Andhra Pradesh State Profile

Map of Andhra Pradesh State1
1. STATE PROFILE2
1.1 General:Andhra Pradesh was formed on 1st November, 1956 under the States' reorganization scheme. It
is the fifth largest State with an area of 2,76,754 sq. km, accounting for 8.4 % of India's territory.
The State has the longest coastline (972 km) among all the States in India.
The total population of Andhra Pradesh in 2001 was 762.1 lakhs, which grew by 14.59 per cent
from previous decade. A total of 385.27 lakh male and 376.83 lakh female population was
recorded with 978 females per 1,000 males. Similarly, the literacy rate among males was
recorded to be 70.32 per cent whereas it was 50.43 per cent among females. State-wide literacy
rate was 60.47 per cent. Census 2001 also enumerated 170.04 lakh households which include
126.07 lakh rural households and 43.97 urban households. While the proportion of total workers
was 348.94 lakhs, the state-wide agricultural workers were 216.92 lakhs and non-agricultural
workers were 132. 02 lakhs.
1.2 Administrative Setup:Item
2001
Districts
23
Revenue Divisions
81
Mandals
1128
Inhabited Villages
26613
Un-inhabited Villages
1510
Towns
210
1.3 Geology3:Geologically the state consists of igneous, metamorphic & sedimentary formations. Peninsular
Geneissic Complex consisting of Archaean Group covered by complex group of Gneisses and
Schists. The Precambrian Sedimentary formation of the Cuddapah Super Group, Pakhal Super
Group and Kumool Group are found in Kurnool, Cuddapah, Ananthapur, Chittoor, Nalgonda,
Mahabubnagar, Guntur, Krishna and Khammam Districts.
The Bhima’s are found in the western part of Rangareddy District, the Gondwana Super Group
in Khammam, Warangal, Karimnagar and Adilabad Districts. The Deccan Traps are found in
Rangareddy, Nizamabad, Medak and Adilabad Districts. Outcrops of Tertiary formations are
found in East and West Godavari and Vishakapatnam Districts and the Quaternary sediments as
thick blankets of alluvium are found in the river valleys, deltas and along the East Coast.
The State of Andhra Pradesh abounds in a variety of mineral deposits with about 48 minerals,
some of which are unique in nature like that of Barytes, Chrysotile Asbestos and Green Quartz.
Most of the mineral deposits are related to the nature and composition of the country rocks in
which they occur and also the geological structure.The Dharwar Schists and the associated
Gnesisses and Granite contain a large variety of metallic ores such as Gold, Manganese,
Chromite, Copper, Iron Ore, Bauxite and Wolframite. Deposits of non-metallic minerals like
Diamond, Apatite, Corundum,Feldspar, Garnet, Quartz, Green Quartz, Amethyst, Graphite,
Kyanite and Mica are also found in them. These Archaean Group of rocks is a storehouse for
different varieties of Gneisses, Charnockites, Granites, Anorthosites, Dolerite Gabbro,
Khondalites, Quartzites,Granulites, Migmatites, Lyptenites, Syenites and Crystalline Limestone
which are useful in building, cutting and polishing industry.
The Copper and Lead ores. Barytes, Clays, Red-ochres, Asbestos, Haematite,Steatite and
Diamond are the important mineral deposits found within the Cuddapah,Kurnool and Pakhal
Groups. Some of the rocks within this group, particularly the Quartzites, Limestone, Marble,
Dolomite, Slates and Sand Stones are good building stone and are found in significant quantities.
The Gondwana group contains vast deposits of Coal and Refractory Clays like Fire Clay and
Ball Clay. The Pleistocene formations occurring both on-shore and off-shore contain oil and
natural gas. The recent formations comprising of Alluvium. Sand and Soils yield good Brick
Clays and Sand for building and other purpose. The coastal heavy sands contain rich llmenite,
Rutile, Monazite, Zircon, Gamet and other minerals.
Andhra Pradesh is gifted with a vast and varied decorative/dimensional stones viz, Granites,
Limestone Slabs, Marble, Slate, Phyllite, Quartzite etc. Globally known for exclusive and unique
Chimakurthy Black Galaxy Granite and other varieties like Warangal Jet Black, Khammam
Black, Srikakulam Blue and White, Karimnagar Tan Brown, Ananthapur Chilly Red. Chittor
Kuppam Green etc. The Granite varieties of Andhra Pradesh confim to the highest international
standards and provide excellent uniformity, consistency and have been used in several well
known buildings all over the world.
Various colours of Limestone Slabs from Tandur, (Rangareddy District),Betamcharla (Kurnool
District), Tadipatri (Ananthapur District), Macherla (Guntur District), Mudimanikyam
(Nalgonda District) are well known for flooring and paneling purposes within the country and
are also being exported to many countries. Slate and Phyllites in various shades of colours from
Prakasam, Guntur and Nalgonda Districts are used as decorative stones and are being exported to
various countries.
1.4 Soils4:Andhra Pradesh is endowed with respect to rainfall and soils. It has a hot and humid tropical
climate that varies from semi-arid to sub-humid, with an average rainfall of 940 m.m as against
the National average of about 1150 m.m The State is dominated by red soils (less fertile)
covering about 65% of area, followed by black soils (Medium fertile 25%) and alluvial soils
(Most fertile 10%) as against 80% of black and alluvial soils at all India level.
