
890
595
Armutlu
2500 m
268
179
Eşeler
500 m
875
585
Karakaya
800 m
99
66
Ayvatlar
1100 m
278
186
*Interpolated in reference to Turkey‟s labor force distribution, Source TurkSTAT (2008)
Village
Distance from activity area
Population
Primary source of living of settlements in vicinity of the proposed project area is agriculture
and animal husbandry. Among the villages where social impact assessment is performed,
only Yeniköy village is eligible for partial irrigated agriculture. In remaining villages, since
their farmlands are not irrigated, while main source of income is animal husbandry most of
the labor force in villages is working in temporary jobs in big cities when available. Among
households with agriculture labor, households having permanent income as retirement
salary, old-age pension or such does not exceed 1% of total households.
In general of Kepsut district, valuable mines, mineral deposits (manganese, vollastonite,
bentonite, talk) as well as industrial deposits (bor, caolen, clay, bentonite, zeolite, halloysite,
dolomite, feldspat, calcite, gypsum, granite, building blocks, marble, perlite, magnesite) and
metal deposits (gold, silver, gold-silver, antimuan, molibdenum, manganese, lead-zinc,
copper-lead-zinc, copper, iron, mercury, cromium) are present. While none of these deposits
are crossed by the project area or its associated elements; any of the households in the
vicinity of the activity are not making benefit by operation of these deposits.
As per muhtar declarations, average monthly village income is between 450-700 TRL which
indicated that welfare status of the villagers is very low. Employment appears to be the major
problem.
Survey mythology and outcomes of survey for each village is provided in Social Impact
Assessment Report (Annex-9).
3.10
Cultural Heritage
Any registered cultural asset is not encountered in the area. In order to address protection of
cultural heritage where a potential issue has not been identified at earlier stages of screening
process, Law on Protection of Cultural and Natural Assets will be in place.
3.11
Landscape
Study area is a hilly area due to nature of the proposed project. Current views, in comparison
with the proposed project, of turbine locations are provided in Visual Impacts Assessment
Report (Annex-13).
78
4
WASTES AND WASTE DISPOSAL
Formation of wastes is discussed during the construction and operation phases of the
proposed project. Respectively 60 and 15 people are planned to be employed in construction
and operation durations. Wastes are evaluated under solid, liquid, medical wastes and dust
and emissions headings separately for construction and operation phases.
4.1
Solid Wastes
4.1.1 Solid Wastes to be formed in Construction Phase and Their Disposal
Solid wastes to be formed in construction phase can be grouped under:
Excavation wastes: Wooden formation wastes, iron/metal plates, metal, reinforcement bars,
iron bars, concrete and injection wastes, etc.
Domestic Solid Wastes: Kitchen leftovers
Other Solid Wastes: Accumulator, battery, tyres, packing wastes, etc.
In general, recycling material wastes used in construction will be collected separately in
accordance with their chemical characteristics, accumulated and recycled. Some wastes will
be sold to their traders considering their standing.
For this reason, solid wastes formed in construction (metal, glass, plastic, paper, etc.) will be
collected by the contractor in accumulation cans separately considering their characteristics
and will be transported for disposal with specially equipped vehicles in accordance with their
appearance, smell, dust, leak and such similar factors preventing pollution in the
environment. Waste collectors will be kept closed and will be disinfected regularly for re-use.
Excavation Wastes: They will be formed with initiation of construction phase. Wooden
formation wastes will be collected regularly. In case of a request, they may be given to the
villagers since they can be used for heating. Similarly, wastes such as iron/metal plates,
metal, reinforcement bars, iron bars, concrete and injection wastes will be collected regularly
and sold to their collectors. Solid wastes with proper characteristics will be used as fill
material.
Domestic Solid Wastes: This kind of wastes will occur from food and kitchen waste, packing
paper and plastic bottle when construction activities start. During construction phase of the
project, approximately 60 employees will be in charge as per planning. Assuming that daily
solid waste formed per capita is 1,34 kg, total solid waste to be formed will be
1,34 kg/day-c. x 60c. = 80,4 kg/day
where,
Q= q x N
Q= Daily total solid waste
q= Daily solid waste per person
N= Total number of employees
Other solid wastes: Repair and maintenance of vehicles, equipment and tools are under the
responsibility of the contractor. In cases where these activities are realized in construction
site(s), waste material will not be left outdoors, and will be accumulated in temporary areas
for which necessary precautions are taken as concreting the basement, and protection
against rain.
79
Among these wastes, accumulators, spare parts, metal sections which are recycling will be
sold to their traders. For repair and maintenance, “Regulation on Control of Waste Battery
Cell and Accumulators” and “Regulation on Control of Tires Completed Their Lifecycle” will
be in place.
Non-recycling solid wastes will be transported to places indicated by the municipality and will
be disposed as per Regulation on Control of Solid Wastes.
4.1.2 Solid Wastes to be formed in Operation Phase and Their Disposal
During operational phase of the project, only ongoing process will be generation of electricity
from wind turbines. Therefore, formation of any solid waste other than domestic type is not
expected. It is planned that 15 personnel will be working during operation phase, accordingly
assuming that domestic solid waste formed per capita is 1,34 kg, and total solid waste to be
formed will be
1,34 kg/c.-day x 15 c. = 20,1 kg/day
where,
Q= q x N
Q= Daily total solid waste
q= Daily solid waste per person
Domestic solid waste to be formed during operational phase will have the same
characteristics with wastes formed in construction phase. Therefore, their disposal is subject
to the same rules and regulations as defined above.
4.2
Liquid Wastes
4.2.1 Liquid Wastes to be formed in Construction Phase and Their Disposal
Under the scope of the project, any water pollution is not expected other than wastes
occurred due to construction activities. Potable and utility water will be used
- for construction,
- by workers in construction sites.
Planned number of worker during construction phase is 60. When it is assumed that
necessary water requirement per capita is 150 lt/day, daily consumption will be
Q = 150 lt/c.-day x 60 c. = 9.000 lt/day = 9 m3/day
where,
Q= q x N
Q= Daily total liquid waste
q= Daily liquid waste per person
If it is assumed that all consumed water will revert to waste, then total domestic liquid waste
will be 9 m3/day. Pollutants in a typical untreated domestic wastewater and their average
concentrations are given in the following table with calculated pollutant load arising due to
the construction of the project.
