Caton Biodiversity Report - Kioloa Coastal Campus

THE BIODIVERSITY
OF THE KIOLOA COASTAL CAMPUS
OF THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
Judith M. Caton
31 July 2007
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GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE KIOLOA COASTAL CAMPUS
Before the arrival of the first Europeans in Australia the South Coast of NSW supported a large
Aboriginal population (Mulvaney and Kaminga 1999). Evidence of their presence and the bounty the
people enjoyed can be seen in the middens that dot the coastline. The variety of food plants still
available in the area also supports this hypothesis (Caton and Hardwick – unpublished data).
In 1770, Captain James Cook and the crew of the “Endeavour” were the first Europeans to visit the
Kioloa region. Settlement in the area began in the 1830s and the property that is now the Kioloa
Coastal Campus was purchased by William Carr in 1842 (Hamon 2001). The property was then
purchased by William Yates and John Evans in 1854, who farmed it until 1857 when Evans bought out
Yates. The property was sold again in 1910 to the Mackenzie family for spelling the horses and
bullocks used in the logging industry and to grow fodder for these animals. In 1929 the land was
purchased by the Moore [London] family, and they continued clearing and development of the farmed
area as well as logging the forest.
The property was given to The Australian National University (ANU) by Miss Joy London in 1975 in
memory of her mother, Edith. The Deed of Gift specified conditions for maintenance of the property in
perpetuity, stressing that it was to be used for teaching and research in the field sciences. The property
became the Edith and Joy London Foundation and the ANU agreed to “preserve the land in its entirety,
in its natural and present state as far as possible, consistent with the purposes for which it was given”.
The property is now known as the Kioloa Coastal Campus of the ANU.
The Property
The Kioloa Coastal Campus, which covers an area of 348 ha, is located immediately north of the village
of Kioloa (Lot 1; D.P. 782318 County of St Vincent. Zoning Rural 1A: Part 7 Environmental Protection,
Coastal)―Figure 1. It extends from the mean high water mark on the beach to the foothills of the
Murramarang Range, with 1.5 km of beach front forming the eastern boundary of the property. The
northern boundary of 2.5 km is adjacent cleared land of private holdings and the Kioloa Waste Depot.
The southern boundary is adjacent to a small area of privately owned land and the rest is either crown
land around the entrance of Butlers Lagoon or Murramarang National Park, which also runs along the
western boundary (Figure 1).
The Geology (after Ash and Helman 1990)
The bedrock is largely Permian sandstone of the Shoalhaven Group, which outcrops as boulders and
forms the low cliffs that follow the western boundary. The ridge forming the north-east divide has a
capping of essexite, which is an intrusive alkaline gabbro.
The soils vary with the nature and the depth of the bedrock. On sandstone, the profile passes from a
dark, sandy ‘O’ horizon through a sandy grey leached ‘A’ horizon to a mottled grey ‘B’ horizon, with
quartz pebbles and sandstone fragments throughout. Soils on sandstone vary from depths of 30 cm on
the steeper slopes to more than a metre on the gentler slopes. On essexite the soils are shallower with
depths of 20 – 30 cm and the dark organic layer quickly gives way to brown and grey clays.
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Soil and water drainage are hindered by clays and iron-rich layers in the ‘B’ horizon. Ash and Helman
(1990) recognized three soil water regimes in the forested areas which have a direct effect on the
vegetation. These are:
(1) sandstone soils on slopes with water available at depth.
(2) gullies and depressions in the sandstone with the water table near the surface.
(3) the essexite ridge with limited water availability.
The dunes at the back of the beach and around Butlers Lagoon are formed from black sands with high
salt concentrations that slows microbial activity and thus the breakdown of organic matter (Keith 2004).
The Climate
Detailed records of climatic conditions, apart from rainfall are not available for the Kioloa Coastal
Campus, but there are Bureau of Meteorology weathers stations to the north at Ulladulla (latitude
35º22’ S longitude 150º29’ E) and to the south at Batemans Bay (latitude 35º43’ S longitude 150º11’ E).
Data from these stations is available for the past 15 years (Tables 1a–1c). The Campus is located on
the coast midway between Ulladulla and Batemans Bay at latitude 35º32’ S longitude 150º22’ E.
Comparison of the data from these two weather stations will give an indication of the weather conditions
on the Campus.
Annually Batemans Bay is drier than Ulladulla (Table 1a, Chart 1a). The wettest period at Ulladulla is
from February to July in contrast to Batemans Bay where the wettest months are from October–
February (Chart 1a). Comparison of the annual mean maximum temperatures shows that there is little
difference between Ulladulla and Batemans Bay (Table 1b); however, in Batemans Bay it is on average
warmer from December to April and colder in the winter months compared with Ulladulla (Charts 1b
and 1c). Wind speeds are higher in the afternoons in both stations (Table 1c, Charts 1d and 1e). This
is particularly noticeable at Batemans Bay where the mornings are much calmer (Chart 1e). The
differences seen in the records from the two weathers stations is probably a reflection of their locations.
Ulladulla AWS is on a headland, while the station at the Catalina Country is near the sea but at a lower
elevation.
On Kioloa Coastal Campus the beachfront and the agricultural land receive the worst of the weather,
especially the winds. Prevailing winds in late summer and early spring are north-easterly and are not
as strong as the from the south-westerlies that blow from September to January. The thick vegetation
of forests and the steep sides of the gullies protect against extremes of temperature and dehydrating
winds.
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Tables 1a―c and Charts 1a―e. Comparison of climatic conditions from weather recording stations at Ulladulla (north of
Kioloa) and Batemans Bay (south of Kioloa) for the years 1991-2006. The Kioloa Coastal Campus is approximately midway
between these two weather stations on the south coast of New South Wales. Data from the Bureau of Meteorology,
Australia.
Table 1a. Comparison of the mean monthly rainfall (mm) at Ulladulla and Batemans Bay.