A variety of soils ranging from poor coastal sands to highly fertile deltaic alluviums. Red soils
occupy over 66% of the cultivated area and are mostly situated in Rayalaseema and Telangana
districts. These soils have a low nutrient status. Red soils can be sub classified as (a) Dubba soils
(loamy sands to sandy loams) (b) Chalkas (sandy loam soils) (c) sandy clay loams (d) loams
including silty soils (e) deep loamy sands and (f) sandy loams with clay sub soil. Chalkas occur
mostly in the Telangana districts, while Red loams combined with sands are present in the
upland regions of coastal districts.
Black soils cover nearly 25% of the cultivated area and are generally associated with poor
drainage. They are also called as Regurs or vertisols and are of two types. The first category is
in-situ soils. The other one is transported soils while the first category can be noticed in the
coastal districts and parts of Telangana and Rayalaseema, the second category are in the valley
regions of the slopes with calcareous concentrations. The in- situ soils are generally heavy in
texture and high salt concentration.
The alluvial loamy clay soils found in Krishna and Godavari deltas cover 5% of the cultivated
area. The coastal sands occupy only 3% while the remaining 2% is covered by laterite soils in
certain pockets of the State.
1.5 Land Utilization5:During the year 2011-12, the total geographical area of the State is 275.04 lakh hectares. Out of
the total geographical area, 40.6 percent under net area sown, 22.7 percent is under forests, 8.3
percent is under current fallow lands, 10.2 percent is under non-agricultural uses and 7.3 percent
is under barren and uncultivable land. During the year 2010-11, the net area sown under crops is
increased to 111.87 lakh ha. (5.9%) from 99.92 lakh ha. during 2009-10. This is attributed to
favorable seasonal conditions prevailed in the State during 2010-11.
The decadal land utilization particulars are given below:
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Category
% to total
1966- 1976- 1986- 1996- 2005- 2010- 2011geographical
1967 1977 1987 1997 2006 2011 2012
area
Total
Geographical 274.40 274.40 274.40 274.40 274.40 275.04 275.04
Area
Forest
61.17 63.82 58.35 62.45 61.99 62.30 62.30
Barren & Un274.40 274.40 274.40 274.40 274.40 275.04 275.04
cultural land
Land Put to
274.40 274.40 274.40 274.40 274.40 275.04 275.04
Non-Agrl. Uses
Land Put to
13.74 9.56 8.64 7.22
6.92 6.26 6.14
Non-Agrl. Uses
Permanent
11.57 9.72 8.81 7.63
6.76 5.54 5.52
pastures
Land under
3.05 2.73 2.64 2.47
2.78 2.90 2.89
Miscellaneous
Other fallow
8.66 12.16 14.96 15.47 16.23 14.90 15.59
lands
Current fallow
21.74 26.47 35.23 24.43 24.34 22.29 22.73
lands
Net Area sown
113.43 106.02 100.47 108.34 107.45 111.87 110.52
(CROPS)
Source: Director of Economics & Statistics, Hyderabad.
100.0
22.7
100.0
100.0
2.2
2.0
1.0
5.7
8.3
40.0
1.6 Rainfall Scenario6:Agriculture in Andhra Pradesh is mostly dependent on rainfall. Agricultural production depends
upon the seasonal distribution of rainfall. In the State, South-West and North-East Monsoons are
the two important periodic winds, which are the important sources of the rain. South-West
Monsoon (66%) is spread over the period from June to September and North-East Monsoon
(24%) (From October to December).
The normal annual rainfall of the State is 940 m.m. Major portion (66%) of rainfall is contributed
by South-West Monsoon (June-Sept) followed by (24%) North-East Monsoon (Oct-Dec). The
rest 10% of the rainfall is received during the winter and summer months.
The Normal rainfall distribution in the three regions of the State differs with the season and
Monsoon. The influence of South-West Monsoon is predominant in Telangana region (716m.m)
followed by Coastal Andhra (620 m.m) and Rayalaseema (407 m.m), whereas the North-East
Monsoon provides high amount of rainfall in Coastal Andhra area (324 m.m) followed by
Rayalaseema (238 m.m) and Telangana (129 m.m). There are no significant differences in
Normal distribution of rainfall during winter and hot weather periods among three regions.
S.No
YEAR
South-West
Monsoon
Normal Actual
North-East Monsoon including
Winter and Hot Weather period
%
dev
Normal
Actual
Total Rainfall
(in mm)
%
dev
Normal Actual
1
196667
600
643
7
290
305
5
2
197677
602
673 -12
293
352
3
198687
602
597
-1
294
4
199697
634
737
16
5
200506
624
690
6
200607
7
947
6
20
895 1025
15
271
-8
896
868
-3
291
373
28
925 1109
20
11
316
457
45
940 1147
22
624
627 0.5
316
231
-27
940
-9
200708
624
747 +20
316
333
+5
940 1080 +15
8
200809
624
666
+7
274
149
-45
898
815
9
200910
624
454 -27
316
291
-8
940
745 -21
10
201011
624
810
30
316
417
32
940 1227
11
201112
624
539 -14
316
181
-42
12
201213(*)
624
631
264.2
332.1
+1
891
%
dev
858
-9
31
940 720.4 -23
+26 888.2 963.4 +8
(*) (from 1.6.12 to 30.4.2013)
1.7 Agro-Climatic Zones7:Based on the climate parameters i.e., rainfall and temperature, the State is broadly divided into 9
distinct Agro-Climatic Zones. The agriculture planning for each zone is supported with the
research and recommendations of a Regional Agriculture Research Station of ANGRAU set up
within the particular zone.
