Bilag 1 - Doffin

Varekjøp bilag 1
Bilag 1 - Oppdragsgivers spesifikasjon
1
Anskaffelsen gjelder
CDCF ved Havforskningsinstituttet ber på vegne av samarbeidspartner (CIP i Havanna, Cuba) om tilbud på nøkkelferdig oppdrettsanlegg
(merdanlegg). Anlegget skal installeres på utvalgt lokalitet i Grisebukta, Cuba, klart for utsett av fisk.
1.1 Leveransen skal omfatte:
2 ringer med 50 meter omkrets med tilbehør
Nøter med 5 meter dybde pluss kon, og i tillegg predatornett i henhold til punkt 1.3. i dette dokumentet.
Bunnring, lodd eller lignende, iht lokalitetsforhold og leverandørens anbefaling.
Fortøyningssystem iht lokalitetsforhold
Annet utstyr iht spesifikasjon
Frakt til havn i/ved Havana, Cuba
Reisekostnader (inkludert fly, diett, hotellkostnader etc)
Ledelse og sikring av montasje nær lokaliteten på Cuba
Installasjon av anlegget på lokaliteten i Grisebukta
Tilbudet skal gi en best mulig tilpasset teknisk løsning gitt de skisserte forhold og utfordringer. Dette vil bli grunnlag for evaluering av
tilbudene. Se konkurransegrunnlag punkt 5.
CIP skal stå for tollklarering og frakt av container(e) fra mottakshavn til monteringssted ved Grisebukta.
Leverandøren skal stille med minimum 2 personer til å lede og gjennomføre montasje og installasjon. Det skal utarbeides en spesifikasjon
over behov for cubansk assistanse ved montasje og installasjon som en del av tilbudet. Det kan ikke forutsettes at det vil være mulig å skaffe
verktøy, reservedeler etc. på stedet/Cuba. Det må oppgis krav til trucker/traktorer og båt/kraner etc som skal skaffes tilveie av CIP.
Parafer
/
Side 1 av 3
Varekjøp bilag 1
1.2 Spesielle forhold: Hurricanes (tropiske stormer)
Grisebukta rammes av en tropisk storm i gjennomsnitt hvert 5 år. Stormene er av varierende styrke. De varierer også noe i vindretning.
Lokaliteten antas å ligge i ”le” i mange tilfeller dvs at strøklengden er forholdsvis beskjeden. Tropiske stormer medfører vindpress, større
bølger, ekstraordinære strømforhold og høyvann.
De normale lokalitetsforhold antas ikke å representere store utfordringer i forhold til anleggsvalg. Leverandøren bes å vurdere anleggs- og
fortøyningsløsning i forhold til en situasjon med tropisk storm og samtidig hvilke tiltak som anbefales iverksatt i storm-sesongen junioktober eller på kort sikt ved et varslet mulig direkte treff av en slik tropisk storm.
Parafer
/
Side 2 av 3
Varekjøp bilag 1
1.3 Oversikt over nødvendige
nøter og utstyr
Komponenter
Not 12 mm; 3 meter dyp konet m/dødfiskhov
Not 18 mm; 5 meter dyp + kon for dødfiskhov
Not 25,5 mm; 5 meter dyp + kon for dødfiskhov
Fuglenett
Predator not; dybde tilstrekkelig for dødfiskhov
Kuleline
Orkastnot
Tau 18 mm
Tau (tynt)
Tau 12 mm
Kulelodd
Net Hooks
Notvasker nedsenkbar
Lys for feste på merder, evt. radarreflektor inkludert
Skjørt til parasittbehandling; 5 m dyp
Hover med langt skaft
Liten våthov m/skaft (<500 liter)
Parafer
/
Antall
2
3
3
2
2
1
1
200
2
400
16
16
1
2
1
3
1
Enhet
pcs
pcs
pcs
pcs
pcs
pcs
pcs
meter
rull
meter
pcs
pcs
pcs
pcs
pcs
pcs
pcs
Kommentar
Not impregnated
Not impregnated
Not impregnated
"birdnet"
Kraftig nylon (knutet)
"Balline"
"catch net"
Beskrivelse
Ved utsett av liten fisk rett i "stormerd" (event. splitt i to)
mørk nottype
mørk nottype
Toppnett (skyggenetting ikke antatt nødvendig)
Skal holde barracuda og mindre haier ute! Dvs god dimensjon
For deling av not og trenging av fisk
Tilpasset nøter - innfanging av fisk
Standard dimensjon for innfesting av nøter
Generelt
Tilpasset strømforhold
Opphengskroker rail
"Net cleaner"
Godkjent type
"liner skirt"
Krever kran el.