80
Parameter
pH
AKM
BOI5
KOI
Total Nitrogen
Total phosphor
Concentration (mg/lt)
6-9
200
200
500
40
10
Pollutant Load
N/A
9.000 lt/day x 200 mg/lt
1,8 kg/day
1,8 kg/day
4,5 kg/day
0,36 kg/day
0.09 kg/day
Required water to be used during construction phase of the project will be provided via water
trucks and they will be subject to “Regulation for Septic Tanks where In place Sewer System
Construction is not Possible”. They will be collected in fosseptic holes and will be disposed
into municipal network after getting necessary approvals.
4.2.2 Liquid Wastes to be formed in Operation Phase and Their Disposal
During operational phase of the project, only ongoing process will be generation of electricity
from wind turbines. Therefore, formation of any liquid waste other than domestic type is not
expected. It is planned that 15 personnel will be working during operation phase, accordingly
assuming that domestic liquid waste formed per capita is 150 lt/day, and total liquid waste to
be formed will be
150 lt/day-c. x 15 c. = 2250 lt/day = 2,25 m3/day
where,
Q= q x N
Q= Daily total liquid waste
q= Daily liquid waste per person
If it is assumed that all consumed water will revert to waste, then total domestic liquid waste
will be 2,25 m3/day. Pollutants in a typical untreated domestic wastewater and their average
concentrations are given in the following table with calculated pollutant load arising due to
the operation of the project.
Parameter
pH
AKM
BOİ5
KOİ
Total Nitrogen
Total phosphor
Concentration
(mg/lt)
6-9
200
200
500
40
10
Pollutant Load
N/A
0,5 kg/day
0,5 kg/day
1,13 kg/day
0,09 kg/day
0,03 kg/day
Domestic liquid waste to be formed during operational phase will have the same
characteristics with wastes formed in construction phase. Therefore, their disposal is subject
to the same rules and regulations as defined above.
As a result of repair and maintenance works during operation phase, liquid wastes like oil
wastes will be formed. For maintenance of turbines, transformer oils will be used which does
not contain any hazardous material. Oil wastes will be collected in leak-proof tanks and
transferred to disposal units. For these cases, “Regulation on Control of Waste Oil” will be in
place.
81
4.3
Medical Wastes
Medical wastes won‟t be mixed with other wastes, and will be collected in infirmary units
separately. Medical wastes that are formed will be packed in red bags with “ATTENTION
MEDICAL WASTE” note on each side and be disposed in accordance with “Regulation on
Control of Medical Wastes” which came into force by no. 25883 Official Gazette as of
22.07.2005.
4.4
Hazardous Wastes
Formation of hazardous material is not expected during construction and operation phases of
the project.
82
5
POTENTIAL IMPACTS ON ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS AND MITIGATION
MEASURES
Initial foreseen analysis of impacts for construction and operation phases is evaluated.
Activities related to construction will cause impacts on pasture lands, habitat, generate noise
and dust emission as well as wastes. Different than construction, operation phase include
visual impacts, noise, habitat alteration, light and illumination issues, as well as social
impacts including but not limited to land acquisition and access to land.
It is the intent of the proponent to proactively approach each receptor to ensure all potentially
impacted neighbors are fully aware of the potential impact of the project. In the event where
the impact may not be fully evaluated until the turbines are operational or until the lifestyles
of the receptor are understood, the proponent will commit to resolving the problems once
they are better defined.
5.1
Construction
5.1.1
Impacts on Soil
As per design, area to be covered by concrete for installation of turbines will be 250m 2 at a
depth of 3m. Hence total area to be concreted will be approximately 14250 m 2. During
earthworks a 5m safety band will be placed around the working area.
Total area to be allocated for access roads is calculated to be 283390 m2 of which 145000
m2 lies in pasture land. Similarly, width of access roads in pasture lands will not exceed 5 m.
If 5 meter width is exceeded, then pasture characteristic of the land will be further damaged,
therefore, maximum width of access roads will be 5 meters.
30m top soil will be stripped in the areas where construction and concreting will take place.
This valuable top soil will be stored near to turbine areas to be used in reinstatement and
recycling of lands. This step will also be applied for access roads. Top soil to be removed for
access roads is approximately 43500 m2.
Permanent area to be allocated by power poles will be 2647 m2 and will be on pasture land.
Soil protection measures are subject to Regulation on Soil Protection and Land Use.
Measures to be taken during installation of towers as per the said regulation in order not to
disturb plant pattern on private and public lands includes:





A sprinkler will be readily available during earthworks in farm area so that plant
respiration is not disturbed and dust emission is minimized.
Working area will not be exceeded neither during installation of turbines nor
concreting processes in order to preserve existing planting pattern in the area.
Width of access roads to be utilized for material transportation and repair works will
not be exceeded during installation of turbines.
Access and transportation roads will be continuously sprinkled during equipment
transportation in order to prevent disturbance on surrounding pasture and agricultural
products.
30m top soil will be stripped in the areas where construction and concreting will take
place as well as in access roads. This valuable top soil will be stored near to turbine
areas to be used in reinstatement and recycling of lands.
83

Except for the stated requirements, in any of construction activity, Regulation on
Assessment and Management of Environmental Noise and Environment Law, Law
No. 2872 and related regulations will be in place.
Figure-25. Workflow of land reinstatement and rehabilitation
5.1.2
Impacts on Habitat
The operation of onshore wind turbines may result in collisions of birds and bats with wind
turbine rotor blades and / or towers, potentially causing bird and bat mortality or injury.
Potential indirect impacts to birds may include changes in quantity and type of prey species
resulting from habitat modification at the wind farm project site, and changes in the type and
number of perching and nesting sites due to either natural habitat modification or the use of
wind turbines by birds.
The impact to birds and bats depends on the scale of the project and other factors including
technology considerations (e.g. tower dimension and turbine design), lighting of the wind
turbine, and layout of the wind farm. In addition, site characteristics may influence this
impact, including physical and landscape features of the wind farm site (e.g. proximity to
habitat that may concentrate birds, bats, or their prey), the numbers of birds and bats moving
through the wind farm site, the risk behaviors of birds (e.g. soaring height) and bats (e.g.
migration routes), and meteorological considerations. Prevention and control measures to
address these impacts include the following:
84



Conduct site selection to account for known migration pathways or areas where birds
and bats are highly concentrated. Examples of high-concentration areas include
wetlands, designated wildlife refuges, staging areas, rookeries, bat hibernation areas,
roosts, ridges, river valleys, and riparian areas;
Configure turbine arrays to avoid potential avian mortality (e.g. group turbines rather
than spread them widely or orient rows of turbines parallel to known bird movements);
Implement appropriate stormwater management measures to avoid creating
attractions such as small ponds which can attract birds and bats for feeding or
nesting near the wind farm.