In an attempt to plan the agricultural operations in much more focused way, these 9 agro climatic
zones have been divided into 322 farming situations, which are unique in terms of microenvironment and need specific practices under each situation.
9 distinct Agro-Climatic Zones of Andhra Pradesh
Sl.
Name of
No
the Zone
.
North
1 Coastal
Zone
Districts
Geographic No. of
Head
al area (lakh mandal
quarters
ha)
s
Srikakulam,
Vizianagaram, Anakapall
Visakhapatna e
m
2 Godavari East Godavari, Maruteru
Soil Type
Normal Rainfall (in
m.m)/ Important
crops grown
Deltaic
alluvium,Red
soils with
clay, BC
soils, Red
1000-1100
loams, Rice,groundnut,
coastal
Coconut,
sands, saline cashewnut,Mang
soils
o Mesta,Ragi,
groundnut,
Sugarcane
Coconut,
Mango
Mesta, Ragi,
Sugarcane
18.5
88
17.5
96 Red soils with 1000-1200 Rice,
Zone
Krishna
3
Zone
4
clay
base,pockets
of acidic
soils, laterite
soils, soils
with pH 4-5
coconut,
cashewnut,
Mango,
sugarcane
161
Chalkas, red
sandy soils,
Dubbas,
Deep red
loamy soils
and very
deep BC soils
600-1000 Rice,
Lemon,
sesamum,
Mango,
groundnut,
sugarcane,
Redgram
161
Chalkas, red
sandy soils,
Dubbas,
Deep red
loamy soils
and very
deep BC soils
600-1000 Rice,
Lemon,
sesamum,
Mango,
groundnut,
sugarcane,
Redgram
144
Red earths
with loamy
soils
(Chalkas)
and black
cotton soils
900-1150 Rice,
maize, soybean,
cotton, redgram
turmeric
West Godavari
Krishna,
Guntur,
Prakasam
Chittoor,
Southern
Kadapa,
Zone
Nellore
Northern Karimnagar,
5 Telangan Nizamabad,
a Zone Adilabad
Central Warangal,
6 Telangan Khammam,
a Zone Medak
Lam
Tirupati
Jagtial
Warangal
Mahbubnagar,
Southern
Nalgonda,
7 Telangan
Palem
Rangareddy (+
a Zone
Hyderabad)
Scarce
Kurnool,
8 Rainfall
Anantapur
zone
Nandyal
High Altitude
& Tribal Areas
High
of Srikakulam,
Altitude
Visakhapatna Chintapall
9 & Tribal
m, East
i
Areas
Godavari,
Zone
Khammam
and Adilabad
37.70
41.70
35.50
30.60
39.30
36.2
18.0
132
Red earths
with loamy
800-1150 Cotton,
soils(Chalkas
Rice, Maize,
), Red sandy
greengram,Mang
soils and BC
o, Chillies
soils in
pockets
164
Red soils,
Chalkas
500-670 Cotton,
Rice, redgram,
maize,
greengram
117
Red earths,
BC soils and
Chalkas
500-670
Groundnut,
redgram, rice,
Batavia, castor
40
Red sandy
loams and
patches of all
Arial soils
1400 and above
Coffee, pepper,
Chillies and
Horticultural
crops
districts
275.00
1103
1.8 Socio Economic Profile8:Andhra Pradesh is one of the more highly populated states in India mainly due to the
development and its location near the sea coast. The census over the years has seen the state
grow by steadily in terms of population. Located in the southern region of the country, the state
shares its borders with states like Tamil Nadu, Orissa and Karnataka. The capital of the state is
the vibrant city of Hyderabad that has seen the rule of the Nizams for a very long time. Andhra
Pradesh has been one of the oldest states in the country and finds mentions in many ancient
works of literature. The state has a population of about 84 million according to the Andhra
Pradesh Census 2011. The growth rate of the population of Andhra Pradesh is about 11% which
is below the national average. The state has grown in terms of its technological infrastructure and
is among the major states that houses development in sectors like IT and Telecom.
Description
Population
Population Growth
Population Density/sq. km
Male
Female
Sex Ratio
Percentage of total Population
Literacy
Male Literacy
Female Literacy
Total Literate
Male Literate
Female Literate
2011
84,665,533
11.10
308
42,509,881
42,155,652
992
7.00%
67.66 %
75.56%
59.74%
51,438,510
28,759,782
22,678,728
2. Disaster Risk Profile9
2.1 Andhra Pradesh is exposed to cyclones, storm surges, floods and droughts. A moderate to
severe intensity cyclone can be expected to make landfall every two to three years. About 44
percent of the state is vulnerable to tropical storms and related hazards. In India, the cyclones
develop in the pre-monsoon (April to May) and post-monsoon seasons (October to December),
but most of them tend to form in the month of November.