bomløsning
Enkel notvasker til rengjøring av notvegger
Solcelle ok
For parasittbehandling; tilpasses notstørrelse
Uttak av fisk
Liten våthov ved uttak slakt - sees i sammheng m/annet utstyr
Side 3 av 3
De følgende sidene er utarbeidet av et eksternt selskap.
Vi ønsker ikke at tilbydere kontakter dette selskapet direkte,
og har derfor fjernet navnet på selskapet i dokumentet.
1.4 Evaluation of environmental data at Bahía de Cochinos
As a part of the project “Development of Sustainable Marine Aquaculture in Cuba”, Centro de
Investigaciones Pesqueras (CIP), Havana, Cuba assisted by Centre for Development Cooperation in
Fisheries (CDCF) / Institute of Marine Research in Norway (IMR) is planning to develop a marine fish
farm in Bahía de Cochinos (Bay of Pigs) in Cuba. IMR has asked xxxx AS to
assemble and evaluate existing data on the environmental conditions (e.g. currents, waves, wind, water
depth and bottom conditions) in the chosen aquaculture site. The data assembled here will be the basis
for calculations regarding the type and dimensions of mooring lines, nets and other components of the
fish farm. All data are collected by others, and xxxx AS is not responsible for the
quality of these data.
THE FISH FARMING AREA
The fish farm is to be situated in Bahía de Cochinos, on the south coast of Matanzas province in Cuba.
The bay is approximately 25 km long and between 4 and 9 km wide, and is part of the Caribbean Sea
(figure 1). The depths in the entrance of the bay are between 490 and 760 m. Central parts of the bay
are more than 200 m deep in the outermost 22.5 km, but the bottom rises abruptly upwards close to
shore on both the western and eastern side.
20 mi
Figure 1. Overview of the area around Bahía de Cochinos on Cuba. Position of the planned fish farm
is marked with a red dot. The map is generated in Google Maps (http://maps.google.com/).
1
Note Bahía de Cochinos 2013
NOTE
Bahía de Cochinos is approximately 5 km wide in the area planned for aquaculture. Preliminary plans
include two floating rings with a circumference of 50 m each (diameter ca. 16 m). The rings will be
placed along the western coast of the bay, approximately 4-500 m from the shoreline, on a rather
shallow plateau (figure 2). The water depth under the fish farm will be approximately 20 to 30 m, but
the bottom slopes abruptly down to more than 100 m immediately east of the fish farm. It is difficult to
find depths from 20 to 40 m of little slope, that could be necessary for a symmetrical anchorage
arrangement. The bottom in the planned position of the fish farm is according to Raúl Flores at CIP
dominated by sand down to 10 m depth, and “rock lines” with sand between them between there and
the edge of the plateau (attachment 5). The western side of Bahía de Cochinos has fringing coral reefs,
but preliminary investigations show no coral reefs on the bottom at the position of the planned fish
farm.
2000 ft
Figure 2. Overview of the northwestern part of Bahía de Cochinos, with data on water depth in the
bay. Approximate position of the planned fish farm is marked with a red dot.
CURRENTS
The following evaluations regarding water currents in the fish farming area is valid only outside the
hurricane season (see the chapter “Hurricanes” below).
Data
Current measurements were carried out with two Sensordata SD-6000 current meters located at 5 and
15 m depth in position 22° 13.286' N / 81° 11.716' W (figure 2). Measurements were performed in the
period January 15 to February 8 2013, with a time interval of 60 minutes between measurements.
The results of the current measurements are summarized in table 1, and current speed through the
measurement period is shown in figures 3 and 4. The mean current speed was 2.3 and 4.5 cm/s on 5
and 15 m depth respectively, while the maximum current speed was 10.6 and 20.0 cm/s at the same
2
Note Bahía de Cochinos 2013
NOTE
depths. The predominant current direction was south-southeast to southeast at both 5 and 15 m depth,
and the strongest current peaks were recorded towards south-southeast at both depths (figures 5 and
6). Current speeds higher than 10 cm/s were not recorded in any other direction than south-southeast
and southeast.