Project area is not rich in terms of flora pattern and limited with scrub formation. Under the
scope of the project, it is a possibility that floral vegetation of the area will be disturbed due to
the nature of land preparation and construction activities. This impact, at first glance, will
appear in construction phase. Presence of Manyas Bird Lake provides a biodiversity in the
province. For fauna species, Kuş Lake and its vicinity enables an appropriate area. But, in
Turkey there is no national red book for fauna species. Therefore, literature surveys are not
specific to any region but gives general assessment. Presence of an important bird area
leads to a long lists in the literature. But, when it is considered together with geographic
elements and field observation studies, there exists no species brooding in project and its
impact area. Migrating species are using the pathways crossing the activity area in definite
time intervals.
Some of the conducted studies showed that major impact of wind farms are on fauna species
during operation phase. It is observed that wild birds are more dominant in the area and their
flight altitude is 700-1000m. Planned turbine height to be constructed is 80 meters and rotor
diameter is 75 meters. 30 meters constitutes the empty space under turbines. It is known that
migrating/transit going birds do not fly that high. While wild birds are not able to fly with that
height.
Conducted literature studies showed that flying birds change their pathway when they realize
wind turbines and they have a tendency to escape from the turbines. It is realized that
changes in air current and noise generated by the turbines cause birds to change their
pathway. Nests are found on non-operational turbines and it is concluded that birds realize
turbines from noise and air currents. Within a study performed by painting the blades into
different colors, it is seen that birds are running in lower-altitudes, below blades. In sections
where raptors and Cygnus are present, necessary measures will be taken in order to
minimize fatality due to operation of turbines.
As a result, in vicinity of study area, species under protection as per Central Hunting
Commission and Bern Agreement will be preserved, both in construction and operation
phases, necessary measures will be taken as per Environment Law (Law No. 2872) and its
regulations, Terrestrial Hunting Law (Law No. 4915) and its regulations, Bern Agreement 6th
and 7th Articles and Central Hunting Commission Decision. Potential adverse environmental
impacts that may take place during construction and operation phases of the project will be
mitigated as per relevant laws and regulation.
5.1.3
Dust Emissions
Dust concentration measurements are taken in Eşeler, Karakaya and Ayvatlar Villages
considering prevailing wind direction for the proposed wind power plant by Bares Üretim A.Ş.
During construction activities, due to the fact that construction activities are very limited, it is
not expected that PM10 concentration to exceed 3 mg/Nm3 as given by the national
regulations. For this reason, dust emissions will be followed throughout the construction
85
period. In unexpected cases, where these values are exceed, necessary measures will be
taken in accordance with relevant regulations.
5.1.4
Noise
Within construction duration, noise will occur in the activity area. However, noise impact will
be minimized for the following reasons; construction activities are limited and wind direction
will be considered. In addition, noise emissions will be followed throughout the construction
period. In unexpected cases, where these values are exceed, necessary measures will be
taken in accordance with relevant regulations.
5.1.5



Other
Planned electricity cut is not case during construction phase of the project. If such
cases occur, potentially effected communities and users of the electricity line will be
informed prior to blackout.
In cases of additional land needs during construction for certain reasons (force
majeure cases, compulsory changes in project design, etc), necessary procedures
will be followed as per land type.
Accessing to activity area and construction activities will require use of heavy
machinery. It may be a possibility that such vehicles damage infrastructures, in
particular, irrigation and potable water network. However, under the scope of the said
project, owing to the facts that water resources are not high enough and most of the
potable water is supplied from wells and drillings, any adverse impact is not expected.
In case they occur, necessary measures will be taken. This includes but not limited to
the following; fixing the systems, providing water to the effected community.
5.2
Operation
5.2.1
Visual Impacts
Depending on the location and local public perception, a wind farm may have an impact on
visual resources. Visual impacts associated with wind energy projects typically concern the
turbines themselves (e.g. color, height, and number of turbines) and impacts relating to their
interaction with the character of the surrounding landscape.
Prevention and control measures taken for the project to address visual impacts include:






Consideration of landscape character during turbine siting;
Consideration of visual impacts of the turbines from all relevant viewing angles when
considering locations;
Minimization of presence of ancillary structures on the site by avoiding fencing,
minimizing roads, burying intraproject power lines, and removing inoperative turbines;
Avoiding steep slopes, implement erosion measures, and promptly revegetate
cleared land with native species only;
Maintaining uniform size and design of turbines (e.g. direction of rotation, type of
turbine and tower, and height);
Painting the turbines a uniform color, while observing air navigational marking
regulations;
The wind turbines will be located on 80m tall towers and have a rotor diameter of
approximately 90m. Towers will be no closer than 400m to residences. As concluded from
86
social impact assessment, response by the public to the visual presence of the turbines is
likely to be positive. Visual sight of turbine locations is further given in Visual Impacts section
of this report (Annex-13). Local residents in Eşeler (being the nearest location) will generally
be able to closely see the turbines, aircraft warning beacons will be visible at night, and will
not be opposed to the impact.
5.2.2
Noise
Wind turbines produce noise when operating. The noise is generated primarily from
mechanical and aerodynamic sources. Mechanical noise may be generated by machinery in
the nacelle. Aerodynamic noise emanates from the movement of air around the turbine
blades and tower. In addition, the amount of noise may rise with increasing rotation speed of
the turbine blades, therefore turbine designs which allow lower rotational speeds in higher
winds will limit the amount of noise generated.
Measures to prevent and control noise are mainly related to engineering design standards. In
order to reduce this impact, following measures are taken:


Proper siting of wind farms to avoid locations in close proximity to sensitive noise
receptors;
Adherence to national or international acoustic design standards for wind turbines
(International Electrotechnical Commission [IEC], and the American National
Standards Institute).
Distance to receptor is the most important issue. Literature surveys show that noise
generated on receptors in 200-300 meters proximity is in medium level (less than 50 dBA).
Increasing distance between source and receptor naturally decrease the perceived noise,
therefore in the case of proposed land farm any adverse impact is not envisaged considering
the fact that nearest receptor is 500m away from the source.