Jan
Feb
Mar
April
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Annual
1. Ulladulla (site―Ulladulla AWS, 35º22’ S 150º29’ E)
87.3
98.4
99.1
87.6
120.6
119.2
79.7
58.2
88.4
76.2
79.0
59.4
1054.0
2. Batemans Bay (site―Catalina Country Club, 34º32, S 150º22’ E)
87.2
93.3
67.4
68.4
67.2
68.5
44.2
56.3
69.6
98.2
91.3
78.3
892.1
Chart 1a. Comparison of the mean monthly rainfall (mm) at Ulladulla and Batemans Bay
140
120
80
Ulladulla
Batemans Bay
60
40
20
be
Oc r
to
No ber
ve
mb
D e er
ce
mb
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us
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Se
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Ju
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Au
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Ju
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Ma
Ap
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Fe ry
br
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Ma
rc h
0
Ja
n
Rainfall (mm)
100
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Table 1b. Comparison of the mean monthly temperatures (ºC) at Ulladulla and Batemans Bay.
Jan
Feb
Mar
April
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Annual
1. Ulladulla (site―Ulladulla AWS, 35º22’ S 150º29’ E)
Maximum
24.0
24.5
23.4
21.6
19.0
Minimum
17.0
17.6
16.2
13.8
11.6
17.0
9.6
16.4
8.8
17.3
9.0
19.0
10.6
20.6
12.1
21.4
13.7
23.0
15.6
20.6
13.0
2. Batemans Bay (site―Catalina Country Club, 34º32, S 150º22’ E)
Maximum
25.6
25.6
24.3
22.4
19.7
17.8
Minimum
15.4
15.8
14.0
10.4
7.5
4.9
17.1
3.9
18.3
4.6
20.3
7.4
21.8
9.6
22.7
11.8
24.4
13.8
21.7
9.9
Charts 1b and 1c. Comparison of the mean monthly temperatures (ºC) at Ulladulla and Batemans Bay.
Ulladulla
Temperature (degrees Celsius)
30
25
20
Maximum
15
Minimum
10
5
be
Oc r
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No ber
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mb
D e er
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mb
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0
Batemans Bay
25
20
Maximum
15
Minimum
10
5
be
Oc r
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No ber
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mb
D e er
ce
mb
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us
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Se
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Ju
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Au
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Ju
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Ma
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Ap
r
rc h
ry
Ma
ua
Fe
br
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0
Ja
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Temperature (degrees Celsius)
30
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Table 1c. Comparison of the mean monthly wind speeds (km/h) at Ulladulla and Batemans Bay.
Jan
Feb
Mar
April
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Annual
1. Ulladulla (site―Ulladulla AWS, 35º22’ S 150º29’ E)
9am
13.9
13.6
12.7
13.2
12.9
3pm
19.8
19.2
18.7
17.9
16.9
13.6
16.3
13.3
16.0
13.5
18.0
14.6
19.7
14.6
20.0
15.1
21.5
14.1
20.1
13.7
18.7
2. Batemans Bay (site―Catalina Country Club, 34º32, S 150º22’ E)
9am
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.9
2.7
3.4
3pm
12.4
11.3
10.4
9.5
7.2
7.7
2.8
8.2
3.6
12.8
4.8
14.4
5.4
14.2
4.7
13.6
3.6
12.1
3.5
11.2
Charts 1d and 1e. Comparison of the mean monthly wind speeds (km/h) at Ulladulla and Batemans Bay.
Ulladulla
Wind speed (km/h)
25
20
15
9am
3pm
10
5
r
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m
De
No
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Batemans Bay
16
12
10
9am
8
3pm
6
4
2
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be
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be
De
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No
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be
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Ju
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0
Ja
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Wind speed (km/h)
14
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The Vegetation―a general overview
The 348 ha of the Kioloa Coastal Campus can be divided into three major zones (Dumaresq 1997;
Teding van Berkhout 2003) which reflect the history of the property, through Aboriginal occupation,
European settlement to the present (Figure 1).
Moving from east to west the zones are:
Zone 1. The coastal zone, which covers an area of 40 ha, includes the beach front from north of
Nundera Point to the entrance of Butlers Lagoon, the dunes and the lagoon itself. The eastern
boundary of Zone 1 follows the mean high water mark along the beach front (Figure 2). This zone
extends westward to the to the artificial boundary created by Murramarang Road (Figure 1). The
coastal zone contains a number of significant Aboriginal sites including the Nundera Point midden.
There is a complex mosaic of vegetation within the coastal zone including an important remnant of
the endangered bangalay or south coast sands dry sclerophyll forest (Keith 2004; New south Wales
Department of Environment and Climate Change 2006―Appendix 2).
Zone 2. The agricultural zone or cleared grazing land extends 700 m from Murramarang Rd. to the
lowest slopes of the Murramarang Range. The permanent buildings on the property are found within
this zone that covers an area of approximately 90 ha (Figure 1). Eighty hectares within Zone 2 were
cleared for pasture, with the remainder reserved for rough grazing. The perimeter of Zone 2 is
marked by a kangaroo fence that was constructed in 2003. A wildlife corridor on the southern border
of the agricultural land stretches from Butlers Lagoon to the forest of Zone 3. The agricultural zone
contains items of both Aboriginal and European heritage value.
Zone 3. The forest zone covers the remaining 208 ha of the property. Its western boundary adjoins the
Murramarang National Park. The land is steep with deep gullies, dropping from a sandstone
escarpment near the western boundary. The eastern part of the zone contains the entire catchment
of Butlers Creek and at least half of the catchment of Prossers Creek which drains into the northern
tip of Butlers Lagoon (Figures 1 and 2). A tributary of Cockwhy Creek drains from the western side of
the escarpment (Figure 1). The more accessible parts of this zone were logged (Figure 1). The
forest zone also contains sites of both Aboriginal and European heritage value, and the vegetation is
complex mosaic of different communities.