Figure 3. Current speed (cm/s) at 5 m depth in the period January 15 to February 8 2013 in the
position of the planned fish farm in Bahía de Cochinos, Cuba.
Figure 4. Current speed (cm/s) at 15 m depth in the period January 15 to February 8 2013 in the
position of the planned fish farm in Bahía de Cochinos, Cuba.
3
Note Bahía de Cochinos 2013
NOTE
Table 1. Mean and maximum current speed, main current direction (highest percentage of total flux)
and direction of the highest recorded current speed in the period January 15 to February 8 2013 in
the position of the planned fish farm in Bahía de Cochinos.
Depth Mean current speed Max current speed Main direction Max current speed direction
5m
2.3 cm/s
10.6 cm/s
SSE/SE
SSE
15 m
4.5 cm/s
20.0 cm/s
SSE/SE
SSE
5m
5m
Figure 5. Maximum current velocity (cm/s) and relative water flux (%) at 5 m depth at the position of
the planned fish farm in Bahía de Cochinos in the period January 15 to February 8 2013.
15 m
15 m
Figure 6. Maximum current velocity (cm/s) and relative water flux (%) at 15 m depth at the position of
the planned fish farm in Bahía de Cochinos in the period January 15 to February 8 2013.
4
Note Bahía de Cochinos 2013
NOTE
Evaluation
The general impression is that the site was not exposed to strong currents during the period of
measurements. The semi-diurnal range of the tide in the area is normally less than 50 cm, which
indicates that tidal currents generally will be weak. Local pressure driven currents due to wind forcing
water into the bay before releasing it will be close to negligible, due to the relatively short distance
between the fish farm and the innermost point of the bay. During the rainy season (approximately May
to October), spouts of heavy precipitation can lead to massive runoff of freshwater. This will have a
marked effect on the stratification of the water column in near-coastal areas, but as no large rivers run
into Bahía de Cochinos such episodes will not produce strong surface currents out of the bay. The
main components of the total current system in the fish farm area will therefore most likely be windgenerated surface currents (predominantly from eastern and southern directions) and possibly residues
of larger current systems in the Caribbean Sea south of Cuba.
Both mean and maximum current speed were almost twice as high on 15 versus 5 m depth, but
considering the short period of measurement we do not feel confident this will be the case across
different seasons and weather conditions. Furthermore, three conditions are calling for caution when
interpreting the results:
1) The measurements were done in a relatively calm time of the year on Cuba with regard to
weather conditions, and maximum recorded wind in the 24 day period was 7 to 12 m/s. Data
from the meteorological station at Playa Girón in Bahía de Cochinos show that average wind
speed over the last 30 years have been highest in March and April in Bahía de Cochinos, but
the average wind speed has been less than 4 m/s in all months throughout the year. As windgenerated surface currents could be a major component of the total current system in Bahía de
Cochinos, one would expect that measurements made at different times of the year would
yield somewhat different results.
2) The time interval between measurements was 60 minutes, whereas the standard for
classifications of Norwegian fish farms is 10 minutes (NS 9415:2009). The risk of missing the
highest current peaks increases with increasing measurement interval, and experience with
different intervals indicate that a 60-minute interval measurement series probably will produce
maximum recorded current speeds 15 to 20 % lower than 10 minute interval measurements.
3) The measurements were done over a relatively short period (24 days). This does not include
a full lunar cycle, which is recommended for current measurements at marine aquaculture
sites. The measurement period did however include a full moon, and should therefore have
recorded any significant effect of the lunar cycle on the current system in the area.
In light of the limitations of the available data, we recommend that mooring lines and other
equipment at the planned fish farm are scaled to handle current speeds of up to 50 cm/s in the
directions south-southeast and southeast, and 30 cm/s in all other directions, on both 5 and 15 m
depth.
WAVES
The following evaluations regarding waves in the fish farming area are valid only outside the
hurricane season (see the chapter “Hurricanes” below).