Additionally, manufacturers of wind turbines generated specific blade types and mechanical
component design to minimize noise emissions. Most of them have a noise control system
which permits programming the noise emissions according to criteria such as date, time or
wind direction. This achieves the goals of local regulation compliance as well as maximum
production
5.2.3
Impacts on settlements and socio-economy
Project and its associated facilities (i.e. access roads, energy transmission lines) do not have
any impact on settlements. No resettlement will take place, only acquisition of land may
constitute a problem and it is further discussed in upcoming sections.
Construction and operation of wind farm in Balıkesir is also questioned during social impact
analysis studies in terms of their presence and know-how degree of local community about
renewable energy sources.
Analysis of household surveys showed that only 26% of interviewees have knowledge in
renewable energy resources. 53% have idea about wind farms while 74% previously saw
nearby wind farms.
89% of total interviewed residents are supporting wind farm construction in the area while 5%
is against and remaining 6% did not state any opinion (since they do not have any idea about
wind energy and wind farms) on that which is in concordance with world-wide surveys.
Objections were related to potential impacts on agriculture and animal husbandry issues as
87
well as electromagnetic effects. It is stated by people who objected that remaining pasture
lands after the construction of wind farms will be behind the activity area, therefore, they will
have difficulty in accessing this section of land. As a response, survey team explained that
turbines will not be too close to each other obstructing pass-by areas.
Electromagnetic effect is the second issue raised. It is for sure that an electromagnetic area
will occur, however, this will have a very limited or almost no effect in near by settlement
which is closer than 500 m to the switch area since high technology equipment and
methodology will be implemented. Besides, nearest settlement to that area is Karakaya
village and it is nearly 1 km away from that area.
On the contrary of world-wide applications in terms of visibility issues, residents stated that
turbines have a nice view especially at night time. They added that they will be happy with its
presence.
From economic aspects, construction and operation of wind farm will trigger local trading
issues as well as employment opportunities. 100% of interviewees expect local employment.
Goods will be supplied from neighboring villages which will bring a movement in trading
capacity of the area.
5.2.4
Impacts on Natural Protection Areas, Cultural and Archaeological Areas
Equally, environmental impact assessment procedure of BARES will cover other
performance standards issues related to the conservation of natural resources and
biodiversity as well as protection of indigenous people and cultural heritage. This will be
complied with the fact that there exists no nature protection area, cultural or archaeological
area. In order to address protection of cultural heritage where a potential issue has not been
identified at earlier stages of screening process, BARES will develop a general formal
„chance find‟ procedure as defined by national legislation to apply all excavation operations,
in compliance with PS-8 requirements.
5.2.5
Impacts on Forest Lands
Project area lies partially on forest land. Necessary permits for use of these lands will be
granted from relevant institutions prior to construction as per Forest Law.
5.2.6
Light and Illumination Impacts
One of the major impacts caused by the operation of wind power plants is related to light and
illumination issues. Shadow flicker caused by wind turbines is defined as periodic changes in
light intensity due to the moving wind turbine blade casting shadows on the ground,
stationary objects, or a point of interest such as a window at a dwelling. A flicker shadow will
not be cast when the sun is obscured by clouds/fog or when the turbine is not rotating.
Shadow flicker is not the sun seen through a rotating wind turbine rotor nor what an
individual might view moving through the shadows of a wind farm.
The spatial relationships between a wind turbine and receptor, as well as wind direction are
key factors related to shadow flicker duration. Other than within approximately two rotor
diameters from the base of a turbine, shadow flicker usually only occurs at sunrise or sunset
when the cast shadows are sufficiently long. For situations where the rotor plane is in-line
with the sun and receptor (as seen from the receptor), the cast shadows will be very narrow
(blade thickness), of low intensity, and will move quickly past the stationary receptor. When
the rotor plane is perpendicular to the sun-receptor “view line”, the cast shadow of the blades
will move within a circle equal to the turbine rotor diameter.
88
Shadow intensity, or how “light” or “dark” a shadow appears at a specific receptor, will vary
with the distance from the turbine. Turbine blades block out larger portions of the sun‟s rays
at close distances producing wider darker shadows. Receptors located farther away from a
turbine will experience much thinner and less distinct shadows since the blades will not block
out as much sunlight. The perceived shadow flicker intensity is further affected by clouds,
fog, trees and other obstructions, wind direction, and the orientation of windows and doors in
a residence. Shadow flicker is greatly reduced or eliminated within a residence when
buildings, trees, or window coverings are located between the turbine and the receptor.
Additionally, if a room is illuminated by artificial lighting or by other light sources including
windows unaffected by the shadow flicker, the shadow intensity within the room will be
greatly reduced.
Shadow flicker intensity can also be defined as the difference in brightness at a given
location in the presence and absence of a shadow. Some facts about shadow flicker are
outlined below:
1. A wind turbine blade is narrow at the blade tip with increasing width up to the rotor
hub. When a turbine is located sufficiently close to a receptor such that the wider
blade portion covers most of the sun‟s disk (as seen by the receptor) the flicker
intensity will increase. At greater distances a lower intensity will occur since the
blades cover a smaller portion of the sun‟s disk. At longer wind turbine–receptor
distances the cast shadow is “out of focus”. This does not contribute to lower intensity
but the flickering is less distinct. Therefore, distance to receptor is important, nearest
receptor is not closer than 500 m away from the turbine location.
2. The shadow flicker intensity is lowest when the cast shadow passing over a
receptor originates from the rotor tip. This intensity increases as the cast shadow
moves in along the blade length to a maximum at the hub/nacelle, to then diminishes
as it moves back out along the opposite blade side.
3. Low visibility weather conditions (still sunlight) will result in lower shadow flicker
intensity. Therefore, weather conditions are important. Meteorological conditions for
the proposed area are described in baseline analysis section. However, it will be
appropriate to remind that intense duration of total sunshine in Balıkesir area takes
place in July with daily average sunshine as less than 12 hours, annual average
being 7 hours.
4. Low shadow flicker impacts are usually indicative of greater receptor-turbine
separation distances and incident shadows of low intensity originating from the rotor
tips.
5. Shadows are fainter in a lighted room. Consequently, switching lights on will lower
the intensity of incident shadow flicker.