Each of the three zones is characterised by groups of different plant communities that are used as a
basis for describing the biodiversity of the Kioloa Coastal Campus (Table 2). The types of plant
communities described by Keith (2004) were used as a basis for classifying the vegetation on the Kioloa
Coastal Campus.
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Table 2. Plant communities found within the boundaries of the Kioloa Coastal Campus.
Zones
Plant Communities
Zone 1―the coastal zone
(Appendices 1 and 2)
1. Beach front
(1) Maritime grassland)
(2) Thickets behind the grassland
(3) Banksia forest at the summit of the main dune
2. Headland heath of Nundera Point
3. Coastal swamp to the north and west of Nundera Point
4. Butlers Lagoon
(1) She-oaks and reeds at the entrance to Butlers Lagoon
(2) Bangalay sand forest on eastern bank of the lagoon
(3) Remnant of southern lowland wet sclerophyll forest on
the western side of Butlers Lagoon
(4) She-oak forest at the northern end of the lagoon
Zone 2―the agricultural zone
(Appendix 3)
1. Cleared pasture
2. Remnant rainforest along the banks of Butlers Creek
3. Remnant vegetation along the bed of Prossers Creek
4. Forest in the north-eastern corner of Zone 2
Zone 3― the forest zone
(Appendix 4)
1.Cleared grassy woodland
2. Forest of the dry rocky slopes on the southern boundary
3. Southern warm temperate rainforest of the deep gullies
4. Southern lowland wet sclerophyll forest of the gully sides
5. South east dry sclerophyll forest
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BIODIVERSITY OF THE KIOLOA COASTAL CAMPUS
PART I―VEGETATION
ZONE 1―the coastal zone
Despite its small area, the coastal zone is ecologically complex. It consists of a mosaic of plant
communities growing on unconsolidated sands. The types of plants growing in different areas are
dependent on salinity (exposure to salt spray) and the effects of prevailing winds. Details of the plant
species recorded from the coastal zone are found in Appendix 1.
The plant communities in Zone 1 are as follows:
1. Beach front
The beach slopes gently upwards to the main dune which runs parallel to the water-line from Nundera
Point to the entrance to Butlers Lagoon (Figures 1 and 5). This area receives the full force of
prevailing winds and salt spray.
Figure 3. Portion of the beach front of the Kioloa Coastal Campus showing the
succession of vegetation from maritime grassland to banksia forest at the summit of
the main dune. The photograph was taken from Nundera Point.
Three types of vegetation extend from the high water mark to the summit of the dune (Appendix 1.1):
(1) There is a maritime grassland closest to the sea (Figure. 3). The plant species characteristic of
this area have long root systems that help to stabilize the sand, for example spinifex (Spinifex
sericeus), goats-foot (Ipomoea brasiliensis), pig-face (Carpobrotus glaucescens) and the grey
saltbush (Atriplex cinerea). Several other species found on the Kioloa beach were also introduced
for sand stabilization (Appendix 1.1).
(2) Immediately behind the grassland are dense thickets of coast wattle (Acacia sophorae), coast
bearded-heath (Leucopogon parviflorus) and the spiny-headed mat-rush (Lomandra longifolia)
(Figure 4). The vegetation on the exposed face of the dune is affected by the prevailing winds
(Figure 3).
(3) A narrow band of coast banksias (Banksia integrifolia) grows on the summit of the main dune
(Figure 3). Behind the dune numerous blotched hyacinth orchids (Dipodium punctatum) flower in
early summer on the sunny, sheltered edges of the banksia grove.
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Figure 4. Dense thickets of coast wattle, coast bearded-heath, spiny-headed matrush and boobialla behind the maritime grassland. The grey-green of the taller
coast banksias can be seen behind this dense vegetation.
2. Headland heath on Nundera Point
A similar group of coast banksias is found on the highest part of Nundera Point (Figures 2 and 5).
Coast bearded-heath, coast wattle, spiny-headed mat-rush, pig-face, coast rosemary (Westringia
fruticosa), boobialla (Myoporum boninense) and white corea (Corea alba) are also found on the Point
(Appendix 1.2). The plant cover on Nundera Point is heath-like due to the effects if the prevailing
winds and salt spray. Ground cover is patchy under the shrubs, with dune thistles (Actites
megalocarpa), scurvy weed (Commelina cyanea), native spinach (Tetragonia tetragonoides) and the
sorrel (Oxalis rubens) found in addition to spiny-headed mat-rush and pig-face (Appendix 1.2). The
thick shrub layer provides protection for a large Aboriginal midden on both sides of the Point.
Figure 5. Nundera Point at the northern end of Zone 1 of the Kioloa Coastal Campus.
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3. Coastal swamp to the north and west of Nundera Point
The edges of the coastal swamp are bordered by she-oaks (Allocasuarina paludosa) and coast
banksias which form dense thickets where exposed to the prevailing winds (Figure 6). There is a small
lake with a creek (Shelly Creek) opening onto the beach between Nundera Point and the northern
Campus boundary. A number of eucalypts and banksias are found in this area, as well as shrubs and
vines (Appendix 1.3). In the lower parts of the swamp, plants tend to be more water-tolerant than those
found around the slightly raised banks (Figure 6).
Figure 6. Two faces of the coastal swamp. Top: Silkpod vines (Parsonsia
straminea), swamp tea-trees (Melaleuca ericifolia) and saw sedge (Gahnia sp.) in
the centre of the swamp. Bottom: Sea rushes (Juncus kraussii) and she-oaks
(Allocasuarina paludosa) border the swamp at the entrance to Shelly Creek.
A remnant of the swamp vegetation on the other side of Murramarang Road in the north-eastern
corner of Zone 2 (Figure 2), grades into a drier eucalypt forest that has been partially cleared and is
grazed by cattle (Appendices 1.3 and 3.4).