Cyclones on the east coast originate in the Bay of Bengal, the Andaman Sea or the South China
Sea, and usually reach the coastline of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and West Bengal,
which are the most vulnerable to these types of hazards. Two of the deadliest cyclones of this
century, with fatalities of about 10,000 people in each case, took place in Odisha and Andhra
Pradesh during October 1971 and November 1977 respectively. The super cyclone of Odisha in
1999 caused large scale damage to life and property.
Along the Andhra coast, the section between Nizampatnam and Machilipatnam is the most prone
to storm surges. Vulnerability to storm surges is not uniform along Indian coasts. The following
segments of the east coast of India are most vulnerable to high surges



North Odisha, and West Bengal coasts.
Andhra Pradesh coast between Ongole and Machilipatnam.
Tamil Nadu coast, south of Nagapatnam.
The states bordering the Arabian Sea on the west coast are not completely safe either, as Kerala,
Gujarat - and to a lesser extent Maharashtra - are also prone to cyclones. With a frequency of
four cyclones per year, one of which usually becomes severe, the Bay of Bengal accounts for
seven percent of the annual tropical cyclone activity worldwide. Despite this relatively low
percentage, the level of human and property loss that cyclones cause around the Bay is very high.
Once the cyclones enter the mainland, they give way to heavy rains which often translate into
floods, as it was the case with the damaging cyclone-induced floods in the Godavari delta, in
August of 1986.
Many drought prone areas adjacent to coastal districts in eastern maritime states are thus
vulnerable to flash floods originated by the torrential rains induced by the cyclonic depression. In
addition to cyclones and its related hazards, monsoon depressions over the north and central
areas of the Bay of Bengal move until reaching north and central India, including portions of
Andhra Pradesh, bringing heavy to very heavy rains and causing floods in the inland rivers
between June and September. In Andhra traditionally, the flood problem had been confined to
the flooding of smaller rivers. But the drainage problem in the coastal delta zones has worsened,
multiplying the destructive potential of cyclones and increasing flood hazards. A critical factor is
maintenance of irrigation systems. On several occasions, deaths have been caused by breaches in
tanks and canals as well as over-flooding caused by silting and growth of weeds.
2.2 Effect of Repeated Disasters:The regular occurrence of Disasters both Natural and Man-made in Coastal Andhra Pradesh in
India has had a series of repercussions on the state country’s Economy, its development policies
and political equilibrium and daily life of millions of Indians.
Andhra Pradesh is battered by every kind of natural disaster: cyclones, floods, earthquakes and
drought. The coastal region suffers repeated cyclones and floods. The 1977 cyclone and tidal
wave, which resulted in great loss of life, attracted the attention of the central and state
Governments of India and the international donor communities, as did those of 1979, 1990 and
1996. The floods in the Godavari and Krishna Rivers caused havoc in the East and West
Godavari and Krishna districts.
Earthquakes in the recent past have occurred along and off the Andhra Pradesh coast and in
regions in the Godavari river valley. Mild tremors have also hit the capital city of Hyderabad, for
example in September 2000.
Social and economic life of AP's population is characterized by recurring natural disasters. The
state is exposed to cyclones, storm surges, floods, and droughts. According to the available
disaster inventories, AP is the state that has suffered the most from the adverse effects of severe
cyclones. It has been estimated that about 44 percent of AP's total territory is vulnerable to
tropical storms and related hazards, while its coastal belt is likely to be the most vulnerable
region in India to these natural phenomena. Khamman district, in the Telengana region, is
affected by monsoon floods, along with five districts in Coastal AP. Four districts in
Rayalaseema and five in Telengana experience drought. Along the coastline, the section between
Nizampatnam and Machilipatnam is the most prone to storm surges. The fertile Delta areas of
the Godavari and the Krishna rivers, which contribute substantially to the state's economic
prosperity, face flood and drainage problems, and more so in the aftermath of cyclones.
More than sixty cyclones have affected AP this century. The incidence of cyclones seems to have
increased in the past decades, to the extent that severe cyclones have become a common event
occurring every two to three years, repeatedly and severely affecting the state's economy while
challenging its financial and institutional resources3. Almost2 9 million people are vulnerable to
cyclones and their effects in Coastal AP, 3.3 million of who belong to communities located
within five km of the seashore. The deadliest cyclone in the last twenty years took place in
November 1977 killing about 10,000 people. More recently, the May 1990 cyclone, with a death
toll close to 1,000 people, caused about US$1.25 billion in damage in ten districts, including the
entire coast. Between 1977 and 1992, about 13,000 lives and 338,000 cattle were lost due to
cyclones and floods, and nearly 3.3 million houses damaged.
May cyclones are relatively rare in the region, and only about 13 have affected AP in this month
this century. However, when they badly hit the Delta areas, as it happened in 1979 in the Krishna
district - where 80 percent of the casualties occurred - the population in danger may be higher
than usual. May is rice harvesting season, and a good number of itinerant laborers come to the
delta from less fertile areas of AP in search of work. Since they lack awareness of the area's most
prevalent hazards, this migrant population is more vulnerable than the permanent delta residents.