Data
Data from the meteorological station at Playa Girón in Bahía de Cochinos show that wind in the bay
predominantly comes from the directional area northeast to southeast, with average wind speeds
between 10 and 14 km/h (2.8 – 3.9 m/s) in different months. Professor Ida Mitrani at Centro de Fisica
de la Atmosfera / Instituto de Meteorologia has estimated a maximum wave height (Hmax) in central
parts of the bay of 3 m (attachments 2 & 3), which corresponds to a significant wave height (Hs) of
5
Note Bahía de Cochinos 2013
NOTE
approximately 1.6 m. A more detailed estimation of the probability of different wave heights from
different directions affecting the northwestern area of the bay is given in table 2 (Report from Mr.
Abel Betanzos Vega, CIP).
Table 2. Probability percentage for different wave heights generated by wind in the northwestern area
of Bahía de Cochinos. From Vega (2013).
Height of the wave
N
NE
E
SE
S
SW
W
NW
0.0 to 1.0 m
94
92
85
85
88
98
98
95
1.1 to 3.0 m
6
7
9
13
11
2
2
5
≥ 3.0 m
0
1
1
2
1
0
0
0
Evaluation
The fish farming site is located in the northwestern part of Bahía de Cochinos, which is exposed to
winds across the Caribbean Sea from a southerly to southeasterly direction. Strong, prevailing winds
across this open ocean area could build up waves of a considerable height, but such directionally
stable winds are rare in this area. Strong winds in the open sea in the southern parts of the Caribbean
Sea could also result in ocean waves hitting the fish farm area. A maximum wave height of 3 m seems
reasonable from the directions northeast, east and south, but we recommend that mooring lines and
other equipment at the planned fish farm are scaled to handle Hmax up to 3.5 m from southeast,
corresponding to a Hs of approximately 1.85 m.
This recommendation will not be valid for the hurricane season, see below.
Apart from ocean waves and locally wind-generated waves, ship-generated waves will affect the fish
farming site. Large ships will for the most part sail centrically through the bay, but it cannot be
excluded that both large and fast-going vessels at times will pass quite close to the fish farm. This
could result in waves of a considerable height hitting the fish farm, but ship-generated waves would in
any case be smaller than the largest wind-generated waves coming from the same directions.
HURRICANES
Cuba is relatively frequently hit by hurricanes crossing the Atlantic Ocean into the Caribbean Sea
from the east. From a total of 116 hurricanes recorded in the period 1880 through 2010, 25 affected
Bahía de Cochinos directly, 20 of these with wind speeds between 118 – 177 km/h, two between 178 –
209 km/h, two between 210 – 250 km/h, and one >251 km/h (Vega 2013). Such wind speeds will
cause a considerable pull on a marine fish farm, and could damage various equipment, move anchors
and make mooring lines snap. Hurricanes could also cause unusually high waves and strong, local
currents. Flying objects transported by the wind could also potentially damage the fish farm. The
hurricane season in Cuba is from June to October, and August to October for hurricanes exceeding
150 km/h (Vega 2013).
The extreme situations occurring during a hurricane is difficult to estimate, and we do not have
sufficient experience to give exact recommendations of current and wave values during such events.
For the equipment above the surface, the effect of the hurricane itself could probably be as strong as or
stronger than the effect of the waves and currents it generates.
EQUIPMENT
There could be several different ways for suppliers of equipment to meet the challenge of fish farming
in a hurricane-prone area. We challenge suppliers to find good solutions and ideas to solve this task,
but make some general suggestions:
6
Note Bahía de Cochinos 2013
NOTE
1) The fish farm could be built to withstand a strong hurricane. This would probably require
that the dimensions of mooring lines, anchors etc. would far exceed what is required by the
“normal” current and wave exposures as evaluated above.
2) The fish farm could be secured on land or at bay during the hurricane season, and mooring
lines, anchors and other equipment would then only have to be designed to handle the
“normal” current and wave exposures as evaluated above. This would however require
adjustment to a short production cycle.
3) The fish farm could be designed to be easily moved in case of a hurricane. Forecast of the
hurricane track will be reasonably accurate 2-3 days before impact, and hurricanes will pass
the actual area only about once every five years on average. Preferably, there should be as
little fish as possible in the farm during the hurricane season if emergency arises.
4) The fish farm could be lowered in the sea during hurricanes?
REFERENCES
NORSK STANDARD NS 9415:2009.
Flytende oppdrettsanlegg. Krav til lokalitetsundersøkelse, risikoanalyse, utforming,
dimensjonering, utførelse, montering og drift. 2. utgave november 2009.