6. In terms of health and safety, best known and reported impact due to shadow
flicker caused by wind turbines is epilepsy. Shadow flicker from wind turbines does not
trigger epileptic seizures in individuals suffering from photo-sensitivity, as some wind
energy opponents have claimed. The frequency, or the number of times something happens
per second, is measured in Hertz (Hz). Shadow flicker from wind turbines has a frequency
between 0.5 Hz and 1.25 Hz, which is equivalent to between 1 to approximately 1.25
alternations per second. This is well below the range of frequencies that can trigger epileptic
seizures, which is 5 to 30 Hz, according to the American Epilepsy Foundation. Thus,
shadowing from wind turbines poses absolutely no threat to the health of people with
epilepsy or other individuals who are photosensitive.
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Briefly, wind turbines cause shadow flicker if the following conditions are occur at the same
time:
1. The sun must be shining and there is no cloud cover.
2. The moving object must be between the observer and the sun.
3. The observer has to be close enough to the object to be in its shadow.
4. The blades have to be facing directly toward or away from the sun (so they are moving
across the source of the light relative to the observer).
It is a fact that shadow length can change depending on the angle of the sun in the sky, but
even if the object is large and the sun is low in the sky, the shadow will only stretch a certain
distance – after that, the light bends around the object and the shadow becomes diffuse.
Keeping the information obtained through previous works and literature in mind, BARES
conducted an assessment of the energy production of the proposed location. Wind farm lies
on seven ridges running approximately from northwest to southeast. The terrain at the site is
categorized as complex and features mainly scattered rocky outcrops with sparse vegetation.
The surface roughness length of the site and surrounding area was assessed during a site
visit made by GH staff in October 2007. Following the Davenport classification, the following
general figures are considered appropriate:
Site and surrounding areas 0.05 m
Settlements 0.5 m
Wooded areas 0.5 m
Water 0.0002 m
These basic assumption already removed the extensive exposure to shadow flicker with the
surrounding. Since, turbines to be installed in the context of the project will work on lower
rotational speed. This is an impact mitigation measure taken at the source against the
shadow flicker. According to the most of the literature sources, shadow flicker does not
become effective within a radius of c. 400 m. Nearest settlement being 500m away from the
turbine would not bring any adverse impact. Additionally, flicker effect will be minimum in
terms of annual daily average sunshine duration in the area.
Mitigation measures for a potential shadow flicker effect, following items may be considered:
 Covering a window (curtains, blinds or shutters)
 Screening, such as trees
 Proper siting of wind turbines
However, in certain jurisdictions there may be requirements to shut down turbines during
specific meteorological conditions to meet defined noise emission, shadow flicker criteria at
nearby dwellings, or environmental conditions due to such aspects as birds or bats. Further
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details for the analysis are provided in Balıkesir Energy Production Assessment Report
(Annex-6).
5.2.7 Impacts on land use, agriculture and animal husbandry, reinstatement of
pasture lands after completion of operation period
Under the scope of the project, impacts on current land use, agriculture and animal
husbandry are also evaluated. Project area with its access roads cross 10% forest land,
67,3% pasture land, 10,9% private land and 11,8% unregistered land. Given by Pasture Law,
pasture characteristics of lands are dropped in title deeds and registered under public land
(land under the possession of state). However, this brings losses, hence potential adverse
impacts on land use, agriculture activities and animal husbandry.
Specific to pasture lands, a report has been prepared by agriculture engineers proposing
recycling of pasture lands. Said report is approved by Balıkesir Provincial Administration of
Agriculture as of January 2009. Report covers parcels in Ayvatlar, Gökçeören, Kürse,
Karakaya and Eşeler villages which are subject to loss of pasture lands due to construction
of wind farm. There is no acquisition on pasture lands in Yeniköy. In Yeniköy, required lands
are unregistered and belongs to state. Total area of pasture land is calculated to be
318.622,39 m2 and required area is only 2,34% of total pasture area. Since area required for
overhead powerlines is negligible compared to total area of pasture lands, they are not
considered in this section. However, any damage (temporary or permanent) will be
compensated.
Table-17. Pasture lands and acquisition amounts
Village
Kepsut – Eşeler
Merkez – Kürse
Merkez – Karakaya
Merkez – Karakaya
Merkez – Gökçeören
Merkez – Ayvatlar
Merkez – Ayvatlar
Merkez – Ayvatlar
Merkez – Ayvatlar
Merkez – Ayvatlar
Merkez – Ayvatlar
Merkez – Ayvatlar
Merkez – Ayvatlar
Merkez – Ayvatlar
Total
Parcel
No
122
162
52
23
40
282
305
306
307
309
316
909
910
959
Total Parcel
2
Area (m )
3.517.298,52
4.799.704,92
524.641,81
236.238,40
601.100,00
311.500,00
167.450,00
2.200,00
3.400,00
1.300,00
14.500,00
103.501,37
663.400,00
2.682.893,23
13.629.128,25
2
Requested Area (m )
98.386,74
70.072,87
12.225,92
8.305,74
16.385,70
17.607,22
2.022,68
300,00
331,84
253,98
1.178,97
27.504,56
497,42
63.548,75
318.622,39
Requested Area (%)
over total area
2,80%
1,46%
2,33%
3,52%
2,73%
5,65%
1,21%
13,64%
9,76%
19,54%
8,13%
26,57%
0,07%
2,37%
2,34%
Conclusions reached at the end of the report show that project area crosses, in general, land
with low agriculture potential. No adverse impact is envisaged on non-agricultural
neighboring lands and agricultural production with the condition that necessary measures are
taken during construction and placement of electrical systems. Alternative sites for lands
which were subject to acquisition are available, however, their status are equivalent. Integrity
for agricultural use will not be disturbed. Land characteristics satisfy Marginal Agricultural
Land status due to its slope, soil depth and it yields less product region average.
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Consent of communities (Karakaya, Kürse, Gökçeören, and Eşeler) is obtained for changing
the status of pasture lands into state lands with the following conditions and considerations:
1. Land is in Class VI-VII capability
2. Land has weak to mid-class pasture characteristics and is very small compared to
total area of pasture land
3. There will be no major change in grazing property of the area
4. Energy production is a need and it is for public interest and benefit
5. A commitment to be issued that any damage to environment will be rectified
Villagers in Ayvatlar initially did not agree on the issue. Actually, the issue was raised due to
acquisition of private lands and was not related to pasture land acquisition. Due to technical
requirements, and slope of the area, also approved by EMRA (Annex-14), it was a necessity
to cross the private land by separating is into three, other two remaining on each side of the
access road to be constructed. This caused an unsatisfaction among the residents, therefore
residents of Ayvatlar opposed to acquisition of pasture lands. They were informed that they
always have the right to object the acquisition by court, but this was an inevitable technical
requirement. Except for this fact, there is no objection from any other villages or
communities.