Similarly, entire families have come to the delta districts to engage in activities related to shrimp
farming, which has taken off recently in the area. They are involved in the collection of
fingerlings, living for several months a year in makeshift shelters along the marshes. The
warnings may not reach them on time, and even when they do, their inexperience renders them
highly vulnerable.
The Godavari and the Krishna rivers have well-defined stable courses, and their natural and manmade banks have usually been capable of carrying flood discharges, with the exception of their
delta areas. Traditionally, the flood problem in AP had been confined o the spilling of smaller
rivers and the submersion of marginal areas surrounding Kolleru Lake. However, the drainage
problem in the delta zones of the coastal districts has worsened, thereby multiplying the
destructive potential of cyclones and increasing flood hazards. Moreover, when a storm surge
develops, as it was the case during the severe November 1977, May 1990 and November 1996
cyclones, threats to humans and property multiply as the sea water may inundate coastal areas
which are already being subjected to torrential rains. Finally, a critical additional factor affecting
the flood management and the irrigation systems is the lack of maintenance. On several
occasions, such as the May 1979 cyclone, most of the deaths were occasioned by breaches to the
chains of tanks and canals, and over-flooding due in part to the choking of drains by silting and
growth of weeds.
a) Flood10:Inadequate capacity of the rivers to contain within their banks the high flows brought down from
the upper catchment areas, following heavy rainfall, leads to flooding. Central and coastal
Andhra Pradesh spans mainly major river basins of Godavari, Krishna and minor river basins of
Nagavali and Vamsadhara on the north and Pennar in the south. The Passage of storms/ cyclones
in quick succession over a river basin invariably leads to severe floods. The problem is
exacerbated by factors such as silting of the riverbeds, reduction of the carrying capacity of river
channels, beds and banks leading to changes in river courses, obstructions to flow due to
landslides, synchronization of floods in the main and tributary rivers and retardation due to tidal
effects. The flood problems of deltaic regions are attributed to various causes like flatter slope of
drains and back flow due to tides.
b) Cyclones11:The state of Andhra Pradesh experienced 71 cyclones during 1892-1997, each time with colossal
damage. Between 1892 and 1977, 56 cyclones affected the seven coastal districts. The district
wise figures are given in the following Table which indicates that Nellore, Krishna and
Srikakaulam districts had more number of cyclones.
No. of cyclones crossing
in Coastal AP
District
Srikakulam
4,10
Vizianagaram
Visakhapatnam
3,7
East Godavari
4,11
West Godavari
Krishna
8,13
Guntur
1,2
Prakasam
2,4
Nellore
11,21
The figures in bold indicate severe cyclones.
Some of the factors responsible for vulnerability of the state to cyclone are:
1. Almost half of the storms in the Bay of Bengal become severe cyclones often accompanied by
storm surges.
2. Low lying areas along the coast are vulnerable to extensive flooding and deep inland sea water
incursion.
3. High concentration of population, infrastructure and economic activities along the coast.
4. Lack of proper maintenance of the flood protection and irrigation systems, drains,
embankments etc.,
5. Lack of comprehensive coastal zone and delta management.
In the past two decades, major cyclones caused immense loss of human lives and livestock and
massive damage to property, both of people and the Government viz., November 1977, May
1979, November 1984
Impact of Cyclones
The November 1977 cyclone was the deadliest with 9941 people died, 900 people missing and
34 lakhs rendered homeless. Cattle and livestock losses stood at Rs. 2.5 lakhs, crops were lost in
1
33,36,000 acres and 1,014,800 houses were damaged. Losses to buildings and public property
were estimated at Rs. 172 crores.
The major impact of cyclones can be broadly categorised as below:
Loss of lives, injuries and other health consequences such as epidemics, and post traumatic stress
disorders (PTSD)
 Loss of habitat
 Loss of cattle and damage to crops and agricultural fields
 Damage to public utilities
 Disturbance and damage to the ecosystem
Most lives are lost during a cyclone on account of floods and the devastating storm surge that
often accompany cyclones. In case of severe cyclonic storms with storm surges, more than 90%
of the fatalities occur due to drowning, either during the incoming water phase or during the out
surges. In severe cyclonic storms without storm surges, the deaths are more or less evenly
divided between drowning and the collapse of buildings. The most common health problems
include water borne diseases such as diarrohea, dysentery, typhoid, viral hepatitis, respiratory
diseases such as pneumonia and whooping cough, measles, gastroenteritis, cholera,
conjunctivitis, and fever.
Cyclone Hazard Map:
2
Past Cyclone/Heavy Rains in the States
3
4
c) Drought12:Drought Prone Districts: Chittoor, Kadapa, Anantapur & Kurnool, Mahabubnagar, Medak,
Rnagareddy and Nalgonda
20 times drought in 40 years, 10 times drought in 20 years.
5 times drought in 10 years, 3 times drought in last 5 years
Major Drought Years (1997, 2001, 2002 & 2004)
2002-03 has been the worst year of drought
State GDP severely affected due to recurring drought
5
d) Tusunami13:Overview:
Andhra Pradesh with coastline of 1,030 K.Ms, is the second largest in the country next only to
Gujarat State and the longest on the East Coast of India. The total coastal area spreads over
92,906 Sq. KMs. in nine coastal districts which have population of 2.87 Crores. There are 2,482
villages along the 0-20 KMs. wide coast line with a population of 54.33 lakhs. Of these 11.63
lakh live in 500 villages within a coastal belt of 5 KMs. These people are the most vulnerable to
the ravages of nature, particularly of cyclonic storms and tidal waves.
