Key techniques for hemp cultivation in South and North part

FIBRA summer school, Catania, Italy; July 21-27, 2013
Key techniques for hemp
cultivation in south and north
part of China
Fei-Hu Liu
（Key scientist for industrial hemp cultivation,
China National Network of Modern Agroindustry Technology Research）
Main areas for industrial hemp in China
seed hemp
fiber hemp
North province Heilongjiang
and south province Yunnan
as our examples today
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Main points
1. Climatic features
2. Farm land quality and soil preparation
3. Fertilization
4. Cultivars
5. Sowing time, density and population
6. Weeds, pests and disease control
7. Harvest
8. Discussion---the effects of P and K
depends on the soil nutrient level
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1. Climatic features
Table 1. Main climatic parameters* within the growth
season of hemp (from May to Sept)
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Day length (hr)
17
20° N
50° N
16
15
14
13
12
4
5
6
7
8
9
Month
Fig. 1 Day length variation pattern in south (20° N) and north (50° N)
part of China during hemp growth period from April through to Sept.
Heilongjiang Pr: Haerbin 45.4°N, Keshan County 48°N；
Yunnan Pr: Kunming 25°N, Xishuangbanna 22°N;
Guangxi Pr: Nanning 22.5°N
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2 Soil quality and farm land preparation
2.1 Soil nutrition status
Table 2 Soil nutrient level
Surprisingly, the nutrients content
shows no significant difference
between the north and south part of
China, exception for soil pH.
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2.2 Farm land preparation
Table 3 Farm land preparation
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Land feature
Yunnan
Heilongjiang
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Land preparation
Heilongjiang
Yunnan
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3 Fertilization management
3.1 Basal fertilizers
Table 4 Basal fertilizers
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3.2 Top dressing
Table 5 Top dressing
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4 Main cultivars
Table 6 Main cultivars of industrial hemp
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• Hemp is sensitive to photoperiod, therefore,
Cultivars originated from southern area, grown in the
northern area:
growth duration elongated,
flowering time delayed, or even do not flower,
no or little seeds produced,
but biomass and fiber yields enhanced.
YM 1, south originated, grown at Daqing, Heilongjiang
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Local cultivar
While cultivars originated
from northern area,
grown in the southern
area：
growth duration evidently
shortened,
march less growth vigor,
very low biomass and fiber
yields,
flowering and seed setting
very early result in low
yield of seeds.
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Local cultivar
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5 Sowing time, density and population
Table 7 Sowing time, density and population
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Scene of seed sowing
Heilongjiang
Yunnan
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6 Weeds, pests and diseases control
6.1 Main Pests
Table 8 Main pests
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Important
pests
inchworm
Cutworm
longhorn beetle
flea beetle
aphids
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stem borer
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6.2 Main diseases
Table 9 Main diseases
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white spot disease
apical wilt
Important
diseases
spot mildew
downy mildew
brown spot
common leaf spot
褐斑病
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6.3 Main weeds
Table 10 Main weeds
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Alternanthera philoxeroides
Important
weeds
胜红蓟Ageratum conyzoides
稗草Echinochloa crusgallis
马唐Digitaria sanguinalis
龙葵Solanum nigrum
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婆婆纳 Veronica polita
灰菜Chenopodium album
狗牙根Cynodon dactylon
苣荬菜Sonchus arvensis
狗尾草Setaria viridis
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马齿苋Portulaca oleracea
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卷茎蓼Polygonum convolvulus
• For controlling the pests, diseases and
weeds, comprehensive measures are applied:
• agricultural control such as crop rotation,
physical control such as light trap, biological
control such as trichogrammatid for stem
borer, as well as chemical control.
Trichogrammatids used
to kill stem borer
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7 Harvest of fiber hemp
Table 11 Harvest of fiber hemp
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Yunnan
Heilongjiang
Hemp at
harvest time
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Yunnan
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Hemp
harvest
Heilongjiang
Yunnan
Dew retting
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Hemp scutching
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• In LuAn, AnHui Province (middle east of China),
from late June to the 1st 10 days of July, stems
are cut by manpower, top branches and leaves
removed, graded by the diameter and sheafed,
fully sundried on a ground, peeled manually in
the leisure time from Autumn to next Spring.
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8 Discussion---the effects of P and K
depends on the soil nutrient level
• It is well know that bast fiber plant as hemp
needs big amount of N and K, but little
amount of P.
• Next page show the NPK content in hemp
plant tested from large number of samples
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Table 12 N, P, K content in hemp plant
The NPK ratio in hemp plant is 1: 0.18: 1.81 1: 0.2: 2
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• How about the nutrients (fertilizers)
we applied and the effects of the
nutrients?
• We take experiments at Daqing
(Heilongjiang) and Kunming (Yunnan)
as examples:
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Table 13 Nutrients applied for the field experiment
at Daqing, Heilongjiang
Ratio of applied NPK (element) is 3.1: 1: 3.8
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The yield increasing effect of N at Daqing
Standardized amount of N applied
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The yield increasing effect of P at Daqing
Standardized amount of P applied
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The yield increasing effect of K at Daqing
Standardized amount of K applied
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The effects of P and K are not so good
as expected, why?
Table 14 Soil nutrients content
(Daqing, Heilongjiang)
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What is the situation at Kunming?
Table 15 Nutrients applied for the field
experiment at Kunming, Yunnan
Ratio of applied NPK (element) is 6.9:1: 3.8
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The yield increasing effect of N at Kuming
Standardized amount of N applied
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The yield increasing effect of P at Kunming
Standardized amount of P applied
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The yield increasing effect of K at Kunming
Standardized amount of K applied
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How to understand the effects of P
and K at Kunming?
Table 16 Soil nutrients content
(Kunming, Yunnan)
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Conclusion:
• The soil has abundant level of P and K
nutrients, therefore, the effect of
applied P is not visible, while the
applied K shows negative effect to the
hemp bast yield.
• What should we do?
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