Standard Norway, 100 pages (in Norwegian)
VEGA, A. B. 2013.
Other analyzes of marine currents and meteorological parameters, Cochinos Bay, Cuba.
Centro de Investigaciones Pesqueras (CIP), Report March 12, 2013.
ATTACHMENTS
1) Vega 2013: Other analyzes of marine currents and meteorological parameters, Cochinos Bay,
Cuba (6 pp.).
2) Oppsummering vedrørende lokalisering av anlegg i Grisebukten (2 pp.).
3) Oppsummering av “Grisebukta” som lokalitet til matfiskanlegg (2 pp.).
4) Statistical summary and figures of current measurements at 5m and 15 m depth (5 pp.).
5) Schematic drawing of the bottom conditions in the area under the planned fish farm, drawn by
Raul Flores at CIP (1 pp.).
Bergen, May 29, 2013
M.Sc.
Cand. scient
7
Note Bahía de Cochinos 2013
Other analyzes of marine currents and meteorological parameters, Cochinos Bay, Cuba
After obtaining the results of the current series by the program SD6000 (Norwegian), raw data
were processed with the Cuban program COMAR. This was realize in order to filter the series by
Doodson method to obtain the tidal and residual currents and other statistics.
Analysis of marine currents in the level of 5 m.
The tidal current level of 5 m showed movements in all directions, but closer to the shaft E - W
and elongated in the axis N - S (principal axis direction of the bay). Its intensity shows low
significance with a speed range from 0 to 4 cm / s (Fig. 1, left), low currents, the average speed
of the tidal current, filtered, was 0.18 cm/s (Table 1), with very low directional stability index
(3.44%) and poor correlation (R2 = -0.03) between the vectors u and v (Table 2).
Figure 1. Marine currents roses in 16 bearings at 5 m depth
Table 1. Statistical summary of the currents recorded in the level of 5 m.
Tidal current (5m)
Mean value (cm/sec)
Variance (cm2/sec2)
Deviation (cm/sec)
Standard error (cm/sec)
Residual Current (5 m)
Mean value (cm/sec)
Variance (cm2/sec2)
Deviation (cm/sec)
Standard error (cm/sec)
Summary Current (5 m)
Mean value (cm/sec)
Variance (cm2/sec2)
Deviation (cm/sec)
Standard error (cm/sec)
Zonal Current
-0.00
0.01
0.11
0.00
Zonal Current
0.67
0.62
0.79
0.03
Zonal Current
0.59
1.68
1.29
0.05
Southern current
-0.01
0.04
0.19
0.01
Southern current
-1.70
0.76
0.87
0.04
Southern current
-1.63
2.30
1.52
0.06
Module of V
0.18
0.02
0.12
0.01
Module of V
1.97
0.82
0.91
0.04
Module of V
2.34
1.50
1.22
0.05
Table 2. Other statistical analysis of measurements of currents, depth of 5 m
Other statistical analyses
Covariance between u and v series
Correlation between u and v series
kinetic energy of the stationary movement
kinetic energy of the non-stationary movement
Energy reason (stationary/non-stationary)
Total kinetic energy
Vector module current mean
Vector direction current mean
Tidal current
-0.00 cm/s
R2 = -0.03; P< 0.05
0.00 erg
0.08%
0.02 erg 99.92%
0.00
0.02erg
0.01 cm/s
191.53 grades
Residual Current
-0.38 cm/s
R2 = -0.56; P< 0.05
1.67 erg 70.75%
0.69 erg 29.25%
2.42
2.36 erg
1.83cm/s
158.51 grades
Summary Current
-0.71 cm/s
R2 = -0.36; P< 0.05
1.50 erg 43.02%
1.99 erg 56.98%
0.76
3.49 erg
1.73cm/s
160.22 grades
Directional stability index
Variability speed module
Stability of the speed module
Median speed module
Mode speed module
Speed quadratic mean of the non stationary movement
Speeds reason (not stationary/mean current)
3.44%
67.71%
32.29%
0.16 cm/s
0.11 cm/s
0.22 cm/s
35.12
92.57%
45.96%
54.04%
1.84m/s
1.58 cm/s
1.17 cm/s
0.64
74.04%
52.34%
47.66%
2.20 cm/s
1.92 cm/s
1.99cm/s
1.15
The results show a residual current hegemony (Fig. 1, center), predominantly in the SE - SSE
and SSW directions, with average intensity of 1.97 cm/s (Table 1), greater directional stability
index (92.57%) and the highest correlation (R 2 = -0.56) between the vectors u and v (Table 2).