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4. Butlers Lagoon
Butlers Lagoon extends behind the dune at the southern end of Zone 1 (Figures 1 and 2). The water
in the lagoon is brackish; it receives fresh water from its catchment in Zone 3 of the Campus and tidal
inflow especially at times of king tides. The region surrounding the lagoon is one of the most
significant areas of the property as it contains a mature stand of the endangered bangalay sand forest
(also known as south coast sands dry sclerophyll forest―Keith, 2004) (Appendix 2).
(1) Grey she-oaks grow close to the water at the entrance to Butlers Lagoon (Figure. 7). Underneath
these trees are a variety of reeds (for example Juncus kraussii and Phragmites australis) with
large patches of sea celery (Apium prostratum). Immediately behind this region of more watertolerant plants are a range of shrubs, including two species of Pittosporum, the native fuchsia
(Corea reflexa), the mock olive (Notolea longifolia) and sea berry saltbush (Rhagodia
candolleana) (Appendix 1.4)
Figure 7. Entrance to Butlers Lagoon with grey she-oaks
(Casuarina glauca), reeds and sedges growing around the
water’s edge.
(2) The stand of bangalay sand forest is located on the eastern bank of Butlers Lagoon, between the
water and the summit of the main dune, which protects it from the salt spray and prevailing winds
(Figure 8). This forest extends from the coastal swamp in the north to the lagoon in the south. A
small area, which was converted into a car park with a pathway to the beach, still contains a
number of large bangalays (Eucalyptus botryoides), but the ground cover has largely been
destroyed by traffic and the dumping of roadside refuse by the Shoalhaven Council. In its
southern extremity the size of the bangalays and banksias suggest that this area has never been
logged (Figures 9 and 10).
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Figure 8. Bangalay forest on the eastern bank of Butlers
Lagoon, which is sheltered from the wind and salt spray
by the main dune.
Figure 9. Large old-man banksias (Banksia serrata), like
this specimen, are typical of bangalay sand forests.
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Figure 10. Large bangalay (Eucalyptus botryoides) growing on the eastern
bank of Butlers Lagoon. This tree is host to several snake orchids
(Cymbidium sauve), shown in detail in the lower photograph.
The older bangalays have an epiphytic snake orchid (Cymbidium sauve) growing on them
(Figure 10). Old-man banksias (Banksia serrata) are typical of this forest (Figure 9). The
undergrowth in this part of the bangalay sand forest is relatively sparse with scattered shrubs and
the odd burrawang (Macrozamia communis). Several species of vine are attached to the trees
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and shrubs (Appendix 1.4). The bangalay sand forest grades into an area of southern lowland
wet sclerophyll forest which is characterised by spotted gums (Corymbia maculata).
(3) The vegetation on the western side of Butlers Lagoon, between the water and the road, is a
remnant of southern lowland wet sclerophyll forest. In the past this forest was part of the
southern lowland wet sclerophyll forest that is found along on the southern boundary of the
property, from Murramarang road to the summit of Don Moir Hill (Figure 1). The main trees are
spotted gums (Corymbia maculata) with a dense understorey of burrawangs (Macrozamia
communis). This is small area is floristically rich (Appendix 1.5). Several species of orchids
flower at different times of the year, for example nodding greenhoods (Pterostylus nutans) and
blotched hyacinth orchids (Dipodium punctatum) (Figure 11). Water from the Butlers Creek
catchment drains into this part of the lagoon (Figure 1).
Figure 11. The blotched hyacinth orchid (Dipodium
punctatum). Photograph R. J. Hardwick.
(4) The land around the northern end of the lagoon is very swampy and is covered with a forest of
grey she-oaks. The ground beneath them is covered with a dense layer of dead foliage that has
largely inhibited plant growth. This regrowth of she-oaks is approximately 30-years old as the
land was grazed prior to the ANU owning the property. Prossers Creek empties into the northern
tip of Butlers Lagoon (Figure 1).
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ZONE 2―the agricultural zone
Zone 2 was cleared for grazing and growing crops. It is divided into two parts by a low ridge that joins
the foothills of the Murramarang Range (Figure 1). The Avenue, the access road to the property, runs
along this ridge. The main buildings are located to the north of the Avenue (Figures 1 and 12).
Figure 12. Part of the northern paddock looking southwards towards the buildings on the
Avenue. The bed of Prossers Creek is marked by the rushes (Juncus kraussii).
Photograph S. Jarvis.
Water from run-off and rain accumulates in the low-lying areas surrounding Butlers Creek to the south
and the remnants of two creeks to the north (Figures 1 and 13). A kangaroo fence, constructed in 2003,
now marks the perimeter of this zone. The dams which provide water for the property are near the
foothills in Zone 2 (Figure 2).
Figure 13. View south-eastwards overlooking Butlers Creek and the south
paddock. Water accumulates in low lying areas between the central essexite
ridge and the creek. Tussock grass is visible in the foreground.
The plants in Zone 2 largely reflect the influence of European agricultural activity on the property
(Appendix 3.1). Four types of vegetation can be identified in Zone 2.
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1. Cleared pasture
In the cleared pasture white clover (Trifolium repens) and introduced grasses (rye Lolium sp. and
kikuyu Pennisetum clandestinum) cover most of the area. The pasture is grazed by cattle and large
mobs of eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus). The kangaroos are very selective in their
grazing which has resulted in an increase in the amount of tussock grass (Poa sp.), especially to the
northern paddocks (Figures 13 and 14). The overgrowth of tussock grass is a serious fire hazard (S.
Teding van Berkhout pers. com.). A number of noxious weeds grow in Zone 2 (Appendix 3.1;
Figure 15).
Figure 14. Heavy grazing by kangaroos has reduced the more-nutritious pasture plants and allowed growth
of less-palatable tussock grass (Poa sp.) and prickly bearded-heath (Leucopogon juniperinum) which can be
seen in the foreground. Red flower-spikes on a large specimen of the aloe (Aloe ferox) are visible behind the
kangaroos. Aloes were planted as windbreaks around the homestead.