On the morning of 26.12.2004 Tsunami tidal waves ranging from 2 to 6 metres high lashed the
Andhra Pradesh coast. The major brunt of the tidal waves was along the coast of Nellore,
Prakasam, Guntur, Krishna, East Godavari, and West Godavari Districts. Many people on the
beaches as well as close to the coast were washed away and otherwise affected. The tidal waters
entered the villages along the coast inundating large number of villages. In all 380 coastal
villages with a population of 2,11,670 were affected by this calamity. Overall damages across
the State was estimated to be Rs 317.16 Crores. The largest damages was in fisheries, housing
and other infrastructure. Agriculture sector also suffered damages but not severe.
Amount Sanctioned
Total Revised Fund
(Rs in Lakhs)
Requirement
2005-06
2006-07
Amount Required
(Rs in Lakhs)
2007-08
2008-09
Amount Spent
(Rs in Lakhs)
Housing
230.00
-
-
-
200.00
Fishries
Environment &
Coastal Protection
Micro Credit &
Livelihood
2766.00
-
-
-
2766.00
-
8760.00
4033.88
3733.09
993.03
-
8760.00
-
-
8760.00
Housing:
1557 houses fully destructed and 40,000 houses severely damaged. , 481 houses under TRP and
40,000 houses with the support of state budget were sanctioned.
An amount of Rs 2.30 Crores was released under Rajiv Gandhi Rehabilitation Package to
construct 481 houses for affected families.
245 houses were constructed as on 30.5.2007 and remaining houses are at various stages (86
houses at roof level, and 150 at basement level) and these will be completed by June, 2007.
There was delay in execution of work due to initial reluctnce of the beneficiaries to move out of
the vulnerable are and delay in land acquisition.
6
Non-Government Organization (NGO’s) with proven / known record are working as facilitators
to liaise with individual beneficiaries and the lending institutions/ banks.
Amount required under this sector was Rs. 2.00 crore and amount spent as on 30.5.2007 was
Rs.2.00 Crores.
Fisheries and Livelihood
 Number of Boats damaged/ lost were 11394 and 10395 boats have been
repaired/replaced.
 Nets lost were 34,067 and 29080 nets have been replaced.
 The following are the reasons for variation between the number of boats damaged/nets
lost and number of boats/nets repaired
o Some of the fishermen who lost traditional boats opted FRP boats. Two fishermen
were formed into one group and they were provided with one FRP boat.
o In view of minor repairs to FRP boats/nets, fishermen did not claim relief.
 Number of beneficiaries -40384
 An amount of Rs.37.86 (Rs.27.66 Crores was released under Rajiv Gandhi Rehabilitation
Package and Rs.10.20 Crores from the State Budget) to provide financial assistance either
to procure new boat / nets or replace the damaged boats/nets. The amount is fully
utilized.
7
Social Infrastructure & Welfare
 Institutional Design of A.P For Sustainable Livelihoods under Tsunami Rehabilitation
Programme (TRP):- The institutional structure of federation of all Self Help Groups into
Village Organizations and (Village level federations) into Mandal Samakhyas (Mandal
federations) and Mandal Samakhyas into Zilla Samakhyas (District federations) is unique
to the state of Andhra Pradesh and this was applied for TRP. The programme was
implemented through these groups. This has resulted in ownership and sustainability of
the programme.
 Capacity Building: - The training consisted of classroom sessions, discussions and cross
visits to successful groups. The capacities of S.H.G women to act as trainers was also
developed.
 Community Investment Fund (CIF):- It provides resources mostly for implementing
Micro Credit Plans (MCPs) of Self Help Groups marketing and food security initiatives
of Village Organizations.
 Amount released for this sector was Rs. 87.60 crore and the entire amount has been
utilized.
8
Environment & Coastal Protection
 1000 Ha of Advance works for restoration of Mangrove forests
 137.50 ha of Shelterbelt Plantations
 Raising of 209.05 lakhs nurseries for Shelterbelt Plantations & Farm Forestry
 372.50 Ha of Community Land Plantations
 An amount of Rs 993.03 Lakh has been incurred.
 Physical targets for 2007-08
Shelterbelt plantation (in Ha)
: 1861.50
Community plantation (in Ha)
: 436.00
Group farm forestry (Sedings in Lakhs)
: 519.43
Mangrove generation (in Ha)
: 2800.00
 Financial target (Rs In Lakhs) : 4033.88
 Physical targets for 2008-09
Shelterbelt plantation (in Ha)
: 1002.00
Community plantation (in Ha)
: 366.50
Group farm forestry (Sedings in Lakhs)
: 442.07
Mangrove generation (in Ha)
: 1800.00
9
e) Fire Accidents14:-
f) Earthquake15:3 major earthquake events experienced in state: Vizianagaram (1917-5.5 RS), Ongole (1967-5.4
RS), Bhadrachalam (1969-5.7 RS)
EARTHQUAKE CONTINGENCY PLAN BASICALLY INCLUDES:
 Seismic activity in India;
 Earthquakes in Andhra Pradesh;
 Action Plan for earthquake in AP;
 Visuality of earthquake situation;
 Actions during earthquake;
 Recovery and rehabilitation after earthquake;
 Non-numerical advisory design; and
Retrofitting to Earth Quake proof;
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3. INSTITUTIONAL SETUP16
The state level high power standing committee, which is currently operational in the state to
mitigate and manage disasters/emergencies, meets twice a year to review administrative
preparedness and response mechanisms. State Executive Council (SEC) of the State Disaster
Management Authority has been constituted under the chairmanship of the Chief Secretary. The
SEC at the state level and other agencies from central government complement the functioning
of SDMA in executing disaster management functions. Figure 23 below presents the
coordination between central government with state and state with district/ULB level.