Although this result could be related to the predominance of the NE winds and the physicalgeographical area where measurements were made, to our knowledge, the residual current
direction was determined by density or gradient currents, due to low surface salinities, with
vertical stratification UPS 32 to 35 in the first 2 meters deep. The salinity decreases towards the
north, where there are water by runoff and underground terrigenous discharge (Fig. 2).
Figure 2. Horizontal distribution of surface salinity (0.50 m)
Summary or total current, at 5 m (Fig. 1, right), showed a predominant direction SSE - SE, with
mean value of 2.34 cm/s (Table 1), and directional stability index of 74.04% (Table 2), bolstered
by the residual current.
Analysis of marine currents in the level of 15 m.
The tidal current (Fig. 3, left), at the level of 15 m, showed predominant directions in the
directions NW-NNW (flow) and SE-SSE (reflux), with greater intensity than that in the level of 5
m. The average speed of the tidal current, filtered, was 2.49 cm/s (Table 3), with very low
directional stability index (0.94%), and significant inverse correlation (R2 = -0.77) between the
vectors u and v (Table 4).
The residual current (Fig. 3, center), presented a predominance in the directions SE - SSE, with
average intensity of 3.71 cm / s (Table 3), directional stability index (96.52%) and higher
correlation (R2 = -0.87 ) between the vectors u and v (Table 4).
The summary or total current (Fig. 3, right) showed a predominant direction SE - SSE mean
value of 4.49 cm/s, greater than the average current at 5 m. The directional stability index was
76.60% (Table 4).
Figure 3. Marine currents roses in 16 bearings, at 15 m depth
Table 3. Statistical summary of the currents recorded in the level of 15 m.
Tidal current (15 m)
Mean value (cm/sec)
Variance (cm2/sec2)
Deviation (cm/sec)
Standard error (cm/sec)
Residual Current (15 m)
Mean value (cm/sec)
Variance (cm2/sec2)
Deviation (cm/sec)
Standard error (cm/sec)
Summary Current (15 m)
Mean value (cm/sec)
Variance (cm2/sec2)
Deviation (cm/sec)
Standard error (cm/sec)
Zonal Current
0
3.42
1.85
0.08
Zonal Current
2.12
1.23
1.11
0.05
Zonal Current
2.03
5.43
2.33
0.10
Southern current
0.02
7.01
2.65
0.11
Southern current
-2.89
3.41
1.85
0.08
Southern current
-2.78
11.69
3.42
0.14
Module of V
2.49
4.24
2.06
0.09
Module of V
3.71
3.70
1.92
0.08
Module of V
4.49
8.78
2.96
0.12
Table 4. Other statistical analysis of measurements of currents, depth of 15 m
Other statistical analyses
Covariance between u and v series
Correlation between u and v series
kinetic energy of the stationary movement
kinetic energy of the nonstationary movement
Energy reason (stationary / non-stationary)
Total kinetic energy
Vector module current mean
Vector direction current mean
Directional stability index
Variability speed module
Stability of the speed module
Median speed module
Mode speed module
Tidal current
-3.77 cm/sec
R2 = -0.77; P< 0.05
0.00 erg
0.01%
5.21 erg 99.99%
0.00
5.21 erg
0.02 cm/sec
2.46 grades
0.94%
82.78%
17.22%
1.93 cm/sec
0.82 cm/sec
Residual Current
-1.79 cm/sec
R2 = -0.87; P< 0.05
6.41 erg 73.40%
2.32 erg 26.60%
2.76
8.73 erg
3.58 cm/sec
143.73 grades
96.52%
51.90%
48.10%
3.37 cm/sec
2.69 cm/sec
Summary Current
-6.34 cm/sec
R2 = -0.80; P< 0.05
5.93 erg 40.90%
5.21 erg 59.10%
0.69
14.49 erg
3.44 cm/sec
143.79 grades
76.60%
65.93%
34.07%
3.80 cm/sec
2.41 cm/sec
Speed quadratic mean of the non stationary movement
speeds reason (not stationary / means current)
3.23 cm/sec
138.79
2.15 cm/sec
0.60
4.14 cm/sec
1.20
In general, the current in the first 5 meters deep was influenced by the density differences that
generated a movement of semi-estuarine circulation, at least for the NW area of the bay. At the
level of 15 m it was found a greater effect of the tidal current, reversing current, prevailing
residual current although. At both levels of depth, the maximum speed coincided with SE and
SSE directions, reinforcing reflux. The graphic anomalies (Fig. 5), shows higher speed (positive
anomalies or near the average) during the full moon (spring tides).