2. Remnant rainforest along the banks of Butlers Creek
Butlers Creek is edged by a rainforest remnant that is fenced to exclude cattle. The fenced area
contains lilly pillies (Acmenia smithii), black wattles (Acacia mearnsii), native raspberries (Rubus
rosifolius) and bracken (Pteridium esculentum) (Appendix 3.2; Figure 15).
Figure 15. Arum lilies (Zantedeschia aethiopicum) and blackberries (Rubus ulmifolius), growing below a
introduced coral tree (Erythrina sp.), are two of the weeds found on the Campus. The remnant rainforest
along the banks of Butlers Creek can be seen in the background.
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3. Remnant vegetation along the bed of Prossers Creek
In the northern paddock the path of Prossers Creek is marked by rushes (Juncus kraussii) and
isolated lilly pillies (Acmenia smithii). The creek branches into two with the northern branch
entering the swamp and the southern flowing into flow into a drain that passes under
Murramarang Road and then into the northern tip of Butlers Lagoon (Figure 1).
Figure 16. Prossers Creek drains water from the northern half of the
property emptying it into the northern tip of Butlers lagoon. The
creek is lined with swamp paperbarks (Melaleuca ericifolia) and grey
she-oaks (Casuarina glauca).
4. Forest in the north-east corner of Zone 2
In the north-eastern corner of Zone 2 there is a section of open forest and a small area of swamp
(Figures and 2). The forest was probably logged in the past and now the undergrowth is grazed by
cattle and kangaroos leaving relatively unpalatable grasses and small shrubs (Appendix 3.4).
Eucalypts growing here include bangalays (Eucalyptus botryoides), spotted gums (Corymbia
maculata), blackbutt (E. pilularis) and a stringy bark (Eucalyptus sp.). Grey casuarinas (Casuarina
glauca) line the creek before it passes under Murramarang Road (Figure 16). Several orchids flower
in this wooded area (Appendix 3.4).
21
ZONE 3―the forest zone
The forest zone covers the remaining western section of the property (Figures 1 and 2). It too contains
a complex of different plant communities that can be seen in the aerial photographs (Figure 2). Various
parts of the forest were logged until the late 1970s.
The complete drainage of Butlers Creek originates in the sandstone escarpment that runs along the
western boundary of the property (Figure 1). The other drainage into the Butlers Lagoon, from the
region known as Prossers Gully, comes from the northern spur of the escarpment (Figure 1). Any
activity that effects drainage and water quality in these creek systems will have a direct impact on the
lagoon. A tributary of Cockwhy Creek originates on the north-western side of the escarpment
(Figure 1).
1. Cleared grassy woodland
Logging was heaviest on the lowest slopes where the trees are much smaller in diameter than the
large mature trees in steeper gullies (Figure 17). This has created a more open canopy with
undergrowth dominated by dense thickets of orange thorn (Citriobatus pauciflorus), black thorn
(Bursaria spinulosa) and prickly bearded-heath (Leucopogon juniperinum), with a ground cover of
grasses (Appendix 4.1). Native cherries (Exocarpus cupressiformis) are common in this part of
Zone 3.
Figure 17. Area of cleared forest on the lower slopes of Zone 3. The trees are
mainly small spotted gums (Corymbia maculata) with thickets of orange thorn
(Citrobiatus pauciflorus) and prickly bearded-heath (Leucopogon juniperinum)
underneath.
Despite the logging, this part of Zone 3 is floristically rich (Appendix 4.1). The ground cover contains
lilies, a wide range of orchid species (Figure 18), grasses and herbs (Appendix 4.1). Some of the
older wattle and eucalypts have mistletoe growing on their branches.
A small patch of open grassland where mound springs come to the surface is found near the first
tributaries of Butlers Creek (Figure 1). This area is water-logged for long periods after rain. The
larger springs are surrounded by saw sedge (Gahnia melanocarpa). Native violets, orchids and
cranes-bill flower in the grass at different times of the year (Appendix 4.1).
22
Figure 18. The tiger orchid (Diuris sulphea) found in the open woodland of
Zone 3.
2. Forest of the dry rocky slopes on the southern boundary
The rocky slopes of the southern boundary, which are littered with sandstone outcrops, increase in
altitude to the top of Don Moir Hill, the highest point on the property (Figure 1). The main species of
eucalypt found in this region is the spotted gum (Corymbia maculata). On the eastern slope of Don
Moir Hill, burrawangs (Macrozamia communis) grow beneath the spotted gums (Figure 19). These
are large cycads with their trunks projecting above the ground indicating their advanced age. Ground
cover tends to be sparse on the rocky ground (Appendix 4.2). Several species of vine are found
growing in this section of Zone 3, including the wonga-wonga vine (Pandorea pandorana) (Figure 20).
Figure 19. Vegetation and terrain at the top of Don Moir Hill.
A forest of black she-oaks (Allocasuarina littoralis) covers the western slope of Don Moir Hill. A thick
layer of fallen foliage from the she-oaks inhibits the growth of ground cover under the trees.
23
Figure 20. Flowers of the wonga-wonga vine (Pandorea pandorana).
3. Southern warm temperate rainforest of the deep gullies
Butlers and Prossers creeks, with their tributaries, run through the bottom of steep gullies (Figures 1
and 2) where they are surrounded by southern warm temperate rainforest. The terrain and the
density of the vegetation have largely protected the rainforests from logging (Figure 21).
Figure 21. Mature rainforest filling the gullies at the base of the
sandstone escarpment that runs parallel to the western boundary of the
Campus.
In the mature stands of rainforest there is little ground cover under the lilly pillies (Acmenia smithii),
bolwarras (Eupomatia laurina), tree ferns (Dicksonia antarctica and Cyathea australis), sandpaper
Figures (Ficus coronata) and cabbage tree palms (Livistonia australis) (Appendix 4.3). Smaller ferns,
including several species of Blechnum and the common maidenhair fern (Adiantum aethiopicum),
grow along the creek beds. Large native grape vines (Cissus hypoglauca and C. antarctica), as well
24
as native raspberries (Rubus spp.), stinging nettles (Urtica incisa) and bracken, grow on the edges of
the rainforest where the canopy is thinner (Appendix 4.3).