Following the completion of construction after necessary mitigation/protection measures are
taken, residents are free to use the remaining grazing lands. It should be reminded that only
2,34% of the total pasture lands were subject to permanent acquisition.
Since there is no agriculture activity in the area, other than the case in Ayvatlar, any adverse
impact on agricultural activities are not expected. Complaints case in Ayvatlar can be
rectified by permanent employment of beneficiaries from the said land.
Pasture characteristics of pasture land allocated for the construction of towers, excavation
and cross-by heavy machinery will be lost not only in activity area but also on access roads.
For installation of turbines total 10250m2 pasture lands will be occupied (assuming for each
tower 250m2). For this reason, remaining pasture land excluding 10250m2 out of total
requested, 318622,39 m2, of which pasture land characteristics will be dropped, will be used
for storing the top soil. Stored soil will then be used for reinstatement and rehabilitation of
pasture lands. Steps to be followed during this process are:
1. Removal of facilities on damaged pasture lands
2. Laying 30cm thick vegetative soil on disturbed lands on farm area as well as
lands on access roads
3. Planting pasture plants
4. Fertilization
Following the completion of project lifecycle, all disturbed lands will be reinstated as defined
above.
5.3
Occupational Accidents and Emergency Plan
Use of very heavy machinery will not be a case in the project. However, it is always a risk
that occupational accidents may take place due to certain facts like; carelessness of
personnel, not obeying safety regulations, not using safety tools and equipments. In order to
reduce occurrence of potential occupational accidents, qualified personnel will be employed
and personnel will be trained as required. Toolbox meetings will be arranged in order to
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review daily works and associated risks everyday prior to work start. Planned personnel
employment in each phase is as follows:
Construction Phase
Occupation
Number of personnel
in charge
Engineer
6
Staff
10
Foremen
10
Unqualified Worker
34
Total
60
Operation Phase
Occupation
Number of personnel
in charge
Engineer
4
Administrative Staff
5
Operator
4
Security
2
Total
15
There are always potential dangers in any of activities during construction and operation. In
order to comply, necessary precautions will be taken as per national and international
legislation.
Nearest health centers in the area will be identified and announced to employers so that their
health related requirements are satisfied. In addition an infirmary unit will be established in
construction site for emergency cases. An Emergency Action Plan will be prepared by the
experts to be followed in emergency cases during the lifetime of the project.
5.4
Occupational Health and Safety Measures
The Project will employ 60 workers during construction period, and 15 during operation
phase. Non-discrimination and equal opportunity is the major principle. Turkey already with
its national labor legislation complies with ILO Conventions on forced labor (Conventions No.
29 and 105), child labor (Conventions 138 and 182) and discrimination (Convention No. 100
and No. 111). National law offers protection in each of these areas. National Labor Law
stipulates that the employer is obligated to take all measures necessary to effectively protect
the lives and health of workers, maintain adequate safety and health conditions, and provide
the necessary tools to prevent occupational accidents and diseases.
The contractor, and any subcontractors will be required to comply with all relevant local
legislation (including laws and regulations on acceptable conditions of work, monthly
minimum income and maximum permissible work-week). Construction contracts will specify
occupational health and safety commitments to be observed by the contractors and
subcontractors, as well as monitoring responsibilities.
During the construction phase, contractor will contractually ensure that hiring of local labor is
maximized particularly for semi-skilled and unskilled work. During the construction phase, all
contractors will be required to apply their respective occupational health and safety
programs. This includes a set of operating objectives based on the identification and
quantification of workplace risks and specific health and safety procedures covering aspects
applicable to the project such as heavy equipment operation; earth excavation and
movement; use of manual and mechanical tools; driver safety; cementing; etc. Work-inheights / fall prevention procedures and electrical safety procedures will be in place.
The project will require that contractors train employees in understanding workplace risks
and their prevention and control, including the use of personal protective equipment (PPE),
hazardous materials handling, and emergency response. Incidents and accidents will be
investigated and followed up by the contractor according to a documented procedure so that
steps can be taken to prevent re-occurrence.
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As per contractual requirements, compliance to the internationally accepted standards in the
areas such as life and fire safety, earthquake safety, structural, mechanical, environmental,
geotechnical, electrical codes are defined at design and engineering phase. The company
will define minimum applicable standards and regulations compliant to the internationally
agreed norms which will apply to all project activities, will review and extend accordingly its
internal and external inspection and control mechanisms for design and construction
processes to ensure compliance. In this manner, safety and quality will be systematically
ensured.
5.5
Community Health and Safety Measures
5.5.1
Lightning protection
Although it is not possible to provide absolute protection during a direct strike, precautions
must be taken against damage from lightning strokes. The sensors must be connected with
screened cables which, together with the logger and mast, will be connected to a local earth.
The installation of a lightning rod at the top of the mast is recommended, providing a
protection umbrella of 60 degrees to instruments mounted at the top of the mast. However,
the lightning rod shall be not installed upwind of the anemometers mounted at the top of the
mast for a prevailing wind direction.
5.5.2
Aviation warning lights
Depending on local regulations and the height of the mast to be erected, the installation of
aviation warning lights close to the top of and at selected heights lower down the mast may
be a requirement. It is recommended that this issue be taken up with the appropriate local
authority. If aviation warning lights are required, this is likely to require either mains electricity
supply to the mast or the provision of a mobile electric generator. If a mains electricity supply
is to be used, this may limit the possible locations for the proposed mast.
Any aviation warning light should be mounted according to the requirements of local
standards as regards height relative to the structure being illuminated, visibility etc; however,
within these local standards, care should be taken to ensure that the light is mounted
sufficiently far from all anemometers to ensure that the wind speed measurements are not
affected by the presence of the aviation warning light. If regulations allow, any aviation
warning light close to the top of a measurement mast should be at least 1.5 m below the
anemometers at the mast top, and lights mounted further down the mast should be at least
1.5 m vertically from the closest anemometer.