3.1 Andhra Pradesh State Disaster Management Authority (AP SDMA):Under the provisions of Disaster Management Act 2005, The Andhra Pradesh Disaster
Management Rules 2007 were issued. As part of the rules, the Government of Andhra Pradesh
has constituted Andhra Pradesh State Disaster Management Authority (AP SDMA). AP SDMA
will be the chief nodal agency for disaster management at the state level. The APSDMA will
have two distinct objectives.
 Development and updating of plans and strategies to handle any type of Disaster at
various levels as Pre-Disaster efforts.
 Undertake projects for restoration and strengthening of infrastructure damaged by
Disasters during Post-Disaster scenario.
11
Existing coordination mechanism between centre to state and state to district in Andhra
Pradesh (Source: Deputy Director, Revenue (DM) Department, GoAP)
Composition of the State Authority
The State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA) consist of the following members namely
1. The Chief Minister of the State, who shall be Chairperson, ex officio;
2. Other members shall be as follows:
(i) Minister for Revenue, Relief, Rehabilitation & Youth Affairs;
(ii) Minister for Home.
(iii) Minister for Finance
(iv) Minister for Health
(v) Minister for Major Irrigation
(vi) Minister for R & B
(vii) Minister for Panchayat Raj
(viii) Chief Secretary – Member Convener
12
As part of the pre-Disaster efforts of the APSDMA, the authority is mandated to develop
Disaster Preparedness Plans for the state to meet any eventuality arising Management of all kinds
of Disasters. In addition, the APSDM Authority is also responsible for
 Develop multi-hazard disaster response plans
 Develop district disaster management plans (DDMPs)
 Establish and maintain a fail-safe communication network connecting the state EOC with
the district, mandal and gram Panchayat EOCs and administration.
 Establish mechanisms and systems to collect, analyze data and disseminate
information/resources related to disaster management to all key government departments,
district/mandal/village/ULB administration.
 Undertake institutional capacity enhancement
 Promote capacity building of communities and CBOs to handle emergencies
 Create techno-legal regime; pro-actively prepare GIS enterprise for disaster management
and development planning
 Identify and authorize the state Administrative Training Institute (Dr. MCR HRD IAP),
Andhra Pradesh Academy for Rural Development (APARD) and other similar institutes
to design and develop training programmes for decision makers, elected representatives
and civil society groups.
 Coordinate with NGOs, Corporate/Private sector in the state, academic institutes, schools
and other stakeholders in achieving better prepared state of Andhra Pradesh in mitigating
disasters.
The State Disaster Management Authority is also mandated to undertake comprehensive
restoration and reconstruction of public infrastructure damaged due to natural and man-made
calamities. The Primary role of the authority would be to coordinate between the executing
agencies i.e. various line departments and bilateral aid agencies. The State Disaster Management
Authority will review and approve technical proposals received from the executing agencies,
process and procure packages, manage relief fund disbursement and monitor execution and
implementation of State Disaster Management Plan.
3.2 District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA):Under the provisions of the Andhra Pradesh Disaster Management Rules 2007, besides setting up
State Disaster Management Authority (SMDA), district level District Disaster Management
Authority (DDMA) under the chairmanship of the District Collector is mandated. The
composition of the DDMA consists of
1. The Collector and Magistrate of the district, who is the Chairperson, ex officio;
2. Chairperson of the Zilla Parishad of the district, as Co-Chairperson
3. Superintendent of Police of the district, ex officio;
13
4. Chief Executive Officer of the District Authority is the Joint Collector of the District, ex
officio; who is also be Member and Convener
5. Project Director, District Rural Development Agency (DRDA) of the district, ex officio
6. Chief Executive Officer of the Zilla Parishad of the district, ex officio; and
7. District Medical and Health Officer of the district, ex officio;
3.3 Constituting State Executive Committee (SEC):Under the provisions of Disaster Management Act 2005, The Andhra Pradesh Disaster
Management Rules 2007 were issued. As part of the rules, State Executive Committee (SEC) has
been set up under the chairmanship of the Chief Secretary, GoAP through G.O. Ms. No. 150
(Annexure XVI). The composition of SEC consists of following members:
1. Chief Secretary to State Government, Chairperson, ex- officio
2. Other members of the committee are
(i) Principal Secretary/Secretary – Finance Department
(ii) Principal Secretary/Secretary – Panchayat Raj& Rural Development Department.
(iii)Principal Secretary /Secretary – Irrigation & Command Area Development
Department.