3. Southern lowland wet sclerophyll forest of the gully sides
Figure 22. Southern lowland wet sclerophyll
forest on either side of Moores Road.
Adjacent to the rainforest, on the slightly drier slopes of the gullies, are bands of southern lowland wet
sclerophyll forest. This forest contains numerous tall eucalypts, including spotted gums (Corymbia
maculata), bangalays (Eucalyptus botyoides), blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis), stringy barks
(Eucalyptus spp.), bloodwoods (Corymbia gummifera), and silver top ash (Eucalyptus sieberi) (Figure.
22). One of the most southerly stands of the forest red gum (E. tereticornis), which curves around the
property from northern to southern boundaries, is found in this region. Mabel’s wattle (Acacia.
mabelliae), wombat berries (Eustrephus longifolia) several orchids and lilies are found in these forests
(Appendix 4.4). Large epiphytic ferns―for example, the elk horn fern (Platycerium bifircatum)―are
found on the trunks and branches of the trees and rocks in wetter areas.
Figure 23. Drier southern lowland wet sclerophyll forest near the top of the ridges, with moreopen understorey. The cone on the female cycad has broken open to reveal the red seeds.
25
Towards the top of the ridges, where the conditions are drier, the forest is more open (Figure 22).
Shrubs that include geebungs (Persoonia linearis), Mabel’s wattles (Acacia. mabelliae), and
blackthorns (Bursaria spinosa) are found in the understorey (Figure 23). There is a ground cover of
grasses, lilies and orchids (Appendix 4.4).
4. South east dry sclerophyll forest
The driest areas are along the top of the sandstone escarpment above the 100 m contour (Figures 1
and 24). The soil is thin and there are numerous sandstone outcrops. Most of the eucalypts are
stringy barks (Eucalyptus muellerana and E. globoidea), with a few spotted gums. The canopy is
open, with black casuarinas (Allocasuarina littoralis), geebungs (Persoonia spp.), wattles (Acacia
spp.) and heath-leaved banksias (Banksia ericifolia) found in the scrubby understorey. Snake orchids
(Cymbidium sauve) are found on many of the eucalypts and king orchids (Dendrobium speciosum)
are found on the rocky ledges near the top of the escarpment. Other species of orchids are plentiful,
especially the nodding greenhood (Pterostylus nutans). Ground cover is patchy with saw sedge
(Gahnia sp.), the spiny-headed mat-rush (Lomandra longifolia), blue flax lilies (Dianella cerulea),
tussock grass (Poa sp.) and bracken (Pteridium esculentum).
Figure 24. South east dry sclerophyll forest of the ridge tops.
26
Threatened Plant Species in Zones 1–3
It is possible that some of the plant species listed as threatened by the New South Wales Department of
Environment and Climate Change grow on the property (Table 3).
Table 3. Threatened plant species possibly found in communities on the Kioloa Coastal Campus. Abbreviations: MGSD
marine grasslands and sand dunes; BSF bangalay sand forest; SLWSF south eastern lowland wet sclerophyll forest; CSF
coastal swamp forest.
SPECIES
COMMON NAME
HABITAT
MGSD
Caladenia tessellata
tessellated spider orchid
Cryptostylus hunteriana
leafless tongue orchid
Distichilis distichophylla
Australian salt-grass
Genoplesium vernale
East Lynne midge orchid
Senecio spathulatus
coast groundsel
Thesium australe
austral toadflax
Wilsonia backhousei
narrow-leafed wilsonia
Wilsonia rotundifolia
round-leafed wilsonia
BSF
SEDSF
SLWSF
Lagoon
CSF
27
BIODIVERSITY OF THE KIOLOA COASTAL CAMPUS
PART II―ANIMALS
A diverse range of vertebrate species (amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) are found in the Kioloa
area (Appendix 5). All native vertebrates are protected and a number of these species is listed as either
endangered or vulnerable (Appendix 5). Not all of the species listed will be found on the Kioloa Coastal
Campus at any one time and it is often difficult to determine their presence or absence―for example if
they are migratory or nocturnal or in the dense foliage of rainforest gullies. It is known that a number of
threatened species of vertebrates are found are found in the different plant communities found on the
property and these are listed in Table 4. Little is known about the invertebrates of the Campus.
A number of mammals occur in Zone 1; for ezample grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus), swamp
wallabies (Wallabia bicolour), the long-nosed bandicoots (Perameles nasuta) and possibly the southern
brown bandicoot (Isoodon obesulu) as well as introduced foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and rabbits
(Oryctolagus cuniculus). Three endangered bird species, the hooded plover (Thinornis rubicollis), the
pied oyster catcher (Haemotops longirostris) and the sooty oyster catcher (H. fuliginosus), are seen on
the beach. Hooded plovers regularly nest on the sand in early summer, but rarely raise their chicks
successfully. Humans and their dogs, as well as foxes and crows, have a major impact on the
nestlings.
Figure 25. Shells from abalone collected illegally from
Nundera Point. They cover the ground underneath the
banksias on the centre of the point.
Poaching of shellfish from Nundera Point has become a problem in recent years, as the carpet of
abalone shells of recent origin that litter the ground beneath banksias demonstrates (Figure 25). A
number of other shellfish and other marine organisms are found on the rocks around the Point
(Appendix 6.1). The size of the modern shells and their numbers are smaller when compared with the
same species found in the Nundera Point midden (Figure 26). Details of fish species caught of beaches
28
and rocks in the Kioloa region are given in Appendix 6.2. Dr Christopher Fulton from the ANU considers
that several species of protected fish may be found in the waters off Kioloa (Appendix 6.3).
Figure 26. Shells in the Nundera Point midden.