If necessary, modest adjustments to the mounting heights specified above are permissible in
order to meet with any height requirements for aviation warning lights, provided the
instruments remain well spaced and the mounting heights of the instruments are correctly
recorded in the mast installation documentation.
5.5.3
Other
During operation, third parties will be allowed to utilize lands for grazing purposes. In order to
satisfy their safety, switchyard and necessary above ground installations will be fenced.
Access to these places will be strictly forbidden for third parties, will be only accessible by
authorized personnel. Warning signs and plates will be hung to critical locations as
necessary. Repair and maintenance works will be performed by their specialists.
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Additionally, the control system of each turbine is equipped with components (hardware and
software) for remote data monitoring. All data and signals are transmitted via an ISDN
connection and are accessible through an internet browser. This makes it possible to monitor
data (externally and internally) as well as active remote control system (as start-up and
switch off) of everyday turbine operating worldwide to the center of operation. In case of an
emergency, operation of turbine will be interrupted immediately.
5.6
Greviances Mechanism
A grievances tracking system is a standard component of local and international legislations.
Basic aim of this system is to ensure that any complaint, request or recommendation coming
from the stakeholders are taken into consideration formally throughout the lifetime of the
project including construction phase. Grievances mechanism will include the following:
1. Any complaint, request or recommendation coming from shareholders and/or
affected communities will be accepted written and registered. For this purpose, a
template will be used both for complaint and tracker (samples are provided in Annex15). Ideal response duration to the registered grievances is 2 weeks. However,
depending on the works to be performed to comply the issue, this period may be
extended given that the compliant owner is notified.
2. Registered items are updated regularly (monthly, biweekly or as required) as
attachment to the monitoring report.
3. Complaints form will be filled in two copies; one to be kept in records of BARES
and the other to be given to the complaints owner.
4. Follow-up of grievances mechanism will be under the responsibility of community
relations representative dedicated by the construction site manager.
5.7
Monitoring Program
An Environmental Monitoring Plan is prepared for monitoring issues of the project and given
in Annex-16 of this ESIA Report. The environmental monitoring activities are determined for
two different phases of the Project, namely those of construction and operation. The plan
includes the parameters to be monitored and determines the roles and responsibilities of the
parties involved in the realization of the project.
5.7.1
Construction Phase
The construction contractor will prepare Monthly Environmental and Social Monitoring
Reports in which performance of the project is evaluated as per ESIA commitments. Said
reports will include outcomes of grievances tracking tool (filled complaints templates,
complaints register, if any). In first month of construction phase a noise and dust emissions
survey will be conducted to see impacts on baseline noise and air quality and will be reported
in relevant Monthly ESIA Report.
In addition, requests of villagers will be implemented as identified during social impact
assessment works. Findings of social survey, conducted under ESIA works are already
presented in this report.
95
5.7.2
Operational Phase
In the operational phase of the Project, relatively less environmental impacts are expected
compared to the construction period. Thus, annual environmental audits and reporting will be
sufficient. Similar to construction, a noise emission will be performed once when the turbines
are operational. Furthermore, in the operational phase of the Project, grievances mechanism
will be in place throughout the lifetime of the project.
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6
PUBLIC CONSULTATION
As an extension of social impact assessment works performed at site, small scaled public
participation meetings are organized in each settlement. Providing a written or verbal
response to resident‟s concerns is a critical part of the public consultation process because
of the potential that such development projects are to affect people‟s lives in some way. By
enabling the public to raise concerns and ask questions about the project, a greater
understanding of the opinions, perceptions and concerns of the public is achieved by the
project team.
In Public Participation Meeting, information is provided to local community and participating
institutions related to project, then comments and provisions of them are received. Generally
speaking, attitude towards wind farms in the project area is positive. It is found out that
during public consultation meetings and social impact assessment works, most of the
community members were aware where the wind farm, access roads and its associated
transmission line are located from previous studies performed in the area.
Local communities asked for in majority; employment, improvement of sewage systems,
compensation/assistance for some requirement in villages like village house, djemevi, sports
arena and its spectator turbines, improvement or construction of village roads to access their
lands. The latter is a big issue in Yeniköy since Turkish Highway Authority constructed
double-lane road network and prohibited direct access to lands.
Questions raised and comments received from the community are summarized below:
1. What are the employment opportunities?
2. Will there be a electromagnetic field when switchyard in operating?
3. Would this electromagnetic effect influence nature of our animals? Will there be a
change in their breeding capability?
4. Are we able to use our lands during operation phase of the project?
5. We are happy with the presence of the wind farm here, since we will have a good
sight view, especially at night time.
6. It would be better if there is a possibility to use an electromagnetic distribution
mechanism so that we feel safer.
7. We would like to have some improvements to be made in our village such as
improvement of village roads, improvement in sewage systems, etc.
8. What is the operating life of the wind farm and what will happen at the end of this
period?
9. How will the land acquisition process continue? Especially for privately owned lands?
What happens when we are not happy with the current acquisition procedures?
10. We want to be notified prior to physical construction activities so that we can be
prepared.
Satisfactory responses are provided to the community. Items raised by the community are
already inspected in EIA Report, mitigation measures and regulations are committed to
minimize potential impacts of the activity. It is also stated to the community that for any
further claim or complaint, there will be a permanent community relations office in
construction site during construction and operation phases of the project. Any raised issue
will be followed through the complaints mechanism and will be responded. Below shows
photographs taken during participation meeting.
97
Meeting in Ayvatlar Village
Meeting in Eşeler Village
Muhtar Consultation in Gökçeören
98
Meeting in Karakaya Village
Meeting in Kürse
Meeting in Yeniköy
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7
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Compared to the environmental effects of traditional energy sources, the environmental
effects of wind power are relatively minor. Wind power consumes no fuel, and emits no air
pollution, unlike fossil fuel power sources. The energy consumed to manufacture and
transport the materials used to build a wind power plant is equal to the new energy produced
by the plant within a few months of operation. Energy production from wind is superior that
other resources due to the following reasons; it is clean, contributes reduction in air pollution,
secures energy availability, increases energy diversity, minimizes fuel import, does not
require fuel costs. Wind energy also is modular and faster to be constructed compared to
other systems, it does not generate carbon emission hence contributes to climate change.
It should be kept in mind that global wind source potential is larger than global energy
demand. Technical surveys and investigations show that total available global wind resource
is more than twice of total global energy demand.