(iv) Principal Secretary – Labour, Employment, Training and Factories Department
(Permanent member).
(v) Commissioner, Disaster Management – Member Convener
3. The Chairperson of the State Executive Committee may co-opt any other Special Chief
Secretary / Principal Secretary /Secretary as a special invitee taking the nature of the Disaster
into consideration for the meetings of the State Executive Committee (SEC).
3.4 State Incident Command System (ICS):Andhra Pradesh is vulnerable to number of natural disasters such as floods, cyclones, droughts
and other hazards such as heat waves etc. There are significant losses due to recurring incidents
that impact the state. Previous experiences in handling the disasters have highlighted gaps in
coordination, delay in mobilizing and deploying resources at the site of the incident.
Planning and logistic support at the incident site will improve efficiency in providing life saving
logistics as well as resources. It is necessary to address the requirement of specialized disaster
management functions at different levels such as state, district, panchayat and village level. The
designated coordinating officers at these levels are not backed up with professional teams whose
members are trained to perform specialized functions such as materials/ logistic management,
management of search and rescue operations, management of personnel, communications etc.
14
Systemic approach in handling the incident leads to bringing hazardous situation under control
faster. Due to overwhelming demands expected out of the in-charge officers at all levels
especially at the incident site, rescue and relief efforts suffer. Optimal utilization of resources
that start reaching the incident site does not get utilized due to lack of planning, proper
management and disorder.
Shift in approach and policy for disaster management as a result of DM Act of 2005 entails
better management. The field functionaries at these levels responsible for overall coordination
need to have organized support systems for mobilizing different agencies, monitor the situation,
coordinate the response, handle logistics, dispatch resources and provide assistance in the event
of a disaster. To address these issues, Ministry of Home Affairs in collaboration with the United
States Agency for International Development (USAID) developed a program for
institutionalizing Incident Command System (ICS) in India. Andhra Pradesh was one of the
states this programme was implemented.
Setting up incident command system is effectively pre-planning, preparing for comprehensive
management of the incident as opposed to knee-jerk reaction after the incident of flooding or
cyclones have hit the state. While central planning and management at state level is critical for
effective management of disasters, incident command systems are typically a function of
district/mandal administration. ICS planning given in this plan is more suited to set up ICS at the
district, mandal and village level. The Incident Commander to head the ICS may be an
appropriate level government official at district, mandal and village level.
Pre-incident planning is essential for gathering information relevant to anticipated incidents. It
includes data gathering, acquiring maps, visiting vulnerable sites and analyzing the data for
appropriate decision making. Pre-incident planning also involves identifying clear roles and
responsibilities; identifying officials who assume different charges such as logistics officer,
information officer, finance officer etc. Standard operating procedures (SOPs) to be prepared by
each department is nothing but decision-making before an incident usually hits the state.
The Incident Command System (ICS) is a standardized method of managing disasters. It is
primarily a management system that is flexible and adaptable to suit any scale of natural as well
as human-caused emergency/incidents. Through ICS, the main intention is to transform the
confusion during the early stage of an emergency situation into a well managed response process
by providing answers to questions such as "who’s in charge? " and "what’s my role?" The ICS is
broadly based on five-management principle.



Command
Planning
Operation
15


Logistics
Finance and administration.
4 INITIATIVES:4.1 State Disaster Management Plans (with URL Links)
Andhra Pradesh State Disaster Management Plan (AP SDMP) Volume -1
http://disastermanagement.ap.gov.in/website/APSDMP1.pdf
DRAFT - Andhra Pradesh State Disaster Management Plan (SDMP) Volume -2
http://disastermanagement.ap.gov.in/website/APSDMP2.pdf
4.2 Acts and Rules (with URL Links)
Disaster Management Act, 2005
http://disastermanagement.ap.gov.in/website/download/DM%20ACT-2005.pdf
Rules
http://disastermanagement.ap.gov.in/website/download/OTHER/DM_RULES.pdf
4.3 Others
NCRMP KONA TIDAL EMBANKMENT EIA
http://disastermanagement.ap.gov.in/website/EIA.pdf
NCRMP KONA TIDAL EMBANKMENT SIA
http://disastermanagement.ap.gov.in/website/SIA.pdf
16
References:
1
http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/andhrapradesh/
2
http://www.aponline.gov.in/apportal/HomePageLinks/FactsFigures.htm
3
http://apmines.org/?p=1310
4
http://agri.ap.nic.in/soil.htm
5
http://agri.ap.nic.in/land_utilization.html
6
http://agri.ap.nic.in/rainfallsenario.htm
7
http://agri.ap.nic.in/agroclimatezon.htm
8
9
http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_andhra.html
http://disastermanagement.ap.gov.in/website/APSDMP1.pdf
10
http://disastermanagement.ap.gov.in/website/flood.htm
11
http://disastermanagement.ap.gov.in/website/cyclone.htm
12
http://disastermanagement.ap.gov.in/website/drought.htm
13
http://disastermanagement.ap.gov.in/website/Tsunami.html
14
http://disastermanagement.ap.gov.in/website/FIRE%20ACCIDENTS%20DATA.htm
15
http://disastermanagement.ap.gov.in/website/earthquake.htm
16
http://disastermanagement.ap.gov.in/website/APSDMP1.pdf
17