Figure 5. Variation of the speed and direction of marine currents in standardized anomalies (5
m), and start of phases of the moon.
8
Crescent
Moon
7
Full
Moon
Waning
Moon
4
Speed
Direction
6
5
3
2
4
3
1
2
0
1
-1
0
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
1
19 37 55 73 91 109 127 145 163 181 199 217 235 253 271 289 307 325 343 361 379 397 415 433 451 469 487 505 523 541 559
Meteorological parameters
From a total of 116 hurricanes from 1880 through 2010, 25 of them (22%) have directly affected
the Cochinos Bay, 20 of them with categories of SS1 and SS2 (According to the Saffir-Simpson
scale) with 118-177 km/h winds and 6 maximum intensity hurricane (SS3, SS4 and SS5), two
SS3 category (winds of 178-209 km/h), two SS4 category (winds of 210-250 km/h) and one SS5
category (≥ 251 km/h). Recently, Gustav Hurricane (SS4), affected the western region on August
30, 2008 (Fig. 6 and 7), generating heavy rainfall that affected the salinity and hydrodynamic of
Cochinos Bay. The center (eye) of this hurricane was localized in 160 km west of Cochinos Bay.
Hurricane Gustav crossed transversely of the western region, with SS4 category,
affecting the Cochinos Bay (Fig. 7) with tropical storm winds and waves of up to 1.25 m
in height. The heavy rainfall (> 150 mm in 24 hours), generated strong runoff.
Figures 6 The image shows the coverage area and the distribution of the rainfall (inches) and
atmospheric pressure (millibars).
Figure 7. The image shows the location of the eye of Hurricane Gustav (SS4), 159 km east of
Cochinos Bay, the intensity of the wind and wave height reached in the bay.
Table 5 Data averaged meteorological variables according to months, obtained from the
meteorological station at Playa Girón (Cochinos Bay)
Value means (30 years)
Jan. Feb
Mar Apr May Jun Jul
Aug Sep Oct
Nov Dec
predominant wind (direction)
NE
ENE SE
SE
SE
SE
ESE ESE SE
ENE NE
NE
wind speed (km/h)
11
13
14
14
13
12
11
11
11
10
12
12
Cold Fronts (number)
3
3
3
2
1
0
0
0
0
1
3
3
Days with squalls
0
0
1
2
9
17
12
15
18
16
5
0
Days with fog
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Cloudiness (eighth)
3
3
3
3
4
5
5
5
5
4
4
3
Average rainfall (mm)
43
18
32
14
76
238
85
120
250
246
64
21
Relative humidity (%)
81
78
78
77
81
83
82
83
85
85
83
81
Average temperature (35 years)
maximum air temperature
27.1 27.0 28.3 29.5 30.1 30.7 31.6 31.5 31.1 30.6 28.9 27.8
mean air temperature
21.4 21.2 23.0 24.4 25.9 26.5 27.0 26.8 26.3 25.5 23.5 21.9
minimum air temperature
15.9 15.4 17.4 18.8 21.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 21.5 19.2 16.8
Hurricanes (% occurrence 167 years)
winds 100 to 150 km/h
0
0
0
0
0
3.6
3.6
10.7 14.3 13.7 0
0
winds 151 to 200 km/h
0
0
0
0
0
0.0
0.0
7.1
10.9 11.1 0
0
winds > 200 km/h
0
0
0
0
0
0.0
0.0
3.6
10.5 10.9 0
0
Table 6. Wave height and probability percentage (%) according to the direction of the waves
generated by the wind, NW area of Cochinos Bay.
Height of the wave N
of 0.1 to 1.0 m
of 1.1 to 3 m
≥3m
NE E
SE S
SW W NW
94 92 85 85 88 98
6 7
9 13 11 2
0 1
1 2 1 0
98 95
2 5
0 0