A small herd of 26 beef cattle (Bos sp.) graze on the pastures in Zone 2, together with large numbers of
eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) and much smaller numbers of red-necked wallabies
(Macropus rufogriseus). Lace monitors (Varanus varius) and red-bellied black snakes (Pseudechis
porphyiacus) are common. Rabbits and foxes are also seen in Zone 2 and introduced rats (Rattus
rattus) and mice (Mus musculus) are found in the buildings.
Vertebrates in Zone 3 include kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) and wallabies (M. rufogriseus and
Wallabia bicolour), as well several species of possums and gliders (Appendix 5). Bandicoots and
possibly potoroos are to be found in the undergrowth. Lyrebirds and bower birds are also common.
Reptiles include black snakes (mostly near water), brown snakes, diamond pythons and goannas. A
wildlife corridor runs from Murramarang Road along the southern boundary to Zone 3 which has a
common boundary with Murramarang National Park (Figure 1).
Threatened animals of Zones 1―3
Details of threatened frog, bird and mammal species that are possibly found in the various habitats of
the Kioloa Coastal Campus are listed in Table 4. There are no threatened reptile species listed by the
New South Wales Department of the Environment and Climate Change (Appendix 5). Little is known
about the insects and other invertebrates living on the Campus.
29
Table 4. Threatened vertebrate species possibly found in the plant communities of the Kioloa Coastal Campus.
Abbreviations: MGSD marine grasslands and sand dunes; BSF bangalay sand forest; SWTFR southern warm temperate
rainforest; SLWSF south eastern lowland wet sclerophyll forest, CGW cleared grassy woodland, CSF coastal swamp forest.
SPECIES
COMMON NAME
HABITAT
MGSD
BSF
SEDSF SWTRF SLWSF CGW
Frogs
Heleioporus australiacus giant burrowing frog
Litoria aurea
green & golden bell frog
Birds
Botaurus poiciloptilus
Australasian bittern
Burhinus grallarius
bush stone-curlew
Calamanthus fuliginosus
striated fieldwren
Callocephalon fimbriatum gang-gang cockatoo
Calyptohynchus lathami
glossy black-cockatoo
Haematopus fuliginosus
sooty oyster-catcher
Haematopus longirostris
pied oyster-catcher
Ixobrychus flavicollis
black bittern
Lathamus bicolor
swift parrot
Lophoictinia isura
square-tailed kite
Ninox connivens
barking owl
Ninox stenua
powerful owl
Pachycephala olivacea
olive whistler
Pandion haliaetus
osprey
Petoica rodinogaster
pink robin
Tyto tenebricosa
sooty owl
Tyto novaehollandiae
masked owl
Thinornis rubicollis
hooded plover
Xanthomyza Phrygia
regent honeyeater
Mammals
Cercartetus nana
eastern pygmy-possum
Chalionolobus dwyeri
large-eared pied bat
Dasyurus maculatus
spotted-tail quoll
Falsistrellus tasmaniensis eastern false pipistrelle
Isoodon obesulus
southern brown bandicoot
Kerivoula papuensis
golden-tipped bat
Miniopterus schreibersii
eastern bent-wing bat
Mormopterusnorfolkensis eastern free tail bat
Myotis adversus
large-footed myotis
Petaurus australis
yellow-bellied glider
Petaurud norfolcensis
squirrel glider
Phascogale tapoatafa
brush-tailed phascogale
Potorous tridactylus
long-nosed potoroo
Pteropus poliocephalus
grey-headed flying-fox
Scoteanax rueppelli
greater broad-nosed bat
Sminthopsis leucopus
white-footed dunnart
found in caves in various habitats, hunt in forested areas
Lagoon
CSF
Farmland
30
MANAGEMENT ISSUES
The range of ecological communities and the species recorded is remarkable for such a small area,
providing an extremely valuable resource for field-based teaching and research. Thus, the
management of the Kioloa Coastal Campus requires great care and thoughtful planning to ensure that it
remains intact for future generations of students. The aim of management of each vegetation zone on
the property is the maintenance of biodiversity and Aboriginal and European heritage in accordance
with the Deed of Gift signed by Miss Joy London and Professor D. N. Dunbar, the representative of The
Australian National University. A summary of the data on the threats to endangered species from the
South Coast region on the website of the New South Wales Department of Environment and Climate
Change provides insight into the major factors that could influence the biodiversity of the Kioloa Coastal
Campus (Appendix 7). Three interconnected habitats―bangalay sand forest, southern lowland wet
sclerophyll forest and south east dry sclerophyll forest―are important refuges for threatened species.
The greatest threat to all these forests is from land clearing and development (Appendix 7).
On the Campus itself there are some management issues common to all three zones:
(1) The threat of bush fire is very real (Teding van Berkhout 2003). Fire coming from the west through
the Murramarang National Park would be hard to contain and could do considerable damage. First to
the rainforest in the catchment of Butlers Lagoon; then through the other forest types of Zone 3 to the
buildings in Zone 2. Small fires lit by people using the beach and Butlers Lagoon are also a potential
threat in the summer months as they are often not completely extinguished.
(2) Feral animals are an ongoing problem as they are difficult to eradicate from undisturbed areas with a
cover of thick vegetation. Foxes pose a threat to wildlife, especially small animals and birds. Rabbits
are common and destroy vegetation in Zone 2. Kangaroos have reached excessive numbers and are
causing major damage to the pasture in Zone 2. Introduced rats have caused problems in and
around the buildings.
(3) Like feral animals, the control of noxious weeds is also a continual problem that requiring constant
vigilance in all three zones. A major area of concern is the dumping of garden refuse in Zone 1 and
along the boundaries in other zones. Plants can escape from such dumps and quickly become
established. Clearing of vegetation and logging which open the tree canopy can allow invasion by
native species, as is the case with black thorn and orange thorn in Zone 3.
(4) Soil conservation is important in all zones, but require different management measures in each zone.