Danger to birds and bats is a concern in some locations of windpower projects. However,
studies show that the number of birds killed by wind turbines is negligible compared to the
number that die as a result of other human activities, and especially the environmental
impacts of using non-clean power sources. Bat species appear to be at risk during key
movement periods. Almost nothing is known about current populations of these species nor
the impact on bat numbers as a result of mortality at windpower locations.
Aesthetics have also been an issue in some areas. It is a known fact that some projects are
delayed for years partly because of aesthetic concerns.
Wind power consumes no fuel for continuing operation, and has no emissions directly related
to electricity production. Operation does not produce carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, mercury,
particulates, or any other type of pollution, as do fossil fuel power sources. Wind power
plants consume resources in manufacturing and construction.
It is sometimes said that wind energy does not reduce carbon dioxide emissions because the
intermittent nature of its output means it needs to be backed up by fossil fuel plants. Wind
turbines do not displace fossil generating capacity on a one-for-one basis. But it is
unambiguously the case that wind energy can displace fossil fuel-based generation, reducing
both fuel use and carbon dioxide emissions.
Unlike fossil fuel and nuclear power stations, which circulate or evaporate large amounts of
water for cooling, wind turbines do not need water to generate electricity. However, leaking
lubricating oil or hydraulic fluid running down turbine blades may be scattered over the
surrounding area. This occasion does not cause any environmental impact since the area is
very far from potable and/or groudwater source.
World-wide surveys indicate that while 80% are in favor of wing energy and only
approximately 5% are against it. Oppositions to the wind projects are due to cost concerns,
visibility and public dissatisfaction. They are already aware that wind energy has social
benefits as positive recognition for use of a “Greener” source of energy.
Considering the above facts, Bares Elektrik Üretim A.Ş. is planning to construct and operate
a wind farm in Balıkesir Province Central and Kepsut Districts in order not only to contribute
to national economy but also compensate energy demand of the country. Proposed wind
farm will be in 142,5 MW capacity operating with 57 wind turbines of 2,5 MW each. Expected
annual energy production is calculated to be 549.200.000 kWh/year. Electricity collected in
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switch area will be transmitted to national electricity network through Balıkesir – Poyraz II
Transformer as approved by Turkish Electricity Transmission Co. (TEIAS) with an
approximately 4,5km long over head energy transmission line (154/kV).
BARES wind farm, when it is operational, the project will:




increase Turkey‟s electricity output from wind energy;
in doing so, displace carbon emissions, reducing pollution and contribute to the effort
to reduce global warming;
by size and nature of the transaction, influence Turkey‟s ability to attract foreign
investment in the renewable energy sector and position Turkey as an alternative
emerging market destination for wind power investments;
contribute to the development of merchant power operations and private sector
investment in Turkey‟s energy sector.
Project has a limited number of environmental and social impacts which can be avoided or
mitigated by adhering to generally recognized performance standards, guidelines or design
criteria. The project impacts are inherently positive as the project will generate energy from a
renewable resource.
49 turbine locations out of 57 are located either in non-registered public lands, forest lands or
pasture lands. Necessary inspections on the acquisition of such lands are performed by an
agricultural engineer in the field and sufficient mitigation measures are identified. Most
important point on this issue is that, only 2,34% of total pasture area will be subject to
permanent acquisition for 49 years. In the time of operation, land will be used by their
previous owners and/or users with some restrictions in order to comply public health and
safety requirements. When lifecycle of the project is completed, project area will be
reinstated; wind turbines will be removed, concrete will be cleaned up, and vegetative soil will
be placed over the area with 30 cm thickness and planted accordingly. These aspects are
already considered in the EIA studies.
There will be no direct or indirect economic displacement. A small piece of land for access
roads and transmission lines will involve acquisition of some small plots with private
ownership. This will be done on a willing-seller and buyer basis, where applicable, at market
rates consistent with IFC requirements. If that criteria is not met with agreement, national
legislation court cases will have to apply.
No sensitive areas or natural habitats are expected to be impacted as per the perceptions of
the institutions. An additional field work is performed but no possible surface impact is
envisaged. Activity area is of no ecological significance, nor does it contain any protected
flora or fauna. As defined by the biologists, activity area does not involve any endemic
species. In order to minimize this impact, maximum measures will be taken in order not to
disturb the nests, hunting and resting areas of the living organisms. Activity area does not
cross any surface, ground or irrigation water resource hence no impact is envisaged.
There are no indigenous groups or individuals present in the project area nor are there any
cultural resources or property in the area. In order to address protection of cultural heritage
where a potential issue has not been identified at earlier stages of screening process,
BARES will develop a general formal „chance find‟ procedure as defined by national
legislation to apply all excavation operations, in compliance with IFC requirements.
Regarding the project, including the wind farm, access roads and approximately 4,5km
transmission line, socio-economic impacts associated with land acquisition arised only in one
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village, Ayvatlar. However, acquisition of private land for a small portion of access roads was
inevitable due to technical requirements. These kinds of issues will be rectified by small
scaled community investment programs or employment opportunities. There is strong local
support for the project among local community. Major expectation is employment. During
public participation visits, importance of local employment is re-iterated almost in all villages.
As long term impacts during operation, visual impacts, noise, habitat alteration, light and
illumination issues and impacts on water quality are also considered. Most of the local
community, who previously saw a wind farm, agreed that wind farms have a good
appearance.
Noise level will be followed during construction and operations phases and necessary
actions will be taken in case that threshold values are exceeded. Similarly, it is not expected
that a shadow flicker affect will take place during the operation of wind farm due to proper
siting of turbines. Nearest turbine is more than 500m away from the settlement which is out
of the influence distance given by literature and software used for modeling already took that
detail into consderation.
With construction and operation phases of the project, wastes will occur due to nature of
project lifecycle. These include solid wastes, liquid wastes and medical wastes. They will be
treated in accordance with national regulations. Construction activities do not require use of
explosives nor generation of hazardous waste is not expected. Planned employment
schedule is 60 people in construction and 15 in operation phase. Workers will be hired
locally.
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8
REFERENCES

Lawrence Technological University - The Importance of Wind Turbine Shadow Flicker http://www.ltu. edu/cm/attach/165D79C3-DD14-41EC-8A7FCFA2D0C272DE/FlickerHandout.pdf

Danish Wind Industry Association - Shadow Casting from Wind Turbines www.windpower.org/en/ tour/env/shadow/
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ANNEXES
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BALIKESİR WIND FARM

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