Control of dune erosion and dune stabilization are the major issues in Zone 1. Maintenance of a
healthy and thick vegetation cover is important, as is restricting and controlling public access to the
back of the beach and Nundera Point. In Zone 2, maintenance of pasture and the stabilization of
creek beds will prevent erosion. Butlers Creek is protected by rainforest and is fenced to exclude
cattle and, to some extent, kangaroos. The bed of Prossers Creek is shallower and erosion is
prevented by reed beds and she-oaks. Soil conservation is not such a problem in Zone 3 where the
cover of vegetation is thick and there is less human activity.
(5) Water quality and catchment protection of Butlers Lagoon are tied up with many other management
issues including soil conservation and maintenance of vegetation cover. Any future development on
the Campus will have to address the problem of sewage treatment to prevent overflow into the
Lagoon, similarly the use of some fertilizers on the pasture could have a major impact water quality.
(6) Control of public access is an issue, especially in sensitive areas in Zones 1 and 3. The threats from
fire and weeds have already been discussed, but the use of recreational vehicles, namely trail bikes
and four-wheel drives, breaks up fragile tracks or creates new ones, destroying vegetation and wildlife
habitats in the process.
(7) The problem of shellfish removal in Zone 1 has already been mentioned and this has had a marked
effect on marine life on the rocks around Nundera Point. These organism are collected for sale and
31
for fish bait. Native plants―snake orchids and ferns, have been removed from the outer parts of
Zone 3. Recently a mature bloodwood growing near the western boundary was cut for firewood.
Each of the zones has some more-specific issues that need addressing in order to maintain and protect
the biodiversity of the Kioloa Coastal Campus.
Zone 1―The primary management issue is the protection of the mature area of bangalay sand forest
on the bank of Butlers Lagoon. The forest is largely protected by the dense vegetation on the beach
side of the dune, but access is possible around the eastern bank of the lagoon. The whole of Zone 1
was fenced in the past but this needs replacing as the wire has rusted and parts of the fence have
been destroyed, especially by illegal campers in the car-park area gaining access to both the forest in
the south and the coastal swamp to the north. Garden refuse has been dumped in the car park and
on crown land next to the lagoon posing a threat from the introduction of exotic plants. Isolated
specimens of asparagus fern (Protaspargus aethiopicus) can be found on the lagoon banks and these
too are a serious environmental hazard.
It is not possible to restrict foot traffic around the edges of Butlers Lagoon because locals and visitors
fish from the banks. The shallow lagoon is a popular prawning spot in the summer months. Foxes
pose a threat to the smaller animals in the coastal zone and there is an ongoing control program
aimed at reducing their numbers. Breeding of the critically endangered hooded plover (Thinornis
rubicollis), which nests on Kioloa Beach in the summer, has been disrupted by predation. The
possible predators include foxes, unrestrained dogs and crows, which are attracted to dead animals
and human refuse on the beach. Human activity also interferes with the nesting of the plovers. The
other issue relating to wildlife is the poaching of shell fish off Nundera Point. This can be heavy in the
summer months when the water is warmer and families are on holiday.
Dune stabilization and the maintenance of a thick cover of vegetation are important for protecting
vulnerable areas in Zone 1 like the Aboriginal heritage sites on Nundera Point and the bangalay sand
forest. Fencing of these areas will help to limit and control access during times of peak human activity
during the summer months. Work has already begun on dune control and stabilization in the region of
Nundera Point, as well as the construction of fenced walkways to lead people away from the more
sensitive areas.
Zone 2―The accommodation buildings and other facilities where most human activity take place are
located in its central part. Protection of visitors, employees and infrastructure is of prime importance,
particularly from the threat of fire. This can best be done through maintenance of the pasture and the
cattle herd together with control of kangaroo numbers. Maintenance of the biodiversity within Zone 2
is important as it is part of the European cultural heritage of the property. Other issues were
addressed in the first section dealing with problems common to all zones.
Zone 3 is the principal research area and is covered with forest of different types. As it contains the
entire catchment of Butlers Lagoon, its protection is vital for maintaining the water quality in the
lagoon. Fuel loads in Zone 3 have not been assessed but are known to be high in some areas
especially the more inaccessible terrain on sides of steep gullies. A high-intensity burn would pose a
considerable threat to the rain forest and to humans, buildings and stock in Zone 2. The effects of
such a fire would be far-reaching on the soils and the plants and animals of Zone 3. The repair and
upkeep of Moores Road and the track along the escarpment (Figures 1 and 2) are important for rapid
access to Zone 3 in event of emergencies, and are also important landmarks for visitors to the
Campus when they are using the forest areas.
32
THE FUTURE
This survey is a beginning, providing a foundation for future work on the biodiversity of the Kioloa
Coastal Campus. There are some key issues which need to be addressed in the future for both the
conservation and use of this valuable resource.
(1) This survey demonstrated that there are a number of areas that require more research―for example
the status invertebrates and lower plants.
(2) At the moment the academic emphasis is on undergraduate teaching and there is a lack long-term
research projects focused on the Campus. The Kioloa Coastal Campus provides a unique
opportunity for detailed research over a prolonged period.
(3) Protection of the more vulnerable habitats on the property, especially from encroaching human
activity and its consequences, will be an ongoing.
Maintenance of the rich biodiversity of the Kioloa Coastal Campus is an integral part of fulfilling its
principal functions of teaching and research. Originally this was to be in the field sciences, but over the
years groups from a number of other disciplines within the ANU also use the Campus. For all users the
biodiversity and the balance of shore, agricultural land and forest will be an ongoing source of
inspiration and creativity.
Acknowledgements
The author wishes to thank the following people for their contributions during the course of this
survey―the Campus managers, Steven and Robin Teding van Berkhout for their support, advise and
hospitality, Richard Hardwick for his support and advice, Albert Caton and Professor Harvey Marchant
for the time they spent editing the manuscript and Dr David Carpenter from ANU Green. The
photographs on the front cover and in Figure 12 were taken by Dr S. Jarvis. Richard Hardwick took the
photograph of the blotched hyacinth orchid (Figure 11).
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